Cambium Networks XI-AC1300 Wireless Access Point User Manual Xirrus AOS Xirrus

Xirrus, Inc. Wireless Access Point Xirrus AOS Xirrus

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USER’S GUIDE
Wireless Arrays and
Access Points
XR Series
March 10, 2014
Release 6.7
High Performance Wireless Networks
Wireless Arrays
and Access Points
™
XR Series
All rights reserved. This document may not be reproduced or
disclosed in whole or in part by any means without the written
consent of Xirrus, Inc.
Part Number: 800-0022-001
(Revision J)
Trademarks
is a registered trademark of Xirrus, Inc. All other trademarks and brand
names are marks of their respective holders.
Please see Legal Notices, Warnings, Compliance Statements, and Warranty and
License Agreements in “Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and -H
Models)” on page 511.
Xirrus, Inc.
2101 Corporate Center Drive
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
USA
Tel:
Fax:
1.805.262.1600
1.800.947.7871 Toll Free in the US
1.866.462.3980
www.xirrus.com
Wireless Array
Table of Contents
List of Figures.................................................................................... xiii
Introduction ......................................................................................... 1
The Xirrus Family of Products ............................................................................... 1
Nomenclature .................................................................................................... 2
Why Choose the Xirrus Wireless Array? .............................................................. 3
Wireless Array Product Overview ........................................................................ 4
XR Wireless Array Product Family ................................................................ 5
XR-500 Series Access Points ..................................................................... 5
XR-600 Series Access Points ..................................................................... 6
XR-1000 ....................................................................................................... 7
XR-2000/2005 Series Arrays .................................................................... 8
XR-4000 Series Arrays ............................................................................... 9
XR-6000 Series Arrays ............................................................................. 10
Enterprise Class Security ............................................................................... 11
Deployment Flexibility .................................................................................. 11
Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) .................................................... 12
Enterprise Class Management ...................................................................... 13
Key Features and Benefits ..................................................................................... 14
High Capacity and High Performance ........................................................ 14
Extended Coverage ......................................................................................... 15
Flexible Coverage Schemes .................................................................... 15
Non-Overlapping Channels .......................................................................... 16
SDMA Optimization ...................................................................................... 17
Fast Roaming ................................................................................................... 17
Ease of Deployment ........................................................................................ 17
Powerful Management ................................................................................... 17
Secure Wireless Access .................................................................................. 17
Applications Enablement .............................................................................. 17
Advanced Feature Sets .......................................................................................... 18
Xirrus Advanced RF Performance Manager (RPM) .................................. 18
Xirrus Advanced RF Security Manager (RSM) .......................................... 19
Xirrus Advanced RF Analysis Manager (RAM) ......................................... 20
Wireless Array
Xirrus Application Control ............................................................................ 21
About this User’s Guide ........................................................................................ 21
Organization .................................................................................................... 21
Notes and Cautions ........................................................................................ 23
Screen Images .................................................................................................. 23
Product Specifications ........................................................................................... 24
Installing the Wireless Array........................................................... 25
Installation Prerequisites ...................................................................................... 25
Optional Network Components ................................................................... 27
Client Requirements ....................................................................................... 27
Planning Your Installation .................................................................................... 28
General Deployment Considerations .......................................................... 28
Coverage and Capacity Planning ................................................................. 30
Placement .................................................................................................. 30
RF Patterns ................................................................................................ 31
Capacity and Cell Sizes ........................................................................... 32
Fine Tuning Cell Sizes ............................................................................. 33
Roaming Considerations ........................................................................ 34
Allocating Channels ................................................................................ 34
About IEEE 802.11ac ....................................................................................... 37
Up to Eight Simultaneous Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing ..... 39
MIMO (Multiple-In Multiple-Out) ........................................................ 39
MU-MIMO (Multi-User Multiple-In Multiple-Out) ........................... 40
Higher Precision in the Physical Layer ................................................ 42
80 MHz and 160 MHz Channel Widths (Bonding) ............................ 43
802.11ac Data Rates ................................................................................. 44
ACExpress™ ............................................................................................ 45
802.11ac Deployment Considerations .......................................................... 45
Failover Planning ............................................................................................ 47
Switch Failover Protection ..................................................................... 48
Power Planning ............................................................................................... 49
Power over Gigabit Ethernet ................................................................. 49
Security Planning ........................................................................................... 50
Wireless Encryption ................................................................................ 50
Authentication ......................................................................................... 50
Port Requirements .......................................................................................... 52
ii
Wireless Array
Network Management Planning .................................................................. 56
WDS Planning ................................................................................................. 57
Common Deployment Options .................................................................... 60
Installation Workflow ........................................................................................... 61
Installing Your Wireless Array ............................................................................ 63
Choosing a Location ....................................................................................... 63
Wiring Considerations ............................................................................ 63
Mounting and Connecting the Array/AP ................................................. 66
Dismounting the Array .................................................................................. 66
Powering Up the Wireless Array ......................................................................... 66
Array LED Operating Sequences ................................................................. 67
LED Boot Sequence ................................................................................. 67
LED Operation when Array is Running .............................................. 68
Zero-Touch Provisioning and Ongoing Management .................................... 69
XMS Cloud Next Generation (XMS-9500-CL-x) .................................. 69
XMS Enterprise ........................................................................................ 69
If you are not using XMS ........................................................................ 70
Array/AP Management Interfaces ...................................................................... 71
User Interfaces (CLI, WMI) ........................................................................... 71
Using the Serial Port ....................................................................................... 73
Using the Ethernet Ports ................................................................................ 73
Starting the WMI ............................................................................................. 74
Logging In ........................................................................................................ 74
Licensing ................................................................................................................ 74
Performing the Express Setup Procedure ........................................................... 75
Securing Low Level Access to the Array ..................................................... 76
The Web Management Interface ................................................... 81
Managing Arrays Locally or via XMS ................................................................. 81
An Overview .......................................................................................................... 82
Structure of the WMI ............................................................................................. 83
User Interface ......................................................................................................... 85
Logging In ............................................................................................................... 88
Applying Configuration Changes ....................................................................... 89
Character Restrictions .................................................................................... 89
iii
Wireless Array
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array ........................................... 91
Array Status Windows .......................................................................................... 92
Array Summary .............................................................................................. 92
Content of the Array Summary Window ............................................ 93
Array Information .......................................................................................... 98
Array Configuration ....................................................................................... 99
Admin History .............................................................................................. 100
Network Status Windows ................................................................................... 100
Network ......................................................................................................... 101
Network Map ................................................................................................ 102
Content of the Network Map Window .............................................. 102
Spanning Tree Status .................................................................................... 105
Routing Table ................................................................................................ 106
ARP Table ...................................................................................................... 106
DHCP Leases ................................................................................................. 107
Connection Tracking/NAT ......................................................................... 107
CDP Neighbors ............................................................................................. 108
Network Assurance ...................................................................................... 109
Undefined VLANs ........................................................................................ 110
RF Monitor Windows .......................................................................................... 111
IAPs ................................................................................................................. 112
Spectrum Analyzer ..................................................................................... 113
Intrusion Detection ...................................................................................... 116
Channel History ............................................................................................ 118
Radio Assurance ........................................................................................... 120
Station Status Windows ...................................................................................... 122
Stations ........................................................................................................... 123
Location Map ................................................................................................. 125
RSSI ................................................................................................................. 128
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) ........................................................................ 130
Noise Floor ..................................................................................................... 131
Max by IAP .................................................................................................... 133
Station Assurance ......................................................................................... 134
Statistics Windows ............................................................................................... 135
IAP Statistics Summary ................................................................................ 135
Per-IAP Statistics ........................................................................................... 136
Network Statistics ......................................................................................... 138
iv
Wireless Array
VLAN Statistics ............................................................................................. 139
WDS Statistics ................................................................................................ 140
IDS Statistics .................................................................................................. 141
Filter Statistics ............................................................................................... 143
Station Statistics ............................................................................................ 144
Per-Station Statistics ..................................................................................... 145
Application Control Windows ........................................................................... 146
About Application Control ......................................................................... 146
Application Control ...................................................................................... 148
Stations (Application Control) .................................................................... 152
System Log Window ........................................................................................... 153
IDS Event Log Window ...................................................................................... 155
Configuring the 
Wireless Array ................................................................................ 157
Express Setup ........................................................................................................ 159
Network ................................................................................................................. 165
Network Interfaces ...................................................................................... 166
Network Interface Ports ........................................................................ 167
Bonds and Bridging ...................................................................................... 169
DNS Settings .................................................................................................. 176
CDP Settings .................................................................................................. 177
Services .................................................................................................................. 179
Time Settings (NTP) ..................................................................................... 180
NetFlow .......................................................................................................... 182
Wi-Fi Tag ....................................................................................................... 183
Location .......................................................................................................... 184
System Log ..................................................................................................... 186
About Using the Splunk Application for Xirrus Arrays .................. 189
SNMP .............................................................................................................. 191
DHCP Server ................................................................................................. 194
Proxy Forwarding ......................................................................................... 196
About Proxy Forwarding ..................................................................... 196
Proxy Forwarding for HTTPS .............................................................. 197
Summary of Proxy Forwarding Behavior on the Array .................. 198
VLANs ................................................................................................................... 204
Understanding Virtual Tunnels .......................................................... 204
Wireless Array
VLAN Management ..................................................................................... 206
Tunnels .................................................................................................................. 209
About Xirrus Tunnels ........................................................................... 209
Tunnel Management .................................................................................... 210
SSID Assignments ......................................................................................... 211
Security .................................................................................................................. 213
Understanding Security ........................................................................ 214
Certificates and Connecting Securely to the WMI ............................ 217
Using the Array’s Default Certificate ................................................. 217
Using an External Certificate Authority ............................................. 218
Admin Management .................................................................................... 219
Admin Privileges .......................................................................................... 221
Admin RADIUS ............................................................................................ 223
About Creating Admin Accounts on the RADIUS Server ............. 223
Management Control ................................................................................... 226
Access Control List ....................................................................................... 234
Global Settings .............................................................................................. 236
External Radius ............................................................................................. 240
About Creating User Accounts on the RADIUS Server .................. 241
Internal Radius .............................................................................................. 244
Active Directory ............................................................................................ 246
Rogue Control List ........................................................................................ 250
OAuth 2.0 Management ............................................................................... 251
SSIDs ...................................................................................................................... 254
Understanding SSIDs ............................................................................ 255
Understanding QoS Priority on the Wireless Array ........................ 256
High Density 2.4G Enhancement—Honeypot SSID ......................... 261
SSID Management ........................................................................................ 262
SSID List (top of page) .......................................................................... 263
SSID Limits ............................................................................................. 267
Web Page Redirect (Captive Portal) Configuration ........................ 269
Whitelist Configuration for Web Page Redirect .............................. 273
WPA Configuration .............................................................................. 274
Authentication Service Configuration ............................................... 274
Active IAPs .................................................................................................... 275
Per-SSID Access Control List ...................................................................... 276
Honeypots ...................................................................................................... 278
vi
Wireless Array
Groups ................................................................................................................... 280
Understanding Groups ......................................................................... 280
Using Groups ......................................................................................... 281
Group Management ..................................................................................... 282
Group Limits .......................................................................................... 285
IAPs ........................................................................................................................ 287
Understanding Fast Roaming .............................................................. 288
IAP Settings ................................................................................................... 290
Global Settings (IAP) ................................................................................... 295
Beacon Configuration ........................................................................... 297
Station Management ............................................................................. 298
Advanced Traffic Optimization .......................................................... 300
Global Settings .11an .................................................................................... 311
Global Settings .11bgn .................................................................................. 316
Global Settings .11n ...................................................................................... 322
Global Settings .11ac ..................................................................................... 325
Global Settings .11u ...................................................................................... 327
Understanding 802.11u ......................................................................... 327
Advanced RF Settings .................................................................................. 333
About Standby Mode ............................................................................ 334
RF Monitor .............................................................................................. 334
RF Resilience .......................................................................................... 335
RF Power & Sensitivity ......................................................................... 336
RF Spectrum Management ................................................................... 337
Station Assurance .................................................................................. 340
Hotspot 2.0 ..................................................................................................... 342
Understanding Hotspot 2.0 .................................................................. 342
NAI Realms .................................................................................................... 344
Understanding NAI Realm Authentication ....................................... 344
NAI EAP ......................................................................................................... 346
Intrusion Detection ....................................................................................... 348
DoS Attacks ............................................................................................ 349
Impersonation Attacks .......................................................................... 350
About Blocking Rogue APs .................................................................. 351
RF Intrusion Detection and Auto Block Mode .................................. 352
DoS Attack Detection Settings ............................................................. 353
Impersonation Detection Settings ....................................................... 354
vii
Wireless Array
LED Settings .................................................................................................. 354
DSCP Mappings ............................................................................................ 355
Roaming Assist .............................................................................................. 356
WDS ....................................................................................................................... 358
About Configuring WDS Links ........................................................... 358
Long Distance Links .............................................................................. 360
WDS Client Links .......................................................................................... 361
Filters ..................................................................................................................... 365
Filter Lists ...................................................................................................... 366
Filter Management ....................................................................................... 368
Clusters .................................................................................................................. 374
Cluster Definition ........................................................................................ 375
Cluster Management ................................................................................... 376
Cluster Operation ........................................................................................ 377
Mobile .................................................................................................................... 380
AirWatch ........................................................................................................ 380
User Procedure for Wireless Access ................................................... 382
Using Tools on the Wireless Array............................................... 385
System Tools ......................................................................................................... 386
About Licensing and Upgrades ........................................................... 387
System ..................................................................................................... 388
Automatic Updates from Remote Image or Configuration File .... 390
Configuration ......................................................................................... 391
Diagnostics ............................................................................................. 394
Application Control Signature File Management ............................. 395
Web Page Redirect (Captive Portal) ................................................... 396
Network Tools ........................................................................................ 397
Progress and Status Frames ................................................................. 399
CLI ......................................................................................................................... 399
API Documentation ............................................................................................. 401
Status/Settings ....................................................................................... 402
GET Requests ......................................................................................... 402
Trying a GET Request ........................................................................... 403
API Documentation Toolbar ................................................................ 405
Options .................................................................................................................. 406
Logout .................................................................................................................... 407
viii
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface ...................................................... 409
Establishing a Secure Shell (SSH) Connection ................................................. 409
Getting Started with the CLI .............................................................................. 411
Inputting Commands ................................................................................... 411
Getting Help .................................................................................................. 411
Top Level Commands ......................................................................................... 413
Root Command Prompt ............................................................................... 413
configure Commands ................................................................................... 414
show Commands .......................................................................................... 417
statistics Commands ..................................................................................... 420
Configuration Commands .................................................................................. 422
acl .................................................................................................................... 422
admin .............................................................................................................. 423
auth ................................................................................................................. 424
cdp ................................................................................................................... 424
clear ................................................................................................................. 426
cluster ............................................................................................................. 428
contact-info .................................................................................................... 429
date-time ........................................................................................................ 430
dhcp-server .................................................................................................... 431
dns ................................................................................................................... 432
file .................................................................................................................... 433
filter ................................................................................................................. 437
Air Cleaner ............................................................................................. 438
group .............................................................................................................. 441
hostname ........................................................................................................ 441
interface .......................................................................................................... 442
load ................................................................................................................. 442
location ........................................................................................................... 443
location-reporting ......................................................................................... 444
management .................................................................................................. 445
mdm ................................................................................................................ 446
more ................................................................................................................ 447
netflow ............................................................................................................ 448
no ..................................................................................................................... 449
quick-config ................................................................................................... 451
quit .................................................................................................................. 452
ix
Wireless Array
authentication-server ................................................................................... 452
reboot .............................................................................................................. 453
reset ................................................................................................................. 453
restore ............................................................................................................. 454
roaming-assist ............................................................................................... 455
run-tests .......................................................................................................... 456
security ........................................................................................................... 458
snmp ............................................................................................................... 459
ssid .................................................................................................................. 460
syslog .............................................................................................................. 461
tunnel .............................................................................................................. 462
uptime ............................................................................................................. 463
vlan .................................................................................................................. 463
wifi-tag ........................................................................................................... 464
Sample Configuration Tasks .............................................................................. 466
Configuring a Simple Open Global SSID .................................................. 467
Configuring a Global SSID using WPA-PEAP ......................................... 468
Configuring an SSID-Specific SSID using WPA-PEAP ........................... 469
Enabling Global IAPs ................................................................................... 470
Disabling Global IAPs .................................................................................. 471
Enabling a Specific IAP ................................................................................ 472
Disabling a Specific IAP ............................................................................... 473
Setting Cell Size Auto-Configuration for All IAPs .................................. 474
Setting the Cell Size for All IAPs ................................................................ 475
Setting the Cell Size for a Specific IAP ....................................................... 476
Configuring VLANs on an Open SSID ...................................................... 477
Configuring Radio Assurance Mode (Loopback Tests) .......................... 478
Appendices..................................................................................... 481
Appendix A: Quick Reference Guide ............................................................... 483
Factory Default Settings ...................................................................................... 483
Host Name ..................................................................................................... 483
Network Interfaces ....................................................................................... 483
Serial ........................................................................................................ 483
Gigabit 1 and Gigabit 2 ......................................................................... 484
Server Settings ............................................................................................... 484
NTP .......................................................................................................... 484
Wireless Array
Syslog ...................................................................................................... 484
SNMP ...................................................................................................... 485
DHCP .............................................................................................................. 485
Default SSID .................................................................................................. 486
Security .......................................................................................................... 486
Global Settings - Encryption ............................................................... 486
External RADIUS (Global) .................................................................. 487
Internal RADIUS .................................................................................... 488
Administrator Account and Password ...................................................... 488
Management .................................................................................................. 488
Keyboard Shortcuts ............................................................................................. 489
Appendix B: FAQ and Special Topics ............................................................... 491
General Hints and Tips ....................................................................................... 491
Frequently Asked Questions .............................................................................. 492
Multiple SSIDs ............................................................................................... 492
Security ........................................................................................................... 494
VLAN Support .............................................................................................. 497
Array Monitor and Radio Assurance Capabilities .......................................... 500
Enabling Monitoring on the Array ..................................................... 500
How Monitoring Works ............................................................................... 500
Radio Assurance ........................................................................................... 501
Radio Assurance Options ..................................................................... 502
RADIUS Vendor Specific Attribute (VSA) for Xirrus ..................................... 503
Location Service Data Formats .......................................................................... 504
Euclid Location Server ................................................................................. 504
Non-Euclid Location Server ........................................................................ 504
Upgrading the Array via CLI ............................................................................. 506
Sample Output for the Upgrade Procedure: ............................................. 507
Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and -H Models) .............. 511
Notices ................................................................................................................... 511
EU Directive 1999/5/EC Compliance Information ........................................ 515
Compliance Information (Non-EU) ................................................................... 522
Safety Warnings ................................................................................................... 523
Translated Safety Warnings ............................................................................... 524
Software License and Product Warranty Agreement ..................................... 525
Hardware Warranty Agreement ....................................................................... 531
xi
Wireless Array
Appendix D: Notices (XR500/600 Series Only) ............................................. 533
Notices ................................................................................................................... 533
EU Directive 1999/5/EC Compliance Information ........................................ 537
Compliance Information (Non-EU) ................................................................... 544
Safety Warnings ................................................................................................... 545
Translated Safety Warnings ............................................................................... 546
Software License and Product Warranty Agreement ..................................... 547
Hardware Warranty Agreement ....................................................................... 553
Appendix E: Medical Usage Notices ................................................................ 555
Glossary of Terms.......................................................................... 561
Index................................................................................................ 573
xii
Wireless Array
List of Figures
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
Figure 29.
Figure 30.
Figure 31.
Figure 32.
Figure 33.
Figure 34.
Xirrus Arrays: XR Series ........................................................................... 1
Wireless Array (XR Series) ....................................................................... 4
Wireless Coverage Patterns .................................................................... 11
XP8 - Power over Ethernet Usage .......................................................... 12
WMI: Array Status ................................................................................... 13
Layout of IAPs (XR-7630) ........................................................................ 14
Coverage Schemes (XR-7230 shown)..................................................... 16
Wall Thickness Considerations .............................................................. 29
Unit Placement.......................................................................................... 30
Full (Normal) Coverage........................................................................... 31
Adjusting RF Patterns .............................................................................. 31
Custom Coverage ..................................................................................... 32
Connection Rate vs. Distance ................................................................. 32
Transmit Power......................................................................................... 33
Overlapping Cells..................................................................................... 34
Allocating Channels Manually ............................................................... 36
Spatial Multiplexing................................................................................. 39
MIMO Signal Processing ......................................................................... 40
MU-MIMO with Four Antennas ............................................................ 41
Physical Layer Data Encoding................................................................ 42
Channel Bonding (Channels 36-64 shown)........................................... 44
Maximum 802.11ac Data Rates............................................................... 44
Port Failover Protection ........................................................................... 47
Switch Failover Protection ..................................................................... 48
Port Requirements for XMS .................................................................... 52
WDS Link................................................................................................... 57
A Multiple Hop WDS Connection ......................................................... 58
WDS Failover Protection ......................................................................... 58
Installation Workflow .............................................................................. 61
Array Placement ....................................................................................... 63
LED Locations .......................................................................................... 66
Network Interface Ports—XR-520 (left); XR-1000 Series (right) ........ 71
Network Interface Ports—XR-600 Series .............................................. 71
Network Interfaces—XR-2000 Series (left); XR-2005 Series (right) ... 72
List of Figures
xiii
Wi-Fi Array
Figure 35.
Figure 36.
Figure 37.
Figure 38.
Figure 39.
Figure 40.
Figure 41.
Figure 42.
Figure 43.
Figure 44.
Figure 45.
Figure 46.
Figure 47.
Figure 48.
Figure 49.
Figure 50.
Figure 51.
Figure 52.
Figure 53.
Figure 54.
Figure 55.
Figure 56.
Figure 57.
Figure 58.
Figure 59.
Figure 60.
Figure 61.
Figure 62.
Figure 63.
Figure 64.
Figure 65.
Figure 66.
Figure 67.
Figure 68.
Figure 69.
Figure 70.
Figure 71.
xiv
Network Interface Ports—XR-4000 Series ............................................ 72
Network Interface Ports—XR-6000 Series ............................................ 72
Web Management Interface ................................................................... 82
WMI: Frames ............................................................................................ 85
WMI Header ............................................................................................. 86
WMI Command Log ............................................................................... 87
WMI: Utility Buttons ............................................................................... 87
Logging In to the Wireless Array ........................................................... 88
Array Summary ........................................................................................ 92
Disabled IAP (Partial View) .................................................................... 95
IAP Cells .................................................................................................... 95
Network Assurance and Operating Status ........................................... 96
Array Information ................................................................................... 98
Show Configuration ................................................................................. 99
Admin Login History............................................................................. 100
Network Settings .................................................................................... 101
Network Map ......................................................................................... 102
Spanning Tree Status.............................................................................. 105
Routing Table .......................................................................................... 106
ARP Table ................................................................................................ 106
DHCP Leases........................................................................................... 107
Connection Tracking .............................................................................. 107
CDP Neighbors ....................................................................................... 108
Network Assurance................................................................................ 109
Undefined VLANs.................................................................................. 110
RF Monitor — IAPs ................................................................................ 112
RF Monitor — IAPs ................................................................................ 112
RF Spectrum Analyzer........................................................................... 114
Intrusion Detection/Rogue AP List..................................................... 116
RF Monitor — Channel History............................................................. 118
RF Monitor — Channel History (Rotated) ........................................... 119
RF Monitor — Channel History (Text) ................................................. 119
Radio Assurance ..................................................................................... 120
Stations ..................................................................................................... 123
Location Map .......................................................................................... 125
Controls for Location Map .................................................................... 126
Station RSSI Values ............................................................................... 128
List of Figures
Wireless Array
Figure 72.
Figure 73.
Figure 74.
Figure 75.
Figure 76.
Figure 77.
Figure 78.
Figure 79.
Figure 80.
Figure 81.
Figure 82.
Figure 83.
Figure 84.
Figure 85.
Figure 86.
Figure 87.
Figure 88.
Figure 89.
Figure 90.
Figure 91.
Figure 92.
Figure 93.
Figure 94.
Figure 95.
Figure 96.
Figure 97.
Figure 98.
Figure 99.
Figure 100.
Figure 101.
Figure 102.
Figure 103.
Figure 104.
Figure 105.
Figure 106.
Figure 107.
Figure 108.
Station RSSI Values — Colorized Graphical View ............................. 129
Station Signal-to-Noise Ratio Values .................................................. 130
Station SNR Values — Colorized Graphical View.............................. 130
Station Noise Floor Values ................................................................... 131
Station Noise Floor Values — Colorized Graphical View ................. 132
Max by IAP .............................................................................................. 133
Station Assurance ................................................................................... 134
IAP Statistics Summary Page................................................................ 135
Individual IAP Statistics Page ............................................................. 137
Network Statistics................................................................................... 138
VLAN Statistics....................................................................................... 139
WDS Statistics ......................................................................................... 140
IDS Statistics Page ................................................................................. 141
Filtered IDS Statistics ............................................................................. 142
Filter Statistics ......................................................................................... 143
Station Statistics ...................................................................................... 144
Individual Station Statistics Page......................................................... 145
Application Control ............................................................................... 148
Application Control (Pie Charts).......................................................... 150
Application Control (Station Traffic)................................................... 151
Stations (Application Control).............................................................. 152
System Log (Alert Level Highlighted) ................................................ 153
IDS Event Log ........................................................................................ 155
WMI: Express Setup .............................................................................. 159
LEDs are Switched On .......................................................................... 164
Network Interfaces ................................................................................. 165
Network Settings .................................................................................... 166
Network Bonds and Bridging............................................................... 169
Bridging Traffic....................................................................................... 170
Port Modes (a, b) .................................................................................... 172
Port Modes (c, d) .................................................................................... 173
Mirroring Traffic .................................................................................... 175
DNS Settings............................................................................................ 176
CDP Settings............................................................................................ 177
Services..................................................................................................... 179
Time Settings (Manual Time)................................................................ 180
Time Settings (NTP Time Enabled)...................................................... 181
List of Figures
xv
Wi-Fi Array
Figure 109.
Figure 110.
Figure 111.
Figure 112.
Figure 113.
Figure 114.
Figure 115.
Figure 116.
Figure 117.
Figure 118.
Figure 119.
Figure 120.
Figure 121.
Figure 122.
Figure 123.
Figure 124.
Figure 125.
Figure 126.
Figure 127.
Figure 128.
Figure 129.
Figure 130.
Figure 131.
Figure 132.
Figure 133.
Figure 134.
Figure 135.
Figure 136.
Figure 137.
Figure 138.
Figure 139.
Figure 140.
Figure 141.
Figure 142.
Figure 143.
Figure 144.
Figure 145.
xvi
NetFlow.................................................................................................... 182
Wi-Fi Tag.................................................................................................. 183
Location.................................................................................................... 185
System Log .............................................................................................. 186
SNMP ....................................................................................................... 191
DHCP Management ............................................................................... 194
Proxy Forwarding Example .................................................................. 196
Set up a Proxy Server on each Client (Windows) .............................. 199
Specify Proxy Servers (Windows)........................................................ 200
Set up a Proxy Server on each Client (Apple) .................................... 201
Specify Proxy Servers (Apple) ............................................................. 202
Proxy Forwarding................................................................................... 203
VLANs...................................................................................................... 204
VLAN Management ............................................................................... 206
Tunnel Summary .................................................................................... 209
Tunnel Management .............................................................................. 210
Tunnel SSID Assignments..................................................................... 211
Security..................................................................................................... 213
Import Xirrus Certificate Authority .................................................... 217
Admin Management .............................................................................. 219
Admin Privileges .................................................................................... 221
Admin RADIUS ...................................................................................... 224
Management Control ............................................................................ 226
Pre-login Banner ..................................................................................... 227
Access Control List ................................................................................. 234
Global Settings (Security) ...................................................................... 236
External RADIUS Server ....................................................................... 240
Internal RADIUS Server ........................................................................ 244
Active Directory Server ......................................................................... 247
Finding the Domain Name from Active Directory............................ 248
Rogue Control List ................................................................................. 250
OAuth 2.0 Management - Token List .................................................. 252
SSIDs......................................................................................................... 254
Four Traffic Classes ................................................................................ 257
Priority Level—IEEE 802.1p (Layer 2)................................................. 257
Priority Level—DSCP (DiffServ - Layer 3) ......................................... 258
SSID Management .................................................................................. 262
List of Figures
Wireless Array
Figure 146.
Figure 147.
Figure 148.
Figure 149.
Figure 150.
Figure 151.
Figure 152.
Figure 153.
Figure 154.
Figure 155.
Figure 156.
Figure 157.
Figure 158.
Figure 159.
Figure 160.
Figure 161.
Figure 162.
Figure 163.
Figure 164.
Figure 165.
Figure 166.
Figure 167.
Figure 168.
Figure 169.
Figure 170.
Figure 171.
Figure 172.
Figure 173.
Figure 174.
Figure 175.
Figure 176.
Figure 177.
Figure 178.
Figure 179.
Figure 180.
Figure 181.
Figure 182.
SSID Management—Encryption, Authentication, Accounting ....... 265
WPR Internal Splash Page Fields (SSID Management)..................... 269
Customizing an Internal Login or Splash Page ................................. 272
Whitelist Configuration for WPR......................................................... 273
Setting Active IAPs per SSID ................................................................ 275
Per-SSID Access Control List ................................................................ 276
Honeypot Whitelist ................................................................................ 278
Groups...................................................................................................... 280
Group Management ............................................................................... 282
IAPs........................................................................................................... 287
Source of Channel Setting ..................................................................... 287
IAP Settings ............................................................................................. 290
Global Settings (IAPs) ............................................................................ 295
Multicast Processing .............................................................................. 300
Additional Optimization Settings ........................................................ 306
Global Settings .11an .............................................................................. 311
Global Settings .11bgn ........................................................................... 316
Global Settings .11n ................................................................................ 322
Global Settings .11ac .............................................................................. 325
802.11u Global Settings.......................................................................... 328
Advanced RF Settings............................................................................ 333
Station Assurance (Advanced RF Settings) ........................................ 341
Hotspot 2.0 Settings................................................................................ 343
NAI Realms ............................................................................................. 345
NAI EAP .................................................................................................. 346
Intrusion Detection Settings.................................................................. 348
LED Settings ............................................................................................ 354
DSCP Mappings...................................................................................... 355
WDS .......................................................................................................... 358
Configuring a WDS Link ....................................................................... 359
WDS Client Links ................................................................................... 361
Filters ........................................................................................................ 365
Filter Lists ................................................................................................ 366
Filter Management ................................................................................. 368
Filter Category or Application.............................................................. 372
Clusters .................................................................................................... 374
Cluster Definition ................................................................................... 375
List of Figures
xvii
Wi-Fi Array
Figure 183.
Figure 184.
Figure 185.
Figure 186.
Figure 187.
Figure 188.
Figure 189.
Figure 190.
Figure 191.
Figure 192.
Figure 193.
Figure 194.
Figure 195.
Figure 196.
Figure 197.
Figure 198.
Figure 199.
Figure 200.
Figure 201.
Figure 202.
Figure 203.
Figure 204.
Figure 205.
Figure 206.
Figure 207.
Figure 208.
Figure 209.
Figure 210.
Figure 211.
Figure 212.
Figure 213.
Figure 214.
Figure 215.
Figure 216.
Figure 217.
xviii
Cluster Management.............................................................................. 376
Cluster Mode Operation........................................................................ 377
Cluster Mode Activation ....................................................................... 377
Viewing Statistics in Cluster Mode...................................................... 378
AirWatch Settings................................................................................... 380
System Tools............................................................................................ 386
Saving the Diagnostic Log..................................................................... 394
Managing Application Control Signature files .................................. 395
Managing WPR Splash/Login page files............................................ 396
System Command (Ping)....................................................................... 397
Radius Ping Output................................................................................ 398
CLI Window ........................................................................................... 399
API Documentation................................................................................ 401
API — GET Request Details ................................................................. 402
API — GET Request Response ............................................................ 404
API Documentation Toolbar................................................................. 405
WMI Display Options ............................................................................ 406
Login Window ....................................................................................... 407
Logging In ............................................................................................... 410
Help Window ......................................................................................... 411
Full Help .................................................................................................. 412
Partial Help.............................................................................................. 412
Air Cleaner Filter Rules ......................................................................... 439
Configuring a Simple Open Global SSID ........................................... 467
Configuring a Global SSID using WPA-PEAP................................... 468
Configuring an SSID-Specific SSID using WPA-PEAP..................... 469
Enabling Global IAPs............................................................................. 470
Disabling Global IAPs............................................................................ 471
Enabling a Specific IAP.......................................................................... 472
Disabling a Specific IAP......................................................................... 473
Setting the Cell Size for All IAPs.......................................................... 474
Setting the Cell Size for All IAPs.......................................................... 475
Setting the Cell Size for a Specific IAP ................................................ 476
Configuring VLANs on an Open SSID................................................ 477
Configuring Radio Assurance Mode (Loopback Testing)................ 479
List of Figures
Wireless Array
Introduction
These topics introduce the Xirrus Wireless Array, including an overview of its key
features and benefits.

“The Xirrus Family of Products” on page 1.

“Why Choose the Xirrus Wireless Array?” on page 3.

“Wireless Array Product Overview” on page 4.

“Key Features and Benefits” on page 14.

“Advanced Feature Sets” on page 18.

“About this User’s Guide” on page 21.
The Xirrus Family of Products
Figure 1. Xirrus Arrays: XR Series
The Xirrus family of products includes the following:

The XR Series of Xirrus Wireless Arrays
The newest Xirrus Wireless Arrays have been completely redesigned to
provide distributed intelligence, integrated switching capacity,
application-level intelligence, increased bandwidth, and smaller size. The
radios support IEEE802.11 ac, a, b, g, and n clients, and feature the
capacity and performance needed to replace switched Ethernet to the
desktop. Modular radios allow you to increase the number of radios,
upgrade to more powerful radios, or even upgrade later to future
technologies like 802.11ac and 802.11.ad as they are introduced.
Introduction
Wireless Array

Xirrus Management System (XMS)
XMS is used for managing large Array deployments from a centralized
Web-based interface. Xirrus offers XMS Cloud—a software as a service
option for XMS, providing zero-touch provisioning and initial startup for
new Array/AP deployments. XMS is capable of managing large numbers
of Arrays, including automated software and firmware upgrades for the
network.
Another option is XMS, hosted on your own server. It manages all aspects
of your Xirrus wireless network. For customers using the XMS-9000-CL-x
Cloud-hosted version, all Array management is performed via the cloud.
For detailed information about XMS, refer to the XMS User’s Guide.

Xirrus-supplied Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) Injectors and
POE+ Switches
Xirrus offers 24- and 48-port enterprise-class L2+ gigabit managed access
switches with IEEE802.3at PoE+, four 1G/10G SFP+ ports, and stacking.
One-, two-, and eight-port PoGE injectors are also available for a range of
Array power requirements.
Nomenclature
Throughout this User’s Guide, Xirrus Wireless Arrays and Access Points are
referred to as simply Arrays. In some instances, the terms product and unit are
also used. When discussing specific products from the Xirrus family, the product
name is used (for example, XR-4830). The Wireless Array’s operating system is
referred to as the ArrayOS. The Web Management Interface for browser-based
management of the Array is referred to as WMI.
Arrays have very flexible radio capabilities — each of the radios may be
independently configured to support IEEE802.11a, 11b, 11g, or 11n clients or a
combination of client types. On Arrays featuring 802.11ac, this option is also
included. One radio is typically assigned as the RF monitor radio, supporting
intrusion detection and prevention, self-monitoring, and other services. Radios
support both 2.4GHz and 5 GHz, and are named iap1, iap2, ... iapn.
The Xirrus Management System is referred to as XMS. The Power over Gigabit
Ethernet system may be referred to as PoGE.
Introduction
Wireless Array
Why Choose the Xirrus Wireless Array?
The deployment of wireless is a necessity as businesses strive for greater
flexibility in the workplace and the need for employee mobility rises. The user
community is placing spiraling and often unanticipated demands on the wireless
network, with the rapid proliferation of devices such as iPads and wireless
enabled phones. Xirrus Wireless Arrays have the capability to support the large
number of user devices present in today’s environments, with superior range and
coverage.
Wireless has come a long way in the past few years and now offers the
performance, reliability and security that Enterprise customers have come to
expect from their networks. The technology is being driven by these major IEEE
standards:

802.11ac
Operates in the 5 GHz range, using a number of advanced techniques to
achieve a maximum speed of 1.3 Gbps. These techniques include
improvements on the methods used for 802.11n, below.

802.11n
Uses multiple antennas per radio to boost transmission speed as high as
450Mbps, increasing throughput, range, and maximum number of users.
802.11n is backwards compatible with 802.11a/b/g.

802.11a
Operates in the 5 GHz range with a maximum speed of 54 Mbps.

802.11b
Operates in the 2.4 GHz range with a maximum speed of 11 Mbps.

802.11g
Supports a higher transmission speed of 54 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz range
and is backwards compatible with 802.11b.
Whether you have just a handful of users or thousands of users, the Xirrus Array
has the scalability and flexibility to serve your needs.
Introduction
Wireless Array
See Also
Key Features and Benefits
Wireless Array Product Overview
The Xirrus Family of Products
Wireless Array Product Overview
Part of the family of Xirrus products, the Wireless Array is a high capacity, multimode device designed with up to four times the coverage and eight times the
bandwidth and user density compared with legacy thin access point wireless
products. Its distributed intelligence eliminates the use of separate controllers and
their accompanying bottlenecks. Each radio, with its directional high-gain
antennas, can achieve up to 1.3 Gbps throughput.
Figure 2. Wireless Array (XR Series)
The Wireless Array (regardless of the product model) is Wi-Fi® compliant and
simultaneously supports 802.11ac, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n clients.
The multi-state design allows you to assign radios to 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
(or both) in any desired arrangement. Integrated switching and active enterprise
class features such as VLAN support and multiple SSID capability enable robust
network compatibility and a high level of scalability and system control. The
Xirrus Management System (XMS) allows global management of hundreds of
Arrays from a central location.
Multiple versions of the Array with different numbers of Integrated Access Point
(IAPs) support a variety of deployment applications.
Introduction
Wireless Array
XR Wireless Array Product Family
XR-500 Series Access Points
These Access Points have one Gigabit Ethernet port and two radios—one multistate radio (2.4GHz or 5GHz) and one 5GHz radio. They support 300Mbps,
connecting up to 240 users at one time.
The Access Point provides flexibility for delivering wireless service in low-tomedium user density scenarios, in challenging deployments in areas with high RF
attenuation, and in isolated or physically separated locations.
These models have an integrated controller, firewall, threat sensor and spectrum
analyzer. These models have omni-directional antennas rather than directional
antennas.
Feature
No. radios: 802.11 
a/b/g/n/monitor
Radio type
XR-520
2x2
Integrated omni-directional
antennas
Integrated wireless switch ports
Integrated RF spectrum analyzer,
threat sensors
Yes
Gigabit Uplink Port
Wireless bandwidth
300 Mbps
Users supported

Introduction
240
Some smaller Arrays/APs have less memory (XR-500/1000 Series and
XR-620) and are not able to run all ArrayOS features at the same time. You
will receive an error message if you attempt to configure a feature when there
is not enough memory left.
Wireless Array
XR-600 Series Access Points
These Access Points provide robust wireless service in low-to-medium user
density scenarios. These Access Points have two Gigabit Ethernet ports and two
multi-state radios (2.4GHz or 5GHz), so that as more of your clients migrate to
802.11ac, you can increase the number of radios operating at 5 GHz. Each of the
XR-630’s two 3x3 802.11ac radios supports 1.3Gbps, connecting up to 240 users at
one time with 2.6Gbps total Wi-Fi bandwidth.
These models have an integrated controller, firewall, threat sensor spectrum
analyzer, and application-level intelligence. These models have omni-directional
antennas rather than directional antennas.
The XR-630 supports a unique feature that optimizes wireless performance by
automatically segmenting faster 802.11ac clients from slower Wi-Fi clients. Since
Wi-Fi is a shared medium, this separation ensures slower 802.11a/b/g/n clients
do not slow down 802.11ac clients from achieving high performance.
XR-620
XR-630
2x2
3x3
Integrated omni-directional
antennas
Integrated wireless switch ports
Integrated RF spectrum analyzer,
threat sensors
Yes
Yes
Gigabit Uplink Ports
Wireless bandwidth
1.7 Gbps
2.6 Gbps
240
240
Feature
No. radios: 802.11 
ac/a/b/g/n/monitor
Radio type
Users supported

Some smaller Arrays/APs have less memory (XR-500/1000 Series and
XR-620) and are not able to run all ArrayOS features at the same time. You
will receive an error message if you attempt to configure a feature when there
is not enough memory left.
Introduction
Wireless Array
XR-1000
These Arrays include models with one Gigabit Ethernet port and two multi-state
radios (2.4GHz or 5GHz) that can support 300Mbps or 450Mbps, connecting up to
480 users at one time.
The Xirrus XR-1000 Series Wireless Array is a two slot chassis available in a two
multi-state (2.4GHz or 5GHz) radio configuration with up to 900Mbps of
bandwidth (up to 450 Mbps per radio). The XR-1000 provides flexibility for
delivering wireless service in low user density scenarios, challenging
deployments in areas with high RF attenuation, and in isolated or physically
separated locations. The elliptical-shaped coverage pattern produced by its
directional antennas is ideal for covering facilities with central hallways and
adjacent rooms commonly found in office buildings, hotels, and dormitories.
Like larger XR Arrays, these models integrate multi-state radios with high gain
directional antennas, an onboard multi-gigabit switch, controller, firewall, threat
sensor and spectrum analyzer all built on a modular chassis designed for future
extensibility.
XR-1220
XR-1230
2x2
3x3
Integrated antennas
Integrated wireless
switch ports
Yes
Yes
Gigabit Uplink Port
Wireless bandwidth
600 Mbps
900 Mbps
480
480
Feature
No. radios: 802.11 
a/b/g/n/monitor
Radio type
Integrated RF spectrum
analyzer, threat sensors
Users supported
Introduction
Wireless Array

Some smaller Arrays/APs have less memory (XR-500/1000 Series and
XR-620) and can’t run all ArrayOS features simultaneously. You will see an
error message if you configure a feature when there is not enough memory.
XR-2000/2005 Series Arrays
These Arrays include models with one or two Gigabit Ethernet ports and two or
four multi-state radios (2.4GHz or 5GHz) that can support 300Mbps or 450Mbps,
connecting up to 960 users at one time.
The Xirrus XR-2000 Series Wireless Array is a four slot chassis available in a four
multi-state (2.4GHz or 5GHz) radio configuration supporting up to 1.8Gbps of
bandwidth. These models support a range of low to high-performance
applications, including offices, hospitals, campuses and classrooms, and hotels.
Like larger XR Arrays, these models integrate multi-state radios with high gain
directional antennas, an onboard multi-gigabit switch, controller, firewall, threat
sensor and spectrum analyzer on a modular chassis designed for extensibility.
XR-2220
XR-2225
XR-2230
XR-2235
XR-2420
XR-2425
XR-2430
XR-2435
2x2
2x2
3x3
3x3
2x2
2x2
3x3
3x3
Integrated antennas
12
12
Integrated wireless
switch ports
Integrated RF
spectrum analyzer,
threat sensors
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Feature
No. radios: 802.11 
a/b/g/n/monitor
Radio type
Gigabit Uplink Ports
Wireless bandwidth
Users supported
600
600
900
900
1.2
1.2
1.8
1.8
Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Gbps Gbps Gbps Gbps
480
480
480
480
960
960
960
960
Introduction
Wireless Array
Note that XR-2000 Series Arrays ending in “0” have one Gigabit POE port and a
Console port. Those ending in “5” (called the XR-2005 Series) have no console
port, but have two Gigabit ports, one of which accepts POE+ power supplied by a
Xirrus-supplied power injector or an IEEE802.3at powered switch.
XR-4000 Series Arrays
These Arrays include models with two Gigabit Ethernet ports and four or eight
radios (IAPs), connecting up to 1920 users at one time and offering a maximum
wireless bandwidth of 3.6 Gbps (up to 450 Mbps per radio). Smaller models may
be upgraded to eight radios later when your needs change.
Feature
XR-4420
XR-4430
XR-4820
XR-4830
Number of radios:
802.11a/b/g/n/monitor
2x2
3x3
2x2
3x3
Integrated antennas
12
16
24
Integrated wireless
switch ports
Integrated RF spectrum
analyzer, threat sensors
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1 Gigabit Uplink Ports
1.2 Gbps
1.8 Gbps
2.4 Gbps
3.6 Gbps
960
960
1920
1920
Radio type
Wireless bandwidth
Users supported
Introduction
Wireless Array
XR-6000 Series Arrays
These Arrays include models with four Gigabit Ethernet ports and up to sixteen
radios, connecting up to 1792 users at one time and offering a maximum wireless
bandwidth of 7.2 Gbps (up to 450 Mbps per radio). Smaller models may be
upgraded to sixteen radios later when your needs change. A 10 Gigabit modular
Ethernet expansion port (DVI connector) is available to meet high traffic
demands. It is used only with an optional Xirrus 10 Gig fiber optics adapter.
XR-6820
XR-6830
XR-7220
XR-7230
XR-7620
XR-7630
12
12
16
16
Radio type
2x2
3x3
2x2
3x3
2x2
3x3
Number of 
integrated antennas
16
24
24
36
32
48
Integrated wireless switch
ports
16
16
16
16
16
16
Integrated RF spectrum
analyzer, threat sensors
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1 Gigabit Uplink Ports
External 10 Gigabit Modular
Expansion Port
Wireless bandwidth (Gbps)
2.4
3.6
3.6
5.4
4.8
7.2
Users supported
896
896
1344
1344
1792
1792
Feature
Number of radios:
802.11a/b/g/n/monitor
See Also
Key Features and Benefits
Wireless Array Product Overview
Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE)
10
Introduction
Wireless Array
Enterprise Class Security
The latest and most effective wireless encryption security standards, including
WPA (Wireless Protected Access) and WPA2 with 802.11i AES (Advanced
Encryption Standard) are available on the Wireless Array. In addition, the use of
an embedded RADIUS server (or 802.1x with an external RADIUS server) ensures
user authentication — multiple Arrays can authenticate to the optional XMS,
ensuring only authorized Arrays become part of the wireless network. With the
Xirrus Advanced Feature Sets, intrusion detection and prevention, site
monitoring, and RF spectrum analysis are performed in the background by the
Array automatically.
Deployment Flexibility
Xirrus’ unique multi-radio architecture (on all Arrays except the XR-500 Series)
generates 360 degrees of sectored high-gain 802.11a/b/g/n coverage that
provides extended range and the highest possible data rates for a large volume of
clients. Each sector can be adjusted automatically or manually, creating a pattern
of wireless coverage perfectly tailored to individual customer needs. For example:
outside wall
Figure 3. Wireless Coverage Patterns
Figure 3 depicts the following two scenarios:

Full pattern coverage
All radios are activated with coverage spanning 360 degrees. If within
range, clients will always receive coverage regardless of their geographic
Introduction
11
Wireless Array
position relative to the Array. Radios may be assigned to 2.4 GHz and/or
5.0 GHz bands in any desired pattern.

Partial pattern coverage
If desired, the Wireless Array can be deployed close to an exterior wall. In
this case, half of all available radios have been deactivated to prevent
redundant signals from “bleeding” beyond the site’s perimeter wall. This
configuration may also be used in those cases where you want to restrict
wireless coverage to selected areas of the building’s interior.
Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE)
Some smaller Arrays and APs (XR-2000 models ending in “5”, and XR-500/600
Series) are compatible with IEEE802.3af and/or IEEE802.3at PoE+, and may be
connected to appropriate powered switches. For example, the Xirrus XT-5024 and
XT-5048 are 24-and 48-port 802.3at POE+ managed switches. See the Quick
Installation Guide for the Array/AP for compatible injectors or powered switches.
The Xirrus-supplied XP1, XP2, and XP8 Power over Gigabit Ethernet modules
provide power to Arrays over the same Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable used for data.
Managed modules provide the ability to control power using XMS.
Figure 4. XP8 - Power over Ethernet Usage
Specific models of the Array are compatible with specific PoGE modules.
12
Introduction
Wireless Array
Enterprise Class Management
The Wireless Array can be used with its default settings, or using zero touch
cloud-based automated provisioning . Settings may also be customized using the
Array’s embedded Web Management Interface (WMI). The WMI enables easy
configuration and control from a graphical console, plus a full complement of
troubleshooting tools and statistics.
Figure 5. WMI: Array Status
In addition, a fully featured Command Line Interface (CLI) offers IT professionals
a familiar management and control environment. SNMP (Simple Network
Management Protocol) is also supported to allow management from an SNMP
compliant management tool, such as the optional Xirrus Management System.
Introduction
13
Wireless Array

For deployments of more than five Arrays, we recommend that you use the
cloud-based or enterprise version of Xirrus Management System (XMS).
XMS offers a rich set of features for fine control over large deployments.
Key Features and Benefits
This section describes some of the key product features and the benefits you can
expect when deploying the Wireless Array (the XR-7630 product is used as an
example in this section).
High Capacity and High Performance
Figure 6. Layout of IAPs (XR-7630)
The XR-7630 version of the Wireless Array (Figure 6) enables wireless
connectivity and easily handles time-sensitive traffic such as voice. This model
includes four Gigabit uplink ports for connection to the wired network. Its sixteen
IAPs (radios) provide a maximum wireless capacity of 7.2 Gbps, which offers
ample reserves for the high demands of current and future applications. Of the
sixteen IAPs, fifteen operate as radios which may be set up to serve your choice of
client types — any or all of 802.11a/b/g/n (5 GHz or 2.4 GHz bands), providing
backwards compatibility with 802.11b and 802.11g.
14
Introduction
Wireless Array
In the recommended configuration, one IAP is configured in RF monitoring and
intrusion detection/prevention mode.
Extended Coverage
One XR-7630 solution enables you to replace fifteen access points (including one
omnidirectional IAP for monitoring the network). Fifteen IAP radios with
integrated directional antennas provide increased wireless range and enhanced
data rates in all directions. With a Wireless Array deployed, far fewer access
points are needed and wired-like resiliency is delivered throughout your wireless
network. Your Wireless Array deployment ensures:

Continuous connectivity if an IAP (radio) fails.

Continuous connectivity if an Array fails.

Continuous connectivity if a WDS link or switch fails.

Continuous connectivity if a Gigabit uplink or switch fails.
Flexible Coverage Schemes
Your Wireless Array offers flexible coverage schemes for each wireless
technology.
Introduction
15
Wireless Array
Figure 7. Coverage Schemes (XR-7230 shown)

802.11a/n
Delivers 60° wireless coverage per IAP, with 6 dBi of gain.

802.11b/g/n
Delivers 180° wireless coverage, with 3 dBi of gain.

802.11a/b/g/n (monitor only)
Delivers 360° wireless coverage, with 2 dBi of gain.
Non-Overlapping Channels
Complete use of non-overlapping channels limits interference and delivers
maximum capacity. On the XR-7630, up to 16 non-overlapping channels are fully
utilized across the 5GHz and 2.4GHz spectrums.
16
Introduction
Wireless Array
SDMA Optimization
SDMA (Spatial Division Multiple Access) technology provides full 360° coverage
while allowing independent channel and power output customization. Also
supports fast inter-zone handoffs for time-sensitive applications and roaming.
Fast Roaming
Utilizes the Xirrus Roaming Protocol (XRP) ensuring fast and seamless roaming
capabilities between IAPs or Arrays at both Layer 2 and Layer 3.
Ease of Deployment
The Xirrus XMS and Mobilize services simplify and speed deployment of the
wireless network by automatically setting up each Array’s license, software
image, and initial configuration. When the Array is installed and has Internet
connectivity, it contacts Xirrus, which performs these initialization tasks.
Powerful Management
The Xirrus Management System (XMS) offers real time monitoring and
management capabilities for the wireless network.
Secure Wireless Access
Multiple layers of authentication and encryption ensure secure data
transmissions. The Wireless Array is 802.11i compliant with line-rate encryption
support for 40 and 128 bit WEP, WPA and WPA2 with TKIP and AES encryption.
Authentication is provided via 802.1x, including PEAP, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS,
EAP-SIM, EAP-GTC, EAP-AKA, EAP-AKA-Prime, and LEAP (Lightweight
Extensible Authentication Protocol) passthrough. Intrusion detection and
prevention provide proactive monitoring of the environment for threats.
Applications Enablement
The Wireless Array’s QoS (Quality of Service) functionality combined with true
switch capabilities enable high density video and Voice over Wireless LAN
deployments. Compliant with 802.1p and 802.1Q standards.
See Also
Wireless Array Product Overview
Introduction
17
Wireless Array
Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE)
Why Choose the Xirrus Wireless Array?
Advanced Feature Sets
The Wireless Array offers a family of powerful functionality packages, including
the RF Performance Manager (RPM), RF Security Manager (RSM), RF Analysis
Manager (RAM), and Application Control. These four packages are separately
licensed for operation on your Array. RPM, RSM, and RAM are automatically
included as part of all XR Arrays. Application Control is an optional feature.
Xirrus Advanced RF Performance Manager (RPM)
The Xirrus RPM optimizes the bandwidth usage and station performance of
wireless networks. Leveraging the multiple integrated access point (multi-radio)
design of the Xirrus Wireless Array, RPM manages the allocation of wireless
bandwidth to wireless stations across multiple RF channels. The result maximizes
overall network performance with superior flexibility and capacity.
Today's wireless infrastructure is faced with ever increasing numbers and
variations of wireless enabled clients, whether in the form of notebooks, netbooks,
smart phones, IP phones, printers, projectors, cameras, RFID tags, etc. The advent
of higher speed wireless and its increased use of the 5GHz spectrum adds to the
number of variables today's wireless networks must accommodate. Backwards
compatibility with older clients is crucial, however their operation in a wireless
network can significantly hinder the performance of faster clients. As an example,
802.11b wireless stations communicate more than 10 times slower than 802.11n
stations.
With each of the Array’s multiple radios operating on a different channel, RPM
selects the ideal radio for each station. High-speed stations are grouped together
on radios with other high speed stations, while lower speed stations are combined
with other lower speed stations. This ensures optimal performance for high-speed
802.11ac stations without compromise.
The complete feature set of the RPM package includes:

18
WDS (Wireless Distribution System) for point-to-point communication
Introduction
Wireless Array

Wireless Mode per IAP

Sharp Cell technology

Wireless Data Rate Optimization

Wireless Traffic Shaping

Wireless Voice Call Admission Control

Fast Layer 2 and 3 Roaming

Standby Mode
Xirrus Advanced RF Security Manager (RSM)
The Xirrus RSM improves security and minimizes the risk in deploying 802.11
wireless networks. Leveraging an integrated 24/7 threat sensor and hardwarebased encryption/decryption in each Array, RSM secures the wireless network
from multiple types of threats. The result delivers uncompromised overall
network security with superior flexibility and performance.
Wireless networks face a number of potential security threats in the form of rogue
access points, ad-hoc clients, unauthorized clients, wireless-based attacks,
eavesdropping, etc. As “bring your own device” (BYOD) becomes ubiquitous in
enterprise networks, defending against these threats becomes more critical. With
the Array’s threat sensor radio scanning all channels in the 2.4GHz and 5GHz
spectrums, RSM searches for security threats and automatically mitigates them.
High performance encryption/decryption in the enterprise wireless network is a
must. The wireless network needs to support each client using the highest level of
encryption (WPA2 Enterprise/128 bit AES) and without degrading the overall
performance of the network. Xirrus incorporates hardware-based encryption/
decryption into each Array, delivering line-rate encryption at the edge of the
network instead of at a choke point within a centralized controller.
The complete feature set of the RSM package includes:

Wireless IDS/IPS (Intrusion Detection/Prevention System)

Wireless stateful firewall

User group policies

Authenticated guest access gateway
Introduction
19
Wireless Array

NAC integration
Xirrus Advanced RF Analysis Manager (RAM)
The RF Advanced Analysis Manager (RAM) tests and troubleshoots wireless
networks. The deployment of 802.11ac presents a set of unique challenges based
on technology differences with legacy 802.11a/b/g/n networks, both on the
wireless infrastructure and client side. Xirrus' RAM equips each Wireless Array
with a powerful set of tools and features to optimally tune and verify an 802.11ac
installation, as well as give IT administrators the ability to troubleshoot issues
that may occur within the wireless environment.
802.11ac deployment will continue to evolve over the next several years with
additional performance and optional functions, along with an ongoing stream of
IEEE 802.11 amendments. This changing wireless landscape mandates that
appropriate tools are available to the user to analyze, optimize, and troubleshoot
their changing environments.
The distributed architecture of the Array enables the execution of powerful
wireless and networking analysis at the edge of the network where packets
traverse the wireless-to-wired boundary. The Array includes an embedded
wireless controller with the necessary computing and memory resources to
provide these functions securely at the network's edge.
The key elements of the RAM package include:
20

RF Analysis – An embedded Spectrum Analyzer leverages the dedicated
threat sensor radio in each Wireless Array to provide a continual view of
utilization, interference, and errors across all available wireless channels.

Packet Analysis – Integrated packet capture provides filterable views of
all traffic traversing on the wired and wireless interfaces of the Array.

Performance Analysis – Embedded traffic generation enables the
throughput of the Array’s wireless or wired interfaces to be analyzed.

Failure Recovery – Radio Assurance provides an automatic self-test and
self healing mechanism that ensures continuous system operation.

Netflow Support

Network Tools: ping, RADIUS ping, traceroute
Introduction
Wireless Array
Xirrus Application Control
The Application Control feature is available on XR Arrays to provide real-time
visibility of application usage by users across the wireless network. Network
usage has changed enormously in the last few years, with the increase in smart
phone and tablet usage stressing networks.
The Array uses Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) to determine what applications are
being used and by whom, and how much bandwidth they are consuming. These
applications are rated by their degree of risk and productiveness. The results are
presented to you both graphically and in tables. Filters may then be put in place to
implement per-application policies that keep network usage focused on
productive uses, eliminating risky and non-business-oriented applications such
as BitTorrent. You can increase the priority of mission-critical applications like
VoIP and WebEx. See “Application Control Windows” on page 146 for more
information.
About this User’s Guide
This User’s Guide provides detailed information and procedures that will enable
wireless network administrators to install, configure and manage the Wireless
Array so that end users can take full advantage of the product’s features and
functionality without technical assistance.
Organization
Topics and procedures are organized by function under the following chapter
headings:

Introduction
Provides a brief introduction to wireless technology, an overview of the
product, including its key features and benefits, and presents the product
specifications.

Installing the Wireless Array
Defines prerequisites for deploying and installing the Array and provides
instructions to help you plan and complete a successful installation.

The Web Management Interface
Introduction
21
Wireless Array
Offers an overview of the product’s embedded Web Management
Interface, including its content and structure. It emphasizes what you
need to do to ensure that any configuration changes you make are
applied, and provides a list of restricted characters. It also includes
instructions for logging in to the Array with your Web browser.

Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
Describes the status and statistics displays available on the Array using
its embedded Web Management Interface.

Configuring the Wireless Array
Contains procedures for configuring the Array using its embedded Web
Management Interface.

Using Tools on the Wireless Array
Contains procedures for using utility tools provided in the Web
Management Interface. It includes procedures for upgrading the system
firmware, uploading and downloading configurations and other files,
using diagnostic tools, and resetting the Array to its factory defaults.

The Command Line Interface
Includes the commands and the command structure used by the Wireless
Array’s Command Line Interface (CLI), and provides a procedure for
establishing a Telnet connection to the Array. This chapter also includes
some sample key configuration tasks using the CLI.

Appendix A: Quick Reference Guide
Contains the product’s factory default settings.

Appendix B: FAQ and Special Topics
Offers guidance to resolve technical issues, including general hints and
tips to enhance your product experience, and a procedure for isolating
problems within an Array-enabled wireless network. Also includes
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) and Xirrus contact information.
22
Introduction
Wireless Array

Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and -H Models)
Contains the legal notices, licensing, and compliance statements for the
Array. Please read this section carefully.

Appendix D: Notices (XR500/600 Series Only)
Contains the legal notices, licensing, and compliance statements for the
XR500 Series Access Points. Please read this section carefully if you are
using these models.

Glossary of Terms
Provides an explanation of terms directly related to Xirrus product
technology, organized alphabetically.

Index
The index is a valuable information search tool. Use the index to locate
specific topics discussed in this User’s Guide. Simply click on any page
number in the index to jump to the referenced topic.
Notes and Cautions
The following symbols are used throughout this User’s Guide:

This symbol is used for general notes that provide useful supplemental
information.
This symbol is used for cautions. Cautions provide critical information that
may adversely affect the performance of the product.
Screen Images
Some screen images of the Web Management Interface have been modified for
clarity. For example, an image may have been cropped to highlight a specific area
of the screen, and/or sample data may be included in some fields.
Introduction
23
Wireless Array
Product Specifications
Please refer to the Xirrus web site for the latest specifications for these Arrays—
www.xirrus.com.
24
Introduction
Wireless Array
Installing the Wireless Array
The instructions for completing a successful installation include the following
topics:

“Installation Prerequisites” on page 25.

“Planning Your Installation” on page 28.

“Installation Workflow” on page 61.

“Installing Your Wireless Array” on page 63.

“Powering Up the Wireless Array” on page 66.

“Zero-Touch Provisioning and Ongoing Management” on page 69.

“Performing the Express Setup Procedure” on page 75.
Installation Prerequisites
Your Wireless Array deployment requires the presence of hardware and services
in the host wired/wireless network, including:

Power Source
Xirrus Arrays and APs are powered via Xirrus-supplied Power over
Gigabit Ethernet. PoGE supplies power over the same Cat 5e or Cat 6
cable used for data, thus reducing cabling and installation effort. PoGE
power injector modules are available in 1-, 2-, and 8-port configurations
and are typically placed near your Gigabit Ethernet switch. An AC outlet
is required for each injector module.
Some smaller Arrays and APs are compatible with IEEE802.3af and/or
IEEE802.3at, and may be connected to appropriate powered switches. For
example, the Xirrus XT-5024 is a 24-port 802.3at PoE+ managed switch.
See the Quick Installation Guide for the Array/AP for compatible
injectors or powered switches.

ArrayEthernet ports
You need at least one 100/1000 BaseT port to establish wired Gigabit
Ethernet connectivity. XR Series Arrays have different numbers of ports,
Installing the Wireless Array
25
Wireless Array
depending on the model (see “XR Wireless Array Product Family” on
page 5).
The Array’s Ethernet ports should be connected to an Ethernet switch, not
an Ethernet hub — if a hub is used, we recommend that you do not bondpair Ethernet ports.

Secure Shell (SSH) utility
To establish secure remote command line access to the Array, you need a
Secure Shell (SSH) utility, such as PuTTY. The utility must be configured
to use SSH-2, since the Array will only allow SSH-2 connections.

Secure Web browser
Xirrus supports the latest version of the following Browsers: Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Chrome, or Safari. A secure Web browser is
required for Web-based management of the Array. The browser must be
on the same subnet as the Array, or you must set a static route for
management as described in the warning above.

Serial connection capability
A serial port (console) is present on all Arrays/APs except XR-500/600/
1000 Series and some XR-2000 models, where Xircon can be used
instead—see the Xircon User’s Guide. To connect directly to the console
port on the Array, your computer must be equipped with a male 9-pin
serial port and terminal emulation software (for example,
HyperTerminal). The Xirrus Array only supports serial cable lengths up
to 25’ per the RS-232 specification.
Use the following settings when establishing a serial connection:
Bits per second
Data bits
Parity
Stop bits
Flow control
26
115,200
None
None
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Optional Network Components
The following network components are optional.

Xirrus Management System (XMS)
The optional XMS offers powerful management features for small or large
Wireless Array deployments.

External RADIUS server
Although your Array comes with an embedded RADIUS server, for
802.1x authentication in large deployments you may want to add an
external RADIUS server.
Client Requirements
The Wireless Array should only be used with Wi-Fi certified client
devices.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Failover Planning
Planning Your Installation
Installing the Wireless Array
27
Wireless Array
Planning Your Installation
This section provides guidelines and examples to help you plan your Xirrus
Wireless Array deployment to achieve the best overall coverage and performance.
We recommend you conduct a site survey to determine the best location and
settings for each Array you install.
The following topics are discussed:

“General Deployment Considerations” on page 28

“Coverage and Capacity Planning” on page 30

“About IEEE 802.11ac” on page 37

“Failover Planning” on page 47

“Power Planning” on page 49

“Security Planning” on page 50

“Port Requirements” on page 52

“Network Management Planning” on page 56

“WDS Planning” on page 57

“Common Deployment Options” on page 60

For a complete discussion of implementing Voice over Wi-Fi on the Array,
see the Xirrus Voice over Wireless Application Note in the Xirrus
Resource Center.
General Deployment Considerations

For optimal placement of Arrays, we recommend that a site survey be
performed by a qualified Xirrus partner.
The Wireless Array’s unique multi-radio architecture generates 360 degrees of
sectored high-gain 802.11a/b/g/n/ac coverage that provides extended range.
(Note that XR-500/600 Series radios are omni-directional rather than sectored.)
The number, thickness and location of walls, ceilings or other objects that the
wireless signals must pass through may affect the range. Typical ranges vary
28
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
depending on the types of materials and background RF (radio frequency) noise
at your location. To maximize wireless range, follow these basic guidelines:
1.
Keep the number of walls and ceilings between the Array and your
receiving devices to a minimum — each wall or ceiling can reduce the
wireless range from between 3 and 90 feet (1 to 30 meters). Position your
devices so that the number of walls or ceilings is minimized.
2.
Be aware of the direct line between each device. For example, a wall that
is 1.5 feet thick (half a meter) at 90° is actually almost 3 feet thick (or 1
meter) when viewed at a 45° angle. At an acute 2° degree angle the same
wall is over 42 feet (or 14 meters) thick! For best reception, try to ensure
that your wireless devices are positioned so that signals will travel
straight through a wall or ceiling.
90°
2°
45°
> 42 feet\
14 m
1.5 feet/
.5 m
~ 3 feet/
1m
Figure 8. Wall Thickness Considerations
3.
Try to position wireless client devices so that the signal passes through
drywall (between studs) or open doorways and not other materials that
can adversely affect the wireless signal.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Common Deployment Options
Installation Prerequisites
Installing the Wireless Array
29
Wireless Array
Coverage and Capacity Planning
This section considers coverage and capacity for your deployment(s), including
placement options, RF patterns and cell sizes, area calculations, roaming
considerations, and channel allocations.

XR-500 Series radios are omni-directional rather than directional (sectored),
and discussions involving sectored radios are not applicable to these Arrays.
Placement
Use the following guidelines when considering placement options:
1.
The best placement option for the Array is ceiling-mounted within an
open plan environment (cubicles rather than fixed walls).
2.
Keep the Array away from electrical devices or appliances that generate
RF noise. Because the Array is generally mounted on ceilings, be aware of
its position relative to lighting (especially fluorescent lighting) — we
recommend maintaining a distance of at least 3 to 6 feet (1 to 2 meters).
100 ft/ 30m
100 ft/
30 m
100 ft/ 30 m
Figure 9. Unit Placement
3.
30
If using multiple Arrays in the same area, maintain a distance of at least
100ft/30m between Arrays if there is direct line-of-sight between units, or
at least 50ft/15m if a wall or other barrier exists between units.
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
RF Patterns
The Wireless Array allows you to control — automatically or manually — the
pattern of wireless coverage that best suits your deployment needs. You can
choose to operate with full coverage, half coverage, or custom coverage (by
enabling or disabling individual sectors).
Full (Normal) Coverage
In normal operation, the Array provides a full 360 degrees of coverage.
Figure 10. Full (Normal) Coverage
Half Coverage
outside wall
Figure 11. Adjusting RF Patterns
If installing a unit close to an exterior wall, you can deactivate half of the radios to
prevent redundant signals from “bleeding” beyond the wall and extending
service into public areas. The same principle applies if you want to restrict service
to an adjacent room within the site.
Installing the Wireless Array
31
Wireless Array
Custom Coverage
Where there are highly reflective objects in proximity to the Array, you can turn
off specific radios to avoid interference and feedback.
reflective
object
Figure 12. Custom Coverage
Capacity and Cell Sizes
Cell sizes should be estimated based on the number of users, the applications
being used (for example, data/video/voice), and the number of Arrays available
at the location. The capacity of a cell is defined as the minimum data rate desired
for each sector multiplied by the total number of sectors being used.
Figure 13. Connection Rate vs. Distance
Figure 13 shows relative connection rates for 802.11n vs. 802.11a/g and 802.11b,
and the effect of distance on the connection rates. 802.11ac rates behave like
802.11n over distance—see Figure 22 for 802.11ac data rates). Wireless
environments can vary greatly so the actual rates may be different depending on
the specific network deployment.
32
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Fine Tuning Cell Sizes
Adjusting the transmit power allows you to fine tune cell sizes. There are four
standard sizes — Small, Medium, Large, or Max (the default is Max). There is also
an Auto setting that automatically determines the best cell size, and a Manual
setting that allows you to choose your power settings directly.
Small
Medium
Large
Figure 14. Transmit Power
Auto Cell Size is an automatic, self-tuning mechanism that balances cell size
between Arrays to guarantee coverage while limiting the RF energy that could
extend beyond the organizational boundary. Auto Cell uses communication
between Arrays to dynamically set radio power so that complete coverage is
provided to all areas, yet at the minimum power level required. This helps to
minimize potential interference with neighboring networks. Additionally, Arrays
running Auto Cell automatically detect and compensate for coverage gaps caused
by system interruptions. To enable the Auto Cell Size feature, go to “RF Power &
Sensitivity” on page 336. XirrusXirrus
If you are installing many units in proximity to each other, we recommend that
you use Auto Cell Size; otherwise, reduce the transmit power using manual
settings to avoid excessive interference with other Arrays or installed APs. See
also, “Coverage and Capacity Planning” on page 30.
Installing the Wireless Array
33
Wireless Array
Sharp Cell
This patented Xirrus RF management option automatically creates more
intelligently defined cells and improves performance by creating smaller, highthroughput cells. By dynamically limiting each cell to a defined boundary (cell
size), the trailing edge bleed of RF energy is reduced, thus minimizing
interference between neighboring Wireless Arrays or other Access Points. To
enable the Sharp Cell feature, go to “RF Power & Sensitivity” on page 336.
Roaming Considerations
Cells should overlap approximately 10 - 15% to accommodate client roaming.
ROAMING
10 - 15% overlap
Figure 15. Overlapping Cells
Allocating Channels
Because the Wireless Array is a multi-channel device, allocating the best channels
to radios is important if peak performance is to be maintained.
Automatic Channel Selection
We recommend that you allow the Array to make intelligent channel allocation
decisions automatically. In the automatic mode, channels are allocated
dynamically, driven by changes in the environment. Auto Channel assignment is
performed by scanning the surrounding area for RF activity on all channels, then
automatically selecting and setting channels on the Array to the best channels
available. This function is typically executed when initially installing Arrays in a
34
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
new location and may optionally be configured to execute periodically to account
for changes in the RF environment over time. Auto Channel selection has
significant advantages, including:

Allows the Array to come up for the first time and not interfere with
existing equipment that may be already running, thereby limiting cochannel interference.

More accurately tunes the RF characteristics of a wireless installation than
manual configuration since the radios themselves are scanning the
environment from their physical location.

May be configured to run periodically.
To set up the automatic channel selection feature, go to “Advanced RF Settings”
on page 333.
Installing the Wireless Array
35
Wireless Array
Manual Channel Selection
You can manually assign channels on a per radio basis, though manual selection
is not recommended (and not necessary).

To avoid co-channel interference, do not select adjacent channels for radios
that are physically next to each other.
Maintain channel separation
Figure 16. Allocating Channels Manually
See Also
Failover Planning
Installation Prerequisites
36
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
About IEEE 802.11ac
802.11ac is a continuation of the IEEE 802.11 standard. It multiplies the maximum
data rate—up to ten times the 802.11n maximum will ultimately be available.
Along with increased data rates, it offers simultaneous transmission to multiple
clients.
802.11ac will be rolled out in two phases. Wave 1 products available in 2012-2013
support 80MHz channels and up to 3 data streams for a maximum data rate of 1.3
Gbps. Wave 2 and future products will add 160MHz channels and up to 8
streams, for a maximum data rate of 6.93Gbps.
Xirrus currently supports up to three streams (in units with 3x3 radios) and 80
MHz channels. Xirrus models that offer 802.11ac support this technology on all
IAPs, not just on one. IAPs are individually configurable to different modes or
groups of modes (such as 802.11a, 11b, 11g, and 11n). Xirrus optimizes 802.11ac
performance further with ACExpress™. This innovation intelligently separates
high-speed and lower-speed mobile devices on separate IAPs to maximize system
performance.
The major advantages of 802.11ac are:

Faster speeds than 802.11n over the same coverage area, operating at up
to 1.3 Gbps in Wave 1 implementations. While the maximum distance
that a Wi-Fi signal can reach is unchanged with 802.11ac, multiple
antennas increase the data rate at every distance.

Operates only in the less congested 5 GHz spectrum, which offers
“cleaner” air and supports much greater capacity than the 2.4 GHz
spectrum still used by 802.11n.

Supports simultaneous communications to multiple clients on a single
channel with multi-user MIMO in future Wave 2 products.

Extends the techniques pioneered in 802.11n: more antennas, more spatial
streams and wider channels to improve throughput.
Installing the Wireless Array
37
Wireless Array
The techniques that 802.11ac uses to realize these performance improvements and
the expected results are discussed in:

“Up to Eight Simultaneous Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing” on
page 39

“MIMO (Multiple-In Multiple-Out)” on page 39

“MU-MIMO (Multi-User Multiple-In Multiple-Out)” on page 40

“Higher Precision in the Physical Layer” on page 42

“80 MHz and 160 MHz Channel Widths (Bonding)” on page 43

“802.11ac Data Rates” on page 44

“ACExpress™” on page 45
It is important to consider 80 MHz and 160 MHz Channel Widths (Bonding) when
planning your deployment, since it contributes greatly to 802.11ac’s speed
improvements and because it is configured separately for each IAP. Your
selection of channel width in IAP Settings—40 MHz or 80 MHz or 20 MHz (if
bonding is turned off)—has a major effect on your channel planning. A global
setting is provided to enable or disable 802.11ac mode. See “Global Settings .11ac”
on page 325 to configure operation.
There are other factors to keep in mind when planning a roll-out of 802.11ac.
Please see “802.11ac Deployment Considerations” on page 45.
38
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Up to Eight Simultaneous Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing
Spatial Multiplexing transmits completely separate data streams on different
antennas (in the same channel) that are recombined to produce new 802.11ac data
rates. Previously used for 802.11n, the maximum number of streams for 802.11ac
has been increased to eight. Higher data rates are achieved by splitting the
original data stream into separate data streams. Each separate stream is
transmitted on a different antenna (using its own RF chain). MIMO signal
processing at the receiver can detect and recover each stream. Streams are then
recombined, yielding higher data rates.
Data Stream
Tx 1
Rx 1
Tx 2
Rx 2
Transmitter
Tx N
Receiver
Data Stream
Rx M
Figure 17. Spatial Multiplexing
The date rate increases directly with the number of transmit antennas used. Note
that mobile devices in the near future will support up to three or four streams at
most, with many supporting less.
MIMO (Multiple-In Multiple-Out)
MIMO (Multiple-In Multiple-Out) signal processing is one of the core
technologies of 802.11n and 802.11ac. It mitigates interference and maintains
broadband performance even with weak signals.
Prior to 802.11n, a data stream was transmitted via one antenna. At the receiving
end, the antenna with the best signal was selected to receive data. MIMO signal
processing uses multiple antennas to send and receive data. It takes advantage of
multipath reflections to improve signal coherence and greatly increase receiver
sensitivity (Figure 18). Multipath signals were considered to be interference by
Installing the Wireless Array
39
Wireless Array
802.11a/b/g radios, and degraded performance. In 802.11n and 802.11ac, these
signals are used to enhance performance.
MIMO Processed Signal
Antenna 1 Signal
Attenuation
Receiver
Antenna 2 Signal
Antenna 3 Signal
Frequency Across Subcarriers
Figure 18. MIMO Signal Processing
802.11ac increases the number of antennas and spatial streams from a maximum
of four in 802.11n to a maximum of eight, contributing to much higher maximum
data rates (up to 6.93Gbit/s). The spatial streams can be concurrently allocated to
more than one receiving device when the AP operates in multi-user MIMO mode
(MU-MIMO, see the next section).
MU-MIMO (Multi-User Multiple-In Multiple-Out)
MU-MIMO (multi-user multiple-in/multiple-out) signal processing uses multiple
antennas on the transmitter and receiver operating on the same channel. With
spatial multiplexing in 802.11ac, up to 8 data streams may be concurrently
transmitted. MU-MIMO’s innovation allows the streams to be split between
multiple devices at once.
With 802.11n, whenever the IAP transmitted data, all of the traffic at any instant of
time was directed to a single client. As a consequence, if a set of devices included
a mix of fast and slow client clients, the fast traffic was often substantially delayed
by the transmission to slower clients. 802.11ac MU-MIMO works by directing
some of the spatial streams to one client and other spatial streams to other clients,
up to four at a time
For example, in the figure below, the transmitter has four antennas. Three are
transmitting to an 802.11ac laptop that has three antennas, while the remaining
40
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
one is directed to a mobile phone. When a transmission is complete, the antennas
are reallocated.
Data Stream
Tx 1
Rx 1
Tx 2
Rx 2
Transmitter
(Access
Point)
Data Stream
Tx 3
Spatial Streams
Rx 3
Data Stream
Tx 4
Rx 1
Figure 19. MU-MIMO with Four Antennas
The table below illustrates how data streams might be allocated to multiple users
on an 802.11ac transmitter with multiple antennas.
# of AP Antennas
Possible Combinations of Receiver Antennas
1 station w/ 2 antennas -or- 
2 stations w/ 1 antenna
1 station w/ 3 antennas -or1 station w/ 2 antennas + 1 station w/ 1 antenna -or3 stations w/ 1 antenna
1 station w/4 antennas -or- 
2 stations w/2 antennas -or1 station w/2 antennas + 2 stations w/1 antenna -or- 
4 stations w/ 1 antenna
1 station w/ 8 antennas -or- 
2 stations w/ 4 antennas -or1 station w/ 4 antennas + 2 stations w/ 2 antennas -or2 stations w/ 2 antennas + 4 stations w/1 antenna -or… many other combinations …
Installing the Wireless Array
41
Wireless Array
Higher Precision in the Physical Layer
Wi-Fi utilizes several digital modulation techniques and automatically switches
between them to optimize for throughput or range. The basic unit of data
transmitted is called a symbol. The number of points in the modulation
constellation determines the number of bits of data conveyed with each symbol.
itu
de
pl
64-QAM
Am
Phase˚
256-QAM
+7
+5
+3
+1
-7
-5
-3
-1
+1
+3
+5
+7
-1
-3
-5
-7
Figure 20. Physical Layer Data Encoding
802.11n uses 16 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), which conveys
log2(16) = 4 bits per symbol and 64 QAM, which conveys 6 bits per symbol.
802.11ac adds 256 QAM which conveys 8 bits per symbol for a 33% increase in
throughput vs. the highest 802.11n data rate.
You may select the highest Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) level allowed
with 1, 2, or 3 Spatial Streams (see the Max MCS setting in “Procedure for
Configuring Global 802.11ac IAP Settings” on page 326). You may limit the
highest level of modulation to 64-QAM, or allow 256-QAM. It also determines the
coding scheme used for error correction. Higher MCS levels allocate fewer bits to
error correction, and thus more bits are used for data. The default value is MCS9,
the highest level.
The higher the MCS value, the higher the data rate, as shown in the table below.
Xirrus Arrays/APs support MCS7 -MCS9. Higher MCS levels require higher
42
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
signal-to-noise ratios (i.e., a less noisy environment) and shorter transmission
distances.
MCS index value
Modulation
Code rate (R)
BPSK
1/2
QPSK
1/2
QPSK
3/4
16-QAM
1/2
16-QAM
3/4
64-QAM
2/3
64-QAM
3/4
64-QAM
5/6
256-QAM
3/4
256-QAM
5/6
80 MHz and 160 MHz Channel Widths (Bonding)
Channel bonding increases data rates by combining two, four, or eight adjacent 20
MHz channels into one channel. This increases the data rate proportional to the
width of the bond.
Bonding is specified on the IAP Settings page for each IAP in terms of the primary
channel and the width of the bond. Be aware that Channel Bonding impacts
channel planning, since you are using multiple channels for an IAP.
802.11ac allows creation of 20, 40, 80, or 160 MHz wide channels. The 160MHz
channel can also be a combination of two non-contiguous 80MHz channels
(80+80). Although channel bonding increases bandwidth, wider channels are
more susceptible to signal interference which may lead to reduced range and
poorer signal quality. Figure 21 is an example showing how Channels 36-64 may
be used: as eight 20 MHz channels; four 40 MHz channels; two 80 MHz channels;
or one 160 MHz channel. Xirrus currently supports channels up to 80 MHz wide.
Installing the Wireless Array
43
5150MHz
5250MHz
5350MHz
Wireless Array
UNII-1
Frequency
Channel
Number
36
40
UNII-2
44
48
52
56
60
64
20MHz
Channel Bandwidth
2-20MHz
bonded channels
40MHz
2-40MHz
bonded channels
80MHz
2-80MHz
bonded channels
160MHz
Figure 21. Channel Bonding (Channels 36-64 shown)
802.11ac Data Rates
Maximum
Data Rate
# Transmit
Antennas
Bandwidth
(MHz)
Streams
293Mbps
40
64QAM
433Mbps
80
256QAM
867Mbps
80
256QAM
1.299Gbps
80
256QAM
1.730Gbps
80
256QAM
3.470Gbps
80
256QAM
867Mbps
160
256QAM
1.730Gbps
160
256QAM
3.470Gbps
160
256QAM
6.930Gbps
160
256QAM
Modulation
Phase 1
Phase 2+
Figure 22. Maximum 802.11ac Data Rates
IEEE 802.11ac data rates are dependent on the number of spatial streams obtained
through the use of MU-MIMO, 80 vs. 160MHz channel widths, the number of
transmit antennas, and the type of modulation. Figure 22 shows the maximum
44
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
data rate achievable at each level, with many additional lower rates occurring at
each level dependent on signal level, signal to noise ratio in the environment, etc.
Phase 1 802.11ac, first available in consumer products in 2012 and enterprise
products in 2013, supports up to 80MHz channels and up to 3 spatial streams for a
maximum data rate of 1.3Gbps.
Phase 2 and beyond products, expected starting in 2014, will add 160MHz
channels and up to 8 spatial streams for a maximum data rate of 6.9Gbps.
ACExpress™
Xirrus 802.11ac IAPs use ACExpress™ to optimize wireless performance by
automatically separating faster 802.11ac clients from slower Wi-Fi clients. Since
Wi-Fi is a shared medium, this separation ensures that slower 802.11a/b/g/n
clients do not starve the performance of 802.11ac clients. For example, the data
rate of an 802.11n client is less than 25% of the rate of an 802.11ac client, and thus
will take four times as much air time for a given amount of data. This takes
available bandwidth away from faster clients, reducing their performance
significantly. ACExpress intelligently separates clients by type onto different
radios, grouping fast clients separately from slow clients, thereby maximizing
performance for all. ACExpress is supported on all Xirrus 802.11ac products, both
APs and Arrays. ACExpress may be enabled or disabled as part of the Load
Balancing feature. See Step 26 on page 307.
802.11ac Deployment Considerations
The theoretical data rates shown are just that, theoretical. For 802.11ac
deployments, numerous factors affect real-world performance. These are some
important considerations in the deployment of networks that include 802.11ac:

Wireless networks are not wired networks. Wired network users who
share a Gigabit network can expect to see bursts of up to 900Mbps,
depending on their hardware. Maximum Wi-Fi data rates are reduced by
signaling overhead and media contention. Most 802.11ac users will see
data rates less than 100Mbps as the effective bandwidth is shared among
all devices connecting to a given radio.
Installing the Wireless Array
45
Wireless Array
46

Migration to 802.11ac will take time. Older Wi-Fi technologies will
continue to be with us for years. In order for 802.11ac to provide
maximum data rates, it is important to keep interference from earlier WiFi standards at a minimum. For example, 802.11n devices operating in the
5GHz band can slow down 802.11ac devices to 300Mbps or 450Mbps
depending on the 2x2 or 3x3 MIMO technology used.

Infrastructures must be upgraded as well. The bandwidth required out
of 802.11ac APs will certainly exceed 1Gbps and may reach 10Gbps. The
links from the APs to the core network must keep pace with this need.
Centralized firewalls, LAN controllers, and authentication servers may
also reach their limits. Migration to a decentralized architecture, with
intelligence at the edge of the network may be a more scalable solution,
avoiding single points of failure.

More power. Multi-antenna APs handling 802.11ac speeds will likely
require more power. Power planning for your access switches should be
carefully considered.

A new site survey may be needed. Wireless networks established as
recently as a few years ago were probably designed for coverage and not
capacity. APs were placed so that there were no dead zones, without
considering future capacity needs. With the increasing use of mobile
devices, new site surveys that ensure enough bandwidth for anticipated
usage should precede deployment of 802.11ac APs.

Manage application usage. With 802.11ac, a range of applications are
now practical on mobile devices that were previously only used over
wired networks or on laptops. Uncontrolled use of Wi-Fi bandwidth can
cause wireless networks to quickly degrade. Network control elements
must control use of applications and prioritize critical applications.
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Failover Planning
This section discusses failover protection at the unit and port levels. To ensure
that service is continued in the event of a port failure, you can utilize two Gigabit
Ethernet ports simultaneously as a bonded pair (on Arrays with two or more
Gigabit ports).
Multiple port connections
Ethernet switch
Figure 23. Port Failover Protection
In addition, the Array has full failover protection between the bonded-pair
Gigabit ports (see following table).
Interface
Bridges
Data?
Bridges
Management Traffic?
Fails Over
To:
Gigabit port
Yes
Yes
Bonded
port
DHCP or static
Bonded
Gigabit port
Yes
Yes
Bonded
port
Same
IP address
The Wireless Array Gigabit Ethernet ports actually support a number of modes:

802.3ad Link Aggregation

Load Balancing

Broadcast

Link Backup

Mirrored
Installing the Wireless Array
47
Wireless Array
For more details on Gigabit port modes and their configuration, please see
“Bonds and Bridging” on page 169.
Switch Failover Protection
To ensure that service is continued in the event of a switch failure, you can
connect Arrays having multiple Gigabit ports to more than one Ethernet switch
(not a hub).
Ethernet connections
Backup switch
Ethernet switch
Figure 24. Switch Failover Protection

Gigabit Ethernet connections must be on the same subnet.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Installation Prerequisites
Network Management Planning
Planning Your Installation
Power Planning
Security Planning
48
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Power Planning
All XR Series Array models support Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) with an
integrated splitter.
Power over Gigabit Ethernet
To deliver power to the Array, you must use Xirrus-supplied Power over Gigabit
Ethernet (PoGE) modules or powered switches. They provide power over Cat 5e
or Cat 6 cables to the Array without running power cables — see Figure 4 on
page 12.
Specific models of the Array are compatible with specific PoGE modules. For
details, please see the Power over Gigabit Ethernet Installation and User Guide.

When using Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable, power can be provided up to a distance of
100m.
Certain Xirrus models (XR-500/600 Series and some XR-2000 models) also
accept IEEE802.3af and/or IEEE802.3at powered switch ports.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Failover Planning
Network Management Planning
Security Planning
Installing the Wireless Array
49
Wireless Array
Security Planning
This section offers some useful guidelines for defining your preferred encryption
and authentication method. For additional information, see “Understanding
Security” on page 214 and the Security section of “Frequently Asked Questions”
on page 492.
Wireless Encryption
Encryption ensures that no user can decipher another user’s data transmitted
over the airwaves. There are three encryption options available to you, including:

WEP-40bit or WEP-128bit
Because WEP is vulnerable to cracks, we recommend that you only use
this for legacy devices that cannot support a stronger encryption type.

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
This is much more secure than WEP and uses TKIP for encryption.

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA2) with AES
This is government-grade encryption — available on most new client
adapters — and uses the AES–CCM encryption mode (Advanced
Encryption Standard–Counter Mode).
Authentication
Authentication ensures users are who they say they are, and occurs when users
attempt to join the wireless network and periodically thereafter. The following
authentication methods are available with the Wireless Array:
50

RADIUS 802.1x
802.1x uses a remote RADIUS server to authenticate large numbers of
clients, and can handle different authentication methods (EAP-TLS, EAPTTLS, EAP-PEAP, and EAP-LEAP Passthrough). Administrators may
also be authenticated via RADIUS when preferred, or to meet particular
security standards.

Xirrus Internal RADIUS server
Recommended for smaller numbers of users (about 100 or less). Supports
EAP-PEAP only
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array

Pre-Shared Key
Uses a pass-phrase or key that is manually distributed to all authorized
users. The same passphrase is given to client devices and entered into
each Array.

MAC Access Control Lists (ACLs)
MAC access control lists provide a list of client adapter MAC addresses
that are allowed or denied access to the wireless network, and can be
used in addition to any of the above authentication methods. ACLs are
good for embedded devices, like printers and bar-code scanners (though
MAC addresses can be spoofed). The Array supports 1,000 global ACL
entries. You may also define per-SSID access control lists, with up to 1000
entries each.
ArrayArrayArraySee Also
Failover Planning
Network Management Planning
Power Planning
Installing the Wireless Array
51
Wireless Array
Port Requirements
A number of ports are used by various Array features and by the Xirrus
Management System (XMS). The Port Requirements table on page 53 lists ports
and the features that require them (XMS port requirements are included in the
table for your convenience). If you are using a feature, please make sure that the
ports that it requires are not blocked by firewalls or other policies, and that they
do not conflict with any other port assignments.
As an example, XMS port requirements are illustrated in Figure 25. XMS requires
ports 161, 162, and 443 to be passed between Arrays and the XMS server.
Similarly, port 9443 is required for communication between the XMS server and
XMS clients, and port 25 is typically used by the XMS server to access an SMTP
server to send email notifications.
SSID Traffic on
VLANs A, B, etc.
Management over
Native VLAN
Internal
Resources
Trunked 802.1q
VLAN Connection
Traffic from Arrays
VLAN A
Traffic from Arrays
VLAN B
L2 Switching
Infrastructure
External Network /
Internet
Firewall
XMS Server
Ports:
161, 162, 443
SMTP Server*
XMS Client*
Ports:
9090, 9091
Ports:
25
* XMS Client and SMTP Server may be internal or external resources.
Figure 25. Port Requirements for XMS
52
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
The following table lists port requirements for the Array and for XMS, how they
are used, and whether they may be changed.
Port
Application
Peer
Configurable
Array
icmp
Ping
XMS Server
No
20 tcp
21 tcp
FTP
Client
Yes
22 tcp
SSH
Client
Yes
23 tcp
Telnet
Client
Yes
25 tcp
SMTP
Mail Server
No
69 udp
TFTP
TFTP Server
No
123 udp
NTP
NTP Server
No
161 udp
SNMP
XMS Server
No
162 udp
SNMP Traphost Note Up to four Traphosts
may be configured.
XMS Server
Yes - but
required by
XMS
443 tcp
HTTPS (WMI,WPR)
Client
Yes
514 udp
Syslog
Syslog Server
No
1812, 1645
udp
RADIUS (some
servers use 1645)
RADIUS Server
Yes
1813, 1646
udp
RADIUS Accounting
(some servers still use
1646)
RADIUS Accounting
Server
Yes
2055 udp
Netflow
Client
Yes
5000 tcp
Virtual Tunnel
VTUN Server
Yes
22610 udp
XRP (Xirrus Roaming)
Arrays
Yes
22612 udp
Xircon (Console Utility)
Admin Workstation
Yes
Installing the Wireless Array
53
Wireless Array
Port
Application
Peer
Configurable
XMS
icmp
Ping
Arrays
No
22 tcp
SSH
Arrays
Yes
25 tcp
SMTP
Mail Server
Yes
123 udp
NTP
NTP Server
No
161 udp
SNMP
Arrays
No
162 udp
SNMP Traphost 1
Arrays
Via XMS
config file
443 tcp
HTTPS
Arrays
No
514 udp
Resident Syslog server
Internal*
Via XMS
config file
1099 tcp
RMI Registry
Internal*
No
2000 tcp
XMS Back-end Server
Internal*
No
3306 tcp
MySQL Database
Internal*
No
8001 tcp
Status Viewer
Internal*
No
8007 tcp
Tomcat Shutdown
Internal*
During
installation
8009 tcp
Web Container
Internal*
During
installation
9090 tcp
XMS Webserver
XMS client
During
installation
9091 tcp
XMS Client Server
XMS client
Via XMS
config file
9092 tcp
XMS Client Server
XMS client
Via XMS
config file
9443 tcp
XMS WMI SSL
XMS web client
Yes
* Internal to XMS Server, no ports need to be unblocked on other network devices
54
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
See Also
Management Control
External Radius
Services
VLAN Management
Installing the Wireless Array
55
Wireless Array
Network Management Planning
Network management can be performed using any of the following methods:

Centralized Web-based management, using the optional Xirrus
Management System (XMS). XMS Cloud provides zero-touch
provisioning and ongoing management. XMS is run on a dedicated
Xirrus appliance or your own server. XMS manages large Wireless Array
deployments from a centralized Web-based interface and offers the
following features:

Globally manage large numbers of Arrays

Seamless view of the entire wireless network

Easily configure large numbers of Arrays

Rogue AP monitoring

Easily manage system-wide firmware updates

Monitor performance and trends
 Aggregation of alerts and alarms

Command Line Interface, using an SSH (Secure Shell) utility, like PuTTY.
The utility must be set up to use SSH-2, since the Array will only allow
SSH-2 connections.

Web-based management, using the Array’s embedded Web Management
Interface (WMI). This method provides configuration and basic
monitoring tools, and is good for small deployments (one or two units).
See Also
Failover Planning
Power Planning
Security Planning
56
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
WDS Planning
WDS (Wireless Distribution System) creates wireless backhaul connections
between Arrays, allowing your wireless network to be expanded using multiple
Arrays without the need for a wired backbone to link them (see Figure 26). WDS
features include:

One to three IAPs may be used to form a single WDS link, yielding up to
1350 Mbps bandwidth per link. Up to three different WDS links may be
created on a single Array.

Automatic IAP Load Balancing

If desired, you may allow clients to associate to a BSS on the same radio
interface used for a WDS Host Link. This will take bandwidth from the
WDS link.
Figure 26. WDS Link

Multiple links per Array allow you to configure multi-hop connections.
Installing the Wireless Array
57
Wireless Array
Figure 27. A Multiple Hop WDS Connection

Multiple WDS links can provide link redundancy (failover capability - see
Figure 28). A network protocol (Spanning Tree Protocol — STP) prevents
Arrays from forming network loops.
Figure 28. WDS Failover Protection
58
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
WDS links have a Host/Client relationship similar to the usual IAP/station
pattern for Arrays:

A WDS Client Link associates/authenticates to a host (target) Array in the
same way that a station associates to an IAP. The client side of the link
must be configured with the root MAC address of the target (host) Array.

A WDS Host Link acts like an IAP by allowing one WDS Client Link to
associate to it. An Array may have both client and host links.
WDS configuration is performed only on the client-side Array. See “WDS” on
page 358. Note that both Arrays must be configured with the same SSID name.
Installing the Wireless Array
59
Wireless Array
Common Deployment Options
The following table lists some typical and recommended deployment options for
a number of the features that have been discussed in this chapter.
Number of Wireless Arrays
Function
One or Two
Three or More
Power
Power over Gigabit
Ethernet
Power over Gigabit Ethernet
UPS backup
(recommended)
Failover
Recommended
Highly recommended
VLANs
Optional
Optional use,
Can be used to put all APs
on one VLAN or map to
existing VLAN scheme
Encryption
Authentication
WPA2 with AES
(recommended)
WPA2 with AES
(recommended)
PSK or 802.1x
802.1x keying
Internal RADIUS server
EAP-PEAP
External RADIUS server
Pre-Shared Key
Management
Cloud XMS or
InternalWMII
Cloud XMS or
XMS (Enterprise-hosted)
Internal CLI (via SSHv2)
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Network Management Planning
Planning Your Installation
Power Planning
Security Planning
60
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Installation Workflow
This workflow illustrates the steps that are required to install and configure your
Wireless Array successfully. Review this flowchart before attempting to install the
unit on a customer’s network. Cloud XMS customers will skip the last two steps.
Determine the number of Arrays needed
Choose the location(s) for your Wireless Arrays
Run Ethernet cables for PoGE
(<100m total distance from switch)
Install the mounting plate
Connect the cables and turn on the power
Verify that the Ethernet link and radio LEDs are functioning correctly
Log in to WMI
Review the Array Configuration
Figure 29. Installation Workflow
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Common Deployment Options
Installing the Wireless Array
61
Wireless Array
Failover Planning
Installation Prerequisites
Planning Your Installation
Power Planning
Wireless Array Product Overview
Security Planning
62
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Installing Your Wireless Array
This section provides information about the physical installation of your Xirrus
Wireless Array. For complete instructions, please see the Quick Installation Guide
(QIG) for your model of Array or Access Point.
Choosing a Location
Based on coverage, capacity and deployment examples previously discussed,
choose a location for the Array that will provide the best results for your needs.
The Wireless Array was designed to be mounted on a ceiling where the unit is
unobtrusive and wireless transmissions can travel unimpeded throughout open
plan areas.
Choose a location that is central to your users (see the following diagram for
correct placement.
WRONG
RON
RO
ON
WRONG
RON
RO
O G
ON
CORRECT
ORRE
ORREC
Figure 30. Array Placement
Wiring Considerations
Before using the Xirrus-supplied Power over Gigabit Ethernet modules (PoGE) to
distribute power, see “Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE)” on page 12.
Installing the Wireless Array
63
Wireless Array
Once you have determined the best location for your Wireless Array, you must
run cables to the location for the following services:
Power
No separate power cable is required to the Array—Xirrus wireless Arrays
and APs use PoGE (Power over Gigabit Ethernet). See the Quick
Installation Guide for your Array/AP model for compatible power
injectors or switches.
The total of all Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable segments from the Gigabit Ethernet
switch to the power injector and then to an Array PoGE port must be less
than 100m long. The Array must be connected to PoGE networks without
routing cabling to the outside plant, to ensure that cabling is not exposed
to lightning strikes or possible high voltage crossover.
Network
Arrays and APs all have at least one PoGE port to supply power and data
over the same cable. Many models have additional gigabit ports, or even
additional PoGE ports. Please see the Quick Installation Guide for your
Array/AP model for detailed information about running cables to the
Array and connecting it.
Some models also have a serial (console) port. The Serial cable may be up
to 25 feet long per the RS-232 specification.

64
When the unit’s IP address is unknown or a network connection has not
been established, the serial cable is used for connecting directly with the
Command Line Interface (CLI) via HyperTerminal. When a network
connection is established, the Array can be managed from any of the
available network connections, either Gigabit 1 or Gigabit 2. 
For models with no console port, such as theXRR-500,XRR-1000, and
someXRR-2000 models, theXirrus Xircon utility may be used locally to set
up an IP address if necessary.
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Important Note About Network Connections
The Array’s Ethernet ports should be plugged into an Ethernet switch, not an
Ethernet hub — if a hub is used, we recommend that you connect only one
Ethernet port.
See Also
Failover Planning
Installation Prerequisites
Installation Workflow
Mounting and Connecting the Array/AP
Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE)
Installing the Wireless Array
65
Wireless Array
Mounting and Connecting the Array/AP
A detailed Quick Installation Guide is available at support.xirrus.com that
describes mounting your Array/AP. Please follow the provided instructions
carefully. Data and power connections to the Array are also detailed in the Quick
Installation Guide. Please follow the cabling and connection instructions carefully.
Dismounting the Array
For all Array/AP models, push up on the Array/AP (i.e., push it against the
mounting plate). Then turn the Array to the left to remove it. This is similar to
dismounting a smoke detector.
Powering Up the Wireless Array
When powering up, the Array follows a specific sequence of LED patterns
showing the boot progress, and following a successful boot will provide extensive
status information.
Ethernet Activity
and Status LEDs
IAP LEDs
Figure 31. LED Locations
Array LED settings may be altered or disabled entirely for diagnostic purposes or
for personal preference. Changes are made via the Array’s Command Line
Interface or the Web Management Interface — refer to “LED Settings” on page 354.
66
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Array LED Operating Sequences
Use the following tables to review the operating sequences of the Array’s LEDs.

“LED Boot Sequence” on page 67

“LED Operation when Array is Running” on page 68
LED Boot Sequence
The normal boot LED sequence is as follows:
Array Activity
Status LED
IAP LEDs
Power ON
Blinking GREEN
All OFF
Boot loader power ON
self-test
Blinking GREEN
All ON
Image load from
compact FLASH
Blinking GREEN
Spinning pattern (rotate all
to ON, then all to OFF)
Image load failure
Blinking ORANGE
All OFF
Hand off to ArrayOS
Solid GREEN
All OFF
System software
initialization
Solid GREEN
Walking pattern — (LED
rotating one position per
second)
Up and running
Solid GREEN
ON for IAPs that are up:
OFF for IAPs that are down.
Green or orange per table on
the next page.
Behavior may be changed
using “LED Settings” on
page 354.
Installing the Wireless Array
67
Wireless Array
LED Operation when Array is Running
The normal LED operation when the Array is running is shown in the table
below. Note that behavior may be modified using “LED Settings” on page 354 or
via the CLI.
LED Status
Reason
IAP LED is OFF
IAP is down
IAP LED is solid ON
IAP is up, but no associations and
no traffic
IAP LED heartbeat
IAP is up, with stations associated
but no traffic
IAP LED flashing
IAP is up, passing traffic
Flashing at 10 Hz
Flashing at 5 Hz
Flashing at 2.5 Hz
Traffic > 1500 packets/sec
Traffic > 150 packets/sec
Traffic > 1 packet/sec
IAP LED is GREEN
IAP is operating in the 2.4 GHz
band
IAP LED is ORANGE
IAP is operating in the 5 GHz band
IAP LED flashing ORANGE to
GREEN at 1 Hz
The radio is in monitor mode
STATUS LED is GREEN ***
Array is operational
(standard intrude detect)
GIG (Ethernet) LEDs are dual color
Ethernet LED is ORANGE
Transferring data at 1 Gbps
Ethernet LED is GREEN
Transferring data at 10/100 Mbps
*** NOTE: On an XR-2000 Series Array model ending an a 5, there is a
combined GIG2/STS LED. If the GIG2 port is not connected, the LED behaves
as a Status LED. If the GIG2 port is connected, the LED behaves as a GIG2 LED.
68
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
See Also
Installation Prerequisites
Installation Workflow
Installing Your Wireless Array
LED Settings
Zero-Touch Provisioning and Ongoing Management
Most customers employ the Xirrus Management System (XMS) for the initial
setup and continuing management of Xirrus devices. XMS users can readily set
up their new devices for zero touch provisioning and ongoing maintenance via
the following platforms.
XMS Cloud Next Generation (XMS-9500-CL-x)
XMS in the cloud performs zero touch provisioning as shown in this quick video
guide:
www.xirrus.com/TV/Training/XMS-Cloud-Next-Generation.
New
Arrays/APs appear in XMS even before you receive your equipment. When the
email arrives with your login information, use XMS Cloud to specify the initial
settings for your Arrays/APs. A Guided Tour will walk you through the basic
steps of creating a profile containing configuration settings, including creating
SSIDs and firewall/application control rules. Once a new, unlicensed Array/AP
is connected to a network with DHCP and Internet connectivity, it will
automatically contact Xirrus for cloud-based zero touch provisioning per your
settings. It will first install the latest applicable license, and upgrade the Array/
AP to the latest software version as appropriate.
XMS Enterprise
(Also available as a cloud-deployed solution: XMS-9000-CL-x) This enterprisehosted platform automatically detects and provisions new Xirrus devices
deployed in your network via a zero touch provisioning approach similar to that
described above. Create and configure a default profile for newly added Arrays/
APs—these new devices will automatically receive the configuration defined in
your default profile.
Installing the Wireless Array
69
Wireless Array

If you are an XMS or XMS-9000-CL-x customer, we recommend that you
manage your Arrays/APs completely by XMS. Wait five minutes after
powering up the Array or Access Point, then use XMS to view/manage this
unit. If you change settings directly on the Array/AP, XMS may not sync
up with these changes for up to 24 hours.

Note that the Array/AP must already be running ArrayOS release 6.5 or
above to support zero-touch provisioning. Without XMS or Mobilize,
Arrays and APs will still obtain their licenses automatically.
If you are not using XMS
New devices can be auto-provisioned upon initial deployment via the Xirrus
Mobilize platform (pre-order required) as shown in this video: www.xirrus.com/
TV/Training/Mobilize-Training. Your welcome email will contain login/account
information.
After booting, the Array contacts the Xirrus Mobilize Cloud service with its serial
number and MAC address. Mobilize sends commands to the Array to download
and update the appropriate license, software image, and configuration, and then
reboots the Array. Note that every unlicensed Array with Internet connectivity
obtains its license by contacting Xirrus. You have the option of whether or not to
use Mobilize to update your software image and download initial configuration.
The initial Array configuration sets items such as SSIDs, encryption and
authentication, and SNMP settings. Use the Mobilize service to specify these
settings for each Array before deployment. Settings may be duplicated from one
Array to the next, or entered in bulk.
Your Xirrus wireless equipment will continue to be able to fetch and activate
license updates to which you are entitled. See “License Key/Auto-provisioning:”
on page 389.
If you are not using XMS or Mobilize, please proceed to the rest of this chapter to
configure your Array/AP manually via the Express Setup menu option.
70
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Array/AP Management Interfaces
User Interfaces (CLI, WMI)
With zero-touch setup provided by XMS and Mobilize, your Xirrus network is
ready for use a few minutes after deployment. We recommend that you use the
Xirrus Management System (XMS) for ongoing monitoring and fine-tuning of the
network.
Should you wish to check the configuration of individual Arrays locally, Array
settings may be viewed or configured through the Command Line Interface (CLI)
using SSH, or on a browser with the Web Management Interface (WMI). You may
use the CLI via the serial management port (console—on all Arrays except the
XR-500/600/1000 Series and some XR-2000 models) or any of the Gigabit
Ethernet ports. You can use the WMI via any of the Array’s Ethernet ports.
ArrayXMS
Gigabit PoE (gig1)
Figure 32. Network Interface Ports—XR-520 (left); XR-1000 Series (right)
Gigabit1/PoE+ (gig1)
Gigabit2 (gig2)
Figure 33. Network Interface Ports—XR-600 Series
Installing the Wireless Array
71
Wireless Array
Gigabit1 PoE /Gigabit1 PoE+
Gigabit2
CONSOLE
Figure 34. Network Interfaces—XR-2000 Series (left); XR-2005 Series (right)
Serial (Console)
Gigabit PoE (gig1)
Gigabit 2 (gig2)
Figure 35. Network Interface Ports—XR-4000 Series
Serial (Console)
Gigabit PoE1 (gig1)
Gigabit PoE2 (gig2)
Gigabit 3 (gig3)
Gigabit 4 (gig4)
Figure 36. Network Interface Ports—XR-6000 Series

72
The Xirrus Xircon utility may also be used to communicate with Arrays
locally as an alternative to using a serial connection to the console. This is
especially useful for the XR-500/600/1000 Series and some XR-2000 models,
which do not have a console port. See “Securing Low Level Access to the
Array” on page 76.
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Using the Serial Port
If using the serial port to make your connection, use serial settings of 8 bits, no
parity, no flow control, 1 stop bit (8N1) and a speed setting of 115200 baud. Use
the communication package of your choice. You may use the serial port to change
settings on the Array, even if the Array’s Gigabit interfaces are in XMS managed
mode (i.e., read-only mode, see “Managing Arrays Locally or via XMS” on
page 81).
Using the Ethernet Ports
By default, the Array's Ethernet interfaces use DHCP to obtain an IP address. If
the Array is booted and does not receive DHCP addresses on Gigabit Ethernet
ports, then both Gigabit1 and its bonded pair port (if any) will default to 10.0.2.1
with a mask of 255.255.255.0.
If the Array is connected to a network that provides DHCP addresses, the IP
address can be determined by the following three methods:
1.
The simplest way to address the Array is using its default hostname
which is the Array’s serial number, found on the Array label and
shipping container (for example, XR40123091CACD). If your network
provides DHCP and DNS, then you can use this hostname.
2.
Otherwise, examine the DHCP tables on the server and find the addresses
assigned to the Array (Xirrus MAC addresses begin with 00:0F:7D or
50:60:28 and are found on the Array label and shipping container).
3.
Alternatively, you may query the Array using the CLI via the console port
(on all models except the XR-500/600/1000, and some XR-2000 models).
Log in using the default user name admin and password admin. Use the
show ethernet command to view the IP addresses assigned to each port.
4.
If the Array cannot obtain an IP address via DHCP, the factory default
uses a static IP address of 10.0.2.1 with a mask of 255.255.255.0 on its
Gigabit POE port.

Take care to ensure that your network is not using the 10.0.2.1 IP address
prior to connecting the Array to the network.
To connect to the Array, you must set your laptop to be in the same
subnet as the Array: set your laptop’s IP address to be in the 10.0.2.xx
Installing the Wireless Array
73
Wireless Array
subnet, and set its subnet mask to 255.255.255.0. If this subnet is already
in use on your network, you may connect your laptop directly to the
Array by connecting the laptop to the power injector’s IN port
temporarily (this port may be called the SWITCH port or the DATA port
on your injector).
Starting the WMI
Use this procedure to log in to the WMI via your Web browser.
1.
Establish a network connection and open your Web browser.
2.
Connect to the Wireless Array using its host name or IP address as
described in the previous section.
http://
Logging In
When logging in to the Array, use the default user name and password — the
default user name is admin, and the default password is admin.
See Also
Installation Workflow
Performing the Express Setup Procedure
Powering Up the Wireless Array
Licensing
When a newly deployed Array boots up, it automatically contacts Xirrus with its
serial number and MAC address and obtains its license key, software image, and
initial configuration from XMS or Mobilize. Any unlicensed Array running
ArrayOS release 6.5 or above will update in this way after it boots up, if it has
Internet connectivity.
A license is needed to enable the full functionality of the Array. Without a license,
the Array can be powered up and will only have a basic wireless network
configuration including just one operating radio.
74
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
The Array’s license determines some of the features that are available on the
Array. For example, the Application Control feature on XR Arrays requires a
license. The Array’s license is not installed at the factory. The Array must have a
license before providing wireless service.
If you need to enter the license manually, use the following procedure. It describes
entering the license key using the WMI. If you are using the Xirrus Management
System (XMS), you may use it to manage and upgrade large numbers of licenses
for the wireless network.
1.
This procedure assumes that you have pointed a browser to the Array to
start WMI, and that you have logged in with the default username and
password above.
2.
In the left hand frame, in the Configuration section, click Express Setup.
3.
License Key: Enter the key that was provided for the Array. The key was
provided to you in an email as an attachment in the form of an Excel file
(.xls). Enter the key exactly as it appears in the file. Click the Apply
button to apply the key.
4.
Now you may verify the features provided by the key. In the Status
section of the left hand frame, click Array and then click Information.
Check the items listed in the License Features row.
Performing the Express Setup Procedure
The Express Setup procedure establishes global configuration settings that enable
basic Array functionality. Changes made in this window will affect all radios. If
you are not using XMS or Mobilize to perform your initial configuration, please
see “Express Setup” on page 159. Also see “Zero-Touch Provisioning and
Ongoing Management” on page 69.
See Also
Zero-Touch Provisioning and Ongoing Management
Installation Prerequisites
Installation Workflow
Logging In
Installing the Wireless Array
75
Wireless Array
Multiple SSIDs
Security
Securing Low Level Access to the Array
XirconXBLXRXirconMost local management of the Xirrus Array is done via the
Web Management Interface (WMI) or CLI—see “The Command Line Interface”
on page 409. The Array also has a lower level interface: XBL (Xirrus Boot Loader),
which allows access to more primitive commands. You won’t normally use XBL
unless instructed to do so by Xirrus Customer Support. For proper security, you
should replace the default XBL login username and password with your own, as
instructed below. XBL has its own username and password, separate from the
ArrayOS Admin User and Password (used for logging in to the WMI and CLI)
that you may change on the Express Setup page (see Step 5 on page 163).
XBLXirconXBL
Xirrus also provides the Xircon utility for connecting to Xirrus XR Arrays that are
not reachable via the normal access methods (such as SSH or WMI) and that do
not have a physical console port (XR-500/600/1000 Series Arrays and some XR2000 models), or whose console port is not accessible. Xircon discovers Arrays on
your network subnet by sending IP/UDP broadcast packets. Once an Array is
discovered, Xircon can establish an encrypted console session to the Array via the
network even if the Array IP configuration is incorrect. Xircon allows you to
manage the Array using CLI, just as you would if connected to the console port.
Xircon also has an option for easily accessing XBL.
In normal circumstances Xirrus Arrays should be configured and managed
through secure shell (SSH) or via the Web Management Interface (WMI). A
connection is established using either the Array hostname or DHCP-assigned IP
address, or via the other options described in “Using the Ethernet Ports” on
page 73. Xircon may be needed in special circumstances as directed by Xirrus
Customer Support for troubleshooting Array problems or IP connectivity. (In this
case, see the Xircon User Guide for detailed information.)
76
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Xircon access to the Array may be controlled:

You may enable or disable all Xircon access to the Array as instructed in
the procedure below. There are also options to allow access only to CLI
(i.e., ArrayOS access) or only to XBL.

Since some models do not have a console port, these models have Xircon
access to both XBL and CLI enabled by default. For Arrays that do not
have a console port, to avoid potentially being locked out of the Array,
Xircon should always be enabled at the XBL level at least.

If you disable Xircon access to both XBL and CLI on models with no console
port, you must ensure that you do not lose track of the username and password
to log in to CLI/WMI! In this situation, there is no way to recover from a lost
password, other than returning the Array to Xirrus. If you have Xircon access
to XBL enabled, you can reset the password, but this recovery will require
setting the unit to factory defaults with loss of all configuration data.
On all other Array models (those with a console port), Xircon access to
both XBL and CLI is disabled by default. If Xircon is not going to be used
to access an Array, we recommend leaving Xircon access disabled.
Procedure for Securing Low Level Array Access
Use the following steps to replace the default XBL username and password, and
optionally to change the type of Xircon management access that is allowed. These
steps use CLI commands.
1.
To access CLI via the WMI, click CLI under the Tools section on the left
(for detailed instructions see “CLI” on page 399). Skip to Step 4 on
page 78.
To access CLI via SSH, see “Establishing a Secure Shell (SSH)
Connection” on page 409. Then proceed to the next step.
2.
At the login as prompt, log in to CLI using the username and password
that you set in Step 5 on page 163, or the default value of admin/admin if
you have not changed them.
login as: jsmith
Installing the Wireless Array
77
Wireless Array
jsmith@xr4012802207c's password:
Xirrus Wi-Fi Array
ArrayOS Version 6.1.2-3299
Copyright (c) 2005-2012 Xirrus, Inc.
http://www.xirrus.com
Array42#
3.
Type configure to enter the CLI config mode.
Array42#configure
4.
If Xircon access at the XBL level is to be allowed, use the following three
commands to change the XBL username and password from the default
values of admin/admin. In the example below, replace newusername
and newpassword with your desired entries. Note that these entries are
case-sensitive.
Array42#(config)#boot-env
Array42#(config-boot)#set username newusername
Array42#(config-boot)#set password newpassword
Array42#(config-boot)#save
Saving boot environment .... OK
Array42(config-boot)# exit
5.
Enter the following commands if you wish to change Xircon access
permission:
Array42#(config)# management
Array42#(config-mgmt)# xircon 
Array42#(config-mgmt)# save
Array42#(config-mgmt)# exit
Array42#(config)#
 may be one of :

on enables both CLI and XBL access

off disables both CLI and XBL access

aos-only enables only CLI (i.e. ArrayOS) access

boot-only enables only XBL access
Note that there is a WMI setting for changing Xircon access, timeout
period, and the UDP port used. This may be used instead of CLI if you
78
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
wish. See “Management Control” on page 226. Note that you cannot
change the XBL username and password via the WMI.
Installing the Wireless Array
79
Wireless Array
80
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
The Web Management Interface
This topic provides an overview of the Xirrus Wireless Array’s embedded Web
Management Interface (WMI), used for establishing your network’s configuration
settings and wireless operating parameters. It also includes login instructions.
The following topics are discussed:

Managing Arrays Locally or via XMS

An Overview

Structure of the WMI

User Interface

Logging In

Applying Configuration Changes
Managing Arrays Locally or via XMS
For Xirrus deployments of any size, we recommend that you use the Xirrus
Management System (XMS) to manage the network rather than directly
managing each Array individually. You may change settings directly on the
Array/AP—but be aware that XMS may not sync up with these changes for up to
24 hours. All XMS versions automatically “rediscover” the wireless network once
a day by default, and XMS will fetch updated settings into its database at that
time. If you are an XMS-Cloud customer (XMS-9500-CL-x), you may wish to use
WMI or CLI directly on the wireless device to change settings that may not be
available in XMS-Cloud.
To immediately sync up XMS with changes that you have made to a particular
Array, you may go to the XMS Monitor > Arrays or Configure > Arrays page.
Select the Array, and click the Refresh button to update XMS with your changes
on an Array. This causes XMS to read the current configuration of the Array and
update the XMS database with these values.
The Web Management Interface
81
Wireless Array
An Overview
The WMI is an easy-to-use graphical interface to your Wireless Array. It allows
you to configure the product to suit your individual requirements and ensure that
the unit functions efficiently and effectively.
Figure 37. Web Management Interface
82
The Web Management Interface
Wireless Array
Structure of the WMI
The content of the WMI is organized by function and hierarchy, shown in the
following table. Click on any item below to jump to the referenced destination.
Status Windows
Array Status Windows
Array Summary
Array Information
Array Configuration
Admin History
Network Status Windows
Network Map
Spanning Tree Status
Routing Table
ARP Table
DHCP Leases
Connection Tracking/NAT
CDP Neighbors
Network Assurance
RF Monitor Windows
IAPs
Spectrum Analyzer
Intrusion Detection
Channel History
Radio Assurance
Station Status Windows
Stations
Location Map
RSSI
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Noise Floor
Max by IAP
Station Assurance
The Web Management Interface
Statistics Windows
IAP Statistics Summary
Per-IAP Statistics
Network Statistics
VLAN Statistics
WDS Statistics
IDS Statistics
Filter Statistics
Station Statistics
Per-Station Statistics
Application Control Windows
System Log Window
IDS Event Log Window
83
Wireless Array
Configuration Windows
Express Setup
Network
Network Interfaces
Bonds and Bridging
DNS Settings
CDP Settings
Services
Time Settings (NTP)
NetFlow
Wi-Fi Tag
Location
System Log
SNMP
DHCP Server
Proxy Forwarding
VLANs
VLAN Management
Tunnels
Tunnel Management
SSID Assignments
Security
Admin Management
Admin Privileges
Admin RADIUS
Management Control
Access Control List
Global Settings
External Radius
Internal Radius
Active Directory
Rogue Control List
OAuth 2.0 Management
SSIDs
SSID Management
Active IAPs
Per-SSID Access Control List
Honeypots
84
Configuration Windows (cont’d)
Groups
Group Management
IAPs
IAP Settings
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11an
Global Settings .11bgn
Global Settings .11n
Global Settings .11u
Global Settings .11ac
Advanced RF Settings
Hotspot 2.0
NAI Realms
NAI EAP
Intrusion Detection
LED Settings
DSCP Mappings
Roaming Assist
WDS
WDS Client Links
Filters
Filter Lists
Filter Management
Clusters
Cluster Definition
Cluster Management
Cluster Operation
Mobile
AirWatch
Tool Windows
System Tools
CLI
API Documentation
Options
Logout
The Web Management Interface
Wireless Array
User Interface
Left frame
Right frame
Utilities
Expanded menu section
Help
Log Message counters
Command log
Utilities
Figure 38. WMI: Frames
The Web Management Interface
85
Wireless Array
The WMI has been designed with simplicity in mind, making navigation quick
and easy. In the following example, you’ll see that windows are divided into left
and right frames. (Figure 38 )
The left frame contains two main elements:

The menu is organized into three major sections (Status, Configuration,
Tools). Each has headings for major functions, such as Network, SSIDs,
Security, etc. Click a heading, such as Network, to display a page
showing a summary of its current configuration, as well as to show links
for all of its associated WMI pages.

Three Log Messages counters are located at the bottom of the menu. They
provide a running total of messages generated by the ArrayOS Syslog
subsystem during your session — organized into Critical, Warning, and
General messages. Click on a counter to display the associated Syslog
messages. Messages at the selected level or higher will be shown. For
more information, please see “System Log Window” on page 153.
The right frame has four main elements:

The header shows the Array type in the upper right corner, along with
the hostname (this defaults to the unit’s serial number) an IP address. the
Uptime underneath shows the time since the Array was last rebooted.
Below this is the page title, and the user name you used to log in. On the
right, click the Utilities button
for a drop-down menu that allows
you to Refresh Page, Save your changes, open the Help system, or
Logout. If you have any unsaved changes, the Save button
is
displayed on the right, in an orange line.
Figure 39. WMI Header
86
The Web Management Interface
Wireless Array

The main window displays the status information or configuration page
that you requested. This is where you review the Array’s current status
and activity or enter changes if you wish.

The Command Log shows the results of recent commands.
Figure 40. WMI Command Log

Utility buttons are located at the bottom right of each window — a
Feedback button, a Print button and a Help button.
Print button
Feedback button
Help button
Figure 41. WMI: Utility Buttons

Click the Feedback button to generate a Web page that allows you to
submit your comments to Xirrus, Inc.

Click the Print button to open a print dialog to send a copy of the active
window to your local printer.

Click the Help button to access the Array’s online help system.
Submitting Your Comments
When submitting comments via the Feedback button (ensure that you provide as
much detail as possible, including your contact information, the product model
number that the comment relates to, and the ArrayOS software version (if
known). When finished, click on the Submit button to submit your comment.
The Web Management Interface
87
Wireless Array

Some pages or individual settings are only available if the Array’s license
includes appropriate Xirrus Advanced Feature Sets. If a setting is
unavailable (grayed out), then your license does not support the feature. See
“About Licensing and Upgrades” on page 387.
Note that WMI provides an option that allows you to change its behavior. You
may change:

Refresh Interval — the refresh interval, if automatic refresh is selected.
See “Options” on page 406 for more information.
Logging In
Use this procedure to log in to the WMI via your Web browser.
1.
Establish a network connection and open your Web browser.
2.
If your network supports DHCP and DNS, enter the Array’s default host
name in the browser’s URL. The default host name is simply the Array’s
serial number (for example, XR0823091CACD).
Otherwise, enter the Array’s IP address. This may be determined as
described in “Using the Ethernet Ports” on page 73.
3.
The default login to the Array’s Web Management Interface is admin for
both the user name and password.
Figure 42. Logging In to the Wireless Array
88
The Web Management Interface
Wireless Array
Applying Configuration Changes
In most of the WMI configuration windows, your changes to settings are applied
to the Array as you make them. In most cases, there is no separate Apply button
to click to make the changes take effect. There are a few exceptions to this rule. In
these cases, a particular section of a page may have its own Apply Settings
button right below the settings.
In both cases described above, the changes that you have made are not saved to
the latest configuration file in the Array’s flash memory, so they will not be
restored after a reboot. Click the Save button
(located on the upper right of
each page) in order to make sure that these changes will be applied after
rebooting. This will save the entire current configuration, not only the changes on
current WMI page.
Character Restrictions
When inputting strings in the WMI (for example, assigning SSIDs, host name,
password, etc.), use common alphanumeric characters. Some of the fields in the
WMI will not accept special characters, so use of the following characters should
typically be avoided:
The Web Management Interface
“
89
Wireless Array
90
The Web Management Interface
Wireless Array
Viewing Status on the Wireless
Array
These windows provide status information and statistics for your Array using the
product’s embedded Web Management Interface (WMI). You cannot make
configuration changes to your Array from these windows. The following topics
have been organized into functional areas that reflect the flow and content of the
Status section of the navigation tree in the left frame of the WMI.

“Array Status Windows” on page 92

“Network Status Windows” on page 100

“RF Monitor Windows” on page 111

“Station Status Windows” on page 122

“Statistics Windows” on page 135

“Application Control Windows” on page 146

“System Log Window” on page 153

“IDS Event Log Window” on page 155
Configuration and Tools windows are not discussed here. For information on
these windows, please see:

“Configuring the Wireless Array” on page 157

“Using Tools on the Wireless Array” on page 385
Note that the Status menu section may be collapsed down to hide the headings
under it by clicking it. Click again to display the headings. (See Figure 39 on
page 86)
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
91
Wireless Array
Array Status Windows
The following Array Status windows are available:

Array Summary — displays information on the configuration of all Array
interfaces, including IAPs.

Array Information — provides version/serial number information for all
Array components.

Array Configuration — shows all configuration information for the Array
in text format.

Admin History — shows all current and past logins since the last reboot.
Array Summary
This is a status only window that provides a snapshot of the global configuration
settings for all Wireless Array network interfaces and IAPs. You must go to the
appropriate configuration window to make changes to any of the settings
displayed here — configuration changes cannot be made from this window.
Clicking on an interface or IAP will take you to the proper window for making
configuration changes.
Figure 43. Array Summary
92
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Content of the Array Summary Window
The Array Summary window is sub-divided into the Ethernet Interfaces section
and the Integrated Access Point (radio) section, providing you with the following
information:

Ethernet Settings Summary
This section provides information about network interface devices. To
make configuration changes to these devices, go to “Network Interfaces”
on page 166.
•
Interface: Lists the network interfaces that are available on the Array.
•
State: Shows the current state of each interface, either enabled or
disabled.
•
Mgmt: Shows whether Array management traffic is allowed on this
interface.
•
Auto Neg: Shows whether auto-negotiation is in use on this interface,
to determine settings for speed, parity bits, etc.
•
LED: Shows whether LED display of interface status is enabled.
•
Link: Shows whether the link on this interface is up or down.
•
Duplex: Shows whether full duplex mode is in use.
•
Speed: Shows the speed of this interface in Mbps.
•
MTU Size: Shows the Maximum Transmission Unit size that has
been configured. This is the largest packet size (in bytes) that the
interface can pass along.
•
DHCP: Shows whether DHCP on this port is enabled or disabled.
•
IP Address: Shows the current IP address assigned to each network
interface device.
•
Subnet Mask: Shows the subnet mask, which defines the number of
IP addresses that are available on the routed subnet where the Array
is located.
•
Gateway: Shows the IP address of the router that the Array uses to
transmit data to other networks.
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
93
Wireless Array


94
Bond Settings Summary
This section provides information about the relationship that has been
selected for the Gigabit ports. For detailed explanations and to make
configuration changes, see “Bonds and Bridging” on page 169.
•
Bond: Lists all network bonds that have been configured.
•
Mode: Shows the type of relationship that has been selected for the
Gigabit ports.
•
Ports: Shows the Gigabit ports that are part of this bond.
•
Port Mode: Shows the relationship that has been selected for the
Ethernet ports. See “Bonds and Bridging” on page 169 for details
•
Active VLANs: Shows the VLANs that are active in this bond.
•
Mirror: Shows whether mirroring is enabled on this bond.
Integrated Access Point Section
This section provides information about the Integrated Access Point
(IAPs) that are contained within the Array. How many IAPs are listed
depends on which product model you are using. To make configuration
changes to these IAPs, go to “IAP Settings” on page 290.
•
IAP: Lists the IAPs that are available on the Array.
•
State: Shows the current state of each IAP, either up or down. IAPs
that are down are shown in RED. Figure 44 shows an example where
iap7 is down.
•
AP Type: Shows the types of 802.11 clients supported by this IAP (11/
a/b/g/n) and the number of separate data streams transmitted and
received by the antennas of each IAP for 802.11n. For example, 3x3
means that the IAP supports three transmit chains and three receive
chains. See “Up to Eight Simultaneous Data Streams — Spatial
Multiplexing” on page 39.
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Figure 44. Disabled IAP (Partial View)
•
Channel: Shows which channel each IAP is using, and the channel
setting. To avoid co-channel interference, adjacent radios should not
be using adjacent channels. To make channel selections for a specific
IAP, go to “IAP Settings” on page 290.
•
Wi-Fi Mode: Shows the 802.11 client types that the IAP has been
configured to support.
•
Antenna: Shows which antenna is being used by each IAP.
•
Cell Size: Indicates which cell size setting is currently active for each
IAP — small, medium, large, max, automatic, or manually defined by
you.
Figure 45. IAP Cells
The cell size of an IAP is a function of its transmit power and
determines the IAP’s overall coverage. To define cell sizes, go to “IAP
Settings” on page 290. For additional information about cell sizes and
the importance of planning for and defining the optimum cell sizes
for your Array, go to “Coverage and Capacity Planning” on page 30.
•
Tx Power: Shows the transmit power for each IAP.
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Wireless Array

•
Rx Threshold: Shows the receive threshold for each IAP.
•
Stations: Informs you how many client stations are currently
associated with each IAP.XN Arrays can handle up to 96 concurrent
users per individual IAP, thus 16-port XN models can handle 1536
users per Array.
•
WDS Link/Distance: The WDS Link on this radio (if any), and
whether the link has been set to support Long Distance Links. See
“WDS” on page 358.
•
MAC Address/BSSID: Shows the MAC address for each IAP.
•
Description: The description (if any) that you set for this IAP.
Network Assurance Section
This section shows the results of ongoing network assurance testing. This
is the same as information shown in “Network Assurance” on page 109.
Figure 46. Network Assurance and Operating Status
The Array checks connectivity to network servers that you have
configured (for example, DNS and NTP servers) on an ongoing basis. For
each Setting, this list shows the server’s Host Name (if any), IP Address,
and Status.
96
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Wireless Array
Network assurance must be enabled on the Array in order to perform
these connectivity tests and display this information. See “Management
Control” on page 226.

Operating Status Section
This section shows the Array controller board’s current internal
temperatures, current fan speed, and compass heading. (Figure 46)
See Also
Management Control
Network Interfaces
Bonds and Bridging
IAP Settings
Network Assurance
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Wireless Array
Array Information
This is a status only window that shows you the current firmware versions
utilized by the Array, serial numbers assigned to each module, MAC addresses,
licensing information, recent boot timestamps, and current internal temperatures
and fan speed.
Note that the License Features row lists the features that are supported by your
Array’s license. See “About Licensing and Upgrades” on page 387 and
“Advanced Feature Sets” on page 18 for more information.
Figure 47. Array Information
You cannot make configuration changes in this window, but if you are
experiencing issues with network services, you may want to print the content of
this window for your records.
98
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Wireless Array
Array Configuration
This is a status only window that allows you to display the configuration settings
assigned to the Array, based on the following filter options:

Running — displays the current configuration (the one running now).

Saved — displays the saved configuration from this session.

Lastboot — displays the configuration as it was after the last reboot.

Factory — displays the configuration established at the factory.
Figure 48. Show Configuration
If you want to see just the differences between the Running, Saved, Lastboot, and
Factory configurations, you can do this by choosing a configuration option from
the Select Config pull-down menu then selecting an alternative configuration
option from the Select Diff pull-down menu.
To also include the default configuration settings in the output, choose your
configuration then click in the Include Defaults check box. If Include Defaults is
disabled, then only the changes from the default configuration are shown.
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Wireless Array
Admin History
It is useful to know who else is currently logged in to an array while you're
configuring it. It's also nice to see who has logged in since the array booted. This
status-only window shows you all administrator logins to the Array that have
occurred since the last reboot. To determine who is currently logged in, check
which entries say active in the Logout Time column.
Figure 49. Admin Login History
Network Status Windows
The following Network Status windows are available:
100

Network — displays a summary of network interface settings.

Network Map — displays information about this Array and neighboring
Arrays that have been detected.

Spanning Tree Status — displays the spanning tree status of network
links on this Array.

Routing Table — displays information about routing on this Array.

ARP Table — displays information about Address Resolution Protocol on
this Array.

DHCP Leases — displays information about IP addresses (leases) that the
Array has allocated to client stations.

Connection Tracking/NAT — lists connections that have been established
for client stations.
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Wireless Array

CDP Neighbors — lists neighboring network devices using Cisco
Discovery Protocol.

Network Assurance — shows results of connectivity tests for network
servers.

Undefined VLANs — shows VLANs present on an 802.1Q connection to
the Array, that are not configured in the Array's VLAN list.
Network
This window provides a snapshot of the configuration settings currently
established for Array’s wired interfaces. This includes the Gigabit interfaces and
their bonding settings. DNS Settings are summarized as well. You can click on
any item in the Interface or Bond columns to go to the associated configuration
window.
Figure 50. Network Settings
WMI windows that allow you to change or view configuration settings associated
with the network interfaces include:

“Network Interfaces” on page 166

“Bonds and Bridging” on page 169

“DNS Settings” on page 176
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101
Wireless Array

“CDP Settings” on page 177
Network Map
This window offers detailed information about this Array and all neighboring
Arrays, including how the Arrays have been set up within your network.
Figure 51. Network Map
The Network Map has a number of options at the top of the page that allow you
to customize your output by selecting from a variety of information that may be
displayed. You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column
header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon . Click
Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto Refresh to instruct the
Array to refresh this window automatically.
Content of the Network Map Window
By default, the network map shows the following status information for each
Array:

102
Array Name: The host name assigned to the Array. To establish the host
name, go to “Express Setup” on page 159. You may click the host name to
access WMI for this Array.
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Wireless Array

IP Address: The Array’s IP address. You may click the address to access
WMI for this Array. If DHCP is enabled, the Array’s IP address is
assigned by the DHCP server. If DHCP is disabled, you must assign a
static IP address. To enable DHCP or to assign a static IP address for the
Array, go to “Express Setup” on page 159.

Location: The location assigned to the Array. To establish the location
information, go to “Express Setup” on page 159.

Array OS: The software version running on the Array.

IAP: The number of IAPs on the Array.

(IAP) Up: Informs you how many IAPs are currently up and running. To
enable or disable all IAPs, go to “Express Setup” on page 159. To enable
or disable individual IAPs, go to “IAP Settings” on page 290.

SSID: Informs you how many SSIDs have been assigned for the Array. To
assign an SSID, go to “SSID Management” on page 262.

(SSID) On: Informs you how many SSIDs are enabled. To enable or
disable SSIDs, go to “SSID Management” on page 262.

In Range: Informs you whether the Array is within wireless range of
another Wireless Array.

Fast Roam: Informs you whether or not the Xirrus fast roaming feature is
enabled. This feature utilizes the Xirrus Roaming Protocol (XRP) ensuring
fast and seamless roaming capabilities between IAPs or Arrays at both
Layer 2 and Layer 3. To enable or disable fast roaming, go to “Global
Settings (IAP)” on page 295.

Uptime (D:H:M): Informs you how long the Array has been up and
running (in Days, Hours and Minutes).
To see additional information, select from the following checkboxes at the bottom
of the page. This will show the columns described below.
Hardware

Model: The model number of each Array (XR-4820, XR-7630, etc.), plus
the amount of RAM memory and the speed of the processor.

Serial: Displays the serial number of each Array.
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Wireless Array
License

License: The license key of each Array.

Licensed Features: Lists the features enabled by the key.
Software (enabled by default)

Enable/disable display of the Array OS column.
Firmware

Boot Loader: The software version number of the boot loader on each
Array.

SCD Firmware: The software version number of the SCD firmware on
each Array.
IAP Info (enabled by default)

Enable/disable display of the IAP/Up columns.
Stations

Stations: Tells you how many stations are currently associated to each
Array. To de-authenticate a station, go to “Stations” on page 123.
The columns to the right (H, D, W, and M) show the highest number of
stations that have been associated over various periods of time: the
previous hour, day, week, and month.
Default

104
Sets the columns displayed to the default settings. By default, only
Software and IAP Info are selected.
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Wireless Array
Spanning Tree Status
Multiple active paths between stations can cause loops in the network. If a loop
exists in the network topology, the potential exists for the duplication of
messages. The spanning tree protocol is a link management protocol that
provides path redundancy while preventing undesirable loops. For a wireless
network to function properly, only one active path can exist between two stations.
To facilitate path redundancy, the spanning tree protocol defines a tree that spans
all stations in the network and forces certain redundant data paths into a standby
(blocked) state. If one segment in the spanning tree becomes unreachable, the
spanning tree algorithm reconfigures the network topology and reestablishes the
link by activating the standby path. The spanning tree function is transparent to
client stations.
Figure 52. Spanning Tree Status
This window shows the spanning tree status (forwarding or blocked) for path
segments that terminate on the gigabit ports and WDS links of this Array. You
may sort the rows based on the VLAN Name or Number columns by clicking the
column header. Click Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto
Refresh to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
Network
Network Interfaces
Network Status Windows
VLANs
WDS
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Wireless Array
Routing Table
This status-only window lists the entries in the Array’s routing table. The table
provides the Array with instructions for sending each packet to its next hop on its
route across the network.
Figure 53. Routing Table
See Also
VLANs
Configuring VLANs on an Open SSID
ARP Table
This status-only window lists the entries in the Array’s ARP table. For a device
with a given IP address, this table lists the device’s MAC address. It also shows
the Array interface through which this device may be reached. The table typically
includes devices that are on the same local area network segment as the Array.
Figure 54. ARP Table
See Also
Routing Table
ARP Filtering
106
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Wireless Array
DHCP Leases
This status-only window lists the IP addresses (leases) that the Array has
allocated to client stations. For each, it shows the IP address assigned from one of
the defined DHCP pools, and the MAC address and host name of the client
station. The start and end time of the lease show how long the allocation is valid.
The same IP address is normally renewed at the expiration of the current lease.
Figure 55. DHCP Leases
See Also
DHCP Server
Connection Tracking/NAT
This status-only window lists the session connections that have been created on
behalf of clients. This table may also be used to view information about current
NAT sessions.
Figure 56. Connection Tracking
Click the Show Hostnames checkbox at the top of the page to display name
information (if any) for the source and destination location of the connection. The
Hostname columns will replace traffic statistics columns.
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107
Wireless Array
You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header,
indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon . Click Refresh to
update the information at any time. Click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to
refresh this window automatically.
See Also
Filters
CDP Neighbors
This status-only window lists devices on the Array’s network that support the
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP).
Figure 57. CDP Neighbors
The Array performs discovery on the network on an ongoing basis. This list
shows the devices that have been discovered — Cisco devices and other devices
on the network that have CDP running. For each, it shows the device’s host name,
IP address, manufacturer and model name, the device interface that is connected
to the network (i.e., the port that was discovered), and the network capabilities of
the device (switch, router, supported protocols, etc.).
CDP must be enabled on the Array in order to gather and display this
information. For details and some restrictions, see “CDP Settings” on page 177.
108
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Wireless Array
Network Assurance
This status-only window shows the results of ongoing network assurance testing.
Figure 58. Network Assurance
The Array checks connectivity to network servers that you have configured (for
example, DNS and NTP servers) on an ongoing basis. For each server, this list
shows the server’s host name (if any), IP address, and status.
Network assurance must be enabled on the Array in order to perform these
connectivity tests and display this information. See “Management Control” on
page 226.
See Also
Management Control
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Wireless Array
Undefined VLANs
This status-only window lists VLANs that have not been configured on the Array,
but that are being detected on the Array’s trunk port(s), i.e. wired ports. See
“VLANs” on page 204.
Figure 59. Undefined VLANs
This feature alerts you to the fact that an 802.1Q trunk to the Array has VLANs
that are not being properly handled on the Array. To reduce unnecessary traffic,
only VLANs that are actually needed on the Array should normally be on the
trunk, e.g., the management VLAN and SSID VLANs. In some cases such as
multicast forwarding for Apple Bonjour you may want to extend other VLANs to
the Array, in order to forward Bonjour or other multicast packets (see “Advanced
Traffic Optimization” on page 300).
See Also
VLANs
110
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Wireless Array
RF Monitor Windows
Every Wireless Array includes an integrated RF spectrum analyzer as a standard
feature. The spectrum analyzer allows you to characterize the RF environment by
monitoring throughput, signal, noise, errors, and interference levels continually
per channel. This capability uses the assigned threat-sensor (monitor) radio. The
associated software is part of the ArrayOS.
The following RF Status windows are available:

IAPs — displays current statistics and RF measurements for each of the
Array’s IAPs.

Spectrum Analyzer — displays current statistics and RF measurements
for each of the Array’s channels.

Intrusion Detection — displays rogue APs that have been detected by the
Array.

Channel History — charts ongoing statistics and RF measurements for
one selected channel over time.

Radio Assurance — displays counts of types of problems that caused each
IAP to reset.
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Wireless Array
IAPs
The RF Monitor — IAPs window displays traffic statistics and RF readings
observed by each Array IAP (radio). Note that the data is an instantaneous
snapshot for the IAP — it is not an average or a cumulative total. To graph these
values over time for a particular channel, see “Channel History” on page 118. For
detailed information on the measurements displayed, please see “Spectrum
Analyzer Measurements” on page 115.
Figure 60. RF Monitor — IAPs
Figure 60 presents the data as a graphical display, enabled by selecting the Graph
checkbox on the upper left. If this option is not selected, data is presented as a
numerical table.
Figure 61. RF Monitor — IAPs
112
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Wireless Array
You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header,
indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon . Click Refresh to
update the information at any time. Click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to
refresh this window automatically.
Spectrum Analyzer

The RF measurements for this feature are obtained by the monitor radio. You
must have a radio set to monitor mode for any data to be available. See
“IAP Settings” on page 290.

Spectrum Analysis is not available for Arrays or Access Points featuring
802.11ac IAPs.
Spectrum analysis on Wireless Arrays is a distributed capability that
automatically covers the entire wireless network, since a sensor is present in every
unit. Arrays monitor the network 24/7 and analyze interference anywhere in the
network from your desk. There’s no need to walk around with a device as with
traditional spectrum analyzers, thus you don’t have to be in the right place to find
outside sources that may cause network problems or pose a security threat. The
Array monitors all 802.11 radio bands (a/b/g/n), not just those currently used for
data transmission.
The RF Spectrum Analyzer window displays instantaneous traffic statistics and
RF readings for all channels, as measured by the Array’s monitor radio. This
differs from the RF Monitor-IAPs window, which displays values measured by
each IAP radio for its current assigned channel. For the spectrum analyzer, the
monitor radio is in a listen-only mode, scanning across all wireless channels. Each
channel is scanned in sequence, for a 250 millisecond interval per channel. The
spectrum analyzer window presents the data as a graphical display of vertical bar
graphs for each statistic as shown in Figure 62 (the default presentation), or
horizontally as bar graphs or numerical RF measurements. The measurements
displayed are explained in “Spectrum Analyzer Measurements” on page 115.
As an aid to viewing data for a particular channel, click the channel number. The
channel will be highlighted down the page (or across the page for a rotated view,
in both text and graph modes). Click additional channels to highlight them for
easy comparison. To remove the highlighting from a channel, click the channel
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Wireless Array
number again. Click Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto
Refresh to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
Select Display Options
Click Channel number to highlight
Figure 62. RF Spectrum Analyzer
The Spectrum Analyzer offers several display options:
114

To display horizontal bar graphs, click the Rotate checkbox at the bottom
of the data window.

In the rotated view, if you wish to view data as a numerical table, click the
Text checkbox. Click again to return to a graphical display. The text
option is only available in the rotated view.

When viewing a graphical display, click Bars to have the bar graphs
displayed against a gray background — you may find this easier on the
eyes. This operation is not available when Text is selected.
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Wireless Array

You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column
header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon
Sorting is only available in the rotated view.

At the bottom left of the frame, you may select whether to display only
2.4 GHz channels, 5 GHz channels, or both (the default is both). Note that
the data is an instantaneous snapshot — it is not an average or a
cumulative total.
Spectrum Analyzer Measurements
The spectrum analyzer displays the following information:

Packets/Sec: Total number of wireless packets per second on the channel,
both valid and errored packets.

Bytes/Sec: Total number of wireless bytes per second on the channel,
valid packets only.

802.11 Busy: Percentage of time that 802.11 activity is seen on the channel.

Other Busy: Percentage of time that the channel is unavailable due to
non-802.11 activity.
The total busy time (802.11 Busy plus Other Busy) will never total more
than 100%. The remaining time (100% minus total busy time) is quiet
time — the time that no activity was seen on the channel.

Signal to Noise: Average SNR (signal to noise ratio) seen on the channel,
calculated from the signal seen on valid 802.11 packets less the noise floor
level. A dash value “-“means no SNR data was available for the interval.

Noise Floor: Average noise floor reading seen on the channel (ambient
noise). A dash value “-“means no noise data was available for the
interval.

Error Rate: Percentage of the total number of wireless packets seen on the
channel that have CRC errors. The Error rate percentage may be high on
some channels since the monitor radio is set to receive at a very sensitive
level, enabling it to hear packets from devices at far distances.
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Wireless Array

Average RSSI: Average RSSI level seen on 802.11 packets received on the
channel. A dash value “-“means no RSSI data was available for the
interval.

Average Data Rate: Average data rate over time (per byte, not per packet)
seen on 802.11 packets received on the channel. A dash value “-“means
no data rate information was available for the interval. A higher date rate
(above 6 Mbps) typically indicates user data traffic on the channel.
Otherwise, the data rate reflects control packets at the lower basic rates.
Intrusion Detection
This window displays all detected access points, according to the classifications
you select from the checkboxes at the top — Blocked, Unknown, Known, or
Approved. This includes ad hoc access points (station-to-station connections). For
more information about intrusion detection, rogue APs, and blocking, please see
“About Blocking Rogue APs” on page 351.
Classify APs
Select APs to Display
Figure 63. Intrusion Detection/Rogue AP List
The Intrusion Detection window provides the easiest method for classifying
rogue APs as Blocked, Known, Approved, or Unknown. Choose one or more APs
using the checkbox in the Select column, then use the buttons on the upper left to
classify them with the following actions: Approve, Set Known, Block, or Set
Unknown.
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Wireless Array
You can sort the results based on the following parameters by clicking the desired
column header:

SSID

Security

BSSID

Type

Manufacturer

Status

Channel

Discovered

RSSI

Last Active
You can refresh the list at any time by clicking on the Refresh button, or click in
the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh the list automatically.
See Also
Network Map
Rogue Control List
SSIDs
SSID Management
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Wireless Array
Channel History

Channel History is not available for Arrays or Access Points featuring
802.11ac IAPs.
The RF Monitor — Channel History window focuses on traffic statistics and RF
readings observed for just one channel that you select in the Channel field. A new
set of readings is added every 10 seconds for a 5 GHz channel, or every 5 seconds
for a 2.4 GHz channel. For descriptions of the measurements displayed, please see
“Spectrum Analyzer Measurements” on page 115.
Figure 64. RF Monitor — Channel History
Figure 64 presents the data in graphical form. New data appears at the left, with
older readings shifting to the right. To make the data appear as a barchart, click
the Bar checkbox which will shade the background.
You also have the option of clicking the Rotate checkbox to give each statistic its
own column. In other words, the graph for each statistic will grow down the page
as new readings display at the top. (Figure 65)
118
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Wireless Array
Figure 65. RF Monitor — Channel History (Rotated)
If you select Rotate and Text together, data is presented as a numerical table.
(Figure 66)
Click Pause to stop collecting data, or Resume to continue.
Figure 66. RF Monitor — Channel History (Text)
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Wireless Array
Radio Assurance
When Radio Assurance mode is enabled, the monitor radio performs loopback
tests on the Array’s radios. When problems are encountered, the Array can take
various actions to correct them by performing different levels of reset on the
affected radio. This window shows which resets, if any, have been performed on
which radios since the last reboot.
The Array’s response to radio problems is controlled by the Radio Assurance
Mode selected, as described in “RF Resilience” on page 335. If you have selected
Failure Alerts & Repairs (with or without reboots), then the Array can take
corrective action if a problem is detected. Note that radio assurance requires RF
Monitor Mode to be enabled in Advanced RF Settings to turn on self-monitoring
functions. It also requires a radio to be set to monitoring mode. For a detailed
discussion of the operation of this feature and the types of resets performed, see
“Radio Assurance” on page 501.
Figure 67. Radio Assurance
For each of the Array’s radios, this window shows the radio’s state, its type (IEEE
802.11 type, and antenna type—2x2 or 3x3), the assigned channel, and the selected
802.11 wireless mode. To the right, the table shows counts for the number of
times, if any, that radio assurance has performed each of the following types of
resets since the last reboot, as described in Radio Assurance:
120

Monitor

Beacon

Phy

MAC

System (i.e., reboot the Array)
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Wireless Array
ArraySee Also
IAPs
Xirrus Advanced RF Analysis Manager (RAM)
RF Resilience
Radio Assurance
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121
Wireless Array
Station Status Windows
The following Station Status windows are available:
122

Stations — this list describes all stations associated to the Array.

Location Map — displays a map showing the approximate locations of all
stations associated to the array.

RSSI — for each associated station, this displays the Received Signal
Strength Indicator at each of the Array’s IAPs.

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) — for each associated station, this displays
the SNR at each of the Array’s IAPs.

Noise Floor — for each associated station, this displays the ambient noise
(silence) value at each of the Array’s IAPs.

Max by IAP — for each IAP, this shows the historical maximum number
of stations that have been associated to it over various periods of time.

Station Assurance — displays stations that are having connectivity
problems.
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Wireless Array
Stations
This window shows client stations currently visible to the Array. You may choose
to view only stations that have Associated to the Array, or include stations that
are Unassociated by selecting the appropriate buttons above the list. The list
always shows the MAC address of each station, its IP address, the SSID used for
the association, the Group (if any) that this station belongs to, its VLAN, its QoS,
the IAP used for the association, transmit and receive rates, the RSSI for each
station, and how long each association has been active (up time).
In the Link column, click the details button
page for this station. Click
to jump to a detailed statistics
to see Application Control information.
You may click other buttons above the list to show a number of additional
columns:

Identification: shows more identifying information for the station — its
User Name, Host Name, Manufacturer, Device Type, and Device Class
(for example, notebook, iPad, etc.).

Security: includes security settings used by the connection — Encryption
type, Cipher used, and Key Management used by the station.

Connection Info: shows the Band (5GHz or 2.4 GHz) used. Shows an
additional RF measurement that affects the quality of the connection:
SNR (signal to noise ratio).

Reset: click this button to return the display to showing just the default
columns.
Figure 68. Stations
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123
Wireless Array
You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header.
Click again to reverse the sort order. You may select one or more specific stations
and perform one of the following actions by clicking the associated button:

Deny Access: Sends a de-authentication frame to the selected station and
explicitly denies it access by adding its MAC address to the Deny List in
the Access Control List window. To permit access again, go to “Access
Control List” on page 234 and delete the station from the Deny list.

Deauthenticate: Sends a de-authentication frame to the selected station.
The station may re-authenticate.
Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in the Auto Refresh
check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
Access Control List
Station Status Windows
Station Statistics
124
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Wireless Array
Location Map
The Location Map shows the approximate locations of stations relative to this
Array. The location of each station is computed based on the RSSI of its signal as
received by the Array. The distance is adjusted based on the environment setting
that you selected. You may display just the stations associated to this Array,
unassociated stations (shown in gray), or both. The station count is shown on the
right, above the map. You may also choose to display only 5 GHz stations (shown
in orange) or 2.4 GHz stations (shown in green), or both.
Associated Stations
orange - 5 GHz
green - 2.4GHz
Hover mouse to
show details
Unassociated Station
Array
Figure 69. Location Map
The map and Array are shown as if you were looking down on the Array from
above, say from a skylight on the roof. Thus the positions of the radios are a
mirror image of the way they are typically drawn when looking at the face of the
Array. Radios are marked on the map to show the orientation of the Array.
A station is identified by the type of Preferred Label that you select: Netbios
Name, IP Address, MAC Address, or Manufacturer. If multiple stations are near
each other, they will be displayed slightly offset so that one station does not
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Wireless Array
completely obscure another. You may minimize a station that is not of interest by
clicking it. There is also a Minimize All button.
You may replace the range-finder background image above with your own
custom image of the floor plan of the area served by the Array — see “Working
with the Custom Image” on page 128
Hover the mouse over a station to show detailed information. (Figure 69) For a
station that is associated to this Array, the details include:

The IAP, Channel, and SSID to which the station is associated.

The MAC and IP address and Netbios name of the station.

The TX Rate and RX Rate of this connection.

The approximate Distance of this station from the Array. The distance is
estimated using the received signal strength and your environment
setting. The environment determines the typical signal attenuation due to
walls and other construction that affect signal reception.
Controls and items displayed on the Location Map window

The Location Map has its own scroll bars in addition to the browser’s scroll
bars. If you narrow the browser window, the map’s scroll bar may be hidden.
Use the browser’s bottom scroll bar if you need to move it into view.
Scale
Minimize stations
Stations 
to display
Replace background
Zoom in
Zoom out
Reset display
Rotate map
Environment
Setting
Station counts
Figure 70. Controls for Location Map
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Wireless Array

Display Associated/Unassociated: Select whether to display stations that
are associated to the Array, stations that are not associated, or both.

Display 2.4 GHz/5 GHz: Select whether to display 802.11bgn stations, or
802.11an stations, or both.

Preferred Label: This field is located on the top of the window towards
the right. It shows the type of label to be displayed for stations: NetBIOS
is the default, else, an IP or MAC address will be used, in that order.

Auto Refresh: Instructs the Array to refresh this window automatically.

Refresh: Updates the stations displayed.

Custom Image: Use this feature to replace the default background image
with your own image of the floor plan of your location. Click the Browse
button and browse to the desired file on your computer. This may be a
.gif, .jpg, .jpeg., .png, .htm, or .html file. The scale of the file should be 100
feet per inch. Then click Upload (see below). For more information on
using the custom, image, see “Working with the Custom Image” on
page 128.

Upload: After browsing to the desired custom image, click the Upload
button to install it. The map is redisplayed with your new background.
No hash marks (for the map scale) are added to the image display.

Reset: Click this button to restore the map display to the factory settings.
All attributes are restored — including the stations selected for display, the
scale, the rotation, and the background map.

Rotate: Click this button to rotate the orientation of the entire map. It
rotates the map 45o counter-clockwise.

Enlarge: Click this button to enlarge (zoom in on) the map. The displayed
Scale is updated with the new scale for the map.

Reduce: Click this button to reduce (zoom out on) the map.
The displayed Scale is updated with the new scale for the map.

Environment: This field is located on the top right of the window. Select
the type of environment for this Array’s deployment: Indoor open (few
walls or obstructions), Indoor walled (typical wall or cubicle
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127
Wireless Array
construction), or Indoor dense (many walls or obstructions, or unusually
dense walls).

Scale: This view-only value shows the approximate distance represented
by each hash mark on the default map background.

Associated, Unassociated, Total Stations: These view-only values show
the station counts observed by the Array.
See Also
Station Status Windows
Working with the Custom Image
After you have uploaded a custom image (see Custom Image and Upload in
“Controls and items displayed on the Location Map window” on page 126), you
should move the display of the Array on your map to correspond with its actual
location at your site.
To move the Array on the map, simply click it, then drag and drop it to the
desired location. The Array will continue to follow the mouse pointer to allow
you to make further changes to its location. When you are satisfied with its
location, click the Array again to return to normal operation.
RSSI
For each station that is associated to the Array, the RSSI (Received Signal Strength
Indicator) window shows the station’s RSSI value as measured by each IAP. In
other words, the window shows the strength of the station’s signal at each radio.
You may choose to display Unassociated Stations as well with a checkbox at the
bottom of the window.
Figure 71. Station RSSI Values
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Wireless Array
By default, the RSSI is displayed numerically. You may display the relative
strength using color if you select Colorize Intensity, with the strongest signals
indicated by the most intense color. (Figure 71) If you select Graph, then the RSSI
is shown on a representation of the Array, either colorized or numerically based
on your selection. (Figure 72) The stations are listed to the left of the Array — click
on a station to show its RSSI values on the Array.
Figure 72. Station RSSI Values — Colorized Graphical View
In either graphical or tabular view, you may sort the rows based on any column
that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to
the hand icon . Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in
the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window
automatically.
See Also
Station Status Windows
RF Monitor Windows
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Wireless Array
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
For each station that is associated to the Array, the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
window shows the station’s SNR value as measured by each IAP. In other words,
the window shows the SNR of the station’s signal at each IAP radio. The signalto-noise ratio can be very useful for determining the cause of poor performance at
a station. A low value means that action may need to be taken to reduce sources of
noise in the environment and/or improve the signal from the station.
Figure 73. Station Signal-to-Noise Ratio Values
You may choose to display Unassociated Stations as well with a checkbox at the
bottom of the window.
By default, the SNR is displayed numerically. (Figure 73) You may display
the relative value using color if you select Colorize Intensity, with the highest
SNR indicated by the most intense color. (Figure 74) If you select Graph, then
the SNR is shown on a representation of the Array, either colorized or
numerically based on your selection. The stations are listed to the left of
the Array — click on a station to show its SNR values on the Array.
Figure 74. Station SNR Values — Colorized Graphical View
In either graphical or tabular view, you may sort the rows based on any column
that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to
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Wireless Array
the hand icon . Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in
the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window
automatically.
See Also
Station Status Windows
RF Monitor Windows
Noise Floor
For each station that is associated to the Array, the Noise Floor window shows
the ambient noise affecting a station’s signal as measured by each IAP. The noise
floor is the RSSI value when the station is not transmitting, sometimes called a
Silence value. In other words, the window shows the noise floor of the station’s
signal at each IAP radio. The noise floor value can be very useful for
characterizing the environment of a station to determine the cause of poor
performance. A relatively high value means that action may need to be taken to
reduce sources of noise in the environment.
Figure 75. Station Noise Floor Values
You may choose to display Unassociated Stations as well with a checkbox at the
bottom of the window.
By default, the noise floor is displayed numerically. (Figure 75) You may display
the relative value using color if you select Colorize Intensity, with the highest
noise indicated by the most intense color. If you select Graph, then the ambient
noise is shown on a representation of the Array, either colorized or numerically
based on your selection.(Figure 76) The stations are listed to the left of the
Array — click on a station to show its values on the Array.
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Wireless Array
Figure 76. Station Noise Floor Values — Colorized Graphical View
In either graphical or tabular view, you may sort the rows based on any column
that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to
the hand icon . Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in
the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window
automatically.
See Also
Station Status Windows
RF Monitor Windows
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Wireless Array
Max by IAP
This status-only window shows the maximum number of client stations that have
historically been associated to the Array. For each IAP, the list shows the IAP’s
state and channel number, the current number of stations associated, and the
highest number of stations that have been associated over various periods of time:
hour, day, week, month, and year. In other words, the Max Station Count shows
the “high water mark” over the selected period of time — the maximum count of
stations for the selected period, rather than a cumulative count of all stations that
have associated. This information aids in network administration and in planning
for additional capacity.
Figure 77. Max by IAP
You may click an IAP to go to the IAP Settings window. Click on the Refresh
button to refresh the station list, or click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to
refresh this window automatically.
See Also
IAPs
Station Status Windows
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Wireless Array
Station Assurance
Station assurance monitors the quality of the connections that users are
experiencing on the wireless network. This window shows client stations that
have had connectivity issues. You may enable or disable the station assurance
feature and set thresholds for the problems that it checks, such as excessive packet
retry or packet error rates, or stations that are unable to stay associated to the
Array. Please see “Station Assurance” on page 340 for more information about
these settings. When the Array detects that a station has reached the threshold
value for one or more of the issues checked, it adds the station to this page. In
addition, an event is triggered, a trap is generated, and a Syslog message is
logged.
For each station, this list shows the MAC address, its IP address, its host name, its
device type, device class, and manufacturer. It also shows the values of the
various statistics that were monitored for problems as described in “Station
Assurance” on page 340: associated time, authentication failures, packet error
rate, packet retry rate, packet data rate, RSSI, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and
distance.
Figure 78. Station Assurance
You may click the Clear Inactive button to remove stations that are no longer
connected to the Array from the list. Click the Clear All button to remove all
entries and start fresh to add problem stations to the list as they are detected.
Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click Auto Refresh to
instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
IAPs
Station Status Windows
Station Assurance
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Wireless Array
Statistics Windows
The following Array Statistics windows are available:

IAP Statistics Summary — provides an overview of the statistical data
associated with all IAPs. Expands to show links for displaying detailed
statistics for individual IAPs.

Per-IAP Statistics — provides detailed statistics for an individual IAP.

Network Statistics — displays statistical data associated with each
network (Ethernet) interface.

VLAN Statistics — provides statistical data associated with your assigned
VLANs.

WDS Statistics — provides statistical data for all WDS client and host
links.

Filter Statistics — provides statistical data for all configured filters.

Station Statistics — provides statistical data associated with each station.
IAP Statistics Summary
This is a status only window that provides an overview of the statistical data
associated with all IAPs. It also shows the channel used by each IAP. For detailed
statistics for a specific IAP, see “Per-IAP Statistics” on page 136. Click the Unicast
Stats Only checkbox on the lower left to filter the results, or clear the checkbox to
show statistics for all wireless traffic.
Figure 79. IAP Statistics Summary Page
You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) or
Clear the data (reset all content to zero and begin counting again) at any time by
clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check
box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
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Wireless Array
See Also
System Log Window
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11an
Global Settings .11bgn
IAPs
Per-IAP Statistics
This is a status only window that provides detailed statistics for the selected IAP.
Scroll the window down to see a breakout of the statistics by connection rate. For
a summary of statistics for all IAPs, see “IAP Statistics Summary” on page 135.
Use the Display Percentages checkbox at the upper left to select the output
format — check this option to express each statistic as a percentage of the total at
the top of the column, or leave it blank to display raw numbers.
Receive Error statistics include:
136

Total Retries: the count of packets that were sent more than once before
being received correctly.

CRC error: the count of packets that were corrupted on the air and were
dropped. Some level of CRC errors are expected in wireless networks.
Note that all IAPs operate in a mode where they are listening to
everything all the time, which means they will see many CRC errors.

Fragment Errors: the count of packets that were incomplete.

Encryption Errors: the count of packets that had encryption problems.

Duplicates: the count of packets that were received more than once. The
duplicate packets are dropped.

Dropped Packets: the count of packets that were dropped due to various
receive errors, including being received when all receive queues were
full. These packets are dropped after being received.

Overruns: indicate the number of times that First-In-First-Out (FIFO)
overflow errors occur.
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Wireless Array
Figure 80. Individual IAP Statistics Page
You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) or
Clear the data (reset all content to zero and begin counting again) at any time by
clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check
box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
System Log Window
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Wireless Array
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11an
Global Settings .11bgn
IAPs
Network Statistics
This is a status only window that allows you to review statistical data associated
with each network (Ethernet) interface and its activity. You can Refresh the data
(update the window with the latest information) or Clear the data (reset all
content to zero and begin counting again) at any time by clicking on the
appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct
the Array to refresh this window automatically. If you are experiencing problems
on the Array, you may also want to print this window for your records
Figure 81. Network Statistics
See Also
DHCP Server
DNS Settings
Network
Network Interfaces
138
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Wireless Array
VLAN Statistics
This is a status only window that allows you to review statistical data associated
with your assigned VLANs. You can refresh the information that is displayed on
this page at any time by clicking on the Refresh button, or select the Auto Refresh
option for this window to refresh automatically. The Clear All button at the lower
left allows you to clear (zero out) all VLAN statistics.
Figure 82. VLAN Statistics
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Wireless Array
See Also
VLAN Management
VLANs
WDS Statistics
The main WDS Statistics window provides statistical data for all WDS client and
host links. To access data about a specific WDS client or host link, simply click on
the desired link in the left frame to access the appropriate window. You may also
choose to view a sum of the statistics for all client links, all host links, or all links
(both client and host links).
Figure 83. WDS Statistics
See Also
SSID Management
WDS
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Wireless Array
IDS Statistics
The Xirrus Array employs a number of IDS/IPS (Intrusion Detection System/
Intrusion Prevention System) strategies to detect and prevent malicious attacks on
the wireless network. This status-only window provides detailed intrusion
detection statistics for the selected IAP.
Note that you must have Intrusion Detection Mode enabled to collect IDS
statistics. See “Intrusion Detection” on page 348. Information about IDS events is
discussed in the “IDS Event Log Window” on page 155.
Figure 84. IDS Statistics Page
Use the filter feature to show only information for a selected IAP or for selected
event types. Select the type of Filter: IAP to select IAPs, or Packet/Event to select
particular attack types. Select the type of string matching, for example, Begins
with or Contains. Then enter the string to be matched and click the Filter button.
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Wireless Array
For example, in Figure 85, the filter Packet/Event Contains assoc finds events that
include the string assoc in any position. If you have an Array with 12 IAPs, then
IAP Contains 1 will show entries for iap1, iap10, iap11, and iap12. Click the Reset
button to return to showing all entries.
Figure 85. Filtered IDS Statistics
Many of the column headers may be clicked to sort the entries in ascending or
descending order based on that column. You can Refresh the data (update the
window with the latest information) at any time by clicking the Refresh button
on the upper right. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check box to
instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
Intrusion Detection
IDS Event Log Window
142
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Wireless Array
Filter Statistics
The Filter Statistics window provides statistical data for all configured filters. The
name, state (enabled — on or off), and type (allow or deny) of each filter is shown.
For enabled filters, this window shows the number of packets and bytes that met
the filter criteria. Click on a column header to sort the rows based on that column.
Click on a filter name to edit the filter settings.
Figure 86. Filter Statistics
See Also
Filters
Application Control Windows
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Wireless Array
Station Statistics
This status-only window provides an overview of statistical data for all stations.
Stations are listed by MAC address, and Receive and Transmit statistics are
summarized for each. For detailed statistics for a specific station, click the desired
MAC address in the Station column or click the details button
station’s Link column, and see “Per-Station Statistics” on page 145.
in the
Figure 87. Station Statistics
Click on a column header to sort the rows based on that column. You can Refresh
the data (update the window with the latest information) at any time by clicking
the refresh button
. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check box to
instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
Per-Station Statistics
Stations
144
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Wireless Array
Per-Station Statistics
This window provides detailed statistics for the selected station. This window is
accessed from the Station Statistics window — click the MAC address of the
desired entry in the Station column to display its Per-Station Statistics window.
Receive and Transmit statistics are listed by Rate — this is the data rate in Mbps.
For a summary of statistics for all stations, see “Station Statistics” on page 144.
You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) at any
time by clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh
check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
Figure 88. Individual Station Statistics Page
See Also
Station Statistics
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145
Wireless Array
Application Control Windows

This feature is only available if the Array license includes Application
Control. See “About Licensing and Upgrades” on page 387.
The Application Control feature provides real-time visibility of application usage
by users across the wireless network. Network usage has changed enormously in
the last few years, with the increase in smart phone and tablet usage stressing
networks. Increasing traffic from legitimate business needs such as cloud- and
web-based applications, streaming media and VoIP must be handled with an
adequate quality of experience.
Application Control is discussed in the following topics:

About Application Control — an overview of this feature.

Application Control — displays information about applications running
on the wireless network.

Stations (Application Control) — displays a list of stations. Click one to
analyze application control information for only that station.
About Application Control
The Array uses Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) to determine what applications are
being used and by whom, and how much bandwidth they are consuming. These
applications are rated by their degree of risk and productiveness. Filters may then
be put in place to implement per-application policies that keep network usage
focused on productive uses:
146

Usage of non-productive and risky applications like BitTorrent can be
restricted using Filters.

Traffic for mission-critical applications like VoIP and WebEx may be given
higher priority (QoS).

Non- critical traffic from applications like YouTube may be given lower
priority (QoS).

Traffic flows for specific applications may be controlled by sending them
into VLANs that are designated for that type of traffic.
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Wireless Array
Application Control can track application usage over time to monitor trends.
Usage may be tracked by Array, VLAN, or station. Many hundreds of
applications are recognized and grouped into a number of categories. The
distributed architecture of Xirrus Arrays allows Application Control to scale
naturally as you grow the network.
About Risk and Productivity
Application Control ranks applications in terms of their levels of risk an
productivity.
Productivity indicates how appropriate an application is for business purposes.
The higher the rating number, the more business-oriented an application is.

1—Primarily recreational

2—Mostly recreational

3—Combination of business and recreational purposes

4—Mainly used for business

5—Primarily used for business
Risk indicates how likely an application is to pose a threat to the security of your
network. The higher the rating number, the more risky an application is.

1—No threat

2—Minimal threat

3—Some risk - may be misused

4—High risk - may be malware or allow data leaks

5—Very high risk - threat circumvents firewalls or avoids detection
For an additional discussion, see the Application Control Application Note in the
Xirrus Resource Center.
Keeping Application Control Current
Applications are recognized using a signature file which may be updated using
the System Tools page as new applications become popular (see “Application
Control Signature File Management” on page 395).
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Wireless Array
Application Control
This display-only window provides a snapshot of the application usage on your
Array. In order to view the Application Control window, the Array must have a
license that supports this feature, and you must have enabled the Application
Control option on the Filter Lists page (see “Filter Lists” on page 366).
Figure 89. Application Control
148
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Wireless Array
The Application Control window has three sections:

Selection Criteria allow you to choose the type of data to show, and to
filter for a single VLAN or station.

Pie Charts present a color coded at-a-glance view of the top ten
applications being used by the network.

Traffic Tables beneath the pie charts list the applications in use along
with traffic statistics. Unique Productivity and Risk ratings let you easily
assess the nature of applications in use, so that you can take action using
Filter Management.
Selection Criteria
At the top of the window, the options in the gray ribbon allow you to customize
the display with the following choices:

Display for VLAN: Use the drop-down list if you wish to select just one
VLAN to analyze, or leave the default value of all to see data from all
VLANs.

Display for Station: Use the drop-down list if you wish to select just one
station to analyze (stations are listed by their MAC address), or leave the
default value of all to see data from all stations. You may also use the
Stations window to select a station to display. See “Stations (Application
Control)” on page 152.

Station Traffic: Check this box if you wish to analyze traffic from stations,
listing the applications that they are using.

Array Management Traffic: Check this box if you wish to analyze
management traffic on this Array, including the load due to functions
such as Xirrus Roaming. Tracking traffic into the array on the
management side can alert you to nefarious activity—and even to traffic
on the wired network that would best be blocked before it hits the Array.
You may display both station and Array management traffic, if you wish.

By Application: Check this box if you wish to analyze and list traffic by
what specific applications are in use, such as WebEx or BitTorrent.
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149
Wireless Array

By Category: Check this box if you wish to analyze and list traffic by
what types of applications are in use, such as Games or Collaboration.

Auto Refresh instructs the Array to periodically refresh this window
automatically. Use the Refresh button to refresh the window right now.
Pie Charts
Figure 90. Application Control (Pie Charts)
These charts provide a quick way to determine how your wireless bandwidth is
being used. There are charts for Station Traffic and/or Array Management
Traffic, depending on which checkboxes you selected. Similarly, there are charts
for By Application and/or By Category, depending on your selections. The top
ten applications or categories are listed, by percentage of bandwidth usage.
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Wireless Array
Traffic Tables
Figure 91. Application Control (Station Traffic)
These tables provide detailed information about how your wireless bandwidth is
being used. There are tables for Station Traffic and/or Array Management
Traffic, depending on which checkboxes you selected. Similarly, there are tables
for By Application and/or By Category, depending on your selections.
In addition to showing traffic statistics, there are two unique and highly useful
columns. Risk estimates the likelihood of an application causing problems for
your business, such as a file-sharing utility introducing viruses or exposing you to
legal problems. Risk is rated from 1 (low risk, e.g., Google) to 5 (high risk, e.g.,
BitTorrent). Risky applications (rated at 4 or 5) are flagged for your attention by
highlighting the entry in pale red. Productivity estimates the value of an activity
to your business, from 1 (unproductive, e.g., Y8 gaming site) to 5 (productive, e.g.,
WebEx).
You may click the heading of any column to sort based on that column. Click
again to sort in the reverse order. For instance, sort on Risk to find problem
applications, or sort on Productivity to find applications that should be given
increased or decreased handling priority.
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Wireless Array
When you find risky or unproductive applications taking up bandwidth on the
network, you can easily create Filters to control them. See “Filter Management”
on page 368. You may use filters to:

Block problematic traffic, such as BitTorrent or Y8.

Prioritize mission critical traffic—by increasing the QoS assigned to the
traffic. See “Understanding QoS Priority on the Wireless Array” on
page 256.

Lower the priority of less productive traffic—use filters to decrease the
QoS assigned to traffic for applications like YouTube and Facebook.
Stations (Application Control)
This status-only window shows client stations currently visible to the Array.
The MAC address in the first column is a link. Click on a selected station, and the
Application Control window opens with the Display for Station field set to that
station, to perform a detailed analysis of its application usage.
Figure 92. Stations (Application Control)
The rest of the fields and display options on this window (including the
Identification, Security, and Connection Info checkboxes) are as described in
“Stations” on page 123.
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Wireless Array
System Log Window
This is a status only window that allows you to review the system log, where
system alerts and messages are displayed. Although there are no configuration
options available in this window, you do have the usual choice of deciding how
the event messages are sorted by clicking in the column header for the desired
field (Time Stamp, Priority, or Message).

Time Stamp — sorts the list based on the time the event occurred.

Priority — sorts the list based on the priority assigned to the message.

Message — sorts the list based on the message category
The displayed messages may be filtered by using the Filter Priority option, which
allows control of the minimum priority level displayed. For example, you may
choose (under Services >System Log) to log messages at or above Debug level
but use Filter Priority to display only those at Information level and above.
Figure 93. System Log (Alert Level Highlighted)
Use the Highlight Priority field if you wish to highlight messages at the selected
priority level. Click on the Refresh button to refresh the message list, or click on
the Clear All button at the upper left to delete all messages. You can also click in
the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window
automatically.
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Wireless Array
Note that there is a shortcut way to view system log messages. If you click Log
Messages near the bottom of the left hand frame, WMI displays counts of log
messages at different severity levels. Click a count to display just those messages
in the System Log window. See Figure 38 on page 85 for more information.
154
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
IDS Event Log Window
This status only window displays the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) Event log,
listing any detected attacks on your network. For descriptions of the types of
attacks detected, as well as the settings to fine-tune IDS on the Array, please see
“Intrusion Detection” on page 348.
The displayed messages may be filtered by using the Filter Event setting, which
allows you to select just one type of intrusion to display. For example, you may
choose to display only beacon flood attacks.
Figure 94. IDS Event Log
Use the Highlight Event field if you wish to highlight all events of one particular
type in the list. Click on a column header to sort the rows based on that column.
Click on the Refresh button to refresh the message list, or click the Auto Refresh
check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
Although there are no configuration options available in this window, you do
have the usual choice of deciding how the event messages are sorted by clicking
in the column header for the desired field.

Time Stamp — the time that the event occurred.

IAP — the affected radio.

Channel — the affected channel.
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
155
Wireless Array
156

Event — the type of attack, as described in Intrusion Detection.

SSID — the SSID that was attacked.

MAC Address — the MAC address of the attacker.

Period — the length of the window used to determine whether the count
of this type of event exceeded the threshold.

Current — the count of this type of event for the current period.

Average — the average count per period of this type of event.

Maximum — the maximum count per period of this type of event.
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array

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