Cisco Linksys WRT51AB Dual Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router User Manual WRT51AB user guide 12

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Instant Wireless® Series
Advanced Wireless
The Advanced Wireless screen allows you to customize data transmission settings and access the 802.1x Configuration screen. In most cases, the advanced
wireless settings on this screen should remain at their default values.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
DTIM Interval This value, between 1 and 16384, indicates the interval of the
Delivery Traffic Indication Message (DTIM). A DTIM field is a countdown
field informing clients of the next window for listening to broadcast and multicast messages. When the Router has buffered broadcast or multicast messages
for associated clients, it sends the next DTIM with a DTIM Interval value. Its
clients hear the beacons and awaken to receive the broadcast and multicast messages. The default value is 1.
RTS Threshold Should you encounter inconsistent data flow, only minor
reduction of the default value, 2346, is recommended. If a network packet is
smaller than the preset RTS threshold size, the RTS/CTS mechanism will not
be enabled. The Router sends Request to Send (RTS) frames to a particular
receiving station and negotiates the sending of a data frame. After receiving an
RTS, the wireless station responds with a Clear to Send (CTS) frame to
acknowledge the right to begin transmission. The RTS Threshold value should
remain at its default value of 2346.
Fragmentation Threshold This value specifies the maximum size for a packet before data is fragmented into multiple packets. If you experience a high
packet error rate, you may slightly increase the Fragmentation Threshold.
Setting the Fragmentation Threshold too low may result in poor network performance. Only minor reduction of the default value is recommended. In most
cases, it should remain at its default value of 2346.
Transmission Rate The rate of data transmission should be set depending on
the speed of your wireless network. You can select from a range of transmission
speeds (6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, or 54Mbps), or you can select Best to have the
Router automatically use the fastest possible data rate and enable the AutoFallback feature. Auto-Fallback will negotiate the best possible connection
speed between the Router and a wireless client. The default value is Best.
Figure 6-19
5GHz, 802.11a
Beacon Interval The Beacon Interval value indicates the frequency interval of
the beacon. Enter a value between 20 and 1000. A beacon is a packet broadcast
by the Router to synchronize the wireless network. The default value is 100.
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Transmit Power The greater the transmit power used, the larger the area a
wireless network covers. To minimize the likelihood of eavesdropping by unauthorized wireless users, do not use more transmit power than necessary to cover
the range needed for your wireless network. Try using the Router at different
levels of transmit power, and determine how much transmit power is needed to
reach the wireless client, such as a PC, or access point that is farthest from the
Router. Then select the appropriate level of transmit power (Full, Half,
Quarter, Eighth, or Min) from the drop-down menu. The default value is Full.
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2.4GHz, 802.11b
Beacon Interval The Beacon Interval value indicates the frequency interval of
the beacon. Enter a value between 20 and 1000. A beacon is a packet broadcast
by the Router to synchronize the wireless network. The default value is 100.
RTS Threshold Should you encounter inconsistent data flow, only minor
reduction of the default value, 2346, is recommended. If a network packet is
smaller than the preset RTS threshold size, the RTS/CTS mechanism will not
be enabled. The Router sends Request to Send (RTS) frames to a particular
receiving station and negotiates the sending of a data frame. After receiving an
RTS, the wireless station responds with a Clear to Send (CTS) frame to
acknowledge the right to begin transmission. The RTS Threshold value should
remain at its default value of 2346.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
Note: If your wireless network does not have a RADIUS server, the
802.1x feature is not applicable to your network. (802.1x is an
advanced data security measure and not essential for router operation.)
802.1x Configuration
The 802.1x Configuration screen allows you to alter the 802.1x settings for
your wireless network(s). Based on the Extensible Authentication Protocol
(EAP), the 802.1x standard specifies an authentication framework for a
wireless client to access a network, so network security is enhanced.
To access a network with 802.1x enabled, wireless clients, such as PCs,
must use 802.1x client software or Windows XP, which supports 802.1x.
Note: For more details about 802.1x, refer to “Appendix C:
Configuring Wireless Security.”
Fragmentation Threshold This value specifies the maximum size for a packet before data is fragmented into multiple packets. If you experience a high
packet error rate, you may slightly increase the Fragmentation Threshold.
Setting the Fragmentation Threshold too low may result in poor network performance. Only minor reduction of this value is recommended. In most cases,
it should remain at its default value of 2346.
Preamble Type The preamble defines the length of the CRC block for communication between the Router and a roaming wireless network adapter. Select
the appropriate preamble type for your wireless network. (High network traffic
areas should use the shorter preamble type.) The default is Long Preamble.
Transmission Rate The rate of data transmission should be set depending on
the speed of your wireless network. You can select from a range of transmission
speeds (1, 2, 5.5, or 11Mbps), or you can select Best to have the Router automatically use the fastest possible data rate and enable the Auto-Fallback feature. Auto-Fallback will negotiate the best possible connection speed between
the Router and a wireless client. The default setting is Best.
To apply any of the settings you change on this page, click the Apply button. To
cancel any changes you’ve entered on this page, click the Cancel button. To get
more information about the features, click the Help button.
802.1x Configuration
802.1x Configuration Click the 802.1x Configuration button to customize
the Router’s 802.1x feature (see Figure 6-20).
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Figure 6-20
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Instant Wireless® Series
Important: The Router’s 802.1x feature works with Windows XP.
It may also work with other Windows operating systems, depending on the specifics of your PC’s operating system and the 802.1x
client software being used.
RADIUS Server
The Router’s 802.1x feature works with a RADIUS server. It may also work
with other types of authentication servers, depending on the specifics of
each authentication server.
RADIUS Server IP Address Enter the IP Address of the RADIUS server in
the field provided.
RADIUS Server Port Enter the Port Number of the RADIUS server in the
field provided. The default is 1812.
Shared Secret Enter the Shared Secret Key used by the Router and
RADIUS server during the authentication process.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
Dynamic WEP Key Length When 5GHz, 802.11a wireless clients are using
certificate-based authentication (EAP-TLS or EAP-TTLS), dynamic WEP
keys are automatically generated. Select the length of the Dynamic Key (64
or 128-bit) from the drop-down menu.
Key Renewal Timeout If you are using dynamic WEP keys (available only
for EAP-TLS or EAP-TTLS authentication), enter the number of seconds
that will elapse before the Dynamic Key automatically changes. The default
is 300 seconds.
Port Inactivity Timeout After the wireless client has been authenticated, the
Router monitors activity on the port being used. In the Port Inactivity
Timeout field, enter the number of seconds the port can be inactive before
the client automatically forced to reauthenticate. The default is 600 seconds.
Port Connectivity Timeout After the Router requests the identity of a wireless client, the client must respond with an identity message within a certain length of time. In the Port Connectivity Timeout field, enter the number
of seconds the client has to respond within before the connection is terminated. The default is 300 seconds.
5GHz, 802.11a
2.4GHz, 802.11b
Disable/EAP-MD5/EAP-TLS/TTLS Select EAP-MD5 to enable use of
802.1x with MD5 authentication for the 5GHz, 802.11a network connection
between a wireless client and a RADIUS server (the Router acts as an
authenticator). Select EAP-TLS/TTLS to enable use of 802.1x with TLS or
TTLS authentication for the 5GHz, 802.11a network connection between a
wireless client and a RADIUS server (the Router acts as an authenticator).
To disable 802.1x authentication for your 5GHz, 802.11a network, keep the
default setting, Disable.
Note: Many authentication methods work within the 802.1x framework. The Router supports MD5 and certificate-based (TLS or TTLS)
authentication methods. Using MD5 authentication is less secure than
using certificate-based authentication (TLS or TTLS), because keys
are not changed automatically.
WEP Settings If you are using 802.1x with MD5 authentication, then you
must click the WEP Settings button and set up a static key for WEP
encryption. This static key must be set on the Router’s 5GHz, 802.11a WEP
Settings screen and on all 5GHz, 802.11a wireless clients.
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Disable/EAP-MD5/EAP-TLS/TTLS Select EAP-MD5 to enable use of
802.1x with MD5 authentication for the 2.4GHz, 802.11b network connection between a wireless client and a RADIUS server (the Router acts as an
authenticator). Select EAP-TLS/TTLS to enable use of 802.1x with TLS or
TTLS authentication for the 2.4GHz, 802.11b network connection between
a wireless client and a RADIUS server (the Router acts as an authenticator).
To disable 802.1x authentication for your 2.4GHz, 802.11b network, keep
the default setting, Disable
Note: Using MD5 authentication is less secure than using certificatebased authentication (TLS or TTLS), because keys are not changed
automatically.
WEP Settings If you are using 802.1x with MD5 authentication, then you
must click the WEP Settings button and set up a static key for WEP
encryption. This static key must be set on the Router’s 2.4GHz, 802.11b
WEP Settings screen and on all 2.4GHz, 802.11b wireless clients.
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Instant Wireless® Series
Dynamic WEP Key Length When 2.4GHz, 802.11b wireless clients are
using certificate-based authentication (EAP-TLS or EAP-TTLS), dynamic
WEP keys are automatically generated. Select the length of the Dynamic
Key (64 or 128-bit) from the drop-down menu.
Key Renewal Timeout If you are using dynamic WEP keys (available only
for EAP-TLS or EAP-TTLS authentication), enter the number of seconds
that will elapse before the Dynamic Key automatically changes. The default
is 300 seconds.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
Filters
The Filters screen allows you to block specific internal users from accessing
the Internet. You can set up filters by using MAC addresses, IP addresses, or
network port numbers (or a range of ports).
Port Inactivity Timeout After the wireless client has been authenticated, the
Router monitors activity on the port being used. In the Port Inactivity
Timeout field, enter the number of seconds the port can be inactive before
the client automatically forced to reauthenticate. The default is 600 seconds.
Port Connectivity Timeout After the Router requests the identity of a wireless client, the client must respond with an identity message within a certain length of time. In the Port Connectivity Timeout field, enter the number
of seconds the client has to respond within before the connection is terminated. The default is 300 seconds.
To apply any of the settings you change on this page, click the Apply button. To
cancel any changes you’ve entered on this page, click the Cancel button. To get
more information about the features, click the Help button.
Figure 6-21
Filtered Private Port Range To filter users by network port number, select
Both, TCP, or UDP, depending on which protocols you want to filter. Then
enter the port numbers you want to filter into the port number fields. Users
connected to the Router will no longer be able to access any port number listed there. To disable a filter, select Disable.
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Instant Wireless® Series
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
Private IP Filter To set up a filter
using IP addresses, select Enable.
Then select Only Allow Internet
Access for the IP Addresses on the
List or Only Deny Internet Access for
the IP Addresses on the List.
If you want to enter more than ten MAC addresses, select MAC Addresses 110, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, or 41-50 from the drop-down menu to enter additional MAC addresses, up to a maximum of 50. Then click the Apply button to save
the MAC addresses.
Click the Edit IP Filter List button.
Enter the appropriate IP addresses into
the IP address fields (see Figure 6-22).
Each IP address should be entered in
this format: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx (the x’s
represent the actual digits of the IP
address).
Block WAN Request By enabling the Block WAN Request feature, you can
prevent your network from being “pinged,” or detected, by other Internet users.
The Block WAN Request feature also reinforces your network security by hiding network ports. Both functions of the Block WAN Request feature make it
more difficult for outside users to work their way into your network. The
default is Enable.
If you want to enter more than ten IP
addresses, select IP Addresses 1-10,
11-20, 21-30, 31-40, or 41-50 from the
drop-down menu to enter additional IP
addresses, up to a maximum of 50.
Then click the Apply button to save the
IP addresses.
To disable Private MAC Filtering, select Disable.
Figure 6-22
IPSec Pass-Through The Router supports IPSec Pass-Through. Internet
Protocol Security (IPSec) is a suite of protocols used to implement secure
exchange of packets at the IP layer, and it is one of the methods used to enable
Virtual Private Networking (VPN) tunnels. IPSec is more secure than PPTP.
The default is Enable.
PPTP Pass-Through The Router supports PPTP Pass-Through. Point-to-Point
Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is one of the methods used to enable VPN tunnels.
PPTP is less secure than IPSec. The default is Enable.
To disable Private IP Filtering, select Disable.
Remote Management This feature allows you to manage the Router from a
remote location, via the Internet. To enable this feature, select Enable, and use
the specified port (default is 8080) on your PC to remotely manage the Router.
The default is Disable.
Private MAC Filter To set up a filter
using MAC addresses, select Enable.
Then select Only Allow Internet
Access for the MAC Addresses on
the List or Only Deny Internet Access
for the IP Addresses on the List.
Click the Edit MAC Filter List button. Enter the appropriate MAC
addresses into the MAC address fields
(see Figure 6-23). Each MAC address
should be entered in this format:
xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx (the x’s represent
the actual characters of the MAC
address).
MTU MTU is the Maximum Transmission Unit. It specifies the largest packet size permitted for network transmission. To use this feature, select Enable,
and enter the value desired. You should leave this value in the 572 to 1492
range. The default is Disable.
To apply any of the settings you change on this page, click the Apply button. To
cancel any changes you’ve entered on this page, click the Cancel button. To get
more information about the features, click the Help button.
Figure 6-23
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Instant Wireless® Series
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
TCP Protocol Click this checkbox if you want to forward the data transmissions that use the TCP protocol.
Port Forwarding
The Port Forwarding screen sets up public services on your network, such as
web servers, ftp servers, e-mail servers, or other specialized Internet applications. (Specialized Internet applications are any applications that use Internet
access to perform functions such as videoconferencing or online gaming. Some
Internet applications may not require any forwarding.)
UDP Protocol Click this checkbox if you want to forward the data transmissions that use the UDP protocol.
IP Address For each application, enter the IP Address of the PC running the
specific application.
Enable Click the Enable checkbox to enable port forwarding for the relevant
application.
The following table shows the typical port forwarding settings for common
Internet applications.
Figure 6-24
Note: Any PC whose port is being forwarded should have its DHCP
client function disabled and a new static IP address assigned to it
because its IP address may change when using the DHCP function.
Customized Applications In the field provided, enter the name you wish to
give each application.
Applications
External Port
TCP Protocol
FTP
21
Telnet
23
SMTP
25
Ö
Ö
Ö
DNS
53
TFTP
69
Finger
79
HTTP
80
POP3
110
NNTP
119
SNMP
161
UDP Protocol
Ö
Ö
Ö
Ö
Ö
Ö
Ö
To apply any of the settings you change on this page, click the Apply button. To
cancel any changes you’ve entered on this page, click the Cancel button. To get
more information about the features, click the Help button.
External Port For each application, enter the number of the External Ports
(the port numbers seen by users on the Internet) in the appropriate fields. (To
find out the port range, check your application’s documentation.) If there is
only one External Port, enter its number in both External Port fields.
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Instant Wireless® Series
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
2. If you selected the Gateway mode, click the Apply button. If you selected
the Router mode, proceed to step 3.
Routing
On the Routing screen, you can set the routing mode of the Router. Gateway
mode is recommended for most users.
3. For Dynamic Routing, the default is Enable. The Dynamic Routing feature
enables the Router to automatically adjust to physical changes in the network’s layout and exchange routing tables with the other router(s). The
Router determines the network packets’ route based on the fewest number
of hops between the source and the destination. Select Disable to disable
the Dynamic Routing feature for data transmissions.
4. To set up a static route between the Router and another network, select a
number from the Static Routing drop-down list. (A static route is a predetermined pathway that network information must travel to reach a specific host or network.)
5. Enter the following data:
Figure 6-25
Note: The Routing screen and available features will vary depending
on which mode you select.
•
Destination LAN IP - The Destination LAN IP is the address of the
remote network or host to which you want to assign a static route.
•
Subnet Mask - The Subnet Mask determines which portion of a
Destination LAN IP address is the network portion, and which portion
is the host portion.
•
Default Gateway - This is the IP address of the gateway device that
allows for contact between the Router and the remote network or host.
6. To cancel your changes, click the Cancel button. To save your changes,
click the Apply button. To get more information about the features, click
the Help button.
To set up routing:
To delete a static route entry:
1. Choose the correct working mode. Select Gateway if the Router is hosting
your network’s connection to the Internet (recommended for most users).
Select Router if the Router exists on a network with other routers.
1. From the Static Routing drop-down list, select the entry number of the static route.
2. Click the Delete This Entry button.
Note: If you have more than one router on your network, you should
select Router for the working mode.
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3. To cancel a deletion, click the Cancel button. To save a deletion, click the
Apply button. To get more information about the features, click the Help
button.
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Instant Wireless® Series
Show Routing Table Click the Show Routing Table button to view all of the
valid dynamic and static route entries in use (see Figure 6-26). The Destination
LAN IP address, Subnet Mask, Gateway, and Interface information are displayed for each entry. Click the Refresh button to display the most up-to-date
data.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
DMZ Host
The DMZ Host screen lets you enable the DMZ hosting feature, which allows
one local user to be exposed to the Internet for use of a special-purpose service such as Internet gaming or videoconferencing. Whereas port forwarding
can only forward a maximum of ten port ranges, DMZ hosting forwards all the
ports to one PC simultaneously. It is recommended to use Port Forwarding
whenever possible because it is more secure.
Figure 6-26
Figure 6-27
Note: Any PC whose ports are being forwarded should have its DHCP
client function disabled and a new static IP address assigned to it
because its IP address may change when using the DHCP client function.
To expose one PC to the Internet:
1. Click the Enable radio button.
2. Enter the computer’s IP address in the DMZ Host IP Address field.
3. To cancel your changes, click the Cancel button. To save your new settings,
click the Apply button. To get more information about the features, click
the Help button.
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Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
MAC Address Clone
If you do not know your adapter’s MAC address, follow these instructions:
On the MAC Address Clone screen, you can clone the MAC address of your
PC’s network adapter onto the Router.
1. Click the Start button, and select Run.
2. Enter command in the field provided, and press the OK button.
3. At the command prompt, enter ipconfig /all. Then press the Enter key.
4. Write down your adapter’s physical address; it is the adapter’s MAC
address.
Figure 6-28
A MAC address is a 12-digit code assigned to a unique piece of hardware for
identification, like a social security number. Some ISPs require that you register the MAC address of your PC’s network adapter, which was connected to
your cable or DSL modem during installation. To avoid calling your ISP and
changing the MAC address that is registered with the ISP, follow these instructions:
1. Click the Enable radio button.
2. Enter your adapter’s MAC address in the User Defined Internet MAC
Address field.
3. To cancel your changes, click the Cancel button. To save your new settings,
click the Apply button. To get more information about the features, click
the Help button.
To disable MAC address cloning, click the Disable radio button.
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Appendix A: Troubleshooting
Common Problems and Solutions
This appendix consists of two parts: “Common Problems and Solutions” and
“Frequently Asked Questions.” Provided are possible solutions to problems that
may occur during the installation and operation of the Router. Read the descriptions below to help solve your problems. If you can’t find an answer here, check
the Linksys website at www.linksys.com.
1. I need to set a static IP address on a PC.
The Router, by default, assigns an IP address range of 192.168.1.100 to
192.168.1.150 using the DHCP server on the Router. To set a static IP address,
you can only use the ranges 192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.99 and 192.168.1.151 to
192.168.1.254. Each PC or network device that uses TCP/IP must have a
unique address to identify itself in a network. If the IP address is not unique to
a network, Windows will generate an IP conflict error message. You can assign
a static IP address to a PC by performing the following steps:
For Windows 98 and Me:
A. Click Start, Settings, and Control Panel. Double-click Network.
B. In The following network components are installed box, select the TCP/IP->
associated with your Ethernet adapter. If you only have one Ethernet adapter
installed, you will only see one TCP/IP line with no association to an Ethernet
adapter. Highlight it and click the Properties button.
C. In the TCP/IP properties window, select the IP address tab, and select
Specify an IP address. Enter a unique IP address that is not used by any
other computer on the network connected to the Router. You can only use
an IP address in the ranges 192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.99 and 192.168.1.151
to 192.168.1.254. Make sure that each IP address is unique for each PC or
network device.
D. Click the Gateway tab, and in the New Gateway prompt, enter 192.168.1.1,
which is the default IP address of the Router. Click the Add button to accept
the entry.
E. Click the DNS tab, and make sure the DNS Enabled option is selected.
Enter the Host and Domain names (e.g., John for Host and home for
Domain). Enter the DNS entry provided by your ISP. If your ISP has not
provided the DNS IP address, contact your ISP to get that information or go
to its website for the information.
F. Click the OK button in the TCP/IP properties window, and click Close or
the OK button for the Network window.
G. Restart the computer when asked.
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Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
For Windows 2000:
A. Click Start, Settings, and Control Panel. Double-click Network and
Dial-Up Connections.
B. Right-click the Local Area Connection that is associated with the Ethernet
adapter you are using, and select the Properties option.
C. In the Components checked are used by this connection box, highlight
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and click the Properties button. Select Use
the following IP address option.
D. Enter a unique IP address that is not used by any other computer on the
network connected to the Router. You can only use an IP address in the
ranges 192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.99 and 192.168.1.151 to 192.168.1.254.
E. Enter the Subnet Mask, 255.255.255.0.
F. Enter the Default Gateway, 192.168.1.1 (Router’s default IP address).
G. Toward the bottom of the window, select Use the following DNS server
addresses, and enter the Preferred DNS server and Alternative DNS
server (provided by your ISP). Contact your ISP or go on its website to find
the information.
H. Click the OK button in the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window,
and click the OK button in the Local Area Connection Properties window.
I. Restart the computer if asked.
For Windows NT 4.0:
A. Click Start, Settings, and Control Panel. Double-click the Network icon.
B. Click the Protocol tab, and double-click TCP/IP Protocol.
C. When the window appears, make sure you have selected the correct
Adapter for your Ethernet adapter.
D. Select Specify an IP address, and enter a unique IP address that is not
used by any other computer on the network connected to the Router. You
can only use an IP address in the ranges 192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.99 and
192.168.1.151 to 192.168.1.254.
E. Enter the Subnet Mask, 255.255.255.0.
F. Enter the Default Gateway, 192.168.1.1 (Router’s default IP address).
G. Click the DNS tab, and enter the Host and Domain names (e.g., John for
Host and home for Domain). Under DNS Service Search Order, click the
Add button. Enter the DNS IP address in the DNS Server field, and click
the Add button. Repeat this action for all DNS IP addresses given by your
ISP.
H. Click the OK button in the TCP/IP Protocol Properties window, and click
the Close button in the Network window.
I. Restart the computer if asked.
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For Windows XP:
The following instructions assume you are running Windows XP with the
default interface. If you are using the Classic interface (where the icons and
menus look like previous Windows versions), please follow the instructions for
Windows 2000.
A. Click Start and Control Panel.
B. Click the Network and Internet Connections icon and then the Network
Connections icon.
C. Right-click the Local Area Connection that is associated with the Ethernet
adapter you are using, and select the Properties option.
D. In the This connection uses the following items box, highlight Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP). Click the Properties button.
E. Enter a unique IP address that is not used by any other computer on the network connected to the Router. You can only use an IP address in the ranges
192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.99 and 192.168.1.151 to 192.168.1.254.
F. Enter the Subnet Mask, 255.255.255.0.
G. Enter the Default Gateway, 192.168.1.1 (Router’s default IP address).
H. Toward the bottom of the window, select Use the following DNS server
addresses, and enter the Preferred DNS server and Alternative DNS
server (provided by your ISP). Contact your ISP or go on its website to find
the information.
I. Click the OK button in the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
Click the OK button in the Local Area Connection Properties window.
2. I want to test my Internet connection.
A. Check your TCP/IP settings.
For Windows 98, Me, 2000, and XP:
Refer to “Chapter 4: Configure the PCs” for details. Make sure Obtain IP
address automatically is selected in the settings.
For Windows NT 4.0:
• Click Start, Settings, and Control Panel. Double-click the Network
icon.
• Click the Protocol tab, and double-click on TCP/IP Protocol.
• When the window appears, make sure you have selected the correct
Adapter for your Ethernet adapter and set it for Obtain an IP address
from a DHCP server.
• Click the OK button in the TCP/IP Protocol Properties window, and
click the Close button in the Network window.
• Restart the computer if asked.
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Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
B. Open a command prompt.
• For Windows 98 and Me, please click Start and Run. In the Open field,
type in command. Press the Enter key or click the OK button.
• For Windows NT, 2000, and XP, please click Start and Run. In the
Open field, type cmd. Press the Enter key or click the OK button.
C. In the command prompt, type ping 192.168.1.1 and press the Enter key.
• If you get a reply, the computer is communicating with the Router.
• If you do NOT get a reply, please check the cable, and make sure Obtain
an IP address automatically is selected in the TCP/IP settings for your
Ethernet adapter.
D. In the command prompt, type ping followed by your Internet or WAN IP
address and press the Enter key. The Internet or WAN IP Address can be
found on the Status screen of the Router’s web-based utility. For example,
if your Internet or WAN IP address is 1.2.3.4, you would enter ping 1.2.3.4
and press the Enter key.
• If you get a reply, the computer is connected to the Router.
• If you do NOT get a reply, try the ping command from a different computer to verify that your original computer is not the cause of the problem.
E. In the command prompt, type ping www.yahoo.com and press the Enter
key.
• If you get a reply, the computer is connected to the Internet. If you cannot open a webpage, try the ping command from a different computer to
verify that your original computer is not the cause of the problem.
• If you do NOT get a reply, there may be a problem with the connection.
Try the ping command from a different computer to verify that your original computer is not the cause of the problem.
3. I am not getting an IP address on the Internet with my Internet connection.
A. Refer to “Problem #2, I want to test my Internet connection” to verify that
you have connectivity.
B. If you need to register the MAC address of your Ethernet adapter with your
ISP, please see “Appendix D: Finding the MAC address and IP Address for
Your Ethernet Adapter.” If you need to clone the MAC address of your
Ethernet adapter onto the Router, see the MAC Address Clone section of
“Chapter 6: The Router’s Web-based Utility” for details.
C. Make sure you are using the right Internet connection settings. Contact your
ISP to see if your Internet connection type is DHCP, Static IP Address, or
PPPoE (commonly used by DSL consumers). Please refer to the Setup section of “Chapter 6: The Router’s Web-based Utility” for details on Internet
connection settings.
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Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
D. Make sure you have the right cable. Check to see if the Internet column has
a solidly lit Link/Act LED.
E. Make sure the cable connecting from your cable or DSL modem is connected to the Router’s Internet port. Verify that the Status page of the
Router’s web-based utility shows a valid IP address from your ISP.
F. Turn off the computer, Router, and cable/DSL modem. Wait 30 seconds,
and then turn on the Router, cable/DSL modem, and computer. Check the
Status tab of the Router’s web-based utility to see if you get an IP address.
of the web interface. If you assigned a static IP address to any computer or network device on the network, you need to change its IP address accordingly to
192.168.2.Y (Y being any number from 1 to 254). Note that each IP address
must be unique within the network.
4. I am not able to access the Setup page of the Router’s web-based utility.
A. Refer to “Problem #2, I want to test my Internet connection” to verify that
your computer is properly connected to the Router.
B. Refer to “Appendix D: Finding the MAC Address and IP address for Your
Ethernet Adapter” to verify that your computer has an IP Address, Subnet
Mask, Gateway, and DNS.
C. Set a static IP address on your system; refer to “Problem #1: I need to set a
static IP address.”
D. Refer to “Problem #10: I need to remove the proxy settings or the dial-up
pop-up window (for PPPoE users).”
Check the Linksys website for more information at www.linksys.com.
5. I can’t get my Virtual Private Network (VPN) working through the Router.
Access the Router’s web interface by going to http://192.168.1.1 or the IP
address of the Router, and go to the Advanced => Filters tab. Make sure you
have IPsec pass-through and/or PPTP pass-through enabled.
A. Access the Router’s web-based utility by going to http://192.168.1.1 or the
IP address of the Router. Go to the Advanced => Port Forwarding tab.
B. Enter any name you want to use for the Customized Application.
C. Enter the External Port range of the service you are using. For example,
if you have a web server, you would enter the range 80 to 80.
D. Check the protocol you will be using, TCP and/or UDP.
E. Enter the IP address of the PC or network device that you want the port
server to go to. For example, if the web server’s Ethernet adapter IP address
is 192.168.1.100, you would enter 100 in the field provided. Check
“Appendix D: Finding the MAC Address and IP Address for Your Ethernet
Adapter” for details on getting an IP address.
F. Check the Enable option for the port services you want to use. Consider the
example below:
VPNs that use IPSec with the ESP (Encapsulation Security Payload known as
protocol 50) authentication will work fine. At least one IPSec session will work
through the Router; however, simultaneous IPSec sessions may be possible,
depending on the specifics of your VPNs.
VPNs that use IPSec and AH (Authentication Header known as protocol 51)
are incompatible with the Router. AH has limitations due to occasional incompatibility with the NAT standard.
Change the IP address for the Router to another subnet to avoid a conflict
between the VPN IP address and your local IP address. For example, if your
VPN server assigns an IP address 192.168.1.X (X is a number from 1 to 254)
and your local LAN IP address is 192.168.1.X (X is the same number used in
the VPN IP address), the Router will have difficulties routing information to
the right location. If you change the Router’s IP address to 192.168.2.1, that
should solve the problem. Change the Router’s IP address through the Setup tab
Your VPN may require port 500/UDP packets to be passed to the computer that
is connecting to the IPSec server. Refer to “Problem #7, I need to set up online
game hosting or use other Internet applications” for details.
6. I need to set up a server behind my Router.
To use a server like a web, ftp, or mail server, you need to know the respective
port numbers they are using. For example, port 80 (HTTP) is used for web;
port 21 (FTP) is used for FTP, and port 25 (SMTP outgoing) and port 110
(POP3 incoming) are used for the mail server. You can get more information
by viewing the documentation provided with the server you installed. Follow
these steps to set up port forwarding through the Router’s web-based utility. We
will be setting up web, ftp, and mail servers.
Customized
Application
Web server
FTP server
SMTP (outgoing)
POP3 (incoming)
External Port
TCP
UDP
IP Address
Enable
80 to 80
21 to 21
25 to 25
110 to 110
192.168.1.100
192.168.1.101
192.168.1.102
192.168.1.102
When you have completed the configuration, click the Apply button.
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7. I need to set up online game hosting or use other Internet applications.
If you want to play online games or use Internet applications, most will work
without doing any port forwarding or DMZ hosting. There may be cases when
you want to host an online game or Internet application. This would require you
to set up the Router to deliver incoming packets or data to a specific computer. This also applies to the Internet applications you are using. The best way to
get the information on what port services to use is to go to the website of the
online game or application you want to use. Follow these steps to set up online
game hosting or use a certain Internet application:
A. Access the Router’s web interface by going to http://192.168.1.1 or the IP
address of the Router. Go to the Advanced => Port Forwarding tab.
B. Enter any name you want to use for the Customized Application.
C. Enter the External Port range of the service you are using. For example,
if you want to host Unreal Tournament (UT), you would enter the range
7777 to 27900.
D. Check the protocol you will be using, TCP and/or UDP.
E. Enter the IP address of the PC or network device that you want the port
server to go to. For example, if the web server’s Ethernet adapter IP address
is 192.168.1.100, you would enter 100 in the field provided. Check
“Appendix D: Finding the MAC Address and IP Address for Your Ethernet
Adapter” for details on getting an IP address.
F. Check the Enable option for the port services you want to use. Consider the
example below:
Customized
Application
UT
Halflife
PC Anywhere
VPN IPSEC
External Port
TCP
7777 to 27900 X
27015 to 27015 X
5631 to 5631
500 to 500
UDP
IP Address
Enable
192.168.1.100
192.168.1.105
192.168.1.102
192.168.1.100
When you have completed the configuration, click the Apply button.
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8. I can’t get the Internet game, server, or application to work.
If you are having difficulties getting any Internet game, server, or application
to function properly, consider exposing one PC to the Internet using
DeMilitarized Zone (DMZ) hosting. This option is available when an application requires too many ports or when you are not sure which port services to
use. Make sure you disable all the forwarding entries if you want to successfully use DMZ hosting, since forwarding has priority over DMZ hosting. (In
other words, data that enters the Router will be checked first by the forwarding
settings. If the port number that the data enters from does not have port forwarding, then the Router will send the data to whichever PC or network device
you set for DMZ hosting.) Follow these steps to set DMZ hosting:
A. Access the Router’s web-based utility by going to http://192.168.1.1 or the
IP address of the Router. Go to the Advanced => Port Forwarding tab.
B. Disable or remove the entries you have entered for forwarding. Keep this
information in case you want to use it at a later time.
C. Click the DMZ Host tab.
D. Enter the Ethernet adapter’s IP address of the computer you want exposed
to the Internet. This will bypass the NAT firewall for that computer. Please
refer to “Appendix D: Finding the MAC Address and IP Address for Your
Ethernet Adapter” for details on getting an IP address.
Once completed with the configuration, click the Apply button.
9. I forgot my password, or the password prompt always appears when I am saving settings to the Router.
Reset the Router to factory default by pressing the Reset button for 10 seconds
and then releasing it. If you are still getting prompted for a password when saving settings, then perform the following steps:
A. Access the Router’s web-based utility by going to http://192.168.1.1 or the
IP address of the Router. Enter the default password admin, and click the
Password tab.
B. Enter a different password in the Router Password field, and enter the
same password in the second field to confirm the password.
C. Click the Apply button.
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10. I am a PPPoE user, and I need to remove the proxy settings or the dial-up popup window.
If you have proxy settings, you need to disable these on your computer.
Because the Router is the gateway for the Internet connection, the computer
does not need any proxy settings to gain access. Please follow these directions
to verify that you do not have any proxy settings and that the browser you use
is set to connect directly to the LAN.
For Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 or higher:
A. Click Start, Settings, and Control Panel. Double-click Internet Options.
B. Click the Connections tab.
C. Click the LAN settings button and remove anything that is checked.
D. Click the OK button to go back to the previous screen.
E. Click the option Never dial a connection. This will remove any dial-up
pop-ups for PPPoE users.
For Netscape 4.7 or higher:
A. Start Netscape Navigator, and click Edit, Preferences, Advanced, and
Proxies.
B. Make sure you have Direct connection to the Internet selected on this
screen.
C. Close all the windows to finish.
11. To start over, I need to set the Router to factory default.
Hold the Reset button for 10 seconds and then release it. This will return the
password, forwarding, and other settings on the Router to the factory default
settings. In other words, the Router will revert to its original factory configuration.
12. I need to upgrade the firmware.
In order to upgrade the firmware with the latest features, you need to go to the
Linksys website and download the latest firmware at www.linksys.com. Follow
these steps:
A. Go to the Linksys website at http://www.linksys.com and download the
latest firmware.
B. To upgrade the firmware, follow the steps in the Help section found in
“Chapter 6: The Router’s Web-based Utility.”
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Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
13. The firmware upgrade failed, and/or the Diag LED is flashing.
The upgrade could have failed for a number of reasons. Follow these steps to
upgrade the firmware and/or make the Diag LED stop flashing:
A. If the firmware upgrade failed, use the TFTP program (it was downloaded
along with the firmware). Open the pdf that was downloaded along with the
firmware and TFTP program, and follow the pdf’s instructions.
B. Set a static IP address on the PC; refer to “Problem #1, I need to set a static IP address.” Use the following IP address settings for the computer you
are using:
IP Address: 192.168.1.50
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Gateway: 192.168.1.1
C. Perform the upgrade using the TFTP program or the Router’s web-based
utility through its Help tab.
14. My DSL service’s PPPoE is always disconnecting.
PPPoE is not actually a dedicated or always-on connection. The DSL ISP can
disconnect the service after a period of inactivity, just like a normal phone dialup connection to the Internet. There is a setup option to “keep alive” the connection. This may not always work, so you may need to re-establish connection periodically.
A. To connect to the Router, go to the web browser, and enter
http://192.168.1.1 or the IP address of the Router.
B. Enter the password, if asked. (The default password is admin.)
C. On the Setup screen, select the option Keep Alive, and set the Redial
Period option at 20 (seconds).
D. Click the Apply button.
E. Click the Status tab, and click the Connect button.
F. You may see the login status display as Connecting. Press the F5 key to
refresh the screen, until you see the login status display as Connected.
G. Click the Apply button to continue.
If the connection is lost again, follow steps E to G to re-establish connection.
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15. I can’t access my e-mail, web, or VPN, or I am getting corrupted data from the
Internet.
The Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) setting may need to be adjusted. By
default, the MTU is set at 1500. For most DSL users, it is strongly recommended to use MTU 1492. If you are having some difficulties, perform the following steps:
A. To connect to the Router, go to the web browser, and enter
http://192.168.1.1 or the IP address of the Router.
B. Enter the password, if asked. (The default password is admin.)
C. Click the Advanced => Filters tab.
D. Look for the MTU option, and select Enable. In the Size field, enter 1492.
E. Click the Apply button to continue.
If your difficulties continue, change the Size to different values. Try this list of
values, one value at a time, in this order, until your problem is solved:
1462
1400
1362
1300
16. The Diag LED stays lit continuously.
• The Diag LED lights up when the device is first powered up. Meantime,
the system will boot up itself and check for proper operation. After finishing the checking procedure, the LED turns off to show that the system
is working fine. If the LED remains lit after this time, the device is not
working properly. Try to flash the firmware by assigning a static IP
address to the computer, and then upgrade the firmware. Try using the
following settings, IP Address: 192.168.1.50 and Subnet Mask:
255.255.255.0.
17. When I enter a URL or IP address, I get a time-out error or am prompted to retry.
• Check if other PCs work. If they do, ensure that your workstation’s IP settings are correct (IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, and DNS).
Restart the computer that is having a problem.
• If the PCs are configured correctly, but still not working, check the
Router. Ensure that it is connected and powered on. Connect to it and
check its settings. (If you cannot connect to it, check the LAN and power
connections.)
• If the Router is configured correctly, check your Internet connection
(DSL/cable modem, etc.) to see if it is working correctly. You can remove
the Router to verify a direct connection.
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Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
• Manually configure the TCP/IP settings with a DNS address provided by
your ISP.
• Make sure that your browser is set to connect directly and that any dialup is disabled. For Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options, and
then the Connection tab. Make sure that Internet Explorer is set to Never
dial a connection. For Netscape Navigator, click Edit, Preferences,
Advanced, and Proxy. Make sure that Netscape Navigator is set to
Direct connection to the Internet.
18. The Full/Col LED keeps flickering continuously.
• Check the Category 5 Ethernet network cable and its RJ-45 connectors.
• There may be interference with other network devices. Try removing
other PCs or network devices to see if the problem persists. Eliminate
each network device one at a time to determine the cause.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the maximum number of IP addresses that the Router will support?
The Router will support up to 253 IP addresses.
Is IPSec Pass-Through supported by the Router?
Yes, it is a built-in feature that the Router automatically enables.
Where is the Router installed on the network?
In a typical environment, the Router is installed between the cable/DSL modem
and the LAN. Plug the Router into the cable/DSL modem’s Ethernet port.
Does the Router support IPX or AppleTalk?
No. TCP/IP is the only protocol standard for the Internet and has become the
global standard for communications. IPX, a NetWare communications protocol
used only to route messages from one node to another, and AppleTalk, a communications protocol used on Apple and Macintosh networks, can be used for
LAN to LAN connections, but those protocols cannot connect from the Internet
to a LAN.
Does the Internet connection of the Router support 100Mbps Ethernet?
The Router’s current hardware design supports up to 100Mbps Ethernet on its
Internet port; however, the Internet connection speed will vary depending on
the speed of your broadband connection. The Router also supports 100Mbps
over the auto-sensing Fast Ethernet 10/100 switch on the LAN side of the
Router.
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What is Network Address Translation and what is it used for?
Network Address Translation (NAT) translates multiple IP addresses on the private LAN to one public address that is sent out to the Internet. This adds a level
of security since the address of a PC connected to the private LAN is never
transmitted on the Internet. Furthermore, NAT allows the Router to be used
with low cost Internet accounts, such as DSL or cable modems, when only one
TCP/IP address is provided by the ISP. The user may have many private
addresses behind this single address provided by the ISP.
same CD key connect at the same time, even if on the same LAN (not a problem with 1.0.1.3). As far as hosting games, the HL server does not need to be
in the DMZ. Just forward port 27015 to the local IP address of the server computer.
Does the Router support any operating system other than Windows 95, Windows
98, Windows Millennium, Windows 2000, Windows NT, or Windows XP?
Yes, but Linksys does not, at this time, provide technical support for setup, configuration or troubleshooting of any non-Windows operating systems.
The web page hangs; downloads are corrupt, or nothing but junk characters are
being displayed on the screen. What do I need to do?
Force your Ethernet adapter to 10Mbps or half duplex mode, and turn off the
“Auto-negotiate” feature of your Ethernet adapter as a temporary measure.
(Please look at the Network Control Panel in your Ethernet adapter’s Advanced
Properties tab.) Make sure that your proxy setting is disabled in the browser.
Check our website at www.linksys.com for more information.
Does the Router support ICQ send file?
Yes, with the following fix: click ICQ menu -> preference -> connections
tab->, and check I am behind a firewall or proxy. Then set the firewall timeout to 80 seconds in the firewall setting. The Internet user can then send a file
to a user behind the Router.
I set up an Unreal Tournament Server, but others on the LAN cannot join. What do
I need to do?
If you have a dedicated Unreal Tournament server running, you need to create
a static IP for each of the LAN computers and forward ports 7777, 7778, 7779,
7780, 7781, and 27900 to the IP address of the server. You can also use a port
forwarding range of 7777 ~ 27900. If you want to use the UT Server Admin,
forward another port. (Port 8080 usually works well but is used for remote
admin. You may have to disable this.) Then in the [UWeb.WebServer] section
of the server.ini file, set the ListenPort to 8080 (to match the mapped port
above) and ServerName to the IP assigned to the Router from your ISP.
Can multiple gamers on the LAN get on one game server and play simultaneously
with just one public IP address?
It depends on which network game or what kind of game server you are using.
For example, Unreal Tournament supports multi-login with one public IP.
How do I get Half-Life: Team Fortress to work with the Router?
The default client port for Half-Life is 27005. The computers on your LAN
need to have “+clientport 2700x” added to the HL shortcut command line; the
x would be 6, 7, 8, and on up. This lets multiple computers connect to the same
server. One problem: Version 1.0.1.6 won’t let multiple computers with the
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Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
How can I block corrupted FTP downloads?
If you are experiencing corrupted files when you download a file with your FTP
client, try using another FTP program.
If all else fails in the installation, what can I do?
Reset the Router by holding down the reset button until the Diag LED fully
turns on and off. Reset your cable or DSL modem by powering the unit off and
then on. Obtain and flash the latest firmware release that is readily available
on the Linksys website, www.linksys.com.
How will I be notified of new Router firmware upgrades?
All Linksys firmware upgrades are posted on the Linksys website at
www.linksys.com, where they can be downloaded for free. To upgrade the
Router’s firmware, use the Help tab of the Router’s web-based utility. If the
Router’s Internet connection is working well, there is no need to download a
newer firmware version, unless that version contains new features that you
would like to use. Downloading a more current version of Router firmware
will not enhance the quality or speed of your Internet connection, and may disrupt your current connection stability.
Will the Router function in a Macintosh environment?
Yes, but the Router’s setup pages are accessible only through Internet Explorer
4.0 or Netscape Navigator 4.0 or higher for Macintosh.
I am not able to get the web configuration screen for the Router. What can I do?
You may have to remove the proxy settings on your Internet browser, e.g.,
Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer. Or remove the dial-up settings on
your browser. Check with your browser documentation, and make sure that
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your browser is set to connect directly and that any dial-up is disabled. Make
sure that your browser is set to connect directly and that any dial-up is disabled.
For Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options, and then the Connection
tab. Make sure that Internet Explorer is set to Never dial a connection. For
Netscape Navigator, click Edit, Preferences, Advanced, and Proxy. Make
sure that Netscape Navigator is set to Direct connection to the Internet.
What is DMZ Hosting?
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) allows one IP address (computer) to be exposed to
the Internet. Some applications require multiple TCP/IP ports to be open. It is
recommended that you set your computer with a static IP if you want to use
DMZ Hosting. To get the LAN IP address, see “Appendix D: Finding the MAC
Address and IP Address for Your Ethernet Adapter.”
If DMZ Hosting is used, does the exposed user share the public IP with the Router?
No.
Does the Router pass PPTP packets or actively route PPTP sessions?
The Router allows PPTP packets to pass through.
Is the Router cross-platform compatible?
Any platform that supports Ethernet and TCP/IP is compatible with the Router.
How many ports can be simultaneously forwarded?
Theoretically, the Router can establish 520 sessions at the same time, but you
can only forward 10 ranges of ports.
Does the Router replace a modem? Is there a cable or DSL modem in the Router?
No, the Router must work in conjunction with a cable or DSL modem.
Which modems are compatible with the Router?
The Router is compatible with virtually any cable or DSL modem that supports
Ethernet.
What are the advanced features of the Router?
The Router’s advanced features include Advanced Wireless settings, Filtering,
Port Forwarding, Routing, DMZ Hosting, and MAC Address Cloning.
What is the maximum number of VPN sessions allowed by the Router?
The maximum number depends on many factors. At least one IPSec session
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will work through the Router; however, simultaneous IPSec sessions may be
possible, depending on the specifics of your VPNs.
How can I check whether I have static or DHCP IP Addresses?
Consult your ISP to obtain this information.
How do I get mIRC to work with the Router?
Under the Port Forwarding tab, set port forwarding to 113 for the PC on which
you are using mIRC.
Can the Router act as my DHCP server?
Yes. The Router has DHCP server software built-in.
Can I run an application from a remote computer over the wireless network?
This will depend on whether or not the application is designed to be used over
a network. Consult the application’s documentation to determine if it supports
operation over a network.
What is the IEEE 802.11a standard?
It is one of the IEEE standards for wireless networks. The 802.11a standard
allows wireless networking hardware from different manufacturers to communicate, provided that the hardware complies with the 802.11a standard. The
802.11a standard states a maximum data transfer rate of 54Mbps and an operating frequency of 5GHz.
What is the IEEE 802.11b standard?
It is one of the IEEE standards for wireless networks. The 802.11b standard
allows wireless networking hardware from different manufacturers to communicate, provided that the hardware complies with the 802.11b standard. The
802.11b standard states a maximum data transfer rate of 11Mbps and an operating frequency of 2.4GHz.
What IEEE 802.11a features are supported?
The product supports the following IEEE 802.11a functions:
• OFDM protocol
• Multi-Channel Roaming
• Automatic Rate Selection
• RTS/CTS feature
• Fragmentation
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What IEEE 802.11b features are supported?
The product supports the following IEEE 802.11b functions:
• CSMA/CA plus Acknowledge protocol
• Multi-Channel Roaming
• Automatic Rate Selection
• RTS/CTS feature
• Fragmentation
• Power Management
What is ad-hoc mode?
When a wireless network is set to ad-hoc mode, the wireless-equipped computers are configured to communicate directly with each other. The ad-hoc
wireless network will not communicate with any wired network.
What is infrastructure mode?
When a wireless network is set to infrastructure mode, the wireless network is
configured to communicate with a wired network through a wireless access
point.
What is roaming?
Roaming is the ability of a portable computer user to communicate continuously while moving freely throughout an area greater than that covered by a single access point. Before using the roaming function, the workstation must make
sure that it is the same channel number with the access point of dedicated coverage area.
To achieve true seamless connectivity, the wireless LAN must incorporate a
number of different functions. Each node and access point, for example, must
always acknowledge receipt of each message. Each node must maintain contact
with the wireless network even when not actually transmitting data. Achieving
these functions simultaneously requires a dynamic RF networking technology
that links access points and nodes. In such a system, the user’s end node undertakes a search for the best possible access to the system. First, it evaluates such
factors as signal strength and quality, as well as the message load currently
being carried by each access point and the distance of each access point to the
wired backbone. Based on that information, the node next selects the right
access point and registers its address. Communications between end node and
host computer can then be transmitted up and down the backbone.
As the user moves on, the end node’s RF transmitter regularly checks the system to determine whether it is in touch with the original access point or whether
it should seek a new one. When a node no longer receives acknowledgment
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from its original access point, it undertakes a new search. Upon finding a new
access point, it then re-registers, and the communication process continues.
What is ISM band?
The FCC and their counterparts outside of the U.S. have set aside bandwidth
for unlicensed use in the ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band.
Spectrum in the vicinity of 2.4 GHz, in particular, is being made available
worldwide. This presents a truly revolutionary opportunity to place convenient
high-speed wireless capabilities in the hands of users around the globe.
What is Spread Spectrum?
Spread Spectrum technology is a wideband radio frequency technique developed by the military for use in reliable, secure, mission-critical communications systems. It is designed to trade off bandwidth efficiency for reliability,
integrity, and security. In other words, more bandwidth is consumed than in the
case of narrowband transmission, but the trade-off produces a signal that is, in
effect, louder and thus easier to detect, provided that the receiver knows the
parameters of the spread-spectrum signal being broadcast. If a receiver is not
tuned to the right frequency, a spread-spectrum signal looks like background
noise. There are two main alternatives, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS) and Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS).
What is DSSS? What is FHSS? And what are their differences?
Frequency-Hopping Spread-Spectrum (FHSS) uses a narrowband carrier that
changes frequency in a pattern that is known to both transmitter and receiver.
Properly synchronized, the net effect is to maintain a single logical channel. To
an unintended receiver, FHSS appears to be short-duration impulse noise.
Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum (DSSS) generates a redundant bit pattern
for each bit to be transmitted. This bit pattern is called a chip (or chipping
code). The longer the chip, the greater the probability that the original data can
be recovered. Even if one or more bits in the chip are damaged during transmission, statistical techniques embedded in the radio can recover the original
data without the need for retransmission. To an unintended receiver, DSSS
appears as low power wideband noise and is rejected (ignored) by most narrowband receivers.
Will the information be intercepted while it is being transmitted through the air?
WLAN features two-fold protection in security. On the hardware side, as with
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum technology, it has the inherent security feature of scrambling. On the software side, WLAN offers the encryption function
(WEP) to enhance security and access control.
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What is WEP?
WEP is Wired Equivalent Privacy, a data privacy mechanism based on a 64-bit
or 128-bit shared key algorithm, as described in the IEEE 802.11 standard.
What is a MAC Address?
The Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique number assigned by the
manufacturer to any Ethernet networking device, such as a network adapter,
that allows the network to identify it at the hardware level. For all practical purposes, this number is usually permanent. Unlike IP addresses, which can
change every time a computer logs onto the network, the MAC address of a
device stays the same, making it a valuable identifier for the network.
How do I avoid interference?
If you are using the Router and one or more Access Points in close proximity
to one another, and they are set on the same channel, interference will be generated. To avoid interference, be sure to set the Router and all Access Points to
different channels (frequencies); in other words, assign a unique channel to the
Router and each Access Point.
How do I reset the Router?
Press the Reset button on the back panel for about ten seconds. This will reset
the Router to its default settings.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
I have excellent signal strength, but I cannot see my network.
WEP is probably enabled on the Router, but not on your wireless adapter (or
vice versa). Verify that the same WEP keys and levels (64, 128, or 152) are
being used on all nodes of your wireless network.
How many channels/frequencies are available with the Router?
Using 802.11a, there are eight available channels, ranging from 36 to 64.
Using 802.11b, there are eleven available channels, ranging from 1 to 11.
What is Turbo Mode?
Turbo Mode allows high-speed connections, but severely limits range. To
work, Turbo Mode must be enabled on both the Router and the wireless PCs.
Turbo Mode is not compatible with Windows XP and may only function with
Linksys 5GHz wireless adapters.
What is the difference in range between 802.11a and 802.11b products?
Overall, range will be a little less in a typical environment, and while higher
speeds may be achieved with 802.11a, throughput degrades more quickly. (See
Figure A-1.)
How do I resolve issues with signal loss?
There is no way to know the exact range of your wireless network without testing. Every obstacle placed between the Router and a wireless PC will create
signal loss. Lead glass, metal, concrete floors, water and walls will inhibit the
signal and reduce range. Start with the Router and your wireless PC in the
same room and move it away in small increments to determine the maximum
range in your environment.
You may also try using different channels, as this may eliminate interference
affecting only one channel. Also, due to FCC regulations, more power may be
transmitted, using 802.11a, on channels 52, 56, 60 and 64, than on the lower
channels. Lastly, click the Advanced tab of the web-based utility and make
sure that FULL is selected in the Transmission Power field.
Does the Turbo Mode work with Windows XP PCs?
No. The Turbo Mode does not work with Windows XP PCs.
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Figure A-1
If your questions are not addressed here, refer to the Linksys website,
www.linksys.com.
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Appendix B: How to Ping Your
ISP’s E-mail & Web Addresses
Virtually all Internet addresses are configured with words or characters (e.g.,
www.linksys.com, www.yahoo.com, etc.) In actuality, however, these Internet
addresses are assigned to IP addresses, which are the true addresses on the
Internet. For example, www.yahoo.com is 66.218.71.87 (this IP address may
change). Type it into your web browser and you will wind up at the Linksys
home page every time. There are servers that translate the URL to an IP
address; this is called the Domain Name System (DNS).
IP and web addresses, however, can sometimes be long and hard to remember.
Because of this, certain ISPs will shorten their server addresses to single words
or codes on their users’ web browser or e-mail configurations. If your ISP’s email and web server addresses are configured with single words (www, e-mail,
home, pop3, etc.) rather than whole Internet addresses or IP addresses, the
Router may have problems sending or receiving mail and accessing the
Internet. This happens because the Router has not been configured by your ISP
to accept their abbreviated server addresses.
The solution is to determine the true web addresses behind your ISPs code
words. You can determine the IP and web addresses of your ISP’s servers by
“pinging” them.
Important: If you don’t have your ISP’s web and e-mail IP
addresses, you must either get them from your ISP or follow these
steps prior to connecting the Router to your network.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
Step One: Pinging an IP Address
The first step to determining your ISP’s web and e-mail server address is to
ping its IP address.
1. Power on the computer and the cable or DSL modem, and restore the network configuration set by your ISP if you have since changed it.
2. Click Start and then Run. Type command in the Open field. This will
bring up the DOS window.
3. At the DOS command prompt, type ping mail (assuming that the location
for which you’re trying to find an IP address is configured as mail). Press
the Enter key. Information such as the following data, taken from a ping of
Microsoft Network’s e-mail server, will be displayed.
C:\>ping mail
Pinging mail [24.53.32.4] with 32 bytes of data:
Reply
Reply
Reply
Reply
from
from
from
from
24.53.32.4:
24.53.32.4:
24.53.32.4:
24.53.32.4:
bytes=32
bytes=32
bytes=32
bytes=32
time<10ms
time<10ms
time<10ms
time<10ms
TTL=128
TTL=128
TTL=128
TTL=128
Ping statistics for 24.53.32.4:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0%
loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms
Figure B-1
4. Write down the IP address returned by the ping command (in the example
above: 24.53.32.4.). This IP address is the actual IP address of the server
mail, or any other word or value you have pinged.
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Step Two: Pinging for a Web Address
While the IP address returned above would work as your e-mail server address,
it may not be permanent. IP addresses change all the time. Web addresses, however, usually don’t. Because of this, you’re likely to have fewer problems by
configuring your system with web addresses rather than IP addresses. Follow
the instructions below to find the web address assigned to the IP address you
just pinged.
1. At the DOS command prompt, type ping -a 24.53.32.4, where 24.53.32.4
is the IP address you just pinged. Information such as the following data
will be displayed.
C:\>ping -a 24.53.32.4
Pinging mail.msnv3.occa.home.com [24.53.32.4] with
32 bytes of data:
Reply
Reply
Reply
Reply
from
from
from
from
24.53.32.4:
24.53.32.4:
24.53.32.4:
24.53.32.4:
bytes=32
bytes=32
bytes=32
bytes=32
time<10ms
time<10ms
time<10ms
time<10ms
TTL=127
TTL=127
TTL=127
TTL=127
Ping statistics for 24.53.32.4:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0%
loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms
Figure B-2
2. Write down the web address returned by the ping command. (In the example in Figure C-2, mail.msnv3.occa.home.com is the web address.) This
web address is the web address assigned to the IP address you just pinged.
While the IP address of mail could conceivably change, it is likely that this
web address will not.
3. Replace your ISP’s abbreviated server address with this extended web
address in the corresponding Internet application (web browser, e-mail
application, etc.).
Once you have replaced the brief server address with the true server address,
the Router should have no problem accessing the Internet through that Internet
application.
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Appendix C: Configuring
Wireless Security
Background
The Router offers two wireless security features. The basic feature is Wired
Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption, an encryption method used to protect
your wireless data communications. WEP uses 64-bit, 128-bit, or 152-bit keys
to provide access control to your network and encryption security for every
data transmission. To decode a data transmission, each point in a network must
use an identical key. Higher encryption levels mean higher levels of security,
but due to the complexity of the encryption, they may mean decreased network
performance.
You may also have heard the term “40-bit” used in conjunction with WEP
encryption. This is simply another term for 64-bit WEP encryption. This level
of WEP encryption has been called 40-bit because it uses a 40-bit secret key
along with a 24-bit Initialization Vector (40 + 24 = 64). Wireless vendors may
use either name. Linksys uses the term “64-bit” when referring to this level of
encryption.
Note: WEP encryption is an additional data security measure and not
essential for router operation; however, Linksys recommends the use
of WEP encryption.
The second wireless security feature is 802.1x. The IEEE 802.1x standard specifies authentication methods for a wireless client, such as a PC, to access a network, so network security is enhanced. Based on the Extensible Authentication
Protocol (EAP), 802.1x designates how a client accesses a network server, frequently a RADIUS server, with the Router acting as an authenticator. When a
network uses 802.1x, the identity of the client is verified before the client is
allowed network access.
For example, a wireless user may use one of the authentication methods to
access a wireless network protected by an authentication server. The user’s PC
sends a request to the Router (an access point can be used instead). The Router
sends an identification request back to the PC. After the PC sends the Router the
identification message, the Router forwards the identification message to the
server. If the server accepts the identification message, then the PC is permitted
access to the wireless network.
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Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
In addition to enabling WEP, Linksys also recommends the following security
implementations:
• Change the SSID from the default “linksys”
• Change the SSID on a regular basis
• Change the WEP key regularly
• Enable MAC address filtering (if your wireless products allow it)
Notebook with
Wireless Adapter
Cable or DSL Modem
Router
802.1x Authentication
RADIUS Server
Figure C-1
Notebook with
Wireless Adapter
Note: 802.1x is an advanced data security measure and not essential
for router operation. It will, however, increase network security.
Note: If you are roaming between access points, you will have to go
through the 802.1x authentication procedure each time your computer
connects to a new access point.
There are two types of WEP encryption for 802.1x, static and dynamic. Static
WEP keys are more vulnerable and can only be changed manually on all
devices, including the Router. If you are using MD5 authentication, then you
can only use static WEP keys. Dynamic WEP keys are keys that are renewed
automatically on a periodic basis. This makes the WEP key(s) more difficult to
break, so network security is strengthened. To enable dynamic WEP keys, you
must use 802.1x certificate-based authentication methods, such as TLS or
TTLS.
WEP Encryption
Make sure your wireless network is functioning before attempting to configure
WEP encryption.
On a wireless network, a 128-bit WEP encrypted device will NOT communicate with a 64-bit WEP encrypted device. Therefore, make sure that all of the
wireless devices on each network are using the same encryption level.
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For instructions on how to configure the Router’s WEP settings, go to the
“Setup” section of “Chapter 6: The Router’s Web-Based Utility.” For instructions on how to configure the WEP settings of your PC’s wireless adapter, refer
to your wireless adapter’s documentation.
Many authentication methods, including passwords, certificates, and smart
cards (plastic cards that hold data), work within the 802.1x framework. The
Router supports two authentication types: MD5 and certificate-based (TLS or
TTLS).
MD5 authentication is a type of one-way authentication method that employs
user names and passwords. TLS and TTLS authentication are two-way authentication methods that employ digital certificates to verify the identity of a
client. TLS, or EAP-TLS, exclusively uses digital certificates, while TTLS, or
EAP-TTLS, uses a combination of certificates and another method, such as
passwords, for authentication. MD5 authentication is not as secure as either
certificate-based authentication method, and TLS is more secure than TTLS
authentication.
To use 802.1x authentication, you have to enable the 802.1x feature on the
Router as well as your wireless-equipped PCs. For instructions on how to configure the Router’s 802.1x settings, go to the “Advanced Wireless” section of
“Chapter 6: The Router’s Web-Based Utility.”
Important: The Router’s 802.1x feature works with Windows XP.
It may also work with other Windows operating systems, depending on the specifics of your PC’s operating system and the 802.1x
client software being used.
Important: The Router’s 802.1x feature works with a RADIUS
server. It may also work with other types of authentication servers,
depending on the specifics of each authentication server.
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Windows XP supports 802.1x with MD5 or TLS authentication. In this appendix, the following sections will discuss 802.1x configuration for PCs running
Windows XP. If you are using MD5 authentication, proceed to “MD5
Authentication for Windows XP.” If you are using TLS authentication, go to the
appropriate section, “Digital Certificate Installation” or “TLS Authentication
for Windows XP,” depending on whether or not you have already installed a
digital certificate on your PC.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
2. The screen that appears will show any available wireless network. Select the
appropriate network, and click the Advanced... button.
If your PC is not running Windows XP, then your PC must use third-party
802.1x client software. For instructions on how to configure 802.1x through
third-party software, refer to that application’s documentation.
MD5 Authentication for Windows XP
Important: Make sure you have the User name, Password, Logon
domain (if applicable), and WEP key needed to access the appropriate
wireless network. If you need any of this information, contact your network administrator beforehand.
1. Make sure you have installed the wireless adapter correctly into your PC.
Click the Wireless Network Connection icon located in your computer’s
system tray.
Figure C-3
3. Click the Authentication tab. Make sure the box next to Enable network
access control using IEEE 802.1X is checked. In the drop-down box next
to EAP type, select MD5-Challenge. Make sure the box next to
Authenticate as computer when computer information is available is
checked. Then click the OK button.
Figure C-2
Note: These are the instructions and screenshots for Windows XP
without Service Pack 1 installed. If you have already installed
Service Pack 1, enter the keyword 802.1x in the Windows XP search
engine for your 802.1x setup instructions.
Figure C-4
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4. Click the Wireless Networks tab. Select the wireless network you want to
connect to, and click the Configure button. If you don’t see the wireless
network you want, then click the Refresh button.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
6. Enter the WEP key in the Network key field. Then click the OK button.
Figure C-7
Figure C-5
7. Make sure the network you want is selected in the Preferred networks box,
and then click the OK button.
5. Make sure the box next to Data encryption (WEP enabled) is checked.
Uncheck the box next to The key is provided for me automatically.
Figure C-6
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Figure C-8
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8. Click the Wireless Network Connection icon located in your computer’s
system tray.
Figure C-9
9. Complete the User name and Password fields. Complete the Logon domain
field if necessary. Then click the OK button.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
Digital Certificate Installation
Before accessing the wireless network, you must have a digital certificate
installed on your PC. Proceed to step 1 for instructions on how to request a digital certificate from a Windows 2000 RADIUS server through the Internet. If
you need to request a digital certificate using a different method, contact your
network administrator. If you already have a certificate installed, proceed to the
“TLS Authentication for Windows XP” section.
Important: Before you install the digital certificate, make sure you
have the IP address, User name, and Password for the RADIUS server
of the wireless network. If you need any of this information, contact
your network administrator beforehand.
Important: To request a digital certificate from a Windows 2000
RADIUS server, you must use an active Internet connection.
1. Open your PC’s web browser. In the Address field, enter http:\\IP address
of the RADIUS server\certsrv. For example, if the IP address of the
RADIUS server is 10.10.10.2, then enter http:\\10.10.10.2\certsrv.
Figure C-11
2. Complete the User name and Password fields. Then click the OK button.
Figure C-10
10. Open your PC’s web browser and test your Internet connection. If you are
unable to connect to the Internet, double-check the settings you configured
through Windows XP and the Router’s web-based utility.
For more details about wireless networking or 802.1x on a Windows XP computer, enter the keyword wireless or 802.1x in the Windows XP search engine.
Figure C-12
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3. Click the radio button next to Request a certificate, and then click the
Next button.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
5. Click the Submit button.
Figure C-15
6. Click Install this certificate.
Figure C-13
4. Click the radio button next to User certificate request:, and make sure
User Certificate is selected. Then click the Next button.
Figure C-16
7. You will be asked if you want to add the certificate to the Root Store. Click
the Yes button.
Figure C-14
Figure C-17
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8. You will be informed when the certificate has been successfully installed.
Then close your PC’s web browser.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
TLS Authentication for Windows XP
Important: Make sure you have a digital certificated installed on your
PC. If you need to request a digital certificate, go to the previous section, “Digital Certificate Installation.”
1. Make sure you have
installed
the
wireless
adapter correctly into your
PC. Click the Wireless
Network Connection icon
located in your computer’s
system tray.
Figure C-18
Figure C-19
2. The screen that appears will show any available wireless network. Select the
appropriate network, and click the Advanced... button.
Proceed to the next section, “TLS Authentication for Windows XP.”
Figure C-20
Note: These are the instructions and screenshots for Windows XP
without Service Pack 1 installed. If you have already installed
Service Pack 1, enter the keyword 802.1x in the Windows XP search
engine for your 802.1x setup instructions.
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3. Click the Authentication tab. Make sure the box next to Enable network
access control using IEEE 802.1X is checked. In the drop-down box next
to EAP type, select Smart Card or other Certificate. Make sure the box
next to Authenticate as computer when computer information is available is checked. Then click the OK button.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
5. Make sure the box next to Data encryption (WEP enabled) is checked.
Make sure the box next to The key is provided for me automatically is
checked. Then click the OK button.
Figure C-23
Figure C-21
6. Make sure the appropriate network is selected, and click the OK button.
4. Click the Wireless Networks tab. Select the wireless network you want to
connect to, and click the Configure button.
Figure C-24
Figure C-22
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Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
7. Click the Wireless Network Connection icon located in your computer’s
system tray.
Appendix D: Finding the MAC
Address and IP Address for Your
Ethernet Adapter
Figure C-25
This section describes how to find the MAC address for your Ethernet adapter
to do either MAC address filtering or MAC address cloning for the Router and
ISP. You can also find the IP address of your computer’s Ethernet adapter. The
IP address is used for filtering, forwarding, and DMZ. Follow the steps in this
appendix to find the MAC address or IP address for your adapter in Windows
95, 98, Me, NT, 2000, and XP.
8. If this is the first time you are using this 802.1x connection, you will be
asked if you want to accept the wireless network connection. Click the OK
button.
For Windows 95, 98, and Me:
1. Click on Start and Run. In the Open field, enter winipcfg. Then press the
Enter key or the OK button.
Figure C-26
9. Open your PC’s web browser and test your Internet connection. If you are
unable to connect to the Internet, double-check the settings you configured
through Windows XP and the Router’s web-based utility.
For more details about wireless networking or 802.1x on a Windows XP computer, enter the keyword wireless or 802.1x in the Windows XP search engine.
Figure D-1
2. When the IP Configuration window appears, select the Ethernet adapter
you are using to connect to the Router via a Category 5 Ethernet network
cable.
Figure D-2
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3. Write down the Adapter Address as shown on your computer screen (see
Figure E-3). This is the MAC address for your Ethernet adapter and will
be shown as a series of numbers and letters.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
2. In the command prompt, enter ipconfig /all. Then press the Enter key.
The MAC address/Adapter Address is what you will use for MAC address
cloning or MAC filtering.
Figure D-3
Write down the IP Address as shown on your computer screen. The example in Figure E-3 shows the IP address of your Ethernet adapter as
192.168.1.100. Your computer may show something different.
Note: The MAC address is also called the Adapter
Address.
For Windows NT, 2000, and XP:
1. Click Start and Run. In the Open field, enter cmd. Press the Enter key or
click the OK button.
Figure D-5
3. Write down the Physical Address as shown on your computer screen; it is
the MAC address for your Ethernet adapter. This will appear as a series of
letters and numbers.
The MAC address/Physical Address is what you will use for MAC address
cloning or MAC filtering.
Note: The MAC address is also called the Physical
Address.
Write down the IP Address as shown on your computer screen. The example in Figure E-5 shows the IP address of your Ethernet adapter as
192.168.1.100. Your computer may show something different.
Figure D-4
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Appendix E: Glossary
(NIC) is the typical adapter that allows the PC or server to connect to the
intranet and/or Internet.
10BaseT - An Ethernet standard that uses twisted wire pairs.
Ad-hoc Network - An ad-hoc network is a group of computers, each with a
wireless adapter, connected as an independent 802.11 wireless LAN. Ad-hoc
wireless computers operate on a peer-to-peer basis, communicating directly
with each other without the use of an access point. Ad-hoc mode is also
referred to as an Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) or as peer-to-peer
mode, and is useful at a departmental scale or SOHO operation.
100BaseTX - IEEE physical layer specification for 100 Mbps over two pairs of
Category 5 UTP or STP wire.
802.11a - One of the IEEE standards for wireless networking hardware.
Products that adhere to a specific IEEE standard will work with each other,
even if they are manufactured by different companies. It specifies a maximum
data transfer rate of 54Mbps and an operating frequency of 5GHz. The 802.11a
standard uses the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transmission method. Additionally, the 802.11a standard supports 802.11 features
such as WEP encryption for security.
802.11b - One of the IEEE standards for wireless networking hardware.
Products that adhere to a specific IEEE standard will work with each other,
even if they are manufactured by different companies. The 802.11b standard
specifies a maximum data transfer rate of 11Mbps, an operating frequency of
2.4GHz, and WEP encryption for security. 802.11b networks are also referred
to as Wi-Fi networks.
802.1x - Based on the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), the 802.1x
standard is one of the IEEE standards for network authentication and key management. It establishes a framework that supports multiple authentication methods. This standard can be incorporated into any type of network to enhance its
security.
For example, a wireless user may use one of the authentication methods to
access a wireless network protected by an authentication server. The user, also
called the supplicant, sends a request to an access point or wireless router, also
called the authenticator. The authenticator sends an identification request back
to the user. After the user sends the authenticator the identification message, the
authenticator forwards the user’s identification message to the authentication
server. If the server accepts the identification message, then the user is permitted access to the wireless network. The 802.1x standard can also support encryption key management to strengthen wireless network encryption services.
Adapter - Printed circuit board that plugs into a PC to add to capabilities or
connectivity to a PC. In a networked environment, a network interface card
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Automatic Fall-back - A feature provided by some wireless products to
increase connection reliability. Automatic fall-back enables a device to dynamically shift between various data transfer rates. It works by decreasing the data
transfer rate when interference increases, distance increases, and other factors
undermine signal strength and quality.
Auto-MDI/MDIX - On a network hub or switch, an auto-MDI/MDIX port
automatically senses if it needs to act as a MDI or MDIX port. The autoMDI/MDIX capability eliminates the need for crossover cables.
Auto-negotiate - To automatically determine the correct settings. The term is
often used with communications and networking. For example, Ethernet
10/100 cards, hubs, and switches can determine the highest speed of the node
they are connected to and adjust their transmission rate accordingly.
Backbone – The part of a network that connects most of the systems and networks together and handles the most data.
Bandwidth - The transmission capacity of a given facility, in terms of how
much data the facility can transmit in a fixed amount of time; expressed in bits
per second (bps).
Beacon Interval - A beacon is a packet broadcast by the Access Point to keep
the network synchronized. A beacon includes the wireless LAN service area,
the AP address, the Broadcast destination addresses, a time stamp, Delivery
Traffic Indicator Maps, and the Traffic Indicator Message (TIM).
Bit – A binary digit. The value—0 or 1—used in the binary numbering system.
Also, the smallest form of data.
Boot – To cause the computer to start executing instructions. Personal computers contain built-in instructions in a ROM chip that are automatically executed
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on startup. These instructions search for the operating system, load it, and pass
control to it.
Bottleneck – A traffic slowdown that results when too many network nodes try
to access a single node, often a server node, at once.
Bridge - A device that interconnects different networks together.
Broadband - A data-transmission scheme in which multiple signals share the
bandwidth of a medium. This allows the transmission of voice, data, and video
signals over a single medium. Cable television uses broadband techniques to
deliver dozens of channels over one cable.
Browser - A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at
and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web or PC. The word
“browser” seems to have originated prior to the Web as a generic term for user
interfaces that let you browse text files online.
Buffer - A buffer is a shared or assigned memory area used by hardware
devices or program processes that operate at different speeds or with different
sets of priorities. The buffer allows each device or process to operate without
being held up by the other. In order for a buffer to be effective, the size of the
buffer and the algorithms for moving data into and out of the buffer need to be
considered by the buffer designer. Like a cache, a buffer is a “midpoint holding place” but exists not so much to accelerate the speed of an activity as to
support the coordination of separate activities.
Cable Modem - A device that connects a computer to the cable television network, which in turn connects to the Internet. Once connected, cable modem
users have a continuous connection to the Internet. Cable modems feature
asymmetric transfer rates: around 36 Mbps downstream (from the Internet to
the computer), and from 200 Kbps to 2 Mbps upstream (from the computer to
the Internet).
CAT 5 - ANSI/EIA (American National Standards Institute/Electronic
Industries Association) Standard 568 is one of several standards that specify
“categories” (the singular is commonly referred to as “CAT”) of twisted pair
cabling systems (wires, junctions, and connectors) in terms of the data rates
that they can sustain. CAT 5 cable has a maximum throughput of 100 Mbps and
is usually utilized for 100BaseTX networks.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) - The LAN
access method used in Ethernet. When a device wants to gain access to the network, it checks to see if the network is quiet (senses the carrier). If it is not, it
waits a random amount of time before retrying. If the network is quiet and two
devices access the line at exactly the same time, their signals collide. When the
collision is detected, they both back off and each waits a random amount of
time before retrying.
CTS (Clear To Send) - An RS-232 signal sent from the receiving station to the
transmitting station that indicates it is ready to accept data.
Database - A database is a collection of data that is organized so that its contents can easily be accessed, managed, and updated.
Data Packet - One frame in a packet-switched message. Most data communications is based on dividing the transmitted message into packets. For example,
an Ethernet packet can be from 64 to 1518 bytes in length.
Default Gateway - The routing device used to forward all traffic that is not
addressed to a station within the local subnet.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - A protocol that lets network
administrators centrally manage and automate the assignment of Internet
Protocol (IP) addresses in an organization's network. Using the Internet’s set of
protocol (TCP/IP), each machine that can connect to the Internet needs a
unique IP address. When an organization sets up its computer users with a connection to the Internet, an IP address must be assigned to each machine.
Without DHCP, the IP address must be entered manually at each computer and,
if computers move to another location in another part of the network, a new IP
address must be entered. DHCP lets a network administrator supervise and distribute IP addresses from a central point and automatically sends a new IP
address when a computer is plugged into a different place in the network.
DHCP uses the concept of a “lease” or amount of time that a given IP address
will be valid for a computer. The lease time can vary depending on how long a
user is likely to require the Internet connection at a particular location. It’s especially useful in education and other environments where users change frequently. Using very short leases, DHCP can dynamically reconfigure networks
in which there are more computers than there are available IP addresses.
DHCP supports static addresses for computers containing Web servers that
need a permanent IP address.
CPU (Central Processing Unit) - The computing part of the computer. Also
called the “processor,” it is made up of the control unit and ALU.
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DMZ - (DeMilitarized Zone) allows one IP address (or computer) to be
exposed to the Internet. Some applications require multiple TCP/IP ports to be
open. It is recommended that you set your computer with a static IP address if
you want to use DMZ Hosting.
Dynamic Routing - The ability for a router to forward data via a different route
based on the current conditions of the communications circuits. For example,
it can adjust for overloaded traffic or failing lines and is much more flexible
than static routing, which uses a fixed forwarding path.
DNS - The Domain Name System (DNS) is the way that Internet domain
names are located and translated into Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. A
domain name is a meaningful and easy-to-remember “handle” for an Internet
address.
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) - An IETF standard that establishes
an authentication protocol for network access. Many authentication methods,
including passwords, certificates, and smart cards, work within this framework.
Domain - A subnetwork comprised of a group of clients and servers under the
control of one security database. Dividing LANs into domains improves performance and security.
Download - To receive a file transmitted over a network. In a communications
session, download means receive, and upload means transmit.
Driver - A workstation or server software module that provides an interface
between a network interface card and the upper-layer protocol software running
in the computer; it is designed for a specific NIC, and is installed during the
initial installation of a network-compatible client or server operating system.
DSSS (Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum) - DSSS generates a redundant bit
pattern for all transmitted data. This bit pattern is called a chip (or chipping
code). Even if one or more bits in the chip are damaged during transmission,
statistical techniques embedded in the receiver can recover the original data
without the need for retransmission. To an unintended receiver, DSSS appears
as low power wideband noise and is rejected (ignored) by most narrowband
receivers. However, to an intended receiver (i.e. another wireless LAN endpoint), the DSSS signal is recognized as the only valid signal, and interference
is inherently rejected (ignored).
DTIM (Delivery Traffic Indication Message) - A DTIM field is a countdown
field informing clients of the next window for listening to broadcast and multicast messages. When the AP has buffered broadcast or multicast messages for
associated clients, it sends the next DTIM with a DTIM Interval value. AP
Clients hear the beacons and awaken to receive the broadcast and multicast
messages.
Dynamic IP Address - An IP address that is automatically assigned to a client
station in a TCP/IP network, typically by a DHCP server. Network devices that
serve multiple users, such as servers and printers, are usually assigned static IP
addresses.
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EAP-TLS - One type of mutual authentication method using the Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP) and a security protocol called the Transport
Layer Security (TLS). EAP-TLS uses digital certificates and is more secure
than MD5 authentication, which uses passwords. EAP-TLS authentication supports dynamic WEP key management.
EAP-TTLS - One type of mutual authentication method using the Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP) and Tunneled Transport Layer Security (TTLS).
EAP-TTLS uses a combination of certificates and another method, such as
passwords. It is more secure than MD5 authentication, which uses passwords,
and less secure than EAP-TLS authentication, which exclusively uses certificates. EAP-TTLS authentication supports dynamic WEP key management.
Encryption - A security method that applies a specific algorithm to data in
order to alter the data’s appearance and prevent other devices from reading the
information.
Ethernet - IEEE standard network protocol that specifies how data is placed
on and retrieved from a common transmission medium. Has a transfer rate of
10 Mbps. Forms the underlying transport vehicle used by several upper-level
protocols, including TCP/IP and XNS.
Fast Ethernet - A 100 Mbps technology based on the 10Base-T Ethernet
CSMA/CD network access method.
FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) - FHSS continuously changes
(hops) the carrier frequency of a conventional carrier several times per second
according to a pseudo-random set of channels. Because a fixed frequency is not
used, and only the transmitter and receiver know the hop patterns, interception
of FHSS is extremely difficult.
Firewall - A firewall is a set of related programs, located at a network gateway
server, that protects the resources of a network from users from other networks.
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(The term also implies the security policy that is used with the programs.) An
enterprise with an intranet that allows its workers access to the wider Internet
installs a firewall to prevent outsiders from accessing its own private data
resources and for controlling what outside resources to which its own users
have access.
Hardware - Hardware is the physical aspect of computers, telecommunications, and other information technology devices. The term arose as a way to distinguish the “box” and the electronic circuitry and components of a computer
from the program you put in it to make it do things. The program came to be
known as the software.
Basically, a firewall, working closely with a router, examines each network
packet to determine whether to forward it toward its destination.
Hub - The device that serves as the central location for attaching wires from
workstations. Can be passive, where there is no amplification of the signals; or
active, where the hubs are used like repeaters to provide an extension of the
cable that connects to a workstation.
Firmware - Code that is written onto read-only memory (ROM) or programmable read-only memory (PROM). Once firmware has been written onto the
ROM or PROM, it is retained even when the device is turned off.
Fragmentation - Breaking a packet into smaller units when transmitting over
a network medium that cannot support the original size of the packet.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - A protocol used to transfer files over a TCP/IP
network (Internet, UNIX, etc.). For example, after developing the HTML pages
for a website on a local machine, they are typically uploaded to the Web server using FTP.
FTP includes functions to log onto the network, list directories, and copy files.
It can also convert between the ASCII and EBCDIC character codes. FTP operations can be performed by typing commands at a command prompt or via an
FTP utility running under a graphical interface such as Windows. FTP transfers
can also be initiated from within a Web browser by entering the URL preceded
with ftp://.
Unlike e-mail programs in which graphics and program files have to be
“attached,” FTP is designed to handle binary files directly and does not add the
overhead of encoding and decoding the data.
Full Duplex - The ability of a device or line to transmit data simultaneously in
both directions.
Gateway – A device that interconnects networks with different, incompatible
communications protocols.
Half Duplex - Data transmission that can occur in two directions over a single
line, but only one direction at a time.
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HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol) - The communications protocol used
to connect to servers on the World Wide Web. Its primary function is to establish a connection with a Web server and transmit HTML pages to the client
browser.
IEEE - The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The IEEE
describes itself as “the world's largest technical professional society—promoting the development and application of electrotechnology and allied sciences
for the benefit of humanity, the advancement of the profession, and the wellbeing of our members.”
The IEEE fosters the development of standards that often become national and
international standards. The organization publishes a number of journals, has
many local chapters, and has several large societies in special areas, such as the
IEEE Computer Society.
Infrastructure Network - An infrastructure network is a group of computers
or other devices, each with a wireless adapter, connected as an 802.11 wireless
LAN. In infrastructure mode, the wireless devices communicate with each
other and to a wired network by first going through an access point. An infrastructure wireless network connected to a wired network is referred to as a
Basic Service Set (BSS). A set of two or more BSS in a single network is
referred to as an Extended Service Set (ESS). Infrastructure mode is useful at
a corporation scale, or when it is necessary to connect the wired and wireless
networks.
IP Address - In the most widely installed level of the Internet Protocol (IP)
today, an IP address is a 32-binary digit number that identifies each sender or
receiver of information that is sent in packets across the Internet. When you
request an HTML page or send e-mail, the Internet Protocol part of TCP/IP
includes your IP address in the message (actually, in each of the packets if more
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than one is required) and sends it to the IP address that is obtained by looking
up the domain name in the Uniform Resource Locator you requested or in the
e-mail address you're sending a note to. At the other end, the recipient can see
the IP address of the Web page requestor or the e-mail sender and can respond
by sending another message using the IP address it received.
IPCONFIG - A utility that provides for querying, defining and managing IP
addresses within a network. A commonly used utility, under Windows NT and
2000, for configuring networks with static IP addresses.
IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) - A suite of protocols used to implement
secure exchange of packets at the IP layer. IPSec supports two basic modes:
Transport and Tunnel. Transport encrypts the payload of each packet, leaving
the header untouched, while Tunnel mode encrypts both the header and the payload and is therefore more secure. IPSec must be supported on both transmitter and receiver and must share a public key. Tunnel mode is widely deployed
in VPNs (Virtual Private Networks).
IRQ (Interrupt ReQuest) - A hardware interrupt on a PC. There are 16 IRQ
lines used to signal the CPU that a peripheral event has started or terminated.
Except for PCI devices, two devices cannot use the same line.
ISM band - The FCC and their counterparts outside of the U.S. have set aside
bandwidth for unlicensed use in the ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical)
band. Spectrum in the vicinity of 2.4 GHz, in particular, is being made available worldwide. This presents a truly revolutionary opportunity to place convenient high-speed wireless capabilities in the hands of users around the globe.
ISP - An ISP (Internet service provider) is a company that provides individuals
and companies access to the Internet and other related services such as website
building and virtual hosting.
LAN - A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated
devices that share a common communications line and typically share the
resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area (for
example, within an office building).
Latency - The time delay between when the first bit of a packet is received and
the last bit is forwarded.
MAC Address - The MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique number assigned by the manufacturer to any Ethernet networking device, such as a
network adapter, that allows the network to identify it at the hardware level.
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Mbps (MegaBits Per Second) - One million bits per second; unit of measurement for data transmission.
MD5 - A type of one-way authentication method that uses passwords. MD5
authentication is not as secure as the EAP-TLS or EAP/TTLS authentication
methods. MD5 authentication does not support dynamic WEP key management.
MDI (Medium Dependent Interface) - On a network hub or switch, a MDI
port, also known as an uplink port, connects to another hub or switch using a
straight-through cable. To connect a MDI port to a computer, use a crossover
cable.
MDIX (Medium Dependent Interface Crossed) - On a network hub or
switch, a MDIX port connects to a computer using a straight-through cable.
To connect a MDIX port to another hub or switch, use a crossover cable.
mIRC - mIRC runs under Windows and provides a graphical interface for logging onto IRC servers and listing, joining, and leaving channels.
Motherboard - A motherboard is the physical arrangement in a computer that
contains the computer’s basic circuitry and components.
Multicasting - Sending data to a group of nodes instead of a single destination.
NAT - NAT (Network Address Translation) is the translation of an Internet
Protocol address (IP address) used within one network to a different IP address
known within another network. One network is designated the inside network
and the other is the outside.
NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface) - The transport layer for
NetBIOS. NetBIOS and NetBEUI were originally part of a single protocol
suite that was later separated. NetBIOS sessions can be transported over
NetBEUI, TCP/IP, and SPX/IPX protocols.
NetBIOS - The native networking protocol in DOS and Windows networks.
Although originally combined with its transport layer protocol (NetBEUI),
NetBIOS today provides a programming interface for applications at the session layer (layer 5). NetBIOS can ride over NetBEUI, its native transport,
which is not routable, or over TCP/IP and IPX/SPX, which are routable protocols.
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NetBIOS computers are identified by a unique 15-character name, and
Windows machines (NetBIOS machines) periodically broadcast their names
over the network so that Network Neighborhood can catalog them. For TCP/IP
networks, NetBIOS names are turned into IP addresses via manual configuration in an LMHOSTS file or a WINS server.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
Packet - A unit of data routed between an origin and a destination in a network.
Packet Filtering - Discarding unwanted network traffic based on its originating address or range of addresses or its type (e-mail, file transfer, etc.).
Partitioning - To divide a resource or application into smaller pieces.
There are two NetBIOS modes. The Datagram mode is the fastest mode, but
does not guarantee delivery. It uses a self-contained packet with send and
receive name, usually limited to 512 bytes. If the recipient device is not listening for messages, the datagram is lost. The Session mode establishes a connection until broken. It guarantees delivery of messages up to 64KB long.
Network - A system that transmits any combination of voice, video, and/or
data between users.
Network Mask - Also known as the “Subnet Mask.”
NIC (Network Interface Card) - A board installed in a computer system, usually a PC, to provide network communication capabilities to and from that
computer system. Also called an adapter.
Node - A network junction or connection point, typically a computer or work
station.
Notebook (PC) - A notebook computer is a battery-powered personal computer generally smaller than a briefcase that can easily be transported and conveniently used in temporary spaces such as on airplanes, in libraries, at temporary
offices, and at meetings. A notebook computer, sometimes called a laptop computer, typically weighs less than five pounds and is three inches or less in thickness.
OFDM - Developed for wireless applications, Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) technology offers superior performance-increased data
rates and more reliable transmissions-than previous technologies, such as
DSSS. OFDM is a scheme in which numerous signals of different frequencies
are combined to form a single signal for transmission on the medium.
OFDM works by breaking one high-speed data stream into a number of lowerspeed data streams, which are then transmitted in parallel. Each lower speed
stream is used to modulate a subcarrier. Essentially, this creates a multi-carrier
transmission by dividing a wide frequency band or channel into a number of
narrower frequency bands or sub-channels. OFDM is also used for other applications, including powerline networking.
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Passphrase - Used much like a password, a passphrase simplifies the WEP
encryption process by automatically generating the WEP encryption keys for
Linksys products.
PC Card - A credit-card sized removable module that contains memory, I/O,
or a hard disk.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) - A peripheral bus commonly used
in PCs, Macintoshes and workstations. It was designed primarily by Intel and
first appeared on PCs in late 1993. PCI provides a high-speed data path
between the CPU and peripheral devices (video, disk, network, etc.). There are
typically three or four PCI slots on the motherboard. In a Pentium PC, there is
generally a mix of PCI and ISA slots or PCI and EISA slots. Early on, the PCI
bus was known as a “local bus.”
PCI provides “plug-and-play” capability, automatically configuring the PCI
cards at startup. When PCI is used with the ISA bus, the only thing that is generally required is to indicate in the CMOS memory which IRQs are already in
use by ISA cards. PCI takes care of the rest.
PCI allows IRQs to be shared, which helps to solve the problem of limited IRQs
available on a PC. For example, if there were only one IRQ left over after ISA
devices were given their required IRQs, all PCI devices could share it. In a PCIonly machine, there cannot be insufficient IRQs, as all can be shared.
PCMCIA - The PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association) is an industry group organized in 1989 to promote standards for a
credit card-size memory or I/O device that would fit into a personal computer,
usually a notebook or laptop computer.
Ping (Packet INternet Groper) - An Internet utility used to determine whether
a particular IP address is online. It is used to test and debug a network by sending out a packet and waiting for a response.
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Plug-and-Play - The ability of a computer system to configure expansion
boards and other devices automatically without requiring the user to turn off
the system during installation.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) - A standard mail server commonly used on the
Internet. It provides a message store that holds incoming e-mail until users log
on and download it. POP3 is a simple system with little selectivity. All pending
messages and attachments are downloaded at the same time. POP3 uses the
SMTP messaging protocol.
Port - A pathway into and out of the computer or a network device such as a
switch or router. For example, the serial and parallel ports on a personal computer are external sockets for plugging in communications lines, modems, and
printers.
Port Mirroring - Port mirroring, also known as a roving analysis port, is a
method of monitoring network traffic that forwards a copy of each incoming
and outgoing packet from one port of a network switch to another port where
the packet can be studied. A network administrator uses port mirroring as a
diagnostic tool or debugging feature, especially when fending off an attack. It
enables the administrator to keep close track of switch performance and alter it
if necessary. Port mirroring can be managed locally or remotely.
PPPoE (Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet) - PPPoE is a method for the
encapsulation of PPP packets over Ethernet frames from the user to the ISP
over the Internet. One reason PPPoE is preferred by ISPs is because it provides
authentication (username and password) in addition to data transport. A PPPoE
session can be initiated by either a client application residing on a PC, or by
client firmware residing on a modem or router.
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) - A protocol which allows the
Point to Point Protocol (PPP) to be tunneled through an IP network. PPTP does
not specify any changes to the PPP protocol but rather describes a “tunneling
service” for carrying PPP (a tunneling service is any network service enabled
by tunneling protocols such as PPTP, L2F, L2TP, and IPSEC tunnel mode). One
example of a tunneling service is secure access from a remote small office network to a headquarters corporate intranet via a Virtual Private Network (VPN)
that traverses the Internet. However, tunneling services are not restricted to
corporate environments and may also be used for personal (i.e., non-business)
applications.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) - A protocol used to
control network access. RADIUS enables servers to authenticate users, so only
legitimate users are granted network access. RADIUS servers are frequently
used in 802.1x implementations; however, they are not specified by the 802.1x
standard.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) - A simple routing protocol that is part of
the TCP/IP protocol suite. It determines a route based on the smallest hop count
between source and destination. RIP is a distance vector protocol that routinely broadcasts routing information to its neighboring routers.
RJ-11 (Registered Jack-11) - A telephone connector that holds up to six wires.
The RJ-11 is the common connector used to plug a telephone into a wall.
RJ-45 - A connector similar to a telephone connector that holds up to eight
wires, used for connecting Ethernet devices.
Roaming - In an infrastructure mode wireless network, this refers to the ability to move out of one access point's range and into another and transparently
reassociate and reauthenticate to the new access point. This reassociation and
reauthentication should occur without user intervention and ideally without
interruption to network connectivity. A typical scenario would be a location
with multiple access points, where users can physically relocate from one area
to another and easily maintain connectivity.
Router - Protocol-dependent device that connects subnetworks together.
Routers are useful in breaking down a very large network into smaller subnetworks; they introduce longer delays and typically have much lower throughput
rates than bridges.
RTS (Request To Send) - An RS-232 signal sent from the transmitting station
to the receiving station requesting permission to transmit.
Server - Any computer whose function in a network is to provide user access
to files, printing, communications, and other services.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - The standard e-mail protocol on the
Internet. It is a TCP/IP protocol that defines the message format and the message transfer agent (MTA), which stores and forwards the mail.
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) - A widely used network
monitoring and control protocol. Data is passed from SNMP agents, which are
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hardware and/or software processes reporting activity in each network device
(hub, router, bridge, etc.) to the workstation console used to oversee the network. The agents return information contained in a MIB (Management
Information Base), which is a data structure that defines what is obtainable
from the device and what can be controlled (turned off, on, etc.).
Software - Instructions for the computer. A series of instructions that performs
a particular task is called a “program.” The two major categories of software are
“system software” and “application software.” System software is made up of
control programs such as the operating system and database management system (DBMS). Application software is any program that processes data for the
user.
A common misconception is that software is data. It is not. Software tells the
hardware how to process the data.
SOHO (Small Office/Home Office) - Market segment of professionals who
work at home or in small offices.
Spread Spectrum - Spread Spectrum technology is a wideband radio frequency technique developed by the military for use in reliable, secure, mission-critical communications systems. It is designed to trade off bandwidth efficiency
for reliability, integrity, and security. In other words, more bandwidth is consumed than in the case of narrowband transmission, but the trade off produces
a signal that is, in effect, louder and thus easier to detect, provided that the
receiver knows the parameters of the spread-spectrum signal being broadcast.
If a receiver is not tuned to the right frequency, a spread-spectrum signal looks
like background noise. There are two main alternatives, Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS).
Subnet Mask - The method used for splitting IP networks into a series of subgroups, or subnets. The mask is a binary pattern that is matched up with the IP
address to turn part of the host ID address field into a field for subnets.
Swapping - Replacing one segment of a program in memory with another and
restoring it back to the original when required.
Switch – 1. A data switch connects computing devices to host computers,
allowing a large number of devices to share a limited number of ports. 2. A
device for making, breaking, or changing the connections in an electrical circuit.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - A method (protocol) used along with
the IP (Internet Protocol) to send data in the form of message units (datagram)
between network devices over a LAN or WAN. While IP takes care of handling
the actual delivery of the data (routing), TCP takes care of keeping track of the
individual units of data (called packets) that a message is divided into for efficient delivery over the network. TCP is known as a “connection oriented” protocol due to requiring the receiver of a packet to return an acknowledgment of
receipt to the sender of the packet resulting in transmission control.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) - The basic communication language or set of protocols for communications over a network
(developed specifically for the Internet). TCP/IP defines a suite or group of
protocols and not only TCP and IP.
Telnet - A terminal emulation protocol commonly used on the Internet and
TCP/IP-based networks. It allows a user at a terminal or computer to log onto
a remote device and run a program.
Static IP Address - A permanent IP address that is assigned to a node in a
TCP/IP network.
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) - A version of the TCP/IP FTP protocol
that has no directory or password capability.
Static Routing - Forwarding data in a network via a fixed path. Static routing
cannot adjust to changing line conditions as can dynamic routing.
Throughput - The amount of data moved successfully from one place to another in a given time period.
Storage - The semi-permanent or permanent holding place for digital data.
Topology - A network’s topology is a logical characterization of how the
devices on the network are connected and the distances between them. The
most common network devices include hubs, switches, routers, and gateways.
Most large networks contain several levels of interconnection, the most important of which include edge connections, backbone connections, and wide-area
connections.
STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) - Telephone wire that is wrapped in a metal
sheath to eliminate external interference.
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TX Rate – Transmission Rate.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - A method (protocol) used along with the IP
(Internet Protocol) to send data in the form of message units (datagram)
between network devices over a LAN or WAN. While IP takes care of handling
the actual delivery of the data (routing), UDP takes care of keeping track of the
individual units of data (called packets) that a message is divided into for efficient delivery over the network. UDP is known as a “connection-less” protocol
due to NOT requiring the receiver of a packet to return an acknowledgment of
receipt to the sender of the packet (as opposed to TCP).
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
WAN (Wide Area Network) - A communications network that covers a relatively large geographic area, consisting of two or more LANs. Broadband communication over the WAN is often through public networks such as the
telephone (DSL) or cable systems, or through leased lines or satellites. In its
most basic definition, the Internet could be considered a WAN.
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) - A data privacy mechanism based on a 64bit or 128-bi shared key algorithm, as described in the IEEE 802.11 standard.
Upgrade - To replace existing software or firmware with a newer version.
WINIPCFG - Configuration utility based on the Win32 API for querying,
defining, and managing IP addresses within a network. A commonly used utility for configuring networks with static IP addresses.
Upload - To send a file transmitted over a network. In a communications session, upload means transmit, and download means receive.
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) - A group of computers and associated devices that communicate with each other wirelessly.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) - The address that defines the route to a file
on the Web or any other Internet facility. URLs are typed into the browser to
access Web pages, and URLs are embedded within the pages themselves to provide the hypertext links to other pages.
Workgroup - Two or more individuals that share files and databases.
UTP - Unshielded twisted pair is the most common kind of copper telephone
wiring. Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many
business computers to the telephone company. To reduce crosstalk or electromagnetic induction between pairs of wires, two insulated copper wires are
twisted around each other. Each signal on twisted pair requires both wires.
Since some telephone sets or desktop locations require multiple connections,
twisted pair is sometimes installed in two or more pairs, all within a single
cable.
VPN (Virtual Private Network) - A technique that allows two or more LANs to
be extended over public communication channels by creating private communication subchannels (tunnels). Effectively, these LANs can use a WAN as a
single large “virtually private” LAN. This removes the need to use leased lines
for WAN communications through secure use of a publicly available WAN
(such as the Internet). Examples of VPN technology are: PPTP (Point to Point
Tunneling Protocol), L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), and IPSec (Internet
Protocol Security).
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Appendix F: Specifications
Standards
Ports
Internet:
LAN:
IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.3u, IEEE 802.11a,
IEEE 802.11b
One 10/100 RJ-45 Port for Cable/DSL Modem
Four 10/100 RJ-45 Switched Ports
One Power Port
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
Network Protocols
802.11a:
802.11b:
TCP/IP, NetBEUI, IPX/SPX
TCP/IP, NetBEUI, IPX/SPX
LED Indicators
Internet:
LAN:
802.11a:
802.11b:
Power, Diag
Link/Act, 100
Link/Act, Full/Col, 100
Act, Link
Act, Link
Environmental
Button
One Reset Button
Cabling Type
Category 5 Ethernet Network Cable or better
Transmit Power
802.11a:
802.11b:
Receive Sensitivity
802.11a:
802.11b:
Modulation
802.11a:
802.11b:
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15 dBm
12 dBm
1 Mbps: -93 dBm
2 Mbps: -91 dBm
5.5 Mbps: -88 dBm
11 Mbps: -84 dBm
6 Mbps: -86dBm
9 Mbps: -85dBm
12 Mbps: -84dBm
18 Mbps: -82dBm
24 Mbps: -80dBm
36 Mbps: -75dBm
48 Mbps: -68dBm
54 Mbps: -67dBm
Dimensions
7.32" x 1.89" x 6.89"
(186 mm x 48 mm x 175 mm)
Unit Weight
14.1 oz. (0.4 kg)
Power
External, 5V DC, 2.5 A
Certifications
FCC Class B, CE Mark
Operating Temp.
0°C to 40°C (32°F to 104°F)
Storage Temp.
-20°C to 70°C (-4°F to 158°F)
Operating Humidity
10% to 85%, Non-Condensing
Storage Humidity
5% to 90%, Non-Condensing
BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
CCK, QPSK, BPSK
127
Instant Wireless® Series
Appendix G: Warranty
Information
BE SURE TO HAVE YOUR PROOF OF PURCHASE AND A BARCODE
FROM THE PRODUCT'S PACKAGING ON HAND WHEN CALLING.
RETURN REQUESTS CANNOT BE PROCESSED WITHOUT PROOF OF
PURCHASE.
IN NO EVENT SHALL LINKSYS’S LIABILITY EXCEED THE PRICE
PAID FOR THE PRODUCT FROM DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE
USE OF THE PRODUCT, ITS ACCOMPANYING SOFTWARE, OR ITS
DOCUMENTATION. LINKSYS DOES NOT OFFER REFUNDS FOR ANY
PRODUCT.
Dual-Band Wireless A+B Broadband Router
Appendix H: Contact Information
For help with the installation or operation of the Dual-Band Wireless A+B
Broadband Router, contact Linksys Technical Support at one of the phone numbers or Internet addresses below.
Sales Information
Technical Support
RMA Issues
Fax
Email
Web site
FTP site
800-546-5797 (1-800-LINKSYS)
800-326-7114
949-271-5461
949-265-6655
support@linksys.com
http://www.linksys.com
ftp://ftp.linksys.com
LINKSYS OFFERS CROSS SHIPMENTS, A FASTER PROCESS FOR PROCESSING AND RECEIVING YOUR REPLACEMENT. LINKSYS PAYS
FOR UPS GROUND ONLY. ALL CUSTOMERS LOCATED OUTSIDE OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND CANADA SHALL BE HELD
RESPONSIBLE FOR SHIPPING AND HANDLING CHARGES. PLEASE
CALL LINKSYS FOR MORE DETAILS.
128
129
Federal Communication Commission Interference Statement
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device,
pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable
protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates,
uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with
the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no
guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause
harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the
equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one of the
following measures:
- Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
- Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
- Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is
connected.
- Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
FCC Caution: To assure continued compliance, (example - use only shielded interface cables
when connecting to computer or peripheral devices) any changes or modifications not expressly
approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate this
equipment.
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two
conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept
any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
IMPORTANT NOTE:
FCC Radiation Exposure Statement:
This equipment complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled
environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm
between the radiator & your body.
The use of this device is restricted to indoor operations, and that outdoor operations are
prohibited under FCC rules and regulations.
www.linksys.com
© Copyright 2002 Linksys, All Rights Reserved.

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