Cambium Networks XI-AC1300 Wireless Access Point User Manual Xirrus AOS Xirrus
Xirrus, Inc. Wireless Access Point Xirrus AOS Xirrus
Contents
Part 2
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 157
Configuring the
Wireless Array
The following topics include procedures for configuring the Array using the
product’s embedded Web Management Interface (WMI). Procedures have been
organized into functional areas that reflect the flow and content of the WMI.
The following WMI windows allow you to establish configuration parameters for
your Array, and include:
“Express Setup” on page 159
“Network” on page 165
“Services” on page 179
“VLANs” on page 204
“Tunnels” on page 209
“Security” on page 213
“SSIDs” on page 254
“Groups” on page 280
“IAPs” on page 287
“WDS” on page 358
“Filters” on page 365
“Clusters” on page 374
“Mobile” on page 380
After making changes to the configuration settings of an Array you must click the
Save button at the top of the configuration window, otherwise the changes
you make will not be applied the next time the Array is rebooted.
Some settings are only available if the Array’s license includes appropriate
features. If a setting is unavailable (grayed out), then your license does not
support the feature. See “About Licensing and Upgrades” on page 387.
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158 Configuring the Wireless Array
Note that the Configuration menu section may be collapsed down to hide the
headings under it by clicking it. Click again to display the headings. (See
Figure 39 on page 86.)
This chapter only discusses using the configuration windows on the Array. To
view status or use system tools on the Array, please see:
“Viewing Status on the Wireless Array” on page 91
“Using Tools on the Wireless Array” on page 385
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 159
Express Setup
Initial Array configuration via XMS sets items such as SSIDs and security, as
described in “Zero-Touch Provisioning and Ongoing Management” on page 69.
This page allows you to see many of these values, or change them locally.
Figure 95. WMI: Express Setup
Wireless Array
160 Configuring the Wireless Array
When finished, click the Save button if you wish to make your changes
permanent.
Procedure for Performing an Express Setup
1. License Key: An unlicensed Array will automatically contact Xirrus to
obtain its license, if it has Internet connectivity. If you need to enter a
license manually, enter it here. See “Licensing” on page 74.
2. Configure the Contact Information settings.
a. Location: Enter a brief but meaningful description that accurately
defines the physical location of the Array. In an environment where
multiple units are installed, clear definitions for their locations are
important if you want to identify a specific unit.
b. Contact Name: Enter the name and contact information of the person
who is responsible for administering the Array at the designated
location.
c. Contact Email: Enter the email address of the admin contact you
entered in Step 3.
d. Contact Phone: Enter the telephone number of the admin contact you
entered in Step 3.
3. Configure the Network settings. Please see “Network Interfaces” on
page 166 for more information.
a. Host Name: Specify a unique host name for this Array. The host
name is used to identify the Array on the network. Use a name that
will be meaningful within your network environment, up to 64
alphanumeric characters. The default is the Array’s serial number.
b. Address Type: Choose DHCP to instruct the Array to use DHCP to
assign IP addresses to the Array’s Ethernet interfaces, or choose
Static if you intend to enter IP addresses manually. If you choose the
Static IP option, you must enter the following IP Settings:
c. IP Settings: If you choose the Static IP addressing option, enter the
following:
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 161
•Address: Enter a valid IP address for this Array. To use a remote
connection (Web, SNMP, or SSH), a valid IP address must be
used.
•Subnet Mask: Enter a valid IP address for the subnet mask (the
default is 255.255.255.0). The subnet mask defines the number of
IP addresses that are available on the routed subnet where the
Array is located.
•Default Gateway: Enter a valid IP address for the default
gateway. This is the IP address of the router that the Array uses
to forward data to other networks.
•Click the Apply button for this interface when done making IP
changes.
4. SSID Settings: This section specifies the wireless network name and
security settings.
a. SSID Name is a unique name that identifies a wireless network. The
default SSID is xirrus. Entering a value in this field will replace the
this default SSID with the new name.
For additional information about SSIDs, go to the Multiple SSIDs
section of “Frequently Asked Questions” on page 492.
b. Wireless Security: Select the desired wireless security scheme (Open,
WEP or WPA). Make your selection from the choices available in the
pull-down list.
•Open — This option offers no data encryption and is not
recommended, though you might choose this option if clients are
required to use a VPN connection through a secure SSH utility,
like PuTTy.
•WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) — An optional IEEE 802.11
function that offers frame transmission privacy similar to a wired
network. WEP generates secret shared encryption keys that both
For improved security, you should also take the additional steps described in
“Securing Low Level Access to the Array” on page 76.
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162 Configuring the Wireless Array
source and destination stations can use to alter frame bits to
avoid disclosure to eavesdroppers.
•WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) — A Wi-Fi Alliance standard that
contains a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard, using TKIP or AES
as an encryption method and 802.1x for authentication. WPA is
the stronger of the two wireless security schemes.
•WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) — WPA2 is the follow-on
security method to WPA for wireless networks and provides
stronger data protection and network access control. It offers
Enterprise and consumer Wi-Fi users with a high level of
assurance that only authorized users can access their wireless
networks. Like WPA, WPA2 is designed to secure all versions of
802.11 devices, including 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n,
multi-band and multi-mode.
•WPA-Both (WPA and WPA2) — This option makes use of both
WPA and WPA2.
For more information about security, including a full review of all
security options and settings, go to “Understanding Security” on
page 214.
c. WEP Encryption Key/WPA Passphrase: Depending on the wireless
security scheme you selected, enter a unique WEP key or WPA
passphrase. This field and the one below only appear if you select a
Wireless Security option other than Open.
d. Confirm Encryption Key/Passphrase: If you entered a WEP key or
WPA passphrase, confirm it here.
e. Click Apply SSID Settings when done.
f. Current SSIDs: This lists all of the currently defined SSIDs for you
(regardless of whether they are enabled or not).
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Configuring the Wireless Array 163
5. Admin Settings: This section allows you to change the default admin
username, password, and privileges for the Array. You may change the
password and leave the user name as is, but we suggest that you change
both to improve Array security.
a. New Admin User (Replaces user “admin”): Enter the name of a new
administrator user account. Be sure to record the new account name
and password, because the default admin user will be deleted! Note
that the Array also offers the option of authenticating administrators
using a RADIUS server (see “Admin Management” on page 219)).
b. New Admin Privilege Level: By default, the new administrator will
have read/write privileges on the Array (i.e., the new user will be
able to change the configuration of the Array). If you wish the new
account to have different privileges, select the desired level from the
drop-down list. For more information about user privileges, please
see “Admin Privileges” on page 221. Take care to make sure to leave
yourself enough read/write privileges on at least one account to be
able to administer the Array.
c. New Admin Password: Enter a new administration password for
managing this Array. If you forget this password, you must reset the
Array to its factory defaults so that the password is reset to admin (its
default setting).
d. Confirm Admin Password: If you entered a new administration
password, confirm the new password here.
e. Click Apply Admin Settings when done.
6. Time and Date Settings: System time is synchronized using NTP
(Network Time Protocol) by default. Use the pull-down menu to select
the Time Zone.
7. Quick Configuration: This offers predefined configuration options such
as Classroom and High-Density that capture best practices from years of
field experience. If one of the options in the drop-down list is appropriate
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164 Configuring the Wireless Array
to your deployment, select it and click Apply. For example, the High-
Density option uses best practices to configure the Array for high density
settings such as lecture halls, convention centers, stadiums, etc.
8. IAP Settings:
Figure 96. LEDs are Switched On
Enable/Configure All IAPs: Click on the Execute button to enable and
auto configure all IAPs (a message displays the countdown time — in
seconds — to complete the auto-configuration task). When an IAP is
enabled, its LED is switched on.
9. Click the Save button at the upper right to make your changes
permanent, i.e., these settings will still be in effect after a reboot.
LED on
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 165
Network
This is a status-only window that provides a snapshot of the configuration
settings currently established for the Ethernet interfaces. DNS Settings and CDP
Settings (Cisco Discovery Protocol) are summarized as well. You must go to the
appropriate configuration window to make changes to any of the settings
displayed here (configuration changes cannot be made from this window). You
can click on any item in the Interface column to “jump” to the associated
configuration window.
Figure 97. Network Interfaces
WMI windows that allow you to change or view configuration settings associated
with the network interfaces include:
“Network Interfaces” on page 166
“Bonds and Bridging” on page 169
“DNS Settings” on page 176
“CDP Settings” on page 177
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166 Configuring the Wireless Array
See Also
DNS Settings
Network Interfaces
Network Status Windows
Spanning Tree Status
Network Statistics
Network Interfaces
XR-500, XR-1000, and some XR-2000 Series Arrays have one Gigabit Ethernet
interface, while XR- 600, XR-4000 and some XR-2000 Series Arrays have two, and
XR-6000 Series models have four. This window allows you to establish
configuration settings for these interfaces.
Figure 98. Network Settings
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 167
When finished making changes, click the Save button if you wish to make
your changes permanent. When the status of a port changes, a Syslog entry is
created describing the change.
Network Interface Ports
For the location of network interface ports on the underside of an XR Series
Array, see the illustrations starting with Figure 32 on page 71.
Procedure for Configuring the Network Interfaces
Configure the Gigabit network interfaces. The fields for each of these interfaces
are the same, and include:
1. Enable Interface: Choose Yes to enable this network interface, or choose
No to disable the interface.
2. LED Indicator: Choose Enabled to allow the LED for this interface to
blink with traffic on the port, or choose Disabled to turn the LED off.
The LED will still light during the boot sequence, then turn off. This
option is only available for the Gigabit interfaces.
3. Allow Management on Interface: Choose Yes to allow management of
this Array via the selected network interface, or choose No to deny all
management privileges for this interface.
4. Auto Negotiate: This feature allows the Array to negotiate the best
transmission rates automatically. Choose Yes to enable this feature, or
choose No to disable this feature — the default is enabled. If you disable
the Auto Negotiate feature, you must define the Duplex and Speed
options manually (otherwise these options are not available). Both sides
of the link must have the same values for the following settings, or the
connection will have errors.
a. Duplex: Full-duplex mode transmits data in two directions
simultaneously (for example, a telephone is a full-duplex device
For improved security, you should also take the additional steps described in
“Securing Low Level Access to the Array” on page 76.
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168 Configuring the Wireless Array
because both parties can talk and be heard at the same time). Half-
duplex allows data transmission in one direction at a time only (for
example, a walkie-talkie is a half-duplex device). If the Auto-
Negotiate feature is disabled, you can manually choose Half or Full
duplex for your data transmission preference.
b. MTU: the Maximum Transmission Unit size. This is the largest packet
size (in bytes) that the interface can pass along.
c. Speed: If the Auto-Negotiate feature is disabled, you must manually
choose the data transmission speed from the pull-down list. For the
Gigabit interfaces the options are 10 Megabit or 100 Megabit. (Note
that 1000 Megabit speed can only be set by Auto-Negotiation.)
5. Configuration Server Protocol / IP Settings: Choose DHCP to instruct
the Array to use DHCP when assigning IP addresses to the Array, or
choose Static IP if you intend to enter IP addresses manually. If you select
the Static IP option you must specify the IP address, IP subnet mask and
default gateway.
a. Address: If you selected the Static IP option, enter a valid IP address
for the Array. To use any of the remote connections (Web, SNMP, or
SSH), a valid IP address must be established.
b. Subnet Mask: If you selected the Static IP option, enter a valid IP
address for the subnet mask (the default for Class C is 255.255.255.0).
The subnet mask defines the number of IP addresses that are
available on the routed subnet where the Array is located.
c. Default Gateway: If you selected the Static IP option, enter a valid IP
address for the default gateway. This is the IP address of the router
that the Array uses to send data to other networks. (You don’t need to
enter the gateway if it is on the same subnet as the Array.)
d. Click the Apply button for this interface when done making IP
changes.
6. When done configuring all interfaces as desired, click the Save button
if you wish to make your changes permanent.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 169
See Also
Bonds and Bridging
DNS Settings
Network
Network Statistics
Spanning Tree Status
Bonds and Bridging
On models with more than one Gigabit port these ports may be bonded, i.e.
configured to work together in sets. For example, one port may provide active
backup or load balancing for another, or other options as described in this section.
XR-6000 Series Arrays have four Gigabit ports, and you may specify which ports
are bonded to work together as a pair. You may also select more than two ports to
work together in one group.
A special option lets you configure bridging between the gigabit ports on an
Array that has two of these ports.
Figure 99. Network Bonds and Bridging
You may use the mirror option to have all the traffic that is ingressing and
egressing one bond be transmitted by the bond you are configuring. For example,
if you configure Bond2 to mirror Bond1, then all traffic going in and out of
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170 Configuring the Wireless Array
Bond1’s Gigabit ports will be transmitted out of Bond2’s Gigabit ports. This way
of duplicating one bond’s traffic to another bond is very useful for
troubleshooting with a network analyzer.
Procedure for Configuring Network Bonds
Configure the bonding behavior of the Gigabit network interfaces. The fields for
each of these bonds are the same, and include:
1. Bridge Traffic Across All Ports: Click this for Layer 2 bridging between
all Gigabit ports. (Figure 100)
Figure 100. Bridging Traffic
If a set of Gigabit ports have been bonded, the IP address, IP mask, IP
gateway, IP DHCP, and Management settings are shared between bonded
ports. Any changes you make to these settings on one member will be
reflected in the settings of the other members. Other settings may be
configured individually.
Bridging traffic
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 171
Traffic received on Gigx is transmitted by Gigy; similarly, traffic received
on Gigy is transmitted by Gigx. The Array acts as a wired bridge—this
allows Arrays to be chained and still maintain wired connectivity.
When bridging is enabled, it configures the following bond settings for
each bond. Do not make any manual changes to these settings afterwards
if you wish to continue bridging.
•Bond Mode is set to Active Backup (the default value).
•Each port is in its own bond, by itself.
•Bond Mirror is Off.
•You will typically need to enable use of Spanning Tree manually, to
prevent network loops.
•Active VLANs is set to All.
A bridge between ports Gig1 and Gig2 sets Bond1 to contain only Gig1.
Bond2 contains only Gig2.
If you are bridging a chain of more than two Arrays, the endpoint Array
is not actually bridging. It can be left with the default settings—Bond1 is
set to Active Backup, and will contain Gig1 and Gig2.
Skip to Step 7 on page 175.
2. If you are not enabling bridging, configure the bonding behavior of the
Gigabit network interfaces as described in the following steps. The fields
for each of these bonds are the same.
3. Bond Mode: Select the desired behavior for a set of bonded Gigabit
Ethernet ports from the following options.
The modes below describe the relationship between a set of Gigabit
ports—for example, load balancing or active backup. Use the Bond Ports
field to select the ports that are bonded (set in Step 4). Two or more ports
Each Array in a chain must have power supplied to its PoE port from a
compatible power injector or powered switch port. An Array does not
supply power to another Array.
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172 Configuring the Wireless Array
may be bonded. You may also include just one single port in a bond—this
is useful for mirroring one Gigabit port to another port (Step c on
page 174). In Arrays that have four Gigabit ports, you have the option of
bonding three or four ports together. In this discussion, we call two ports
that are bonded Gigx and Gigy.
a. Active Backup (gig ports fail over to each other) — This mode
provides fault tolerance and is the default mode. Gigx acts as the
primary link. Gigy is the backup link and is passive. Gigy assumes
the IP properties of Gigx. If Gigx fails, the Array automatically fails
over to Gigy. When a failover occurs in this mode, Gigy issues
gratuitous ARPs to allow it to substitute for Gigx at Layer 3 as well as
Layer 2. See Figure 101 (a). You may include more than two ports in
the bond with Active Backup to provide additional fault tolerance.
For example, if you have three Gigabit ports configured in a bond, if
the first two ports in the bond were to go down, the Array would fail
over traffic to the third Gigabit port.
Figure 101. Port Modes (a, b)
(a) Active backup (b) Aggregate using 802.3ad
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Configuring the Wireless Array 173
b. Aggregate Traffic from gig ports using 802.3ad — The Array sends
network traffic across all member Gigabit ports to increase link speed
to the network. These ports act as a single logical interface, using a
load balancing algorithm to balance traffic across the ports. For non-
IP traffic (such as ARP), the last byte of the destination MAC address
is used to do the calculation. If the packet is a fragment or not TCP or
UDP, the source and destination IP addresses are used to do the
calculation. If the packet is TCP or UDP over IP then the source IP
address, destination IP address, source port number and destination
port number are all used to do the calculation. The network switch
must also support 802.3ad. If a port fails, the connection degrades
gracefully — the other port still transmits. See Figure 101 (b).
c. Transmit Traffic on all gig ports — Transmits incoming traffic on all
Gigabit ports. Any traffic received on Gigabit ports is sent to the
onboard processor. This mode provides fault tolerance. See
Figure 102 (c).
Figure 102. Port Modes (c, d)
(c) Transmit on all ports (d) Load balance traffic
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174 Configuring the Wireless Array
d. Load balance traffic between gig ports — This option provides
trunking, similar to option (b) — Aggregate Traffic from gig1 & gig2
using 802.3ad, but it does not use 802.3ad and it uses a different load
balancing algorithm to determine the outgoing Gigabit port. The
outgoing port used is based on an exclusive OR of the source and
destination MAC address. Like option (b), this mode also provides
load balancing and fault tolerance. See Figure 102 (d).
4. Bond Ports: Select the ports to be members of this bond for the behavior
specified by Bond Mode. By default, Bond1 contains Gig1 and Gig2. You
may also set up a bond with a single port, for example, if you wish to
mirror one Gigabit port to another. In Arrays that have four Gigabit ports,
you also have the option of bonding three or four ports together.
When you check off a port to be a member of a bond, that port is
automatically removed from any other bonds that contain it.
5. Active VLANs: Active VLANs shows the VLANs that you have selected
to be passed through this port. Create and manage the list of VLANs that
are allowed to be passed through this port. Traffic will be dropped for
VLANs that are not in this list. The default setting is to pass All VLANs.
a. To add a VLAN to the list of allowed VLANs, click this field and
select the desired VLAN from the drop-down list. To allow all
VLANs (current or future) to be passed, select All VLANs.
b. To allow only the set of currently defined VLANs (see “VLANs” on
page 204) to be passed, select All Current VLANs. Essentially, this
“fixes” the Active VLANs list to contain the currently defined
VLANs, and only this set, until you make explicit changes to the
Active VLANs list. If you create new VLANs, they will not be passed
unless you take action to add them to the list.
c. To remove a VLAN from the list of allowed VLANs, click the X before
its name.
6. Mirroring — Specify one of the active bonds (Bondx) that is to be
mirrored by this bond (Bondy). (Figure 103) All wireless traffic received
on the Array is transmitted out both Bondx and Bondy. All traffic
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 175
received on Bondx is passed on to the onboard processor as well as out
Bondy. All traffic received on Bondy is passed on to the onboard
processor as well as out Bondx. This allows a network analyzer to be
plugged into Bondy to capture traffic for troubleshooting, while the
bonded ports provide network connectivity for data traffic.
If each bond contains just one port, then you have the simple case of one
port mirroring another.
Figure 103. Mirroring Traffic
7. When done configuring bonds and bridging as desired, click the Save
button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
Network Interfaces
DNS Settings
Network
Network Statistics
Spanning Tree Status
Wireless Array
176 Configuring the Wireless Array
DNS Settings
This window allows you to establish your DNS (Domain Name System) settings.
The Array uses these DNS servers to resolve host names into IP addresses. The
Array also registers its own Host Name with these DNS servers, so that others
may address the Array using its name rather than its IP address. An option allows
you to specify that the Array’s DNS servers will be assigned via a DHCP server
on the wired network.
Note that the DNS servers defined here are not used by wireless clients — servers
for stations associated to the Array are defined along with DHCP pools. See
“DHCP Server” on page 194. At least one DNS server must be set up if you want
to offer clients associating with the Array the ability to use meaningful host
names instead of numerical IP addresses. When finished, click the Save button
if you wish to make your changes permanent.
Figure 104. DNS Settings
Procedure for Configuring DNS Servers
1. DNS Host Name: Enter a valid DNS host name.
2. DNS Domain: Enter the DNS domain name.
3. DNS Server 1: Enter the IP address of the primary DNS server.
4. DNS Server 2 and DNS Server 3: Enter the IP address of the secondary
and tertiary DNS servers (if required).
5. Use DNS settings assigned by DHCP: If you are using DHCP to assign
the Array’s IP address, you may turn this option On. The Array will then
obtain its DNS domain and server settings from the network DHCP
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Configuring the Wireless Array 177
server that assigns an IP address to the Array, rather than using the DNS
Server fields above. You may also configure that DHCP server to assign a
host name to the Array.
6. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
DHCP Server
Network
Network Interfaces
Network Statistics
Spanning Tree Status
CDP Settings
CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) is a layer 2 network protocol used to share
information (such as the device manufacturer and model, network capabilities,
and IP address) with other directly connected network devices. Wireless Arrays
can both advertise their presence by sending CDP announcements, and gather
and display information sent by neighbors (see “CDP Neighbors” on page 108).
This window allows you to establish your CDP settings. When finished, the Save
button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
Figure 105. CDP Settings
Procedure for Configuring CDP Settings
1. Enable CDP: When CDP is enabled, the Array sends out CDP
announcements of the Array’s presence, and gathers CDP data sent by
neighbors. When disabled, it does neither. CDP is enabled by default.
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178 Configuring the Wireless Array
2. CDP Interval: The Array sends out CDP announcements advertising its
presence at this interval. The default is 60 seconds.
3. CDP Hold Time: CDP information received from neighbors is retained
for this period of time before aging out of the Array’s neighbor list. Thus,
if a neighbor stops sending announcements, it will no longer appear on
the CDP Neighbors window after CDP Hold Time seconds from its last
announcement. The default is 180 seconds.
See Also
CDP Neighbors
Network
Network Interfaces
Network Statistics
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 179
Services
This is a status-only window that allows you to review the current settings and
status for services on the Array, including DHCP, SNMP, Syslog, and Network
Time Protocol (NTP) services. For example, for the DHCP server, it shows each
DHCP pool name, whether the pool is enabled, the IP address range, the gateway
address, lease times, and the DNS domain being used. There are no configuration
options available in this window, but if you are experiencing issues with network
services, you may want to print this window for your records.
Figure 106. Services
The following sections discuss configuring services on the Array:
“Time Settings (NTP)” on page 180
“NetFlow” on page 182
“Wi-Fi Tag” on page 183
“Location” on page 184
“System Log” on page 186
“SNMP” on page 191
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180 Configuring the Wireless Array
“DHCP Server” on page 194
“Proxy Forwarding” on page 196
Time Settings (NTP)
This window allows you to manage the Array’s time settings, including
synchronizing the Array’s clock with a universal clock from an NTP (Network
Time Protocol) server. We recommend that you use NTP for proper operation of
SNMP in XMS (the Xirrus Management System), since a lack of synchronization
will cause errors to be detected. Synchronizing the Array’s clock with an NTP
server also ensures that Syslog time-stamping is maintained across all units.
It is possible to use authentication with NTP to ensure that you are receiving
synchronization from a known source. For example, the instructions for
requesting a key for the NIST Authenticated NTP server are available at
http://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp00/upload/ntp_instructions.pdf.
The Array allows you to enter optional authentication information.
Figure 107. Time Settings (Manual Time)
Procedure for Managing the Time Settings
1. Current Array Date and Time: Shows the current time.
2. Time Zone: Select the time zone you want to use (normally your local
time zone) from the pull-down list.
3. Auto Adjust Daylight Savings: Check this box to have the system adjust
for daylight savings automatically, else leave it unchecked (default).
4. Use Network Time Protocol: select whether to set time manually or use
NTP to manage system time.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 181
5. Setting Time Manually
a. Adjust Time (hrs:min:sec): If you are not using NTP, use this field if
you want to adjust the current system time. Enter a revised time
(hours, minutes, seconds, am/pm) in the corresponding fields. Click
Set Time to apply the changes.
b. Adjust Date (month/day/year): If you are not using NTP, use this
field if you want to adjust the current system date. Enter a revised
date (month, day and year) in the corresponding fields. Click Set
Date to apply the changes.
6. Using an NTP Server
a. NTP Primary Server: If you are using NTP, enter the IP address or
domain name of the NTP server.
Figure 108. Time Settings (NTP Time Enabled)
b. NTP Primary Authentication: (optional) If you are using
authentication with NTP, select the type of key: MD5 or SHA1. Select
None if you are not using authentication (this is the default).
c. NTP Primary Authentication Key ID: Enter the key ID, which is a
decimal integer.
Wireless Array
182 Configuring the Wireless Array
d. NTP Primary Authentication Key: Enter your key, which is a string
of characters.
e. NTP Secondary Server: Enter the IP address or domain name of an
optional secondary NTP server to be used in case the Array is unable
to contact the primary server. You may use the authentication fields
as described above if you wish to set up authentication for the
secondary server.
See Also
Express Setup
Services
SNMP
System Log
NetFlow
This window allows you to enable or disable the sending of NetFlow information
to a designated collector. NetFlow is a proprietary but open network protocol
developed by Cisco Systems for collecting IP traffic information. When NetFlow
is enabled, the Array will send IP flow information (traffic statistics) to the
designated collector.
Figure 109. NetFlow
NetFlow sends per-flow network traffic information from the Array. Network
managers can use a NetFlow collector to view the statistics on a per-flow basis
and use this information to make key decisions. Knowing how many packets and
bytes are sent to and from certain IP addresses or across specific network
interfaces allows administrators to track usage by various areas. Traffic flow
information may be used to engineer networks for better performance.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 183
Procedure for Configuring NetFlow
1. Enable NetFlow: Select one of the Netflow versions to enable NetFlow
functionality: v5, v9, or IPFIX. Internet Protocol Flow Information Export
(IPFIX) is an IETF protocol (www.ietf.org) performing many of the same
functions as Netflow. Choose Disable if you wish to disable this feature.
2. NetFlow Collector Host (Domain or IP): If you enabled NetFlow, enter
the domain name or IP address of the collector.
3. NetFlow Collector Port: If you enabled NetFlow, enter the port on the
collector host to which to send data.
Wi-Fi Tag
This window enables or disables Wi-Fi tag capabilities. When enabled, the Array
listens for and collects information about Wi-Fi RFID tags sent on the designated
channel. These tags are transmitted by specialized tag devices (for example,
AeroScout or Ekahau tags). A Wi-Fi tagging server then queries the Array for a
report on the tags that it has received. The Wi-Fi tagging server uses proprietary
algorithms to determine locations for devices sending tag signals.
Figure 110. Wi-Fi Tag
Procedure for Configuring Wi-Fi Tag
1. Enable Wi-Fi Tag: Choose Yes to enable Wi-Fi tag functionality, or choose
No to disable this feature.
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184 Configuring the Wireless Array
2. Wi-Fi Tag UDP Port: If Wi-Fi tagging is enabled, enter the UDP port that
the Wi-Fi tagging server will use to query the Array for data. When
queried, the Array will send back information on tags it has observed. For
each, the Array sends information such as the MAC address of the tag
transmitting device, and the RSSI and noise floor observed.
3. Wi-Fi Tag Channel BG: If you enabled Wi-Fi tagging, enter the 802.11
channel on which the Array will listen for tags. The tag devices must be
set up to transmit on this channel. Only one channel may be configured,
and it must be an 802.11b/g channel in the range of Channel 1 to 11.
4. Ekahau Server: If you enabled Wi-Fi tagging and you are using an
Ekahau server, enter its IP address or hostname. Ekahau Wi-Fi Tag
packets received by the Array will be encapsulated as expected by
Ekahau, and forwarded to the server.
Location
The Array offers an integrated capability for capturing and uploading visitor
analytics data, eliminating the need to install a standalone sensor network. This
data can be used to characterize information such as guest or customer traffic and
location, visit duration, and frequency. Use this Location window to configure the
Array to send collected data to an analytics server, such as Euclid.
When Location Support is enabled, the Array collects information about stations,
including the station ID and manufacturer, time and length of the visit and related
time interval statistics, and signal strength and its related statistics. Data collected
from stations comprises only basic device information that is broadcast by Wi-Fi
enabled devices. Devices that are only detected are included, as well as those that
actually connect to the Array. The Array sending the data also sends its own ID so
that the server knows where the visitors were detected. Data messages are
uploaded via HTTPS, and they are encrypted if a Location Customer Key has
been entered. Data is sent as JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) objects, as
described in “Location Service Data Formats” on page 504.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 185
Figure 111. Location
Procedure for Configuring Location
1. Enable Location Support: Choose Yes to enable the collection and upload
of visitor analytic data, or choose No to disable this feature.
2. Location URL: If Location Support is enabled, enter the IP address or
hostname of the location/analytics server. If this URL contains the string
euclid, then the Array knows that data is destined for a Euclid location
server.
For a Euclid analytics server, use the URL that was assigned to you as a
customer by Euclid. The Array will send JSON-formatted messages in the
form required by Euclid via HTTPS.
For any other location analytics server, enter its URL. The Array will send
JSON-formatted messages in the form described in “Location Service
Data Formats” on page 504.
3. Location Customer Key: (optional) If a Location Customer Key has been
entered, data is sent encrypted using AES with that key.
4. Location Period: If you enabled Location Support, specify how often data
is to be sent to the server, in seconds.
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186 Configuring the Wireless Array
System Log
This window allows you to enable or disable the Syslog server, define primary,
secondary, and tertiary servers, set up email notification, and set the level for
Syslog reporting for each server and for email notification — the Syslog service
will send Syslog messages at the selected severity or above to the defined Syslog
servers and email address. An option allows you to use a Splunk application to
analyze Array events by sending data in key:value pairs, as described in “About
Using the Splunk Application for Xirrus Arrays” on page 189.
Figure 112. System Log
Procedure for Configuring Syslog
1. Enable Syslog Server: Choose Yes to enable Syslog functionality, or
choose No to disable this feature.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 187
2. Console Logging: If you enabled Syslog, select whether or not to echo
Syslog messages to the console as they occur. If you enable console
logging, be sure to set the Console Logging level (see Step 9 below).
3. Local File Size (1-2000 lines): Enter a value in this field to define how
many Syslog records are retained locally on the Array’s internal Syslog
file. The default is 2000.
4. Primary Server Address (Hostname or IP) and Port: If you enabled
Syslog, enter the hostname or IP address of the primary Syslog server.
You may also change the port used on the server if you do not wish to use
514, the default port.
5. Secondary/Tertiary Server Address (Hostname or IP) and Port:
(Optional) If you enabled Syslog, you may enter the hostname or IP
address of one or two additional Syslog servers to which messages will
also be sent. You may also change the port used on each server if you do
not wish to use 514, the default port. You may set one of the server
addresses to the address of a server for Splunk (see “About Using the
Splunk Application for Xirrus Arrays” on page 189).
6. Email Notification: (Optional) The following parameters allow you to
send an email to a designated address each time a Syslog message is
generated. The email will include the text of the Syslog message.
a. Email Syslog SMTP Server Address (Hostname or IP) and Port: The
hostname or the IP address of the SMTP server to be used for sending
the email. Note that this specifies the mail server, not the email
recipient. You may also change the port used on the server if you do
not wish to use 25, the default SMTP port.
b. Email Syslog SMTP User Name: Specify a user name for logging in
to an account on the mail server designated in Step a.
c. Email Syslog SMTP User Password: Specify a password for logging
in to an account on the mail server designated in Step a.
d. Email Syslog SMTP From: Specify the “From” email address to be
displayed in the email.
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188 Configuring the Wireless Array
e. Email Syslog SMTP Recipient Addresses: Specify the entire email
address of the recipient of the email notification. You may specify
additional recipients by separating the email addresses with
semicolons (;).
7. Station Formatting: If you are sending event information to a Splunk
server, select Key/Value to send data in Splunk’s expected format,
otherwise leave this at the default value of Standard. See “About Using
the Splunk Application for Xirrus Arrays” on page 189.
8. Station URL Logging: When enabled, Syslog messages are sent for each
URL that each station visits. Only HTTP destinations (port 80) are logged;
HTTPS destinations (port 443) are not logged. All URLs in a domain are
logged, so for example, if an HTTP request to yahoo.com generates
requests to 57 other URLs, all are logged. Furthermore, each visit to the
same URL generates an additional log message. No deep packet
inspection is performed by the URL logging, so no Application Control
information is included in the Syslog message.
The following information is included in the syslog message:
•Date / Time
•Source Device MAC and IP address
•Destination Port
•Destination Site address (e.g., 20.20.20.1)
•The specific URL (e.g., http://20.20.20.1.24/online/images/
img2.jpg)
Station URL Logging is disabled by default.
9. Syslog Levels: For each of the Syslog destinations, choose your preferred
level of Syslog reporting from the pull-down list. Messages with
criticality at the selected level and above will be shown. The default level
varies depending on the destination.
a. Console Logging: For messages to be echoed to the console, the
default level is Critical and more serious. This prevents large
numbers of non-critical messages from being displayed on the
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Configuring the Wireless Array 189
console. If you set this level too low, the volume of messages may
make it very difficult to work with the CLI or view other output on
the console.
b. Local File: For records to be stored on the Array’s internal Syslog file,
choose your preferred level of Syslog reporting from the pull-down
list. The default level is Debugging and more serious.
c. Primary Server: Choose the preferred level of Syslog reporting for the
primary server. The default level is Debugging and more serious.
d. Secondary/Tertiary Server: Choose the preferred level of reporting
for the secondary/tertiary server. The default level is Information
and more serious. (Optional)
e. Email SMTP Server: Choose the preferred level of Syslog reporting
for the email notifications. The default level is Warning and more
serious. This prevents your mailbox from being filled up with a large
number of less severe messages such as informational messages.
10. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
About Using the Splunk Application for Xirrus Arrays
Splunk may be used to provide visibility into client experience and analyze usage
on XR Series Wireless Arrays. A Splunk application (Splunk for Xirrus XR
Wireless Arrays) has been developed to present this operational intelligence at a
glance. The app includes field extractions, event types, searches and dashboards
to help shine a light on station status and activity.
To use Splunk, set up your Splunk server with the Splunk application—available
from www.splunk.com at Splunk for Xirrus XR Wireless Arrays. Configure the
Array to send data to Splunk by setting a Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary Server
Address to the IP address or hostname of your Splunk server. Then set Station
Formatting to Key/Value to send data in Splunk’s expected format.
You may specify Server Addresses for Syslog servers and a Splunk server on the
same Array. Selecting the Key/Value option will not cause any problems with
Syslog.
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190 Configuring the Wireless Array
See Also
System Log Window
Services
SNMP
Time Settings (NTP)
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 191
SNMP
This window allows you to enable or disable SNMP v2 and SNMP v3 and define
the SNMP parameters. SNMP allows remote management of the Array by the
Xirrus Management System (XMS) and other SNMP management tools. SNMP v3
was designed to offer much stronger security. You may enable either SNMP
version, neither, or both.
Complete SNMP details for the Array, including trap descriptions, are found in
the Xirrus MIB, available at support.xirrus.com, in the Downloads section (login
is required to download the MIB).
NOTE: If you are managing your Arrays with XMS (the Xirrus Management System),
it is very important to make sure that your SNMP settings match those that you have
configured for XMS. XMS uses both SNMP v2 and v3, with v3 given preference.
Figure 113. SNMP
Wireless Array
192 Configuring the Wireless Array
Procedure for Configuring SNMP
SNMPv2 Settings
1. Enable SNMPv2: Choose Yes to enable SNMP v2 functionality, or choose
No to disable this feature. When used in conjunction with the Xirrus
Management System, SNMP v2 (not SNMP v3) must be enabled on each
Array to be managed with XMS. The default for this feature is Yes
(enabled).
2. SNMP Read-Write Community String: Enter the read-write community
string. The default is xirrus.
3. SNMP Read-Only Community String: Enter the read-only community
string. The default is xirrus_read_only.
SNMPv3 Settings
4. Enable SNMPv3: Choose Yes to enable SNMP v3 functionality, or choose
No to disable this feature. The default for this feature is Yes (enabled).
5. Authentication: Select the desired method for authenticating SNMPv3
packets: SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) or MD5 (Message Digest
Algorithm 5).
6. Privacy: Select the desired method for encrypting data: DES (Data
Encryption Standard) or the stronger AES (Advanced Encryption
Standard).
7. Context Engine ID: The unique identifier for this SNMP server. We
recommend that you do not change this value. The Context Engine ID
must be set if data collection is to be done via a proxy agent. This ID helps
the proxy agent to identify the target agent from which data is to be
collected.
8. SNMP Read-Write Username: Enter the read-write user name. This
username and password allow configuration changes to be made on the
Array. The default is xirrus-rw.
9. SNMP Read-Write Authentication Password: Enter the read-write
password for authentication (i.e., logging in). The default is xirrus-rw.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 193
10. SNMP Read-Write Privacy Password: Enter the read-write password for
privacy (i.e., a key for encryption). The default is xirrus-rw.
11. SNMP Read-Only Username: Enter the read-only user name. This
username and password do not allow configuration changes to be made
on the Array. The default is xirrus-ro.
12. SNMP Read-Only Authentication Password: Enter the read-only
password for authentication (i.e., logging in). The default is xirrus-ro.
13. SNMP Read-Only Privacy Password: Enter the read-only password for
privacy (i.e., a key for encryption). The default is xirrus-ro.
SNMP Trap Settings
14. SNMP Trap Host IP Address: Enter the IP Address or hostname, as well
as the Port number, of an SNMP management station that is to receive
SNMP traps. You may specify up to four hosts that are to receive traps.
Note that by default, Trap Host 1 sends traps to Xirrus-XMS. Thus, the
Array will automatically communicate its presence to XMS (as long as the
network is configured correctly to allow this host name to be resolved —
note that DNS is not normally case-sensitive).
For a definition of the traps sent by Xirrus Wireless Arrays, you may
download the Xirrus MIB from support.xirrus.com (login required).
Search for the string TRAP in the MIB file.
15. Send Auth Failure Traps: Choose Yes to log authentication failure traps
or No to disable this feature.
16. Keepalive Trap Interval (minutes): Traps are sent out at this interval to
indicate the presence of the Array on the network. Keepalive traps are
required for proper operation with XMS. To disable keepalive traps, set
the value to 0.
17. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
Services
Wireless Array
194 Configuring the Wireless Array
System Log
Time Settings (NTP)
DHCP Server
This window allows you to create, enable, modify and delete DHCP (Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol) address pools. DHCP allows the Array to provide
wireless clients with IP addresses and other networking information. The DHCP
server will not provide DHCP services to the wired side of the network. If you do
not use the DHCP server on the Array, then your wired network must be
configured to supply DHCP addresses and gateway and DNS server addresses to
wireless clients.
When you create a DHCP pool, you must define the DHCP lease time (default
and maximum), the IP address ranges (pools) that the DHCP server can assign,
and the gateway address and DNS servers to be used by clients.
Figure 114. DHCP Management
DHCP usage is determined in several windows — see SSID Management, Group
Management, and VLAN Management.
Procedure for Configuring the DHCP Server
1. New Internal DHCP Pool: Enter a name for the new DHCP pool, then
click on the Create button. The new pool ID is added to the list of
available DHCP pools. You may create up to 16 DHCP pools (up to 8 on
the XR-500 Series and on the XR-620).
2. On: Click this checkbox to make this pool of addresses available, or clear
it to disable the pool.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 195
3. Lease Time — Default: This field defines the default DHCP lease time (in
seconds). The factory default is 300 seconds, but you can change the
default at any time.
4. Lease Time — Max: Enter a value (in seconds) to define the maximum
allowable DHCP lease time. The default is 300 seconds.
5. Network Address Translation (NAT): Check this box to enable the
Network Address Translation feature.
6. Lease IP Range — Start: Enter an IP address to define the start of the IP
range that will be used by the DHCP server. The default is 192.168.1.100.
7. Lease IP Range — End: Enter an IP address to define the end of the IP
range that will be used by the DHCP server. The DHCP server will only
use IP addresses that fall between the start and end range that you define
on this page. The default is 192.168.1.200.
8. Subnet Mask: Enter the subnet mask for this IP range for the DHCP
server. The default is 255.255.255.0.
9. Gateway: If necessary, enter the IP address of the gateway.
10. Domain: Enter the DNS domain name. See “DNS Settings” on page 176.
11. DNS Servers (1 to 3): Enter the IP address of the primary DNS server,
secondary DNS server and tertiary DNS server. These DNS server
addresses will be passed to stations when they associate, along with the
assigned IP address. Note that if you leave these blank, no DNS
information is sent to the stations. DHCP will not default to sending the
DNS servers that are configured in DNS Settings. See also, “DNS
Settings” on page 176.
12. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
DHCP Leases
DNS Settings
Network Map
Wireless Array
196 Configuring the Wireless Array
Proxy Forwarding
If your organization uses a proxy server such as Blue Coat or Netbox Blue to
control Internet access, use this page to configure proxy forwarding on the Array.
About Proxy Forwarding
Figure 115. Proxy Forwarding Example
When you configure proxy forwarding settings on the Array, it forwards each
HTTP request to the proxy server (for example, Blue Coat) at the specified URL,
which checks if the policies that you have set up on the server are satisfied. If so,
the proxy server sends the request on to the desired web site. An example is
shown in Figure 115. The user of the laptop tries to open Facebook on a browser.
The Array forwards this request to the proxy server that you have specified, after
adding a prefix with the user’s ID and the SSID (the SSID serves as a user group;
for unauthenticated clients, the MAC address serves as the user name). The proxy
server checks whether its configured policies permit this access for this user and
SSID. If so, the frame is forwarded to the desired web site.
Some smaller Arrays/APs have less memory (XR-500/1000 Series and
XR-620) and are not able to run all ArrayOS features at the same time. You
will receive an error message if you attempt to configure a feature when there
is not enough memory left.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 197
Proxy forwarding on the Array is designed for proxy servers such as Blue Coat
and Netbox Blue whose purpose is restricting Internet access to sites, applications
and content, and the monitoring and reporting of this activity. It is not used for
enhanced performance utilizing content caching.
Proxy forwarding on the Array is configured as described in “Procedure for
Configuring Proxy Forwarding on the Array” on page 203. This proxies all HTTP
traffic to the specified server. If you wish to proxy HTTPS traffic as well, you must
take the additional steps described below.
Proxy Forwarding for HTTPS
There are two usage scenarios for proxy forwarding:
Use proxy forwarding for HTTP traffic only: set up the Array per
“Procedure for Configuring Proxy Forwarding on the Array” on
page 203. HTTPS traffic is unaffected and proceeds in the usual way.
Use proxy forwarding for both HTTP and HTTPS traffic: set up the Array
per “Procedure for Configuring Proxy Forwarding on the Array” on
SSID and client User Name restrictions permit the following characters.
— Blue Coat permits only alphanumerics and + and /.
— Netbox Blue permits only alphanumerics and dot, hyphen, underscore,
and space characters.
Blue Coat policy configuration:
The AuthConnector utility is not used with the Xirrus implementation.
Traffic must first be passed through the portal to dynamically add the User
to Blue Coat’s list of recognized Users, based on the User header inserted in
the packets. When configuring Blue Coat Content Filtering policy, you may
select “Users from Reporting”. Only the User value can be used in this
manner. The Group header value is not dynamically added to Blue Coat’s
Group list, and it can't be added manually.
Netbox Blue policy configuration:
Users and Groups are manually configured on the server. Users are
manually assigned to Groups, and policy is applied on a per-Group basis.
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198 Configuring the Wireless Array
page 203. Then you must set up browsers on client stations (laptops,
smart phones, tablets, ...) to proxy both HTTP and HTTPS traffic to the
Array. Each client must also download and install the SSL certificate from
the Blue Coat or Netbox Blue proxy server. Follow the procedure below to
perform these steps on each client. Note that when a proxy is set up and
used for HTTPS, HTTP traffic will also use the proxy server, so configure
both as instructed in “Configuring Proxy Forwarding on Clients for
HTTPS” on page 199.
Summary of Proxy Forwarding Behavior on the Array
If proxy forwarding is not enabled in the Array and the client browser is not
configured to use a proxy:
HTTP traffic (port 80) and HTTPS traffic (port 443) pass transparently
through the Array in the usual way.
If proxy forwarding is enabled for Blue Coat or Netbox Blue and the client
browser is not configured to use a proxy (i.e., you do not wish to proxy secure
traffic):
The browser still uses HTTP (port 80) and this traffic is captured and
proxied by the Array.
The browser still uses HTTPS (port 443) and this traffic is passed
transparently through the Array.
If proxy forwarding is not working correctly, HTTP traffic (port 80) is
blocked.
If proxy forwarding is enabled for Blue Coat or Netbox Blue and the client
browser is configured to use a proxy:
The browser is configured to proxy HTTPS to www.xirrus.com port 4388.
The browser automatically proxies HTTP traffic to the same port that is
used for HTTPS traffic—port 4388.
All HTTP/HTTPS traffic is captured by the Array and proxied to Blue
Coat or Netbox Blue per your settings.
If Array proxy forwarding is not working correctly (for example, if the
configuration is incorrect), all HTTP/HTTPS/4388 traffic is blocked.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 199
Configuring Proxy Forwarding on Clients for HTTPS
To set the proxy server on an Apple laptop, skip to Step 3.
1. For Windows laptops, click the desktop Start button. In the Search
programs and files field, enter Configure proxy server. The Internet
Properties dialog is displayed. (Figure 116) Click the LAN Settings
button. The Local Area Network dialog displays.
Figure 116. Set up a Proxy Server on each Client (Windows)
2. In the Proxy Server section, click the Advanced button. The Proxy
Settings dialog displays. (Figure 117)
For HTTPS: Enter any valid address, such as www.xirrus.com, in the
Proxy address to use field. We suggest that you enter www.xirrus.com.
(This field is not actually used, but Windows needs it to be a valid
Wireless Array
200 Configuring the Wireless Array
address or domain name). You must set the Port to 4388. This is very
important! This is the Array port that should receive all HTTPS traffic if
you are using a proxy server.
For HTTP: HTTP traffic will automatically use the same port that you
have configured for HTTPS: 4388. We suggest that you enter
www.xirrus.com, Port 4388 here to make it obvious that HTTP traffic is
being proxied in this way.
Continue to Step 5.
Figure 117. Specify Proxy Servers (Windows)
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Configuring the Wireless Array 201
3. For Apple laptops, open System Preferences and select Network. The
Network dialog is displayed. (Figure 118) Click the Advanced button.
Figure 118. Set up a Proxy Server on each Client (Apple)
4. Select the Proxies tab. (Figure 119)
Check Secure Web Proxy (HTTPS): Under Secure Web Proxy Server, you
can enter any valid address. We suggest that you enter www.xirrus.com.
(This field is not actually used, but it must be a valid address or domain
name). You must set the Port to 4388. This is very important! This is the
Array port that must receive all HTTPS traffic if you are using a proxy
server for HTTPS.
Wireless Array
202 Configuring the Wireless Array
Check Web Proxy (HTTP): Under Web Proxy Server, we suggest that you
enter www.xirrus.com Port 4388 to make it obvious that HTTP traffic is
being proxied in this way.
Figure 119. Specify Proxy Servers (Apple)
5. SSL Certificate: you must download and install the security certificate
from your proxy server—Blue Coat or Netbox Blue. It must be installed
on each of your client devices.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 203
Procedure for Configuring Proxy Forwarding on the Array
1. Enable: If you wish to use proxy forwarding, select the proxy server
type—Blue Coat or Netbox Blue.
Figure 120. Proxy Forwarding
2. BlueCoat URL: If you selected Blue Coat above, enter the URL of the
proxy server, for example, http://proxy.threatpulse.net.
3. Netbox Blue URL: If you selected Netbox Blue above, enter the actual
URL of the proxy server, for example, xirrus.netboxblue.com. Note that
this default URL is not an actual proxy server—this prevents you from
unintentionally forwarding traffic.
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204 Configuring the Wireless Array
VLANs
This is a status-only window that allows you to review the current status of
configured VLANs. VLANs are virtual LANs used to create broadcast domains.
In addition to listing all VLANs, this window shows your settings for the Default
Route VLAN and the Native (Untagged) VLAN (Step 1 page 207).
Figure 121. VLANs
Understanding Virtual Tunnels
Xirrus Arrays support Layer 2 tunneling. This allows an Array to use tunnels to
transport traffic for one or more SSID-VLAN pairs onto a single destination
network through the Layer 3 core network. Tunnels may be implemented with:
The Xirrus Tunnel Server (XTS)—see the Xirrus Tunnel Server User’s Guide.
Virtual Tunnel Server (VTS)—see below.
You should create VLAN entries on the Array for all of the VLANs in your
wired network if you wish to make traffic from those VLANs available on the
wireless network. Each tagged VLAN should be associated with a wireless
SSID (see “VLAN Management” on page 206). The Array will discard any
VLAN-tagged packets arriving on its wired ports, unless the same VLAN
has been defined on the Array. See “Undefined VLANs” on page 110.
For a discussion of implementing Voice over Wi-Fi on the Array, see the
Xirrus Voice over Wireless Application Note in the Xirrus Resource
Center.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 205
The Array has low overhead and latency for virtual tunnel connections, with high
resilience. The Array performs all encryption and decryption in hardware,
maintaining wire-rate encryption performance on the tunnel.
Virtual Tunnel Server (VTS)
Tunneling capability is provided by a Virtual Tunnel Server. You supply the server
and deploy it in your network using open-source VTun software, available from
vtun.sourceforge.net. To enable the Array to use tunneling for a VLAN, simply
enter the IP address, port and secret for the tunnel server as described in Step 11
on page 208.
VTun may be configured for a number of different tunnel types, protocols, and
encryption types. For use with Arrays, we recommend the following
configuration choices:
Tunnel Type: Ether (Ethernet tunnel)
Protocol: UDP
Encryption Type: select one of the encryption types supported by VTun
(AES and Blowfish options are available)
Keepalive: yes
VTS Client-Server Interaction
The Array is a client of the Virtual Tunnel Server. When you specify a VTS for an
active VLAN-SSID pair, the Array contacts the VTS. The server then creates a
tunnel session to the Array. VTun encapsulated packets will cross the Layer 3
network from the Array to the VTS. When packets arrive at the VTS, they will be
de-encapsulated and the resultant packets will be passed to your switch with
802.1q VLAN tags for final Layer 2 processing. The process occurs in reverse for
packets traveling in the other direction.
We recommend that you enable the VTun keep-alive option. This will send a
keep-alive packet once per second to ensure that the tunnel remains active.
Tunnels can be configured to come up on demand but this is a poor choice for
wireless, since tunnel setup can take roughly 5-20 seconds and present a problem
for authentication.
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206 Configuring the Wireless Array
VLAN Management
This window allows you to assign and configure VLANs. After creating a new
VLAN (added to the list of VLANs), you can modify the configuration
parameters of an existing VLAN or delete a selected VLAN. For ArrayOS 6.6 and
later releases, you may create up to 64 VLANs (up to 32 on the XR-500 Series and
on the XR-620).
Figure 122. VLAN Management
The Wireless Array supports dynamic VLAN assignments specified by
RADIUS policy settings. When RADIUS sends these assignments, the
Array dynamically assigns wireless stations to VLANs as requested.
VLAN tags on traffic are passed through the Array (i.e., VLAN tags are
not stripped). Once a station has been dynamically moved to a new
VLAN, it will be shown in the Stations window as a member of the new
VLAN. (Figure 68 on page 123)
It is critical to configure all VLANs to be used on the Array, even those
that will be dynamically assigned.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 207
Procedure for Managing VLANs
1. Default Route: This option sets a default route from the Array. The Array
supports a default route on native and tagged interfaces. Once the default
route is configured the Array will attempt to use Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP) to find the default router. ARP finds the MAC address of a
device with a given IP address by sending out a broadcast message
requesting this information. This option allows you to choose a default
VLAN route from the pull-down list. The IP Gateway must be established
for this function to work. After changing the Default Route, you must
click the Save button and then reboot.
2. Native VLAN: This option sets whether the Array management is tagged
or untagged. If you select a Native VLAN, then that VLAN will use an
untagged (Native) link. Otherwise, the Array will use 802.1Q tagging and
a specific VLAN ID with management enabled for management of the
Array.
3. New VLAN Name/Number: Enter a name and number for the new
VLAN in this field, then click on the Create button. The new VLAN is
added to the list.
4. VLAN Number: Enter a number for this VLAN (1-4094).
5. Management: Check this box to allow management over this VLAN.
6. Xirrus Roaming: Check this box to allow roaming over this VLAN.
7. DHCP: Check this box if you want the DHCP server to assign the IP
address, subnet mask and gateway address to the VLAN automatically,
otherwise you must go to the next step and assign these parameters
manually.
8. IP Address: If the DHCP option is disabled, enter a valid IP address for
this VLAN association.
9. Subnet Mask: If the DHCP option is disabled, enter the subnet mask IP
address for this VLAN association.
Wireless Array
208 Configuring the Wireless Array
10. Gateway: If the DHCP option is disabled, enter the IP gateway address
for this VLAN association.
11. Tunnel Server: If this VLAN is to be tunneled, enter the IP address or
host name of the tunnel server that will perform the tunneling. For more
information on virtual tunnels, please see “Understanding Virtual
Tunnels” on page 204.
12. Port: If this VLAN is to be tunneled, enter the port number of the tunnel
server.
13. New Secret: Enter the password expected by the tunnel server.
14. Delete: To delete the selected VLAN, simply click the Delete button to
remove the VLAN from the list.
15. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
VLAN Statistics
VLANs
Tunnels
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 209
Tunnels
This read-only window allows you to review the tunnels that have been defined
on the Array. It lists all tunnels and their settings, including the type of
authentication and the local and remote endpoints for each tunnel.
Figure 123. Tunnel Summary
About Xirrus Tunnels
Xirrus Arrays offer GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) tunneling with VLAN
support. This allows an Array to use tunnels to bridge Layer 2 traffic for one or
more SSID-VLAN pairs onto a single destination network through the Layer 3
network. GRE tunneling is quite flexible, and can encapsulate many network
layer protocols. As a result, it can support a variety of applications. For example, a
Wi-Fi hotspot can allow guest logins and use the tunnel to give guests direct
access to the Internet, without allowing access to the local network. In a small
office, you may define a tunnel to connect users to the corporate office network.
Tunnels may also used when providing cellular offload capability.
Tunnels may be implemented with:
The Xirrus Tunnel Server (XTS)—see the Xirrus Tunnel Server User’s Guide.
For an additional discussion, see the Xirrus Tunnel Solutions Application
Note in the Xirrus Resource Center.
VTS —see “Virtual Tunnel Server (VTS)” on page 205.
To create a tunnel, you specify the Local Endpoint, which should be one of the
Array’s wired ports, and the Primary Remote Endpoint. A Secondary Remote
Endpoint may also be specified in case of a failure at the first endpoint. Traffic for
a VLAN-SSID pair is sent in GRE encapsulated packets across the Layer 3
network from the Array to the remote endpoint. When packets arrive, the
encapsulation is stripped and the resultant packets are passed to your switch with
802.1q VLAN tags for final Layer 2 processing. The process occurs in reverse for
Wireless Array
210 Configuring the Wireless Array
packets traveling in the other direction. One tunnel is able to transport up to 16
VLANs.
Tunnel Management
This window allows you to create tunnels.
Figure 124. Tunnel Management
Procedure for Managing Tunnels
1. New Tunnel Name: Enter a name for the new tunnel in this field, then
click on the Create button. The new tunnel is added to the list. You may
crate up to 250 Layer 3 tunnels.
2. Enabled: The new tunnel is created in the disabled state. Click this
checkbox to enable it.
3. Type: Enter the type of tunnel, none or gre.
4. Local Endpoint: Enter the IP address of the Array Gigabit or 10 Gigabit
port where the tunnel is to begin.
5. Primary Remote Endpoint: Enter the IP address of the remote endpoint
of the tunnel.
6. Secondary Remote Endpoint: This provides a failover capability. If the
primary tunnel fails, traffic is switched over to the secondary tunnel.
Enter the IP address of the remote endpoint of the secondary tunnel.
7. DHCP Option: When this option is enabled, the Array snoops station
DHCP requests and inserts relay agent information (option 82, in the
circuit-ID sub-option) into these DHCP packets. Information inserted
includes Array BSSID, SSID name, and SSID encryption type.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 211
8. MTU: Set maximum transmission unit (MTU) size.
9. Interval: The tunnel mechanism will ping the current remote endpoint
periodically to ensure that it is still reachable. Enter the ping interval (in
seconds).
10. Failures: Enter the number of consecutive ping failures that will cause the
Array to consider the tunnel to be down. tunnel to failover to the other
remote endpoint.
11. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
12. Proceed to SSID Assignments to define the SSIDs (and associated
VLANs) for which each tunnel will bridge data. You may create up to 16
tunnels. Each will need an SSID/VLAN pair assigned to it so that it can
function properly.
SSID Assignments
This window allows you to select the SSIDs to be bridged by each tunnel. Station
traffic for SSIDs assigned will be bridged through a tunnel regardless of whether
these SSIDs have VLANs defined for them. If there is a VLAN defined for an SSID
that is assigned to a tunnel, then station traffic bridged through that tunnel will be
tagged accordingly.
Figure 125. Tunnel SSID Assignments
Procedure for Assigning SSIDs
This window lists the tunnels and SSIDs that you have defined. SSIDs to be
tunneled do not need to be associated with a VLAN (see “SSID Management” on
page 262).
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212 Configuring the Wireless Array
1. For each tunnel, select the SSIDs that are to be bridged to the remote
endpoint. Clear the checkbox for any SSID that you no longer wish to
include in the tunnel.
2. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
Tunnels
VLANs
SSIDs
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 213
Security
This status- only window allows you to review the Array’s security parameters. It
includes the assigned network administration accounts, Access Control List
(ACL) values, management settings, encryption and authentication protocol
settings, and RADIUS configuration settings. There are no configuration options
available in this window, but if you are experiencing issues with security, you
may want to print this window for your records.
Figure 126. Security
For additional information about wireless network security, refer to:
“Security Planning” on page 50
“Understanding Security” on page 214
The Security section of “Frequently Asked Questions” on page 492
For information about secure use of the WMI, refer to:
“Certificates and Connecting Securely to the WMI” on page 217
“Using the Array’s Default Certificate” on page 217
“Using an External Certificate Authority” on page 218
“About Creating Admin Accounts on the RADIUS Server” on page 223
“About Creating User Accounts on the RADIUS Server” on page 241
Wireless Array
214 Configuring the Wireless Array
Security settings are configured with the following windows:
“Admin Management” on page 219
“Admin Privileges” on page 221
“Admin RADIUS” on page 223
“Management Control” on page 226
“Access Control List” on page 234
“Global Settings” on page 236
“External Radius” on page 240
“Internal Radius” on page 244
“Active Directory” on page 246
“Rogue Control List” on page 250
“OAuth 2.0 Management” on page 251
Understanding Security
The Xirrus Wireless Array incorporates many configurable security features.
After initially installing an Array, always change the default administrator
password (the default is admin), and choose a strong replacement password
(containing letters, numbers and special characters). When appropriate, issue
read-only administrator accounts.
Other security considerations include:
SSH versus Telnet: Be aware that Telnet is not secure over network
connections and should be used only with a direct serial port connection.
When connecting to the unit’s Command Line Interface over a network
connection, you must use a Secure SHell version 2 (SSH-2) utility. SSH-2
provides stronger security than SSH-1. The most commonly used
freeware providing SSH tools is PuTTY.
Configuration auditing: The optional Xirrus Management System (XMS)
offers powerful management features for small or large Xirrus wireless
deployments, and can audit your configuration settings automatically. In
addition, using the XMS eliminates the need for an FTP server.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 215
Choosing an encryption method: Wireless data encryption prevents
eavesdropping on data being transmitted or received over the airwaves.
The Array allows you to establish the following data encryption
configuration options:
•Open — this option offers no data encryption and is not
recommended, though you might choose this option if clients are
required to use a VPN connection through a secure SSH utility,
like PuTTy.
•WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) — this option provides minimal
protection (though much better than using an open network). An
early standard for wireless data encryption and supported by all
Wi-Fi certified equipment, WEP is vulnerable to hacking and is
therefore not recommended for use by Enterprise networks.
•WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) and WPA2 — these are much
stronger encryption modes than WEP, using TKIP (Temporal Key
Integrity Protocol) or AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) to
encrypt data.
WPA solves security issues with WEP. It also allows you to
establish encryption keys on a per-user-basis, with key rotation
for added security. In addition, TKIP provides Message Integrity
Check (MIC) functionality and prevents active attacks on the
wireless network.
AES is the strongest encryption standard and is used by
government agencies; however, old legacy hardware may not be
capable of supporting the AES mode (it probably won’t work on
older wireless clients). Because AES is the strongest encryption
standard currently available, WPA2 with AES is highly
recommended for Enterprise networks.
Any of the above encryption methods can be used and an Array can
support multiple encryption methods simultaneously, but only one
method may be selected per SSID (except that selecting WPA-Both allows
WPA and WPA2 to be used at the same time on the same SSID).
Wireless Array
216 Configuring the Wireless Array
Otherwise, if multiple security methods are needed, you must define
multiple SSIDs.
The encryption mode (WEP, WPA, etc.) is selected in the SSIDs >SSID
Management window (see “SSID Management” on page 262).
The encryption standard used with WPA or WPA2 (AES or TKIP) is
selected in the Security>Global Settings window under WPA Settings
(see “Global Settings” on page 236).
Choosing an authentication method: User authentication ensures that
users are who they say they are. For this purpose, the Array allows you to
choose between the following user authentication methods:
•Pre-Shared Key — users must manually enter a key (passphrase)
on the client side of the wireless network that matches the key
stored by the administrator in the Array.
This method should be used only for smaller networks when a
RADIUS server is unavailable. If PSK must be used, choose a
strong passphrase containing between 8 and 63 characters (20 is
preferred). Always use a combination of letters, numbers and
special characters. Never use English words separated by spaces.
•RADIUS 802.1x with EAP — 802.1x uses a RADIUS server to
authenticate large numbers of clients, and can handle different
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) authentication
methods, including EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, EAP-PEAP, and LEAP-
Passthrough. The RADIUS server can be internal (provided by
the Wireless Array) or external. An external RADIUS server
offers more functionality and security, and is recommended for
large deployments. When using this method, user names and
passwords must be entered into the RADIUS server for user
authentication.
•MAC Address ACLs (Access Control Lists) — MAC address
ACLs provide a list of client adapter MAC addresses that are
allowed or denied access to the wireless network. Access Control
Lists work well when there are a limited number of users — in
this case, enter the MAC address of each user in the Allow list. In
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 217
the event of a lost or stolen MAC adapter, enter the affected MAC
address in the Deny list. The Wireless Array will accept up to
1,000 ACL entries.
Certificates and Connecting Securely to the WMI
When you point your browser to the Array to connect to the WMI, the Array
presents an X.509 security certificate to the browser to establish a secure channel.
One significant piece of information in the certificate is the Array’s host name.
This ties the certificate to a particular Array and ensures the client that it is
connecting to that host.
Certificate Authorities (CAs) are entities that digitally sign certificates, using their
own certificates (for example, VeriSign is a well-known CA). When the Array
presents its certificate to the client’s browser, the browser looks up the CA that
signed the certificate to decide whether to trust it. Browsers ship with a small set
of trusted CAs already installed. If the browser trusts the certificate’s CA, it
checks to ensure the host name (and IP address) match those on the certificate. If
any of these checks fail, you get a security warning when connecting to the WMI.
The Array ships with a default certificate that is signed by the Xirrus CA. You
may choose to use this certificate, or to use a certificate issued by the CA of your
choice, as described in the following sections:
Using the Array’s Default Certificate
Using an External Certificate Authority
Using the Array’s Default Certificate
Figure 127. Import Xirrus Certificate Authority
Wireless Array
218 Configuring the Wireless Array
The Array’s certificate is signed by a Xirrus CA that is customized for your Array
and its current host name. By default, browsers will not trust the Array’s
certificate. You may import the Xirrus certificate to instruct the browser to trust
the Xirrus CA on all future connections to Arrays. The certificate for the Xirrus
CA is available on the Array, so that you can import it into your browser’s cache
of trusted CAs (right alongside VeriSign, for example). On the Management
Control window of the WMI you will see the xirrus-ca.crt file. (Figure 127)
By clicking and opening this file, you can follow your browser’s instructions and
import the Xirrus CA into your CA cache (see “Spanning Tree Protocol: this
protocol is used in Layer 2 networks to turn off ports when necessary to prevent
network loops. It is Off by default, and is turned on automatically if you are using
WDS to interconnect Arrays using wireless links. Use the On button to enable
spanning tree if your network topology requires it. See “Spanning Tree Status” on
page 105.” on page 231 for more information). This instructs your browser to trust
any of the certificates signed by the Xirrus CA, so that when you connect to any of
our Arrays you should no longer see the warning about an untrusted site. Note
however, that this only works if you use the host name when connecting to the
Array. If you use the IP address to connect, you get a lesser warning saying that
the certificate was only meant for ‘hostname’.
Since an Array’s certificate is based on the Array’s host name, any time you
change the host name the Array’s CA will regenerate and sign a new certificate.
This happens automatically the next time you reboot after changing the host
name. If you have already installed the Xirrus CA on a browser, this new Array
certificate should automatically be trusted.
When you install the Xirrus CA in your browser, it will trust a certificate signed
by any Xirrus Array, as long as you connect using the Array’s host name.
Using an External Certificate Authority
If you prefer, you may install a certificate on your Array signed by an outside CA.
Why use a certificate from an external CA? The Array’s certificate is used for
security when stations attempt to associate to an SSID that has Web Page Redirect
(captive portal) enabled. In this case, it is preferable for the Array to present a
certificate from an external CA that is likely to be trusted by most browsers. When
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 219
a WPR login page is presented, the user will not see a security error if the Array’s
certificate was obtained from an external CA that is already trusted by the user’s
browser.
WMI provides options for creating a Certificate Signing Request that you can
send to an external CA, and for uploading the signed certificate to the Array after
you obtain it from the CA. This certificate will be tied to the Array’s host name
and private key. See “External Certification Authority” on page 232 for more
details.
Admin Management
This window allows you to manage network administrator accounts (create,
modify and delete). It also allows you to limit account access to a read only status.
When finished, click the Save button if you wish to make your changes
permanent.
Figure 128. Admin Management
Procedure for Creating or Modifying Network Administrator Accounts
1. Admin ID: Enter the login name for a new network administrator ID.
The length of the ID must be between 5 and 50 characters, inclusive.
2. Read/Write: Choose 1:read-write if you want to give this administrator
ID full read/write privileges, or choose 0:read-only to restrict this user to
read only status. In the read only mode, administrators cannot save
changes to configurations. Or you may select one of your custom-defined
privilege levels (see “Admin Privileges” on page 221).
Wireless Array
220 Configuring the Wireless Array
3. New Password: Enter a password for this ID. The length of the password
must be between 5 and 50 characters, inclusive.
4. Verify: Re-enter the password in this field to verify that you typed the
password correctly. If you do not re-enter the correct password, an error
message is displayed).
5. Click on the Create button to add this administrator ID to the list.
6. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
Admin Privileges
External Radius
Global Settings (IAP)
Internal Radius
Management Control
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 221
Admin Privileges
This window provides a detailed level of control over the privileges of Array
administrators. Administrators may be assigned one of eight Privilege Levels.
You may define the privilege level of each major feature (Configuration Section)
that may be configured on the Array. For example, say that you set the privilege
level to 4 for Reboot Array, Security, Radius Server, and SNMP, and you leave all
other configuration sections at the default privilege level of 1. In this case, any
administrator with a privilege level of 4 or higher may perform any operation on
the Array, while an administrator with a privilege level lower than 4 but at least 1
may perform any operation except those whose level was set to 4. An error
message will be displayed if an operation is attempted without a sufficient
privilege level.
Figure 129. Admin Privileges
Wireless Array
222 Configuring the Wireless Array
Privilege level 0 is read-only. As a minimum, all administrators have permission
for read access to all areas of Array configuration. Higher privilege levels may be
used to define additional privileges for specific configuration sections.
If you are using an Admin RADIUS server to define administrator accounts,
please see “RADIUS Vendor Specific Attribute (VSA) for Xirrus” on page 503 to
set the privilege level for each administrator.
Procedure for Configuring Admin Privileges
1. Privilege Level Names (optional): You may assign a Name to each
Privilege Level. The name may be used to describe the access granted by
this level. By default, levels 0 and 1 are named read-only and read-write,
respectively, and levels 2 through 7 have the same name as their level
number.
2. Privilege Levels: Use this section to assign a Minimum Privilege Level
to selected Configuration Sections as desired. By default, all sections are
assigned level 1. When you select a higher privilege level for a
configuration section, then only administrators who have at least that
privilege level will be able to make configuration changes to that section.
3. You may click ^ at the bottom of any row to toggle the values in the entire
column to either on or off.
4. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
External Radius
Groups
Admin Management
Admin RADIUS
Security
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 223
Admin RADIUS
This window allows you to set up authentication of network administrators via
RADIUS. Using RADIUS to control administrator accounts for logging in to
Arrays has these benefits:
Centralized control of administrator accounts.
Less effort — you don't have to set up user names and passwords on each
Array; just enter them once on the RADIUS server and then all of the
Arrays can pull from the RADIUS server.
Enforced policies — you may set password rules (e.g., passwords must
contain at least one number and be at least 12 characters in length), and
you may set expiration times for passwords.
Admin RADIUS settings override any local administrator accounts configured on
the Admin Management window. If you have Admin RADIUS enabled, all
administrator authentication is done via the configured RADIUS servers. The
only exception to this is when you are connected via the Console port (using CLI).
If you are using the Console port, the Array will authenticate administrators
using accounts configured on the Admin Management window first, and then use
the RADIUS servers. This provides a safety net to be ensure that you are not
completely locked out of an Array if the RADIUS server is down.
About Creating Admin Accounts on the RADIUS Server
Permissions for RADIUS administrator accounts are controlled by the RADIUS
Xirrus-Admin-Role attribute. This is a Vendor Specific Attribute (VSA). To define
the privileges permitted to an administrator account, set the value of its Xirrus-
Admin-Role attribute to the desired Privilege Level Name string, as defined in
“Admin Privileges” on page 221. For more information about the RADIUS VSAs
used by Xirrus, see “RADIUS Vendor Specific Attribute (VSA) for Xirrus” on
page 503.
When configuring administrator accounts on the RADIUS server, you must
observe the same restrictions for length and legal characters as when creating
these accounts on the Array using the Admin Management window: the user
name and password must be between 5 and 50 characters, inclusive.
Wireless Array
224 Configuring the Wireless Array
Figure 130. Admin RADIUS
Procedure for Configuring Admin RADIUS
Use this window to enable/disable administrator authentication via RADIUS,
and to set up primary and secondary servers to use for authentication of
administrators attempting to log in to the Array.
1. Admin RADIUS Settings:
a. Enable Admin RADIUS: Click Yes to enable the use of RADIUS to
authenticate administrators logging in to the Array. You will need to
specify the RADIUS server(s) to be used.
b. Authentication Type: Select the protocol used for authentication of
administrators, CHAP or PAP (the default).
•PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), is a simple protocol.
PAP transmits ASCII passwords over the network “in the clear”
(unencrypted) and is therefore considered insecure.
•CHAP (Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol) is a more
secure protocol. The login request is sent using a one-way hash
function.
c. Timeout (seconds): Define the maximum idle time (in seconds)
before the RADIUS server’s session times out. The default is 600
seconds.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 225
2. Admin RADIUS Primary Server: This is the RADIUS server that you
intend to use as your primary server.
a. Host Name / IP Address: Enter the IP address or domain name of this
external RADIUS server.
b. Port Number: Enter the port number of this RADIUS server. The
default is 1812.
c. Shared Secret / Verify Secret: Enter the shared secret that this
RADIUS server will be using, then re-enter the shared secret to verify
that you typed it correctly.
3. Admin RADIUS Secondary Server (optional): If desired, enter an
alternative external RADIUS server. If the primary RADIUS server
becomes unreachable, the Array will “failover” to the secondary RADIUS
server (defined here).
a. Host Name / IP Address: Enter the IP address or domain name of this
RADIUS server.
b. Port Number: Enter the port number of this RADIUS server.
The default is 1812.
c. Shared Secret / Verify Secret: Enter the shared secret that this
RADIUS server will be using, then re-enter the shared secret to verify
that you typed it correctly.
The shared secret that you define must match the secret used by the
RADIUS server.
Wireless Array
226 Configuring the Wireless Array
Management Control
This window allows you to enable or disable the Array management interfaces
and set their inactivity time-outs. The range is 300 (default) to 100,000 seconds.
Figure 131. Management Control
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 227
Procedure for Configuring Management Control
1. Management Settings:
a. Maximum login attempts allowed (1-255): After this number of
consecutive failing administrator login attempts via ssh or telnet, the
Failed login retry period is enforced. The default is 3.
b. Failed login retry period (0-65535 seconds): After the maximum
number (defined above) of consecutive failing administrator login
attempts via ssh or telnet, the administrator’s IP address is denied
access to the Array for the specified period of time (in seconds). The
default is 0.
c. Pre-login Banner: Text that you enter here will be displayed below
the WMI login prompt. (Figure 132) Click the Submit button when
done typing.
If you wish to display more than 256 characters of text (for instance,
to display usage restrictions for the wireless network), you may
upload a text file. Click Choose File and browse to the file. Click
Upload when done.
Figure 132. Pre-login Banner
d. Post-login Banner: Text that you enter here will be displayed in a
message box after a user logs in to the WMI.
If you wish to display more than 256 characters of text, upload a text
file. Click Choose File and browse to the file, then click Upload.
Wireless Array
228 Configuring the Wireless Array
2. SSH
a. On/Off: Choose On to enable management of the Array over a Secure
Shell (SSH-2) connection, or Off to disable this feature. Be aware that
only SSH-2 connections are supported by the Array. SSH clients used
for connecting to the Array must be configured to use SSH-2.
b. Connection Timeout 30-100000 (Seconds): Enter a value in this field
to define the timeout (in seconds) before your SSH connection is
disconnected. The value you enter here must be between 30 seconds
and 100,000 seconds.
c. Port: Enter a value in this field to define the port used by SSH.
The default port is 22.
3. Telnet:
a. On/Off: Choose On to enable Array management over a Telnet
connection, or Off to disable this feature. SSH offers a more secure
connection than Telnet, and is recommended over Telnet.
b. Connection Timeout 30-100000 (Seconds): Enter a value in this field
to define the timeout (in seconds) before your Telnet connection is
disconnected. The value you enter here must be between 30 seconds
and 100,000 seconds.
c. Port: Enter a value in this field to define the port used by Telnet.
The default port is 23.
4. Xircon
The Xircon utility connects to Xirrus Arrays that do not have a physical
console port, or whose console port is not accessible. Please see
“Securing Low Level Access to the Array” on page 76 for more
information about Xircon. You can enable or disable Xircon access to the
Array as instructed below.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 229
a. On/Off: Choose On to enable Xircon access to the Array at the
ArrayOS (CLI) and Xirrus Boot Loader (XBL) levels, or Off to disable
access at both levels. On models that have no console port, Xircon
access is On by default. On all other Array models, Xircon access is
Off by default.
b. ArrayOS only: Choose this radio button to enable Xircon access at the
ArrayOS level only (i.e., Xircon can access CLI only). Access to the
Array at the Xirrus Boot Loader (XBL) level is disabled.
c. Boot only: Choose this radio button to enable Xircon access at the
Xirrus Boot Loader (XBL) level only. ArrayOS level (CLI) access to the
Array is disabled.
d. Connection Timeout 30-100000 (Seconds): Enter a value in this field
to define the timeout (in seconds) before your Xircon connection is
disconnected. The value you enter here must be between 30 seconds
and 100,000 seconds.
e. Port: Enter a value in this field to define the port used by Xircon.
The default port is 22612.
5. Console
a. On/Off: Choose On to enable management of the Array via a serial
connection, or choose Off to disable this feature.
b. Connection Timeout 30-100000 (Seconds): Enter a value in this field
to define the timeout (in seconds) before your serial connection is
disconnected. The value you enter here must be between 30 seconds
and 100,000 seconds.
!Warning: If you disable Xircon access completely on models that have no
console port, you must ensure that you do not lose track of the username and
password to log in to CLI/WMI! There is no way to recover from a lost
password, other than returning the Array to Xirrus.
Wireless Array
230 Configuring the Wireless Array
6. HTTPS
a. Connection Timeout 30-100000 (Seconds): Enter a value in this field
to define the timeout (in seconds) before your HTTPS connection is
disconnected. The value you enter here must be between 30 seconds
and 100,000 seconds. Management via HTTPS (i.e., the Web
Management Interface) cannot be disabled on this window. To
disable management over HTTPS, you must use the Command Line
Interface.
b. Port: Enter a value in this field to define the port used by SSH.
The default port is 443.
7. Management Modes
a. Network Assurance: Click the On button to enable this mode.
Network assurance checks network connectivity to each server that
you configure, such as the NTP server, RADIUS servers, SNMP trap
hosts, etc. By proactively identifying network resources that are
unavailable, the network manager can be alerted of problems
potentially before end-users notice an issue. The distributed
intelligence of Arrays provides this monitoring at multiple points
across the network, adding to the ability to isolate the problem and
expedite the resolution
Connectivity is checked when you configure a server. If a newly
configured server is unreachable, you will be notified directly and a
Syslog entry is created. Configured servers are checked once per
Period which by default is 300 seconds (five minutes). Servers are
checked regardless of whether they are configured as IP addresses or
host names.
If a server becomes unreachable, a Syslog message is generated.
When the server again becomes reachable, another Syslog message is
generated.
To view the status of all configured servers checked by this feature,
please see “Network Assurance” on page 109.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 231
b. Spanning Tree Protocol: this protocol is used in Layer 2 networks to
turn off ports when necessary to prevent network loops. It is Off by
default, and is turned on automatically if you are using WDS to
interconnect Arrays using wireless links. Use the On button to enable
spanning tree if your network topology requires it. See “Spanning
Tree Status” on page 105.
8. HTTPS (X.509) Certificate
,
a. Import Xirrus Authority into Browser: This feature imports the
Xirrus Certificate Authority (CA) into your browser (for a discussion,
please see “Certificates and Connecting Securely to the WMI” on
page 217). Click the link (xirrus-ca.crt), and then click Open to view
or install the current Xirrus CA certificate. Click Install Certificate to
start your browser’s Certificate Install Wizard. We recommend that
you use this process to install Xirrus as a root authority in your
browser.
When you assign a Host Name to your Array using the Express
Setup window, then the next time you reboot the Array it
automatically creates a security certificate for that host name. That
ArrayOS releases 6.5 and above only support 2048-bit certificates, while
previous releases only support 1024-bit certificates. The Array saves data
related to previous 1024-bit and current 2048-bit certificates separately, thus
ArrayOS can be upgraded or downgraded without losing any of this data.
When ArrayOS is upgraded to 6.5, a new self-signed certificate will be
automatically generated.
If you have imported a previous (pre-Release 6.5 version) Xirrus CA-signed
certificate into your browser, the trusted Xirrus CA needs to be updated.
Delete the current Xirrus CA in the browser. Upgrade the Array to release
6.5 or above and then download the new xirrus-ca.crt file and import it into
the browser as a trusted CA, as explained below.
Similarly, if you are using a certificate signed by an external CA, you will
need to update and replace that certificate on the Array.
Wireless Array
232 Configuring the Wireless Array
certificate uses Xirrus as the signing authority. Thus, in order to avoid
having certificate errors on your browser when using WMI:
•You must have assigned a host name to the Array and rebooted at
some time after that.
•Use Import Xirrus Authority into Browser
•Access WMI by using the host name of the Array rather than its
IP address.
b. HTTPS (X.509) Certificate Signed By: This read-only field shows the
signing authority for the current certificate.
9. External Certification Authority
This step and Step 10 allow you to obtain a certificate from an external
authority and install it on an Array. “Using an External Certificate
Authority” on page 218 discusses reasons for using an external CA.
For example, to obtain and install a certificate from VeriSign on the Array,
follow these steps:
•If you don’t already have the certificate from the external (non-
Xirrus) Certificate Authority, see Step 10 to create a request for a
certificate.
•Use Step 9a to review the request and copy its text to send to
Ver iS ig n.
•When you receive the new certificate from VeriSign, upload it to the
Array using Step 9b.
External Certification Authority has the following fields:
a. Download Certificate Signing Request: After creating a certificate
signing request (.csr file — Step 10), click the View button to review it.
If it is satisfactory, click the name of the .csr file to display the text of
the request. You can then copy this text and use it as required by the
CA. You may also click on the filename of the .csr file to download it
to your local computer.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 233
b. Upload Signed Certificate: To use a custom certificate signed by an
authority other than Xirrus, use the Browse button to locate the
certificate file, then click Upload to copy it to the Array. The Array’s
web server will be restarted and will pick up the new certificate. This
will terminate any current web sessions, and you will need to
reconnect and re-login to the Array.
10. To create a Certificate Signing Request
a. Fill in the fields in this section: Common Name, Organization Name,
Organizational Unit Name, Locality (City), State or Province,
Country Name, and Email Address. Spaces may be used in any of
the fields, except for Common Name, Country Name, or Email
Address. Click the Create button to create the certificate signing
request. See Step 9 above to use this request.
11. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
Network Interfaces - to enable/disable management over an Ethernet interface
Global Settings (IAP) - to enable/disable management over IAPs
Admin Management
External Radius
Global Settings (IAP)
Internal Radius
Access Control List
Security
Wireless Array
234 Configuring the Wireless Array
Access Control List
This window allows you to enable or disable the use of the global Access Control
List (ACL), which controls whether a station with a particular MAC address may
associate to the Array. You may create station access control list entries and delete
existing entries, and control the type of list.
There is only one global ACL, and you may select whether its type is an Allow
List or a Deny List, or whether use of the list is disabled.
There is also a per-SSID ACL (see “Per-SSID Access Control List” on page 276). If
the same MAC address is listed in both the global ACL and in an SSID’s ACL, and
if either ACL would deny that station access to that SSID, then access will be
denied.
Figure 133. Access Control List
Procedure for Configuring Access Control Lists
1. Access Control List Type: Select Disabled to disable use of the Access
Control List, or select the ACL type — either Allow List or Deny List.
•Allow List: Only allows the listed MAC addresses to associate to
the Array. All others are denied.
•Deny List: Denies the listed MAC addresses permission to
associate to the Array. All others are allowed.
In addition to these lists, other authentication methods (for
example, RADIUS) are still enforced for users.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 235
2. MAC Address: If you want to add a MAC address to the ACL, enter the
new MAC address here, then click on the Add button. The MAC address
is added to the ACL. You may use a wildcard (*) for one or more digits to
match a range of addresses. You may create up to 1000 entries.
3. Delete: You can delete selected MAC addresses from this list by clicking
their Delete buttons.
4. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
External Radius
Global Settings (IAP)
Internal Radius
Management Control
Security
Station Status Windows (list of stations that have been detected by the Array)
Wireless Array
236 Configuring the Wireless Array
Global Settings
This window allows you to establish the security parameters for your wireless
network, including WEP, WPA, WPA2 and RADIUS authentication. When
finished, click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
For additional information about wireless network security, refer to “Security
Planning” on page 50 and “Understanding Security” on page 214.
Figure 134. Global Settings (Security)
Procedure for Configuring Network Security
1. Authentication Server Mode: Choose the type of Authentication Server
that you will use for authenticating wireless users:
•Internal RADIUS defines wireless user accounts locally on the
Array. See “Internal Radius” on page 244.
•External RADIUS defines wireless user accounts on a RADIUS
server external to the Array. See “External Radius” on page 240.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 237
•Active Directory defines wireless user accounts on an Active
Directory server external to the Array. See “Active Directory” on
page 246.
WPA Settings
These settings are used if the WPA or WPA2 encryption type is selected on the
SSIDs >SSID Management window or the Express Setup window (on this
window, encryption type is set in the SSID Settings: Wireless Security field).
2. TKIP Enabled: Choose Yes to enable TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity
Protocol), or choose No to disable TKIP.
3. AES Enabled: Choose Yes to enable AES (Advanced Encryption
Standard), or choose No to disable AES. If both AES and TKIP are
enabled, the station determines which will be used.
4. WPA Group Rekey Time (seconds): Enter a value to specify the group
rekey time (in seconds). The default is Never.
5. WPA Preshared Key / Verify Key: If you enabled PSK, enter a passphrase
here, then re-enter the passphrase to verify that you typed it correctly.
TKIP encryption does not support high throughput rates for 802.11n, per
the IEEE 802.11n specification.
TKIP should never be used for WDS links on XR Arrays.
Wireless Array
238 Configuring the Wireless Array
WEP Settings
These settings are used if the WEP encryption type is selected on the SSIDs >
SSID Management window or the Express Setup window (on this window,
encryption type is set in the SSID Settings: Wireless Security field).
Click the Show Cleartext button to make the text that you type in to the Key
fields visible.
6. Encryption Key 1 / Verify Key 1:
Key Size: Key length is automatically computed based on the Encryption
Key that you enter
•5 ASCII characters (10 hex) for 40 bits (WEP-64)
•13 ASCII characters for (26 hex) 104 bits (WEP-128)
Encryption Key 1 / Verify Key 1: Enter an encryption key in ASCII or
hexadecimal. The ASCII and translated hexadecimal values will appear
to the right if you selected the Show Cleartext button.
Re-enter the key to verify that you typed it correctly. You may include
special ASCII characters, except for the double quote symbol (“).
7. Encryption Key 2 to 4/ Verify Key 2 to 4/ Key Mode/Length (optional): If
desired, enter up to four encryption keys, in the same way that you
entered the first key.
8. Default Key: Choose which key you want to assign as the default key.
Make your selection from the pull-down list.
9. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
WEP encryption does not support high throughput rates or features like
frame aggregation or block acknowledgments for 802.11n, per the IEEE
802.11n specification.
WEP should never be used for WDS links on Arrays.
After configuring network security, the configuration must be
applied to an SSID for the new functionality to take effect.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 239
See Also
Admin Management
External Radius
Internal Radius
Access Control List
Management Control
Security
Security Planning
SSID Management
Wireless Array
240 Configuring the Wireless Array
External Radius
This window allows you to define the parameters of an external RADIUS server
for user authentication. To set up an external RADIUS server, you must choose
External Radius as the Authentication Server Mode in “Global Settings” on
page 236.
Figure 135. External RADIUS Server
If you want to include user group membership in the RADIUS account
information for users, see “Understanding Groups” on page 280. User groups
allow you to easily apply a uniform configuration to a user on the Array.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 241
About Creating User Accounts on the RADIUS Server
A number of attributes of user (wireless client) accounts are controlled by
RADIUS Vendor Specific Attributes (VSAs) defined by Xirrus. For example, you
would use the VSA named Xirrus-User-VLAN if you wish to set the VLAN for a
user account in RADIUS. For more information about the RADIUS VSAs used by
Xirrus, see “RADIUS Vendor Specific Attribute (VSA) for Xirrus” on page 503.
Procedure for Configuring an External RADIUS Server
1. Primary Server: This is the external RADIUS server that you intend to
use as your primary server.
a. Host Name / IP Address: Enter the IP address or domain name of this
external RADIUS server.
b. Port Number: Enter the port number of this external RADIUS server.
The default is 1812.
c. Shared Secret / Verify Secret: Enter the shared secret that this
external RADIUS server will be using, then re-enter the shared secret
to verify that you typed it correctly.
2. Secondary Server (optional): If desired, enter an alternative external
RADIUS server. If the primary RADIUS server becomes unreachable, the
Array will “failover” to the secondary RADIUS server (defined here).
a. Host Name / IP Address: Enter the IP address or domain name of this
external RADIUS server.
b. Port Number: Enter the port number of this external RADIUS server.
The default is 1812.
c. Shared Secret / Verify Secret: Enter the shared secret that this
external RADIUS server will be using, then re-enter the shared secret
to verify that you typed it correctly.
The shared secret that you define must match the secret used by the
external RADIUS server.
Wireless Array
242 Configuring the Wireless Array
3. Settings (RADIUS Dynamic Authorization): Some RADIUS servers
have the ability to contact the Array (referred to as an NAS, see below) to
terminate a user with a Disconnect Message (DM). Or RADIUS may send
a Change-of-Authorization (CoA) Message to the Array to change a
user’s privileges due to changing session authorizations. This
implements RFC 5176—Dynamic Authorization Extensions to RADIUS.
a. Timeout (seconds): Define the maximum idle time before the
RADIUS server’s session times out. The default is 600 seconds.
b. DAS Port: RADIUS will use the DAS port on the Array for Dynamic
Authorization Extensions to RADIUS. The default port is 3799.
c. DAS Event-Timestamp: The Event-Timestamp Attribute provides a
form of protection against replay attacks. If you select Required, both
the RADIUS server and the Array will use the Event-Timestamp
Attribute and check that it is current within the DAS Time Window.
If the Event-Timestamp is not current, then the DM or CoA Message
will be silently discarded.
d. DAS Time Window: This is the time window used with the DAS
Event-Timestamp, above.
e. NAS Identifier: From the point of view of a RADIUS server, the
Array is a client, also called a Network Access Server (NAS). Enter
the NAS Identifier (IP address) that the RADIUS servers expect the
Array to use — normally the IP address of the Array’s Gigabit1 port.
4. RADIUS Attribute Formatting Settings: Some RADIUS servers,
especially older versions, expect information to be sent to them in a
legacy format. These settings are provided for the unusual situation that
requires special formatting of specific types of information sent to the
RADIUS server. Most users will not need to change these settings.
a. Called-Station-Id Attribute Format: Define the format of the Called-
Station-Id RADIUS attribute sent from the Array—BSSID:SSID
(default) or BSSID.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 243
b. Station MAC Format: Define the format of the Station MAC
RADIUS attribute sent from the Array—lower-case or upper-case,
hyphenated or not. The default is lower-case, not hyphenated.
5. Accounting Settings:
Note that RADIUS accounting start packets sent by the Array will include
the client station's Framed-IP-Address attribute.
a. Accounting Interval (seconds): Specify how often Interim records are
to be sent to the server. The default is 300 seconds.
b. Primary Server Host Name / IP Address: Enter the IP address or
domain name of the primary RADIUS accounting server that you
intend to use.
c. Primary Port Number: Enter the port number of the primary
RADIUS accounting server. The default is 1813.
d. Primary Shared Secret / Verify Secret: Enter the shared secret that
the primary RADIUS accounting server will be using, then re-enter
the shared secret to verify that you typed it correctly.
e. Secondary Server Host Name / IP Address (optional): If desired,
enter an IP address or domain name for an alternative RADIUS
accounting server. If the primary server becomes unreachable, the
Array will “failover” to this secondary server (defined here).
f. Secondary Port Number: If using a secondary accounting server,
enter its port number. The default is 1813.
g. Secondary Shared Secret / Verify Secret: If using a secondary
accounting server, enter the shared secret that it will be using, then re-
enter the shared secret to verify that you typed it correctly.
6. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
Admin Management
Global Settings (IAP)
Wireless Array
244 Configuring the Wireless Array
Internal Radius
Access Control List
Management Control
Security
Understanding Groups
Internal Radius
This window allows you to define the parameters for the Array’s internal
RADIUS server for user authentication. However, the internal RADIUS server
will only authenticate wireless clients that want to associate to the Array. This can
be useful if an external RADIUS server is not available. To set up the internal
RADIUS server, you must choose Internal Radius as the Authentication Server
Mode in “Global Settings” on page 236.
Figure 136. Internal RADIUS Server
Clients using PEAP may have difficulty authenticating to the Array using
the Internal RADIUS server due to invalid security certificate errors. To
prevent this problem, the user may disable the Validate Server Certificate
option on the station. Do this by displaying the station’s wireless devices and
then displaying the properties of the desired wireless interface. In the
security properties, disable Validate server certificate. In some systems,
this may be found by setting the authentication method to PEAP and
changing the associated settings.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 245
Procedure for Creating a New User
1. User Name: Enter the name of the user that you want to authenticate to
the internal RADIUS server. You may enter up to 1000 users (up to 256 on
the XR-500 Series and on the XR-620, or up to 480 on the XR-630 and on
the XR-1000 Series).
2. SSID Restriction: (Optional) If you want to restrict this user to
associating to a particular SSID, choose an SSID from the pull-down list.
3. User Group: (Optional) If you want to make this user a member of a
previously defined user group, choose a group from the pull-down list.
This will apply all of the user group’s settings to the user. See
“Understanding Groups” on page 280.
4. Password: (Optional) Enter a password for the user.
5. Verify: (Optional) Retype the user password to verify that you typed it
correctly.
6. Click on the Create button to add the new user to the list.
Procedure for Managing Existing Users
1. SSID Restriction: (Optional) If you want to restrict a user to associating
to a particular SSID, choose an SSID from its pull-down list.
2. User Group: (Optional) If you want to change the user’s group, choose a
group from the pull-down list. This will apply all of the user group’s
settings to the user. See “Understanding Groups” on page 280.
3. Password: (Optional) Enter a new password for the selected user.
4. Verify Password: (Optional) Retype the user password to verify that you
typed it correctly.
5. If you want to delete one or more users, click their Delete buttons.
6. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
Admin Management
External Radius
Wireless Array
246 Configuring the Wireless Array
Global Settings (IAP)
Access Control List
Management Control
Security
Understanding Groups
Active Directory
This window allows you to configure 802.1x user authentication without needing
to set up and use an External Radius server. The Array performs authentication
by utilizing an Active Directory server that you have deployed within your
network domain.
This window configures the settings required to connect to the Active Directory
server. Additionally, Active Directory Test Tools are provided to ease the process
of validating proper communication between the Active Directory server and the
Array.
To use the Active Directory settings on this page you must choose Active
Directory as the Authentication Server Mode in “Global Settings” on page 236.
Some smaller Arrays/APs have less memory (XR-500/1000 Series and
XR-620) and are not able to run all ArrayOS features at the same time. You
will receive an error message if you attempt to configure a feature when there
is not enough memory left.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 247
Figure 137. Active Directory Server
Procedure for Use of an Active Directory Server
1. Choose Active Directory as the Authentication Server Mode in “Global
Settings” on page 236.
2. Domain Administrator: Enter the administrator account name for access
to the domain controller. The Array will use this (together with the
password) to create a machine account on the domain for the Array. This
can be the name of any account that can join a machine to the domain.
3. Domain Password: The password for the Domain Administrator entered
above.
4. Domain Controller: Enter the hostname to access the domain controller.
This cannot be entered as an IP address. The Array will check that it is
able to access the controller and place a checkmark to the right of the
entry to indicate that it has been validated. Note that the checkmark only
Wireless Array
248 Configuring the Wireless Array
appears after you have made a change requiring validation (i.e., entering
a new hostname or changing an existing entry to a different hostname). If
you return to this page at a later time, the checkmark will not be present.
5. Workgroup/Domain: Enter the Pre-Windows 2000 Domain name. This
can be found by opening the Active Directory Users and Computers.
Right click the domain in the left hand window and select Properties.
This will display the Domain name that should be entered.
Figure 138. Finding the Domain Name from Active Directory
6. Realm: Realm name (may be the same as the domain name). Workgroup
and Realm are both required. To find the Realm, open a command
window on the server and type
echo %userdnsdomain%
This will display the Realm.
7. Click Apply Active Directory Settings to use these settings.
8. You must click Join Domain to ask the domain controller to join the
Array to the domain. The Array is added to the list of computers in the
workgroup. The status of the request will be displayed in the area below
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 249
the Test Tools. The domain controller will give the Array a secret that may
be used as a key to fetch information. The secret may be checked with the
Check Secret test tool, below. You may click Leave Domain to ask the
domain controller to remove the Array from the domain and revoke its
secret.
9. You may use the tools below to check that the Array is able to access and
use the Active Directory successfully, or to troubleshoot any problems.
Active Directory Test Tools
10. Display Status: Displays detailed status information for the Active
Directory.
11. List Groups: Shows the groups defined in the Active Directory for this
Workgroup.
12. List Users: Shows the users defined in the Active Directory for this
Workgroup.
13. Check Secret: The continued validity of the secret granted by Join
Domain may be checked with this test tool.
14. Check Authentication: Enter a User name and Password. Select the Type
of encryption to be used (MSCHAP, NTLM, PAP, or PEAP-MSCHAPv2),
to check that it will work with the Active Directory server. Then click
Check Authentication to validate that the Array can authenticate the
user with the selected type of encryption.
See Also
Admin Management
External Radius
Internal Radius
Security
Understanding Groups
Wireless Array
250 Configuring the Wireless Array
Rogue Control List
This window allows you to set up a control list for rogue APs, based on a type
that you define. You may classify rogue APs as blocked, so that the Array will
take steps to prevent stations from associating with the blocked AP. See “About
Blocking Rogue APs” on page 351. The Array can keep up to 5000 list entries.
Figure 139. Rogue Control List
Procedure for Establishing Rogue AP Control
1. Rogue BSSID/SSID: Enter the BSSID, SSID, or manufacturer string to
match for the new rogue control entry. The Match Only radio buttons
specify what to match (e.g., the MAC address, SSID, or manufacturer).
You may use the “*” character as a wildcard to match any string at this
position. For example, 00:0f:7d:* matches any string that starts with
00:0f:7d:. Xirrus Arrays start with 00:0f:7d: or 50:60:28:. By default, the
Rogue Control List contains two entries that match 00:0f:7d:* and
50:60:28:* and apply the classification Known to all Xirrus Arrays.
2. Rogue Control Classification: Enter the classification for the specified
rogue AP(s), either Blocked, Known or Approved.
The RF Monitor > Intrusion Detection window provides an alternate
method for classifying rogues. You can list all Unknown stations and select
all the rogues that you’d like to set to Known or Approved, rather than
entering the SSID/BSSID as described below. See “Intrusion Detection”
on page 116.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 251
3. Match Only: Select the match criterion to compare the Rogue BSSID/
SSID string against: BSSID, Manufacturer, or SSID. The BSSID field
contains the MAC address.
4. Click Create to add this rogue AP to the Rogue Control List.
5. Rogue Control List: If you want to edit the control type for a rogue AP,
just click the radio button for the new type for the entry: Blocked, Known
or Approved.
6. To delete rogue APs from the list, click their Delete buttons.
7. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
Network Map
Intrusion Detection
SSIDs
SSID Management
OAuth 2.0 Management
This window displays a list of tokens granted by the Array for access to its
RESTful API (see “API Documentation” on page 401 for a description of the
features available in the API). OAuth 2.0 is used to provide the tokens. The list
will be blank until tokens have been issued as described below. You may revoke
(delete) existing tokens from the list, if desired.
Xirrus Arrays use the OAuth 2.0 standard’s client credential grant model. This
allows you to use administrator account credentials to obtain a token to access
RESTful API on an individual Array. ArrayPlease note that the Array will issue
only one token on behalf on of any administrator account at any given time. If
you have a need for multiple tokens, then the Array will need multiple
administrator accounts.
Follow the steps below to obtain a token and use the RESTful API.
Wireless Array
252 Configuring the Wireless Array
Figure 140. OAuth 2.0 Management - Token List
Procedure for Obtaining a Token and Accessing RESTful API on the Array
1. Present User Credentials for a Permanent Token
A user-developed application must register by presenting the following
information to the URL below:
https://[Array hostname or IP address]/oauth/authorize
•grant_type: password
•username: username of an administrator account on the Array.
•client_id: username of an administrator account on the Array
(username and client_id must match).
•password: password for the same administrator account on the Array
The OAuth Authorization API provides a permanent token that the
application may use to access the RESTful API. This token remains valid
until the administrator revokes the token on the OAuth 2.0 Management
page, unless the token file somehow becomes corrupted or is removed
from the Array’s file system.
The token will be removed if the original account associated with it is
deleted.
2. Access the RESTful API
Once registration is completed and a permanent token has been
provided, your application may access the API using the client_id and
the token at the following URL:
https://[Array hostname or IP address]/api/v1/[api-name]
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 253
Please see “API Documentation” on page 401 for a description of the
features available in the API.
Wireless Array
254 Configuring the Wireless Array
SSIDs
This status-only window allows you to review SSID (Service Set IDentifier)
assignments. It includes the SSID name, whether or not an SSID is visible on the
network, any security and QoS parameters defined for each SSID, associated
VLAN IDs, radio availability, and DHCP pools defined per SSID. Click on an
SSID’s name to jump to the edit page for the SSID. There are no configuration
options available on this page, but if you are experiencing problems or reviewing
SSID management parameters, you may want to print this page for your records.
Figure 141. SSIDs
For a complete discussion of implementing Voice over Wi-Fi on the Array,
see the Xirrus Voice over Wireless Application Note in the Xirrus
Resource Center.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 255
The read-only Limits section of the SSIDs window allows you to review any
limitations associated with your defined SSIDs. For example, this window shows
the current state of an SSID (enabled or not), how much SSID and station traffic is
allowed, time on and time off, days on and off, and whether each SSID is
currently active or inactive.
For information to help you understand SSIDs and how multiple SSIDs are
managed by the Wireless Array, go to “Understanding SSIDs” on page 255 and
the Multiple SSIDs section of “Frequently Asked Questions” on page 492. For a
description of how QoS operates on the Array, see “Understanding QoS Priority
on the Wireless Array” on page 256.
SSIDs are managed with the following windows:
“SSID Management” on page 262
“Active IAPs” on page 275
“Per-SSID Access Control List” on page 276
“Honeypots” on page 278
SSIDs are discussed in the following topics:
“Understanding SSIDs” on page 255
“Understanding QoS Priority on the Wireless Array” on page 256
“High Density 2.4G Enhancement—Honeypot SSID” on page 261
Understanding SSIDs
The SSID (Service Set Identifier) is a unique identifier that wireless networking
devices use to establish and maintain wireless connectivity. Multiple access points
on a network or sub-network can use the same SSIDs. SSIDs are case-sensitive
and can contain up to 32 alphanumeric characters (do not include spaces when
defining SSIDs).
Multiple SSIDs
A BSSID (Basic SSID) refers to an individual access point radio and its associated
clients. The identifier is the MAC address of the access point radio that forms the
BSS. A group of BSSs can be formed to allow stations in one BSS to communicate
to stations in another BSS via a backbone that interconnects each access point.
Wireless Array
256 Configuring the Wireless Array
The Extended Service Set (ESS) refers to the group of BSSIDs that are grouped
together to form one ESS. The ESSID (often referred to as SSID or “wireless
network name”) identifies the Extended Service Set. Clients must associate to a
single ESS at any given time. Clients ignore traffic from other Extended Service
Sets that do not have the same SSID.
Legacy access points typically support one SSID per access point. Wireless Arrays
support the ability to define and use multiple SSIDs simultaneously.
Using SSIDs
The creation of different wireless network names allows system administrators to
separate types of users with different requirements. The following policies can be
tied to an SSID:
The wireless security mode needed to join this SSID.
The wireless Quality of Service (QoS) desired for this SSID.
The wired VLAN associated with this SSID.
As an example, one SSID named accounting might require the highest level of
security, while another named guests might have low security requirements.
Another example may define an SSID named voice that supports voice over
Wireless LAN phones with the highest Quality of Service (QoS) definition. This
SSID might also forward traffic to specific VLANs on the wired network.
See Also
SSID Management
SSIDs
Understanding SSIDs
Understanding QoS Priority on the Wireless Array
For a complete discussion of implementing Voice over Wi-Fi on the Array,
see the Xirrus Voice over Wireless Application Note in the Xirrus
Resource Center .
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 257
Figure 142. Four Traffic Classes
The Wireless Array’s Quality of Service Priority feature (QoS) allows traffic to be
prioritized according to your requirements. For example, you typically assign the
highest priority to voice traffic, since this type of traffic requires delay to be under
10 ms. The Array has four separate queues for handling wireless traffic at
different priorities, and thus it supports four traffic classes (QoS levels).
Figure 143. Priority Level—IEEE 802.1p (Layer 2)
IEEE802.1p uses three bits in an Ethernet frame header to define eight priority
levels at the MAC level (Layer 2) for wired networks. Each data packet may be
Wireless Array
258 Configuring the Wireless Array
tagged with a priority level, i.e., a user priority tag. Since there are eight possible
user priority levels and the Array implements four wireless QoS levels, user
priorities are mapped to QoS as described below.
Figure 144. Priority Level—DSCP (DiffServ - Layer 3)
DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point or DiffServ) uses 6 bits in the IPv4 or
IPv6 packet header, defined in RFC2474 and RFC2475. The DSCP value classifies
a Layer 3 packet to determine the Quality of Service (QoS) required. DSCP
replaces the outdated Type of Service (TOS) field.
The description below describes how both of these priority levels are mapped to
the Array’s four traffic classes.
End-to-End QoS Handling
Wired QoS - Ethernet Port:
Egress: Outgoing wired packets are IEEE 802.1p tagged at the Ethernet
port for upstream traffic, thus enabling QoS at the edge of the network.
FROM
Array QoS (Wireless)
TO
Priority Tag 802.1p (Wired)
1 (Lowest priority) 1
00
2 (Default) 5
3 (Highest priority) 6
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 259
Ingress: Incoming wired packets are assigned QoS priority based on their
SSID and 802.1p tag (if any), as shown in the table below. This table
follows the mapping recommended by IEEE802.11e.
Wireless QoS - Radios:
Each SSID can be assigned a separate QoS priority (i.e., traffic class) from
0 to 3, where 3 is highest priority and 2 is the default. See “SSID
Management” on page 262. If multiple SSIDs are used, packets from the
SSID with higher priority are transmitted first.
The Array supports IEEE802.11e Wireless QoS for downstream traffic.
Higher priority packets wait a shorter time before gaining access to the
air and contend less with all other 802.11 devices on a channel.
How QoS is set for a packet in case of conflicting values:
FROM
Priority Tag
802.1p (Wired)
TO
Array QoS
(Wireless)
Typical Use
0 0 (Lowest
priority) Best Effort
1 1 Background — explicitly designated as
low-priority and non-delay sensitive
21Spare
3 0 Excellent Effort
42Controlled Load
52Video
6 3 Voice - requires delay <10ms
7 (Highest
priority) 3 (Highest
priority) Network control
Wireless Array
260 Configuring the Wireless Array
a. If an SSID has a QoS setting, and an incoming wired packet’s user
priority tag is mapped to a higher QoS value, then the higher QoS
value is used.
b. If a group or filter has a QoS setting, this overrides the QoS value
above. See “Groups” on page 280, and “Filters” on page 365.
c. Voice packets have the highest priority (see Voice Support, below).
d. If DSCP to QoS Mapping Mode is enabled, the IP packet is mapped
to QoS level 0 to 3 as specified in the DSCP Mappings table. This
value overrides any of the settings in cases a to c above.
In particular, by default:
•DSCP 8 is set to QoS level 1.
•DSCP 40 is typically used for video traffic and is set to QoS
level 2.
•DSCP 48 is typically used for voice traffic and is set to QoS
level 3—the highest level
•All other DSCP values are set to QoS level 0 (the lowest level—
Best Effort).
Packet Filtering QoS classification
Filter rules can be used to redefine the QoS priority level to override
defaults. See “Filter Management” on page 368. This allows the QoS
priority level to be assigned based on protocol, source, or destination.
Voice Support
The QoS priority implementation on the Array gives voice packets the
highest priority to support voice applications.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 261
High Density 2.4G Enhancement—Honeypot SSID
Some situations pose problems for all wireless APs. For example, iPhones will
remember every SSID and flood the airwaves with probes, even when the user
doesn’t request or desire this behavior. In very high density deployments, these
probes can consume a significant amount of the available wireless bandwidth.
The Array “honeypot” SSID targets this problem. Simply create an SSID named
honeypot (lower-case) on the Array, with no encryption or authentication (select
None/Open). Once this SSID is created and enabled, it will respond to any station
probe looking for a named open SSID (unencrypted and unauthenticated) that is
not configured on the Array. It will make the station go through its natural
authentication and association process. See “Honeypots” on page 278.
The following SSIDs are excluded from being honeypotted:
Explicitly whitelisted SSIDs. See “Honeypots” on page 278.
SSIDs that are encrypted and/or authenticated.
SSIDs that are configured on this Array, whether or not they are enabled.
Traffic for a station connected to the honeypot SSID may be handled in various
ways using other Array features:
Traffic may be directed to WPR (captive portal) to display a splash page
or offer the user the opportunity to sign in to your service (see “Web Page
Redirect (Captive Portal) Configuration” on page 269);
Traffic may be filtered (see “Filters” on page 365);
or it may be dead-ended by defining a specific dead-end VLAN on the
honeypot SSID to “trap” stations (see “VLANs” on page 204).
Use the honeypot feature carefully as it could interfere with legitimate SSIDs and
prevent clients from associating to another available network. You may define a
whitelist of allowed SSIDs which are not to be honeypotted. See “Honeypots” on
page 278. Th Honey pots page also allows you to change the SSID name that is
broadcast for the honeypot SSID.
Wireless Array
262 Configuring the Wireless Array
SSID Management
This window allows you to manage SSIDs (create, edit and delete), assign security
parameters and VLANs on a per SSID basis, and configure the Web Page Redirect
(WPR captive portal) functionality.
Figure 145. SSID Management
Create new SSID
Configure parameters
Configure WPR
Set traffic limits / usage schedule
Configure encryption/authentication
Configure authentication server
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 263
Procedure for Managing SSIDs
1. New SSID Name: To create a new SSID, enter a new SSID name to the left
of the Create button (Figure 145), then click Create. SSID names are case
sensitive and may only consist of the characters A-Z, a-z, 0-9, dash, and
underscore. You may create up to 16 SSIDs (up to 8 on the XR-500 Series
and on the XR-620). You may create a special SSID named honeypot
(lower-case) to reduce the amount of unnecessary traffic caused by
stations probing for open SSID names that they have learned in the past—
see “High Density 2.4G Enhancement—Honeypot SSID” on page 261. In
this case, a Honeypot Service Whitelist Configuration section will
appear below (see Step 1 on page 279).
SSID List (top of page)
2. SSID: Shows all currently assigned SSIDs. When you create a new SSID,
the SSID name appears in this table. Click any SSID in this list to select it.
3. Enabled: Check this box to activate this SSID or clear it to deactivate it.
4. Brdcast: Check this box to make the selected SSID visible to all clients on
the network. Although the Wireless Array will not broadcast SSIDs that
are hidden, clients can still associate to a hidden SSID if they know the
SSID name to connect to it. Clear this box if you do not want this SSID to
be visible on the network.
5. Band: Choose which wireless band the SSID will be beaconed on. Select
either 5 GHz — 802.11an, 2.4 GHz — 802.11bgn or Both.
6. VLAN ID / Number: From the pull-down list, select a VLAN that you
want this traffic to be forwarded to on the wired network. Select numeric
to enter the number of a previously defined VLAN in the Number field
(see “VLANs” on page 204). This step is optional.
7. QoS: (Optional) Select a value in this field for QoS (Quality of Service)
priority filtering. The QoS value must be one of the following:
•0 — The lowest QoS priority setting, where QoS makes its best effort
at filtering and prioritizing data, video and voice traffic without
Wireless Array
264 Configuring the Wireless Array
compromising the performance of the network. Use this setting in
environments where traffic prioritization is not a concern.
•1 — Medium, with QoS prioritization aggregated across all traffic
types.
•2 — High, normally used to give priority to video traffic.
•3 — The highest QoS priority setting, normally used to give priority to
voice traffic.
The QoS setting you define here will prioritize wireless traffic for this
SSID over other SSID traffic, as described in “Understanding QoS Priority
on the Wireless Array” on page 256. The default value for this field is 2.
8. DHCP Pool: If you want to associate an internal DHCP pool to this SSID,
choose the pool from the pull--down list. An internal DHCP pool must be
created before it can be assigned. To create an internal DHCP pool, go to
“DHCP Server” on page 194.
9. Filter List: If you wish to apply a set a filters to this SSID’s traffic, select
the desired Filter List. See “Filters” on page 365.
10. Authentication: The following authentication options are available (only
valid encryption/authentication combinations are offered):
•Open: This option provides no authentication and is not
recommended.
•RADIUS MAC: Uses an external RADIUS server to authenticate
stations onto the wireless network, based on the user’s MAC address.
Accounting for these stations is performed according to the
accounting options that you have configured specifically for this SSID
or globally (see Step 12 below).
•802.1x: Authenticates stations onto the wireless network via a
RADIUS server using 802.1x with EAP. The RADIUS server can be
internal (provided by the Wireless Array) or external.
If this SSID is on a VLAN, the VLAN must have management turned on in
order to pass CHAP authentication challenges from the client station to the
RADIUS server.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 265
11. Encryption: Choose the encryption that will be required — specific to this
SSID — either None, WEP, WPA, WPA2 or WPA-Both. The None option
provides no security and is not recommended; WPA2 provides the best
Wi-Fi security.
Each SSID supports only one encryption type at a time (except that WPA
and WPA2 are both supported on an SSID if you select WPA-Both). If you
need to support other encryption types, you must define additional
SSIDs. The encryption used with WPA or WPA2 is selected in “Global
Settings” on page 236. For an overview of the security options, see
“Security Planning” on page 50 and “Understanding Security” on
page 214.
12. Global: Check this box if you want this SSID to use the security settings
established at the global level (see “Global Settings” on page 236). Clear
this box if you want the settings established here to take precedence.
.
Figure 146. SSID Management—Encryption, Authentication, Accounting
Set Encryption
Configure Radius, Accounting
Wireless Array
266 Configuring the Wireless Array
Additional sections will be displayed to allow you to configure
encryption, authentication server, and RADIUS accounting settings.
•The WPA Configuration encryption settings have the same
parameters as those described in “Procedure for Configuring
Network Security” on page 236.
•To configure Active Directory settings, see “Active Directory” on
page 246).
•The External RADIUS and Accounting settings are configured in the
same way as for an external RADIUS server (see “Procedure for
Configuring an External RADIUS Server” on page 241). Note that
external RADIUS servers may be specified using IP addresses or
domain names.
13. Roaming: For this SSID, select whether to enable fast roaming between
IAPs or Arrays at L2&L3 (Layer 2 and Layer 3), at L2 (Layer 2 only), or
disable roaming (Off). You may only select fast roaming at Layers 2 and 3
if this has been selected in Global Settings (IAP). See “Understanding Fast
Roaming” on page 288.
14. WPR (Web Page Redirect, also called captive portal): Check the checkbox
to enable the Web Page Redirect functionality, or clear it to disable this
option. If enabled, WPR configuration fields will be displayed under the
SSID Limits section. This feature may be used to provide an alternate
mode of authentication, or to simply display a splash screen when a user
first associates to the wireless network. After that, it can (optionally)
redirect the user to an alternate URL. For example, some wireless devices
and users may not have a correctly configured 802.1x (RADIUS)
supplicant. Utilizing WPR’s Web-based login, users may be authenticated
without using an 802.1x supplicant. See “Web Page Redirect (Captive
Portal) Configuration” on page 269 for details of WPR usage and
configuration.
You may specify “Whitelist” entries—a list of web sites to which users
have unrestricted access, without needing to be redirected to the WPR
page first. See “Whitelist Configuration for Web Page Redirect” on
page 273 for details.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 267
15. Fallback: Network Assurance checks network connectivity for the Array.
When Network Assurance detects a failure, perhaps due to a bad link or
WDS failure, if Fallback is set to Disable the Array will automatically
disable this SSID. This will disassociate current clients, and prevent new
clients from associating. Since the Array’s network connectivity has
failed, this gives clients a chance to connect to other, operational parts of
the wireless network. No changes are made to WDS configuration. See
Step a on page 230 for more information on Network Assurance.
16. Mobile Device Management (MDM): If you are an AirWatch customer
and wish to have AirWatch manage mobile device access to the wireless
network on this SSID, select AirWatch from the drop-down list. Before
selecting this option, you must configure your AirWatch settings. See
“AirWatch” on page 380.
The lower part of the window contains a few sections of additional settings to
configure for the currently selected SSID, depending on the values chosen for the
settings described above.
“SSID Limits” on page 267
“Web Page Redirect (Captive Portal) Configuration” on page 269
“Whitelist Configuration for Web Page Redirect” on page 273
“WPA Configuration” on page 274
“Authentication Service Configuration” on page 274
SSID Limits
See “Group Limits” on page 285 for a discussion of the interaction of SSID limits
and group limits. To eliminate confusion, we recommend that you configure one
set of limits or the other, but not both.
When using WPR, it is particularly important to adhere to the SSID
naming restrictions detailed in Step 1.
Note that you cannot use MDM and WPR on the same SSID.
Wireless Array
268 Configuring the Wireless Array
17. Stations: Enter the maximum number of stations allowed on this SSID.
This step is optional. Note that the IAPs - Global Settings window also
has a station limit option — Max Station Association per IAP, and the
windows for Global Settings .11an and Global Settings .11bgn also have
Max Stations settings. If multiple station limits are set, all will be
enforced. As soon as any limit is reached, no new stations can associate
until some other station has terminated its association.
18. Overall Traffic: Choose Unlimited if you do not want to place a
restriction on the traffic for this SSID, or enter a value in the Packets/Sec
field to force a traffic restriction.
19. Traffic per Station: Choose Unlimited if you do not want to place a
restriction on the traffic per station for this SSID, or enter a value in the
Packets/Sec field or the Kbps field to force a traffic restriction. If you set
both values, the Array will enforce the limit it reaches first.
20. Days Active: Choose Everyday if you want this SSID to be active every
day of the week, or select only the specific days that you want this SSID to
be active. Days that are not checked are considered to be the inactive
days.
21. Time Active: Choose Always if you want this SSID active without
interruption, or enter values in the Time On and Time Off fields to limit
the time that this SSID is active.
22. Web Page Redirect Configuration: see “Web Page Redirect (Captive
Portal) Configuration” on page 269.
23. To delete an SSID, click its Delete button .
24. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 269
Web Page Redirect (Captive Portal) Configuration
If you enable WPR, the SSID Management window displays additional fields that
must be configured.
If enabled, WPR displays a splash or login page when a user associates to the
wireless network and opens a browser to any URL (provided the URL does not
point to a resource directly on the user’s machine). The user-requested URL is
captured, the user’s browser is redirected to the splash or login page, and then the
browser is redirected either to your specified landing page, if any, or else back to
the captured URL. The landing page may be specified for a user group as well.
See “Group Management” on page 282. Note that if you change the management
HTTPS port, WPR uses that port, too. See “HTTPS” on page 230.
Figure 147. WPR Internal Splash Page Fields (SSID Management)
Note that when users roam between Arrays, their WPR Authentication will
follow them so that re-authentication is not required.
You may select among five different modes for use of the Web Page Redirect
feature, each displaying a different set of parameters that must be entered:
Internal Login page
This option displays a login page (residing on the Array) instead of the
first user-requested URL. There is an upload function that allows you to
replace the default login page, if you wish. Please see “Web Page Redirect
(Captive Portal)” on page 396 for more information.
To set up internal login, set Server to Internal Login. Set HTTPS to On
for a secure login, or select Off to use HTTP. You may also customize the
Wireless Array
270 Configuring the Wireless Array
login page with logo and background images and header and footer text.
See “Customizing an Internal Login or Splash page” on page 272.
The user name and password are obtained by the login page.
Authentication occurs according to your selection—PAP, CHAP, or
MS-CHAP. Note that if you select CHAP, then you cannot select Active
Directory in “Authentication Service Configuration” on page 274.
After authentication, the browser is redirected back to the captured URL.
If you want the user redirected to a specific landing page instead, enter its
address in Landing Page URL.
Internal Splash page
This option displays a splash page instead of the first user-requested
URL. The splash page files reside on the Array. Note that there is an
upload function that allows you to replace the default splash page, if you
wish. Please see “Web Page Redirect (Captive Portal)” on page 396 for
more information. You may also customize the splash page with logo and
background images and header and footer text. See “Customizing an
Internal Login or Splash page” on page 272.
To use an internal splash page, set Server to Internal Splash. Enter a
value in the Timeout field to define how many seconds the splash screen
is displayed before timing out, or select Never to prevent the page from
timing out automatically. After the splash page, the user is redirected to
the captured URL. If you want the user redirected to a specific landing
page instead, enter its address in Landing Page URL.
External Login page
This option redirects the user to a login page on an external web server
for authentication, instead of the first user-requested URL. Login
information (user name and password) must be obtained by that page,
and returned to the Array for authentication.
Both the Internal Login and External Login options of WPR perform
authentication using your configured RADIUS servers.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 271
Authentication occurs according to your configured RADIUS
information. These parameters are configured as described in “Procedure
for Configuring Network Security” on page 236, except that the RADIUS
Authentication Type is selected here, as described below. After
authentication, the browser is redirected back to the captured URL. If you
want the user redirected to a specific landing page instead, enter its
address in Landing Page URL.
To set up external login page usage, set Server to External Login. Enter
the URL of the external web server in Redirect URL, and enter that
server’s shared secret in Redirect Secret.
Select the RADIUS Authentication Type. This is the protocol used for
authentication of users, CHAP or PAP (the default).
•PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), is a simple protocol. PAP
transmits ASCII passwords over the network “in the clear”
(unencrypted) and is therefore considered insecure.
•CHAP (Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol) is a more
secure Protocol. The login request is sent using a one-way hash
function.
External Splash page
This option displays a splash page instead of the first user-requested
URL. The splash page files reside on an external web server.
To set up external splash page usage, set Server to External Splash. Enter
the URL of the external web server in Redirect URL, and enter that
server’s shared secret in Redirect Secret.
After the splash page, the user is redirected to the captured URL. If you
want the user redirected to a specific landing page instead, enter its
address in Landing Page URL.
Landing Page Only
This option redirects the user to a specific landing page. If you select this
option, enter the desired address in Landing Page URL.
Wireless Array
272 Configuring the Wireless Array
Customizing an Internal Login or Splash page
You may customize these pages with a logo and/or background image, and
header and/or footer text, as shown below in Figure 148.
Figure 148. Customizing an Internal Login or Splash Page
Background Image — specify an optional jpg, gif, or png file to display in
the background of the page. Other customizations (logo, header, footer)
will overlay the background, so that it will not be visible in those areas.
Logo Image — specify an optional jpg, gif, or png file to display at the top
of the page.
Header Text File — specify an optional .txt file to display at the top of the
page (beneath the logo, if any).
Footer Text File — specify an optional .txt file to display at the bottom of
the page.
Logo
Internal
Login Page
Background
Footer
Header
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 273
Whitelist Configuration for Web Page Redirect
On a per-SSID basis, the whitelist allows you to specify Internet destinations that
stations can access without first having to pass the WPR (captive portal) login/
splash page. Note that a whitelist may be specified for a user group as well. See
“Group Management” on page 282.
Figure 149. Whitelist Configuration for WPR
To add a web site to the whitelist for this SSID, enter it in the provided field, then
click Create. You may enter an IP address or a domain name. Up to 32 entries may
be created.
Example whitelist entries:
Hostname: www.yahoo.com (but not www.yahoo.com/abc/def.html)
Wildcards are supported: *.yahoo.com
IP address: 121.122.123.124
Some typical applications for this feature are:
to add allowed links to the WPR page
to add a link to terms of use that may be hosted on another site
to allow embedded video on WPR page
Note the following details of the operation of this feature:
The list is configured on a per-SSID basis. You must have WPR enabled
for the SSID to see this section of the SSID Management page.
When a station that has not yet passed the WPR login/splash page
attempts to access one of the white-listed addresses, it will be allowed
access to that site as many times as requested.
Wireless Array
274 Configuring the Wireless Array
The station will still be required to pass through the configured WPR flow
for all other Internet addresses.
The whitelist will work against all traffic -- not just http or https
Indirect access to other web sites is not permitted. For example, if you
add www.yahoo.com to the whitelist, you can see that page, but not all
the ads that it attempts to display.
The whitelist feature does not cause traffic to be redirected to the whitelist
addresses.
WPA Configuration
If you set Encryption for this SSID to one of the WPA selections (Step 11 on
page 265) and you did not check the Global checkbox (Step 12), this section will
be displayed. The WPA Configuration encryption settings have the same
parameters as those described in “Procedure for Configuring Network Security”
on page 236
Authentication Service Configuration
The RADIUS settings section will be displayed if you set Authentication (Step 10
on page 264) to anything but OPEN, and you set Encryption (Step 11) to anything
but WEP, and you did not check the Global checkbox (Step 12). This means that
you wish to set up a RADIUS server or Active Directory server to be used for this
particular SSID. If Global is checked, then the security settings (including the
RADIUS server, if any) established at the global level are used instead (see
“Global Settings” on page 236).
The RADIUS and accounting settings are configured in the same way as for an
external RADIUS server (see “Procedure for Configuring an External RADIUS
Server” on page 241). If you select Active Directory, then the settings are
configured in “Active Directory” on page 246. Note that if you select Active
Directory, then you cannot use CHAP authentication.
See Also
DHCP Server
External Radius
Global Settings (IAP)
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 275
Internal Radius
Security Planning
SSIDs
Understanding QoS Priority on the Wireless Array
AirWatch
Active IAPs
By default, when a new SSID is created, that SSID is active on all IAPs. This
window allows you to specify which IAPs will offer that SSID. Put differently,
you can specify which SSIDs are active on each IAP.
This feature is useful in conjunction with WDS. You may use this window to
configure the WDS link IAPs so that only the WDS link SSIDs are active on them.
Figure 150. Setting Active IAPs per SSID
Procedure for Specifying Active IAPs
1. SSID: For a given SSID row, check the IAPs that should offer that SSID to
clients. Uncheck any IAPs which should not offer that SSID.
2. All IAPs: This button, in the last column, may be used to allow or deny
this SSID on all IAPs, i.e., switch all IAPs between allow or deny.
3. All SSIDs: This button, in the bottom row, may be used to allow or deny
all SSIDs on this IAP.
Wireless Array
276 Configuring the Wireless Array
4. Toggle All: This button, on the lower left, may be used to allow or deny
all SSIDs on all IAPs.
5. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
Per-SSID Access Control List
This window allows you set up Access Control Lists (ACLs) on a per-SSID basis,
to control whether a station with a particular MAC address may associate to a
particular SSID. You may create access control list entries and delete existing
entries, and control the type of list (allow or deny).
There is one ACL per SSID, and you may select whether its type is an Allow list
or a Deny list, or whether use of this list is Disabled. You may create up to 1000
entries per SSID.
There is also a global ACL (see “Access Control List” on page 234). If the same
MAC address is listed in both the global ACL and in an SSID’s ACL, and if either
ACL would deny that station access to that SSID, then access will be denied.
Figure 151. Per-SSID Access Control List
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 277
Procedure for Configuring Access Control Lists
1. SSID: Select the line for the SSID whose ACL you wish to manage. Click
the line to hide or expand (display) the list.
2. Access Control List Type: Select Disabled to disable use of the Access
Control List for this SSID, or select the ACL type — either Allow or Deny.
•Allow: Only allows the listed MAC addresses to associate to the
Array. All others are denied. The plus symbol appears
before the SSID name for an allow list.
•Deny List: Denies the listed MAC addresses permission to
associate to the Array. All others are allowed. The minus symbol
appears before the SSID name for a deny list.
•Disabled: A red dot appears before the SSID name for a
disabled list. A green dot appears before the SSID name for
an allow or deny list.
3. MAC Address: If you want to add a MAC address to the ACL for the
selected SSID, enter the new MAC address. You may use a wildcard (*)
for one or more digits to match a range of addresses. Delete: You may
delete selected MAC addresses from this list by clicking their Delete
buttons .
4. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
In addition to these lists, other authentication methods (for
example, RADIUS) are still enforced for users.
Wireless Array
278 Configuring the Wireless Array
Honeypots
The Xirrus honeypot SSID feature prevents the airwaves from being crowded
with probes for named SSIDs. These probes are automatically generated by some
popular wireless devices. When you create and enable a honeypot SSID on an
Array, it responds to any station probe looking for a named open SSID
(unencrypted and unauthenticated) that is not configured on the Array. For more
details, see “High Density 2.4G Enhancement—Honeypot SSID” on page 261.
This page allows you to create a honeypot SSID, enter a whitelist of SSID names
that are not to be honeypotted, and define alternate names for the SSID that will
be broadcast instead of “honeypot”.
Figure 152. Honeypot Whitelist
Use the honeypot feature carefully as it could interfere with legitimate
SSIDs.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 279
Procedure for Configuring Honeypot Whitelists
1. Create a honeypot: If you have not already created an SSID named
honeypot, you will be asked whether you wish to create one. Click Yes.
You must have an SSID named honeypot to use this feature.
2. Honeypot Whitelists: This section only appears if you have created an
SSID named honeypot. You may define a whitelist of allowed SSIDs
which are not to be honeypotted, as described in “High Density 2.4G
Enhancement—Honeypot SSID” on page 261. Type in each SSID name,
and click Create to add it to the whitelist. Up to 50 SSIDs may be listed.
The SSID names entered in this list are not case-sensitive.
You may use the “*” character as a wildcard to match any string at this
position. For example, xir* matches any string that starts with XIR or xir.
You may use a ? as a wildcard to match a single character by surrounding
the SSID name in quotes. For example, “xirru?” will match any six-
character long string that starts with xirru (again, the match is not case-
sensitive). If you do not use a wildcard, then the SSID name entered must
be matched exactly in order to be whitelisted (except that case is not
considered).
3. Honeypot Broadcasts: This section only appears if you have created an
SSID named honeypot. You may define one or more alias names for this
SSID. They will be broadcast instead of the name honeypot.
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280 Configuring the Wireless Array
Groups
This is a status-only window that allows you to review user (i.e., wireless client)
Group assignments. It includes the group name, Radius ID, Device ID, VLAN IDs
and QoS parameters and roaming layer defined for each group, and DHCP pools
and web page redirect information defined for the group. You may click on a
group’s name to jump to the edit page for the group. There are no configuration
options available on this page, but if you are experiencing problems or reviewing
group management parameters, you may want to print this page for your records.
The Limits section of this window shows any limitations configured for your
defined groups. For example, this window shows the current state of a group
(enabled or disabled), how much group and per-station traffic is allowed, time on
and time off, and days on and off.
For information to help you understand groups, see Understanding Groups
below.
Figure 153. Groups
Understanding Groups
User groups allow administrators to assign specific network parameters to users
(wireless clients) through RADIUS privileges rather than having to map users to
an SSID tailored for that set of privileges. Groups provide flexible control over
user privileges without the need to create large numbers of SSIDs.
A group allows you to define a set of parameter values to be applied to selected
users. For example, you might define the user group Students, and set its VLAN,
security parameters, web page redirect (WPR), and traffic limits. When a new user
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Configuring the Wireless Array 281
is created, you can apply all of these settings just by making the user a member of
the group. The group allows you to apply a uniform configuration to a set of users
in one step.
In addition, you can restrict the group so that it only applies its settings to group
members who are connecting using a specific device type, such as iPad or phone.
Thus, you could define a group named Student-Phone with Device ID set to
Phone, and set the group’s VLAN Number to 100. This group’s settings will only
be applied to group members who connect using a phone, and they will all use
VLAN 100. Note that settings for the group in the RADIUS server will override
any settings on this WMI page.
Almost all of the parameters that can be set for a group are the same as SSID
parameters. This allows you to configure features at the user group level, rather
than for an entire SSID. If you set parameter values for an SSID, and then enter
different values for the same parameters for a user group, the user group values
have priority (i.e., group settings will override SSID settings).
Group names are case-sensitive and can contain up to 32 alphanumeric characters
(do not include spaces when defining Groups).
Using Groups
User accounts are used to authenticate wireless clients that want to associate to
the Array. These accounts are established in one of two ways, using the Security>
Internal Radius window or the Security> External Radius window. In either
case, you may select a user group for the user, and that user group’s settings will
apply to the user:
Internal Radius — when you add or modify a user entry, select a user
group to which the user will belong.
External Radius — when you add or modify a user account, specify the
Radius ID for the user group to which the user will belong. This must be
the same Radius ID that was entered in the Group Management window.
When the user is authenticated, the external Radius server will send the
Radius ID to the Array. This will allow the Array to identify the group to
which the user belongs.
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282 Configuring the Wireless Array
See Also
External Radius
Internal Radius
SSIDs
Understanding QoS Priority on the Wireless Array
Web Page Redirect (Captive Portal) Configuration
Understanding Fast Roaming
Group Management
This window allows you to manage groups (create, edit and delete), assign usage
limits and other parameters on a per group basis, and configure the Web Page
Redirect (captive portal) functionality.
Figure 154. Group Management
Procedure for Managing Groups
1. New Group Name: To create a new group, enter a new group name next
to the Create button, then click Create. You may create up to 16 groups
(up to 8 on the XR-500 Series and on the XR-620).
To configure and enable this group, proceed with the following steps.
2. Group: This column lists currently defined groups. When you create a
new group, the group name appears in this list. Click on any group to
select it, and then proceed to modify it as desired.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 283
3. Enabled: Check this box to enable this group or leave it blank to disable
it. When a group is disabled, users that are members of the group will
behave as if the group did not exist. In other words, the options
configured for the SSID will apply to the users, rather than the options
configured for the group.
4. Fallback: Network Assurance checks network connectivity for the Array.
When Network Assurance detects a failure, perhaps due to a bad link or
WDS failure, if Fallback is set to Disable the Array will automatically
disable users in this group. This will disassociate current clients, and
prevent them from re-associating. Since the Array’s network connectivity
has failed, this gives clients a chance to connect to other, operational parts
of the wireless network. See Step a on page 230 for more information on
Network Assurance.
5. Radius ID: Enter a unique Radius ID for the group, to be used on an
external Radius server. When adding a user account to the external
server, this Radius ID value should be entered for the user. When the user
is authenticated, Radius sends this value to the Array. This tells the Array
that the user is a member of the group having this Radius ID.
6. Device ID: You may select a device type from this drop-down list, for
example, Notebook, phone, iPhone, or Android. This allows you to
apply the group settings only if a station authenticates as a user that is a
member of the group and the station’s device type matches Device ID.
Select none if you do not want to consider the device type. If you have a
Radius ID you should not enter a Device ID.
7. VLAN ID: (Optional) From the pull-down list, select a VLAN for this
user’s traffic to use. Select numeric and enter the number of a previously
defined VLAN (see “VLANs” on page 204). This user group’s VLAN
settings supersede Dynamic VLAN settings (which are passed to the
Array by the Radius server). To avoid confusion, we recommend that you
avoid specifying the VLAN for a user in two places.
8. QoS Priority: (Optional) Select a value in this field for QoS (Quality of
Service) priority filtering. The QoS value must be one of the following:
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284 Configuring the Wireless Array
•0 — The lowest QoS priority setting, where QoS makes its best effort
at filtering and prioritizing data, video and voice traffic without
compromising the performance of the network. Use this setting in
environments where traffic prioritization is not a concern.
•1 — Medium; QoS prioritization is aggregated across all traffic types.
•2 — High, normally used to give priority to video traffic.
•3 — The highest QoS priority setting, normally used to give priority to
voice traffic.
The QoS setting you define here will prioritize wireless traffic for this
group versus other traffic, as described in “Understanding QoS Priority
on the Wireless Array” on page 256. The default value for this field is 2.
9. DHCP Pool: (Optional) To associate an internal DHCP pool to this group,
select it from the pull--down list. Only one pool may be assigned. An
internal DHCP pool must be created before it can be assigned. To create a
DHCP pool, go to “DHCP Server” on page 194.
10. Filter List: (Optional) If you wish to apply a set of filters to this user
group’s traffic, select the desired Filter List. See “Filters” on page 365.
11. Xirrus Roaming: (Optional) For this group, select roaming behavior.
Select L2&L3 to enable fast roaming between IAPs or Arrays at Layer 2
and Layer 3. If you select L2, then roaming uses Layer 2 only. You may
only select fast roaming at Layers 2 and 3 if this has been selected in
Global Settings (IAP). You may select Off to disable fast roaming. See
“Understanding Fast Roaming” on page 288.
12. WPR (Web Page Redirect): (Optional) Check this box if you wish to
enable the Web Page Redirect (captive portal) functionality. This will
open a Web Page Redirect details section in the window, where your
WPR parameters may be entered. This feature may be used to display a
splash screen when a user first associates to the wireless network. After
that, it can (optionally) redirect the user to an alternate URL. See “Web
Page Redirect (Captive Portal) Configuration” on page 269 for details of
WPR configuration. Note that the Group Management window only
allows you to set up an Internal Splash page and a Landing Page URL.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 285
The authentication options that are offered on the SSID Management
page are not offered here. Since the group membership of a user is
provided to the Array by a Radius server, this means the user has already
been authenticated.
You may create a WPR Whitelist on a per-group basis if you wish. See
“Whitelist Configuration for Web Page Redirect” on page 273 for details
of WPR Whitelist usage and configuration.
Group Limits
The Limits section allows you to limit the traffic or connection times allowed for
this user group. Note that the IAPs — Global Settings window and the SSID
management windows also have options to limit the number of stations, limit
traffic, and/or limit connection times. If limits are set in more than one place, all
limits will be enforced:
As soon as any station limit is reached, no new stations can associate until
some other station has terminated its association.
As soon as any traffic limit is reached, it is enforced.
If any connection date/time restriction applies, it is enforced.
You can picture this as a logical AND of all restrictions. For example, suppose that
a station’s SSID is available MTWTF between 8:00am and 5:00pm, and the User
Group is available MWF between 6:00am and 8:00pm, then the station will be
allowed on MWF between 8:00am and 5:00pm.
To eliminate confusion, we recommend that you configure one set of limits or the
other, but not both.
13. Stations: Enter the maximum number of stations allowed on this group.
The default is 1536.
14. Overall Traffic: Check the Unlimited checkbox if you do not want to
place a restriction on the traffic for this group, or enter a value in the
Packets/Sec field and make sure that the Unlimited box is unchecked to
force a traffic restriction.
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286 Configuring the Wireless Array
15. Traffic per Station: Check the Unlimited checkbox if you do not want to
place a restriction on the traffic per station for this group, or enter a value
in the Packets/Sec or Kbps field and make sure that the Unlimited box is
unchecked to force a traffic restriction.
16. Days Active: Choose Everyday if you want this group to be active every
day of the week, or select only the specific days that you want this group
to be active. Days that are not checked are considered to be the inactive
days.
17. Time Active: Choose Always if you want this group active without
interruption, or enter values in the Time On and Time Off fields to limit
the time that group members may associate.
18. To delete an entry, click its Delete button.
19. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
DHCP Server
External Radius
Internal Radius
Security Planning
SSIDs
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Configuring the Wireless Array 287
IAPs
This status-only window summarizes the status of the Integrated Access Point
(radios). For each IAP, it shows whether it is up or down, the channel and
wireless mode, the antenna that it is currently using, its cell size and transmit and
receive power, how many users (stations) are currently associated to it, whether a
WDS link distance has been set for it, and its BSSID (MAC address).
Figure 155. IAPs
The Channel Mode column displays some status information that is not found
elsewhere: the source of a channel setting. (Figure 156) If you set a channel
manually (via IAP Settings), it will be listed as manual. If an autochannel
operation changed a channel, then it is labeled as auto. If the channel is set to the
current factory default setting, the source will be default. This column also shows
whether the channel selection is locked, or whether the IAP was automatically
switched to this channel because the Array detected the signature of radar in
operation on a conflicting channel (see also, Step 8 on page 297).
Figure 156. Source of Channel Setting
There are no configuration options in this window, but if you are experiencing
problems or simply reviewing the IAP assignments, you may print this window
for your records. Click any IAP name to open the associated configuration page.
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288 Configuring the Wireless Array
Arrays have a fast roaming feature, allowing them to maintain sessions for
applications such as voice, even while users cross boundaries between Arrays.
Fast roaming is set up in the Global Settings (IAP) window and is discussed in:
“Understanding Fast Roaming” on page 288
IAPs are configured using the following windows:
“IAP Settings” on page 290
“Global Settings (IAP)” on page 295
“Global Settings .11an” on page 311
“Global Settings .11bgn” on page 316
“Global Settings .11n” on page 322
“Global Settings .11u” on page 327
“Global Settings .11ac” on page 325
“Advanced RF Settings” on page 333
“Hotspot 2.0” on page 342
“NAI Realms” on page 344
“NAI EAP” on page 346
“Intrusion Detection” on page 348
“LED Settings” on page 354
“DSCP Mappings” on page 355
“Roaming Assist” on page 356
See Also
IAP Statistics Summary
Understanding Fast Roaming
To maintain sessions for real-time data traffic, such as voice and video, users must
be able to maintain the same IP address through the entire session. With
traditional networks, if a user crosses VLAN or subnet boundaries (i.e., roaming
between domains), a new IP address must be obtained.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 289
Mobile wireless users are likely to cross multiple roaming domains during a
single session (especially wireless users of VoIP phones). Layer 3 roaming allows
a user to maintain the same IP address through an entire real-time data session.
The user may be associated to any of the VLANs defined on the Array. The Layer
3 session is maintained by establishing a tunnel back to the originating Array. You
should decide whether or not to use Layer 3 roaming based on your wired
network design. Layer 3 roaming incurs extra overhead and may result in
additional traffic delays.
Fast Roaming is configured on two pages. To enable the fast roaming options that
you want to make available on your Array, see Step 29 to Step 31 in “Global
Settings (IAP)” on page 295. To choose which of the enabled options are used by
an SSID or Group, see “Procedure for Managing SSIDs” on page 263 (Step 13) or
“Procedure for Managing Groups” on page 282.
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290 Configuring the Wireless Array
IAP Settings
This window allows you to enable/disable IAPs, define the wireless mode for
each IAP, specify the channel and bond width and the cell size for each IAP, lock
the channel selection, establish transmit/receive parameters, and reset channels.
Buttons at the top of the list allow you to Reset Channels, Enable All IAPs, or
Disable All IAPs. When finished, click the Save button if you wish to make
your changes permanent.
Figure 157. IAP Settings
You may also access this window by clicking on the Array image at the lower left
of the WMI window — click the orange Xirrus logo in the center of the Array. See
“User Interface” on page 85.
Procedure for Auto Configuring IAPs
You can auto-configure channel and cell size of radios by clicking on the Auto
Configure buttons on the appropriate WMI page as shown below (auto
configuration only applies to enabled radios):
For all radios, go to “Advanced RF Settings” on page 333.
For all 802.11a settings, go to “Global Settings .11an” on page 311.
For all 802.11bg settings, go to “Global Settings .11bgn” on page 316.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 291
For all 802.11n settings, go to “Global Settings .11n” on page 322.
For all 802.11ac settings, go to “Global Settings .11ac” on page 325.
Procedure for Manually Configuring IAPs
1. The row for each IAP summarizes its settings. Click to expand it and
display the settings. Click again to collapse the entry.
2. In the Enable field select enabled, or select disabled if you want to turn
off the IAP. The state of the channel is displayed with a green dot if
enabled, and a red dot if disabled.
3. In the Band field, select the wireless band for this IAP from the choices
available in the pull-down menu, either 2.4GHz or 5 GHz. Choosing the
5GHz band will automatically select an adjacent channel for bonding. If
the band displayed is auto, the Band is about to be changed based on a
new Channel selection that you made that requires the change.
One of the IAPs must be set to monitor mode if you wish to support
Spectrum Analyzer, Radio Assurance (loopback testing), and Intrusion
Detection features. Monitoring has a Timeshare mode option, which is
especially useful for small Arrays with two IAPs allowing one IAP to be
shared between monitoring the airwaves for problems and providing
services to stations. See RF Monitor Mode in “Advanced RF Settings” on
page 333 to set this option.
4. In the WiFi Mode field, select the IEEE 802.11 wireless mode (or
combination) that you want to allow on this IAP. The drop-down list will
only display the appropriate choices for the selected Band. For example,
the 5 GHz band allows you to select ac-only, anac, an, a-only, or n-only,
For XR-520 Series Arrays only:
—iap1 may be set to either band or to monitor (also see the Timeshare option
in “RF Monitor” on page 334).
—iap2 is permanently set to 5 GHz.
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292 Configuring the Wireless Array
while 2.4GHz includes 802.11b and 802.11g choices. When you select a
WiFi Mode for an IAP, your selection in the Channel column will be
checked to ensure that it is a valid choice for that WiFi Mode.
By selecting appropriate WiFi Modes for the radios on your Arrays, you
can greatly improve wireless network performance. For example, if you
have 802.11n and 802.11ac stations using the same IAP, throughput on
that radio is reduced greatly for the 802.11ac stations. By supporting
802.11n stations only on selected radios in your network, the rest of your
802.11ac IAPs will have greatly improved performance. Take care to
ensure that your network provides adequate coverage for the types of
stations that you need to support.
5. In the Channel field, select the channel you want this IAP to use from the
channels available in the pull-down list. The list shows the channels
available for the IAP selected (depending on which band the IAP is
using). Channels that are shown in gray are unavailable. They are either
already in use, or not offered for the selected Band.
The channels that are available for assignment to an IAP will differ,
depending on the country of operation. If Country is set to United States
in the Global Settings (IAP) window, then 21 channels are available to
802.11an radios.
6. Set Channel Lock to Block auto-channel assignment if you want to lock
in your channel selection so that an autochannel operation (see Advanced
RF Settings) can’t change it. A locked padlock will be displayed for
the IAP.
As mandated by FCC/IC law, Arrays continually scan for signatures of
radar. If such a signature is detected, the Array will switch operation from
conflicting channels to new ones. The Array will switch back to the original
channel after 30 minutes if the channel is clear. If a radio was turned off
because there were no available channels not affected by radar, the Array will
now bring that radio back up after 30 minutes if that channel is clear. The 30
minute time frame complies with FCC/IC regulations.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 293
7. The Bond field works together with the Channel selected above. (For
802.11n IAPs, it also obeys the bonding options selected on the Global
Settings .11n page.) Also see the discussion in “80 MHz and 160 MHz
Channel Widths (Bonding)” on page 43. Bonding is available on all
Arrays, including two-radio models. For 802.11n, two 20MHz channels
may be bonded to create one 40 MHz channel with double the data rate.
802.11ac offers an additional option to bond four 20MHz channels to
create one 80MHz channel with four times the data rate.
•Channel number — If a channel number appears, then this channel is
already bonded to the listed channel.
•Off — Do not bond his channel to another channel.
•40 MHz — Bond this channel to an adjacent channel. The bonded
channel is selected automatically by the Array based on the
Channel (Step 5). The choice of banded channel is static — fixed once
the selection is made.
•80 MHz — Bond this channel to three adjacent channels. The bonded
channels are selected automatically by the Array based on the
Channel (Step 5). The choice of bonded channels is static — fixed once
the selection is made.
The top line for the IAP will show the channels that have been assigned
based on the width of the bond.
8. In the Cell Size field, select auto to allow the optimal cell size to be
automatically computed (see also, “RF Power & Sensitivity” on page 336).
To set the cell size yourself, choose either small, medium, large, or max to
use the desired pre-configured cell size, or choose manual to define the
wireless cell size manually. If you choose Manual, you must specify the
transmit and receive power — in dB — in the Tx Power (transmit) and Rx
Threshold (receive) fields. The default is max. If you select a value other
than auto, the cell size will not be affected by cell size auto configuration.
Note that ultra low power Tx dBm settings are possible. Values from -
15dB to 5dB are provided specifically to help in high density 2.4 GHz
environments.
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294 Configuring the Wireless Array
When other Arrays are within listening range of this one, setting cell sizes
to Auto allows the Array to change cell sizes so that coverage between
cells is maintained. Each cell size is optimized to limit interference
between sectors of other Arrays on the same channel. This eliminates the
need for a network administrator to manually tune the size of each cell
when installing multiple Arrays. In the event that an Array or a radio
goes offline, an adjacent Array can increase its cell size to help
compensate.
The number of users and their applications are major drivers of
bandwidth requirements. The network architect must account for the
number of users within the Array’s cell diameter. In a large office, or if
multiple Arrays are in use, you may choose Small cells to achieve a
higher data rate, since walls and other objects will not define the cells
naturally.
For additional information about cell sizes, go to “Coverage and Capacity
Planning” on page 30.
9. If you are using WDS to provide backhaul over an extended distance, use
WDS Distance (Miles) to prevent timeout problems associated with long
transmission times. Set the approximate distance in miles between this
IAP and the connected Array in this column. This increases the wait time
for frame transmission accordingly.
10. The Antenna field displays the antenna that has automatically been
selected for this IAP.
11. If desired, enter a description for this IAP in the Description field.
12. You may reset all of the enabled IAPs by clicking the Reset Channels
button at the top of the list. A message will inform you that all enabled
radios have been taken down and brought back up.
13. Buttons at the top of the list allow you to Enable All IAPs or Disable All
IAPs.
14. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 295
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11an
Global Settings .11bgn
Global Settings .11n
Global Settings .11ac
Advanced RF Settings
IAPs
IAP Statistics Summary
LED Settings
Global Settings (IAP)
Figure 158. Global Settings (IAPs)
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296 Configuring the Wireless Array
This window allows you to establish global IAP settings. Global IAP settings
include enabling or disabling all IAPs (regardless of their operating mode), and
changing settings for beacons, station management, and advanced traffic
optimization — including multicast processing, load balancing, and roaming.
Changes you make on this page are applied to all IAPs, without exception.
Procedure for Configuring Global IAP Settings
1. Country: This is a display-only value. Once a country has been set, it may
not be changed.
The channels that are available for assignment to an IAP will differ,
depending on the country of operation. If Country is set to United States,
then 21 channels are available for 802.11a/n.
If no country is displayed, the channel set defaults to channels and power
levels that are legal worldwide — this set only includes the lower eight 5
GHz channels.
2. IAP Control: Click on the Enable All IAPs button to enable all IAPs for
this Array, or click on the Disable All IAPs button to disable all IAPs.
3. Short Retries: This sets the maximum number of transmission attempts
for a frame, the length of which is less than or equal to the RTS Threshold,
before a failure condition is indicated. The default value is 7. Enter a new
value (1 to 128) in the Short Retry Limit field if you want to increase or
decrease this attribute.
4. Long Retries: This sets the maximum number of transmission attempts
for a frame, the length of which is greater than the RTS Threshold, before
a failure condition is indicated. The default value is 4. Enter a new value
(1 to 128) in the Long Retry Limit field if you want to increase or decrease
this attribute.
5. Wi-Fi Alliance Mode: Set this On if you need Array behavior to conform
completely to Wi-Fi Alliance standards. This mode is normally set to Off.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 297
Beacon Configuration
6. Beacon Interval: When the Array sends a beacon, it includes with it a
beacon interval, which specifies the period of time before it will send the
beacon again. Enter the desired value in the Beacon Interval field,
between 20 and 1000 Kusecs. A Kusec is 1000 microseconds =
1 millisecond. The value you enter here is applied to all IAPs.
7. DTIM Period: A DTIM (Delivery Traffic Indication Message) is a signal
sent as part of a beacon by the Array to a client device in sleep mode,
alerting the device to broadcast traffic awaiting delivery. The DTIM
Period is a multiple of the Beacon Interval, and it determines how often
DTIMs are sent out. By default, the DTIM period is 1, which means that it
is the same as the beacon interval. Enter the desired multiple, between 1
and 255. The value you enter here is applied to all IAPs.
8. 802.11h Beacon Support: This option enables beacons on all of the
Array’s radios to conform to 802.11h requirements, supporting dynamic
frequency selection (DFS) and transmit power control (TPC) to satisfy
regulatory requirements for operation in Europe.
9. 802.11k Beacon Support: 802.11k offers faster and more efficient roaming.
When enabled, each beacon lists the channels that nearby APs offer. This
supports improved channel scanning, resulting in faster roam times and
increased battery life due to shorter scan times since the station knows
where to look for nearby APs. The Array will also respond to requests
from stations for an 802.11K Neighbor Report with additional
information about nearby APs. This setting is enabled by default.
10. 802.11w Protected Management Support: This option protects the
wireless network infrastructure against spoofing by outside APs.
Authenticate, De-authenticate, Associate, and Dis-associate management
frames are sent in a secured manner when this option is enabled.
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298 Configuring the Wireless Array
11. WMM Power Save: Click On to enable Wireless Multimedia Power Save
support, as defined in IEEE802.11e. This option saves power and
increases battery life by allowing the client device to doze between
packets to save power, while the Array buffers downlink frames. The
default setting is On.
12. WMM ACM Video: Click On to enable Wireless Multimedia Admission
Control for video traffic. When admission control for video is enabled, the
Array evaluates a video request from a client device against the network
load and channel conditions. If the network is not congested, it accepts
the request and grants the client the medium time for its traffic stream.
Otherwise, it rejects the request. This enables the Array to maintain QoS
when the WLAN becomes congested after a connection has already been
established. Some clients contain sufficient intelligence to decide to either
delay the traffic stream, associate with a different AP, or establish a best-
effort traffic stream outside the operation of WMM-Admission Control.
The default setting is Off. Note that the QoS priority of traffic queues is
voice, video, best effort, background—this gives the highest priority to
voice transmissions.
13. WMM ACM Voice: Click On to enable Wireless Multimedia Admission
Control for voice calls. As for WMM ACM Video above, when admission
control for voice is enabled, the Array evaluates a voice request from a
client device against the network load and channel conditions. If the
network is not congested, it accepts the request and grants the client the
medium time for its call. Otherwise, it rejects the request. Some clients
contain sufficient intelligence to decide to either delay the traffic stream,
associate with a different AP, or establish a best-effort traffic stream
outside the operation of WMM-Admission Control. The default setting is
Off.
Station Management
14. Station Re-Authentication Period: This specifies an interval (in seconds)
for station reauthentications. This is the minimum time period between
station authentication attempts, enforced by the Array. This feature is
part of the Xirrus Advanced RF Security Manager (RSM).
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Configuring the Wireless Array 299
15. Station Timeout Period: Specify a time (in seconds) in this field to define
the timeout period for station associations.
16. Max Station Association per Array: This option allows you to define
how many station associations are allowed per Array, or enter unlimited.
Note that the Max Station Association per IAP limit (below) may not be
exceeded, so entering unlimited, in practice, will stop at the per-IAP
limit. If you have an unlicensed Array, this value is set to 1, which simply
allows you to test the ability to connect to the Array.
17. Max Station Association per IAP: This defines how many station
associations are allowed per IAP. The maximum is 240 (up to 128 on the
XR-500 and XR-600 Series). Note that the SSIDs > SSID Management
window also has a station limit option — Station Limit, and the windows
for Global Settings .11an and Global Settings .11bgn also have Max
Stations settings. If multiple station limits are set, all will be enforced. As
soon as any limit is reached, no new stations can associate until some
other station has terminated its association.
18. Block Inter-Station Traffic: This option allows you to block or allow
traffic between wireless clients that are associated to the Array. Choose
either Yes (to block traffic) or No (to allow traffic).
19. Allow Over Air Management: Choose Yes to enable management of the
Array via the IAPs, or choose No (recommended) to disable this feature.
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300 Configuring the Wireless Array
Advanced Traffic Optimization
Figure 159. Multicast Processing
20. Multicast Processing: This sets how multicast traffic is handled.
Multicast traffic can be received by a number of subscribing stations at
the same time, thus saving a great deal of bandwidth. In some of the
options below, the Array uses IGMP snooping to determine the stations
that are subscribed to the multicast traffic. IGMP (Internet Group
Management Protocol) is used to establish and manage the membership
of multicast groups.
Multicast handling options are only applicable to traffic transmitted from
the Array to wireless stations. Select one of the following options:
•Send multicasts unmodified. This is useful when multicast is not
needed because no video or audio streaming is required or when it is
used only for discovering services in the network. Some situations
where you might use this option are:
•for compatibility with ordinary operation, i.e., there is no
optimization or modification of multicast traffic.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 301
•if you have an application where many subscribers need to see
the multicast—a large enough number that it would be less
efficient to convert to unicast and better just to send out multicast
even though it must be sent out at the speed of the slowest
connected station.
An example of a situation that might benefit from the use of this
mode is ghosting all the laptops in a classroom using multicast. One
multicast stream at, say, 6 Mbps is probably more efficient than thirty
unicast streams.
The next three options convert multicast to unicast. Packets are sent
directly to the stations at the best possible data rates. This approach
significantly improves the quality of the voice and video multicast
streams.
•Convert to unicast and send unicast packets to all stations. This
may be useful in link-local multicast situations.
•Convert to unicast, snoop IGMP, and only send to stations
subscribed (send as multicast if no subscription). This option is
useful when you need to stream voice or video multicast traffic to all
stations, but some stations are capable of subscribing to multicast
groups while other stations are not. The stations that do not subscribe
will not benefit from conversion to unicast; their video or voice
quality may be compromised.
•Convert to unicast, snoop IGMP, and only send to stations
subscribed (don't send packet if no subscription). This option is
useful in well controlled environments when you need to stream
voice or video multicast traffic only to stations that are capable of
subscribing to multicast groups and there is no need for the rest of the
stations to receive the data stream.
21. Multicast Exclude: This is a list of multicast IP addresses that will not be
subject to multicast-to-unicast conversion. This list is useful on networks
where applications such as those using multicast Domain Name System
(mDNS) are in use. For example, Apple Bonjour finds local network
devices such as printers or other computers using mDNS. By default, the
Wireless Array
302 Configuring the Wireless Array
list contains the IPv4 multicast address for Apple Bonjour mDNS:
224.0.0.251. For an additional discussion of optimizing Apple Bonjour
handling, see the Bonjour Director Application Note in the Xirrus Resource
Center.
To add a new IP address to the list, type it in the top field and click the
Add button to its right. You may only enter IP addresses—host names are
not allowed. This is because mDNS is a link local multicast address, and
does not require IGMP to the gateway.
To remove an entry, select it in the list and click Delete. To remove all
entries from the list, click Reset.
22. Multicast Forwarding
Multicast Forwarding is a Xirrus feature that forwards selected multicast
traffic between wired VLANs and wireless SSIDs. For example, Apple
devices use mDNS to advertise and find services, using local network
multicasts that are not routed. This creates an issue when you are using
Apple devices on the Wireless LAN, and have other devices that provide
services connected on the wired infrastructure in a different VLAN, for
example, printers and AppleTV devices. One way to address this issue is
to set up multicast forwarding between the wireless SSID and the wired
VLAN. This requires the wired VLAN to be trunked to the Array. Once
configured correctly, mDNS traffic will be forwarded from the specified
wireless network(s) to the specified wired VLANs and vice-versa, subject
to any mDNS service filtering defined (Step 24).
Use multicast forwarding together with multicast VLAN forwarding
(Step 23) and mDNS filtering (Step 24) to make services available across
VLANs as follows:
•In Multicast Forwarding Addresses, enter a list of multicast
addresses that you want forwarded, for example, 224.0.0.251 (the
multicast address for Bonjour).
•In Multicast VLAN Forwarding, enter a list of VLANs that
participate in the multicast forwarding.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 303
•In MDNS Filter, specify the mDNS service types that are allowed to
be forwarded.
•If you leave this field blank, then there is no filter, and mDNS
packets for all service types are passed.
•If you enter service types, then this acts as an allow filter, and
mDNS packets are passed only for the listed service types.
Note that mDNS filtering may be used to filter the mDNS packet
types that are forwarded within the same VLAN. Also, in conjunction
with multicast forwarding, it may be used to filter the mDNS packet
types that are forwarded across configured VLANs.
After you have entered these settings, when multicast packets arrive from
the wired network from one of the Multicast Forwarding Addresses on
any VLAN specified in Multicast VLAN Forwarding, they are forwarded
to the corresponding wireless SSID for that VLAN.
Multicast packets coming in from the wireless network on an SSID tied to
one of the specified VLANs and matching one of the Multicast
Forwarding Addresses are forwarded to the specified VLANs on the
wired network.
No modifications are made to the forwarded packets – they are just
forwarded between specified VLANs and associated SSIDs.
To specify Multicast Forwarding Addresses: enter each IP address in the
top field and click the Add button to its right. You may only enter IPv4
multicast addresses - host names are not allowed. To remove an entry,
Xirrus strongly recommends the use of MDNS Filters (Step 24) when using
multicast forwarding. Only allow required services to be forwarded.
Carefully monitor results, as forwarding may flood your network with
multicast traffic. Experience has shown Bonjour devices to be very chatty.
Also note that since this is link local multicast traffic, it will be sent to every
wired port in the VLAN, as IGMP snooping does not work with link local
multicast addresses.
Wireless Array
304 Configuring the Wireless Array
select it in the list and click Delete. To remove all entries from the list,
click Reset.
23. Multicast VLAN Forwarding: This is a list of VLANs that participate in
the multicast forwarding. Please see the description of multicast
forwarding in Step 22 above.
Multicast VLAN Forwarding operates as follows:
•If you leave this field blank, then there is no filter, and Multicast
Forwarding traffic is passed across all VLANs.
•If you enter VLANs, then this acts as an allow filter, and Multicast
Forwarding traffic is passed only to the listed VLANS.
To add a new VLAN to the list, enter its number or name in the top field
and click the Add button to its right. You may enter multiple VLANs at
once, separated by a space. To remove an entry, select it in the list and
click Delete. To remove all entries from the list, click Reset.
These VLANs must be trunked to the Array from the LAN switch, and be
defined on the Array. See “VLAN Management” on page 206 and “SSID
Management” on page 262.
The VLANs you enter must be explicitly defined (see “VLANs” on
page 204) in order to participate in multicast forwarding. In fact, the Array
discards packets from undefined VLANs.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 305
24. MDNS Filter: There are many different types of services that may be
specified in multicast query and response packets. The mDNS filters let
you restrict forwarding, so that multicast packets are forwarded only for
the services that you explicitly specify. This list may be used to restrict the
amount of Apple Bonjour multicast traffic forwarding. For example, you
may restrict forwarding to just AppleTV and printing services. Please see
the description of multicast forwarding in Step 22 above.
The MDNS Filter operates as follows:
•If you leave this field blank, then there is no filter, and mDNS
packets for all service types are passed.
•If you enter service types, then this acts as an allow filter, and
mDNS packets are passed only for the listed service types.
To add an mDNS packet type to the list of packets that may be forwarded,
select it from the drop-down list in the top field and click the Add button
to its right. The drop-down list offers packet types such as AirTunes,
Note that Multicast Forwarding and mDNS Filtering capabilities also work
if both devices are wireless. For example, let’s say that AppleTV is using
wireless to connect to an SSID that is associated with VLAN 56, and the
wireless client is on an SSID that is associated with VLAN 58. Normally the
wireless client would not be able to use Bonjour to discover the AppleTV
because they are on separate VLANs. But if you add 224.0.0.251 to the
Multicast Forwarding Addresses, then add VLANs 56 and 58 to the
Multicast VLAN Forwarding list, then the wireless client will be able to
discover the AppleTV. In this same scenario you could add AppleTV to the
MDNS Filter list so that only MDNS packets for the AppleTV service type
would be forwarded between VLANs 56 and 58.
Note that all the VLANs that you add to this list do not have to be associated
with SSIDs. As an example, say that AppleTV is on the wired network on
VLAN 56, while the wireless device is connected to an SSID that is
associated to VLAN 58. In this case, VLAN 56 and 58 need to be defined on
the Array but only VLAN 58 needs to be associated to a SSID.
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306 Configuring the Wireless Array
Apple-TV, iChat, iPhoto, iTunes, iTunes-Home-Sharing, Internet-
Printing, Mobile-Device-Sync, and Secure-Telnet.
For example, to allow mirroring of an iPad on an Apple-TV, select Apple-
TV.
You may define your own type if you do not see the service you want in
the drop-down list. Simply enter the mDNS service name that you would
like to allow through. Custom mDNS packet types must be prefixed with
an underscore, e.g., _airvideoserver.
To remove an entry, select it in the list and click Delete. To remove all
entries from the list, click Reset.
Figure 160. Additional Optimization Settings
25. Broadcast Rates: This changes the rates of broadcast traffic sent by the
Array (including beacons). When set to Optimized, each broadcast or
multicast packet that is transmitted on each radio is sent at the lowest
transmit rate used by any client associated to that radio at that time. This
results in each IAP broadcasting at the highest Array TX data rate that can
be heard by all associated stations, improving system performance. The
rate is determined dynamically to ensure the best broadcast/multicast
performance possible. The benefit is dramatic. Consider a properly
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 307
designed network (having -70db or better everywhere), where virtually
every client should have a 54Mbps connection. In this case, broadcasts
and multicasts will all go out at 54Mbps vs. the standard rate. Thus, with
broadcast rate optimization on, broadcasts and multicasts use between
2% and 10% of the bandwidth that they would in Standard mode.
When set to Standard (the default), broadcasts are sent out at the lowest
basic rate only — 6 Mbps for 5GHz clients, or 1 Mbps for 2.4GHz clients.
The option you select here is applied to all IAPs.
26. Load Balancing (ACExpress™): Wi-Fi is a shared medium and only one
device can transmit data at any time. Faster devices supporting 802.11ac
standards have to wait until the slower devices finish transmitting data.
This brings down the overall throughput of the network. For example, an
802.11n client operates more than four times slower than an 802.11ac
client, and thus will take four times more air time to communicate a given
amount of data. This starves the available bandwidth from faster clients,
reducing performance significantly. Xirrus solves this issue with
ACExpress™ that automatically separates devices onto different IAPs by
their speeds and capability.
ACExpress identifies station capabilities based on fingerprinting and
automatically groups devices by performance. It works on all modes
(802.11a/b/g/n/ac) and bands (2.4GHz and 5GHz). This results in
improved performance for every WLAN client and optimized use of
wireless radio resources. Factors including wireless band, number of
spatial streams, 802.11ac and 802.11n capability, and signal to noise ratio
are considered.
This feature also provides automatic load balancing designed to
distribute wireless stations across multiple radios rather than having
stations associate to the closest radios with the strongest signal strength,
as they normally would. In wireless networks, the station selects the radio
to which it will associate. The Array/AP cannot actually force load
balancing, however it can “encourage” stations to associate in a more
optimal fashion to underused radios of the most advantageous type. This
option enables or disables active load balancing between the Array IAPs.
Wireless Array
308 Configuring the Wireless Array
If you select On and an IAP is not the best choice for network
performance, that IAP will send an “AP Full” message in response to
Probe, Association, or Authentication requests. This deters persistent
clients from forcing their way onto overloaded IAPs.
Note that ACExpress load balancing is not used if:
•A station is re-associating—if it was already associated to this IAP, it
is allowed back on this IAP immediately. This prevents the station
from being bounced between different IAPs.
•The IAP’s Band, WiFi Mode, and Channel settings are not at their
default values. For example, if an IAP’s WiFi mode is set to 11n-only,
load balancing will not be used. See “IAP Settings” on page 290.
•If station counts (specified at the IAP, SSID, or band level) are already
exceeded.
•If a station has already been turned down a number of times when
attempting to associate, i.e., the station will eventually be allowed
onto an IAP after a number of attempts have failed.
Choose Off to disable load balancing.
27. ARP Filtering: Address Resolution Protocol finds the MAC address of a
device with a given IP address by sending out a broadcast message
requesting this information. ARP filtering allows you to reduce the
proliferation of ARP messages by restricting how they are forwarded
across the network.
You may select from the following options for handling ARP requests:
•Off: ARP filtering is disabled. ARP requests are broadcast to radios
that have stations associated to them.
•Pass-thru: The Array forwards the ARP request. It passes along only
ARP messages that target the stations that are associated to it. This is
the default value.
•Proxy: The Array replies on behalf of the stations that are associated
to it. The ARP request is not broadcast to the stations.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 309
Note that the Array has a broadcast optimization feature that is always on
(it is not configurable). Broadcast optimization restricts all broadcast
packets (not just ARP broadcasts) to only those radios that need to
forward them. For instance, if a broadcast comes in from VLAN 10, and
there are no VLAN 10 users on a radio, then that radio will not send out
that broadcast. This increases available air time for other traffic.
28. IPv6 Filtering: this setting allows blocking of IPv6 traffic which may be a
concern for IT managers. The Xirrus Array currently bridges IPv6 traffic.
Set IPv6 filtering On if you wish to prevent the forwarding of IPv6
packets through the Array in both directions—wired network to wireless
and wireless network to wired. The default is Off.
29. Xirrus Roaming Layer: Select whether to enable roaming capabilities
between IAPs or Arrays at Layer 2 and 3, or at Layer 2 only. Depending
on your wired network, you may wish to allow fast roaming at Layer 3.
This may result in delayed traffic.
30. Xirrus Roaming Mode: This feature utilizes the Xirrus Roaming Protocol
(XRP) ensuring fast and seamless roaming capabilities between IAPs or
Arrays at Layer 2 and Layer 3 (as specified in Step 31), while maintaining
security. Fast roaming eliminates long delays for re-authentication, thus
supporting time-sensitive applications such as Voice over Wi-Fi (see
“Understanding Fast Roaming” on page 288 for a discussion of this
feature). XRP uses a discovery process to identify other Xirrus Arrays as
fast roaming targets. This process has two modes:
•Broadcast — the Array uses a broadcast technique to discover other
Arrays that may be targets for fast roaming.
•Tunneled — in this Layer 3 technique, fast roaming target Arrays
must be explicitly specified.
To enable fast roaming, choose Broadcast or Tu n n e l e d , and set additional
fast roaming attributes (Step 31). To disable fast roaming, choose Off. If
you enable Fast Roaming, the following ports cannot be blocked:
•Port 22610 — reserved for Layer 2 roaming using UDP to share PMK
information between Arrays.
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310 Configuring the Wireless Array
•Ports 15000 to 17999 — reserved for Layer 3 roaming (tunneling
between subnets).
31. Share Roaming Info With: Three options allow your Array to share
roaming information with all Arrays; just with those that are within
range; or with specifically targeted Arrays. Choose either All, In Range
or Tar get On ly, respectively.
a. Xirrus Roaming Targets: If you chose Ta rge t Onl y, use this option to
add target MAC addresses. Enter the MAC address of each target
Array, then click on Add (add as many targets as you like). To find a
target’s MAC address, open the Array Info window on the target
Array and look for IAP MAC Range, then use the starting address of
this range.
To delete a target, select it from the list, then click Delete.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Global Settings .11ac
Global Settings .11an
Global Settings .11bgn
Global Settings .11n
Advanced RF Settings
IAPs
IAP Statistics Summary
LED Settings
IAP Settings
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 311
Global Settings .11an
This window allows you to establish global 802.11a IAP settings. These settings
include defining which 802.11a data rates are supported, enabling or disabling all
802.11an IAPs, auto-configuration of channel allocations for all 802.11an IAPs,
and specifying the fragmentation and RTS thresholds for all 802.11an IAPs.
Figure 161. Global Settings .11an
Procedure for Configuring Global 802.11an IAP Settings
1. 802.11a Data Rates: The Array allows you to define which data rates are
supported for all 802.11an radios. Select (or deselect) data rates by
clicking in the corresponding Supported and Basic data rate check boxes.
•Basic Rate — a wireless station (client) must support this rate in order
to associate.
Wireless Array
312 Configuring the Wireless Array
•Supported Rate — data rates that can be used to transmit to clients.
2. Data Rate Presets: The Wireless Array can optimize your 802.11a data
rates automatically, based on range or throughput. Click Optimize Range
to optimize data rates based on range, or click Optimize Throughput to
optimize data rates based on throughput. The Restore Defaults button
will take you back to the factory default rate settings.
3. 802.11a IAP Control: Click Enable 802.11a IAPs to enable all 802.11an
IAPs for this Array, or click Disable 802.11a IAPs to disable all 802.11an
IAPs.
4. Channel Configuration: Click Auto Configure to instruct the Array to
determine the best channel allocation settings for each 802.11an IAP and
select the channel automatically, based on changes in the environment.
This is the recommended method for 802.11a channel allocation (see “RF
Spectrum Management” on page 337).
Click Factory Defaults if you wish to instruct the Array to return all IAPs
to their factory preset channels. As of release 6.3, Arrays no longer all use
the same factory preset values for channel assignments. Instead, if the
Array has been deployed for a while and already has data from the
spectrum analyzer and Xirrus Roaming Protocol about channel usage on
neighboring Arrays, it performs a quick auto channel using that
information (without doing a full RF scan) to make an intelligent choice
of channel assignments. If the Array has been rebooted and has no saved
configuration or is just being deployed for the first time, it has no prior
data about its RF environment. In this case, it will pick a set of compatible
channel assignments at random.
The following options may be selected for auto configuration:
On the XR-500/600 and XR-1000 Series Arrays, the Factory Defaults
button will not restore iap1 to monitor mode. You will need to restore this
setting manually. Also, you may need to set Timeshare Mode again - see
“RF Monitor” on page 334.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 313
•Non-Radar: give preference to channels that are not required to use
dynamic frequency selection (DFS) to avoid communicating in the
same frequency range as some radar (also see Step 8 on page 297).
•Negotiate: negotiate air-time with other Arrays before performing a
full scan.
•Full Scan: perform a full traffic scan on all channels on all IAPs to
determine the best channel allocation.
•Include WDS: automatically assign 5GHz to WDS client links.
5. Set Cell Size: Cell Size may be set globally for all 802.11an IAPs to Auto,
Large, Medium, Small, or Max using the buttons.
Channels Required to Use DFS Radar Avoidance in USA
36+40 Non-radar 116+120 DFS required
44+48 Non-radar 124+128 DFS required
52+56 DFS required 132+136 DFS required
60+64 DFS required 149+153 Non-radar
100+104 DFS required 157+161 Non-radar
108+112 DFS required
To use the Auto Cell Size feature, the following additional settings are
required:
RF Monitor Mode must be turned On. See “RF Monitor” on page 334
One of the radios must be in monitor mode with the default RxdBm setting
of -95, and all other IAPs that will use Auto Cell must have Cell Size set to
auto. See “Procedure for Manually Configuring IAPs” on page 291.
Wireless Array
314 Configuring the Wireless Array
For an overview of RF power and cell size settings, please see “RF Power
& Sensitivity” on page 336, “Capacity and Cell Sizes” on page 32, and
“Fine Tuning Cell Sizes” on page 33.
6. Auto Cell Period (seconds): You may set up auto-configuration to run
periodically, readjusting optimal cell sizes for the current conditions.
Enter a number of seconds to specify how often auto-configuration will
run. If you select None, then auto-configuration of cell sizing will not be
run periodically. You do not need to run Auto Cell often unless there are a
lot of changes in the environment. If the RF environment is changing
often, running Auto Cell every twenty-four hours (86400 seconds) should
be sufficient). The default value is None.
7. Auto Cell Size Overlap (%): Enter the percentage of cell overlap that will
be allowed when the Array is determining automatic cell sizes. For 100%
overlap, the power is adjusted such that neighboring Arrays that hear
each other best will hear each other at -70dB. For 0% overlap, that number
is -90dB. The default value is 50%.
8. Auto Cell Min Cell Size: Use this setting if you wish to set the minimum
cell size that Auto Cell may assign. The values are Default, Large,
Medium, or Small.
9. Auto Cell Min Tx Power (dBm): Enter the minimum transmit power that
the Array can assign to a radio when adjusting automatic cell sizes. The
default value is 10.
10. Auto Cell Configuration: Click this button to instruct the Array to
determine and set the best cell size for each 802.11an IAP whose Cell Size
is auto on the IAP Settings window, based on changes in the
environment. This is the recommended method for setting cell size. You
may look at the Tx and Rx values on the IAP Settings window to view the
cell size settings that were applied.
11. Fragmentation Threshold: This is the maximum size for directed data
packets transmitted over the 802.11an radio. Larger frames fragment into
several packets, their maximum size defined by the value you enter here.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 315
Smaller fragmentation numbers can help to “squeeze” packets through in
noisy environments. Enter the desired Fragmentation Threshold value in
this field, between 256 and 2346.
12. RTS Threshold: The RTS (Request To Send) Threshold specifies the
packet size. Packets larger than the RTS threshold will use CTS/RTS prior
to transmitting the packet — useful for larger packets to help ensure the
success of their transmission. Enter a value between 1 and 2347.
13. Max Stations: This defines how many station associations are allowed
per 802.11an IAP. Note that the IAPs > Global Settings window and
SSIDs — SSID Management window also have station limit settings —
Max Station Association per IAP (page 299) and Station Limit
(page 268), respectively. If multiple station limits are set, all will be
enforced. As soon as any limit is reached, no new stations can associate
until some other station has terminated its association. Array
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11bgn
Global Settings .11n
IAPs
IAP Statistics Summary
Advanced RF Settings
IAP Settings
Wireless Array
316 Configuring the Wireless Array
Global Settings .11bgn
This window allows you to establish global 802.11b/g IAP settings. These settings
include defining which 802.11b and 802.11g data rates are supported, enabling or
disabling all 802.11b/g IAPs, auto-configuring 802.11b/g IAP channel allocations,
and specifying the fragmentation and RTS thresholds for all 802.11b/g IAPs.
Figure 162. Global Settings .11bgn
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 317
Procedure for Configuring Global 802.11b/g IAP Settings
1. 802.11g Data Rates: The Array allows you to define which data rates are
supported for all 802.11g radios. Select (or deselect) 11g data rates by
clicking in the corresponding Supported and Basic data rate check boxes.
•Basic Rate — a wireless station (client) must support this rate in
order to associate.
•Supported Rate — data rates that can be used to transmit to
clients.
2. 802.11b Data Rates: This task is similar to Step 1, but these data rates
apply only to 802.11b IAPs.
3. Data Rate Presets: The Wireless Array can optimize your 802.11b/g data
rates automatically, based on range or throughput. Click Optimize Range
button to optimize data rates based on range, or click on the Optimize
Throughput to optimize data rates based on throughput. Restore
Defaults will take you back to the factory default rate settings.
4. 802.11b/g IAP Control: Click Enable All 802.11b/g IAPs to enable all
802.11b/g IAPs for this Array, or click Disable All 802.11b/g IAPs to
disable them.
5. Channel Configuration: Click Auto Configure to instruct the Array to
determine the best channel allocation settings for each 802.11b/g IAP and
select the channel automatically, based on changes in the environment.
This is the recommended method for channel allocation (see “RF
Spectrum Management” on page 337).
Click Factory Defaults if you wish to instruct the Array to return all IAPs
to their factory preset channels. As of release 6.3, Arrays no longer all use
the same factory preset values for channel assignments. Instead, if the
Array has been deployed for a while and already has data from the
spectrum analyzer and Xirrus Roaming Protocol about channel usage on
neighboring Arrays, it performs a quick auto channel using that
information (without doing a full RF scan) to make an intelligent choice
of channel assignments. If the Array has been rebooted and has no saved
configuration or is just being deployed for the first time, it has no prior
Wireless Array
318 Configuring the Wireless Array
data about its RF environment. In this case, it will pick a set of compatible
channel assignments at random.
The following options may be selected for auto configuration:
•Negotiate: negotiate air-time with other Arrays before performing a
full scan.
•Full Scan: perform a full traffic scan on all channels on all IAPs to
determine the best channel allocation.
•Non-Radar: give preference to channels without radar-detect. See
table in “Procedure for Configuring Global 802.11an IAP Settings” on
page 311.
•Include WDS: automatically assign 5GHz to WDS client links.
6. Set Cell Size/ Autoconfigure: Cell Size may be set globally for all
802.11b/g IAPs to auto, large, medium, small, or max using the drop
down menu.
For an overview of RF power and cell size settings, please see “RF Power
& Sensitivity” on page 336, “Capacity and Cell Sizes” on page 32, and
“Fine Tuning Cell Sizes” on page 33.
On the XR-500/600 and XR-1000 Series Arrays, the Factory Defaults
button will not restore iap1 to monitor mode. You will need to restore this
setting manually. Also, you may need to set Timeshare Mode again - see
“RF Monitor” on page 334.
To use the Auto Cell Size feature, the following additional settings are
required:
RF Monitor Mode must be turned On. See “RF Monitor” on page 334
One of the radios must be in monitor mode with the default RxdBm setting
of -95, and all other IAPs that will use Auto Cell must have Cell Size set to
auto. See “Procedure for Manually Configuring IAPs” on page 291.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 319
7. Auto Cell Period (seconds): You may set up auto-configuration to run
periodically, readjusting optimal cell sizes for the current conditions.
Enter a number of seconds to specify how often auto-configuration will
run. If you select None, then auto-configuration of cell sizing will not be
run periodically. You do not need to run Auto Cell often unless there are a
lot of changes in the environment. If the RF environment is changing
often, running Auto Cell every twenty-four hours (86400 seconds) should
be sufficient). The default value is None.
8. Auto Cell Size Overlap (%): Enter the percentage of cell overlap that will
be allowed when the Array is determining automatic cell sizes. For 100%
overlap, the power is adjusted such that neighboring Arrays that hear
each other best will hear each other at -70dB. For 0% overlap, that number
is -90dB. The default value is 50%.
9. Auto Cell Min Cell Size: Use this setting if you wish to set the minimum
cell size that Auto Cell may assign. The values are Default, Large,
Medium, or Small.
10. Auto Cell Min Tx Power (dBm): Enter the minimum transmit power that
the Array can assign to a radio when adjusting automatic cell sizes. The
default value is 10.
11. Auto Cell Configuration: Click Auto Configure to instruct the Array to
determine and set the best cell size for each enabled 802.11b/g IAP whose
Cell Size is auto on the IAP Settings window, based on changes in the
environment. This is the recommended method for setting cell size. You
may look at the Tx and Rx values on the IAP Settings window to view the
cell size settings that were applied.
12. 802.11g Only: Choose On to restrict use to 802.11g mode only. In this
mode, no 802.11b rates are transmitted. Stations that only support 802.11b
will not be able to associate.
13. 802.11g Protection: You should select Auto CTS or Auto RTS to provide
automatic protection for all 802.11g radios in mixed networks (802.11
b and g). You may select Off to disable this feature, but this is not
recommended. Protection allows 802.11g stations to share an IAP with
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320 Configuring the Wireless Array
older, slower 802.11b stations. Protection avoids collisions by preventing
802.11b and 802.11g stations from transmitting simultaneously. When
Auto CTS or Auto RTS is enabled and any 802.11b station is associated to
the IAP, additional frames are sent to gain access to the wireless network.
•Auto CTS requires 802.11g stations to send a slow Clear To Send
frame that locks out other stations. Automatic protection reduces
802.11g throughput when 802.11b stations are present — Auto CTS
adds less overhead than Auto RTS. The default value is Auto CTS.
•With Auto RTS, 802.11g stations reserve the wireless media using a
Request To Send/Clear To Send cycle. This mode is useful when you
have dispersed nodes. It was originally used in 802.11b only
networks to avoid collisions from “hidden nodes” — nodes that are so
widely dispersed that they can hear the Array, but not each other.
When there are no 11b stations associated and an auto-protection mode is
enabled, the Array will not send the extra frames, thus avoiding
unnecessary overhead.
14. 802.11g Slot: Choose Auto to instruct the Array to manage the 802.11g
slot times automatically, or choose Short Only. Xirrus recommends using
Auto for this setting, especially if 802.11b devices are present.
15. 802.11b Preamble: The preamble contains information that the Array and
client devices need when sending and receiving packets. All compliant
802.11b systems have to support the long preamble. A short preamble
improves the efficiency of a network's throughput when transmitting
special data, such as voice, VoIP (Voice-over IP) and streaming video.
Select Auto to instruct the Array to manage the preamble (long and short)
automatically, or choose Long Only.
16. Fragmentation Threshold: This is the maximum size for directed data
packets transmitted over the 802.11b/g IAP. Larger frames fragment into
several packets, their maximum size defined by the value you enter here.
Enter the desired Fragmentation Threshold value, between 256 and 2346.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 321
17. RTS Threshold: The RTS (Request To Send) Threshold specifies the
packet size. Packets larger than the RTS threshold will use CTS/RTS prior
to transmitting the packet — useful for larger packets to help ensure the
success of their transmission. Enter a value between 1 and 2347.
18. Max Stations: This defines how many station associations are allowed
per 802.11bgn IAP. Note that the IAPs > Global Settings window and
SSIDs > SSID Management window also have station limit settings —
Max Station Association per IAP (page 299) and Station Limit
(page 268), respectively. If multiple station limits are set, all will be
enforced. As soon as any limit is reached, no new stations can associate
until some other station has terminated its association.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11an
Global Settings .11n
Advanced RF Settings
LED Settings
IAP Settings
IAP Statistics Summary
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322 Configuring the Wireless Array
Global Settings .11n
This window allows you to establish global 802.11n IAP settings. These settings
include enabling or disabling 802.11n mode for the entire Array, specifying the
number of transmit and receive chains (data stream) used for spatial
multiplexing, setting a short or standard guard interval, auto-configuring channel
bonding, and specifying whether auto-configured channel bonding will be static
or dynamic.
Before changing your settings for 802.11n, please read the discussion in “About
IEEE 802.11ac” on page 37.
Figure 163. Global Settings .11n
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Configuring the Wireless Array 323
Procedure for Configuring Global 802.11n IAP Settings
1. 802.11n Data Rates: The Array allows you to define which data rates are
supported for all 802.11n radios. Select (or deselect) 11n data rates by
clicking in the corresponding Supported and Basic data rate check boxes.
•Basic Rate — a wireless station (client) must support this rate in
order to associate.
•Supported Rate — data rates that can be used to transmit to
clients.
2. 802.11n Mode: Select Enabled to allow the Array to operate in 802.11n
mode.
If you select Disabled, then 802.11n operation is disabled on the Array.
3. TX Chains: Select the number of separate data streams transmitted by the
antennas of each IAP. The maximum number of chains is determined by
whether the XR Series Array has 2x2 or 3x3 radios. The default value is
always the maximum supported by the radio type. See “Up to Eight
Simultaneous Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing” on page 39.
4. RX Chains: Select the number of separate data streams received by the
antennas of each IAP. This number should be greater than or equal to TX
Chains. The maximum number of chains is determined by whether the
XR Series Array has 2x2 or 3x3 radios. The default value is always the
maximum supported by the radio type. See “Up to Eight Simultaneous
Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing” on page 39.
5. Guard interval: Select Short to increase the data transmission rate by
decreasing wait intervals in signal transmission. Select Long to use the
standard interval. The default is Short.
6. Auto bond 5 GHz channels: Select Enabled to use Channel Bonding on
5 GHz channels and automatically select the best channels for bonding.
The default is Enabled. See “80 MHz and 160 MHz Channel Widths
(Bonding)” on page 43.
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324 Configuring the Wireless Array
7. 5 GHz channel bonding: Select Dynamic to have auto-configuration for
bonded 5 GHz channels be automatically updated as conditions change.
For example, if there are too many clients to be supported by a bonded
channel, dynamic mode will automatically break the bonded channel into
two channels. Select Static to have the bonded channels remain the same
once they are selected. The Dynamic option is only available when Auto
bond 5 GHz channels is enabled. The default is Dynamic. See “80 MHz
and 160 MHz Channel Widths (Bonding)” on page 43.
8. 2.4 GHz channel bonding: Select Dynamic to have auto-configuration
for bonded 2.4 GHz channels be automatically updated as conditions
change. Select Static to have the bonded channels remain the same once
they are selected. The default is Dynamic. See “80 MHz and 160 MHz
Channel Widths (Bonding)” on page 43.
9. Global channel bonding: These buttons allow you to turn channel
bonding on or off for all IAPs in one step. The effect of using one of these
buttons will be shown if you go to the IAP Settings window and look at
the Bond column. Clicking Enable bonding on all IAPs causes all IAPs
to be bonded to their auto-bonding channel immediately, if appropriate.
For example, an IAP will not be bonded if it is set to monitor mode, and
2.4 GHz radios will not be bonded. Click Disable bonding on all IAPs to
turn off bonding on all IAPs immediately. See “80 MHz and 160 MHz
Channel Widths (Bonding)” on page 43. Settings in Step 7 and Step 8 are
independent of global channel bonding.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 325
Global Settings .11ac
This window allows you to establish global 802.11ac IAP settings. These settings
include enabling or disabling 802.11ac mode for the entire Array, specifying the
number of data streams used in spatial multiplexing, and setting a short or long
guard interval.
Before changing your settings for 802.11ac, please read the discussion in “About
IEEE 802.11ac” on page 37.
Figure 164. Global Settings .11ac
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326 Configuring the Wireless Array
Procedure for Configuring Global 802.11ac IAP Settings
1. 802.11ac Mode: Select Enabled to allow the Array to operate in 802.11ac
mode. If you select Disabled, then 802.11ac operation is disabled on the
Array.
2. 80 MHz Guard interval: This is the length of the interval between
transmission of symbols (the smallest unit of data transfer) when you are
using 80MHz bonded channels. (See “80 MHz and 160 MHz Channel
Widths (Bonding)” on page 43.) Select Short to increase the data
transmission rate by decreasing wait intervals in signal transmission.
Select Long to use the standard interval. The default is Short.
3. Max MCS: Select the highest Modulation and Coding Scheme level that
may be used with 1 or 2 Spatial Streams. For models with 3x3 radios,
there is also a setting for 3 Spatial Streams. This setting may be used to
limit the highest level of modulation to 64-QAM, or allow 256-QAM with
its higher data rate. It also determines the coding scheme used for error
correction. Higher MCS levels allocate fewer bits to error correction, and
thus a higher proportion is used for data transfer. The default Max MCS
value is MCS9.
The higher the MCS values, the higher the data rate, as shown in 802.11ac
Supported Rates, below. Higher MCS levels require higher signal-to-
noise ratios (i.e., a less noisy environment) and shorter transmission
distances. See “Higher Precision in the Physical Layer” on page 42.
The maximum number of separate data streams that may be transmitted
by the antennas of each IAP is determined by whether the XR Series
Array has 2x2 or 3x3 radios. For a device that has 2x2 radios, such as the
XR-620, the settings for three spatial streams are not shown.See “Up to
Eight Simultaneous Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing” on page 39.
4. 802.11ac Supported Rates: This list shows the optimum data rates that
can be expected, based on the number of spatial streams that a station can
handle, and on your settings for Max MCS, Guard Interval, and the use of
bonded channels, up to 80MHz wide.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 327
Global Settings .11u
Understanding 802.11u
As the number of access points available in public venues increases, mobile
devices users have a harder time distinguishing usable SSIDs from the tens, if not
hundreds of access points visible. Using the 802.11u protocol, access points may
broadcast information about the services and access that they offer and to respond
to queries for additional information related to the facilities that the downstream
service network provides.
The type of information broadcast or available from 802.11u-compliant access
points includes:
Access Network Type. Indicates the type of network available. For
example: public or private, free or charged, etc.
Internet Connectivity. Indicates whether the network provides Internet
connectivity.
Authentication. Indicates whether additional authentication steps will be
required to use the network as well as the network authentication types
that are in use.
Venue Information. The type and name of the location where the access
point is found.
Identification. A globally unique identification for the access point.
IPv4/IPv6 Addressing. Indicate the type of IP addressing (IPv4 and/or
IPv6) and NATing that is performed by the network.
Roaming Consortium. The service network may be connected to one or
more roaming providers, called consortia, that allow access points from
multiple service providers to be used transparently through a single paid
service. The access point may advertise multiple consortia to mobile
devices.
Domain Names. A list of domain names to which the mobile user may
end up belonging based on authentication credentials used.
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328 Configuring the Wireless Array
Cellular Networks. The service network may have arrangements with
one or more cellular service providers who can transparently provide
wireless and Internet connectivity.
Figure 165. 802.11u Global Settings
Procedure for Configuring 802.11u Settings
Use this window to establish the 802.11u configuration.
1. 802.11u Internetworking. Click On to enable 802.11u protocol operation.
2. Access Network Type: This indicates the type of network supported by
the access point. The choices are:
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Configuring the Wireless Array 329
a. Chargeable public network
b. Emergency services only network
c. Free public network
d. Personal device network
e. Private network with guest access
f. Test or experimental network
g. Wildcard—all of the networks above are supported.
3. Internet Connectivity. Click Provided if Internet connectivity is available
through the access point from the back end provider to which the mobile
user ends up belonging. Click Unspecified otherwise—for example,
depending on the SLAs (service level agreements) of the mobile user,
Internet access may or may not be provided.
4. Additional Step Required for Access. Click Disabled if no additional
authentication steps will be required to complete the connection and
Enabled otherwise. The available authentication techniques are described
in the Network Authentication Types field (Step 13).
5. Venue Group. Select the general type of venue that the access point is
located in. Various choices are available, including Business, Residential,
and Outdoor. For each Venu e Gr oup , a further set of sub-choices are
available in the Venu e Type field below. The particular name of the venue
is specified in the Ven ue Nam es field (Step 14).
6. Venue Type. For each of the Venue Group choices, a further set of sub-
choices are available. For example, if you set Venue Group to Assembly,
the choices include Amphitheater, Area, Library, and Theatre.
7. HESSID. Enter the globally unique homogeneous ESS ID. This SSID is
marked as being HotSpot 2.0 capable. This SSID attribute is global—if
802.11u is enabled and HotSpot 2.0 is enabled, then all SSIDs will have
HotSpot 2.0 capability.
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330 Configuring the Wireless Array
8. IPv4 Availability. Select the type of IPv4 addressing that will be assigned
by the network upon connection. NATed addresses are IP addresses that
have been changed by mapping the IP address and port number to IP
addresses and new port numbers routable by other networks. Double
NATed addresses go through two levels of NATing. Port restricted IPv4
addresses refer to specific UDP and TCP port numbers associated with
standard Internet services; for example, port 80 for web pages. The
choices for this field are:
a. Double NATed private IPv4 address available
b. IPv4 address not available
c. IPv4 address availability not known
d. Port-restricted IPv4 address available
e. Port-restricted IPv4 address and double NATed IPv4 address
available
f. Port-restricted IPv4 address and single NATed IPv4 address
available
g. Public IPv4 address available
h. Single NATed private IPv4 address available
9. IPv6 Availability. Select the type of IPv6 addressing that is available from
the network upon connection.
a. IPv6 address not available
b. IPv6 address availability not known
c. IPv6 address available
10. Roaming Consortium. Each of the roaming consortia has an
organizational identifier (OI) obtained from IEEE that unique identifies
the organization. This is similar to the OUI part of a MAC address. Use
this control to build up a list of OIs for the consortia available. Enter the
OI as a hexadecimal string of between 6 and 30 characters in the Add field
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Configuring the Wireless Array 331
and click Add. The OI will appear in the list. An OI may be deleted by
selecting it in the list and clicking Delete. All OIs may be deleted by
clicking Reset.
11. Domain Names. Use this control to build up a list of domain names.
Enter the name in the Add field and click Add, and it will appear in the
list. A name may be deleted by selecting it in the list and clicking Delete.
All names may be deleted by clicking Reset.
12. Cell Network. Each of the cell networks is identified by a mobile country
code (MCC) and mobile network code (MNC). Use this control to build
up a list of cell networks. Enter the MCC as a three digit number and the
MNC as a two or three digit number and click Add. The cell network will
appear in the list. A cell network may be deleted by selecting it in the list
and clicking Delete. All networks may be deleted by clicking Reset.
13. Network Authentication Types. Each network authentication that is in
use on the network should be specified in this list. The choices are:
a. Acceptance of terms and conditions. This choice displays a web page
asking for the user’s acceptance of terms and conditions of use. The
URL should be specified in the URL field before clicking Add.
b. DNS redirection. Rather than use the DNS server on the network, the
redirection points to a different server.
c. HTTP/HTTPS redirection. This choice causes the user’s first web
page reference to be redirected to a different URL for login or other
information. The URL should be specified in the URL field before
clicking Add.
d. On-line enrollment supported. This choice indicates that the user
may sign up for network access as part of the authentication process.
When Add is clicked the authentication type and optional URL will
appear in the list. An authentication type may be deleted by selecting it in
the list and clicking Delete. All authentication types may be deleted by
clicking Reset.
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332 Configuring the Wireless Array
14. Venue Names. The list of names associated with the venue are specified
here. A venue name may be added to the list in English or Chinese. Enter
the name in the appropriate field and click Add. The name will appear in
the list. A name may be deleted by selecting it in the list and clicking
Delete. All names may be deleted by clicking Reset.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 333
Advanced RF Settings
This window allows you to establish RF settings, including automatically
configuring channel allocation and cell size, and configuring radio assurance and
standby modes. Changes you make on this page are applied to all IAPs, without
exception.
Figure 166. Advanced RF Settings
Wireless Array
334 Configuring the Wireless Array
About Standby Mode
Standby Mode supports the Array-to-Array fail-over capability. When you enable
Standby Mode, the Array functions as a backup unit, and it enables its radios if it
detects that its designated target Array has failed. The use of redundant Arrays to
provide this fail-over capability allows Arrays to be used in mission-critical
applications. In Standby Mode, an Array monitors beacons from the target Array.
When the target has not been heard from for 40 seconds, the standby Array
enables its radios until it detects that the target Array has come back online.
Standby Mode is off by default. Note that you must ensure that the configuration
of the standby Array is correct. This window allows you to enable or disable
Standby Mode and specify the primary Array that is the target of the backup unit.
See also, “Failover Planning” on page 47.
Procedure for Configuring Advanced RF Settings
RF Monitor
1. RF Monitor Mode: RF monitoring permits the operation of features like
intrusion detection. The monitor may operate in Dedicated mode, or in
Timeshare mode which allows the radio to divide its time between
monitoring and acting as a standard radio that allows stations to associate
to it. Timeshare mode is especially useful for small Arrays with two IAPs,
such as the XR-500/600 and XR-1000 Series, allowing one IAP to be
shared between monitoring the airwaves for problems and providing
services to stations. Settings allow you to give priority to monitoring or
wireless services, depending on your needs. The default Monitor Mode is
Off for the XR-500 and XR-600 Series, Timeshare mode for XR-1000
Series, and Dedicated for XR-2000 and above.
If Timeshare mode is selected, you may adjust the following settings:
•Timeshare Scanning Interval (6-600): number of seconds between
monitor (off-channel) scans.
•Timeshare Station Threshold (0-240): when the number of stations
associated to the monitor radio exceeds this threshold, scanning is
halted.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 335
•Timeshare Traffic Threshold (0-50000): when the number of packets
per second handled by the monitor radio exceeds this threshold,
scanning is halted.
RF Resilience
2. Radio Assurance Mode: When this mode is enabled, the monitor radio
performs loopback tests on the Array. This mode requires RF Monitor
Mode to be enabled (Step 1) to enable self-monitoring functions. It also
requires a radio to be set to monitoring mode (see “Enabling Monitoring
on the Array” on page 500).
Operation of Radio Assurance mode is described in detail in “Array
Monitor and Radio Assurance Capabilities” on page 500.
The Radio Assurance mode scans and sends out probe requests on each
channel, in turn. It listens for all probe responses and beacons. These tests
are performed continuously (24/7). If no beacons or probe responses are
observed from a radio for a predetermined period, Radio Assurance
mode will take action according to the preference that you have specified:
•Failure alerts only — The Array will issue alerts in the Syslog, but
will not initiate repairs or reboots.
•Failure alerts & repairs, but no reboots — The Array will issue alerts
and perform resets of one or all of the radios if needed.
•Failure alerts & repairs & reboots if needed — The Array will issue
alerts, perform resets, and schedule reboots if needed.
•Disabled — Disable IAP radio assurance tests (no self-monitoring
occurs). Loopback tests are disabled by default.
3. Enable Standby Mode: Choose Yes to enable this Array to function as a
backup unit for the target Array, or choose No to disable this feature. See
“About Standby Mode” on page 334.
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336 Configuring the Wireless Array
4. Standby Target Address: If you enabled the Standby Mode, enter the
MAC address of the target Array (i.e., the address of the primary Array
that is being monitored and backed up by this Array). To find this MAC
address, open the Array Info window on the target Array, and use the
Gigabit1 MAC Address.
RF Power & Sensitivity
For an overview of RF power and cell size settings, please see “Capacity and Cell
Sizes” on page 32 and “Fine Tuning Cell Sizes” on page 33.
5. Set Cell Size: Cell Size may be set globally for all enabled IAPs to Auto,
Large, Medium, Small, or Max using the buttons.
6. Auto Cell Period (seconds): You may set up auto-configuration to run
periodically, readjusting optimal cell sizes for the current conditions.
Enter a number of seconds to specify how often auto-configuration will
run. If you select None, then auto-configuration of cell sizing will not be
run periodically. You do not need to run Auto Cell often unless there are a
lot of changes in the environment. If the RF environment is changing
often, running Auto Cell every twenty-four hours (86400 seconds) should
be sufficient). The default value is None.
7. Auto Cell Size Overlap (%): Enter the percentage of cell overlap that will
be allowed when the Array is determining automatic cell sizes. For 100%
overlap, the power is adjusted such that neighboring Arrays that hear
each other best will hear each other at -70dB. For 0% overlap, that number
is -90dB. The default value is 50%.
To use the Auto Cell Size feature, the following additional settings are
required:
RF Monitor Mode must be turned On. See “RF Monitor” on page 334.
One of the radios must be in monitor mode, and all other IAPs that will use
Auto Cell must have Cell Size set to auto. See “Procedure for Manually
Configuring IAPs” on page 291.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 337
8. Auto Cell Min Cell Size: Use this setting if you wish to set the minimum
cell size that Auto Cell may assign. The values are Default, Large,
Medium, or Small.
9. Auto Cell Min Tx Power (dBm): Enter the minimum transmit power that
the Array can assign to a radio when adjusting automatic cell sizes. The
default value is 10.
10. Auto Cell Configuration: Click this button to instruct the Array to
determine and set the best cell size for each enabled IAP whose Cell Size
is auto on the IAP Settings window, based on changes in the
environment. This is the recommended method for setting cell size. You
may look at the Tx and Rx values on the IAP Settings window to view the
cell size settings that were applied.
11. Sharp Cell: This feature reduces interference between neighboring
Arrays or other Access Points by limiting to a defined boundary (cell size)
the trailing edge bleed of RF energy. Choose On to enable the Sharp Cell
functionality, or choose Off to disable this feature. See also, “Fine Tuning
Cell Sizes” on page 33. This feature is available on all Arrays.
The Sharp Cell feature only works when the cell size is Small, Medium, or
Large (or Auto) — but not Max. If an IAP cell size is set to Max, the Sharp
Cell feature will be disabled for that radio.
RF Spectrum Management
12. Configuration Status: Shows the status of auto channel configuration. If
an operation is in progress, the approximate time remaining until
completion is displayed; otherwise Idle is displayed.
13. Band Configuration: Automatic band configuration is the recommended
method for assigning bands to the abgn IAPs. It runs only on command,
assigning IAPs to the 2.4GHz or 5GHz band when you click the Auto
Configure button. The Array uses its radios to listen for other APs on the
same channel, and it assigns bands based on where it finds the least
interference.
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338 Configuring the Wireless Array
Auto band assigns as many IAPs to the 5 GHz band as possible when
there are other Arrays within earshot. It does this by determining how
many Arrays are in range and then picking the number of radios to place
in the 2.4 GHz band. Note that for another Array to be considered to be in
range, the other Array must be visible via both the wireless and wired
networks—the Array must be listed in the Network Map table, its entry
must have In Range set to Yes, and it must have at least one active IAP
with an SSID that has broadcast enabled.
Auto band runs separately from auto channel configuration. If the band is
changed for an IAP, associated stations will be disconnected and will
then reconnect.
14. Channel Configuration: Automatic channel configuration is the
recommended method for channel allocation. When the Array performs
auto channel configuration, you may optionally instruct it to first
negotiate with any other nearby Arrays that have been detected, to
determine whether to stagger the start time for the procedure slightly.
Thus, nearby Arrays will not run auto channel at the same time. This
prevents Arrays from interfering with each other’s channel assignments.
The Configuration Status field displays whether an Auto Configure
cycle is currently running on this Array or not.
Click Auto Configure to instruct the Array to determine the best channel
allocation settings for each enabled IAP and select the channel
automatically, based on changes in the environment. This is the
recommended method for channel allocation (see “RF Spectrum
Management” on page 337). The following options may be selected for
auto configuration:
•Negotiate: negotiate air-time with other Arrays before performing a
full scan. Negotiating is slower, but if multiple Arrays are configuring
channels at the same time the Negotiate option ensures that multiple
Arrays don't select the same channels. Turning off the Negotiate
option allows the Auto Configure button to manually perform auto
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 339
channel without waiting, and may be used when you know that no
other nearby Arrays are configuring their channels.
•Full Scan: perform a full traffic scan on all channels on all IAPs to
determine the best channel allocation.
•Non-Radar: give preference to channels without radar-detect. See
table in “Procedure for Configuring Global 802.11an IAP Settings” on
page 311.
•Include WDS: automatically assign 5GHz to WDS client links.
Click Factory Defaults if you wish to instruct the Array to return all IAPs
to their factory preset channels. As of release 6.3, Arrays no longer all use
the same factory preset values for channel assignments. Instead, if the
Array has been deployed for a while and already has data from the
spectrum analyzer and Xirrus Roaming Protocol about channel usage on
neighboring Arrays, it performs a quick auto channel using that
information (without doing a full RF scan) to make an intelligent choice
of channel assignments. If the Array has been rebooted and has no saved
configuration or is just being deployed for the first time, it has no prior
data about its RF environment. In this case, it will pick a set of compatible
channel assignments at random.
15. Auto Channel Configuration Mode: This option allows you to instruct
the Array to auto-configure channel selection for each enabled IAP when
the Array is powered up. Choose On Array PowerUp to enable this
feature, or choose Disabled to disable this feature.
16. Auto Channel Configure on Time: This option allows you to instruct the
Array to auto-configure channel selection for each enabled IAP at a time
you specify here. Leave this field blank unless you want to specify a time
at which the auto-configuration utility is initiated. Time is specified in
hours and minutes, using the format: [day]hh:mm [am|pm]. If you omit
On XR-500/600 and XR-1000 Series Arrays, the Factory Defaults button
will not restore iap1 to monitor mode. You will need to restore this setting
manually. Also, you may need to set RF Monitor Mode to Timeshare
Mode again - see “RF Monitor” on page 334.
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340 Configuring the Wireless Array
the optional day specification, channel configuration will run daily at the
specified time. If you do not specify am or pm, time is interpreted in 24-
hour military time. For example, Sat 11:00 pm and Saturday 23:00 are
both acceptable and specify the same time.
17. Channel List Selection: This list selects which channels are available to
the auto channel algorithm. Channels that are not checked are left out of
the auto channel selection process. Note that channels that have been
locked by the user are also not available to the auto channel algorithm.
18. Auto Channel List: Use All Channels selects all available channels (this
does not include locked channels). Use Defaults sets the auto channel list
back to the defaults. This omits newer channels (100-140) — many
wireless NICs don’t support these channels.
Station Assurance
Station assurance monitors the quality of the connections that users are
experiencing on the wireless network. You can quickly detect stations that are
having problems and take steps to correct them. Use these settings to establish
threshold values for errors and other problems. Station assurance is enabled by
default, with a set of useful default thresholds that you may adjust as desired.
When a connection is experiencing problems and reaches one of these thresholds
in the specified period of time, the Array responds with several actions: an event
is triggered, a trap is generated, and a Syslog message is logged. For example, if a
client falls below the threshold for Min Average Associated Time, this
“bouncing” behavior might indicate roaming problems with the network’s RF
design, causing the client to bounce between multiple Arrays and not stay
connected longer than the time to re-associate and then jump again. This can be
corrected with RF adjustments. Station assurance alerts you to the fact that this
station is encountering problems.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 341
Figure 167. Station Assurance (Advanced RF Settings)
19. Enable Station Assurance: This is enabled by default. Click No if you
wish to disable it, and click Yes to re-enable it. When station assurance is
enabled, the Array will monitor connection quality indicators listed
below and will display associated information on the Station Assurance
Status page. When a threshold is reached, an event is triggered, a trap is
generated, and a Syslog message is logged.
20. Period: In seconds, the period of time for a threshold to be reached. For
example, the Array will check whether Max Authentication Failures has
been reached in this number of seconds.
21. Min Average Associated Time: (seconds) Station assurance detects
whether the average length of station associations falls below this
threshold during a period.
22. Max Authentication Failures: Station assurance detects whether the
number of failed login attempts reaches this threshold during a period.
23. Max Packet Error Rate: (%) Station assurance detects whether the packet
error rate percentage reaches this threshold during a period.
24. Max Packet Retry Rate: (%) Station assurance detects whether the packet
retry rate percentage reaches this threshold during a period.
25. Min Packet Data Rate: (Mbps) Station assurance detects whether the
packet data rate falls below this threshold during a period.
Wireless Array
342 Configuring the Wireless Array
26. Min Received Signal Strength: (dB) Station assurance detects whether
the strength of the signal received from the station falls below this
threshold during a period.
27. Min Signal to Noise Ratio: (dB) Station assurance detects whether the
ratio of signal to noise received from the station falls below this threshold
during a period.
28. Max Distance from Array: Min Received Signal Strength: (feet) Station
assurance detects whether the distance of the station from the Array
reaches this threshold during a period.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Global Settings .11an
Global Settings .11bgn
Global Settings .11n
IAPs
IAP Settings
Radio Assurance
Hotspot 2.0
Understanding Hotspot 2.0
Hotspot 2.0 is a part of the Wi-Fi Alliance’s Passpoint certification program. It
specifies additional information above and beyond that found in 802.11u, which
allows mobile clients to automatically discover, select, and connect to networks
based on preferences and network optimization. Mobile clients that support
Hotspot 2.0 are informed of an access point’s support via its beacon message.
Hotspot 2.0 messages forward several types of information to clients, including:
Uplink and Downlink Speeds
Link Status
Friendly Name
Connection Capabilities The access point will restrict the protocols that
can be used by a specification of protocol and port numbers.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 343
Procedure for Hotspot 2.0 Settings
Use this window to establish the Hotspot 2.0 configuration.
1. Hotspot 2.0. Click Enabled to enable Hotspot 2.0 operation.
2. Downstream Group-addressed Forwarding. Click Enabled to allow the
access point to forward group-addressed traffic (broadcast and multicast)
to all connected devices. Click Disabled to cause the access point to
convert group-addressed traffic to unicast messages.
3. WAN Downlink Speed. Enter the WAN downlink speed in kbps into the
field.
4. WAN Uplink Speed. Enter the WAN uplink speed in kbps into the field.
Figure 168. Hotspot 2.0 Settings
Wireless Array
344 Configuring the Wireless Array
5. English/Chinese Operator Friendly Name. Enter an English or Chinese
name into one of the fields. An incorrectly entered name can be deleted
by clicking the corresponding Delete.
6. Connection Capabilities. A Hotspot 2.0 access point limits the particular
protocols that clients may use. The set of default protocols is shown
initially. This table specifies the protocols in terms of:
a. A common Name, such as FTP or HTTP.
b. A Protocol number. For example 1 for ICMP, 6 for TCP, 17 for UDP,
and 50 for Encapsulated Security Protocol in IPsec VPN connections.
c. Port number for UDP/TCP connection.
d. Status: one of open, closed or unknown.
Any of the entries may be deleted by clicking the corresponding Delete
button. New entries may be created by entering the name of the protocol
in the box beside the Create button, and then clicking Create. The new
protocol will be added to the list with zeros in the protocol fields and
unknown for the status. Enter the appropriate Protocol and Port values
before setting the Status field to open.
NAI Realms
Understanding NAI Realm Authentication
A network access identifier (NAI) is a specification of a particular user. A NAI
takes the general form of an e-mail address. Examples of NAIs are:
joe@example.com
fred@foo-9.example.com
jack@3rd.depts.example.com
fred.smith@example.com
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 345
Figure 169. NAI Realms
The NAI Realm is the part of the NAI following the @ sign. For example, you
might enter: example.com, 3rd.depts.example.com, and foo-9.example.com. Use
the NAI Realms page, in conjunction with the NAI EAP page, to specify the
authentication techniques to be used to access that realm with appropriate
parameters.
Procedure for NAI Realms Settings
Use this window to establish the names of the supported realms.
1. Enter the realm name. Enter the name of a realm in the box to the left of
the Create button and click Create. The realm will be added to the NAI
Realms list. Any of the realms may be deleted by clicking the
corresponding Delete button.
2. Enter Authentication Information. The NAI EAP page is used to specify
authentication for a realm. Click on the name of a realm to go to the NAI
EAP page for that realm. See “NAI EAP” on page 346.
Wireless Array
346 Configuring the Wireless Array
NAI EAP
This window allows specification of the authentication techniques for a realm.
Figure 170. NAI EAP
Procedure for NAI Realms Settings
1. Select the realm to be configured in the NAI Realm drop down.
2. Select EAP Methods. Each realm may support up to five EAP
authentication methods. Beside each of the five numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
select the method from the drop down. The choices are:
•EAP-AKA
•EAP-AKA’ (EAP-AKA prime)
•EAP-FAST
•EAP-MSCHAP-V2
•EAP-SIM
•EAP-TLS
•EAP-TTLS
•GTC
•MD5-Challenge
•None
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 347
•PEAP
3. Specify Authentication Parameters. Each of the authentication methods
may specify up to five authentication parameters. To specify the
parameters click on the number corresponding to the authentication
method; i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. This displays the EAP n Auth Parameter
Configuration below the list of EAP Methods. For up to five of the
parameters, select the Type and Value or Vendor ID / Type. The choices
for the Type are:
•Credential Type
•Expanded EAP Method
•Expanded Inner EAP Method
•Inner Authentication EAP Method Type
•Non-EAP Inner Authentication Type
•None
•Tunneled EAP Method Credential Type
For each type, a value or a vendor ID and type must be specified, as
applicable.
Wireless Array
348 Configuring the Wireless Array
Intrusion Detection
The Xirrus Array employs a number of IDS/IPS (Intrusion Detection System/
Intrusion Prevention System) strategies to detect and prevent malicious attacks on
the wireless network. Use this window to adjust intrusion detection settings.
Figure 171. Intrusion Detection Settings
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 349
The Array provides a suite of intrusion detection and prevention options to
improve network security. You can separately enable detection of the following
types of problems:
Rogue Access Point Detection and Blocking
Unknown APs are detected, and may be automatically blocked based on
a number of criteria. See “About Blocking Rogue APs” on page 351.
Denial of Service (DoS) or Availability Attack Detection
A DoS attack attempts to flood an Array with communications requests
so that it cannot respond to legitimate traffic, or responds so slowly that it
becomes effectively unavailable. The Array can detect a number of types
of DoS attacks, as described in the table below. When an attack is
detected, the Array logs a Syslog message at the Alert level.
Impersonation Detection
These malicious attacks use various techniques to impersonate a
legitimate AP or station, often in order to eavesdrop on wireless
communications. The Array detects a number of types of impersonation
attacks, as described in the table below. When an attack is detected, the
Array logs a Syslog message at the Alert level.
Type of Attack Description
DoS Attacks
Beacon Flood Generating thousands of counterfeit 802.11 beacons to
make it hard for stations to find a legitimate AP.
Probe Request
Flood Generating thousands of counterfeit 802.11 probe requests
to overburden the Array.
Authentication
Flood Sending forged Authenticates from random MAC
addresses to fill the Array's association table.
Association
Flood Sending forged Associates from random MAC addresses
to fill the Array's association table.
Wireless Array
350 Configuring the Wireless Array
Disassociation
Flood Flooding the Array with forged Disassociation packets.
Deauthentication
Flood Flooding the Array with forged Deauthenticates.
EAP Handshake
Flood Flooding an AP with EAP-Start messages to consume
resources or crash the target.
Null Probe
Response Answering a station probe-request frame with a null SSID.
Many types of popular NIC cards cannot handle this
situation, and will freeze up.
MIC Error Attack Generating invalid TKIP data to exceed the Array's MIC
error threshold, suspending WLAN service.
Disassociation
Attack (Omerta) Sending forged disassociation frames to all stations on a
channel in response to data frames.
Deauthentication
Attack Sending forged deauthentication frames to all stations on
a channel in response to data frames.
Duration Attack
(Duration Field
Spoofing)
Injecting packets into the WLAN with huge duration
values. This forces the other nodes in the WLAN to keep
quiet, since they cannot send any packet until this value
counts down to zero. If the attacker sends such frames
continuously it silences other nodes in the WLAN for long
periods, thereby disrupting the entire wireless service.
Impersonation Attacks
AP
impersonation Reconfiguring an attacker's MAC address to pose as an
authorized AP. Administrators should take immediate
steps to prevent the attacker from entering the WLAN.
Station
impersonation Reconfiguring an attacker's MAC address to pose as an
authorized station. Administrators should take immediate
steps to prevent the attacker from entering the WLAN.
Evil twin attack Masquerading as an authorized AP by beaconing the
WLAN's service set identifier (SSID) to lure users.
Type of Attack Description
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 351
About Blocking Rogue APs
If you classify a rogue AP as blocked (see “Rogue Control List” on page 250), then
the Array will take measures to prevent stations from staying associated to the
rogue. When the monitor radio is scanning, any time it hears a beacon from a
blocked rogue it sends out a broadcast “deauth” signal using the rogue's BSSID
and source address. This has the effect of disconnecting all of a rogue AP’s clients
approximately every 5 to 10 seconds, which is enough to make the rogue
frustratingly unusable.
The Advanced RF Settings window allows you to set up Auto Block parameters
so that unknown APs get the same treatment as explicitly blocked APs. This is
basically a “shoot first and ask questions later” mode. By default, auto blocking is
turned off. Auto blocking provides two parameters for qualifying blocking so that
APs must meet certain criteria before being blocked. This keeps the Array from
blocking every AP that it detects. You may:
Set a minimum RSSI value for the AP — for example, if an AP has an RSSI
value of -90, it is probably a harmless AP belonging to a neighbor and not
in your building.
Block based on encryption level.
Block based on whether the AP is part of an ad hoc network or
infrastructure network.
Specify channels to be whitelisted. Rogues discovered on these channels
are excluded from auto blocking. This allows specified channels to be
freely used by customer or guests for their APs.
Sequence
number anomaly A sender may use an Add Block Address request (ADDBA
- part of the Block ACK mechanism) to specify a sequence
number range for packets that the receiver can accept.
An attacker spoofs an ADDBA request, asking the receiver
to reset its sequence number window to a new range. This
causes the receiver to drop legitimate frames, since their
sequence numbers will not fall in that range.
Type of Attack Description
Wireless Array
352 Configuring the Wireless Array
Procedure for Configuring Intrusion Detection
RF Intrusion Detection and Auto Block Mode
1. Intrusion Detection Mode: This option allows you to choose the
Standard intrusion detection method, or you can choose Off to disable
this feature. See “Array Monitor and Radio Assurance Capabilities” on
page 500 for more information.
•Standard — enables the monitor radio to collect Rogue AP
information.
•Off — intrusion detection is disabled.
2. Auto Block Unknown Rogue APs: Enable or disable auto blocking (see
“About Blocking Rogue APs” on page 351). Note that in order to set Auto
Block RSSI and Auto Block Level, you must set Auto Block Unknown
Rogue APs to On. Then the remaining Auto Block fields will be active.
3. Auto Block RSSI: Set the minimum RSSI for rogue APs to be blocked.
APs with lower RSSI values will not be blocked. They are assumed to be
farther away, and probably belonging to neighbors and posing a minimal
threat.
4. Auto Block Level: Select rogue APs to block based on the level of
encryption that they are using. The choices are:
•Automatically block unknown rogue APs regardless of encryption.
•Automatically block unknown rogue APs with no encryption.
•Automatically block unknown rogue APs with WEP or no
encryption.
5. Auto Block Network Types: Select rogues to automatically block by
applying the criteria above only to networks of the type specified below.
The choices are:
•All — the unknown rogues may be part of any wireless network.
•IBSS/AD Hoc only — only consider auto blocking rogues if they
belong to an ad hoc wireless network (a network of client devices
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 353
without a controlling Access Point, also called an Independent Basic
Service Set — IBSS).
•ESS/Infrastructure only — only consider auto blocking rogue APs if
they are in infrastructure mode rather than ad hoc mode.
6. Auto Block Whitelist: Use this list to specify channels to be excluded
from automatic blocking. If you have enabled Auto Block, it will not be
applied to rogues detected on the whitelisted channels. Use the Add
Channel drop-down to add entries to the Channels list, one at a time.
You can delete entries from the list by selecting them from the Remove
Channel drop-down list.
DoS Attack Detection Settings
7. Attack/Event: The types of DoS attack that you may detect are described
in the Type of Attack Table page 349. Detection of each attack type may be
separately enabled or disabled. For each attack, a default Threshold and
Period (seconds) are specified. If the number of occurrences of the type of
packet being detected exceeds the threshold in the specified number of
seconds, then the Array declares that an attack has been detected. You
may modify the Threshold and Period.
For the Flood attack settings, you also have a choice of Auto or Manual.
•Manual mode — threshold and period settings are used to detect a
flood. Packets received are simply counted for the specified time
period and compared against the flood threshold. The default for all
of the floods is Manual mode.
•Auto mode — the Array analyzes current traffic for packets of a given
type versus traffic over the past hour to determine whether a packet
flood should be detected. In this mode, threshold and period settings
are ignored. This mode is useful for floods like beacon or probe
floods, where the numbers of such packets detected in the air can
vary greatly from installation to installation.
Wireless Array
354 Configuring the Wireless Array
8. Duration Attack NAV (ms): For the duration attack, you may also modify
the default duration value that is used to determine whether a packet
may be part of an attack. If the number of packets having at least this
duration value exceeds the Threshold number in the specified Period, an
attack is detected.
Impersonation Detection Settings
9. Attack/Event: The types of impersonation attack that you may detect are
described in Impersonation Attacks page 350. Detection of each attack
type may be turned On or Off separately. For AP or Station
Impersonation attacks, a default Threshold and Period (seconds) are
specified. If the number of occurrences of the type of packet being
detected exceeds the threshold in the specified number of seconds, then
the Array declares that an attack has been detected. You may modify the
Threshold and Period.
10. Sequence number anomaly: You may specify whether to detect this type
of attack in Data traffic or in Management traffic, or turn Off this type of
detection.
LED Settings
This window assigns behavior preferences for the Array’s IAP LEDs.
Figure 172. LED Settings
Procedure for Configuring the IAP LEDs
1. LED State: This option determines which event triggers the LEDs, either
when an IAP is enabled or when an IAP first associates with the network.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 355
Choose On Radio Enabled or On First Association, as desired. You may
also choose Disabled to keep the LEDs from being lit. The LEDs will still
light during the boot sequence, then turn off.
2. LED Blink Behavior: This option allows you to select when the IAP LEDs
blink, based on the activities you check here. From the choices available,
select one or more activities to trigger when the LEDs blink. For default
behavior, see “Array LED Operating Sequences” on page 67.
3. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11an
Global Settings .11bgn
IAPs
LED Boot Sequence
DSCP Mappings
DSCP is the 6-bit Differentiated Services Code Point (DiffServ) field in the IPv4 or
IPv6 packet header, defined in RFC2474 and RFC2475. The DSCP value classifies
the packet to determine the Quality of Service (QoS) required. DSCP replaces the
outdated Type of Service (TOS) field.
Figure 173. DSCP Mappings
Wireless Array
356 Configuring the Wireless Array
The DSCP Mappings page shows the default mapping of each of the 64 DSCP
values to one of the Array’s four QoS levels, and allows you to change these
mappings.
For a detailed discussion of the operation of QoS and DSCP mappings on the
Array, please see “Understanding QoS Priority on the Wireless Array” on
page 256.
Procedure for Configuring DSCP Mappings
1. DSCP to QoS Mapping Mode: Use the On and Off buttons to enable or
disable the use of the DSCP mapping table to determine the QoS level
applied to each packet.
2. DSCP to QoS Mapping: The radio buttons in this table show all DSCP
values (0 to 63), and the QoS level to which each is mapped. To change the
QoS level applied to a DSCP value, click the desired QoS level (0 to 3)
underneath it.
Roaming Assist
Roaming assist is a Xirrus feature that helps clients roam to Arrays that will give
them high quality connections. Some smart phones and tablets will stay
connected to a radio with poor signal quality, even when there’s a radio with
better signal strength within range. When roaming assist is enabled, the Array
“assists” the device by deauthenticating it when certain parameters are met. This
encourages a client with a high roaming threshold (i.e., a device that may not
roam until signal quality has seriously dropped) to move to an Array that gives it
a better signal. The deauthentication is meant to cause the client to choose a
different radio. You can specify the device types that will be assisted in roaming.
The roaming threshold is the difference in signal strength between radios that will
trigger a deauthentication. If the client’s signal is lower than the sum of the
threshold and the stronger neighbor radio’s RSSI, then we “assist” the client. For
example:
Threshold = -5
RSSI of neighbor Array = -65
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 357
RSSI of client = -75
-75 < (-5 + -65) : Client will roam
Another example:
Threshold = -15
RSSI of neighbor Array = -60
RSSI of station = -70
-70 > (-15 + -60) : Client will not roam
Procedure for Configuring Roaming Assist
1. Enable Roaming Assist: Use the Yes and No buttons to enable or disable
this feature.
2. Backoff Period: After deauthenticating a station, it may re-associate to
the same radio. To prevent the Array from repeatedly deauthenticating
the station when it comes back, there is a backoff period. This is the
number of seconds the station is allowed to stay connected before another
deauthentication.
3. Roaming Threshold: This is the difference in signal strength between
radios that will trigger a deauthentication, as described in the discussion
above. In most cases, this will be a negative number.
Wireless Array
358 Configuring the Wireless Array
WDS
This is a status-only window that provides an overview of all WDS links that have
been defined. WDS (Wireless Distribution System) is a system that enables the
interconnection of access points wirelessly, allowing your wireless network to be
expanded using multiple access points without the need for a wired backbone to
link them. The Summary of WDS Client Links shows the WDS links that you
have defined on this Array and identifies the target Array for each by its base
MAC address. The Summary of WDS Host Links shows the WDS links that have
been established on this Array as a result of client Arrays associating to this Array
(i.e., the client Arrays have this Array as their target). The summary identifies the
source (client) Array for each link. Both summaries identify the IAPs that are part
of the link and whether the connection for each is up or down. See “WDS
Planning” on page 57 for an overview.
Figure 174. WDS
About Configuring WDS Links
A WDS link connects a client Array and a host Array (see Figure 175 on page 359).
The host must be the Array that has a wired connection to the LAN. Client links
from one or more Arrays may be connected to the host, and the host may also
have client links. See “WDS Planning” on page 57 for more illustrations.
WDS is not available for Arrays or Access Points featuring 802.11ac IAPs.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 359
The configuration for WDS is performed on the client Array only, as described in
“WDS Client Links” on page 361. No WDS configuration is performed on the host
Array. First you will set up a client link, defining the target (host) Array and SSID,
and the maximum number of IAPs in the link. Then you will select the IAPs to be
used in the link. When the client link is created, each member IAP will associate to
an IAP on the host Array.
You may wish to consider configuring the WDS link IAPs so that only the WDS
link SSIDs are active on them. See “Active IAPs” on page 275.
Figure 175. Configuring a WDS Link
Once an IAP has been selected to act as a WDS client link, you will not be
allowed to use auto-configured cell sizing on that IAP (since the cell must
extend all the way to the other Array).
When configuring WDS, if you use WPA-PSK (Pre-Shared Key) as a
security mechanism, ensure that EAP is disabled. Communication between
two Arrays in WDS mode will not succeed if the client Array has both PSK
and EAP enabled on the SSID used by WDS. See SSID Management.
TKIP encryption does not support high throughput rates, per IEEE 802.11n.
TKIP should never be used for WDS links on XR Arrays.
a2(52)
a3(149)
a4(40)
a10(52)
a9(149)
a8(40)
CLIENT HOST
Wired LAN
Client
Link
Wireless Array
360 Configuring the Wireless Array
Long Distance Links
If you are using WDS to provide backhaul over an extended distance, use the
WDS Dist. (Miles) setting to prevent timeout problems associated with long
transmission times. (See “IAP Settings” on page 290) Set the approximate distance
in miles between this IAP and the connected Array in the WDS Dist. (Miles)
column. This will increase the wait time for frame transmission accordingly.
See Also
SSID Management
Active IAPs
WDS Client Link IAP Assignments:
WDS Client Links
WDS Statistics
WDS is available on all Xirrus Arrays, including XR-500/600 and XR-
1000 Series Arrays with two radios (WDS will operate on either of the
radios).
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 361
WDS Client Links
This window allows you to set up a maximum of four WDS client links.
Figure 176. WDS Client Links
Procedure for Setting Up WDS Client Links
WDS Client Link Settings:
1. Host Link Stations: Check the Allow checkbox to instruct the Array to
allow stations to associate to IAPs on a host Array that participates in a
WDS link. The WDS host IAP will send beacons announcing its
availability to wireless clients. This is disabled by default.
WDS is not available for Arrays or Access Points featuring 802.11ac IAPs.
Once an IAP has been selected to act as a WDS client link, no other
association will be allowed on that IAP. However, wireless associations will
be allowed on the WDS host side of the WDS session.
Wireless Array
362 Configuring the Wireless Array
2. Roaming RSSI Threshold: If an Array is deployed on a mobile site (on a
train, for example), you can use WDS to implement a wireless backhaul
that will roam between Arrays at fixed locations. When another
candidate Array for WDS host target is found, the client link will roam to
the new Array if its RSSI is stronger than the RSSI of the current host
connection by at least the Roaming RSSI Threshold. The default is 6 dB.
3. Roaming RSSI Averaging Weight: This weight changes how much the
latest RSSI reading influences the cumulative weighted RSSI value
utilized in checking the threshold (above) to make a roaming decision.
The higher the weight, the lower the influence of a new RSSI reading.
This is not exactly a percentage, but a factor in the formula for computing
the current RSSI value based on new readings:
StoredRSSI = (StoredRSSI * RoamingAvgWeight
+ NewRSSIReading * (100 - RoamingAvgWeight)) / 100
This prevents erroneous or out-of-line RSSI readings from causing the
WDS link to jump to a new Array. Such readings can result from
temporary obstructions, external interference, etc.
4. Click the Save button after you are finished making changes on this
page if you wish to make your changes permanent.
WDS Client Link IAP Setting:
5. Enable/Disable/Reset All Links: Click the appropriate button to:
In situations like the one in the next step, where WDS is used by an Array
mounted on a high speed train, STP can add significant delay (often on the
order of 30 to 60 seconds) while initially analyzing network topology. In
such a situation, it may be desirable to disable STP. See “Management
Control” on page 226.
Caution: If Spanning Tree Protocol (“Management Control” on page 226) is
disabled and a network connection is made on the WDS Client Array’s
Gigabit link that can reach the WDS Host Array, broadcast and multicast
packets will not be blocked. A broadcast storm may cause a network outage.
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 363
•Enable All Links—this command activates all WDS links configured
on the Array.
•Disable All Links—this command deactivates all WDS links
configured on the Array. It leaves all your settings unchanged, ready
to re-enable.
•Reset All Links—this command tears down all links configured on
the Array and sets them back to their factory defaults, effective
immediately.
6. Client Link: Shows the ID (1 to 4) of each of the four possible WDS links.
7. Enabled: Check this box if you want to enable this WDS link, or uncheck
the box to disable the link.
8. Max IAPs Allowed (1-3): Enter the maximum number of IAPs for this
link, between 1 and 3.
9. Target Array Base MAC Address: Enter the base MAC address of the
target Array (the host Array at the other side of this link). To find this
MAC address, open the WDS window on the target Array, and use This
Array Address located on the right under the Summary of WDS Host
Links. To allow any Xirrus Array to be accepted as a WDS target, enter the
Xirrus OUI: 00:0f:7d:00:00:00 or 50:60:28:00:00:00 (this is useful for
roaming in a mobile deployment, as described in Step 2 on page 362).
10. Target SSID: Enter the SSID that the target Array is using.
11. Username: Enter a username for this WDS link. A username and
password is required if the SSID is using PEAP for WDS authentication
from the internal RADIUS server.
12. Password: Enter a password for this WDS link.
13. Clear Settings: Click on the Clear button to reset all of the fields on this
line.
WDS Client Link IAP Assignments:
14. For each desired client link, select the IAPs that are part of that link. The
IAP channel assignments are shown in the column headers.
Wireless Array
364 Configuring the Wireless Array
15. IAP Channel Assignment: Click Auto Configure to instruct the Array to
automatically determine the best channel allocation settings for each IAP
that participates in a WDS link, based on changes in the environment.
These changes are executed immediately, and are automatically applied.
See Also
SSID Management
WDS Planning
WDS
WDS Statistics
Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array 365
Filters
The Wireless Array’s integrated firewall uses stateful inspection to speed the
decision of whether to allow or deny traffic. Filters are used to define the rules
used for blocking or passing traffic. Filters can also set the VLAN and QoS level
for selected traffic.
Filters may be used based on your experience with Application Control Windows
to eliminate or cap the amount of traffic allowed for less desirable applications.
Figure 177. Filters
User connections managed by the firewall are maintained statefully — once a user
flow is established through the Array, it is recognized and passed through
without application of all defined filtering rules. Stateful inspection runs
automatically on the Array. The rest of this section describes how to view and
manage filters.
Filters are organized in groups, called Filter Lists. A filter list allows you to apply
a uniform set of filters to SSIDs or Groups very easily.
The read-only Filters window provides you with an overview of all filter lists that
have been defined for this Array, and the filters that have been created in each list.
Filters are listed in the left side column by name under the filter list to which they
belong. Each filter entry is a link that takes you to its Filter Management entry,
The air cleaner feature offers a number of predetermined filter rules that
eliminate a great deal of unnecessary wireless traffic. See “Air Cleaner” on
page 438.
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366 Configuring the Wireless Array
and the list includes information about the type of filter, the protocol it is filtering,
which port it applies to, source and destination addresses, and QoS and VLAN
assignments.
Filter Lists
This window allows you to create filter lists. The Array comes with one
predefined list, named Global, which cannot be deleted. Filter lists (including
Global) may be applied to SSIDs or to Groups. Only one filter list at a time may be
applied to a group or SSID (although the filter list may contain a number of
filters). All filters are created within filter lists.
Figure 178. Filter Lists
Procedure for Managing Filter Lists
1. Stateful Filtering: Stateful operation of the integrated firewall can be
Enabled or Disabled. If you have a large number of filters and you don’t
want to apply them in a stateful manner, you may use this option to turn
the firewall off.
2. Application Control: Operation of the Application Control feature may
be Enabled or Disabled. See “Application Control Windows” on
page 146.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 367
3. New Filter List Name: Enter a name for the new filter list in this field,
then click on the Create button to create the list. All new filters are
disabled when they are created. The new filter list is added to the Filter
List table in the window. Click on the filter list name, and you will be
taken to the Filter Management window for that filter list. You may create
up to 16 filter lists (up to 8 on the XR-500 Series and on the XR-620).
4. On: Check this box to enable this filter list, or leave it blank to disable the
list. If the list is disabled, you may still add filters to it or modify it, but
none of the filters will be applied to data traffic.
5. Filters: This read-only field displays the number of filters that belong to
this filter list.
6. SSIDs: This read-only field lists the SSIDs that use this filter list.
7. User Groups: This read-only field lists the Groups that use this filter list.
8. Delete: Click this button to delete this filter list. The Global filter list may
not be deleted.
9. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
10. Click a filter list to go to the Filter Management window to create and
manage the filters that belong to this list.
The Application Control feature is only available if the Array license
includes Application Control. If a setting is unavailable (grayed out), then
your license does not support the feature. See “About Licensing and
Upgrades” on page 387.
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368 Configuring the Wireless Array
Filter Management
This window allows you to create and manage filters that belong to a selected
filter list, based on the filter criteria you specify. Filters are an especially powerful
feature when combined with the intelligence provided by the “Application
Control Windows” on page 146.
Figure 179. Filter Management
Filters are applied in order, from top to bottom.
Click here to change the order.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 369
Based on Application Control’s analysis of your wireless traffic, you can create
filters to enhance wireless usage for your business needs:
Usage of non-productive and risky applications like BitTorrent can be
restricted.
Traffic for mission-critical applications like VoIP and WebEx may be given
higher priority (QoS).
Non- critical traffic from applications like YouTube may be given lower
priority (QoS) or bandwidth allowed may be capped per station or for all
stations.
Traffic flows for specific applications may be controlled by sending them
into VLANs that are designated for that type of traffic.
Filters may be applied at specified times—for example, no games allowed
from 8 AM to 6 PM.
Note that filtering is secondary to the stateful inspection performed by the
integrated firewall. Traffic for established connections is passed through without
the application of these filtering rules.
Procedure for Managing Filters
1. Filter List: Select the filter list to display and manage on this window. All
of the filters already defined for this list are shown, and you may create
additional filters for this list. You may create up to 50 filters per list (up to
25 per list on the XR-500 Series and on the XR-620).
2. Add Preset Filter: A number of predefined “Air Cleaner” filters are
available using these buttons. You can use these rules to eliminate a great
deal of unnecessary wireless traffic, resulting in improved performance.
For more information, please see “Air Cleaner” on page 438.
3. New Filter Name: To add a new filter, enter its name in the field next to
the Create button at the bottom of the list, then click Create. All new
filters are added to the table of filters in the window. The filter name must
be unique within the list, but it may have the same name as a filter in a
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370 Configuring the Wireless Array
different filter list. Two filters with the same name in different filter lists
will be completely unrelated to each other — they may be defined with
different parameter values.
Viewing or modifying existing filter entries:
4. Filter: Select a filter entry if you wish to modify it. Source and destination
details are displayed below the bottom of the list.
5. On: Use this field to enable or disable this filter.
6. Log: Log usage of this filter to Syslog.
7. Type: Choose whether this filter will be an Allow filter or a Deny filter. If
you define the filter as an Allow filter, then any associations that meet the
filter criteria will be allowed. If you define the filter as a Deny filter, any
associations that meet the filter criteria will be denied.
8. Layer: Select network layer 2 or 3 for operation of this filter.
9. Protocol/Number: Choose a specific filter protocol from the pull-down
list, or choose numeric and enter a Number, or choose any to instruct the
Array to use the best filter. This is a match criterion.
10. Application: Shows an application to filter, based on settings from Step
22 and Step 23. If an application has been selected, you should not enter
Protocol or Port—application filters have intelligence built into them, and
perform filtering that you cannot accomplish with just port and protocol.
See “Application Control Windows” on page 146.
11. Port/Number: This is a match criterion. From the pull-down list, choose
the target port type for this filter. Choose any to instruct the Array to
apply the filter to any port, or choose 1-65534 and enter a Number.
To enter a Range of port numbers, separate the start and end numbers
with a colon as shown: Start # : End #.
12. DSCP: (Differentiated Services Code Point or DiffServ—Optional) Set
packets ingressing from the wireless network that match the filter criteria
to this DSCP level (0 to 63) before sending them out on the wired
network. Select the level from the pull-down list. Level 0 has the lowest
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Configuring the Wireless Array 371
priority; level 63 has the highest priority. By default, this field is blank
and the filter does not modify DSCP level. See “Understanding QoS
Priority on the Wireless Array” on page 256.
13. QoS: (Optional) Set packets ingressing from the wired network that
match the filter criteria to this QoS level (0 to 3) before sending them out
on the wireless network. Select the level from the pull-down list. Level 0
has the lowest priority; level 3 has the highest priority. By default, this
field is blank and the filter does not modify QoS level. See
“Understanding QoS Priority on the Wireless Array” on page 256.
14. VLAN/Number: (Optional) Set packets that match the filter criteria to
this VLAN. Select a VLAN from the pull-down list, or select numeric and
enter the number of a previously defined VLAN (see “VLANs” on
page 204).
15. Traffic Limit: Instead of prohibiting or allowing the specified traffic type,
you may cap the amount of traffic allowed that matches this filter. First
choose the units for the limit: kbps for all stations in total or per station, or
packets per second (pps) for all stations in total or per station. Then enter
the numeric limit in the field to the left.
16. Scheduled Time: shows the times at which this filter is active, if you have
established a schedule in Step 19.
17. Move Up/Down: The filters are applied in the order in which they are
displayed in the list, with filters on the top applied first. To change an
entry’s position in the list, just click its Up or Down button.
18. To delete a filter, click its Delete button.
Select an existing filter entry in the list to view or modify Scheduling or Address
Configuration, shown below the list of filters:
19. Scheduling: Use these fields if you wish to specify a scheduled time for
this filter to be active. Check the checkboxes for the days that the filter is
to be active. By default, the filter is active all day on each selected day.
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372 Configuring the Wireless Array
You may also specify a time of day for the filter to be active by entering a
Start and Stop time in 24:00 hour format (i.e., 6:30 PM is 18:30). To use
this feature, you must enter both a Start and a Stop time.
You cannot apply one filter for two or more scheduled periods, but you
can create two filters to achieve that. For example, one filter could deny
the category Games from 9:00 to 12:00, and another could deny them
from 13:00 to 18:00. Similarly, you might create two rules for different
days—one to deny Games Mon-Fri 8:00 to 18:00, and another to deny
them on Sat. from 8:00 to 12:00.
20. Source Address: Define a source address to match as a filter criterion.
Click the radio button for the desired type of address (or other attribute)
to match. Then specify the value to match in the field to the right of the
button. Choose Any to use any source address. Check Not to match any
address except for the specified address.
21. Destination Address: Define a destination address to match as a filter
criterion. Click the radio button for the desired type of address (or other
attribute) to match. Then specify the value to match in the field to the
right of the button. Choose any to use any source address. Check Not to
match any address except for the specified address.
Below the Source and Destination Addresses, you may enter a Category or an
Application to be matched by the filter:
22. Category: If you wish this filter to apply to a particular category of
application, such as File-Transfer or Database, select it from the listed
options.
Figure 180. Filter Category or Application
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Configuring the Wireless Array 373
23. Applications: If you wish this filter to apply to a specific application,
such as WebEx, click the letter or number that it starts with. Then select
the desired application. You may select a Category or an Application, but
not both.
24. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
Filters
Filter Statistics
Understanding QoS Priority on the Wireless Array
VLANs
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374 Configuring the Wireless Array
Clusters
Clusters allow you to configure multiple Arrays at the same time. Using WMI (or
CLI), you may define a set of Arrays that are members of the cluster. Then you
may enter Cluster mode for a selected cluster, which sends all successive
configuration commands issued via CLI or WMI to all of the member Arrays.
When you exit cluster mode, configuration commands revert to applying only to
the Array to which you are connected.
The read-only Clusters window provides you with an overview of all clusters that
have been defined for this Array, and the Arrays that have been added to each.
Arrays are listed in the left hand column by name under the cluster to which they
belong. Each Array entry displays its IP Address, Username, and Password.
Figure 181. Clusters
Clusters are discussed in the following topics:
Cluster Definition
Cluster Management
Cluster Operation
An XR-500 or XR-600 or XR-1000 Series Array cannot act as the Cluster
controller. It will operate correctly as a member of a cluster.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 375
Cluster Definition
This window allows you to create clusters. All existing clusters are shown, along
with the number of Arrays currently in each. Up to 16 clusters may be created,
with up to 50 Arrays in each.
Figure 182. Cluster Definition
Procedure for Managing Cluster Definition
1. New Cluster Name: Enter a name for the new cluster in the field to the
left of the Create button, then click Create to add this entry. The new
cluster is added to the list in the window. Click on the cluster name, and
you will be taken to the Cluster Management window for that cluster.
2. Delete: To delete a cluster, click its Delete button.
3. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
4. Click a cluster to go to the Cluster Management window to add or
remove Arrays in the cluster.
An XR-500 or XR-1000 Series Array cannot act as the Cluster controller. It
will operate correctly as a member of a cluster.
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376 Configuring the Wireless Array
Cluster Management
This window allows you to add Arrays to or delete them from a selected cluster.
A cluster may include a maximum of 50 Arrays.
Note that the Array on which you are currently running WMI is not automatically
a member of the cluster. If you would like it to be a member, you must add it
explicitly.
Figure 183. Cluster Management
Procedure for Managing Clusters
1. Edit Cluster: Select the cluster to display and manage on this window. All
of the Arrays already defined for this cluster are shown, and you may
add additional Arrays to this list.
2. Array: Enter the hostname or IP address of the Array that you wish to
add to this cluster.
3. Username/Password: In these columns, enter the administrator name
and password for access to the Array.
4. Click the Add Array button to enter the Array.
5. To delete an Array, click its Delete button.
6. Click the Save button if you wish to make your changes permanent.
An XR-500 or XR-1000 Series Array cannot act as the Cluster controller. It
will operate correctly as a member of a cluster.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 377
Cluster Operation
This window puts WMI into Cluster Mode. In this mode, all configuration
operations that you execute in WMI or CLI are performed on the members of the
cluster. They are not performed on the Array where you are running WMI, unless
it is a member of the cluster.
You must use the Save button at the top of configuration windows to
permanently save your changes in Cluster Mode, just as you would in normal
operation. When you are done configuring Arrays in the cluster, return to this
window and click the Exit button to leave Cluster Mode.
Figure 184. Cluster Mode Operation
Procedure for Operating in Cluster Mode
1. Operate: Click the Operate button to the right of the desired cluster. A
message informs you that you are operating in cluster mode. Click OK.
The Operate button is replaced with an Exit button.
Figure 185. Cluster Mode Activation
2. Select a WMI window for settings that you wish to configure for the
cluster, and proceed to make the desired changes.
3. Proceed to any additional pages where you wish to make changes.
An XR-500 or XR-1000 Series Array cannot act as the Cluster controller. It
will operate correctly as a member of a cluster.
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378 Configuring the Wireless Array
4. Some Status and Statistics windows will present information for all
Arrays in the cluster.
5. Click the Save button when done if you wish to save changes on the
cluster member Arrays.
6. Exit: Click the Exit button to the right of the operating cluster to terminate
Cluster Mode. The WMI returns to normal operation — managing only
the Array to which it is connected.
Status and Statistics Windows in Cluster Mode
In Cluster Mode, many of the Status and Statistics windows will display
information for all of the members of the cluster. You can tell whether a window
displays cluster information — if so, it will display the Cluster Name near the top,
as shown in Figure 186.
Figure 186. Viewing Statistics in Cluster Mode
You have the option to show aggregate information for the cluster members, or
click the Group by Array check box to separate it out for each Array.
Cluster Name
Specify Grouping
Exit Cluster Mode
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Configuring the Wireless Array 379
You may terminate cluster mode operation by clicking the Exit button to the right
of the Group by Array check box.
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380 Configuring the Wireless Array
Mobile
Mobile Device Management (MDM) servers enable you to manage large-scale
deployments of mobile devices. They may include capabilities to handle tasks
such as enrolling devices in your environment, configuring and updating device
settings over-the-air, enforcing security policies and compliance, securing mobile
access to your resources, and remotely locking and wiping managed devices.
Xirrus Arrays/APs support the AirWatch MDM, using an AirWatch API call to
determine the status of a user’s device and allow access to the wireless network
only if the device is enrolled and compliant with the policies of the service.
AirWatch
Individual SSIDs may be configured to require AirWatch enrollment and
compliance before a mobile device such as a smartphone or tablet is admitted to
the wireless network. The Array uses the AirWatch API with the settings below to
request that AirWatch check whether the mobile device is enrolled and compliant
with your wireless policies.
Figure 187. AirWatch Settings
Before configuring AirWatch settings on the Array, you must have an AirWatch
account, already set up with your organization’s compliance policies and other
configuration as required by AirWatch.
The Array settings entered on this page are mostly taken from AirWatch. Once
you have entered these settings, your users will be constrained to follow a set of
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Configuring the Wireless Array 381
steps to access the wireless network, as described in “User Procedure for Wireless
Access” on page 382.
Procedure for Managing AirWatch
If you have configured the Mobile Device Management setting on one or more
SSIDs to use AirWatch, then the API specified below will be used to determine
the admissibility of a mobile device requesting a connection to the wireless
network.
1. API URL: Obtain this from your AirWatch server’s System / Advanced /
Site URLs page. Copy the REST API URL string into this field. This
specifies the AirWatch API that the Array will call to determine the
enrollment and compliance status of a mobile device attempting to
connect to the Array. The steps that the user will need to take are
described in “User Procedure for Wireless Access” on page 382.
2. API Key: Obtain this from your AirWatch server. Go to the System /
Advanced / API / REST page, General tab, and copy the API Key string
into this field. The key is required for access to the API.
3. API Username: Enter the user name for your account on the AirWatch
server.
4. API Password: Enter the password for your account on the AirWatch
server.
5. API Timeout: (seconds) If AirWatch does not respond within this many
seconds, the request fails.
6. API Polling Period: (seconds) Mobile device enrollment and compliance
status will be checked via polling at this interval. Note that there may
thus be a delay before the mobile device will be admitted.
7. API Access Error: Specify whether or not to allow access if AirWatch fails
to respond. The default is to Block access.
8. Redirect URL: Obtain this from your AirWatch server. Go to the System /
Advanced / Site URLs page, and copy the Enrollment URL string into
this field. When a mobile device that is not currently enrolled with
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382 Configuring the Wireless Array
AirWatch attempts to connect to the Array, the device displays a page
directing the user to install the AirWatch agent and go to the AirWatch
enrollment page. Note that Android devices will need another form of
network access (i.e. cellular) to download the agent, since un-enrolled
devices will not have access to download it via the Array. See “User
Procedure for Wireless Access” on page 382 for more details.
9. You must configure the Mobile Device Management setting on one or
more SSIDs to use AirWatch, as described in Procedure for Managing
SSIDs (see Step 16 on page 267).
User Procedure for Wireless Access
1. A user attempts to connect a mobile device to an SSID that uses AirWatch.
2. The device will authenticate according to the SSID’s authentication
settings (Open, Radius MAC, 802.1x).
3. The user browses to any destination on the Internet.
The Array asks the user to wait while it checks device enrollment and
compliance status by querying the AirWatch API with the device MAC
address.
4. If AirWatch responds that the device is enrolled and compliant, the
device will be allowed into the network. The device will be considered
compliant if AirWatch finds that the device does not violate any
applicable policies for that device. (If no policies are assigned to the
device in AirWatch, then the device is compliant by default.)
5. If the device is not enrolled, all user traffic will be blocked, except that
HTTP traffic is redirected to an intermediate page on the Array that tells
the user to download and install the AirWatch agent. The page displays a
link to the AirWatch-provided device enrollment URL. This link is a pass-
Device enrollment and compliance status will be checked via polling so there
may be a delay before the device will be allowed in. That delay will depend on
the API Polling Period setting.
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Configuring the Wireless Array 383
though that allows the user to go through the enrollment process. The
user will need to enter your organization’s AirWatch Group ID and
individual account credentials when requested.
Once the agent is installed, the user must start again at Step 1.
6. If the device is enrolled with AirWatch but not compliant with applicable
policies, all traffic will be blocked as in Step 5 above, and the HTTP traffic
will be redirected to an intermediate page on the Array that tells the user
which policies are out of compliance.
This page contains a button for the user to click when the compliance
issues have been corrected. This button causes AirWatch to again check
device compliance. The user's browser is redirected to a “wait” page until
the Array has confirmed compliance with AirWatch. The user’s browser
is then redirected to a page announcing that the device is now allowed
network access.
7. If the Array is unable to access AirWatch to obtain enrollment and
compliance status (for example, due to bad credentials, timeout, etc.),
device access to the network will be granted according to the API Access
Error setting (Allow or Block). If this field is set to Block, traffic will be
blocked as in Step 5 above and HTTP traffic will be redirected to an
informational page that informs the user that AirWatch cannot be
contacted at this time and advises the user to contact the network
administrator. If this field is set to Allow, then the device will be allowed
network access.
Android devices must go to the PlayStore to install the agent BEFORE they
can go through the enrollment process. This means un-enrolled devices need
another form of network access (i.e., cellular or an unrestricted SSID) to
download this agent, as they are not permitted access to the PlayStore.
Once the agent is installed, the user must start again at Step 1.
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384 Configuring the Wireless Array
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Using Tools on the Wireless Array 385
Using Tools on the Wireless
Array
These WMI windows allow you to perform administrative tasks on your Array,
such as upgrading software, rebooting, uploading and downloading
configuration files, and other utility tasks. Tools are described in the following
sections:
“System Tools” on page 386
“CLI” on page 399
“API Documentation” on page 401
“Options” on page 406
“Logout” on page 407
Note that the Tool s menu section may be collapsed down to hide the headings
under it by clicking it. Click again to display the headings. (See Figure 39 on
page 86)
This section does not discuss using status or configuration windows. For
information on those windows, please see:
“Viewing Status on the Wireless Array” on page 91
“Configuring the Wireless Array” on page 157
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386 Using Tools on the Wireless Array
System Tools
Figure 188. System Tools
Status is
shown here
Progress is
shown here
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Using Tools on the Wireless Array 387
This window allows you to manage files for software images, configuration, and
Web Page Redirect (WPR), manage the system’s configuration parameters, reboot
the system, and use diagnostic tools.
About Licensing and Upgrades
If you are a customer using XMS, when you upgrade an Array from XMS, your
license will automatically be updated for you first.
The Array’s license determines some of the features that are available on the
Array. For example, the Application Control feature is an option that must be
separately licensed. To check the features supported by your license, see “Array
Information” on page 98.
When upgrading the Array for a new major release, the Array needs the new
license key that enables the operation of that release before upgrading. If you do
not obtain the new license first, the Array will display a message and revert to the
previous software image, rather than trying to run new software for which it is
not licensed. Major releases will need a new license key, but minor releases will
not. For example, to upgrade from ArrayOS Release 6.0.5 to Release 6.1, you must
enter a new license key. To upgrade from ArrayOS Release 6.0.1 to Release 6.0.3,
use your existing license key.
If you are not using XMS to perform a software upgrade, you may use the Auto-
provisioning Start button to get an updated license from Xirrus before
performing an upgrade.
If you will be entering license keys and performing upgrades on many Arrays, the
effort will be streamlined by using the Xirrus Management System (XMS),
especially if you are using XMS Cloud.
Procedure for Configuring System Tools
These tools are broken down into the following sections:
System
Configuration
Diagnostics
Diagnostics
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388 Using Tools on the Wireless Array
Web Page Redirect (Captive Portal)
Network Tools
Progress and Status Frames
System
1. Save & Reboot or Reboot: Use Save & Reboot to save the current
configuration and then reboot the Array. The LEDs on the Array indicate
the progress of the reboot, as described in “Powering Up the Wireless
Array” on page 66. Alternatively, use the Reboot button to discard any
configuration changes which have not been saved since the last reboot.
You may specify an optional Delay period in seconds to wait before the
reboot starts.
2. Software Upgrade: This feature upgrades the ArrayOS to a newer
version provided by Xirrus. Please note that you typically will need an
updated license key to cover the upgrade’s features before clicking the
Upgrade button. If you are a customer using XMS-9000-CL-x, your
license will be updated for you automatically; with other XMS versions,
you can easily upgrade all members of a profile network to a new
ArrayOS release. See “About Licensing and Upgrades” on page 387 for
details.
Enter the filename and directory location (or click on the Browse button
to locate the software upgrade file), then click on the Upgrade button to
upload the new file to the Array. Progress of the operation will be
displayed below, in the Progress section. Completion status of the
operation is shown in the Status section.
This operation does not run the new software or change any configured
values. The existing software continues to run on the Array until you
reboot, at which time the uploaded software will be used. An upgrade
will, however, automatically save a copy of the current configuration of
the Array. See Step 8 on page 391.
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Using Tools on the Wireless Array 389
3. License Key/Auto-provisioning:
If you need an updated license (for example, if you are upgrading an
Array to a new major release—say, from 6.4 to 6.5, and you are not using
XMS to perform network-wide updates), you may obtain one through
Auto-provisioning. Click the Start button, and the Array will contact the
Xirrus Mobilize server with its serial number and MAC address to obtain
and install its latest license. If the Array is unable to access the activation
server, it will continue to attempt to contact the server at intervals
specified by the Polling Interval (the default value is one minute). Click
the Stop button if you wish to stop contacting the server.
If you need to enter a new license key manually, use the License Key field
to enter it, then click the Apply button to the right.
A valid license is required for Array operation, and it controls the features
available on the Array. If you upgrade your Array for additional features,
you will be provided with a license key to activate those capabilities.
A license update will automatically save a copy of the current
configuration of the Array. See Step 8 on page 391.
If you attempt to enter an invalid key, you will receive an error message
and the current key will not be replaced.
If you have difficulty upgrading the Array using the WMI, see “Upgrading
the Array via CLI” on page 506 for a lower-level procedure you may use.
Software Upgrade always uploads the file in binary mode. If you transfer
any image file to your computer to have it available for the Software Upgrade
command, it is critical to remember to transfer it (ftp, tftp) in binary mode!
If you are a customer using XMS-9000-CL-x, your license will be updated
for you automatically; with other XMS versions, you can easily upgrade all
members of a profile network to a new ArrayOS release, including updating
license keys.
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390 Using Tools on the Wireless Array
Automatic Updates from Remote Image or Configuration File
The Array software image or configuration file can be downloaded from an
external server. In large deployments, all Arrays can be pointed to one TFTP
server instead of explicitly initiating software image uploads to all Arrays. When
the Array boots, the Array will download the software image from the specified
TFTP server. Similarly, if you decide to change a setting in the Arrays, you can
simply modify a single configuration file. After the Arrays are rebooted, they will
automatically download the new configuration file from a single location on the
specified TFTP server.
4. Remote TFTP Server: This field defines the path to a TFTP server to be
used for automated remote update of software image and configuration
files when rebooting. You may specify the server using an IP address or
host name.
5. Remote Boot Image: When the Array boots up, it fetches the software
image file specified here from the TFTP server defined above, and
upgrades to this image before booting. This must be an Array image file
with a .bin extension.
Make sure to place the file on the TFTP server. If you disable the remote
boot image (by blanking out this field) or if the image can't be transferred,
the Array will fall back to booting whatever image is on the compact
flash.
Trial licenses: If you enter a trial license to try new premium features, then
when the trial expires the perpetual license will be restored automatically
without requiring a reboot. When the trial expires, the current Array
configuration will not be lost.
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Using Tools on the Wireless Array 391
6. Remote Configuration: When the Array boots up, it fetches the specified
configuration file from the TFTP server defined above, and applies this
configuration after the local configuration is applied. The remote
configuration must be an Array configuration file with a .conf extension.
Make sure to place the file on the TFTP server.
A partial configuration file may be used. For instance, if you wish to use a
single configuration file for all of your Arrays but don't want to have the
same IP address for each Array, you may remove the ipaddr line from the
file. You can then load the file on each Array and the local IP addresses
will not change.
A remote configuration is never saved to the compact flash unless you
issue a Save command.
Configuration
7. Update from Remote File: This field allows you to define the path to a
configuration file (one that you previously saved — see Step 9 and Step 10
below). Click on the Browse button if you need to browse for the location
of the file, then click Update to update your configuration settings.
8. Update from Local File: This field updates Array settings from a local
configuration file on the Array. Select one of the following files from the
drop-down list:
•factory.conf: The factory default settings.
•lastboot.conf: The setting values from just before the last reboot.
•saved.conf: The last settings that were explicitly saved using the Save
button at the top of each window.
The Remote Boot Image or Remote Configuration update happens every time
that the Array reboots. If you only want to fetch the remote image or
configuration file one time, be sure to turn off the remote option (blank out
the field on the System Tools page) after the initial download. When a remote
boot image is used, the image is transferred directly into memory and is
never written to the compact flash.
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392 Using Tools on the Wireless Array
•history/saved-yyyymmdd-pre-update.conf:
history/saved-yyyymmdd-post-update.conf:
Two files are automatically saved for a software upgrade or for a
license change (including the setting values from just before the
upgrade/change was performed, and the initial values afterward.
The filename includes the date.
•history/saved-yyyymmdd-auto.conf: Each time you use the Save
button, an “auto” file is saved with the settings current at that time.
•history/saved-yyyymmdd-pre-reset.conf:
history/saved-yyyymmdd-post-reset.conf:
Each time you use one of the Reset to Factory Default buttons, two
files are saved: the setting values from just before the reset, and the
initial values afterward. The filename includes the reset date.
•history/saved-yyyymmdd-hhmm.conf: The setting values that were
explicitly saved using the Set Restore Point button (see Step 9
below).
Click Update to update your configuration settings by appending to the
current Array configuration. Click Restore to replace the Array
configuration with the configuration file selected.
Note that the History folder allows a maximum of 16 files. The oldest file
is automatically deleted to make room for each new file.
9. Save to Local File: There are a few options for explicitly requesting the
Array to save your current configuration to a file on the Array:
•To view the list of configuration files currently on the Array, click the
down arrow to the right of this field. If you wish to replace one of
these files (i.e., save the current configuration under an existing file
name), select the file, then click Save. Note that you cannot save to
the file names factory.conf, lastboot.conf, and saved.conf - these files
are write-protected.
•You may enter the desired file name, then click Save.
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Using Tools on the Wireless Array 393
•Click Set Restore Point to save a copy of the current configuration,
basing the file name on the current date and time. For example:
history/saved-20100318-1842.conf
Note that the configuration is automatically saved to a file in a few
situations, as described in Step 8 above.
10. Download Current Configuration: Click on the link titled
xs_current.conf to download the Array’s current configuration settings to
a file (that you can upload back to the Array at a later date). The system
will prompt you for a destination for the file. The file will contain the
Array’s current configuration values.
11. Reset to Factory Defaults: Click on the Reset/Preserve IP Settings button
to reset the system’s current configuration settings to the factory default
values, except for the Array’s management IP address which is left unchanged.
This function allows you to maintain management connectivity to the
Array even after the reset. This will retain the Gigabit Ethernet port’s IP
address (see “Network Interfaces” on page 166), or if you have
configured management over a VLAN it will maintain the management
VLAN’s IP address (see “VLAN Management” on page 206). All other
previous configuration settings will be lost.
Click Reset to reset all of the system’s current configuration settings to
the factory default values, including the management IP address — all
previous configuration settings will be lost. The Array’s Gigabit Ethernet
ports default to using DHCP to obtain an IP address.
Important! When you have initially configured your Array, or have made
significant changes to its configuration, we strongly recommend that you
save the configuration to a file in order to have a safe backup of your working
configuration.
If the IP settings change, the connection to the WMI may be lost.
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394 Using Tools on the Wireless Array
Diagnostics
12. Diagnostic Log: Click the Create button to save a snapshot of Array
information for use by Xirrus Customer Support personnel. The Progress
and Status Frames show the progress of this operation. When the process
is complete, the filename xs_diagnostic.log will be displayed in blue
and provides a link to the newly created log file. Click the link to
download this file. You will be asked to specify the location for saving the
file. (Figure 189)
Figure 189. Saving the Diagnostic Log
This feature is only used at the request of Customer Support. It saves all
of the information regarding your Array, including status, configuration,
statistics, log files, and recently performed actions.
The diagnostic log is always saved as a file named xs_diagnostic.log
on your C:\ drive, so you should immediately rename the file to save it.
This way, it will not be lost the next time you save a diagnostic log. Often,
Customer Support will instruct you to save two diagnostic logs about ten
minutes apart so that they can examine the difference in statistics
between the two snapshots (for example, to see traffic and error statistics
for the interval). Thus, you must rename the first diagnostic log file.
13. Health Log: This file is created automatically, but only if the Array
encounters unexpected and serious problems. Normally this file will not
exist. The Diagnostic Log Create button has no effect on this file
All passwords are stored on the array in an encrypted form and will not be
exposed in the diagnostic log.
Click Create to create log
Then click this link to save
log file to local computer
Wireless Array
Using Tools on the Wireless Array 395
whatsoever. When a health log exists, the filename xs_health.log.bz2 is
displayed in blue and provides a link to the log file. Click the link to
download this file or to open it with your choice of application. This file is
normally only used at the request of Customer Support.
Application Control Signature File Management
Application Control recognizes applications using a file containing the
signatures of hundreds of applications. This file may be updated regularly to
keep up as Internet usage evolves over time. The latest signature file is
available from the same location that you use to download the latest ArrayOS
release: Xirrus ArrayOS - XR Platform Latest Release . Note that new ArrayOS
releases will automatically contain the latest signature file available at the
time of the build.
See “Application Control Windows” on page 146 for more information about
using Application Control.
Figure 190. Managing Application Control Signature files
14. Upload Signature File: First, download the latest signature file from the
Xirrus Customer Support site: Xirrus ArrayOS - XR Platform Latest
Release to your file system. Click the Browse button, then browse to
locate the new signature file. Click the Upload button when it appears.
The new file will be uploaded to the Array and will be used for
identifying applications. You must turn Application Control off and
back on again on the Filter Lists page to make the new signature file take
effect. See “Filter Lists” on page 366. No reboot is required.
Upload Signature File shows which file is currently being used by
Application Control. If you have installed any custom DPI signature files,
you may use Manage Signature Files.
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396 Using Tools on the Wireless Array
Web Page Redirect (Captive Portal)
The Array uses a Perl script and a cascading style sheet to define the default
splash/login Web page that the Array delivers for WPR. You may replace
these files with files for one or more custom pages of your own. See Step 17
below to view the default files. See Step 14 page 266 for more information
about WPR and how the splash/login page is used.
Each SSID that has WPR enabled may have its own page. Custom files for a
specific SSID must be named based on the SSID name. For example, if the
SSID is named Public, the default wpr.pl and hs.css files should be
modified as desired and renamed to wpr-Public.pl and hs-Public.css
before uploading to the Array. If you modify and upload files named wpr.pl
and hs.css, they will replace the factory default files and will be used for any
SSID that does not have its own custom files, per the naming convention just
described. Be careful not to replace the default files unintentionally.
Figure 191. Managing WPR Splash/Login page files
15. Upload File: Use this to install files for your own custom WPR splash/
login page (as described above) on the Array. Note that uploaded files are
not immediately used - you must reboot the Array first. At that time, the
Array looks for and uses these files, if found.
Enter the filename and directory location (or click Browse to locate the
splash/login page files), then click on the Upload button to upload the
new files to the Array. You must reboot to make your changes take effect.
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Using Tools on the Wireless Array 397
16. Remove File: Enter the name of the WPR file you want to remove, then
click on the Delete button. You can use the List Files button to show you
a list of files that have been saved on the Array for WPR. The list is
displayed in the Status section at the bottom of the WMI window. You
must reboot to make your changes take effect.
17. Download Sample Files: Click on a link to access the corresponding
sample WPR files:
•wpr.pl — a sample Perl script.
•hs.css — a sample cascading style sheet.
Network Tools
Figure 192. System Command (Ping)
18. System Command: Choose Trace Route, Ping., or RADIUS Ping. For
Trace Route and Ping, fill in IP Address and Timeout. Then click the
Execute button to run the command.
The RADIUS Ping command is a simple utility that tests connectivity to a
RADIUS server by attempting to log in with the specified Username and
Password. When using a RADIUS server, this command allows you to
verify that the server configuration is correct and whether a particular
Username and Password are set up properly. If a client is having trouble
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398 Using Tools on the Wireless Array
accessing the network, you can quickly determine if there is a basic
RADIUS problem by using the RADIUS Ping tool. For example, in
Figure 193 (A), RADIUS Ping is unable to contact the server. In Figure 193
(B), RADIUS Ping verifies that the host information and secret for a
RADIUS server are correct, but that the user account information is not.
Select RADIUS allows you to select a RADIUS server that you have
already configured. When you make a choice in this field, additional
fields will be displayed. Set Select RADIUS to External Radius, Internal
Radius, or a server specified for a particular SSID, or select Other Server
to specify another server by entering its Host name or IP address, Port,
and shared Secret.
Enter the RADIUS Credentials: Username and Password. Select the
Authentication Type, PAP or CHAP. Click the Execute button to run the
command. The message Testing RADIUS connection appears. Click OK
to proceed.
Figure 193. Radius Ping Output
19. IP Address: For Ping or Trace Route, enter the IP address of the target
device.
20. Timeout: For Ping or Trace Route, enter a value (in seconds) before the
action times out.
A
B
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Using Tools on the Wireless Array 399
21. Execute System Command: Click Execute to start the specified
command. Progress of command execution is displayed in the Progress
frame. Results are displayed in the Status frame.
Progress and Status Frames
The Progress frame displays a progress bar for commands such as Software
Upgrade and Ping. The Status frame presents the output from system
commands (Ping and Trace Route), as well as other information, such as the
results of software upgrade.
22. If you want to save the parameters you established in this window for
future sessions, click the Save button .
CLI
The WMI provides this window to allow you to use the Array’s Command Line
Interface (CLI). You can enter commands to configure the Array, or display
information using show commands. You will not need to log in - you already
logged in to the Array when you started the WMI.
Figure 194. CLI Window
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400 Using Tools on the Wireless Array
To enter a command, simply type it in. The command is echoed and output is
shown in the normal way — that is, the same way it would be if you were using
the CLI directly. You may use the extra scroll bar inside the right edge of the
window to scroll through your output. If output runs past the right edge of the
screen, there is also a horizontal scroll bar at the bottom of the page.
This window has some minor differences, compared to direct use of the CLI via
the console or an SSH connection:
The CLI starts in config mode. All configuration and show commands are
available in this mode. You can “drill down” the mode further in the
usual way. For example, you can type interface iap to change the mode to
config-iap. The prompt will indicate the current command mode, for
example:
My-Array(config-iap) #
You can abbreviate a command and it will be executed if you have typed
enough of the command to be unambiguous. The command will not
auto-complete, however. Only the abbreviated command that you
actually typed will be shown. You can type a partial command and press
Tab to have the command auto-complete. If the partial command is
ambiguous a list of legal endings is displayed.
Entering quit will return you to the previously viewed WMI page.
Most, but not all, CLI commands can be run in this window. Specifically
the run-test menu of commands is not available in this window. To use
the run-test command, please connect using SSH and use CLI directly, or
use the System Tools described in this chapter, such as Trace Route, Ping,
and RADIUS Ping.
Help commands (the ? character) are available, either at the prompt or after you
have typed part of a command.
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Using Tools on the Wireless Array 401
API Documentation
Arrays provide an API interface conforming to the RESTful API model.
Developers may use this read-only API to read status, statistics, and settings from
the Array. The interactive API Documentation page provides documentation for
the API.
You may use the Array’s API for purposes such as integrating with third party
applications or creating your own applications for network monitoring and
analysis. Using the RESTful API eliminates the need to use CLI scripting, or to use
SNMP which can be cumbersome for polling large amounts of data. Results are
returned in JSON format (JavaScript Object Notation), a text-based open standard
designed for human-readable data interchange. The API documentation is tightly
integrated with the server code. The API Documentation page allows you to
interact with the API in a sandbox UI that gives clear insight into how the API
responds to parameters and options.
Security for the API is provided with OAuth, as described in “OAuth 2.0
Management” on page 251. Once registration is completed and a permanent
token for this Array has been obtained, your application may access the RESTful
API using the client_id and the token at the following URL:
https://[Array hostname or IP address]/api/v1/[api-name]
Figure 195. API Documentation
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402 Using Tools on the Wireless Array
The API Documentation page lists all of the APIs that are available, lists their
calling parameters, if any, and allows you to perform sample calls and view
sample output.
Status/Settings
The RESTful API on the Array is broken into these two main headings: status and
settings. Each is a node that may be clicked to expand or collapse the list of
corresponding API requests available on the Array. Since this is a read-only API,
the list consists exclusively of GET operations.
The figure below shows part of the list displayed by clicking /settings. Click again
to collapse (hide) the list.
Status requests include GET requests for many of the status and statistics items
described in the chapter titled, “Viewing Status on the Wireless Array” on
page 91. Settings requests include GET requests for many of the settings
described in the chapter titled, “Configuring the Wireless Array” on page 157
GET Requests
Each request name in the list is a link. Click it to see more information and to try
the API and see its output.
he
Figure 196. API — GET Request Details
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Using Tools on the Wireless Array 403
The figure above shows the GET request for ethernet-stats{name}. Click again to
collapse (hide) the API details.
High-level details are shown, including the Response Class name and the
Response Content Type (limited to JSON at this time).
Trying a GET Request
The Try it out! button allows you to send the GET request to the Array API and
see its response. Developers can use this feature to design and implement
applications that use this response.
Enter any necessary Parameters and click the Try it out! button. Most GET
requests do not use any parameters. If they are required, their names will be listed
and there will be a field or a drop-down list to specify each one. An example is
shown in Figure 196. In some cases, there may be two versions of a request, with
and without parameters. For example, GET /ethernet-stats/{name} returns status
and statistics for a particular Ethernet port, while GET /ethernet-stats/ returns
information for all Ethernet ports.
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404 Using Tools on the Wireless Array
Figure 197. API — GET Request Response
The figure above shows the response for ethernet-stats{name}. The response is
produced in the human-readable JSON format. The status and statistics data
shown are as described in “Viewing Status on the Wireless Array” on page 91.
Click Hide Response if you wish to hide the output.
The Response Code and the Response Header are standard for HTTP(S).
Wireless Array
Using Tools on the Wireless Array 405
API Documentation Toolbar
Figure 198. API Documentation Toolbar
The Status and Settings sections each have a toolbar as shown above, offering the
following options.
Show/Hide—expands or collapses this list of GET requests. Hiding and
then showing again displays the requests as they were before, i.e.,
expanded GET requests will still be expanded when displayed again.
List Operations—expands this list of GET requests. Each individual
entry is collapsed.
Expand Operations—shows all of the GET requests in this list. Each
individual entry is expanded.
Raw—shows the source XML code for this list of GET requests. Click the
link for the API Documentation page again to return to the normal
display.
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406 Using Tools on the Wireless Array
Options
This window allows you to customize the behavior of the WMI. Array
Figure 199. WMI Display Options
Procedure for Configuring Options
1. Refresh Interval in Seconds: Many of the windows in the Status section
of the WMI have an Auto Refresh option. You may use this setting to
change how often a status or statistics window is refreshed, if its auto
refresh option is enabled. Enter the desired number of seconds between
refreshes. The default refresh interval is 30 seconds.
Wireless Array
Using Tools on the Wireless Array 407
Logout
Click on the Logout button to terminate your session. When the session is
terminated, you are presented with the login window.
Figure 200. Login Window
Wireless Array
408 Using Tools on the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 409
The Command Line Interface
This section covers the commands and the command structure used by the
Wireless Array’s Command Line Interface (CLI), and provides a procedure for
establishing an SSH connection to the Array. Topics discussed include:
“Establishing a Secure Shell (SSH) Connection” on page 409.
“Getting Started with the CLI” on page 411.
“Top Level Commands” on page 413.
“Configuration Commands” on page 422.
“Sample Configuration Tasks” on page 466.
See Also
Zero-Touch Provisioning and Ongoing Management
Network Map
System Tools
Establishing a Secure Shell (SSH) Connection
Use this procedure to initialize the system and log in to the Command Line
Interface (CLI) via a Secure Shell (SSH) utility, such as PuTTY. When connecting to
the unit’s Command Line Interface over a network connection, you must use a
Secure SHell version 2 (SSH-2) utility. Make sure that your SSH utility is set up to
use SSH-2.
1. Start your SSH session and communicate with the Array via its IP
address.
•If the Array is connected to a network that uses DHCP, use the
address assigned by DHCP. We recommend that you have the
Some commands are only available if the Array’s license includes
appropriate Xirrus Advanced Feature Sets. If a command is unavailable,
an error message will notify you that your license does not support the
feature. See “About Licensing and Upgrades” on page 387.
Wireless Array
410 The Command Line Interface
network administrator assign a reserved address to the Array for ease
of access in the future.
•If the network does not use DHCP, use the factory default address
10.0.2.1 to access either the Gigabit 1 or Gigabit 2 Ethernet port. You
may need to change the IP address of the port on your computer that
is connected to the Array — change that port’s IP address so that it is
on the same 10.0.2.xx subnet as the Array port.
2. At the login prompt, enter your user name and password (the default for
both is admin). Login names and passwords are case-sensitive. You are
now logged in to the Array’s Command Line Interface.
Figure 201. Logging In
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 411
Getting Started with the CLI
The root command prompt (Root Command Prompt) is the first prompt you see
after logging in to the CLI. If you are at a level other than the root command
prompt you can return to this prompt at any time by using the exit command to
step back through each command prompt level. The root command prompt you
see in the CLI window is determined by the host name you assigned to your
Array. The prompt Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array is displayed throughout this document
simply because this is the host name assigned to the Array used for development.
To terminate your session at any time, use the quit command.
Inputting Commands
When inputting commands you need only type as many characters as the system
requires before it recognizes your input. For example, you can type the
abbreviated term config to access the configure prompt.
Getting Help
The CLI offers the following two levels of assistance:
help Command
The help command is only available at the root command prompt.
Initiating this command generates a window that provides information
about the types of help that are available with the CLI.
Figure 202. Help Window
Wireless Array
412 The Command Line Interface
? Command
This command is available at any prompt and provides either FULL or
PARTIAL help. Using the ? (question mark) command when you are
ready to enter an argument will display all the possible arguments (full
help). Partial help is provided when you enter an abbreviated argument
and you want to know what arguments will match your input.
Figure 203. Full Help
Figure 204 shows an example of how the Help system can provide the
argument and format when specifying the time zone under the date-time
command.
Figure 204. Partial Help
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 413
Top Level Commands
This section offers an at-a-glance view of all top level commands — organized
alphabetically. Top level commands are defined here as commands that are
directly accessible from the root command prompt that consists of the name of the
Array followed by a “#” sign (e.g. MyAP#). When inputting commands, be aware
that all commands are case-sensitive.
All other commands are considered second level configuration commands —
these are the commands you use to configure specific elements of the Array’s
features and functionality. For a listing of these commands with examples of
command formats and structure, go to “Configuration Commands” on page 422.
Root Command Prompt
The following table shows the top level commands that are available from the
root command prompt [MyAP].
Command Description
@ Type @n to execute command n (as shown by the
history command).
configure Enter the configuration mode. See “Configuration
Commands” on page 422.
exit Exit the CLI and terminate your session — if this
command is used at any level other than the root
command prompt you will simply exit the current
level (step back) and return to the previous level.
help Show a description of the interactive help system.
See also, “Getting Help” on page 411.
history List history of commands that have been
executed.
more Turn terminal pagination ON or OFF.
quit Exit the Command Line Interface (from any level).
search Search for pattern in show command output.
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414 The Command Line Interface
configure Commands
The following table shows the second level commands that are available with the
top level configure command [MyAP(config)#].
show Display information about the selected item. See
“show Commands” on page 417.
statistics Display statistical data about the Array. See
“statistics Commands” on page 420.
uptime Display the elapsed time since the last boot.
xms-override Override XMS managed mode and allow local
configuration changes according to your user
privileges. See “Managing Arrays Locally or via
XMS” on page 81.
Command Description
@ Type @n to execute command n (as shown by the
history command).
acl Configure the Access Control List.
admin Define administrator access parameters.
auth Configure Oauth tokens.
cdp Configure Cisco Discovery Protocol settings.
clear Remove/clear the requested elements.
cluster Make configuration changes to multiple Arrays.
contact-info Contact information for assistance on this Array.
date-time Configure date and time settings.
dhcp-server Configure the DHCP Server.
dns Configure the DNS settings.
Command Description
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 415
end Exit the configuration mode.
exit Go UP one mode level.
file Manage the file system.
filter Define protocol filter parameters.
group Define user groups with parameter settings
help Description of the interactive Help system.
history List history of commands that have been
executed.
hostname Host name for this Array.
interface Select the interface to configure.
load Load running configuration from flash
location Location name for this Array.
location-
reporting
Configure location server settings.
management Configure Array management parameters
mdm Configure mobile device management server
settings.
more Turn ON or OFF terminal pagination.
netflow Configure NetFlow data collector.
no Disable (if enabled) or set to default value.
quick-config Apply configuration template for typical
deployment scenario.
quit Exit the Command Line Interface.
authentication-
server
Configure the RADIUS server parameters.
Command Description
Wireless Array
416 The Command Line Interface
reboot Reboot the Array.
reset Reset all settings to their factory default values
and reboot.
restore Reset all settings to their factory default values
and reboot.
revert Revert to saved configuration after specified delay
in seconds if configuration not saved.
run-tests Run selective tests.
save Save the running configuration to FLASH.
search Search for pattern in show command output.
security Set the security parameters for the Array.
show Display current information about the selected
item.
snmp Enable, disable or configure SNMP.
ssid Configure the SSID parameters.
statistics Display statistics.
syslog Enable, disable or configure the Syslog Server.
tunnel Configure tunnels.
uptime Display time since the last boot.
vlan Configure VLAN parameters.
wifi-tag Configure VLAN parameters.
xms-override Override XMS managed mode and allow local
configuration changes according to your user
privileges. See “Managing Arrays Locally or via
XMS” on page 81.
Command Description
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 417
show Commands
The following table shows the second level commands that are available with the
top level show command [MyAP# show].
Command Description
acl Display the Access Control List.
admin Display the administrator list or login
information.
array-info Display system information.
associated-
stations
Display stations that have associated to the Array.
boot-env Display Boot loader environment variables.
capabilities Display detailed station capabilities.
cdp Display Cisco Discovery Protocol settings.
channel-list Display list of Array’s 802.11an and bgn channels.
clear-text Display and enter passwords and secrets in the
clear.
conntrack Display the Connection Tracking table.
console Display terminal settings.
contact-info Display contact information.
date-time Display date and time settings summary.
dhcp-leases Display IP addresses (leases) assigned to stations
by the DHCP server.
dhcp-pool Display internal DHCP server settings summary
information.
diff Display the difference between configurations.
dns Display DNS summary information.
Wireless Array
418 The Command Line Interface
error-numbers Display the detailed error number in error
messages.
ethernet Display Ethernet interface summary information.
external-radius Display summary information for the external
RADIUS server settings.
factory-config Display the Array factory configuration
information.
filters Display filter information.
iap Display IAP configuration information.
internal-radius Display the users defined for the embedded
RADIUS server.
lastboot-config Display Array configuration at the time of the last
boot-up.
management Display settings for managing the Array, plus
Standby, FIPS, and other information.
network-map Display network map information.
realtime-monitor Display realtime statistics for all IAPs.
rogue-ap Display rogue AP information.
route Display the routing table.
rssi-map Display RSSI map by IAP for station.
running-config Display configuration information for the Array
currently running.
saved-config Display the last saved Array configuration.
security Display security settings summary information.
self-test Display self test results.
snmp Display SNMP summary information.
Command Description
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 419
spanning-tree Display spanning tree information.
spectrum-
analyzer
Display spectrum analyzer measurements.
ssid Display SSID summary information.
stations Display station information.
statistics Display statistics.
syslog Display the system log.
syslog-settings Display the system log (Syslog) settings.
temperature Display the current board temperatures.
unassociated-
stations
Display unassociated station information.
vlan Display VLAN information.
wds Display WDS information.
<cr> Display configuration or status information.
Command Description
Wireless Array
420 The Command Line Interface
statistics Commands
The following table shows the second level commands that are available with the
top level statistics command [MyAP# statistics].
Command Description
ethernet Display statistical data for all Ethernet interfaces.
Ethernet Name
eth0, gig1, gig2
Display statistical data for the defined Ethernet
interface (either eth0, gig1 or gig2).
FORMAT:
statistics gig1
filter Display statistics for defined filters (if any).
FORMAT:
statistics filter [detail]
filter-list Display statistics for defined filter list (if any).
FORMAT:
statistics filter <filter-list>
iap Display statistical data for the defined IAP.
FORMAT:
statistics iap iap2
station Display statistical data about associated stations.
FORMAT:
statistics station billw
vlan Display statistical data for the defined VLAN. You
must use the VLAN number (not its name) when
defining a VLAN.
FORMAT:
statistics vlan 1
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 421
wds Display statistical data for the defined active WDS
(Wireless Distribution System) links.
FORMAT:
statistics wds 1
<cr> Display configuration or status information.
Command Description
Wireless Array
422 The Command Line Interface
Configuration Commands
All configuration commands are accessed by using the configure command at the
root command prompt (MyAP#). This section provides a brief description of each
command and presents sample formats where deemed necessary. The commands
are organized alphabetically. When inputting commands, be aware that all
commands are case-sensitive.
To see examples of some of the key configuration tasks and their associated
commands, go to “Sample Configuration Tasks” on page 466.
acl
The acl command [MyAP(config)# acl] is used to configure the Access Control
List.
Command Description
add Add a MAC address to the list.
FORMAT:
acl add AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
del Delete a MAC address from the list.
FORMAT:
acl del AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
disable Disable the Access Control List
FORMAT:
acl disable
enable Enable the Access Control List
FORMAT:
acl enable
reset Delete all MAC addresses from the list.
FORMAT:
acl reset
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 423
admin
The admin command [MyAP(config-admin)#] is used to configure the
Administrator List.
Command Description
add Add a user to the Administrator List.
FORMAT:
admin add [userID]
del Delete a user to the Administrator List.
FORMAT:
admin del [userID]
edit Modify user in the Administrator List.
FORMAT:
admin edit [userID]
radius Define a RADIUS server to be used for
authenticating administrators.
FORMAT:
admin radius [disable | enable | off | on |
timeout <seconds> | auth-type [PAP | CHAP]]
admin radius [primary |secondary]
port <portid> server [<ip-addr> | <host>]
secret <shared-secret>
reset Delete all users and restore the default user.
FORMAT:
admin reset
Wireless Array
424 The Command Line Interface
auth
The auth command [MyAP(config)# auth] is used to configure Oauth tokens. See
also, “OAuth 2.0 Management” on page 251.
cdp
The cdp command [MyAP(config)# cdp] is used to configure the Cisco Discovery
Protocol.
Command Description
add Add an Oauth token.
FORMAT:
auth add <token> client <client> grant <grant>
expiration <expiration> code <code> type
<type> [agent <agent>] [scope <scope>]
del Delete an Oauth token.
FORMAT:
auth del <Oauth token>
reset Delete all Oauth tokens.
FORMAT:
auth reset
Command Description
disable Disable the Cisco Discovery Protocol
FORMAT:
cdp disable
enable Enable the Cisco Discovery Protocol
FORMAT:
cdp enable
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 425
hold-time Select CDP message hold time before messages
received from neighbors expire.
FORMAT:
cdp hold-time [# seconds]
interval The Array sends out CDP announcements at this
interval.
FORMAT:
cdp interval [# seconds]
off Disable the Cisco Discovery Protocol
FORMAT:
cdp off
on Enable the Cisco Discovery Protocol
FORMAT:
cdp on
Command Description
Wireless Array
426 The Command Line Interface
clear
The clear command [MyAP(config)# clear] is used to clear requested elements.
Command Description
arp Clear the arp table entry for a requested IP
address, or clear all entries if no IP address is
entered.
FORMAT:
clear arp [ipaddress]
authentication Deauthenticate a station (specified by MAC
address, hostname, or IP address). If you specify
the permanent option, then the station is
deauthenticated and put on the access control list.
FORMAT:
clear authentication [permanent] [authenticated
station]
history Clear the history of CLI commands executed.
FORMAT:
clear history
screen Clear the screen where you’re viewing CLI
output.
FORMAT:
clear screen
station-
assurance
Clear all station assurance data, but continue to
collect new data.
FORMAT:
clear station-assurance
statistics Clear the statistics for thee change, but it won’t
show up requested element.
FORMAT:
clear statistics [ethname | all-eth | applications
| filters |iap | station | vlan | wds]
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 427
syslog Clear all Syslog messages, but continue to log new
messages.
FORMAT:
clear syslog
Command Description
Wireless Array
428 The Command Line Interface
cluster
The cluster command [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array(config)# cluster] is used to create and
operate clusters. Clusters allow you to configure multiple Arrays at the same
time. Using CLI (or WMI), you may define a set of Arrays that are members of the
cluster. Then you may switch the Array to Cluster operating mode for a selected
cluster, which sends all successive configuration commands issued via CLI or
WMI to all of the member Arrays. When you exit cluster mode, configuration
commands revert to applying only to the Array to which you are connected.
For more information, see “Clusters” on page 374.
Command Description
add Create a new Array cluster. Enters edit mode for
that cluster to allow you to specify the Arrays that
belong to the cluster.
FORMAT:
cluster add [cluster-name]
del Delete an Array cluster. Type del ? to list the
existing clusters.
FORMAT:
cluster del [cluster-name]
edit Enter edit mode for selected cluster to add or
delete Arrays that belong to the cluster.
FORMAT:
cluster edit [cluster-name]
end Exit Cluster configuration mode. Configuration
returns to normal operation, affecting this Array
only.
FORMAT:
cluster end
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 429
contact-info
The contact-info command [MyAP(config)# contact-info] is used for managing
administrator contact information.
operate Enter Cluster operation mode. All configuration
commands are applied to all of the selected
cluster’s member Arrays until you give the end
command (see above).
FORMAT:
cluster operate [cluster-name]
reset Delete all clusters.
FORMAT:
cluster reset
Command Description
email Add an email address for the contact (must be in
quotation marks).
FORMAT:
contact-info email [“contact@mail.com”]
name Add a contact name (must be in quotation marks).
FORMAT:
contact-info name [“Contact Name”]
phone Add a telephone number for the contact (must be
in quotation marks).
FORMAT:
contact-info phone [“8185550101”]
Command Description
Wireless Array
430 The Command Line Interface
date-time
The date-time command [MyAP(config-date-time)#] is used to configure the
date and time parameters. Your Array supports the Network Time Protocol (NTP)
in order to ensure that the Array’s internal time is accurate. NTP is set to UTC
time by default; however, you can set the time zone so that your Array will
display local time. This is done by defining an offset from the UTC value. For
example, Pacific Standard Time is 8 hours behind UTC time, so the offset from
UTC time would be -8.
Command Description
dst_adjust Enable adjustment for daylight savings.
FORMAT:
date-time dst_adjust
no Disable daylight savings adjustment.
FORMAT:
date-time no dst_adjust
ntp Enable the NTP server.
FORMAT:
date-time ntp on (or off to disable)
offset Set an offset from Greenwich Mean Time.
FORMAT:
date-time no dst_adjust
set Set the date and time for the Array.
FORMAT:
date-time set [10:24 10/23/2007]
timezone Configure the time zone.
FORMAT:
date-time timezone [-8]
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 431
dhcp-server
The dhcp-server command [MyAP(config-dhcp-server)#] is used to add, delete
and modify DHCP pools.
Command Description
add Add a DHCP pool.
FORMAT:
dhcp-server add [dhcp pool]
del Delete a DHCP pool.
FORMAT:
dhcp-server del [dhcp pool]
edit Edit a DHCP pool
FORMAT:
dhcp-server edit [dhcp pool]
reset Delete all DHCP pools.
FORMAT:
dhcp-server reset
Wireless Array
432 The Command Line Interface
dns
The dns command [MyAP(config-dns)#] is used to configure your DNS
parameters.
Command Description
domain Enter your domain name.
FORMAT:
dns domain [www.mydomain.com]
server1 Enter the IP address of the primary DNS server.
FORMAT:
dns server1 [1.2.3.4]
server2 Enter the IP address of the secondary DNS server.
FORMAT:
dns server1 [2.3.4.5]
server3 Enter the IP address of the tertiary DNS server.
FORMAT:
dns server1 [3.4.5.6]
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 433
file
The file command [MyAP(config-file)#] is used to manage files.
Command Description
active-image Validate and commit a new array software image.
backup-image Validate and commit a new backup software image.
check-image Validate a new array software image.
chkdsk Check flash file system.
copy
cp
Copy a file to another file.
FORMAT:
file copy [sourcefile destinationfile]
dir List the contents of a directory.
FORMAT:
file dir [directory]
erase Delete a file from the FLASH file system.
FORMAT:
file erase [filename]
format Format flash file system.
ftp Open an FTP connection with a remote server. Files
will be transferred in binary mode.
FORMAT:
file ftp host {<hostname> |<ip>} [port <port_#>]
[user {anonymous | <username> password
<passwd> } ] { put <source_file> [<dest_file>] |
get <source_file> [<dest_file>] }
Note: Any time you transfer any kind of software
image file for the Array, it must be transferred in
binary mode, or the file may be corrupted.
Wireless Array
434 The Command Line Interface
http-get Perform an HTTP file download. This is the
preferred method of downloading files for XMS
Cloud.
FORMAT:
http-get [no-cert-check] <url> [<local_file>]
no-cert-check causes the array to download the file
even if the SSL certificate is invalid, expired, or not
signed by a recognized CA
<url> is a standard HTTP URL, e.g. https://
file.example.com:8080/mydir/myfile.ext.
http:// or https:// may be omitted, in which
case HTTP is assumed
<local_file> is an optional parameter that describes
the path and name where the file should be saved
if no local_file is specified, the file will be
saved in the root of the flash storage
the local_file does support specifying a
directory, which will be created if it doesn't
already exist
list List the contents of a file.
FORMAT:
file list [filename]
Command Description
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 435
remote-config When the Array boots up, it fetches the specified
configuration file from the TFTP server defined in
the file remote-server command, and uses this
configuration. This must be an Array configuration
file with a .conf extension.
A partial configuration file may be used. For
instance, if you wish to use a single configuration file
for all of your Arrays but don't want to have the
same IP address for each Array, you may remove the
ipaddr line from the file. You can then load the file on
each array and the local IP addresses will not change.
FORMAT:
file remote-config <config-file.conf>
Note: If you enter file remote-config ?, the help
response suggests possibilities by listing all of the
configuration files that are currently in the Array’s
flash.
remote-image When the Array boots up, it fetches the named image
file from the TFTP server defined in the file remote-
server command, and upgrades to this file before
booting. This must be an Array image file with a .bin
extension.
FORMAT:
file remote-image <image-file.bin>
Note: This will happen every time that the Array
reboots. If you only want to fetch the remote-image
one time be sure to turn off the remote image option
after the initial download.
remote-server Sets up a TFTP server to be used for automated
remote update of software image and configuration
files when rebooting.
FORMAT:
file remote-server A.B.C.D
rename Rename a file.
Command Description
Wireless Array
436 The Command Line Interface
scp Copy a file to or from a remote system. You may
specify the port to use.
tftp Open a TFTP connection with a remote server.
FORMAT:
file tftp host {<hostname> |<ip>} [port <port_#>]
[user {anonymous | <username> password
<passwd> } ] { put <source_file> [<dest_file>] |
get <source_file> [<dest_file>] }
Note: Any time you transfer any kind of software
image file for the Array, it must be transferred in
binary mode, or the file may be corrupted.
Command Description
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 437
filter
The filter command [MyAP(config-filter)#] is used to manage protocol filters
and filter lists.
Command Description
add Add a filter. Details about the air cleaner feature
are after the end of this table.
FORMAT:
filter add [air-cleaner |name]
add-list Add a filter list.
FORMAT:
filter add-list [name]
del Delete a filter.
FORMAT:
filter del [name]
del-list Delete a filter list.
FORMAT:
filter del-list [name]
edit Edit a filter.
FORMAT:
filter edit [name type]
edit-list Edit a filter list
FORMAT:
filter edit-list [name type]
enable Enable a filter list.
FORMAT:
filter enable
move Change a filter priority.
FORMAT:
filter move [name priority]
Wireless Array
438 The Command Line Interface
Air Cleaner
The air cleaner feature offers a number of predetermined filter rules that eliminate
a great deal of unnecessary wireless traffic, resulting in improved performance.
You may select all of the air cleaner rules for the greatest effect, or only specific
rules, such as broadcast or multicast, to eliminate only a particular source of
traffic. The following options are offered:
MyArray(config)# filter add air-cleaner
all All air cleaner filters
arp Eliminate station to station ARPs over the air
broadcast Eliminate broadcast traffic from the air
dhcp Eliminate stations serving DHCP addresses from the air
multicast Eliminate chatty multicast traffic from the air
netbios Eliminate NetBIOS traffic from the air
If you select all, the rules shown in Figure 205 are added to the predefined filter
list named Global. These rules assume that you have station-to-station blocking
enabled, that a DHCP server is on the Array’s wired connection, and that you
want to block most all multicast and all broadcast traffic not vital to normal
off Disable a filter list.
FORMAT:
filter off
on Enable a filter list.
FORMAT:
filter on
reset Delete all protocol filters and filter lists.
FORMAT:
filter reset
stateful Enable or disable stateful filtering (firewall).
FORMAT:
Stateful [enable | disable | on |off]
Command Description
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 439
operation. If you find that there is a particular type of multicast or broadcast
traffic that you want to allow, just add a specific allow filter for it before the deny
filter in this list that would normally block it. Add or delete any of the Multicast
rules as necessary for a specific site. Remember that the order of the rules is
important.
Figure 205. Air Cleaner Filter Rules
Explanations of some sample rules are below.
Air-cleaner-Arp.1 blocks ARPs from one client from being transmitted to
clients via all of the radios. The station to station block setting doesn't
block this traffic, so this filter eliminates this unnecessary traffic.
Air-cleaner-Dhcp.1 drops all DHCP client traffic coming in from the
gigabit interface. This traffic doesn't need to be transmitted by the radios
since there shouldn't be any DHCP server associated to the radios and
offering DHCP addresses. For large subnets the DHCP discover/request
broadcast traffic can be significant.
Air-cleaner-Dhcp.2 drops all DHCP server traffic coming in from the
radio interfaces. There should not be any DHCP server associated to the
radios. These rogue DHCP servers are blocked from doing any damage
with this filter. There have been quite a few cases in public venues like
schools and conventions where such traffic is seen.
Wireless Array
440 The Command Line Interface
Air-cleaner-Mcast.1 drops all multicast traffic with a destination MAC
address starting with 01. This filters out a lot of IP multicast traffic that
starts with 224.
Air-cleaner-Mcast.2 drops all multicast traffic with a destination MAC
address starting with 33. A lot of IPv6 traffic and other multicast traffic is
blocked by this filter.
Air-cleaner-Mcast.3 drops all multicast traffic with a destination MAC
address starting with 09. A lot of Appletalk traffic and other multicast
traffic is blocked by this filter. Note that for OSX 10.6.* Snow Leopard no
longer supports Appletalk.
Air-cleaner-Bcast.1 allows all ARP traffic (other than the traffic that was
denied by Air-cleaner-Arp.1). This is needed because Air-cleaner-Bcast.5
would drop this valid traffic.
Air-cleaner-Bcast.4 allows all XRP traffic from Arrays to be received from
the wire. This is needed because Air-cleaner-Bcast.5 would drop this
valid traffic.
Air-cleaner-Bcast.5 drops all other broadcast traffic that hasn't previously
been explicitly allowed. This filter will catch all UDP broadcast traffic as
well as all other known and unknown protocol broadcast traffic.
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 441
group
The group command [MyAP(config)# group] is used to create and configure user
groups. User groups allow administrators to assign specific network parameters
to users through RADIUS privileges rather than having to map users to a specific
SSID. Groups provide flexible control over user privileges without the need to
create large numbers of SSIDs. For more information, see “Groups” on page 280.
hostname
The hostname command [Xirrus_Wi-Fi_Array(config)# hostname] is used to
change the hostname used by the Array.
Command Description
add Create a new user group.
FORMAT:
group add [group-name]
del Delete a user group.
FORMAT:
group del [group-name]
edit Set parameters values for a group.
FORMAT:
group edit [group-name]
reset Reset the group.
FORMAT:
group reset
Command Description
hostname Change the hostname of the Array.
FORMAT:
hostname [name]
Wireless Array
442 The Command Line Interface
interface
The interface command [MyAP(config)# interface] is used to select the interface
that you want to configure. To see a listing of the commands that are available for
each interface, use the ? command at the selected interface prompt. For example,
using the ? command at the MyAP(config-gig1}# prompt displays a listing of all
commands for the gig1 interface.
load
The load command [MyAP(config)# load] loads a configuration file.
Command Description
console Select the console interface. The console interface
is used for management purposes only.
FORMAT:
interface console
gig1 Select the Gigabit 1 interface.
FORMAT:
interface gig1
gig2 Select the Gigabit 2 interface.
FORMAT:
interface gig2
iap Select an IAP.
FORMAT:
interface iap
Command Description
factory.conf Load the factory settings configuration file.
FORMAT:
load [factory.conf]
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 443
location
The location command [MyAP(config)# location] is used to set the location
descriptive string for the Array.
lastboot.conf Load the configuration file from the last boot-up.
FORMAT:
load [lastboot.conf]
[myfile].conf If you have saved a configuration, enter its name
to load it.
FORMAT:
load [myfile.conf]
saved.conf Load the configuration file with the last saved
settings.
FORMAT:
load [saved.conf]
Command Description
<cr> Set the location for the Array.
FORMAT:
location [newlocation]
Command Description
Wireless Array
444 The Command Line Interface
location-reporting
The location-reporting command [MyAP(config)# location-reporting] is used to
configure Location Server settings. See also, “Location” on page 184.
Command Description
cust-key Set Location Server customer key.
FORMAT:
location-reporting cust-key enc <loc-server-
customer-key>
disable Disable location-reporting.
FORMAT:
location-reporting disable
enable Enable location-reporting.
FORMAT:
location-reporting enable
period Set Location Server reporting period (seconds).
FORMAT:
location-reporting period <#-seconds>
url Set URL of Location Server.
FORMAT:
location-reporting url <loc-server-URL>
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 445
management
The management command [MyAP(config)# management] enters management
mode, where you may configure management parameters.
The following types of settings may be configured in management mode:
banner Configure login banner messages
console Configure console management parameters
https Enable/disable HTTPS access
license Set array software license key
load Load running configuration from flash
max-auth-attempts Maximum number of authentication (login)
attempts (0 means unlimited)
network-assurance Enable/disable network assurance
reauth-period Time between failed CLI login attempts
restore Restore to previous saved config
revert Revert to saved configuration after delay if
configuration not saved
save Save running configuration to flash
ssh Enable/disable SSH access
standby Configure standby parameters
telnet Enable/disable telnet access
uptime Display time since last boot
xircon Enable/disable Xircon access. See Xircon User’s
Guide for more information.
Command Description
<cr> Enter management mode.
FORMAT:
management <cr>
Wireless Array
446 The Command Line Interface
mdm
The mdm command [MyAP(config)# mdm] is used to configure Mobile Device
Management Server settings. See also, “Mobile” on page 380.
Command Description
airwatch api Set Location Server customer key.
FORMAT:
mdm airwatch api
The following types of settings may be configured in
management mode:
access-error Set AirWatch API access error action
key Set AirWatch API key
password Set AirWatch API password
poll-period Set AirWatch API poll period
timeout Set AirWatch API timeout
url Set AirWatch API URL
username Set AirWatch API username
redirect-url Set URL to redirect clients to.
FORMAT:
mdm airwatch redirect-url <URL-string>
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 447
more
The more command [MyAP(config)# more] is used to turn terminal pagination
ON or OFF.
Command Description
off Turn OFF terminal pagination.
FORMAT:
more off
on Turn ON terminal pagination.
FORMAT:
more on
Wireless Array
448 The Command Line Interface
netflow
The netflow command [MyAP(config-netflow)#] is used to enable or disable, or
configure sending IP flow information (traffic statistics) to the collector you
specify.
Command Description
disable Disable netflow.
FORMAT:
netflow disable
enable Enable netflow.
FORMAT:
netflow enable
off Disable netflow.
FORMAT:
netflow off
on Enable netflow.
FORMAT:
netflow on
collector Set the netflow collector IP address or fully
qualified domain name (host.domain). Only one
collector may be set. If port is not specified, the
default is 2055.
FORMAT:
netflow collector host {<ip-addr> | <domain>}
[port <port#>]
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 449
no
The no command [MyAP(config)# no] is used to disable a selected element or set
the element to its default value.
Command Description
acl Disable the Access Control List.
FORMAT:
no acl
dot11a Disable all 802.11an IAPs (radios).
FORMAT:
no dot11a
dot11bg Disable all 802.11bgn IAPs (radios).
FORMAT:
no dot11bg
https Disable https access.
FORMAT:
no https
intrude-detect Disable intrusion detection.
FORMAT:
no intrude-detect
management Disable management on all Ethernet interfaces.
FORMAT:
no management
more Disable terminal pagination.
FORMAT:
no more
ntp Disable the NTP server.
FORMAT:
no ntp
Wireless Array
450 The Command Line Interface
snmp Disable SNMP features.
FORMAT:
no snmp
ssh Disable ssh access.
FORMAT:
no ssh
syslog Disable the Syslog services.
FORMAT:
no syslog
telnet Disable Telnet access.
FORMAT:
no telnet
ETH-NAME Disable the selected Ethernet interface (eth0, gig1
or gig2). You cannot disable the console interface.
with this command.
FORMAT:
no eth0 (gig1 or gig2)
Command Description
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 451
quick-config
The quick-config command is used to apply configuration templates to the Array
for typical deployment scenarios.
Command Description
Classroom Configure Array for classroom deployment.
FORMAT:
quick-config Classroom
Configures the array for use in classroom settings
(K-12 schools, Higher education, etc.)
High-density Configure Array for high density deployment.
FORMAT:
quick-config High-density
Configures the array for use in high density
settings (lecture halls, convention centers,
stadiums, etc.)
Wireless Array
452 The Command Line Interface
quit
The quit command [MyAP(config)# quit] is used to exit the Command Line
Interface.
authentication-server
The radius-server command [MyAP(config-authserver)#] is used to configure
the external and internal RADIUS server parameters.
Command Description
<cr> Exit the Command Line Interface.
FORMAT:
quit
If you have made any configuration changes and
your changes have not been saved, you are
prompted to save your changes to Flash.
At the prompt, answer Yes to save your changes,
or answer No to discard your changes.
Command Description
external Configure an external RADIUS server.
FORMAT:
authentication-server external
To configure a RADIUS server (primary,
secondary, or accounting server, by IP address or
host name), and the reporting interval use:
authentication-server external accounting
internal Configure the external RADIUS server.
FORMAT: add active directory
authentication-server internal
use Choose the active RADIUS server (either external
or internal).
FORMAT:
authentication-server use external (or internal)
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 453
reboot
The reboot command [MyAP(config)# reboot] is used to reboot the Array. If you
have unsaved changes, the command will notify you and give you a chance to
cancel the reboot.
reset
The reset command [MyAP(config)# reset] is used to reset all settings to their
default values then reboot the Array.
Command Description
<cr> Reboot the Array.
FORMAT:
reboot
delay Reboot the Array after a delay of 1 to 60 seconds.
FORMAT:
reboot delay [n]
Command Description
<cr> Reset all configuration parameters to their factory
default values.
FORMAT:
reset
The Array is rebooted automatically.
preserve-ip-
settings
Preserve all ethernet and VLAN settings and reset
all other configuration parameters to their factory
default values.
FORMAT:
reset preserve-ip-settings
The Array is rebooted automatically.
Wireless Array
454 The Command Line Interface
restore
The restore command [MyAP(config)# restore] is used to restore configuration to
a version that was previously saved locally.
Command Description
?Use this to display the list of available config files.
FORMAT:
restore ?
<filename> Enter the name of the locally saved configuration
to restore.
FORMAT:
restore <config-filename>
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 455
roaming-assist
The roaming-assist command [MyAP(config)# roaming-assist] is used to
configure roaming assistance settings. See also, “Roaming Assist” on page 356.
Command Description
data-rate Set minimum packet data rate before roaming, in
Mbps.
FORMAT:
roaming-assist data-rate <1-99>
devices Set device types or classes to assist.
FORMAT:
roaming-assist devices all | unidentified |
DEVICE-CLASS <ID-string> | DEVICE-TYPE
<ID-string>
disable Disable roaming assist.
FORMAT:
roaming-assist disable
enable Enable roaming assist.
FORMAT:
roaming-assist enable
period Set roaming assist backoff period (seconds).
FORMAT:
roaming-assist period <#-seconds>
threshold Set roaming RSSI threshold in db relative to RSSI
of nearest Array.
FORMAT:
roaming-assist threshold <-50 to 50>
Wireless Array
456 The Command Line Interface
run-tests
The run-tests command [MyAP(run-tests)#] is used to enter run-tests mode,
which allows you to perform a range of tests on the Array.
Command Description
<cr> Enter run-tests mode.
FORMAT:
run-tests
iperf Execute iperf utility.
FORMAT:
run-tests iperf
kill-beacons Turn off beacons for selected single IAP.
FORMAT:
run-tests kill-beacons [off | iap-name]
kill-probe-
responses
Turn off probe responses for selected single IAP.
FORMAT:
run-tests kill-probe-responses [off | iap-name]
led LED test.
FORMAT:
run-tests led [flash | rotate]
memtest Execute memory tests.
FORMAT:
run-tests memtest
ping Execute ping utility.
FORMAT:
run-tests ping [host-name | ip-addr]
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 457
radius-ping Special ping utility to test the connection to a
RADIUS server.
FORMAT:
run-tests radius-ping [external | ssid <ssidnum>]
[primary | secondary] user <raduser> password
<radpasswd> auth-type [CHAP | PAP]
run-tests radius-ping [internal | server
<radserver> port <radport> secret <radsecret> ]
user <raduser> password <radpasswd>
auth-type [CHAP | PAP]
You may select a RADIUS server that you have
already configured (ssid or external or internal) or
specify another server.
rlb Run manufacturing radio loopback test.
FORMAT:
run-tests rlb {optional command line switches}
self-test Execute self-test.
FORMAT:
run-tests self-test {logfile-name (optional)]
site-survey Enable or disable site survey mode.
FORMAT:
run-tests site-survey [on | off | enable | disable]
ssh Execute ssh utility.
FORMAT:
run-tests ssh [hostname | ip-addr]
[command-line-switches (optional)]
tcpdump Execute tcpdump utility to dump traffic for selected
interface or VLAN. Supports 802.11 headers.
FORMAT:
run-tests tcpdump
Command Description
Wireless Array
458 The Command Line Interface
security
The security command [MyAP(config-security)#] is used to establish the security
parameters for the Array.
telnet Execute telnet utility.
FORMAT:
run-tests telnet [hostname | ip-addr]
[command-line-switches (optional)]
traceroute Execute traceroute utility.
FORMAT:
run-tests traceroute [host-name | ip-addr]
Command Description
wep Set the WEP encryption parameters.
FORMAT:
security wep
wpa Set the WEP encryption parameters.
FORMAT:
security wpa
Command Description
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 459
snmp
The snmp command [MyAP(config-snmp)#] is used to enable, disable, or
configure SNMP.
Command Description
v2 Enable SNMP v2.
FORMAT:
snmp v2
v3 Enable SNMP v3.
FORMAT:
snmp v3
trap Configure traps for SNMP. Up to four trap
destinations may be configured, and you may
specify whether to send traps for authentication
failure.
FORMAT:
snmp trap
Wireless Array
460 The Command Line Interface
ssid
The ssid command [MyAP(config-ssid)#] is used to establish your SSID
parameters.
Command Description
add Add an SSID.
FORMAT:
ssid add [newssid]
del Delete an SSID.
FORMAT:
ssid del [oldssid]
edit Edit an existing SSID.
FORMAT:
ssid edit [existingssid]
reset Delete all SSIDs and restore the default SSID.
FORMAT:
ssid reset
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 461
syslog
The syslog command [MyAP(config-syslog)#] is used to enable, disable, or
configure the Syslog server.
Command Description
console Enable or disable the display of Syslog messages
on the console, and set the level to be displayed.
All messages at this level and lower (i.e., more
severe) will be displayed.
FORMAT:
syslog console [on/off] level [0-7]
disable Disable the Syslog server.
FORMAT:
syslog disable
email Disable the Syslog server.
FORMAT:
syslog email from [email-from-address]
level [0-7]
password [email-acct-password]
server [email-server-IPaddr]
test [test-msg-text]
to-list [recipient-email-addresses]
user [email-acct-username]
enable Enable the Syslog server.
FORMAT:
syslog enable
local-file Set the size and/or severity level (all messages at
this level and lower will be logged).
FORMAT:
syslog local-file size [1-500] level [0-7]
no Disable the selected feature.
FORMAT:
syslog no [feature]
Wireless Array
462 The Command Line Interface
tunnel
The tunnel command [MyAP(config-tunnel)#] is used to establish your tunnel
parameters.
off Disable the Syslog server.
FORMAT:
syslog off
on Enable the Syslog server.
FORMAT:
syslog on
primary Set the IP address of the primary Syslog server
and/or the severity level of messages to be
logged.
FORMAT:
syslog primary [1.2.3.4] level [0-7]
secondary Set the IP address of the secondary (backup)
Syslog server and/or the severity level of
messages to be logged.
FORMAT:
syslog primary [1.2.3.4] level [0-7]
Command Description
add Add a tunnel.
FORMAT:
tunnel add [newtunnel]
delete Delete a tunnel.
FORMAT:
tunnel delete [oldtunnel]
Command Description
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 463
uptime
The uptime command [MyAP(config)# uptime] is used to display the elapsed
time since you last rebooted the Array.
vlan
The vlan command [MyAP(config-vlan)#] is used to establish your VLAN
parameters.
edit Modify an existing tunnel.
FORMAT:
tunnel edit [existingtunnel]
reset Delete all existing tunnels.
FORMAT:
tunnel reset
Command Description
<cr> Display time since last reboot.
FORMAT:
uptime
Command Description
add Add a VLAN.
FORMAT:
vlan add [newvlan]
default-route Assign a VLAN for the default route (for
outbound management traffic).
FORMAT:
vlan default-route [defaultroute]
Command Description
Wireless Array
464 The Command Line Interface
wifi-tag
The wifi-tag command [MyAP(config-wifi-tag)#] is used to enable or disable
Wi-Fi tag capabilities. When enabled, the Array listens for and collects
information about Wi-Fi RFID tags sent on the designated channels. See also “Wi-
Fi Tag” on page 183.
delete Delete a VLAN.
FORMAT:
vlan delete [oldvlan]
edit Modify an existing VLAN.
FORMAT:
vlan edit [existingvlan]
native-vlan Assign a native VLAN (traffic is untagged).
FORMAT:
vlan native-vlan [nativevlan]
no Disable the selected feature.
FORMAT:
vlan no [feature]
reset Delete all existing VLANs.
FORMAT:
vlan reset
Command Description
disable Disable wifi-tag.
FORMAT:
wifi-tag disable
enable Enable wifi-tag.
FORMAT:
wifi-tag enable
Command Description
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 465
off Disable wifi-tag.
FORMAT:
wifi-tag off
on Enable wifi-tag.
FORMAT:
wifi-tag on
tag-channel-bg Set an 802.11b or g channel for listening for tags.
FORMAT:
wifi-tag tag-channel-bg <1-255>
udp-port Set the UDP port which a tagging server will use
to query the Array for tagging information.
FORMAT:
wifi-tag udp-port <1025-65535>
Command Description
Wireless Array
466 The Command Line Interface
Sample Configuration Tasks
This section provides examples of some of the common configuration tasks used
with the Wireless Array, including:
“Configuring a Simple Open Global SSID” on page 467.
“Configuring a Global SSID using WPA-PEAP” on page 468.
“Configuring an SSID-Specific SSID using WPA-PEAP” on page 469.
“Enabling Global IAPs” on page 470.
“Disabling Global IAPs” on page 471.
“Enabling a Specific IAP” on page 472.
“Disabling a Specific IAP” on page 473.
“Setting Cell Size Auto-Configuration for All IAPs” on page 474
“Setting the Cell Size for All IAPs” on page 475.
“Setting the Cell Size for a Specific IAP” on page 476.
“Configuring VLANs on an Open SSID” on page 477.
“Configuring Radio Assurance Mode (Loopback Tests)” on page 478.
To facilitate the accurate and timely management of revisions to this section, the
examples shown here are presented as screen images taken from a Secure Shell
(SSH) session (in this case, PuTTY). Depending on the application you are using
to access the Command Line Interface, and how your session is set up (for
example, font and screen size), the images presented on your screen may be
different than the images shown in this section. However, the data displayed will
be the same.
Some of the screen images shown in this section have been modified for clarity.
For example, the image may have been “elongated” to show all data without the
need for additional images or scrolling. We recommend that you use the Adobe
PDF version of this User’s Guide when reviewing these examples — a hard copy
document may be difficult to read.
As mentioned previously, the root command prompt is determined by the host
name assigned to your Array.
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 467
Configuring a Simple Open Global SSID
This example shows you how to configure a simple open global SSID.
Figure 206. Configuring a Simple Open Global SSID
Wireless Array
468 The Command Line Interface
Configuring a Global SSID using WPA-PEAP
This example shows you how to configure a global SSID using WPA-PEAP
encryption in conjunction with the Array’s Internal RADIUS server.
Figure 207. Configuring a Global SSID using WPA-PEAP
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 469
Configuring an SSID-Specific SSID using WPA-PEAP
This example shows you how to configure an SSID-specific SSID using WPA-
PEAP encryption in conjunction with the Array’s Internal RADIUS server.
Figure 208. Configuring an SSID-Specific SSID using WPA-PEAP
Wireless Array
470 The Command Line Interface
Enabling Global IAPs
This example shows you how to enable all IAPs (radios), regardless of the
wireless technology they use.
Figure 209. Enabling Global IAPs
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 471
Disabling Global IAPs
This example shows you how to disable all IAPs (radios), regardless of the
wireless technology they use.
Figure 210. Disabling Global IAPs
Wireless Array
472 The Command Line Interface
Enabling a Specific IAP
This example shows you how to enable a specific IAP (radio). In this example, the
IAP that is being enabled is a1 (the first IAP in the summary list).
Figure 211. Enabling a Specific IAP
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 473
Disabling a Specific IAP
This example shows you how to disable a specific IAP (radio). In this example,
the IAP that is being disabled is a2 (the second IAP in the summary list).
Figure 212. Disabling a Specific IAP
Wireless Array
474 The Command Line Interface
Setting Cell Size Auto-Configuration for All IAPs
This example shows how to set the cell size for all enabled IAPs to be auto-
configured (auto). (See “Fine Tuning Cell Sizes” on page 33.) The auto_cell option
may be used with global_settings, global_a_settings, or global_bg_settings. It
sets the cell size of the specified IAPs to auto, and it launches an auto-
configuration to adjust the sizes. Be aware that if the intrude-detect feature is
enabled on the monitor radio, its cell size is unaffected by this command. Also,
any IAPs used in WDS links are unaffected.
Auto-configuration may be set to run periodically at intervals specified by
auto_cell period (in seconds) if period is non-zero. The percentage of overlap
allowed between cells in the cell size computation is specified by auto_cell
overlap (0 to 100). This example sets auto-configuration to run every 1200 seconds
with an allowed overlap of 5%. It sets the cell size of all IAPs to auto, and runs a
cell size auto-configure operation which completes successfully.
Figure 213. Setting the Cell Size for All IAPs
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 475
Setting the Cell Size for All IAPs
This example shows you how to establish the cell size for all IAPs (radios),
regardless of the wireless technology they use. Be aware that if the intrude-detect
feature is enabled on the monitor radio the cell size cannot be set globally — you
must first disable the intrude-detect feature on the monitor radio.
In this example, the cell size is being set to small for all IAPs. You have the option
of setting IAP cell sizes to small, medium, large, or max. See also, “Fine Tuning
Cell Sizes” on page 33.
Figure 214. Setting the Cell Size for All IAPs
Wireless Array
476 The Command Line Interface
Setting the Cell Size for a Specific IAP
This example shows you how to establish the cell size for a specific IAP (radio). In
this example, the cell size for a2 is being set to medium. You have the option of
setting IAP cell sizes to small, medium, large, or max (the default is max). See
also, “Fine Tuning Cell Sizes” on page 33.
Figure 215. Setting the Cell Size for a Specific IAP
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 477
Configuring VLANs on an Open SSID
This example shows you how to configure VLANs on an Open SSID.
Figure 216. Configuring VLANs on an Open SSID
Setting the default route
enables the Array to send
management traffic, such as
Syslog messages and SNMP
information to a destination
behind a router.
Wireless Array
478 The Command Line Interface
Configuring Radio Assurance Mode (Loopback Tests)
The Array uses its built-in monitor radio to monitor other radios in the Array.
Tests include sending probes on all channels and checking for a response, and
checking whether beacons are received from the other radio. If a problem is
detected, corrective actions are taken to recover. Loopback mode operation is
described in detail in “Array Monitor and Radio Assurance Capabilities” on
page 500.
The following actions may be configured:
alert-only — the Array will issue an alert in the Syslog.
repair-without-reboot — the Array will issue an alert and reset radios at
the Physical Layer (Layer 1) and possibly at the MAC layer. The reset
should not be noticed by users, and they will not need to reassociate.
reboot-allowed — the Array will issue an alert, reset the radios, and
schedule the Array to reboot at midnight (per local Array time) if
necessary. All stations will need to reassociate to the Array.
off — Disable IAP loopback tests (no self-monitoring occurs). Radio
Assurance mode is off by default.
This is a global IAPs setting — the monitor radio will monitor all other radios
according to the settings above, and it cannot be set up to monitor particular
radios. Radio assurance mode requires Intrusion Detection to be set to Standard.
The following example shows you how to configure a loopback test.
Wireless Array
The Command Line Interface 479
Figure 217. Configuring Radio Assurance Mode (Loopback Testing)
Wireless Array
480 The Command Line Interface
Wireless Array
Appendices 481
Appendices
Wireless Array
482 Appendices
Page is intentionally blank
Wireless Array
483
Appendix A: Quick Reference Guide
This section contains product reference information. Use this section to locate the
information you need quickly and efficiently. Topics include:
“Factory Default Settings” on page 483.
“Keyboard Shortcuts” on page 489.
Factory Default Settings
The following tables show the Wireless Array’s factory default settings.
Host Name
Network Interfaces
Serial
Setting Default Value
Host name Serial Number (e.g.,
XR4012802207C
Setting Default Value
Baud Rate 115200
Word Size 8 bits
Stop Bits 1
Parity No parity
Time Out 10 seconds
Wireless Array
484
Gigabit 1 and Gigabit 2
Server Settings
NTP
Syslog
Setting Default Value
Enabled Yes
DHCP Yes
Default IP Address 10.0.2.1
Default IP Mask 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway None
Auto Negotiate On
Duplex Full
Speed 1000 Mbps
MTU Size 1500
Management Enabled Yes
Setting Default Value
Enabled No
Primary time.nist.gov
Secondary pool.ntp.org
Setting Default Value
Enabled Yes
Wireless Array
485
SNMP
DHCP
Local Syslog Level Information
Maximum Internal Records 500
Primary Server None
Primary Syslog Level Information
Secondary Server None
Secondary Syslog Level Information
Setting Default Value
Enabled Yes
Read-Only Community String xirrus_read_only
Read-Write Community String xirrus
Trap Host null (no setting)
Trap Port 162
Authorization Fail Port On
Setting Default Value
Enabled No
Maximum Lease Time 300 minutes
Default Lease Time 300 minutes
IP Start Range 192.168.1.2
IP End Range 192.168.1.254
Setting Default Value
Wireless Array
486
Default SSID
Security
Global Settings - Encryption
NAT Disabled
IP Gateway None
DNS Domain None
DNS Server (1 to 3) None
Setting Default Value
ID xirrus
VLAN None
Encryption Off
Encryption Type None
QoS 2
Enabled Yes
Broadcast On
Setting Default Value
Enabled Yes
WEP Keys null (all 4 keys)
WEP Key Length null (all 4 keys)
Default Key ID 1
Setting Default Value
Wireless Array
487
External RADIUS (Global)
WPA Enabled No
TKIP Enabled Yes
AES Enabled Yes
EAP Enabled Yes
PSK Enabled No
Pass Phrase null
Group Rekey Disabled
Setting Default Value
Enabled Yes
Primary Server None
Primary Port 1812
Primary Secret xirrus
Secondary Server null (no IP address)
Secondary Port 1812
Secondary Secret null (no secret)
Time Out (before primary server is
retired) 600 seconds
Accounting Disabled
Interval 300 seconds
Primary Server None
Primary Port 1813
Setting Default Value
Wireless Array
488
Internal RADIUS
Administrator Account and Password
Management
Primary Secret null (no secret)
Secondary Server None
Secondary Port 1813
Secondary Secret null (no secret)
Setting Default Value
Enabled No
The user database is cleared upon reset to the factory defaults. For the
Internal RADIUS Server you have a maximum of 1,000 entries.
Setting Default Value
ID admin
Password admin
Setting Default Value
SSH On
SSH timeout 300 seconds
Telnet Off
Telnet timeout 300 seconds
Setting Default Value
Wireless Array
489
Keyboard Shortcuts
The following table shows the most common keyboard shortcuts used by the
Command Line Interface.
Serial On
Serial timeout 300 seconds
Management over IAPs Off
http timeout 300 seconds
Action Shortcut
Cut selected data and place it on the
clipboard. Ctrl + X
Copy selected data to the clipboard. Ctrl + C
Paste data from the clipboard into a
document (at the insertion point). Ctrl + V
Go to top of screen. Ctrl + Z
Copy the active window to the
clipboard. Alt + Print Screen
Copy the entire desktop image to the
clipboard. Print Screen
Abort an action at any time. Esc
Go back to the previous screen. b
Access the Help screen. ?
Setting Default Value
Wireless Array
490
Wireless Array
491
Appendix B: FAQ and Special Topics
This appendix provides valuable support information that can help you resolve
technical difficulties. Before contacting Xirrus, review all topics below and try to
determine if your problem resides with the Wireless Array or your network
infrastructure. Topics include:
“General Hints and Tips” on page 491
“Frequently Asked Questions” on page 492
“Array Monitor and Radio Assurance Capabilities” on page 500
“RADIUS Vendor Specific Attribute (VSA) for Xirrus” on page 503
“Location Service Data Formats” on page 504
“Upgrading the Array via CLI” on page 506
General Hints and Tips
This section provides some useful tips that will optimize the reliability and
performance of your Wireless Arrays.
The Wireless Array requires careful handling. For best performance, units
should be mounted in a dust-free and temperature-controlled
environment.
If using multiple Arrays in the same area, maintain a distance of at least
100 feet (30m) between Arrays if there is direct line-of-sight between the
units, or at least 50 feet (15 m) if a wall or other barrier exists between the
units.
Keep the Wireless Array away from electrical devices or appliances that
generate RF noise. Because the Array is generally mounted on ceilings, be
aware of its position relative to lighting (especially fluorescent lighting).
If you are deploying multiple units, the Array should be oriented so that
the monitor radio is oriented in the direction of the least required
coverage, because when in monitor mode the radio does not function as
an AP servicing stations.
Wireless Array
492
The Wireless Array should only be used with Wi-Fi certified client
devices.
See Also
Multiple SSIDs
Security
VLAN Support
Frequently Asked Questions
This section answers some of the most frequently asked questions, organized by
functional area.
Multiple SSIDs
Q. What Are BSSIDs and SSIDs?
A. BSSID (Basic Service Set Identifier) refers to an individual access point
radio and its associated clients. The identifier is the MAC address of the
access point radio that forms the BSS.
A group of BSSs can be formed to allow stations in one BSS to
communicate to stations in another BSS by way of a backbone that
interconnects each access point.
The Extended Service Set (ESS) refers to the group of BSSIDs that are
grouped together to form one ESS. The ESSID (often referred to as SSID or
“wireless network name”) identifies the Extended Service Set. Clients
must associate to a single ESS at any given time. Clients ignore traffic
from other Extended Service Sets that do not have the same SSID.
Legacy access points typically support one SSID per access point. Xirrus
Wireless Arrays support the ability for multiple SSIDs to be defined and
used simultaneously.
Wireless Array
493
Q. What would I use SSIDs for?
A. The creation of different wireless network names allows system
administrators to separate types of users with different requirements. The
following policies can be tied to an SSID:
Minimum security required to join this SSID.
The wireless Quality of Service (QoS) desired for this SSID.
The wired VLAN associated with this SSID.
As an example, one SSID named accounting might require the highest
level of security, while another SSID named guests might have low
security requirements.
Another example may define an SSID named voice that supports voice
over Wireless LAN phones with the highest possible Quality of Service
(QoS) definition. This type of SSID might also forward traffic to specific
VLANs on the wired network.
Q. How do I set up SSIDs?
A. Use the following procedure as a guideline. For more detailed
information, go to “SSIDs” on page 254.
1. From the Web Management Interface, go to the SSID
Management page.
2. Select Yes to make the SSID visible to all clients on the network.
Although the Wireless Array will not broadcast SSIDs that are
hidden, clients can still associate to a hidden SSID if they know
the SSID name to connect to it.
3. Select the minimum security that will be required by users for
this SSID.
4. If desired (optional), select a Quality of Service (QoS) setting for
this SSID. The QoS setting you define here will prioritize wireless
traffic for this SSID over other SSID wireless traffic.
5. If desired (optional), select a VLAN that you want this traffic to
be forwarded to on the wired network.
Wireless Array
494
6. If desired (optional), you can select which radios this SSID will
not be available on — the default is to make this SSID available on
all radios.
7. Click on the Save button if you wish to make your changes
permanent.
8. If you need to edit any of the SSID settings, you can do so from
the SSID Management page.
See Also
General Hints and Tips
Security
SSIDs
SSID Management
VLAN Support
Security
Q. How do I know my management session is secure?
A. Follow these guidelines:
Administrator passwords
Always change the default administrator password (the default
is admin), and choose a strong replacement password. When
appropriate, issue read only administrator accounts.
SSH versus Telnet
Be aware that Telnet is not secure over network connections and
should be used only with a direct serial port connection. When
connecting to the unit’s Command Line Interface over a network
connection, you must use a Secure SHell (SSH) utility. The most
commonly used freeware providing SSH tools is PuTTY. The
Array only allows SSH-2 connections, so your SSH utility must
be set up to use SSH-2.
Wireless Array
495
Configuration auditing
Do not change approved configuration settings. The optional
Xirrus Management System (XMS) offers powerful management
features for small or large Wireless Array deployments, and can
audit your configuration settings automatically. In addition,
using the XMS eliminates the need for an FTP server.
Q. Which wireless data encryption method should I use?
A. Wireless data encryption prevents eavesdropping on data being
transmitted or received over the airwaves. The Wireless Array allows you
to establish the following data encryption configuration options:
Open
This option offers no data encryption and is not recommended,
though you might choose this option if clients are required to use
a VPN connection through a secure SSH utility, like PuTTy.
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
This option provides minimal protection (though much better
than using an open network). An early standard for wireless data
encryption and supported by all Wi-Fi certified equipment, WEP
is vulnerable to hacking and is therefore not recommended for
use by Enterprise networks.
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
This is a much stronger encryption model than WEP and uses
TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) with AES (Advanced
Encryption Standard) to prevent WEP cracks.
TKIP solves security issues with WEP. It also allows you to
establish encryption keys on a per-user-basis, with key rotation
for added security. In addition, TKIP provides Message Integrity
Check (MIC) functionality and prevents active attacks on the
wireless network.
AES is the strongest encryption standard and is used by
government agencies; however, old legacy hardware may not be
capable of supporting the AES mode (it probably won’t work on
Wireless Array
496
older wireless clients). Because AES is the strongest encryption
standard currently available, it is highly recommended for
Enterprise networks.
Any of the above encryption modes can be used (and can be used at
the same time).
Q. Which user authentication method should I use?
A. User authentication ensures that users are who they say they are. For
example, the most obvious example of authentication is logging in with a
user name and password. The Wireless Array allows you to choose
between the following user authentication methods:
Pre-Shared Key
Users must manually enter a key (pass phrase) on the client side
of the wireless network that matches the key stored by the
administrator in your Wireless Arrays.
RADIUS 802.1x with EAP
802.1x uses a RADIUS server to authenticate large numbers of
clients, and can handle different EAP (Extensible Authentication
Protocol) authentication methods, including EAP-TLS, EAP-
TTLS and EAP-PEAP. The RADIUS server can be internal
(provided by the Wireless Array) or external. An external
RADIUS server offers more functionality and is recommended
for large Enterprise deployments.
When using this method, user names and passwords must be
entered into the RADIUS server for user authentication.
MAC Address ACLs (Access Control Lists)
MAC address ACLs provide a list of client adapter MAC
addresses that are allowed or denied access to the wireless
network. Access Control Lists work well when there are a limited
TKIP encryption does not support high throughput rates, per the
IEEE 802.11n.
Wireless Array
497
number of users — in this case, enter the MAC addresses of each
user in the Allow list. In the event of a lost or stolen MAC
adapter, enter the affected MAC address in the Deny list.
Q. Why do I need to authenticate my Wireless Array units?
A. When deploying multiple Wireless Arrays, you may need to define which
units are part of which wireless network (for example, if you are
establishing more than one network). In this case, you need to employ the
Xirrus Management System (XMS) which can authenticate your Arrays
automatically and ensure that only authorized units are associated with
the defined wireless network.
Q. What is rogue AP (Access Point) detection?
A. The Wireless Array has integrated monitor capabilities, which can
constantly scan the local wireless environment for rogue APs (non-Xirrus
devices that are not part of your wireless network), unencrypted
transmissions, and other security issues. Administrators can then classify
each rogue AP and ensure that these devices do not interrupt or interfere
with the network.
See Also
General Hints and Tips
Multiple SSIDs
VLAN Support
VLAN Support
Q. What Are VLANs?
A. VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) are a logical grouping of network
devices that share a common network broadcast domain. Members of a
particular VLAN can be on any segment of the physical network but
logically only members of a particular VLAN can see each other.
Wireless Array
498
VLANs are defined and implemented using the wired network switches
that are VLAN capable. Packets are tagged for transmission on a
particular VLAN according to the IEEE 802.1Q standard, with VLAN
switches processing packets according to the tag.
Q. What would I use VLANs for?
A. Logically separating different types of users, systems, applications, or
other logical division aids in performance and management of different
network devices. Different VLANs can also be assigned with different
packet priorities to prioritize packets from one VLAN over packets from
another VLAN.
VLANs are managed by software settings — instead of physically
plugging in and moving network cables and users — which helps to ease
network management tasks.
Q. What are Wireless VLANs?
A. Wireless VLANs allow similar functionality to the wired VLAN
definitions and extend the operation of wired VLANs to the wireless side
of the network.
Wireless VLANs can be mapped to wireless SSIDs so that traffic from
wired VLANs can be sent to wireless users of a particular SSID. The
reverse is also true, where wireless traffic originating from a particular
SSID can be tagged for transmission on a particular wired VLAN.
Sixteen SSIDs can be defined on your Wireless Array, allowing a total of
sixteen VLANs to be accessed (one per SSID).
As an example, to provide guest user access an SSID of guest might be
created. This SSID could be mapped to a wired VLAN that segregates
unknown users from the rest of the wired network and restricts them to
Internet access only. Wireless users could then associate to the wireless
network via the guest SSID and obtain access to the Internet through the
selected VLAN, but would be unable to access other privileged network
resources.
See Also
Wireless Array
499
General Hints and Tips
Multiple SSIDs
Security
Wireless Array
500
Array Monitor and Radio Assurance Capabilities
All models of the Wireless Array have integrated monitoring capabilities to check
that the Array’s radios are functioning correctly, and act as a threat sensor to
detect and prevent intrusion from rogue access points.
Enabling Monitoring on the Array
Any radio may be set to monitor the Array or to be a normal IAP radio. In order to
enable the functions required for intrusion detection and for monitoring the other
Array radios, you must configure one monitor radio on the IAP Settings window
as follows:
Check the Enabled checkbox.
Set Mode to Monitor.
Set Channel to Monitor.
The settings above will automatically set the Antenna selection to
Internal-Omni., also required for monitoring. See the “IAP Settings” on page 290
for more details. The values above are the factory default settings for the Array.
How Monitoring Works
When the monitor radio has been configured as just described, it performs these
steps continuously (24/7) to check the other radios on the Array and detect
possible intrusions:
1. The monitor radio scans all channels with a 200ms dwell time, hitting all
channels about once every 10 seconds.
2. Each time it tunes to a new channel it sends out a probe request in an
attempt to smoke out rogues.
3. It then listens for all probe responses and beacons to detect any rogues
within earshot.
4. Array radios respond to that probe request with a probe response.
Intrusion Detection is enabled or disabled separately from monitoring. See Step 1
in “Advanced RF Settings” on page 333.
Wireless Array
501
Radio Assurance
The Array is capable of performing continuous, comprehensive tests on its radios
to assure that they are operating properly. Testing is enabled using the Radio
Assurance Mode setting on the Advanced RF Settings window (Step 2 in
“Advanced RF Settings” on page 333). When this mode is enabled, the monitor
radio performs loopback tests on the Array. Radio Assurance Mode requires
Intrusion Detection to be set to Standard (See Step 1 in “Advanced RF Settings”
on page 333).
When Radio Assurance Mode is enabled:
1. The Array keeps track of whether or not it hears beacons and probe
responses from the Array’s radios.
2. After 10 minutes (roughly 60 passes on a particular channel by the
monitor radio), if it has not heard beacons or probe responses from one of
the Array’s radios it issues an alert in the Syslog. If repair is allowed (see
“Radio Assurance Options” on page 502), the Array will reset and
reprogram that particular radio at the Physical Layer (PHY — Layer 1).
This action takes under 100ms and stations are not deauthenticated, thus
users should not be impacted.
3. After another 10 minutes (roughly another 60 passes), if the monitor still
has not heard beacons or probe responses from the malfunctioning radio
it will again issue an alert in the Syslog. If repair is allowed, the Array will
reset and reprogram the MAC (the lower sublayer of the Data Link Layer)
and then all of the PHYs. This is a global action that affects all radios. This
action takes roughly 300ms and stations are not deauthenticated, thus
users should not be impacted.
4. After another 10 minutes, if the monitor still has not heard beacons or
probe responses from that radio, it will again syslog the issue. If reboot is
allowed (see “Radio Assurance Options” on page 502), the Array will
schedule a reboot. This reboot will occur at one of the following times,
whichever occurs first:
•When no stations are associated to the Array
•Midnight
Wireless Array
502
Radio Assurance Options
If the monitor detects a problem with an Array radio as described above, it will
take action according to the preference that you have specified in the Radio
Assurance Mode setting on the Advanced RF Settings window (see Step 2
page 335):
Failure alerts only — The Array will issue alerts in the Syslog, but will not
initiate repairs or reboots.
Failure alerts & repairs, but no reboots — The Array will issue alerts and
perform resets of the PHY and MAC as described above.
Failure alerts & repairs & reboots if needed — The Array will issue
alerts, perform resets of the PHY and MAC, and schedule reboots as
described above.
Disabled — Disable IAP loopback tests (no self-monitoring occurs).
Loopback tests are disabled by default.
Wireless Array
503
RADIUS Vendor Specific Attribute (VSA) for Xirrus
A RADIUS VSA is defined for Xirrus Arrays to control administrator privileges
settings for user accounts. The RADIUS VSA is used by Arrays to define the
following attribute for administrator accounts:
Array administrators — the Xirrus-Admin-Role attribute sets the
privilege level for this account. Set the value to the string defined in
Privilege Level Name as described in “About Creating Admin Accounts
on the RADIUS Server” on page 223.
Wireless Array
504
Location Service Data Formats
Xirrus Arrays are able to capture and upload visitor analytics data, acting as a
sensor network in addition to providing wireless connectivity. This data is sent to
the location server in different formats, based on the type of server. The Location
Server URL, Location Customer Key, and Location Period for reporting data are
configured under Location settings. See “Location” on page 184 for details. If a
Location Customer Key has been entered, data is sent encrypted using AES with
that key.
Euclid Location Server
If the Location Server URL contains the string euclid, then it specifies a Euclid
server. Data is sent at the specified intervals, in the proprietary format expected
by the Euclid location server.
Non-Euclid Location Server
If the Location Server URL doesn’t contain the string “euclid”, then data is sent as
a JSON object at the specified intervals, with the following fields.
Field Name Description
ln Location Name Array location string
ld Location Data Defined below
vn Version Number Set to 1
ma MAC Address Base IAP MAC Address
mc Message Count Running message count (resets to 0 when array
is rebooted)
lt Location Table Table of Stations and APs heard during this
window
si Station ID Station MAC address (AES encrypted if cust-
key is not blank)
bi BSSID BSSID station is on (AES encrypted if cust-key
is not blank)
Wireless Array
505
ap AP Flag 1=AP, 0=Station
cn Count Count of frames heard from device during this
window
ot Origin Time Timestamp of first frame in this window (Unix
time in seconds)
ct Current Time Timestamp of last frame in this window (Unix
time in seconds)
cf Current
Frequency Frequency (MHz) last frame was heard on
il Interval Low Minimum interval between frames (within 24
hr period)
ih Interval High Maximum interval between frames (within 24
hr period)
sl Signal Low Minimum signal strength (within 24 hr period)
sh Signal High Maximum signal strength (within 24 hr period)
so Signal Origin Signal strength of first frame heard
sc Signal Current Signal strength of last frame heard
Field Name Description
Wireless Array
506
Upgrading the Array via CLI
If you are experiencing difficulties communicating with the Array using the Web
Management Interface, the Array provides lower-level facilities that may be used
to accomplish an upgrade via the CLI and the Xirrus Boot Loader (XBL).
1. Download the latest software update from the Xirrus FTP site using your
Enhanced Care FTP username and password. If you do not have an FTP
username and password, contact Xirrus Customer Service for assistance
(support@xirrus.com). The software update is provided as a zip file.
Unzip the contents to a local temp directory. Take note of the extracted file
name in case you need it later on — you may also need to copy this file
elsewhere on the network depending on your situation.
2. Install a TFTP server software package if you don't have one running. It
may be installed on any PC on your network, including your desktop or
laptop. The Solar Winds version is freeware and works well.
http://support.solarwinds.net/updates/New-customerFree.cfm?ProdId=52
The TFTP install process creates the TFTP-Root directory on your C:
drive, which is the default target for sending and receiving files. This may
be changed if desired. This directory is where you will place the extracted
Xirrus software update file(s). If you install the TFTP server on the same
computer to which you extracted the file, you may change the TFTP
directory to C:\xirrus if desired.
You must make the following change to the default configuration of the
Solar Winds TFTP server. In the File/Configure menu, select Security,
then select Tran smit only and click OK.
3. Determine the IP address of the computer hosting the TFTP server. (To
display the IP address, open a command prompt and type ipconfig)
4. Connect your Array to the computer running TFTP using a serial cable,
and open a terminal program if you haven't already. Attach a network
cable to the Array’s GIG1 port, if it is not already part of your network.
Wireless Array
507
Boot your Array and watch the progress messages. When Press space bar
to exit to bootloader: is displayed, press the space bar. The rest of this
procedure is performed using the bootloader.
The following steps assume that you are running DHCP on your local
network.
5. Type dhcp and hit return. This instructs the Array to obtain a DHCP
address and use it during this boot in the bootloader environment.
6. Type dir and hit return to see what's currently in the compact flash.
7. Type del and hit return to delete the contents of the compact flash.
8. Type update server <TFTP-server-ip-addr> XS-5.x-xxxx.bin (the actual
Xirrus file name will vary depending on Array model number and
software version — use the file name from your software update) and hit
return. The software update will be transferred to the Array's memory
and will be written to the compact flash card. (See output below.)
9. Type reset and hit return. Your Array will reboot, running your new
version of software.
Sample Output for the Upgrade Procedure:
The user actions are highlighted in the output below, for clarity.
Username: admin
Password: *****
Xirrus-WiFi-Array# configure
Xirrus-WiFi-Array(config)# reboot
Are you sure you want to reboot? [yes/no]: yes
Array is being rebooted.
Xirrus Boot Loader 1.0.0 (Oct 17 2006 - 13:11:42), Build: 2725
Processor | Motorola PowerPC, PVR=80200020 SVR=80300020
Board | Xirrus MPC8540 CPU Board
Clocks | CPU : 825 MHz DDR : 330 MHz Local Bus: 41 MHz
Wireless Array
508
L1 cache | Data: 32 KB Inst: 32 KB Status : Enabled
Watchdog | Enabled (5 secs)
I2C Bus | 400 KHz
DTT | CPU:34C RF0:34C RF1:34C RF2:27C RF3:29C
RTC | Wed 2007-Nov-05 6:43:14 GMT
System DDR | 256 MB, Unbuffered Non-ECC (2T)
L2 cache | 256 KB, Enabled
FLASH | 4 MB, CRC: OK
FPGA | 2 Devices programmed
Packet DDR | 256 MB, Unbuffered Non-ECC, Enabled
Network | Mot FEC Mot TSEC1 [Primary] Mot TSEC2
IDE Bus 0 | OK
CFCard | 122 MB, Model: Hitachi XXM2.3.0
Environment| 4 KB, Initialized
In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
Press space bar to exit to bootloader:
XBL>dhcp
[DHCP ] Device : Mot TSEC1 1000BT Full Duplex
[DHCP ] IP Addr : 192.168.39.195
XBL>dir
[CFCard] Directory of /
Date Time Size File or Directory name
----------- -------- -------- ---------------------------
2007-Nov-05 6:01:56 29 lastboot
2007-Apr-05 15:47:46 28210390 xs-3.1-0433.bak
2007-Mar-01 16:39:42 storage/
2007-Apr-05 15:56:38 28210430 xs-3.1-0440.bin
2007-Mar-03 0:56:28 wpr/
3 file(s), 2 dir(s)
Wireless Array
509
XBL>del *
[CFCard] Delete : 2 file(s) deleted
XBL>update server 192.168.39.102 xs-3.0-0425.bin
[TFTP ] Device : Mot TSEC1 1000BT Full Duplex
[TFTP ] Client : 192.168.39.195
[TFTP ] Server : 192.168.39.102
[TFTP ] File : xs-3.0-0425.bin
[TFTP ] Address : 0x1000000
[TFTP ] Loading : ##################################################
[TFTP ] Loading : ##################################################
[TFTP ] Loading : ###### done
[TFTP ] Complete: 12.9 sec, 2.1 MB/sec
[TFTP ] Bytes : 27752465 (1a77811 hex)
[CFCard] File : xs-3.0-0425.bin
[CFCard] Address : 0x1000000
[CFCard] Saving : ############################################### done
[CFCard] Complete: 137.4 sec, 197.2 KB/sec
[CFCard] Bytes : 27752465 (1a77811 hex)
XBL>reset
[RESET ]
Xirrus Boot Loader 1.0.0 (Oct 17 2006 - 13:11:42), Build: 2725
Processor | Motorola PowerPC, PVR=80200020 SVR=80300020
Board | Xirrus MPC8540 CPU Board
Clocks | CPU : 825 MHz DDR : 330 MHz Local Bus: 41 MHz
L1 cache | Data: 32 KB Inst: 32 KB Status : Enabled
Watchdog | Enabled (5 secs)
I2C Bus | 400 KHz
DTT | CPU:33C RF0:32C RF1:31C RF2:26C RF3:27C
RTC | Wed 2007-Nov-05 6:48:44 GMT
System DDR | 256 MB, Unbuffered Non-ECC (2T)
Wireless Array
510
L2 cache | 256 KB, Enabled
FLASH | 4 MB, CRC: OK
FPGA | 2 Devices programmed
Packet DDR | 256 MB, Unbuffered Non-ECC, Enabled
Network | Mot FEC Mot TSEC1 [Primary] Mot TSEC2
IDE Bus 0 | OK
CFCard | 122 MB, Model: Hitachi XXM2.3.0
Environment| 4 KB, Initialized
In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
Press space bar to exit to bootloader:
[CFCard] File : xs*.bin
[CFCard] Address : 0x1000000
[CFCard] Loading : ############################################### done
[CFCard] Complete: 26.9 sec, 1.0 MB/sec
[CFCard] Bytes : 27752465 (1a77811 hex)
[Boot ] Address : 0x01000000
[Boot ] Image : Verifying checksum .... OK
[Boot ] Unzip : Multi-File Image .... OK
[Boot ] Initrd : Loading RAMDisk Image
[Boot ] Initrd : Verifying checksum .... OK
[Boot ] Execute : Transferring control to OS
Initializing hardware ........................................ OK
Xirrus Wi-Fi Array
ArrayOS Version 3.0-425
Copyright (c) 2005-2007 Xirrus, Inc.
http://www.xirrus.com
Username:
Wireless Array
511
Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and -H
Models)
This appendix contains the following information:
“Notices” on page 511
“EU Directive 1999/5/EC Compliance Information” on page 515
“Compliance Information (Non-EU)” on page 522
“Safety Warnings” on page 523
“Translated Safety Warnings” on page 524
“Software License and Product Warranty Agreement” on page 525
“Hardware Warranty Agreement” on page 531
Notices
Wi-Fi Alliance Certification
www.wi-fi.org
FCC Notice
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules, with operation subject to the
following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and
(2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that
may cause unwanted operation.
This Appendix contains Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for
all Array models except for the following:
For the XR-500/600 Series, please see “Appendix D: Notices (XR500/600
Series Only)” on page 533.
For models ending in H (such as the XR-520H), please see the Quick
Installation Guide for that model.
Wireless Array
512
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A
digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to
provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential
installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate RF energy and, if not
installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful
interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that
interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does
cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be
determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to
correct the interference by one or more of the following safety measures:
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.
Consult the dealer or an experienced wireless technician for help.
Use of a shielded twisted pair (STP) cable must be used for all Ethernet
connections in order to comply with EMC requirements.
High Power Radars
High power radars are allocated as primary users (meaning they have priority) in
the 5250MHz to 5350MHz and 5650MHz to 5850MHz bands. These radars could
cause interference and/or damage to LE-LAN devices.
Non-Modification Statement
Unauthorized changes or modifications to the device are not permitted. Use only
the supplied internal antenna, or external antennas supplied by the manufacturer.
Modifications to the device will void the warranty and may violate FCC
regulations. Please go to the Xirrus Web site for a list of all approved antennas.
Cable Runs for Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE)
If using PoGE, the Array must be connected to PoGE networks without routing
cabling to the outside plant — this ensures that cabling is not exposed to lightning
strikes or possible cross over from high voltage.
Wireless Array
513
Battery Warning
UL Statement
Use only with listed ITE product.
RF Radiation Hazard Warning
To ensure compliance with FCC and Industry Canada RF exposure requirements,
this device must be installed in a location where the antennas of the device will
have a minimum distance of at least 30 cm (12 inches) from all persons. Using
higher gain antennas and types of antennas not certified for use with this product
is not allowed. The device shall not be co-located with another transmitter.
Installez l'appareil en veillant à conserver une distance d'au moins 30 cm entre les
éléments rayonnants et les personnes. Cet avertissement de sécurité est conforme
aux limites d'exposition définies par la norme CNR-102 at relative aux fréquences
radio.
Industry Canada Notice and Marking
This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe A est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.
The term “IC:” before the radio certification number only signifies that Industry
Canada technical specifications were met.
Under Industry Canada regulations, this radio transmitter may only operate
using an antenna of a type and maximum (or lesser) gain approved for the
transmitter by Industry Canada. To reduce potential radio interference to other
users, the antenna type and its gain should be so chosen that the equivalent
isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) is not more than that necessary for
successful communication.
!Caution! The Array contains a battery which is not to be replaced by the
customer. Danger of Explosion exists if the battery is incorrectly replaced.
Replace only with the same or equivalent type recommended by the
manufacturer. Dispose of used batteries according to the manufacturer's
instructions.
Wireless Array
514
Conformément à la réglementation d'Industrie Canada, le présent émetteur radio peut
fonctionner avec une antenne d'un type et d'un gain maximal (ou inférieur) approuvé
pour l'émetteur par Industrie Canada. Dans le but de réduire les risques de brouillage
radioélectrique à l'intention des autres utilisateurs, il faut choisir le type d'antenne et son
gain de sorte que la puissance isotrope rayonnée équivalente (p.i.r.e.) ne dépasse pas
l'intensité nécessaire à l'établissement d'une communication satisfaisante.
This device complies with Industry Canada license-exempt RSS standard(s).
Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause
interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference, including
interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.
Le présent appareil est conforme aux CNR d'Industrie Canada applicables aux appareils
radio exempts de licence. L'exploitation est autorisée aux deux conditions suivantes: (1)
l'appareil ne doit pas produire de brouillage, et (2) l'utilisateur de l'appareil doit accepter
tout brouillage radioélectrique subi, même si le brouillage est susceptible d'en
compromettre le fonctionnement.
High Power Radars
High power radars are allocated as primary users (meaning they have priority) in
the 5250MHz to 5350MHz and 5650MHz to 5850MHz bands. These radars could
cause interference and/or damage to LELAN devices used in Canada.
Les utilisateurs de radars de haute puissance sont désignés utilisateurs
principaux (c.-à-d., qu’ils ont la priorité) pour les bandes 5 250 - 5 350 MHz et
5 650 - 5 850 MHz. Ces radars pourraient causer du brouillage et/ou des
dommages aux dispositifs LAN-EL.
Wireless Array
515
EU Directive 1999/5/EC Compliance Information
This section contains compliance information for the Xirrus Wireless Array family
of products. The compliance information contained in this section is relevant to
the European Union and other countries that have implemented the EU Directive
1999/5/EC.
Declaration of Conformity
This Appendix contains Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for
all Array models except for the XR-500/600 Series and models ending in
H. For Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for those models, see
the notes at the beginning of this chapter.
Cesky [Czech] Toto zahzeni je v souladu se základnimi požadavky a
ostatnimi odpovidajcimi ustano veni mi Směrnice
1999/5/EC.
Dansk [Danish] Dette udstyr er i overensstemmelse med de
væsentlige krav og andre relevante bestemmelser i
Direktiv 1999/5/EF.
Deutsch [German] Dieses Gerat entspricht den grundlegenden
Anforderungen und den weiteren entsprechenden
Vorgaben der Richtinie 1999/5/EU.
Eesti [Estonian] See seande vastab direktiivi 1999/5/EU olulistele
nöuetele ja teistele as jakohastele sätetele.
English This equipment is in compliance with the essential
requirements and other relevant provisions of
Directive 1999/5/EC.
Español [Spain] Este equipo cump le con los requisitos esenciales asi
como con otras disposiciones de la Directiva 1999/5/
CE.
Ελληνυκη [Greek] Αυτόζ ο εξοπλτσμόζ είναι σε συμμόρφωση με τιζ
ουσιώδειζ απαιτήσειζ και ύλλεζ σχετικέζ διατάξειζ τηζ
Οδηγιαζ 1999/5/EC.
Wireless Array
516
Français [French] Cet appareil est conforme aux exigences essentielles
et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de la Directive
1999/5/EC.
ĺslenska [Icelandic] Þetta tæki er samkvæmt grunnkröfum og öðrum
viðeigandi ákvæðum Tilskipunar 1999/5/EC.
Italiano [Italian] Questo apparato é conforme ai requisiti essenziali ed
agli altri principi sanciti dalla Direttiva 1999/5/CE.
Latviski [Latvian] Šī iekārta atbilst Direktīvas 1999/5/EK būtiskajā
prasībām un citiem ar to saistītajiem noteikumiem.
Lietuvių [Lithuanian] Šis įrenginys tenkina 1995/5/EB Direktyvos
esminius reikalavimus ir kitas šios direktyvos
nuostatas.
Nederlands [Dutch] Dit apparant voldoet aan de essentiele eisen en
andere van toepassing zijnde bepalingen van de
Richtlijn 1995/5/EC.
Malti [Maltese] Dan l-apparant huwa konformi mal-htigiet essenzjali
u l-provedimenti l-ohra rilevanti tad-Direttiva 1999/
5/EC.
Margyar [Hungarian] Ez a készülék teljesiti az alapvetö követelményeket
és más 1999/5/EK irányelvben meghatározott
vonatkozó rendelkezéseket.
Norsk [Norwegian] Dette utstyret er i samsvar med de grunnleggende
krav og andre relevante bestemmelser i EU-direktiv
1999/5/EF.
Polski [Polish] Urządzenie jest zgodne z ogólnymi wymaganiami
oraz sczególnymi mi warunkami określony mi
Dyrektywą. UE:1999/5/EC.
Portuguès [Portuguese] Este equipamento está em conformidade com os
requisitos essenciais e outras provisões relevantes da
Directiva 1999/5/EC.
Wireless Array
517
Assessment Criteria
The following standards were applied during the assessment of the product
against the requirements of the Directive 1999/5/EC:
Radio: EN 301 893 and EN 300 328 (if applicable)
EMC: EN 301 489-1 and EN 301 489-17
Safety: EN 50371 to EN 50385 and EN 60601
CE Marking
For the Xirrus Wireless Array, the CE mark and Class-2 identifier opposite are
affixed to the equipment and its packaging:
Russian Certification Marking
For the Xirrus XR-500, XR-520H, XR-2000, and XR-4000 Series Wireless Arrays,
the approval mark is affixed to the equipment:
Slovensko [Slovenian] Ta naprava je skladna z bistvenimi zahtevami in
ostalimi relevantnimi popoji Direktive 1999/5/EC.
Slovensky [Slovak] Toto zariadenie je v zhode so základnými
požadavkami a inými prislušnými nariadeniami
direktiv: 1999/5/EC.
Suomi [Finnish] Tämä laite täyttää direktiivin 1999/5//EY olennaiset
vaatimukset ja on siinä asetettujen muiden laitetta
koskevien määräysten mukainen.
Svenska [Swedish] Denna utrustning är i överensstämmelse med de
väsentliga kraven och andra relevanta bestämmelser
i Direktiv 1999/5/EC.
Wireless Array
518
WEEE Compliance
Natural resources were used in the production of
this equipment.
This equipment may contain hazardous
substances that could impact the health of the
environment.
In order to avoid harm to the environment and
consumption of natural resources, we encourage
you to use appropriate take-back systems when
disposing of this equipment.
The appropriate take-back systems will reuse or
recycle most of the materials of this equipment in
a way that will not harm the environment.
The crossed-out wheeled bin symbol (in
accordance with European Standard EN 50419)
invites you to use those take-back systems and
advises you not to combine the material with
refuse destined for a land fill.
If you need more information on collection, re-
use and recycling systems, please contact your
local or regional waste administration.
Please contact Xirrus for specific information on
the environmental performance of our products.
Wireless Array
519
National Restrictions
In the majority of the EU and other European countries, the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
bands have been made available for the use of Wireless LANs. The following table
provides an overview of the regulatory requirements in general that are
applicable for the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.
*Dynamic frequency selection and Transmit Power Control is required in these
frequency bands.
**France is indoor use only in the upper end of the band.
The requirements for any country may change at any time. Xirrus recommends
that you check with local authorities for the current status of their national
regulations for both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz wireless LANs.
The following countries have additional requirements or restrictions than those
listed in the above table:
Belgium
The Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) must
be notified of any outdoor wireless link having a range exceeding 300 meters.
Xirrus recommends checking at www.bipt.be for more details.
Draadloze verbindingen voor buitengebruik en met een reikwijdte van meer dan 300
meter dienen aangemeld te worden bij het Belgisch Instituut voor postdiensten en
telecommunicatie (BIPT). Zie www.bipt.be voor meer gegevens.
Frequency
Band (MHz)
Max Power Level
(EIRP) (mW) Indoor Outdoor
2400–2483.5 100 X X **
5250–5350 *200 X N/A
5470–5725* 1000 X X
Wireless Array
520
Les liasons sans fil pour une utilisation en extérieur d’une distance supérieure à 300
mèters doivent être notifiées à l’Institut Belge des services Postaux et des
Télécommunications (IBPT). Visitez www.bipt.be pour de plus amples détails.
Greece
A license from EETT is required for the outdoor operation in the 5470 MHz to
5725 MHz band. Xirrus recommends checking www.eett.gr for more details.
Η δη ιουργβάικτ ωνεξωτερικο ρουστη ζ νησυ νοτ των 5470–5725 ΜΗz ε ιτρ ετάιωνο
ετάά όάδειά της ΕΕΤΤ, ου ορηγεβτάι στερά ά ό σ φωνη γν η του ΓΕΕΘΑ. ερισσότερες
λε τομ ρειεωστο www.eett.gr
Italy
This product meets the National Radio Interface and the requirements
specified in the National Frequency Allocation Table for Italy. Unless this
wireless LAN product is operating within the boundaries of the owner’s
property, its use requires a “general authorization.” Please check with
www.communicazioni.it/it/ for more details.
Questo prodotto é conforme alla specifiche di Interfaccia Radio Nazionali e rispetta il
Piano Nazionale di ripartizione delle frequenze in Italia. Se non viene installato
all’interno del proprio fondo, l’utilizzo di prodotti wireless LAN richiede una
“autorizzazione Generale.” Consultare www.communicazioni.it/it/ per maggiori
dettagli.
Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein
Although Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are not EU member states,
the EU Directive 1999/5/EC has also been implemented in those countries.
Calculating the Maximum Output Power
The regulatory limits for maximum output power are specified in EIRP (radiated
power). The EIRP level of a device can be calculated by adding the gain of the
antenna used (specified in dBi) to the output power available at the connector
(specified in dBm).
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Antennas
The Xirrus Wireless Array employs integrated antennas that cannot be removed
and which are not user accessible. Nevertheless, as regulatory limits are not the
same throughout the EU, users may need to adjust the conducted power setting
for the radio to meet the EIRP limits applicable in their country or region.
Adjustments can be made from the product’s management interface — either Web
Management Interface (WMI) or Command Line Interface (CLI).
Operating Frequency
The operating frequency in a wireless LAN is determined by the access point. As
such, it is important that the access point is correctly configured to meet the local
regulations. See National Restrictions in this section for more information.
Russia CU Approval (XR-2000/4000 Series)
If you still have questions regarding the compliance of Xirrus products or you
cannot find the information you are looking for, please contact us at:
Xirrus, Inc.
2101 Corporate Center Drive
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
USA
Tel: 1.805.262.1600
1.800.947.7871 Toll Free in the US
Fax: 1.866.462.3980
www.xirrus.com
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Compliance Information (Non-EU)
This section contains compliance information for the Xirrus Wireless Array family
of products. The compliance information contained in this section is relevant to
the listed countries (outside of the European Union and other countries that have
implemented the EU Directive 1999/5/EC).
Declaration of Conformity
This Appendix contains Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for
all Array models except for the XR-500/600 Series and models ending in
H. For Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for those models, see
the notes at the beginning of this chapter.
Mexico XN16: Cofetel Cert #: RCPXIXN10-1052
XN12: Cofetel Cert #: RCPXIXN10-1052-A1
XN8: Cofetel Cert #: RCPXIXN10-1052-A2
XN4: Cofetel Cert #: RCPXIXN10-1052-A3
Thailand This telecommunication equipment conforms to
NTC technical requirement.
Wireless Array
523
Safety Warnings
Translated safety warnings appear on the following page.
This Appendix contains Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for
all Array models except for the XR-500/600 Series and models ending in
H. For Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for those models, see
the notes at the beginning of this chapter.
!Safety Warnings
Read all user documentation before powering this device. All Xirrus
interconnected equipment should be contained indoors. This product is
not suitable for outdoor operation. Please verify the integrity of the
system ground prior to installing Xirrus equipment. Additionally,
verify that the ambient operating temperature does not exceed 50°C
(40°C for the XR500 Series).
!Explosive Device Proximity Warning
Do not operate the XR Series Wireless Array near unshielded blasting
caps or in an explosive environment unless the device has been
modified to be especially qualified for such use.
!Lightning Activity Warning
Do not work on the XR Series Wireless Array or connect or disconnect
cables during periods of lightning activity.
!Circuit Breaker Warning
The XR Series Wireless Array relies on the building’s installation for
over current protection. Ensure that a fuse or circuit breaker no larger
than 120 VAC, 15A (U.S.) or 240 VAC, 10A (International) is used on all
current-carrying conductors.
Wireless Array
524
Translated Safety Warnings
Avertissements de Sécurité
This Appendix contains Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for
all Array models except for the XR-500/600 Series and models ending in
H. For Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for those models, see
the notes at the beginning of this chapter.
!Sécurité
Lisez l'ensemble de la documentation utilisateur avant de mettre cet
appareil sous tension. Tous les équipements Xirrus interconnectés
doivent être installés en intérieur. Ce produit n'est pas conçu pour être
utilisé en extérieur. Veuillez vérifier l'intégrité de la terre du système
avant d'installer des équipements Xirrus. Vérifiez également que la
température de fonctionnement ambiante n'excède pas 50°C (40°C pour
XR-520).
!Proximité d'appareils explosifs
N'utilisez pas l'unité XR Wireless Array à proximité d'amorces non
blindées ou dans un environnement explosif, à moins que l'appareil
n'ait été spécifiquement modifié pour un tel usage.
!Foudre
N'utilisez pas l'unité XR Wireless Array et ne branchez pas ou ne
débranchez pas de câbles en cas de foudre.
!Disjoncteur
L'unité XR Wireless Array dépend de l'installation du bâtiment pour ce
qui est de la protection contre les surintensités. Assurez-vous qu'un
fusible ou qu'un disjoncteur de 120 Vca, 15 A (États-Unis) ou de 240
Vca, 10 A (International) maximum est utilisé sur tous les conducteurs
de courant.
Wireless Array
525
Software License and Product Warranty Agreement
THIS SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT (THE “AGREEMENT”) IS A LEGAL
AGREEMENT BETWEEN YOU (“CUSTOMER”) AND LICENSOR (AS DEFINED
BELOW) AND GOVERNS THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE INSTALLED ON THE
PRODUCT (AS DEFINED BELOW). IF YOU ARE AN EMPLOYEE OR AGENT
OF CUSTOMER, YOU HEREBY REPRESENT AND WARRANT TO LICENSOR
THAT YOU HAVE THE POWER AND AUTHORITY TO ACCEPT AND TO
BIND CUSTOMER TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT
(INCLUDING ANY THIRD PARTY TERMS SET FORTH HEREIN). IF YOU DO
NOT AGREE TO ALL OF THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT RETURN THE
PRODUCT AND ALL ACCOMPANYING MATERIALS (INCLUDING ALL
DOCUMENTATION) TO THE RELEVANT VENDOR FOR A FULL REFUND OF
THE PURCHASE PRICE THEREFORE.
CUSTOMER UNDERSTANDS AND AGREES THAT USE OF THE PRODUCT
AND SOFTWARE SHALL BE DEEMED AN AGREEMENT TO THE TERMS
AND CONDITIONS GOVERNING SUCH SOFTWARE AND THAT CUSTOMER
IS BOUND BY AND BECOMES A PARTY TO THIS AGREEMENT.
1.0 DEFINITIONS
1.1 “Documentation” means the user manuals and all other all documentation,
instructions or other similar materials accompanying the Software covering
the installation, application, and use thereof.
1.2 “Licensor” means XIRRUS and its suppliers.
1.3 “Product” means a multi-radio access point containing four or more distinct
radios capable of simultaneous operation on four or more non-overlapping
channels.
1.4 “Software” means, collectively, each of the application and embedded
software programs delivered to Customer in connection with this Agreement.
For purposes of this Agreement, the term Software shall be deemed to include
any and all Documentation and Updates provided with or for the Software.
1.5 “Updates” means any bug-fix, maintenance or version release to the Software
that may be provided to Customer from Licensor pursuant to this Agreement
or pursuant to any separate maintenance and support agreement entered into
by and between Licensor and Customer.
2.0 GRANT OF RIGHTS
2.1 Software. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Licensor
hereby grants to Customer a perpetual, non-exclusive, non-sublicenseable,
non-transferable right and license to use the Software solely as installed on
Wireless Array
526
the Product in accordance with the accompanying Documentation and for no
other purpose.
2.2 Ownership. The license granted under Sections 2.1 above with respect to the
Software does not constitute a transfer or sale of Licensor's or its suppliers'
ownership interest in or to the Software, which is solely licensed to Customer.
The Software is protected by both national and international intellectual
property laws and treaties. Except for the express licenses granted to the
Software, Licensor and its suppliers retain all rights, title and interest in and
to the Software, including (i) any and all trade secrets, copyrights, patents and
other proprietary rights therein or thereto or (ii) any Marks (as defined in
Section 2.3 below) used in connection therewith. In no event shall Customer
remove, efface or otherwise obscure any Marks contained on or in the
Software. All rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by Licensor.
2.3 Copies. Customer shall not make any copies of the Software but shall be
permitted to make a reasonable number of copies of the related
Documentation. Whenever Customer copies or reproduces all or any part of
the Documentation, Customer shall reproduce all and not efface any titles,
trademark symbols, copyright symbols and legends, and other proprietary
markings or similar indicia of origin (“Marks”) on or in the Documentation.
2.4 Restrictions. Customer shall not itself, or through any parent, subsidiary,
affiliate, agent or other third party (i) sell, rent, lease, license or sublicense,
assign or otherwise transfer the Software, or any of Customer's rights and
obligations under this Agreement except as expressly permitted herein; (ii)
decompile, disassemble, or reverse engineer the Software, in whole or in part,
provided that in those jurisdictions in which a total prohibition on any
reverse engineering is prohibited as a matter of law and such prohibition is
not cured by the fact that this Agreement is subject to the laws of the State of
California, Licensor agrees to grant Customer, upon Customer's written
request to Licensor, a limited reverse engineering license to permit
interoperability of the Software with other software or code used by
Customer; (iii) allow access to the Software by any user other than by
Customer's employees and contractors who are bound in writing to
confidentiality and non-use restrictions at least as protective as those set forth
herein; (iv) except as expressly set forth herein, write or develop any
derivative software or any other software program based upon the Software;
(v) use any computer software or hardware which is designated to defeat any
copy protection or other use limiting device, including any device intended to
limit the number of users or devices accessing the Product; (vi) disclose
information about the performance or operation of the Product or Software to
any third party without the prior written consent of Licensor; or (vii) engage a
third party to perform benchmark or functionality testing of the Product or
Software.
Wireless Array
527
3.0 LIMITED WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
3.1 Limited Warranty & Exclusions. Licensor warrants that the Software will
perform in substantial accordance with the specifications therefore set forth in
the Documentation for a period of ninety [90] days after Customer's
acceptance of the terms of this Agreement with respect to the Software
(“Warranty Period”). If during the Warranty Period the Software or Product
does not perform as warranted, Licensor shall, at its option, correct the
relevant Product and/or Software giving rise to such breach of performance
or replace such Product and/or Software free of charge. THE FOREGOING
ARE CUSTOMER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF
THE FOREGOING WARRANTY. THE WARRANTY SET FORTH ABOVE IS
MADE TO AND FOR THE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER ONLY. The warranty
will apply only if (i) the Software has been used at all times and in accordance
with the instructions for use set forth in the Documentation and this
Agreement; (ii) no modification, alteration or addition has been made to the
Software by persons other than Licensor or Licensor's authorized
representative; and (iii) the Software or Product on which the Software is
installed has not been subject to any unusual electrical charge.
3.2 DISCLAIMER. EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY STATED IN THIS SECTION 3, ALL
ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS, AND WARRANTIES,
WHETHER IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING,
WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS
OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
SATISFACTORY QUALITY, ACCURACY, AGAINST INFRINGEMENT OR
ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE
PRACTICE, ARE HEREBY DISCLAIMED BY LICENSOR AND ITS
SUPPLIERS. THIS DISCLAIMER SHALL APPLY EVEN IF ANY EXPRESS
WARRANTY AND LIMITED REMEDY OFFERED BY LICENSOR FAILS OF
ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE. ALL WARRANTIES PROVIDED BY LICENSOR
ARE SUBJECT TO THE LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY SET FORTH IN THIS
AGREEMENT.
3.3 HAZARDOUS APPLICATIONS. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT DESIGNED OR
INTENDED FOR USE IN HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS REQUIRING
FAIL SAFE PERFORMANCE, SUCH AS IN THE OPERATION OF A
NUCLEAR FACILITY, AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION OR COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEMS, AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLS OR OTHER DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
IN WHICH A MALFUNCTION OF THE SOFTWARE WOULD RESULT IN
FORSEEABLE RISK OF INJURY OR DEATH TO THE OPERATOR OF THE
DEVICE OR SYSTEM OR TO OTHERS (“HAZARDOUS APPLICATIONS”).
CUSTOMER ASSUMES ANY AND ALL RISKS, INJURIES, LOSSES, CLAIMS
AND ANY OTHER LIABILITIES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THE
SOFTWARE IN ANY HAZARDOUS APPLICATIONS.
Wireless Array
528
3.4 Limitation of Liability.
(a) TOTAL LIABILITY. NOTWITHSTANDING ANYTHING ELSE HEREIN,
ALL LIABILITY OF LICENSOR AND ITS SUPPLIERS UNDER THIS
AGREEMENT SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE AMOUNT PAID BY
CUSTOMER FOR THE RELEVANT SOFTWARE, OR PORTION
THEREOF, THAT GAVE RISE TO SUCH LIABILITY OR ONE
HUNDRED UNITED STATES DOLLARS (US$100), WHICHEVER IS
GREATER. THE LIABILITY OF LICENSOR AND ITS SUPPLIERS
UNDER THIS SECTION SHALL BE CUMULATIVE AND NOT PER
INCIDENT.
(b) DAMAGES. IN NO EVENT SHALL LICENSOR, ITS SUPPLIERS OR
THEIR RELEVANT SUBCONTRACTORS BE LIABLE FOR (A) ANY
INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, PUNITIVE OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES, LOST PROFITS OR LOST OR DAMAGED DATA, OR ANY
INDIRECT DAMAGES, WHETHER ARISING IN CONTRACT, TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE AND STRICT LIABILITY) OR
OTHERWISE OR (B) ANY COSTS OR EXPENSES FOR THE
PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES IN EACH
CASE, EVEN IF LICENSOR OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN
INFORMED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
3.5 Exclusions. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT PERMIT THE LIMITATIONS
OF LIABILITY AND LIMITED WARRANTIES SET FORTH UNDER THIS
AGREEMENT. IN THE EVENT YOU ARE LOCATED IN ANY SUCH
JURISDICTION, THE FOREGOING LIMITATIONS SHALL APPLY ONLY
TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED IN SUCH JURISDICTIONS. IN
NO EVENT SHALL THE FOREGOING EXCLUSIONS AND LIMITATIONS
ON DAMAGES BE DEEMED TO APPLY TO ANY LIABILITY BASED ON
FRAUD, WILLFUL MISCONDUCT, GROSS NEGLIGENCE OR PERSONAL
INJURY OR DEATH.
4.0 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
4.1 Generally. The Software (and its accompanying Documentation) constitutes
Licensor's and its suppliers' proprietary and confidential information and
contains valuable trade secrets of Licensor and its suppliers (“Confidential
Information”). Customer shall protect the secrecy of the Confidential
Information to the same extent it protects its other valuable, proprietary and
confidential information of a similar nature but in no event shall Customer
use less than reasonable care to maintain the secrecy of the Confidential
Information. Customer shall not use the Confidential Information except to
exercise its rights or perform its obligations as set forth under this Agreement.
Customer shall not disclose such Confidential Information to any third party
other than subject to non-use and non-disclosure obligations at least as
Wireless Array
529
protective of a party's right in such Confidential Information as those set forth
herein.
4.2 Return of Materials. Customer agrees to (i) destroy all Confidential
Information (including deleting any and all copies contained on any of
Customer's Designated Hardware or the Product) within fifteen (15) days of
the date of termination of this Agreement or (ii) if requested by Licensor,
return, any Confidential Information to Licensor within thirty (30) days of
Licensor's written request.
5.0 TERM AND TERMINATION
5.1 Term. Subject to Section 5.2 below, this Agreement will take effect on the
Effective Date and will remain in force until terminated in accordance with
this Agreement.
5.2 Termination Events. This Agreement may be terminated immediately upon
written notice by either party under any of the following conditions:
(a) If the other party has failed to cure a breach of any material term or
condition under the Agreement within thirty (30) days after receipt of
notice from the other party; or
(b) Either party ceases to carry on business as a going concern, either party
becomes the object of the institution of voluntary or involuntary
proceedings in bankruptcy or liquidation, which proceeding is not
dismissed within ninety (90) days, or a receiver is appointed with respect
to a substantial part of its assets.
5.3 Effect of Termination.
(a) Upon termination of this Agreement, in whole or in part, Customer shall
pay Licensor for all amounts owed up to the effective date of termination.
Termination of this Agreement shall not constitute a waiver for any
amounts due.
(b) The following Sections shall survive the termination of this Agreement
for any reason: Sections 1, 2.2, 2.4, 3, 4, 5.3, and 6.
(c) No later than thirty (30) days after the date of termination of this
Agreement by Licensor, Customer shall upon Licensor's instructions
either return the Software and all copies thereof; all Documentation
relating thereto in its possession that is in tangible form or destroy the
same (including any copies thereof contained on Customer's Designated
Hardware). Customer shall furnish Licensor with a certificate signed by
an executive officer of Customer verifying that the same has been done.
Wireless Array
530
6. MISCELLANEOUS
If Customer is a corporation, partnership or similar entity, then the license to the
Software and Documentation that is granted under this Agreement is expressly
conditioned upon and Customer represents and warrants to Licensor that the
person accepting the terms of this Agreement is authorized to bind such entity to
the terms and conditions herein. If any provision of this Agreement is held to be
invalid or unenforceable, it will be enforced to the extent permissible and the
remainder of this Agreement will remain in full force and effect. During the
course of use of the Software, Licensor may collect information on your use
thereof; you hereby authorize Licensor to use such information to improve its
products and services, and to disclose the same to third parties provided it does
not contain any personally identifiable information. The express waiver by either
party of any provision, condition or requirement of this Agreement does not
constitute a waiver of any future obligation to comply with such provision,
condition or requirement. Customer and Licensor are independent parties.
Customer may not export or re-export the Software or Documentation (or other
materials) without appropriate United States, European Union and foreign
government licenses or in violation of the United State's Export Administration
Act or foreign equivalents and Customer shall comply with all national and
international laws governing the Software. This Agreement will be governed by
and construed under the laws of the State of California and the United States as
applied to agreements entered into and to be performed entirely within
California, without regard to conflicts of laws provisions thereof and the parties
expressly exclude the application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts
for the International Sales of Goods and the Uniform Computer Information
Transactions Act (as promulgated by any State) to this Agreement. Suits or
enforcement actions must be brought within, and each party irrevocably commits
to the exclusive jurisdiction of, the state and federal courts located in Ventura
County, California. Customer may not assign this Agreement by operation of law
or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Licensor and any attempted
assignment in violation of the foregoing shall be null and void. This Agreement
cancels and supersedes all prior agreements between the parties. This Agreement
may not be varied except through a document agreed to and signed by both
parties. Any printed terms and conditions contained in any Customer purchase
order or in any Licensor acknowledgment, invoice or other documentation
relating to the Software shall be deemed deleted and of no force or effect and any
additional typed and/or written terms and conditions contained shall be for
administrative purposes only, i.e. to identify the types and quantities of Software
to be supplied, line item prices and total price, delivery schedule, and other
similar ordering data, all in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.
Wireless Array
531
Hardware Warranty Agreement
PLEASE READ THIS AGREEMENT CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS
PRODUCT
BY USING THIS PRODUCT, YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU HAVE READ
AND UNDERSTOOD ALL THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS
AGREEMENT AND THAT YOU ARE CONSENTING TO BE BOUND BY THIS
AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO ALL OF THE TERMS OF THIS
AGREEMENT, RETURN THE UNUSED PRODUCT TO THE PLACE OF
PURCHASE FOR A FULL REFUND.
LIMITED WARRANTY. Xirrus warrants that for a period of five years from the
date of purchase by the original purchaser (“Customer”): (i) the Xirrus Equipment
(“Equipment”) will be free of defects in materials and workmanship under
normal use; and (ii) the Equipment substantially conforms to its published
specifications. Except for the foregoing, the Equipment is provided AS IS. This
limited warranty extends only to Customer as the original purchaser. Customer's
exclusive remedy and the entire liability of Xirrus and its suppliers under this
limited warranty will be, at Xirrus' option, repair, replacement, or refund of the
Equipment if reported (or, upon request, returned) to the party supplying the
Equipment to Customer. In no event does Xirrus warrant that the Equipment is
error free or that Customer will be able to operate the Equipment without
problems or interruptions.
This warranty does not apply if the Equipment (a) has been altered, except by
Xirrus, (b) has not been installed, operated, repaired, or maintained in accordance
with instructions supplied by Xirrus, (c) has been subjected to abnormal physical
or electrical stress, misuse, negligence, or accident, or (d) is used in ultra-
hazardous activities.
DISCLAIMER. EXCEPT AS SPECIFIED IN THIS WARRANTY, ALL EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS, AND WARRANTIES
INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE,
OR TRADE PRACTICE, ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED TO THE EXTENT
ALLOWED BY APPLICABLE LAW.
IN NO EVENT WILL XIRRUS OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOST
REVENUE, PROFIT, OR DATA, OR FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES HOWEVER
CAUSED AND REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OF LIABILITY ARISING OUT
OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE EQUIPMENT EVEN IF XIRRUS
OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGES. In no event shall Xirrus' or its suppliers' liability to Customer,
Wireless Array
532
whether in contract, tort (including negligence), or otherwise, exceed the price
paid by Customer.
The foregoing limitations shall apply even if the above-stated warranty fails of its
essential purpose. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATION OR
EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL
DAMAGES.
The above warranty DOES NOT apply to any evaluation Equipment made
available for testing or demonstration purposes. All such Equipment is provided
AS IS without any warranty whatsoever.
Customer agrees the Equipment and related documentation shall not be used in
life support systems, human implantation, nuclear facilities or systems or any
other application where failure could lead to a loss of life or catastrophic property
damage, or cause or permit any third party to do any of the foregoing.
All information or feedback provided by Customer to Xirrus with respect to the
Product shall be Xirrus' property and deemed confidential information of Xirrus.
Equipment including technical data, is subject to U.S. export control laws,
including the U.S. Export Administration Act and its associated regulations, and
may be subject to export or import regulations in other countries. Customer
agrees to comply strictly with all such regulations and acknowledges that it has
the responsibility to obtain licenses to export, re-export, or import Equipment.
This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws
of the State of California, United States of America, as if performed wholly within
the state and without giving effect to the principles of conflict of law. If any
portion hereof is found to be void or unenforceable, the remaining provisions of
this Warranty shall remain in full force and effect. This Warranty constitutes the
entire agreement between the parties with respect to the use of the Equipment.
Manufacturer is Xirrus, Inc. 2101 Corporate Center Drive Thousand Oaks, CA
91320
Wireless Array
533
Appendix D: Notices (XR500/600 Series Only)
This appendix contains the following information:
“Notices” on page 533
“EU Directive 1999/5/EC Compliance Information” on page 537
“Compliance Information (Non-EU)” on page 544
“Safety Warnings” on page 545
“Translated Safety Warnings” on page 546
“Software License and Product Warranty Agreement” on page 547
“Hardware Warranty Agreement” on page 553
Notices
Wi-Fi Alliance Certification
www.wi-fi.org
FCC Notice
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules, with operation subject to the
following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and
(2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that
may cause unwanted operation.
This Appendix contains Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for
the XR500/600 Series only.
For Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information outdoor products,
please see the Quick Installation Guide for that product.
For Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for all other Arrays,
please see “Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and -H
Models)” on page 511.
Wireless Array
534
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B
digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to
provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential
installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate RF energy and, if not
installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful
interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that
interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does
cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be
determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to
correct the interference by one or more of the following safety measures:
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to
which the receiver is connected.
Consult the dealer or an experienced wireless technician for help.
Use of a shielded twisted pair (STP) cable must be used for all Ethernet
connections in order to comply with EMC requirements.
This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any
other antenna or transmitter.
Operations in the 5.15-5.25GHz band are restricted to indoor usage only.
High Power Radars
High power radars are allocated as primary users (meaning they have priority) in
the 5250MHz to 5350MHz and 5650MHz to 5850MHz bands. These radars could
cause interference and/or damage to LE-LAN devices.
Non-Modification Statement
Unauthorized changes or modifications to the device are not permitted. Use only
the supplied internal antenna, or external antennas supplied by the manufacturer.
!FCC Caution: Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the
party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate this
equipment.
Wireless Array
535
Modifications to the device will void the warranty and may violate FCC
regulations.
Cable Runs for Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE)
If using PoGE, the Array must be connected to PoGE networks without routing
cabling to the outside plant — this ensures that cabling is not exposed to lightning
strikes or possible cross over from high voltage.
Battery Warning
UL Statement
Use only with listed ITE product.
RF Radiation Hazard Warning
To ensure compliance with FCC and Industry Canada RF exposure requirements,
this device must be installed in a location where the antennas of the device will
have a minimum distance of at least 30 cm (12 inches) from all persons. Using
higher gain antennas and types of antennas not certified for use with this product
is not allowed. The device shall not be co-located with another transmitter.
Installez l'appareil en veillant à conserver une distance d'au moins 30 cm entre les
éléments rayonnants et les personnes. Cet avertissement de sécurité est conforme
aux limites d'exposition définies par la norme CNR-102 at relative aux fréquences
radio.
Industry Canada Statement
This device complies with RSS-210 of the Industry Canada Rules. Operation is
subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful
interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including
interference that may cause undesired operation.
!Caution! The Array contains a battery which is not to be replaced by the
customer. Danger of Explosion exists if the battery is incorrectly replaced. Replace
only with the same or equivalent type recommended by the manufacturer. Dispose
of used batteries according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Wireless Array
536
Ce dispositif est conforme à la norme CNR-210 d'Industrie Canada applicable aux
appareils radio exempts de licence. Son fonctionnement est sujet aux deux
conditions suivantes: (1) le dispositif ne doit pas produire de brouillage
préjudiciable, et (2) ce dispositif doit accepter tout brouillage reçu, y compris un
brouillage susceptible de provoquer un fonctionnement indésirable.
Caution:
(i) the device for operation in the band 5150-5250 MHz is only for indoor use to
reduce the potential for harmful interference to co-channel mobile satellite
systems;
(ii) high-power radars are allocated as primary users (i.e. priority users) of the
bands 5250-5350 MHz and 5650-5850 MHz and that these radars could cause
interference and/or damage to LE-LAN devices.
Avertissement:
(i) les dispositifs fonctionnant dans la bande 5 150-5 250 MHz sont réservés
uniquement pour une utilisation à l'intérieur afin de réduire les risques de
brouillage préjudiciable aux systèmes de satellites mobiles utilisant les mêmes
canaux;
(ii) De plus, les utilisateurs devraient aussi être avisés que les utilisateurs de
radars de haute puissance sont désignés utilisateurs principaux (c.-à-d., qu'ils ont
la priorité) pour les bandes 5 250-5 350 MHz et 5 650-5 850 MHz et que ces radars
pourraient causer du brouillage et/ou des dommages aux dispositifs LAN-EL.
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EU Directive 1999/5/EC Compliance Information
This section contains compliance information for the Xirrus Wireless Array family
of products. The compliance information contained in this section is relevant to
the European Union and other countries that have implemented the EU Directive
1999/5/EC.
Declaration of Conformity
This Appendix contains Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for
the XR500/600 Series only. For other models, see the notes under
“Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and -H Models)” on
page 511.
Cesky [Czech] Toto zahzeni je v souladu se základnimi požadavky a
ostatnimi odpovidajcimi ustano veni mi Směrnice
1999/5/EC.
Dansk [Danish] Dette udstyr er i overensstemmelse med de
væsentlige krav og andre relevante bestemmelser i
Direktiv 1999/5/EF.
Deutsch [German] Dieses Gerat entspricht den grundlegenden
Anforderungen und den weiteren entsprechenden
Vorgaben der Richtinie 1999/5/EU.
Eesti [Estonian] See seande vastab direktiivi 1999/5/EU olulistele
nöuetele ja teistele as jakohastele sätetele.
English This equipment is in compliance with the essential
requirements and other relevant provisions of
Directive 1999/5/EC.
Español [Spain] Este equipo cump le con los requisitos esenciales asi
como con otras disposiciones de la Directiva 1999/5/
CE.
Ελληνυκη [Greek] Αυτόζ ο εξοπλτσμόζ είναι σε συμμόρφωση με τιζ
ουσιώδειζ απαιτήσειζ και ύλλεζ σχετικέζ διατάξειζ τηζ
Οδηγιαζ 1999/5/EC.
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538
Français [French] Cet appareil est conforme aux exigences essentielles
et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de la Directive
1999/5/EC.
ĺslenska [Icelandic] Þetta tæki er samkvæmt grunnkröfum og öðrum
viðeigandi ákvæðum Tilskipunar 1999/5/EC.
Italiano [Italian] Questo apparato é conforme ai requisiti essenziali ed
agli altri principi sanciti dalla Direttiva 1999/5/CE.
Latviski [Latvian] Šī iekārta atbilst Direktīvas 1999/5/EK būtiskajā
prasībām un citiem ar to saistītajiem noteikumiem.
Lietuvių [Lithuanian] Šis įrenginys tenkina 1995/5/EB Direktyvos
esminius reikalavimus ir kitas šios direktyvos
nuostatas.
Nederlands [Dutch] Dit apparant voldoet aan de essentiele eisen en
andere van toepassing zijnde bepalingen van de
Richtlijn 1995/5/EC.
Malti [Maltese] Dan l-apparant huwa konformi mal-htigiet essenzjali
u l-provedimenti l-ohra rilevanti tad-Direttiva 1999/
5/EC.
Margyar [Hungarian] Ez a készülék teljesiti az alapvetö követelményeket
és más 1999/5/EK irányelvben meghatározott
vonatkozó rendelkezéseket.
Norsk [Norwegian] Dette utstyret er i samsvar med de grunnleggende
krav og andre relevante bestemmelser i EU-direktiv
1999/5/EF.
Polski [Polish] Urządzenie jest zgodne z ogólnymi wymaganiami
oraz sczególnymi mi warunkami określony mi
Dyrektywą. UE:1999/5/EC.
Portuguès [Portuguese] Este equipamento está em conformidade com os
requisitos essenciais e outras provisões relevantes da
Directiva 1999/5/EC.
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539
Assessment Criteria
The following standards were applied during the assessment of the product
against the requirements of the Directive 1999/5/EC:
Radio: EN 301 893 and EN 300 328 (if applicable)
EMC: EN 301 489-1 and EN 301 489-17
Safety: EN 50371 to EN 50385 and EN 60601
CE Marking
For the Xirrus Wireless Array, the CE mark and Class-2 identifier opposite are
affixed to the equipment and its packaging:
Russian Certification Marking
For the Xirrus XR-500, XR-520H, XR-2000, and XR-4000 Series Wireless Arrays,
the approval mark is affixed to the equipment:
Slovensko [Slovenian] Ta naprava je skladna z bistvenimi zahtevami in
ostalimi relevantnimi popoji Direktive 1999/5/EC.
Slovensky [Slovak] Toto zariadenie je v zhode so základnými
požadavkami a inými prislušnými nariadeniami
direktiv: 1999/5/EC.
Suomi [Finnish] Tämä laite täyttää direktiivin 1999/5//EY olennaiset
vaatimukset ja on siinä asetettujen muiden laitetta
koskevien määräysten mukainen.
Svenska [Swedish] Denna utrustning är i överensstämmelse med de
väsentliga kraven och andra relevanta bestämmelser
i Direktiv 1999/5/EC.
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WEEE Compliance
Natural resources were used in the production of
this equipment.
This equipment may contain hazardous
substances that could impact the health of the
environment.
In order to avoid harm to the environment and
consumption of natural resources, we encourage
you to use appropriate take-back systems when
disposing of this equipment.
The appropriate take-back systems will reuse or
recycle most of the materials of this equipment in
a way that will not harm the environment.
The crossed-out wheeled bin symbol (in
accordance with European Standard EN 50419)
invites you to use those take-back systems and
advises you not to combine the material with
refuse destined for a land fill.
If you need more information on collection, re-
use and recycling systems, please contact your
local or regional waste administration.
Please contact Xirrus for specific information on
the environmental performance of our products.
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541
National Restrictions
In the majority of the EU and other European countries, the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
bands have been made available for the use of Wireless LANs. The following table
provides an overview of the regulatory requirements in general that are
applicable for the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.
*Dynamic frequency selection and Transmit Power Control is required in these
frequency bands.
**France is indoor use only in the upper end of the band.
The requirements for any country may change at any time. Xirrus recommends
that you check with local authorities for the current status of their national
regulations for both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz wireless LANs.
The following countries have additional requirements or restrictions than those
listed in the above table:
Belgium
The Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) must
be notified of any outdoor wireless link having a range exceeding 300 meters.
Xirrus recommends checking at www.bipt.be for more details.
Draadloze verbindingen voor buitengebruik en met een reikwijdte van meer dan 300
meter dienen aangemeld te worden bij het Belgisch Instituut voor postdiensten en
telecommunicatie (BIPT). Zie www.bipt.be voor meer gegevens.
Frequency
Band (MHz)
Max Power Level
(EIRP) (mW) Indoor Outdoor
2400–2483.5 100 X X **
5250–5350 *200 X N/A
5470–5725* 1000 X X
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Les liasons sans fil pour une utilisation en extérieur d’une distance supérieure à 300
mèters doivent être notifiées à l’Institut Belge des services Postaux et des
Télécommunications (IBPT). Visitez www.bipt.be pour de plus amples détails.
Greece
A license from EETT is required for the outdoor operation in the 5470 MHz to
5725 MHz band. Xirrus recommends checking www.eett.gr for more details.
Η δη ιουργβάικτ ωνεξωτερικο ρουστη ζ νησυ νοτ των 5470–5725 ΜΗz ε ιτρ ετάιωνο
ετάά όάδειά της ΕΕΤΤ, ου ορηγεβτάι στερά ά ό σ φωνη γν η του ΓΕΕΘΑ. ερισσότερες
λε τομ ρειεωστο www.eett.gr
Italy
This product meets the National Radio Interface and the requirements
specified in the National Frequency Allocation Table for Italy. Unless this
wireless LAN product is operating within the boundaries of the owner’s
property, its use requires a “general authorization.” Please check with
www.communicazioni.it/it/ for more details.
Questo prodotto é conforme alla specifiche di Interfaccia Radio Nazionali e rispetta il
Piano Nazionale di ripartizione delle frequenze in Italia. Se non viene installato
all’interno del proprio fondo, l’utilizzo di prodotti wireless LAN richiede una
“autorizzazione Generale.” Consultare www.communicazioni.it/it/ per maggiori
dettagli.
Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein
Although Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are not EU member states,
the EU Directive 1999/5/EC has also been implemented in those countries.
Calculating the Maximum Output Power
The regulatory limits for maximum output power are specified in EIRP (radiated
power). The EIRP level of a device can be calculated by adding the gain of the
antenna used (specified in dBi) to the output power available at the connector
(specified in dBm).
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543
Antennas
The Xirrus Wireless Array employs integrated antennas that cannot be removed
and which are not user accessible. Nevertheless, as regulatory limits are not the
same throughout the EU, users may need to adjust the conducted power setting
for the radio to meet the EIRP limits applicable in their country or region.
Adjustments can be made from the product’s management interface — either Web
Management Interface (WMI) or Command Line Interface (CLI).
Operating Frequency
The operating frequency in a wireless LAN is determined by the access point. As
such, it is important that the access point is correctly configured to meet the local
regulations. See National Restrictions in this section for more information.
If you still have questions regarding the compliance of Xirrus products or you
cannot find the information you are looking for, please contact us at:
Xirrus, Inc.
2101 Corporate Center Drive
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
USA
Tel: 1.805.262.1600
1.800.947.7871 Toll Free in the US
Fax: 1.866.462.3980
www.xirrus.com
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544
Compliance Information (Non-EU)
This section contains compliance information for the Xirrus Wireless Array family
of products. The compliance information contained in this section is relevant to
the listed countries (outside of the European Union and other countries that have
implemented the EU Directive 1999/5/EC).
Declaration of Conformity
This Appendix contains Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for
the XR500/600 Series only. For other models, see the notes under
“Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and -H Models)” on
page 511.
Mexico XN16: Cofetel Cert #: RCPXIXN10-1052
XN12: Cofetel Cert #: RCPXIXN10-1052-A1
XN8: Cofetel Cert #: RCPXIXN10-1052-A2
XN4: Cofetel Cert #: RCPXIXN10-1052-A3
Thailand This telecommunication equipment conforms to
NTC technical requirement.
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545
Safety Warnings
Translated safety warnings appear on the following page.
This Appendix contains Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for
the XR500/600 Series only. For other models, see the notes under
“Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and -H Models)” on
page 511.
!Safety Warnings
Read all user documentation before powering this device. All Xirrus
interconnected equipment should be contained indoors. This product is
not suitable for outdoor operation. Please verify the integrity of the
system ground prior to installing Xirrus equipment. Additionally,
verify that the ambient operating temperature does not exceed 50°C
(40°C for the XR500/600 Series).
!Explosive Device Proximity Warning
Do not operate the XR Series Wireless Array near unshielded blasting
caps or in an explosive environment unless the device has been
modified to be especially qualified for such use.
!Lightning Activity Warning
Do not work on the XR Series Wireless Array or connect or disconnect
cables during periods of lightning activity.
!Circuit Breaker Warning
The XR Series Wireless Array relies on the building’s installation for
over current protection. Ensure that a fuse or circuit breaker no larger
than 120 VAC, 15A (U.S.) or 240 VAC, 10A (International) is used on all
current-carrying conductors.
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546
Translated Safety Warnings
Avertissements de Sécurité
This Appendix contains Notices, Warnings, and Compliance information for
the XR500/600 Series only. For other models, see the notes under
“Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and -H Models)” on
page 511.
!Sécurité
Lisez l'ensemble de la documentation utilisateur avant de mettre cet
appareil sous tension. Tous les équipements Xirrus interconnectés
doivent être installés en intérieur. Ce produit n'est pas conçu pour être
utilisé en extérieur. Veuillez vérifier l'intégrité de la terre du système
avant d'installer des équipements Xirrus. Vérifiez également que la
température de fonctionnement ambiante n'excède pas 50°C (40°C pour
XR-520).
!Proximité d'appareils explosifs
N'utilisez pas l'unité XR Wireless Array à proximité d'amorces non
blindées ou dans un environnement explosif, à moins que l'appareil
n'ait été spécifiquement modifié pour un tel usage.
!Foudre
N'utilisez pas l'unité XR Wireless Array et ne branchez pas ou ne
débranchez pas de câbles en cas de foudre.
!Disjoncteur
L'unité XR Wireless Array dépend de l'installation du bâtiment pour ce
qui est de la protection contre les surintensités. Assurez-vous qu'un
fusible ou qu'un disjoncteur de 120 Vca, 15 A (États-Unis) ou de 240
Vca, 10 A (International) maximum est utilisé sur tous les conducteurs
de courant.
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547
Software License and Product Warranty Agreement
THIS SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT (THE “AGREEMENT”) IS A LEGAL
AGREEMENT BETWEEN YOU (“CUSTOMER”) AND LICENSOR (AS DEFINED
BELOW) AND GOVERNS THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE INSTALLED ON THE
PRODUCT (AS DEFINED BELOW). IF YOU ARE AN EMPLOYEE OR AGENT
OF CUSTOMER, YOU HEREBY REPRESENT AND WARRANT TO LICENSOR
THAT YOU HAVE THE POWER AND AUTHORITY TO ACCEPT AND TO
BIND CUSTOMER TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT
(INCLUDING ANY THIRD PARTY TERMS SET FORTH HEREIN). IF YOU DO
NOT AGREE TO ALL OF THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT RETURN THE
PRODUCT AND ALL ACCOMPANYING MATERIALS (INCLUDING ALL
DOCUMENTATION) TO THE RELEVANT VENDOR FOR A FULL REFUND OF
THE PURCHASE PRICE THEREFORE.
CUSTOMER UNDERSTANDS AND AGREES THAT USE OF THE PRODUCT
AND SOFTWARE SHALL BE DEEMED AN AGREEMENT TO THE TERMS
AND CONDITIONS GOVERNING SUCH SOFTWARE AND THAT CUSTOMER
IS BOUND BY AND BECOMES A PARTY TO THIS AGREEMENT.
1.0 DEFINITIONS
1.1 “Documentation” means the user manuals and all other all documentation,
instructions or other similar materials accompanying the Software covering
the installation, application, and use thereof.
1.2 “Licensor” means Xirrus and its suppliers.
1.3 “Product” means a multi-radio access point containing four or more distinct
radios capable of simultaneous operation on four or more non-overlapping
channels.
1.4 “Software” means, collectively, each of the application and embedded
software programs delivered to Customer in connection with this Agreement.
For purposes of this Agreement, the term Software shall be deemed to include
any and all Documentation and Updates provided with or for the Software.
1.5 “Updates” means any bug-fix, maintenance or version release to the Software
that may be provided to Customer from Licensor pursuant to this Agreement
or pursuant to any separate maintenance and support agreement entered into
by and between Licensor and Customer.
2.0 GRANT OF RIGHTS
2.1 Software. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Licensor
hereby grants to Customer a perpetual, non-exclusive, non-sublicenseable,
non-transferable right and license to use the Software solely as installed on
Wireless Array
548
the Product in accordance with the accompanying Documentation and for no
other purpose.
2.2 Ownership. The license granted under Sections 2.1 above with respect to the
Software does not constitute a transfer or sale of Licensor's or its suppliers'
ownership interest in or to the Software, which is solely licensed to Customer.
The Software is protected by both national and international intellectual
property laws and treaties. Except for the express licenses granted to the
Software, Licensor and its suppliers retain all rights, title and interest in and
to the Software, including (i) any and all trade secrets, copyrights, patents and
other proprietary rights therein or thereto or (ii) any Marks (as defined in
Section 2.3 below) used in connection therewith. In no event shall Customer
remove, efface or otherwise obscure any Marks contained on or in the
Software. All rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by Licensor.
2.3 Copies. Customer shall not make any copies of the Software but shall be
permitted to make a reasonable number of copies of the related
Documentation. Whenever Customer copies or reproduces all or any part of
the Documentation, Customer shall reproduce all and not efface any titles,
trademark symbols, copyright symbols and legends, and other proprietary
markings or similar indicia of origin (“Marks”) on or in the Documentation.
2.4 Restrictions. Customer shall not itself, or through any parent, subsidiary,
affiliate, agent or other third party (i) sell, rent, lease, license or sublicense,
assign or otherwise transfer the Software, or any of Customer's rights and
obligations under this Agreement except as expressly permitted herein; (ii)
decompile, disassemble, or reverse engineer the Software, in whole or in part,
provided that in those jurisdictions in which a total prohibition on any
reverse engineering is prohibited as a matter of law and such prohibition is
not cured by the fact that this Agreement is subject to the laws of the State of
California, Licensor agrees to grant Customer, upon Customer's written
request to Licensor, a limited reverse engineering license to permit
interoperability of the Software with other software or code used by
Customer; (iii) allow access to the Software by any user other than by
Customer's employees and contractors who are bound in writing to
confidentiality and non-use restrictions at least as protective as those set forth
herein; (iv) except as expressly set forth herein, write or develop any
derivative software or any other software program based upon the Software;
(v) use any computer software or hardware which is designated to defeat any
copy protection or other use limiting device, including any device intended to
limit the number of users or devices accessing the Product; (vi) disclose
information about the performance or operation of the Product or Software to
any third party without the prior written consent of Licensor; or (vii) engage a
third party to perform benchmark or functionality testing of the Product or
Software.
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549
3.0 LIMITED WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
3.1 Limited Warranty & Exclusions. Licensor warrants that the Software will
perform in substantial accordance with the specifications therefore set forth in
the Documentation for a period of ninety [90] days after Customer's
acceptance of the terms of this Agreement with respect to the Software
(“Warranty Period”). If during the Warranty Period the Software or Product
does not perform as warranted, Licensor shall, at its option, correct the
relevant Product and/or Software giving rise to such breach of performance
or replace such Product and/or Software free of charge. THE FOREGOING
ARE CUSTOMER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF
THE FOREGOING WARRANTY. THE WARRANTY SET FORTH ABOVE IS
MADE TO AND FOR THE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER ONLY. The warranty
will apply only if (i) the Software has been used at all times and in accordance
with the instructions for use set forth in the Documentation and this
Agreement; (ii) no modification, alteration or addition has been made to the
Software by persons other than Licensor or Licensor's authorized
representative; and (iii) the Software or Product on which the Software is
installed has not been subject to any unusual electrical charge.
3.2 DISCLAIMER. EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY STATED IN THIS SECTION 3, ALL
ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS, AND WARRANTIES,
WHETHER IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING,
WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS
OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
SATISFACTORY QUALITY, ACCURACY, AGAINST INFRINGEMENT OR
ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE
PRACTICE, ARE HEREBY DISCLAIMED BY LICENSOR AND ITS
SUPPLIERS. THIS DISCLAIMER SHALL APPLY EVEN IF ANY EXPRESS
WARRANTY AND LIMITED REMEDY OFFERED BY LICENSOR FAILS OF
ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE. ALL WARRANTIES PROVIDED BY LICENSOR
ARE SUBJECT TO THE LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY SET FORTH IN THIS
AGREEMENT.
3.3 HAZARDOUS APPLICATIONS. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT DESIGNED OR
INTENDED FOR USE IN HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS REQUIRING
FAIL SAFE PERFORMANCE, SUCH AS IN THE OPERATION OF A
NUCLEAR FACILITY, AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION OR COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEMS, AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLS OR OTHER DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
IN WHICH A MALFUNCTION OF THE SOFTWARE WOULD RESULT IN
FORSEEABLE RISK OF INJURY OR DEATH TO THE OPERATOR OF THE
DEVICE OR SYSTEM OR TO OTHERS (“HAZARDOUS APPLICATIONS”).
CUSTOMER ASSUMES ANY AND ALL RISKS, INJURIES, LOSSES, CLAIMS
AND ANY OTHER LIABILITIES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THE
SOFTWARE IN ANY HAZARDOUS APPLICATIONS.
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550
3.4 Limitation of Liability.
(a) TOTAL LIABILITY. NOTWITHSTANDING ANYTHING ELSE HEREIN,
ALL LIABILITY OF LICENSOR AND ITS SUPPLIERS UNDER THIS
AGREEMENT SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE AMOUNT PAID BY
CUSTOMER FOR THE RELEVANT SOFTWARE, OR PORTION
THEREOF, THAT GAVE RISE TO SUCH LIABILITY OR ONE
HUNDRED UNITED STATES DOLLARS (US$100), WHICHEVER IS
GREATER. THE LIABILITY OF LICENSOR AND ITS SUPPLIERS
UNDER THIS SECTION SHALL BE CUMULATIVE AND NOT PER
INCIDENT.
(b) DAMAGES. IN NO EVENT SHALL LICENSOR, ITS SUPPLIERS OR
THEIR RELEVANT SUBCONTRACTORS BE LIABLE FOR (A) ANY
INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, PUNITIVE OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES, LOST PROFITS OR LOST OR DAMAGED DATA, OR ANY
INDIRECT DAMAGES, WHETHER ARISING IN CONTRACT, TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE AND STRICT LIABILITY) OR
OTHERWISE OR (B) ANY COSTS OR EXPENSES FOR THE
PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES IN EACH
CASE, EVEN IF LICENSOR OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN
INFORMED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
3.5 Exclusions. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT PERMIT THE LIMITATIONS
OF LIABILITY AND LIMITED WARRANTIES SET FORTH UNDER THIS
AGREEMENT. IN THE EVENT YOU ARE LOCATED IN ANY SUCH
JURISDICTION, THE FOREGOING LIMITATIONS SHALL APPLY ONLY
TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED IN SUCH JURISDICTIONS. IN
NO EVENT SHALL THE FOREGOING EXCLUSIONS AND LIMITATIONS
ON DAMAGES BE DEEMED TO APPLY TO ANY LIABILITY BASED ON
FRAUD, WILLFUL MISCONDUCT, GROSS NEGLIGENCE OR PERSONAL
INJURY OR DEATH.
4.0 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
4.1 Generally. The Software (and its accompanying Documentation) constitutes
Licensor's and its suppliers' proprietary and confidential information and
contains valuable trade secrets of Licensor and its suppliers (“Confidential
Information”). Customer shall protect the secrecy of the Confidential
Information to the same extent it protects its other valuable, proprietary and
confidential information of a similar nature but in no event shall Customer
use less than reasonable care to maintain the secrecy of the Confidential
Information. Customer shall not use the Confidential Information except to
exercise its rights or perform its obligations as set forth under this Agreement.
Customer shall not disclose such Confidential Information to any third party
other than subject to non-use and non-disclosure obligations at least as
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551
protective of a party's right in such Confidential Information as those set forth
herein.
4.2 Return of Materials. Customer agrees to (i) destroy all Confidential
Information (including deleting any and all copies contained on any of
Customer's Designated Hardware or the Product) within fifteen (15) days of
the date of termination of this Agreement or (ii) if requested by Licensor,
return, any Confidential Information to Licensor within thirty (30) days of
Licensor's written request.
5.0 TERM AND TERMINATION
5.1 Term. Subject to Section 5.2 below, this Agreement will take effect on the
Effective Date and will remain in force until terminated in accordance with
this Agreement.
5.2 Termination Events. This Agreement may be terminated immediately upon
written notice by either party under any of the following conditions:
(a) If the other party has failed to cure a breach of any material term or
condition under the Agreement within thirty (30) days after receipt of
notice from the other party; or
(b) Either party ceases to carry on business as a going concern, either party
becomes the object of the institution of voluntary or involuntary
proceedings in bankruptcy or liquidation, which proceeding is not
dismissed within ninety (90) days, or a receiver is appointed with respect
to a substantial part of its assets.
5.3 Effect of Termination.
(a) Upon termination of this Agreement, in whole or in part, Customer shall
pay Licensor for all amounts owed up to the effective date of termination.
Termination of this Agreement shall not constitute a waiver for any
amounts due.
(b) The following Sections shall survive the termination of this Agreement
for any reason: Sections 1, 2.2, 2.4, 3, 4, 5.3, and 6.
(c) No later than thirty (30) days after the date of termination of this
Agreement by Licensor, Customer shall upon Licensor's instructions
either return the Software and all copies thereof; all Documentation
relating thereto in its possession that is in tangible form or destroy the
same (including any copies thereof contained on Customer's Designated
Hardware). Customer shall furnish Licensor with a certificate signed by
an executive officer of Customer verifying that the same has been done.
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552
6. MISCELLANEOUS
If Customer is a corporation, partnership or similar entity, then the license to the
Software and Documentation that is granted under this Agreement is expressly
conditioned upon and Customer represents and warrants to Licensor that the
person accepting the terms of this Agreement is authorized to bind such entity to
the terms and conditions herein. If any provision of this Agreement is held to be
invalid or unenforceable, it will be enforced to the extent permissible and the
remainder of this Agreement will remain in full force and effect. During the
course of use of the Software, Licensor may collect information on your use
thereof; you hereby authorize Licensor to use such information to improve its
products and services, and to disclose the same to third parties provided it does
not contain any personally identifiable information. The express waiver by either
party of any provision, condition or requirement of this Agreement does not
constitute a waiver of any future obligation to comply with such provision,
condition or requirement. Customer and Licensor are independent parties.
Customer may not export or re-export the Software or Documentation (or other
materials) without appropriate United States, European Union and foreign
government licenses or in violation of the United State's Export Administration
Act or foreign equivalents and Customer shall comply with all national and
international laws governing the Software. This Agreement will be governed by
and construed under the laws of the State of California and the United States as
applied to agreements entered into and to be performed entirely within
California, without regard to conflicts of laws provisions thereof and the parties
expressly exclude the application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts
for the International Sales of Goods and the Uniform Computer Information
Transactions Act (as promulgated by any State) to this Agreement. Suits or
enforcement actions must be brought within, and each party irrevocably commits
to the exclusive jurisdiction of, the state and federal courts located in Ventura
County, California. Customer may not assign this Agreement by operation of law
or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Licensor and any attempted
assignment in violation of the foregoing shall be null and void. This Agreement
cancels and supersedes all prior agreements between the parties. This Agreement
may not be varied except through a document agreed to and signed by both
parties. Any printed terms and conditions contained in any Customer purchase
order or in any Licensor acknowledgment, invoice or other documentation
relating to the Software shall be deemed deleted and of no force or effect and any
additional typed and/or written terms and conditions contained shall be for
administrative purposes only, i.e. to identify the types and quantities of Software
to be supplied, line item prices and total price, delivery schedule, and other
similar ordering data, all in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.
Wireless Array
553
Hardware Warranty Agreement
PLEASE READ THIS AGREEMENT CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS
PRODUCT
BY USING THIS PRODUCT, YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU HAVE READ
AND UNDERSTOOD ALL THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS
AGREEMENT AND THAT YOU ARE CONSENTING TO BE BOUND BY THIS
AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO ALL OF THE TERMS OF THIS
AGREEMENT, RETURN THE UNUSED PRODUCT TO THE PLACE OF
PURCHASE FOR A FULL REFUND.
LIMITED WARRANTY. Xirrus warrants that for a period of five years from the
date of purchase by the original purchaser (“Customer”): (i) the Xirrus Equipment
(“Equipment”) will be free of defects in materials and workmanship under
normal use; and (ii) the Equipment substantially conforms to its published
specifications. Except for the foregoing, the Equipment is provided AS IS. This
limited warranty extends only to Customer as the original purchaser. Customer's
exclusive remedy and the entire liability of Xirrus and its suppliers under this
limited warranty will be, at Xirrus' option, repair, replacement, or refund of the
Equipment if reported (or, upon request, returned) to the party supplying the
Equipment to Customer. In no event does Xirrus warrant that the Equipment is
error free or that Customer will be able to operate the Equipment without
problems or interruptions.
This warranty does not apply if the Equipment (a) has been altered, except by
Xirrus, (b) has not been installed, operated, repaired, or maintained in accordance
with instructions supplied by Xirrus, (c) has been subjected to abnormal physical
or electrical stress, misuse, negligence, or accident, or (d) is used in ultra-
hazardous activities.
DISCLAIMER. EXCEPT AS SPECIFIED IN THIS WARRANTY, ALL EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS, AND WARRANTIES
INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE,
OR TRADE PRACTICE, ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED TO THE EXTENT
ALLOWED BY APPLICABLE LAW.
IN NO EVENT WILL Xirrus OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOST
REVENUE, PROFIT, OR DATA, OR FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES HOWEVER
CAUSED AND REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OF LIABILITY ARISING OUT
OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE EQUIPMENT EVEN IF Xirrus OR
ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGES. In no event shall Xirrus' or its suppliers' liability to Customer,
Wireless Array
554
whether in contract, tort (including negligence), or otherwise, exceed the price
paid by Customer.
The foregoing limitations shall apply even if the above-stated warranty fails of its
essential purpose. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATION OR
EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL
DAMAGES.
The above warranty DOES NOT apply to any evaluation Equipment made
available for testing or demonstration purposes. All such Equipment is provided
AS IS without any warranty whatsoever.
Customer agrees the Equipment and related documentation shall not be used in
life support systems, human implantation, nuclear facilities or systems or any
other application where failure could lead to a loss of life or catastrophic property
damage, or cause or permit any third party to do any of the foregoing.
All information or feedback provided by Customer to Xirrus with respect to the
Product shall be Xirrus' property and deemed confidential information of Xirrus.
Equipment including technical data, is subject to U.S. export control laws,
including the U.S. Export Administration Act and its associated regulations, and
may be subject to export or import regulations in other countries. Customer
agrees to comply strictly with all such regulations and acknowledges that it has
the responsibility to obtain licenses to export, re-export, or import Equipment.
This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws
of the State of California, United States of America, as if performed wholly within
the state and without giving effect to the principles of conflict of law. If any
portion hereof is found to be void or unenforceable, the remaining provisions of
this Warranty shall remain in full force and effect. This Warranty constitutes the
entire agreement between the parties with respect to the use of the Equipment.
Manufacturer is Xirrus, Inc. 2101 Corporate Center Drive Thousand Oaks, CA
91320
Wireless Array
555
Appendix E: Medical Usage Notices
XirrusXR‐1000/2000/4000/6000Serieswirelessdeviceshavebeentestedand
foundtocomplywiththerequirementsofIEC60601‐1‐2.
Section5.2.1.1‐TheXirruswirelessdeviceneedsspecialprecautionsregarding
EMCandmustbeinstalledandputintoserviceaccordingtotheEMC
informationprovidedinthisUser’sGuideandintheQuickInstallationGuidefor
theXirrusArrayorAP.
PortableandmobileRFcommunicationsequipmentcanaffectMedicalElectrical
Equipment.
Section 5.2.2.1 (c)
Table1
Section5.2.2.1(d)–TheXirruswirelessdeviceshouldnotbeusedadjacenttoor
stackedwithotherequipment.Ifadjacentorstackeduseisnecessary,the
equipmentshouldbeobservedtoverifynormaloperationintheconfigurationin
whichitwillbeused.
Guidance and manufacturer’s declaration – electromagnetic emissions
The Xirrus wireless device is intended for use in the electromagnetic environment specified below.
The customer or the user of the Xirrus device should assure that it is used in such an environment.
Emissions test Compliance Electromagnetic environment – guidance
RF emissions CISPR 11 Group 1 The Xirrus wireless device uses RF energy only for
its internal function. Therefore, its RF emissions are
very low and are not likely to cause any interference
in nearby electronic equipment.
RF emissions CISPR 11 Class A Xirrus wireless devices are suitable for use in all
establishments other than domestic and those
directly connected to the public low-voltage power
supply network that supplies buildings used for
domestic purposes.
Harmonic emissions IEC
61000-3-2
Not
Applicable
Voltage fluctuations/flicker
emissions IEC 61000-3-3
Not
Applicable
Wireless Array
556
Section5.2.2.1(f)
Table2
Guidance and manufacturer’s declaration – electromagnetic immunity
Xirrus wireless devices are intended for use in the electromagnetic environment specified
below. The customer or the user of the Xirrus wireless device should assure that it is used in
such an environment.
Immunity test IEC 60601 test level Compliance level Electromagnetic
environment - guidance
Electrostatic
Discharge (ESD)
IEC 61000-4-2
± 6 kV contact
± 8 kV air
± 6 kV contact
± 8 kV air
Floors should be wood,
concrete or ceramic tile.
If floors are covered with
synthetic material, the
relative humidity should
be at least 30%.
Electrical fast
transient/burst
IEC 61000-4-4
± 2 kV for power supply
lines
± 1 kV for input/output
lines
Not applicable for
power supply lines
± 1 kV for input/
output lines
Surge
IEC 61000-4-5
± 1 kV line(s) to line(s)
± 2 kV line(s) to earth
Not applicable Not applicable
Voltage dips,
short interruptions
and voltage
variations on
power supply
input lines
IEC 61000-4-11
<5% Ut
(>95% dip in Ut) for 0.5
cycle
40% Ut
(60% dip in Ut) for 5
cycles
70% Ut
(30% dip in Ut) for 25
cycles
<5% Ut
(>95% dip in Ut) for 5 s
Not applicable Not applicable
Power frequency
(50/60 Hz)
magnetic field
IEC 61000-4-8
3 A/m 3 A/m Power frequency
magnetic fields should be
at levels characteristic of
a typical location in a
typical commercial or
hospital environment.
NOTE Ut is the a.c. mains voltage prior to application of the test level.
Wireless Array
557
Section5.2.2.1(g)XirrusWirelessdeviceshavenoessentialperformanceperIEC
60601‐1‐2.
Section5.2.2.2–Tables4and6
Table4fornon‐lifesupportingequipment
Guidance and manufacturer’s declaration – electromagnetic immunity
Xirrus wireless devices are intended for use in the electromagnetic environment specified below.
The customer or the user of the Xirrus device should assure that it is used in such an environment.
Immunity test IEC 60601 test
level
Compliance
level
Electromagnetic environment - guidance
Conducted RF
IEC 61000-4-6
Radiated RF
IEC61000-4-3
3 Vrms
150 kHz to 80
MHz
3 V/m
80 MHz to 2.5
GHz
3 V
3 V/m
Portable and mobile RF communication
equipment should be no closer to any part of
the Xirrus wireless device, including cables,
than the recommended separation distance
calculated from the equation applicable to the
frequency of the transmitter.
Recommended separation distance
d = 1.17* √P
d = 1.17* √P 80 MHz to 800 MHz
d = 2.33* √P 800 MHz to 2.5 GHz
Where P is the maximum output power rating
of the transmitter in watts (W) according to
the transmitter manufacturer and d is the
recommended separation distance in metres
(m).
Field strengths from fixed RF transmitters, as
determined by an electromagnetic site
surveya, should be less than the compliance
level in each frequency rangeb.
Interference may occur in the
vicinity of equipment marked with
this symbol:
Wireless Array
558
Table6fornon‐lifesupportingequipment
NOTE 1 At 80 MHz and 800 MHz, the higher frequency range applies.
NOTE 2 These guidelines may not apply in all situations. Electromagnetic propagation is affected
by absorption and reflection from structures, objects and people.
a Field strengths from fixed transmitters, such as base stations for radio (cellular/cordless)
telephones and land mobile radios, amateur radio, AM and FM radio broadcast and TV broadcast
cannot be predicted theoretically with accuracy. To assess the electromagnetic environment due to
fixed RF transmitters, an electromagnetic site survey should be considered. If the measured field
strength in the location in which Xirrus wireless devices are used exceeds the applicable RF
compliance level above, the Xirrus wireless device should be observed to verify normal operation. If
abnormal performance is observed, additional measures maybe necessary, such as re-orienting or
relocating the Xirrus wireless device.
b Over the frequency range 150 kHz to 80 MHz, field strengths should be less than 3 V/m.
Recommended separation distances between Medical Electrical
Equipment and Xirrus Wireless Devices
Xirrus wireless devices are intended for use in an electromagnetic environment in which radiated
RF disturbances are controlled. The customer or the user of the Xirrus wireless device can help
prevent electromagnetic interference by maintaining a minimum distance between portable and
mobile RF communication equipment (transmitters) and the Xirrus wireless device as
recommended below, according to the maximum output power of the communications
equipment.
Rated maximum output
power of transmitter
W
Separation distance according to frequency of transmitter
m
150 kHz to 80 MHz
d = 1.17* √P
80 MHz to 800 MHz
d = 1.17* √P
800 MHz to 2.5 GHz
d = 2.33* √P
0.01 0.12 0.12 0.23
0.1 0.37 0.37 0.74
1 1.17 1.17 2.33
10 3.7 3.7 7.37
100 11.7 11.7 23.3
For transmitters rated a maximum output power not listed above, the recommended separation
distance d in metres (m) can be estimated using the equation applicable to the frequency of the
transmitter, where P is the maximum output power rating of the transmitter in watts (W) according
to the transmitter manufacturer.
NOTE 1 At 80 MHz and 800 MHz, the separation distance for the higher frequency range applies.
NOTE 2 These guidelines may not apply in all situations. Electromagnetic propagation is affected
by absorption and reflection for structures, objects and people.
Wireless Array
559
Section5.2.2.5
Section5.2.2.6
TheregulatorylimitsformaximumoutputpowerarespecifiedinEIRP(radiated
power).TheEIRPlevelisthetransmitpowersettingfortheIAP(specifiedin
dBm).See“IAPSettings”onpage290.
RF Channels Supported
2.4GHz (Exact channels available will
be based on country of operation)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
5GHz (Exact channels available will
be based on country of operation)
UNII I – Non-DFS Channels: 36 40 44 48
UNII-2A – DFS channel: 52 56 60 64
UNII-2C – DFS channels: 100 104 108 112 116 120 124
128 132 136 140
UNI III – Non-DFS Channels: 149 153 157 161 165
!Xirrus wireless devices may be interfered with by other equipment, even if that
other equipment complies with CISPR EMISSION requirements.
Wireless Array
560
Wireless Array
Glossary of Terms 561
Glossary of Terms
802.11a
A supplement to the IEEE 802.11 WLAN specification that describes radio
transmissions at a frequency of 5 GHz and data rates of up to 54 Mbps.
802.11b
A supplement to the IEEE 802.11 WLAN specification that describes radio
transmissions at a frequency of 2.4 GHz and data rates of up to 11 Mbps.
802.11d
A supplement to the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in 802.11 to promote
worldwide use of 802.11 WLANs. It allows Access Points to communicate
information on the permissible radio channels with acceptable power levels for
user devices. Because the 802.11 standards cannot legally operate in some
countries, 802.11d adds features and restrictions to allow WLANs to operate
within the rules of these countries.
802.11g
A supplement to the IEEE 802.11 WLAN specification that describes radio
transmissions at a frequency of 2.4 GHz and data rates of up to 54 Mbps.
802.11n
A supplement to the IEEE 802.11 WLAN specification that describes
enhancements to 802.11a/b/g to greatly enhance reach, speed, and capacity.
802.1Q
An IEEE standard for MAC layer frame tagging (also known as encapsulation).
Frame tagging uniquely assigns a user-defined ID to each frame. It also enables a
switch to communicate VLAN membership information across multiple (and
multi-vendor) devices by frame tagging.
AES
(Advanced Encryption Standard) A data encryption scheme that uses three
different key sizes (128-bit, 192-bit, and 256-bit). AES was adopted by the U.S.
government in 2002 as the encryption standard for protecting sensitive but
unclassified electronic data.
Wireless Array
562 Glossary of Terms
authentication
The process that a station, device, or user employs to announce its identify to
the network which validates it. IEEE 802.11 specifies two forms of authentication,
open system and shared key.
bandwidth
Specifies the amount of the frequency spectrum that is usable for data transfer. In
other words, it identifies the maximum data rate a signal can attain on
the medium without encountering significant attenuation (loss of power).
beacon interval
When a device in a wireless network sends a beacon, it includes with it a beacon
interval, which specifies the period of time before it will send the beacon again.
The interval tells receiving devices on the network how long they can wait in low
power mode before waking up to handle the beacon. Network administrators can
adjust the beacon interval — usually measured in milliseconds (ms) or its
equivalent, kilo-microseconds (Kmsec).
bit rate
The transmission rate of binary symbols ('0' and '1'), equal to the total number of
bits transmitted in one second.
BSS
(Basic Service Set) When a WLAN is operating in infrastructure mode, each access
point and its connected devices are called the Basic Service Set.
BSSID
The unique identifier for an access point in a BSS network. See also, SSID.
CDP
(Cisco Discovery Protocol) CDP is a layer 2 network protocol which runs on most
Cisco equipment and some other network equipment. It is used to share
information with other directly connected network devices. Information such as
the model, network capabilities, and IP address is shared. Wireless Arrays can
both advertise their presence by sending CDP announcements, and gather and
display information sent by neighbors.
Wireless Array
Glossary of Terms 563
cell
The basic geographical unit of a cellular communications system. Service
coverage of a given area is based on an interlocking network of cells, each with a
radio base station (transmitter/receiver) at its center. The size of each cell is
determined by the terrain and forecasted number of users.
channel
A specific portion of the radio spectrum — the channels allotted to one of
the wireless networking protocols. For example, 802.11b and 802.11g use 14
channels in the 2.4 GHz band, only 3 of which don't overlap (1, 6, and 11).
CoS
(Class of Service) A category based on the type of user, type of application,
or some other criteria that QoS systems can use to provide differentiated classes of
service.
default gateway
The gateway in a network that a computer will use to access another network if
a gateway is not specified for use. In a network using subnets, a default gateway
is the router that forwards traffic to a destination outside of the subnet of
the transmitting device.
DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) A method for dynamically assigning IP
addresses to devices on a network. DHCP issues IP addresses automatically
within a specified range to client devices when they are first powered up.
DHCP lease
The DHCP lease is the amount of time that the DHCP server grants to the DHCP
client for permission to use a particular IP address. A typical DHCP server allows
its administrator to set the lease time.
DNS
(Domain Name System) A system that maps meaningful domain names with
complex numeric IP addresses. DNS is actually a separate network — if one DNS
server cannot translate a domain name, it will ask a second or third until a server
is found with the correct IP address.
Wireless Array
564 Glossary of Terms
domain
The main name/Internet address of a user's Internet site as registered with
the InterNIC organization, which handles domain registration on the Internet. For
example, the “domain” address for Google is: http://www.google.com, broken
down as follows:
http:// represents the Hyper Text Teleprocessing Protocol used by all Web
pages.
www is a reference to the World Wide Web.
google refers to the company.
com specifies that the domain belongs to a commercial enterprise.
DTIM
(Delivery Traffic Indication Message) A DTIM is a signal sent as part of a beacon
by an access point to a client device in sleep mode, alerting the device to a packet
awaiting delivery.
EAP
(Extensible Authentication Protocol) When you log on to the Internet, you're most
likely establishing a PPP connection via a remote access server. The password,
key, or other device you use to prove that you are authorized to do so is controlled
via PPP’s Link Control Protocol (LCP). However, LCP is somewhat inflexible
because it has to specify an authentication device early in the process. EAP allows
the system to gather more information from the user before deciding which
authenticator to use. It is called extensible because it allows more authenticator
types than LCP (for example, passwords and public keys).
EDCF
(Enhanced Distributed Coordinator Function) A QoS extension which uses
the same contention-based access mechanism as current devices but adds “offset
contention windows” that separate high priority packets from low priority
packets (by assigning a larger random backoff window to lower priorities than to
higher priorities). The result is “statistical priority,” where high-priority packets
usually are transmitted before low-priority packets.
encapsulation
A way of wrapping protocols such as TCP/IP, AppleTalk, and NetBEUI in
Ethernet frames so they can traverse an Ethernet network and be unwrapped
when they reach the destination computer.
Wireless Array
Glossary of Terms 565
encryption
Any procedure used in cryptography to translate data into a form that can be
decrypted and read only by its intended receiver.
Fast Ethernet
A version of standard Ethernet that runs at 100 Mbps rather than 10 Mbps.
FCC
(Federal Communications Commission) US wireless regulatory authority.
The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with
regulating Interstate and International communications by radio, television, wire,
satellite and cable.
FIPS
The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 140-2 establishes
a computer security standard used to accredit cryptographic modules.
The standard is a joint effort by the U.S. and Canadian governments.
frame
A packet encapsulated to travel on a physical medium, like Ethernet or Wi-Fi. If a
packet is like a shipping container, a frame is the boat on which the shipping
container is loaded.
Gigabit 1 through 4
The Gigabit Ethernet interfaces on XR Series Arrays. XR-4000 Series Arrays have
two gigabit interfaces, while XR-6000 Series and higher models have four gigabit
interfaces. See also, Gigabit Ethernet.
Gigabit Ethernet
A version of Ethernet with data transfer rates of 1 Gigabit (1,000 Mbps).
Group
A user group, created to define a set of attributes (such as VLAN, traffic limits,
and Web Page Redirect) and privileges (such as fast roaming) that apply to all
users that are members of the group. This allows a uniform configuration to be
easily applied to multiple user accounts. The attributes that can be configured for
user groups are almost identical to those that can be configured for SSIDs.
Wireless Array
566 Glossary of Terms
host name
The unique name that identifies a computer on a network. On the Internet,
the host name is in the form comp.xyz.net. If there is only one Internet site
the host name is the same as the domain name. One computer can have more than
one host name if it hosts more than one Internet site (for example, home.xyz.net
and comp.xyz.net). In this case, comp and home are the host names and xyz.net is
the domain name.
IPsec
A Layer 3 authentication and encryption protocol. Used to secure VPNs.
MAC address
(Media Access Control Address) A 6-byte hexadecimal address assigned by a
manufacturer to a device.
Mbps
(Megabits per second) A standard measure for data transmission speeds (for
example, the rate at which information travels over the Internet). 1 Mbps denotes
one million bits per second.
MTU
(Maximum Transmission Unit) The largest physical packet size — measured in
bytes — that a network can transmit. Any messages larger than the MTU are
divided into smaller packets before being sent. Every network has a different
MTU, which is set by the network administrator. Ideally, you want the MTU to be
the same as the smallest MTU of all the networks between your machine and
a message's final destination. Otherwise, if your messages are larger than one of
the intervening MTUs, they will get broken up (fragmented), which slows down
transmission speeds.
NTP
(Network Time Protocol) An Internet standard protocol (built on top of TCP/IP)
that ensures the accurate synchronization (to the millisecond) of computer clock
times in a network of computers. Running as a continuous background client
program on a computer, NTP sends periodic time requests to servers, obtaining
server time stamps and using them to adjust the client's clock.
Wireless Array
Glossary of Terms 567
packet
Data sent over a network is broken down into many small pieces — packets — by
the Transmission Control Protocol layer of TCP/IP. Each packet contains the
address of its destination as well the data. Packets may be sent on any number of
routes to their destination, where they are reassembled into the original data. This
system is optimal for connectionless networks, such as the Internet, where there
are no fixed connections between two locations.
PLCP
(Physical Layer Convergence Protocol) Defined by IEEE 802.6, a protocol
specified within the Transmission Convergence layer that defines exactly how
cells are formatted within a data stream for a particular type of transmission
facility.
PoGE
This refers to the optional Xirrus-supplied Power over Gigabit Ethernet modules
that provide DC power to Arrays. Power is supplied over the same Cat 5e or Cat 6
cable that supplies the data connection to your gigabit Ethernet switch, thus
eliminating the need to run a power cable.
preamble
Preamble (sometimes called a header) is a section of data at the head of a packet
that contains information that the access point and client devices need when
sending and receiving packets. PLCP Has two structures, a long and a short
preamble. All compliant 802.11b systems have to support the long preamble.
The short preamble option is provided in the standard to improve the efficiency
of a network's throughput when transmitting special data, such as voice, VoIP
(Voice-over IP) and streaming video.
private key
In cryptography, one of a pair of keys (one public and one private) that are created
with the same algorithm for encrypting and decrypting messages and digital
signatures. The private key is provided only to the requestor and never shared.
The requestor uses the private key to decrypt text that has been encrypted with
the public key by someone else.
PSK
(Pre-Shared Key) A TKIP passphrase used to protect your network traffic in WPA.
Wireless Array
568 Glossary of Terms
public key
In cryptography, one of a pair of keys (one public and one private) that are created
with the same algorithm for encrypting and decrypting messages and digital
signatures. The public key is made publicly available for encryption and
decryption.
QoS
(Quality of Service) QoS can be used to describe any number of ways in which
a network provider prioritizes or guarantees a service's performance.
RADIUS
(Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) A client-server security protocol,
developed to authenticate, authorize, and account for dial-up users. The RADIUS
server stores user profiles, which include passwords and authorization attributes.
RSSI
(Received Signal Strength Indicator) A measure of the energy observed by an
antenna when receiving a signal.
SDMA
(Spatial Division Multiple Access) A wireless communications mode that
optimizes the use of the radio spectrum and minimizes cost by taking advantage
of the directional properties of antennas. The antennas are highly directional,
allowing duplicate frequencies to be used for multiple zones.
SNMP
(Simple Network Management Protocol) A standard protocol that regulates
network management over the Internet.
SNTP
(Simple Network Time Protocol) A simplified version of NTP. SNTP can be used
when the ultimate performance of the full NTP implementation described in RFC
1305 is not needed or justified.
Wireless Array
Glossary of Terms 569
SSH
(Secure SHell) Developed by SSH Communications Security, Secure Shell is a
program to log into another computer over a network, to execute commands in a
remote machine, and to move files from one machine to another. The Array only
allows SSH-2 connections. SSH-2 provides strong authentication and secure
communications over insecure channels. SSH-2 protects a network from attacks,
such as IP spoofing, IP source routing, and DNS spoofing. Attackers who has
managed to take over a network can only force SSH to disconnect — they cannot
“play back” the traffic or hijack the connection when encryption is enabled. When
using SSH-2's slogin (instead of rlogin) the entire login session, including
transmission of password, is encrypted making it almost impossible for an
outsider to collect passwords. Be aware that your SSH utility must be set up to use
SSH-2.
SSID
(Service Set IDentifier) Every wireless network or network subset (such as a BSS)
has a unique identifier called an SSID. Every device connected to that part of the
network uses the same SSID to identify itself as part of the family — when it wants
to gain access to the network or verify the origin of a data packet it is sending over
the network. In short, it is the unique name shared among all devices in a WLAN.
subnet mask
A mask used to determine what subnet an IP address belongs to. An IP address
has two components: (1) the network address and (2) the host address. For
example, consider the IP address 150.215.017.009. Assuming this is part of a Class
B network, the first two numbers (150.215) represent the Class B network address,
and the second two numbers (017.009) identify a particular host on this network.
TKIP
(Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) Provides improved data encryption by
scrambling the keys using a hashing algorithm and, by adding an integrity-
checking feature, ensures that the encryption keys haven’t been tampered with.
transmit power
The amount of power used by a radio transceiver to send the signal out. Transmit
power is generally measured in milliwatts, which you can convert to dBm.
User group
See Group.
Wireless Array
570 Glossary of Terms
VLAN
(Virtual LAN) A group of devices that communicate as a single network, even
though they are physically located on different LAN segments. Because VLANs
are based on logical rather than physical connections, they are extremely flexible.
A device that is moved to another location can remain on the same VLAN
without any hardware reconfiguration.
VLAN tagging
(Virtual LAN tagging) Static port-based VLANs were originally the only way to
segment a network without using routing, but these port-based VLANs could
only be implemented on a single switch (or switches) cabled together. Routing
was required to transfer traffic between unconnected switches. As an alternative
to routing, some vendors created proprietary schemes for sharing VLAN
information across switches. These methods would only operate on that vendor's
equipment and were not an acceptable way to implement VLANs. With the
adoption of the 802.11n standard, traffic can be confined to VLANs that exist on
multiple switches from different vendors. This interoperability and traffic
containment across different switches is the result of a switch's ability to use and
recognize 802.1Q tag headers — called VLAN tagging. Switches that implement
802.1Q tagging add this tag header to the frame directly after the destination and
source MAC addresses. The tag header indicates:
1. That the packet has a tag.
2. Whether the packet should have priority over other packets.
3. Which VLAN it belongs to, so that the switch can forward or filter it
correctly.
WDS (Wireless Distribution System)
WDS creates wireless backhauls between arrays. These links between arrays may
be used rather than having to install data cabling to each array.
WEP
(Wired Equivalent Privacy) An optional IEEE 802.11 function that offers frame
transmission privacy similar to a wired network. The Wired Equivalent Privacy
generates secret shared encryption keys that both source and destination stations
can use to alter frame bits to avoid disclosure to eavesdroppers.
Wireless Array
Glossary of Terms 571
Wi-Fi Alliance
A nonprofit international association formed in 1999 to certify interoperability of
wireless Local Area Network products based on IEEE 802.11 specification. The
goal of the Wi-Fi Alliance's members is to enhance the user experience through
product interoperability.
Wireless Array
A high capacity wireless networking device consisting of multiple radios
arranged in a circular array.
WPA
(Wi-Fi Protected Access) A Wi-Fi Alliance standard that contains a subset of the
IEEE 802.11i standard, using TKIP as an encryption method and 802.1x for
authentication.
WPA2
(Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) WPA2 is the follow-on security method to WPA for
wireless networks and provides stronger data protection and network access
control. It offers Enterprise and consumer Wi-Fi users with a high level of
assurance that only authorized users can access their wireless networks. Like
WPA, WPA2 is designed to secure all versions of 802.11 devices, including
802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n, multi-band and multi-mode.
Xirrus Management System (XMS)
A Xirrus product used for managing large Wireless Array deployments from a
centralized Web-based interface.
XP1 and XP8 — Power over Gigabit Ethernet modules
See PoGE.
XPS — Xirrus Power System
A family of optional Xirrus-supplied products that provides power over Gigabit
Ethernet. See PoGE.
Wireless Array
572 Glossary of Terms
Wireless Array
Index 573
Index
Numerics
11ac
see 802.11ac 325
802.11a 3, 4, 290, 311
802.11a/b/g 28
802.11a/b/g/n 15
802.11a/n 15, 66, 262
802.11ac
WMI page 325
802.11b 3, 4, 316
802.11b/g 290, 316
802.11b/g/n 15, 66, 262
802.11e 17
802.11g 3, 4, 316
802.11i 4, 75, 159
802.11n 4
WMI page 322
802.11p 17
802.11q 17
802.1x 4, 50, 60, 75, 159, 494
A
abg(n)
nomenclature 2
abg(n)2
intrusion detection 352
self-monitoring
radio assurance (loopback
mode) 334, 335
Access Control List 213
Access Control Lists 494
access control lists (ACLs) 234, 276
Access Point 159
Access Points, XR
overview 4
access points, XR 1
account, user 246
ACLs 50, 213, 494
active directory 246
active IAPs
per SSID 275
Address Resolution Protocol
window 106
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
308
Admin 494
Admin ID 219
admin ID
authentication via RADIUS 223
Admin Management 219
admin privileges
setting in admin RADIUS account
223
admin RADIUS account
if using Console port 223
admin RADIUS authentication 223
administration 75, 159, 213
Administrator Account 488
Advanced Encryption Standard 50,
494
Advanced RF Analysis Manager
see RAM 20
Advanced RF Performance Manager
see RPM 18
Advanced RF Security Manager
see RSM 19
AeroScout
see WiFi tag 183
AES 4, 17, 50, 60, 75, 159, 486, 494
AirWatch 380
Airwatch
CLI command 446
allow traffic
see filters 365
Analysis Manager
see RAM 20
Wireless Array
574 Index
appearance
WMI options 406
application control
update (signature file) 395
approved
setting rogues 116
APs 60, 116, 250, 251, 494
rogues, blocking 351
APs, rogue
see rogue APs 333, 352
APs, XR
overview 4
ARP filtering 308
ARP table window 106
Array 30, 66, 82, 159, 166
connecting 66
dismounting 66
management 385
mounting 66
powering up 66
securing 66
Web Management Interface 82
XR-2000 Series 8, 9
XR-2005 Series 8, 9
ArrayOS
upgrade 388
Arrays
managing in clusters 374
Arrays, XR 1
overview 4
associated users 30
assurance
network server connectivity 109,
230
assurance (radio loopback testing) 333
assurance, station
see station assurance 340
attack (DoS)
see DoS attack 353
attack (impersonation)
see impersonation attack 354
auth CLI command 424
authentication 17, 246
of admin via RADIUS 223
authentication (Oauth token)
CLI command
auth 424
authority
certificate 217, 231
auto block
rogue APs, settings 352
auto negotiate 166
auto-blocking
rogue APs 351
auto-configuration 75, 295, 311, 316
channel and cell size 333
automatic refresh
setting interval 406
automatic update from remote server
configuration files, boot image 390
B
backhaul
see WDS 57
backup unit
see standby mode 334
band association 262
beacon interval 295
Beacon World Mode 295
beam distribution 15
benefits 14
block
rogue APs, settings 349
block (rogue APs)
see auto block 352
blocking
rogue APs 351
blocking rogue APs 333
bond
mode, bridging 169
Wireless Array
Index 575
boot 388
bridging APs 169
broadcast 309
fast roaming 309
browser
certificate error 217, 231
BSS 492
BSSID 116, 492
buttons 87
C
capacity
of 802.11n 45
cascading style sheet
sample for web page redirect 397
cdp 424
CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol)
settings 177
cdp CLI command 424
CDP neighbors 108
cell
sharp cell 333
cell size 30, 290
auto-configuration 333
cell size configuration 333
certificate
about 217, 231
authority 217, 231
error 217, 231
install Xirrus authority 231
X.509 217, 231
chain
see bridging 169
channel
auto-configuration 333
configuration 333
list selection 333
channels 30, 116, 290, 295, 311, 316
non-overlapping 16
CHAP (Challenge-Handshake Au-
thentication Protocol)
Admin RADIUS settings 224
web page redirect 271
CHAP Challenge Handshake Authen-
tication Protocol)
RADIUS ping 398
character restrictions 89
Chrome 26
Cisco Discovery Protocol
see cdp 424
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) 177
CLI 4, 60, 63, 69, 71, 409
executing from WMI 399
using to upgrade software image
506
vs. XMS 81
CLI commands
see commands 424
client
web page redirect 396
cluster
CLI command 428
clusters 374
defining 375
management 376
operating in cluster mode 377
command
wifi-tag 464
Command Line Interface 4, 56, 63, 66,
69, 71, 409, 494
configuration commands 422
getting help 411
getting started 411
inputting commands 411
sample configuration tasks 466
SSH 409
top level commands 413
command, utilities
ping, traceroute, RADIUS ping 397
Wireless Array
576 Index
commands
acl 422
admin 423
auth, authentication 424
cdp 424
clear 426
cluster 428
configure 414
contact-info 429
date-time 430
dhcp-server 431
dns 432
file 433
filter 437
group 428, 441
hostname 441
interface 442
load 442
location 443
location-reporting 444, 455
management 445
mdm (mobile device management)
Airwatch 446
more 447
netflow 448
no 449
quit 452
radius-server 451, 452
reboot 453, 463
reset 453
restore 454
run-tests 456
security 458
show 417
snmp 459
ssid 460
statistics 420
syslog 461
tunnel 462
vlan 463
Community String 485
configuration 157, 494
express setup 159
reset to factory defaults 393
configuration changes
applying 89
configuration files
automatic update from remote
server 390
download 391
update from local file 391
update from remote file 391
connection
tracking window 107
connectivity
servers, see network assurance
109, 230
Console port
login via 223
coverage 30, 63
extended 15
coverage patterns 4
critical messages 86
CTS/RTS 311, 316
D
daisy chain
see bridging 169
data rate 311, 316
date/time restrictions
and interactions 285
default gateway 75, 166
default settings 483
Default Value 486
DHCP 485
defaults
reset configuration to factory de-
faults 393
Delivery Traffic Indication Message
295
Wireless Array
Index 577
denial of service
see DoS attack 353
deny traffic
see filters 365
deployment 28, 56, 60, 63, 494
ease of 17
detection
intrusion 352
see DoS attack 353
see impersonation attack 354
see impersonation detection 353
see intrusion detection 353, 354
device management
see Mobile Device Management
380
DHCP 30, 69, 71, 75, 159, 166, 484
default settings 485
leases window 107
DHCP Server 179
diagnostics
log, create file 394
directory, active 246
display
WMI options 406
DNS 75, 159, 176
DNS domain 176
DNS server 176
Domain Name System 176
DoS attack detection
settings 353
DTIM 295
DTIM period 295
duplex 166
dynamic VLAN
overridden by group 283
E
EAP 486, 494
EAP-MDS 17
EAP-PEAP 494
EAP-TLS 17, 50, 494
EAP-TTLS 17, 50, 494
EDCF 295
Encryption 486, 494
encryption 17
encryption method
recommended (WPA2 with AES)
215
setting 216
support of multiple methods 215
encryption method (encryption mode)
Open, WEP, WPA, WPA2, WPA-
Both 215
encryption standard
AES, TKIP, both 215
setting 216
Enterprise 1, 3, 494
WLAN 3
Enterprise Class Management 4
Enterprise Class Security 4
ESS 492
ESSID 492
Ethernet 63, 66, 69, 71, 75, 159
Euclid
location service
data format 504
event log
IDS (intrusion detection) 155
see system log 146, 153
event messages 86
Express Setup 66, 75, 159
express setup 75, 159
Extended Service Set 492
Extensible Authentication Protocol 494
external RADIUS server 802.1x 27
F
factory default settings 483
factory defaults 484, 485, 486, 488
DHCP 485
Wireless Array
578 Index
reset configuration to 391
factory.conf 391
fail-over
standby mode 334
failover 47, 60
FAQs 492
Fast Ethernet 63, 69, 71, 159, 166, 483
fast roaming 17, 103, 309
about 288
and VLANs 289
features 14, 56, 166, 182, 186, 295, 494
and license key 389
feedback 87
filter list 366
filter name 368
filtering
IPv6 309
filters 365, 366, 368
stateful filtering, disabling 366
statistics 143
Firefox 26
firewall 365
and port usage 52
stateful filtering, disabling 366
fragmentation threshold 311, 316
frequently asked questions 492
FTP 494
FTP server 27
G
General Hints 491
getting started
express setup 159
Gigabit 63, 69, 71, 75, 159, 166, 483
global settings 295, 311, 316
glossary of terms 561
Google Chrome 26
Group
management 282
group 280
CLI command 428, 441
VLAN overrides dynamic VLAN
283
group limits and interactions 285
Group Rekey 486
GUI
see WMI 406
H
help 87
button, bottom of page 87
button, left frame 85
Help button 82
honeypot 278
honeypot SSID
whitelist settings 279
host name 75, 82, 159, 176
hs.css 397
HTTPS
certificate, see certificate 231
HTTPS port
web page redirect 269, 274
HyperTerminal 26, 63
I
IAP 30, 66, 75, 159, 290, 311, 316, 354
active SSIDs 275
fast roaming 288
Intrusion Detection (IDS/IPS) 348
naming 2
settings 290
IAP LED 66, 354
IAP LED settings 354
IAPs
auto block rogues 352
intrusion detection 352
IDS
see Intrusion Detection 348
IDS event log
viewing window 155
Wireless Array
Index 579
IEEE 3, 75, 159
IEEE 802.11ac
WMI page 325
IEEE 802.11n
capacity, increased 45
multiple data streams 39
spatial multiplexing 39
WMI page 322
IEEE 802.1Q 497
image
upgrade software image 388
impersonation attack detection
settings 354
implementing Voice over Wi-Fi 28,
204, 256
installation 25, 61, 66, 481
installing the MCAP-3616 63
mounting the unit 66
requirements 25
workflow 61
installation workflow 61
interfaces 159
Web 81
internal login page
web page redirect 269
web page redirect, customize 272
internal splash page
web page redirect 270
web page redirect, customize 272
Internet Explorer 26
interval
automatic WMI refresh 406
intrusion detection 116, 352
and auto block settings 352
configuration 333
setting as approved or known 116
intrusion detection (IDS)
viewing event log 155
Intrusion Detection (IDS/IPS) 348
IP Address 30, 75, 82, 88, 116, 159, 166,
176, 186, 191, 385, 484
IP Subnet Mask 75
IPS
see Intrusion Detection 348
IPv6
filtering 309
K
key
upgrade 389
key features 14
Keyboard Shortcuts 489
keyboard shortcuts 489
known
setting rogues 116
L
lastboot.conf 391
Layer 3
fast roaming 288
LDAP 246
lease 484
Lease Time 484
leases, DHCP
viewing 107
LEDs 66
sequence 66
settings 354
license Key
upgrading 389
limits
group 285
interactions 285
station 285
traffic 285
list, access control
see access control list 234, 276
list, MAC access
see access control list 234
Wireless Array
580 Index
list, SSID access
see access control list 276
local management vs. XMS 81
location
CLI command
location-reporting 444, 455
location information 75, 82, 159
location service
data formats 504
log
diagnostics, create file 394
log messages
counters 86
log, IDS(intrusion detection)
viewing window 155
log, system (event)
viewing window 146, 153
logging in 69, 71, 88
Login 88
login
via Console port 223
login page
web page redirect 269, 396
web page redirect, customize 272
logout 407
long retry limit 295
loopback
see radio assurance 478
loopback testing
radio assurance mode 333
M
MAC 50, 69, 71, 492, 494
MAC Access Control Lists 50
MAC Access List 234
MAC address 234, 492, 494
Management 488, 494
management 91, 157, 385
Array clusters 374
local vs. XMS 81
of Arrays 385
Web Management Interface (WMI)
81
management (XMS) 17
maximum lease 484
Maximum Lease Time 484
MDM
see Mobile Device Management
380
Megabit 75
Message Integrity Check 494
messages
syslog counters 86
MIC 17, 494
Mobile Device Management
AirWatch 380
mobile device management
Airwatch (CLI command) 446
Mobile Device Management (MDM)
380
Mobilize 17
mode
cluster operating mode 377
monitoring
intrusion detection 116
see intrusion detection 352
mounting 66
mounting plate 66
mounting the unit 66
MTU 166
size 166
multiple data streams 39
N
NAT
table - see connection tracking 107
neighbors, CDP 108
Netflow 182
netflow
CLI command 448
Wireless Array
Index 581
network
interfaces 165
settings 166
network assurance 109, 230
network connections 63, 88, 494
network installation 25, 481
network interface ports 69, 71
network interfaces 166, 483
network status
ARP table window 106
connection
tracking window 107
routing table window 106
viewing leases 107
Network Time Protocol 75, 159, 180
network tools
ping, traceroute, RADIUS ping 397
nomenclature 2
non-overlapping channels 16
NTP 75, 159, 180, 484
NTP Server 180
O
Oauth
CLI command
auth 424
Open (encryption method) 215
optimization, VLAN 309
options
WMI 406
overview 4
P
PAP (Password Authentication Proto-
col)
Admin RADIUS settings 224
RADIUS ping 398
web page redirect 271
passphrase 50, 75, 159
Password 488, 494
password 88
PEAP 17, 361
performance 14
Performance Manager
see RPM 18
Ping 385
ping 397
planning 47, 49, 50, 56
failover 47
network management 56
port failover 47
power 49
security 50
switch failover 47
WDS 57
PoGE 25
see Power over Gigabit Ethernet 12
PoGE Power Injectors 1
port failover 47
port requirements 52
power outlet 25
Power over Gigabit Ethernet 2, 25, 49,
63
Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) 12
power planning 49
pre-shared key 50, 60, 494
Print button 82
probe
see Netflow 182
product installation 25, 481
product overview 4
product specifications 24
PSK 60, 486
PuTTY 25, 56, 75, 159, 494
PuTTy 26
Q
QoS 17, 262, 486, 492, 568
conflicting values 259
levels defined 263, 283
Wireless Array
582 Index
priority 262
SSID 256, 263
about setting QoS 493
default QoS 486
user group 283
quality
of user experience 340
Quality of Service 17
see QoS 263, 283
quick reference guide 483
quick start
express setup 159
R
radio
assurance (self-test) 334, 335
radio assurance (loopback testing) 333
radio assurance (loopback) mode 334,
335
radio distribution 14
radios
naming 2
RADIUS 4, 25, 50, 60, 213, 234, 276,
484, 494
admin authentication 223
setting admin privileges 223
setting user VSAs 241
Vendor Specific Attributes (VSAs)
503
RADIUS ping
CHAP Challenge Handshake Au-
thentication Protocol) 398
PAP (Password Authentication
Protocol) 398
RADIUS Ping command 397
RADIUS Server 484
RADIUS server 27
RADIUS settings
web page redirect 271
RAM (RF Analysis Manager) 20
reauthentication 295
reboot 388
redirect (WPR) 396
refresh interval
WMI 406
remote boot image
automatic update from remote
TFTP server 390
remote configuration
automatic update from remote
server 390
remote TFTP server
automatic update of boot image,
configuration 390
Reset 385, 484
reset configuration
to factory defaults 393
restore command 454
restrictions
date/time 285
stations 285
traffic 285
RF
intrusion detection 333
spectrum management 333
RF Analysis Manager
see RAM 20
RF configuration 333
RF management
see channel 333
RF Performance Manager
see RPM 18
RF resilience 333
RF Security Manager
see RSM 19
roaming 17, 103, 309
see fast roaming 288
Rogue AP 4, 56, 116, 250, 251, 494
rogue AP
blocking 351
Wireless Array
Index 583
settings for blocking 349
Rogue AP List 116
rogue APs
auto block settings 352
blocking 333
Rogue Control List 250, 251
rogue detection 15
rogues
setting as known or approved 116
root command prompt 413
route
trace route utility 397
routing table window 106
RPM (RF Performance Manager) 18
RSM (RF Security Manager) 19
RSSI 116
RTS 311, 316
RTS threshold 311, 316
S
Safari 26
sample Perl and CSS files for 396
save
with reboot 388
Save button 82
saved.conf 391
scalability 3
schedule
auto channel configuration 333
Secondary Port 484
Secondary Server 484
secret 484
Secure Shell 26
secure Shell 25
security 4, 17, 213, 492, 494
certificate, see certificate 231
Security Manager
see RSM 19
see group 280
self-monitoring 352
radio assurance 478
radio assurance options 334, 335
self-test
radio assurance mode 334, 335
serial port 26, 69, 71, 494
server, VTun
see VTun 208
servers
connectivity, see network assur-
ance 109, 230
Service Set Identifier 75
Services 179, 492
servicing the unit 481
settings 159
setup, express 159
sharp cell 333
setting in WMI 337
short retry limit 295
signal processing
MIMO 39
signature file
update (application control) 395
SNMP 4, 13, 75, 159, 166, 179, 191, 485
required for XMS 191, 192
software
upgrade license key 389
software image
upgrading via CLI 506
Software Upgrade 385
software upgrade 388
spatial multiplexing 39
specifications 24
spectrum (RF) management 333
speed 3, 69, 71, 166
11 Mbps 3
54 Mbps 3
splash page
web page redirect 270, 396
web page redirect, customize 272
Wireless Array
584 Index
SSH 25, 26, 56, 75, 159, 166, 214, 488,
494
SSH-2 214
SSID 4, 75, 82, 116, 159, 251, 262, 486,
492, 497
about usage 493
active IAPs 275
honeypot 278
honeypot, whitelist 279
QoS 256, 263
about using 493
QoS, about usage 493
rogue control list 250
web page redirect settings 266
web page redirect settings, about
269, 274
web page redirect settings, wh-
itelist 273
whitelist, honeypot 278
SSID Access List 276
SSID address 276
SSID Management 262, 486, 492
standby mode 334
stateful filtering
disabling 366
static IP 75, 159, 166
station
assurance 340
station assurance 340
station timeout period 295
Stations 492
stations
limits and interactions 285
rogues 116
statistics 144
statistics per station 145
statistics 159
filters 143
netflow 182
per-station 145
stations 144
WDS 140
status bar 82
submitting comments 87
subnet 25, 47, 75, 166
switch failover 47
synchronize 75, 159, 180
Syslog 75, 82, 159, 179, 186, 484
time-stamping 75
syslog messages
counters 86
Syslog reporting 186
Syslog Server 186
system commands
ping, trace route, RADIUS ping
397
System Configuration Reset 385
System Log 186
system log
viewing window 146, 153
System Reboot 385
System Tools 385
system tools 386
T
tag, WiFi 183
TCP
port requirements 52
technical support
frequently asked questions 492
Telnet 214, 488, 494
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol 494
TFTP server
automatic update of boot image,
configuration 390
Time Out 484
time zone 75, 159, 180
timeout 295, 385
Tips 491
TKIP 17, 50, 60, 75, 159, 486, 494
Wireless Array
Index 585
TKIP encryption
and XR Arrays 237
token
CLI command
auth 424
tool
ping, trace route, RADIUS ping
397
Tools 385, 494
tools, network 397
tools, system 386
trace route utility 397
traffic
filtering 365
limits and interactions 285
transmit power 30
Trap Host 485
trap port 191, 485
tunnel
CLI command 462
tunneled
fast roaming 309
Tunnels 209
tunnels
see VTun 204, 208
U
UDP
port requirements 52
unknown
setting rogues 116
update
signature file (application control)
395
upgrade
license key 389
software image 388
upgrading software image
via CLI 506
user accounts 246
setting RADIUS VSAs 241
user group 280
QoS 283
user group limits and interactions 285
user interface 81
utilities
ping, trace route, RADIUS ping
397
utility buttons 87
V
Vendor Specific Attributes (VSAs)
RADIUS 503
RADIUS, for Xirrus 503
virtual tunnels
see VTun 208
VLAN 4, 60, 262, 486, 492, 497
broadcast optimization 309
dynamic
overridden by group 283
group (vs. dynamic VLAN) 283
vlan
CLI command 463
VLAN ID 262
VLANs 204
and fast roaming 289
voice
fast roaming 288
implementing on Array 28, 204,
256
Voice-over IP 316
VoIP 316
VoWLAN 17
VPN 75, 159, 494
VTS
Virtual Tunnel Server 204, 208
VTun
specifying tunnel server 204, 208
understanding 204
Wireless Array
586 Index
W
wall thickness considerations 28
warning messages 86
WDS 358, 361
about 57
long distance 294, 360
planning 57
statistics 140
timeouts 294, 360
WDS Client Links 361
Web interface
structure and navigation 85
web interface 81
Web Management Interface 56, 66, 69,
71, 88, 492
Web Management Interface (WMI) 81
web page redirect 396
also called WPR 396
CHAP (Challenge-Handshake Au-
thentication Protocol) 271
customize internal login/splash
page 272
HTTPS port 269, 274
install files for 396
internal login page 269
internal splash page 270
PAP, CHAP 271
RADIUS settings 271
remove files for 397
sample WPR files 397
SSID settings 266
SSID settings, about 269, 274
whitelist settings, about 273
WEP 17, 50, 75, 159, 213, 262, 486, 494
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
encryption method 215
WEP encryption
and XR Arrays 238
whitelist
honeypot 278, 279
web page redirect 273
Wi-Fi Protected Access 4, 50, 75, 159,
494
WiFi tag 183
wifi-tag
CLI command 464
Wired Equivalent Privacy 75, 494
Wireless Distribution System 358
wireless LAN 3
wireless security 159
WLAN 159
WMI 4, 56, 60, 69, 71, 81, 290
appearance options 406
certificate error 217, 231
executing CLI commands 399
options 406
refresh interval 406
vs. XMS 81
workflow 61
WPA 4, 60, 75, 159, 213, 262, 486, 494
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) and
WPA2
encryption method 215
WPA2 4
WPR
see web page redirect 396
wpr.pl 396, 397
X
X.509
certificate 217, 231
Xirrus
certificate authority 231
Xirrus Advanced RF Analysis Manag-
er
see RAM 20
Xirrus Advanced RF Performance
Manager
see RPM 18
Xirrus Advanced RF Security Manager
Wireless Array
Index 587
see RSM 19
Xirrus Management System 4, 13, 17,
25, 27, 56, 494
SNMP required 191, 192
Xirrus Management System (XMS) 1
Xirrus PoGE Power Injectors 1
Xirrus Roaming Protocol 17, 103, 309
XMS 4, 13, 17, 27
port requirements 52
setting IP address of 191
SNMP required 191, 192
vs. local management 81
XMS-9000-CL-x 2
XP PoGE Power Injectors 1
XP1, XP8
see Power over Gigabit Ethernet 12
XPS 25
XR Array
management 157, 385
XR Arrays 1
overview 4
XR-2000 Series 8, 9
XR-2005 Series 8, 9
XRP 17, 103, 309
xs_current.conf 391
xs_diagnostic.log 394
Wireless Array
588 Index
High Performance Wireless Networks
1.800.947.7871 Toll Free in the US
+1.805.262.1600 Sales
+1.805.262.1601 Fax
2101 Corporate Center Drive
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
To learn more visit:
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email info@xirrus.com
© 201 Xirrus, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Xirrus logo is a registered trademark of Xirrus, Inc.
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