Craftsman 351217150 User Manual LATHE Manuals And Guides L0707002
CRAFTSMAN Lathe Manual L0707002 CRAFTSMAN Lathe Owner's Manual, CRAFTSMAN Lathe installation guides
User Manual: Craftsman 351217150 351217150 CRAFTSMAN LATHE - Manuals and Guides View the owners manual for your CRAFTSMAN LATHE #351217150. Home:Tool Parts:Craftsman Parts:Craftsman LATHE Manual
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Operator's Manual Variable Speed WOOD LATHE Model No. 351.21 7150 CAUTION: Read and follow all Safety Rules and Operating Instructions before First Use of this Product. Keep this manual with tool. Sears, Roebuck and Co., Hoffman www.sears.com/craftsman 18062.01 Draft (04/12/05) Estates, IL 60179 U.S.A. Keep power objects, Warranty Safety ......................................... Rules .................................... 2-3 ....................................... 3 Assembly Installation ........................................ ...................................... 4 4-6 Operation ..................................... Maintenance .................................. Parts and List Espa_ol VARIABLE WARRANTY SPEED If this Craftsman WOOD wood ON CRAFTSMAN satisfaction Warranty service KNOW is available by contacting and you may also have other rights which If this wood ranty for only 90 days from Roebuck and Co., Dept. purposes, the date replacement HOW TO USE running. power sharp cords Disconnect Always this or similar fraction BE • of a second can result Wear caught FOR proper operating tool when TOOL tool or attachment in severe personal as changing leave tool running attachments. most efficiently Never tipped injury. Do not wear loose or other in moving parts of machine. hair covering clothing, jewelry to contain which specific gloves, Wear safety shoes • Wear safety glasses Z87.1. Everyday with non-slip tool. Learn Turn machine long hair. glasses They are NOT safety • Wear face mask have only impact tired, intoxicated drowsiness. States ANSI resistant if operation lenses. power • Work clearly. Never operate taking medications area clean. Keep visitors Keep children assembled and or becomes loose. in "Operation." your wood and installed according power tools EYES, HANDS, FACE, BODY, If any part of your lathe when been damaged that cause Cluttered tools in damp Z87.1 work areas in dangerous invite accidents. environments. or wet locations. to at a safe distance out of workplace. Make operating part is properly Do not Small Do not expose loose spinning pieces workpiece tailstock area. workshop Use padlocks, master switches or remove switch prevent any unintentional use of power tools. © Sears, Roebuck and Co. of wood or other can be propelled by keeping of all tools, wood and related support childproof. Never keys to place faceplate. 2 or replaced. that comply with United States ANSI scraps, devices periods objects of operation. that contact clean. the bed, head and etc., except for the operation your face or body is dusty. at very high speed. the lathe Never turn the lathe ON before clearing work or has immediately repaired Wear ear plugs or muffs during extended lighted. from cease EARS malfunctioning, and a face shield or dust mask if operation This can be avoided be properly is missing, or broken, Wear safety goggles tools to rain. area should splits as recommended until the particular tools application For your own safety, do not operate PROTECTION: is dusty. or when Do not use power use power off if workpiece tools lathe until it is completely instructions. PREPARE WORK AREA FOR JOB Keep work the tool's operation, glasses. or dust mask Be alert and think WARNING: with United and balance. Handle workpiece correctly. Mount firmly in holding devices. Protect hands from possible injury. may get soles. complying footing off stop. limitations. Use cutting • to a complete stand on tool. Serious injury could occur if tool is or if centers are unintentionally contacted. Know your bracelets moving parts. Turn the power it comes Keep proper at the rate for and other unattended. tool until Do not overreach. for even a JOB apparel. to do breakers. and do not leave with use of that being careless rings, protective procedures even if you are familiar Remember PREPARED Wear proper -- tools. neckties, • follow operation. it was not designed. nect or activating IL Never in this manual power immediately. and safest Keep hands away from chuck, centers defined parts.) Disconnect replaced for efficient Do not force tool. It will work which it was designed. CAUTION: operation. Avoid accidental start-up. Make sure that the tool is in the "off" position before plugging in, turning on safety discon- of purchase. Estates, or worn tools a job for which this war- 817 WA, Hoffman to order Use right tool for job. Do not force major legal rights vary from state to state. lathe is used for commercial applies Sears, 60179 Sears in-home gives you specific list provided Keep cutting it free of charge. brand repair service. This warranty pro- a tool's operation. Have damaged within one full year from the date of purchase, return it to the nearest Sears Service Center in the United States and Sears will repair for safest Never adjust attachments while to avoid accidental start-up. LATHE lathe fails to give complete and clean and adjusting or other part that is damaged should be properly or replaced. Do not perform makeshift repairs. (Use parts YEAR maintaining Check for damaged parts. Check for alignment of moving parts, binding, breakage, mounting and any other condition 28-51 A guard repaired ONE to inspection. for specific that may affect FULL with sharp Keep all parts in working order. Check to determine that the guard or other parts will operate properly and perform their intended function. 24-27 ...................................... tool prior manual Keep tool lubricated 22 ........................ unplug Consult cedures. 20-21 Troubleshooting Illustration Always 6-20 .................................. in contact and hot surfaces. TOOL SHOULD BE MAINTAINED 2 Unpacking cords from coming oil, grease, the workpiece planned. in line with the chuck or a • Never placeyourfingers orhandsinpathofcutting tools. • Neverreachinbackoftheworkpiece witheitherhandto support thepiece,remove woodscraps, orforanyother reason. Avoidawkward operations andhandpositions wherea sudden slipcouldcause fingers orhandtomove intoa spinning workpiece. • ShutthelatheOFFanddisconnect powersource when removing thefaceplate, changing thecenter, adding or removing anauxiliary device, ormaking adjustments. • Turnkeylockswitchto"off"andremove keywhentoolis notinuse. If theworkpiece splitsorisdamaged inanyway,turnlathe OFFandremove theworkpiece fromtheholders. Discard damaged workpiece andstartwithanewpieceofwood. • Useextracarewhenturningwoodwithtwisted grainor woodthatistwisted orbowed -- itmaycutunevenly or wobble excessively. KNOWYOUR CUTTING TOOLS • Dull,gummy, improperly sharpened orsetcutting toolscan causevibration andchatter duringcuttingoperations. Minimize potential injurybypropercareoftoolsandregularmachine maintenance. THINKSAFETY Safety isa combination ofoperator common sense andalertnessatalltimeswhenthelatheisbeingused. Foryourownsafety, readallrulesandprecautions inthe operator's manual beforeusingthistool. Foreye protection, wear safety glasses complying with United • States Do not wear bracelets parts ANSI or other jewelry of machine ing to contain • clothing, Tighten gloves, neckties, that could or workpiece. Wear protective fixtures and tailstock before power. Check to make sure that all tools have been removed. • With switch that there lowest equipment • setting pieces, clearance. Start to verify create before Do not mount Remove by hand any center for auxiliary Never attempt from turn towards turning, centerline Use the drill chuck mount (approximately W'). in the tail stock only. Do not extends CAUTION: headstock Follow Refer to Figure Check more than 6" beyond chuck must be filed Immediately damage. with carrier. report Your wood instructions Separate If damage Check missing lathe is shipped on the has occurred, parts to dealer. in one carton all parts from packing for before materials list to make certain discarding a claim for completeness. complete each one with the unpacking accounted that appear for your lathe. 1. for shipping a motor. safety assembly any packing and includes and check all items are material. If any parts are missing, do not attempt to assemble the lathe, plug in the power cord, or turn the switch on until the missing parts are obtained and properly Tool Rest Base in moving E Handle hair cover- F 12" Tool Rest G 6" Tool Rest H 4" Face Plate I Spur Center Parts Bag (Not Shown) to make the tool rest above the jaws. Tailstock applying position and spindle accessory any drill bit that The cutting the operator. ALWAYS of the workpiece direction. hands. The workpiece installed. Assembly Assembly Assembly sure on I H E is secure. on another piece of on faceplate. any workpieces device always For spindle in the wrong from your D the machine shape should be pulled C that the workpiece a rough installing tool could Bed and wrenches workpiece is adequate speed For large • off, rotate from the lathe. run the spindle B long hair. all clamps, Never Headstock rings, get caught the workpiece A Z87.1. loose When hand-sanding faceplate or between-centers mounted workpieces, complete all sanding BEFORE removing that have splits spindle when using or knots. an outboard turning. to remount a faceplate turning to the face- plate for any reason. • Never original • • When attempt centers to remount remounting altered original lowest setting when ters, for secondary Never perform workpiece cutter, that has non- make sure that the speed setting mounting or a faceplate operations. is at the any operation drill bit, wire a between-centers turning Make turn- sure that the speed wheel is removed with mild solvents, cloth. Avoid with this lathe where Do not mount or buffing Figure 1 - Unpacking IMPORTANT: The bed is coated proper fit and operation, remove to between-cen- for start-up. is hand-held. stock spindle. turning if the or removed. for start-up. ing to the faceplate, • turning have been altered a between-centers centers, Use extra caution at the lowest a between-centers on the turning a reamer, wheel the milling to the head- rubber getting or plastic cleaning parts. such with a protectant. To ensure coating. Coating is easily as mineral solution Solvents spirits, and a soft on paint or any of the may deteriorate these finish- es. Use soap and water on paint, plastic or rubber components. Wipe all parts thoroughly with a clean dry cloth. Apply paste wax to the bed. Locking Handles Refer toFigures 2- 6. CAUTION: Donotattempt assembly ifpartsaremissing. Usethismanual toorderreplacement parts. Remove allcomponents fromtheshipping cartonandverify against thepartslistonpage3.Clean eachcomponent and remove shipping preservatives (coatings) asrequired. • Afterselecting anappropriate bench, table, orlathe stand, set thebedtowards thefrontandtheleftside. • Turnbedonitssidewiththebottom ofthebedfacing towards youandwiththeheadstock endofthebedonthe leftside. Place headstock assembly onitssideneartheleftendofthe bed.installthethreaded rodsintotheheadstock. Headstock Bottom Clamping Plate Figure 6 -Tool Rest • Slide tail stock assembly onto the bed in the same manner as the tool rest base. Install locking handle and secure • When the wood does in Figure lathe is ready for use, it should appear _Headstock Spur Center Bed Knob Tool Rest Bearing Center Tailstock Handle 2 - Install Threaded Move headstock the headstock Rods "Threaded Rod into the bed so that the hub on the bottom \ of seats into the hole in the bed. Place plate over the eccentric shaft onto the threaded tion with hex nuts. //- Locking rods and secure in posiFigure 6 - Completed Eccentric as it 6. Speed Control Figure in position. Shaft • Assembly Examine the line cord to make sure that the plug is in good condition and that the insulation has not been damaged dur- ing transit. Refer to Figures MOUNTING Plate Figure • ______ Secure alignment into eccentric shaft. pin chain to bed with screw. Position install locking head- pin through stock in position the lathe side edge handle stock so that spindle faces toward opposite alignment Position TO headstock by pulling locking speed control knob using washer without • end of bed. Insert Secure and screw. on top of a suitable end should so that outboard be close operations to a can be performed that the bed is resting hole locations flat on the bench using the holes guide. Move the lathe and drill four 3/8" holes bench top. Place 5/_G x 2" carriage from stand or enough difficulty. the mounting into the bed. Install headhandle forward. Verify BENCH assembly bench. The headstock 3 - Mount Headstock Place lathe upright, 7-12. LATHE the lathe back bolts through underneath in position the holes with flat washers, top. Mark in the bed as a through the and feed four in the bed. Secure lock washers, and hex nuts (not supplied). STABILITY If there Alignment is any tendency LOCATION Locking position plate is oriented with Handle for the lathe to tip over or move dur- locking base and secure onto the bed. Make with slot in bed. Secure handle. Place OF WOOD LATHE The lathe should be positioned so that neither the operator nor a casual observer is forced to stand in line with the spinning chuck. Headstock Slide the tool rest base assembly clamping LATHE ing certain cutting operations, such as cutting extremely heavy pieces or long, out-of-round objects, the lathe should be bolted down. Pin Figure 4 - Secure OF WOOD sure the 12" or 6" tool rest into in position. 4 INSTALLATION OF The spur center GROUNDING CENTERS and the bearing center have Morse taper #2 to match the spindle and tail stock bores. To install the centers, slide them into the bores with a firm, swift movement. They will be further secured between the centers. REMOVAL • OF SPUR when a workpiece CENTER FROM is squeezed WARNING: To remove the spur center from the spindle, insert the center removal rod into the spindle and gently tap the center out. Refer to Figure 7. Spur Center improper connection be grounded This tool is equipped with an approved rated at 300V and a 3-prong 9) for your protection against Grounding plug should installed and grounded (Figure 3-Prong 3-conductor grounding shock cord type plug (see Figure hazards. be plugged directly into a properly 3-prong grounding-type receptacle, 9). Grounded Outlet Prong Plug Rod Figure 9 - 3-Prong Figure 7 - Spur Center Removal OF BEARING Receptacle Do not remove CENTER FROM or alter grounding the event of a malfunction RAM vides To remove bearing center from tail stock ram, turn handwheel counterclockwise. Refer to Figure 8. Handwheel a path WARNING: of least plug when installing Center tool cords repaired \ Green periodically by an authorized (or green grounding wire. or plug is necessary, and yellow) Where and If it will not fit in by a qualified electrician. have them facility. conductor in cord or replacement do not connect is the of the electric the green cord (or green wire to a live terminal. a 2-prong replaced installed of with all local codes and if damaged, service and yellow) If repair shock. the terminals outlet that is properly plug provided. outlet, have proper outlet installed inspect In pro- from outlet. in accordance Do not modify grounding to touch into matching and grounded in any manner. for electrical fingers or removing Plug must be plugged ordinances. prong or breakdown, resistance Do not permit installed Bearing shock. if grounding instructions as to whether the tool is grounded. Grounding REMOVAL conshould while in use to protect operator from electrical Properly • grounding shock. Equipment Check with a qualified electrician are not understood or if in doubt as shown Center Removal of equipment ductor can result in the risk of electrical properly SPINDLE INSTRUCTIONS wall receptacle is encountered, it must be with a properly grounded 3-prong receptacle in accordance with National Electric Code and local codes and ordinances. WARNING: This work should be performed by a qualified electrician. A temporary Figure pole outlet Figure 8 POWER Do not connect steps The motor is designed specified. Normal wood lathe to the power for operation safely on voltages burn-out. be no less than the voltage • supply to the motor ing rocker switch. vent unauthorized Running the may cause overheat- Heavy loads require that voltage at motor terminals Power voltage. are not within range not Remove use. specified is controlled on nameplate. by a single pole lock- the key in the rocker switch to pre- grounding (A 3-prong to 2-prong Where plugs (see to a two grounded. to 2-prong grounding codes grounding permitted, nal on the side of the adapter to a permanent electrical grounded water pipe, a properly properly grounded adapter unless and ordinances. adapter is not permitted the rigid green tab or termi- must be securely ground connected such as a properly grounded outlet box or a wire system. Many cover plate screws, not properly grounded. means adapter for connecting by local and national in Canada.) on the voltage and frequency loads will be handled unit on voltages which source have been completed. more than 10% above or below specified ing and motor if it is properly permitted until all assembly to 2-prong 6) is available Do not use a 3-prong SOURCE WARNING: 3-prong 10, page must be tested water To ensure pipes and outlet proper by a qualified ground, electrician. boxes are grounding N Grounding Lug The power Make Sure green Adapter Connected This Is .._,_,_ To lines are inserted ground directly line must remain to properly protect • the key to prevent Remove against onto securely electrical the switch. fastened The to the frame shock. unauthorized use. 240 VOLT OPERATION • 3-Prong_..i _ , AGroundKnown 2-Prong Figure 10 - 2-Prong EXTENSION • plug onto Receptacle • of the extension the current cord will cause cord must and maintain Use only 3-wire extension some See wiring If the extension replace diagram the proper 12) for wiring adequate connectors instructions. cord is worn, Cord wire size (A.W.G.) L1 grounding accept cut, or damaged in any way, Size A.W.G. Figure 12 -Wiring Developed) .......................................... ....................................... Schematic 120/240 This lathe can also turn bowls up to 15" diameter and 4" thick. The motor rotates at 1725 RPM and the spindle speeds 12/6 60 are 360-2400 board turning. Single 120V L2 1 Green ELECTRICAL inspecting rocker from 60" Overall height ................................... Width .......................................... 15" 8" Spindle Speed Spindle Taper Spindle Thread 38" 15" ....................... 360 to 2400 2MT ................................. 1"-8 ................................ 2MT and wiring connected as illustrated in for use on a 120 volt, 60HZ is controlled power supply. • switch. 6 ANSI retail stores SAFETY by a single pole Always of any power tool can result into the eyes, wear Z87.1 Always rocker 12/6 AMPS 175 Ibs safety (shown power tool operation. CAUTION: 11). Operation being thrown mencing Sears SP, Locking 120/240V, ..................................... States RPM .................................. .......................... Unites any wiring. (see Figure The power supply to the motor ................................... length eye damage. before The lathe is prewired Overall objects power is installed ............................. WARNING: Make sure unit is off and disconnected schematic ............................. (max.) Weight WARNING: the wiring out- (max.) Motor Schematic The motor convenient length Switch ............................. CONNECTIONS source allows Bowl diameter Tail Stock Taper ± Figure 11 - Wiring spindle SPECIFICATIONS Clockwise Turning P°wel_ RPM. Extended 1725 left side) ................ L1 m 13 - 78. Craftsman 38" variable speed wood lathe provides capability to turn wooden workpieces up to 38" long and 4" diameter. 2 RPM ......................................... from L2 DESCRIPTION ...................................... Phase 240V installed .................... .................................... Hertz 4 over 25 ft. long is not Refer to Figures (viewed ( L1 14 The wood lathe is assembled with motor and wiring as an integral part of the headstock assembly. (Maximum ) 2 4 cords 4 L2 1 MOTOR Horsepower 120V 3 Length extension ) the tool plug. Wire NOTE: Using recommended. ( 2 voltage. cords having 3-prong which 7 1 size to Up to 25 ft ....................................... Rotation supply, supply. (Figure 3 it immediately. Extension locking to power power a 240 volt, 15A 3-prong lathe line cord and install drop in be of sufficient the minimum type plugs and 3-pole receptacles Amperes attach CORDS Use the table to determine extension cord. Voltage electrician and receptacles and loss of power. Wires carry have a qualified with Adapter The use of any extension voltage • Receptacle To use the lathe with a 240V, single-phase which goggles in severe complying with on package) Safety in foreign can result goggles before com- are available at or catalog. observe the following safety precautions: PRECAUTIONS Whenever adjusting or replacing any parts on the tool, turn switch OFF and remove the plug from power source. Recheck • all locking handles. They must be tightened Make sure all moving interference. parts Make sure all fasteners • With • Always • After switch Be sure motor from • test operation moving before allow the spindle speed. ON-OFF when viewing centers, information the to help you gain experience. Select a piece of wood 2" x 2" x 12". lines on each end to locate the centers. Diagonal Lines on Both Ends Figure 14 faceplates and other On one end, make a saw cut approximately each diagonal do not stall motor or reduce the tool into the work. The other _/,6" deep on line. This is for the spur center. end uses the bearing the bearing SWITCH center on the wood center. where Place the point of the diagonal lines cross. 13. Power supply to the lathe is controlled switch. To turn lathe on: Switch and other They tools, spindle side of headstock). performance, Refer to Figure of the tool rest, of this manual. use of the turning turning. of spindle, Do not force pages the correct to come parts of machine. For optimum • by hand for clear- the following or face shield. runs counterclockwise clear to study and illustrate Draw diagonal on, always the right end (inboard Keep hands loose. if necessary. up to full speed • are tight and have not vibrated wear eye protection turning explain are free and clear of any disconnected, ance and adjust Be sure positioning • power securely. by the locking rocker Drive the bearing center into the wood. Use a wooden mallet or a plastic hammer, but put a piece of wood on the end of the bearing center to protect it from harm. on the rocker switch. To turn lathe off: • Switch off the rocker switch. The rocker switch has a removable rized use or accidental will lock the lathe from start-up use. key to prevent unautho- of the lathe. Removing the key To lock the lathe: • Switch off the rocker switch. • Disconnect • Pull out the removable "Remove to Lock". • Store the line cord from power source. Figure 15 key. The key has the words, Remove key in a safe place NOTE: With the key removed, the rocker but the switch cannot be actuated. can be "ROCKED", Position Insert in the OFF Connect • The switch Remove headstock position. them the key into the rocker. • saw cuts. tail stock the rocker center end of the wood. the spur Make sure the centers To unlock the lathe: • the bearing the other Insert and the bearing with a piece into center. and the hole in the spindle ram are clean. in lightly and drive the spur center Make sure the spurs are in the the spur center center and the into the into the tail stock. Tap of wood. Do not drive them in. If the tail stock center is not of the ball bearing type, put a drop of oil or wax on the wood where it contacts the cen- line cord to power source. can now be actuated. ter. This will lubricate Rocker /, Place the wood Switch the wood between Move the bearing center while the centers it is turning. and lock the tail stock. into the wood by turning the hand wheel. Make sure that the bearing center and spur center are "seated" into the wood in the holes made earlier. Rotate the wood by hand while turning the hand wheel. Adjust the tool rest approximately %" away from the corners of the wood and %" above the center line. Note the Speed Control Removable Knob Key angled position of the tool rest base. Lock the tool rest base and the tool rest. 1/8" Figure 13 CHANGING SPEEDS To vary spindle speeds, desired Refer to speed setting. rotate speed control chart for specific 4 wooo knob to the turning operations. CAUTION: SPINDLE TOOL Change speeds motor is running: TURNING If you have never done gest that you practice Start only while any amount using with a small spindle of wood the various turning. wood turning, turning we sugtools. Figure 16 REST Observe thespeedchart(seepage15).Forexample, a 2" square turningupto18"longshould runat1100RPMfor "roughing". Rotate thewoodbyhandtomakesurethatthe corners donotstrikethetoolrestandverifythattheindexingpinisnotengaged. Figure 19 -Bowl CAUTION: Turning Do not try to push this support not try to mount work turn it. If you wish Figure 17 with soft woods. INDEXING Refer spindle The To prepare to Figure pulley spaced has 24 equally index pin passes through the spindle the 24 holes and locks the spindle holes (15 ° pulley, engages apart). secure with one of from turning while to experiment up on locking 90 ° . insert headstock do so harder later. wood turning, handle. pin at outboard with locking cutting. Do must strain to with this technique, the lathe for outboard headstock The when so large that the motor Let the heavier, stock by pulling 18. Rest come unlock Remove the headpin and rotate alignment hole and handle. you put a mark on the workpiece. Spindle Pulley Figure 20 - Outboard Turning USING WOODWORKING index Figure 18 SELECTION For example, to locate Open the upper the position pin lever until the index one of the 24 holes • of six flutes in the spindle on a cylinder: pin engages pulley. Adjust the 12" tool rest to the centerline and make a mark. of the workpiece Push pin. Slowly index pin lever forward the workpiece position. index to release until pin is located (The spindle pulley pin into the pulley OF CHISELS Better chisels have handles approximately 10" long to provide plenty of grip and leverage. Sharp tools are essential for clean, easy work. Select tools that will take and hold keen edges. rear cover. Pull back on index CHISELS Pin Lever rotate 60 ° (4 holes) from has a degree and place another scale). initial GOUGE SKEW PARTING TOOL Engage mark on the workpiece. Continue these steps until there are 6 marks on the work- piece. Bowl turnings or wheel same manner. turnings can be marked in the SPEAR POINT FLATNOSE Figure 21 -The Six Commonly WARNING: other The indexing operations pin must be disengaged TURNING This technique makes faceplate cutting, it possible turning, except, turning doing rest (see bowl turning to do jobs on this machine conventionally. because must be taken and speeds you anticipate THEORY outboard of the work turning Recommended rest is attached It is straight must be restricted • forward size, caution to minimums. to the lathe page The cutting • 27). The wire bed. edge are the gouge, by honing chisels point. These edges scraping 8 chisels The scraping spear are those produced process. intended primarily for used only for scraping. are the most used. They to a razor If of chisels and chisels These you must use a bowl Accessories, Used Chisel Types OF TURNING The two classes that are too large to mount NOSE for all on the lathe. OUTBOARD ROUND skew and parting are commonly tool. sharpened on both sides. are the flat nose, round are not honed by grinding nose and on the flat sides - the are left on to aid in the 2/ Cutting Chisel Scraping In general, a cutting operations plished by the scraping approach while is used for the majority faceplate method. turning When is to be used, the operator feel of the work, Chisel action turning when Never try to cut when against the roughness will have to judge, by the and start scraping. difficult of the wood accom- a combination to stop cutting it becomes of spindle is usually to hold the chisel grain. Figure 22 How to Position Cutting • and Scraping To cut, the chisel is held so that the sharp digs into the revolving • To scrape, edge When actually is held at a right angle face. This tool removes fine particles to the work instead Rest for Circumference the object is to pierce Cutting the outer skin of wood to a certain desired depth and then to hold the chisel steady with the bevel edge parallel to the work circumference so that work to peel off shavings. the chisel cutting, Tool sur- of shavings. it will peel off a shaving The only sure at this desired method of holding rest the bevel against the work rest is at the proper bevel pressed as a fulcrum force height, against (Figure the chisel the work, to support of the revolving depth. the chisel steady 25A). is to When the tool can be held with the and the tool rest will act the chisel against the downward work. If the rest is placed too low, so that the chisel is held with the bevel out from the work (Figure 25B), the cutting edge Cutting Figure 23 Many operations scraping, razor require Scraping sharp Cutting that the cutting chisels much faster, be used for holding never used for to dig deeper especially the scraping and produces However, on the other hand, a smoother it is far more is far more finish difficult precise to and extremely (Figure or chatter 25C). Then You Can There are two different • Cut and When One approach example the rest loses crum and the downward tends to kick the chisel force back • of the workpiece approach a large shoulder surface • on a spindle turning), being turned out of your hands. Fig. 25C /,t."se °e; I approach Kickback Bevel Chatter the surface _ ,' Rest Too Low Pgi;_ Hands__o_Against Chisel Cutting Chisel Rest Too Low Properly Too High Chisel Too Horizontal of a workpiece turning, or the side of in this approach, Fig. 25D the , will be a combination Fig. 25F Fig. 25E rotates like a disc under the chisel edge. Sometimes the optimum both methods. as a ful- workpiece of a cylinder or the is toward the diameter (as when turning the face of a faceplate _ II/I "_'_ (for travels under the chisel edge like an endless belt. The second the work most of its value Fig. 25B Steady Thrust Against inner wall of a hollow round box). in this approach, being turned must be held against No Support approaches: down the outer surface chisel the workpiece. of the revolving You Must Scrape is toward a circumference turning the bevel have difficulty supported against too low, the chisel high to position It will dig in until that your hands - then the improperly Fig. 25A When into the work. so deep to bounce If the rest is placed less sanding. master. Scraping, easier to control. the chisel will begin chisels. than requires chisels are practically dulls a chisel cutting is faster which will continue the "bite" becomes but scraping cutting. Scraping Handle Large Q _Z _/_ If of _____j_ tf io_gRTooChJSeIHighRest ___ _t_ 1 Rest Too Distant - Chisel Too High Point Too Far From Rest _Circumference Approach Diameter S : 'eter Approach Figure 24 Figure Either a cutting approach or scraping is toward from the approach is toward you consider requires removal peel easily priate across cutting piece. There the hands can be used when a circumference like a peeling when action a potato. a diameter. that faceplate of wood across the grain methods is also danger The reason turning is obvious practically the grain. Wood result is removed can only be used when and attempts will likely of the operator. - the shaving Scraping that the tool could does not to the work- be pulled If the rest is placed too high (Figure correctly for cutting, positioned the top where always to use any inappro- in damage 25 the from the direction is nearly horizontal 25D) and the chisel it strikes of force - and kickback the workpiece exerted by the workpiece will again result. If the rest is placed too far out from the work (Figure when 25E), then, correctly is near surface held, the chisel is again too high on the work. Also, you have less leverage on your side of the tool rest and it is even more difficult to hold the chisel. With large diameter work (Figure 25F), the tool rest canbeabovetheworkpiece centerline, andsomewhat out fromtheworksurface. Withsmalldiameter work(Figure 25G),therestshould beclosertotheworksurface. As workgrows smaller, therestshould berepositioned. How to Position In scraping Tool as it is for cutting • Rest for Circumference operations, The chisel the tool rest position Wrong Scraping is not as critical operations. generally is held horizontally, held at an angle to reach the wire edge of the chisel 26A shows though into tight places. and 26C show the results for the rest. Figure Cutting Edge Advanced does the scraping, Right it can be Considering that Figures Figure 28 26B When used for cutting, of too low or toe high a position vex side down. the direction the chisel action with the rest correctly the cutting positioned. USING Fig. 26A Fig. 26B Fig. 26C • THE "_" Digging In [ in which is always held with the con- be rolled approximately it is being advanced 30 ° to 45 ° in along the rest and edge should be slightly ahead of the handle. SKEW Two skews, general the gouge it should the _/2and use. Other 1" sizes, sizes This tool is nearly always are all that are needed for are available. used to make finished cuts, to cut vees and beads, and to square shoulders. Properly used, it produces the best finish that can be obtained with a chisel. It is not recomC mended • Figure 26 scraping right of center placed is moving in this area, out of your • Chisel Rest for Diameter that portion upward (Figure it will simply 27A). be carried ter (or below at an angle practice to the If a chisel until the edge is position up off the rest and operations must be done it) the work Only when surface to carry the chisel sweeps past the chisel edge the chisel in one direction or contacts surface edge. This, then, hold the chisel pass the work squarely is the position in which YF' (thickness chased The chief place below piece. When for gener- of working With and the shaping the gouge light cutting the tip of the tool. OF CUT USING THE Heel I/v tool has just one primary purpose: PARTING cutting TOOL as deeply as desired, to cut into the or all the way through tool _/8" wide) a very narrow cut its own clearance so that the edge will not be burned. and shaped used for scraping, however, the parting regularly to prevent overheating. tool should Unlike the gouge and skew, the parting tool is seldom the bevel against the work. Since the amount pointed to When be backed off held with of stock removal is for the bevel is not necessary. fed into the work at an angle (for cutting), at the workpiece center (for scraping). a can be used for cut- Cutting Scraping 4--..- 4"-'- of long cuts. F,gure o d/ or It can be held eas- ily in one hand. of the work- 10 to make a cut-off. It is, therefore, small, a support size. It is best to away of large areas practice, of burning Using The tool is simply circumference the tool is used this way, it does not produce surface. ting coves cutting 29 workpiece Y8to 2" can be pur- is for rough to a cylinder Figure The parting are adequate from There is danger Using Toe 4 sizes the wood too deeply without the flexibility. use of the gouge use this tool for rapid smooth Other more down into the cut. center. Fig. 27B the I/4, _t_and 3/4" sizes, turning. of raw stock pull it back the handle Tool GOUGE to provide It is good to Figure 27 al homeshop to advance to cut, then swing Pul! Ba_c_k S_wing LI___ gouges, begins the chisel it is easiest of chisel) Fig. 27A Three the work. down. on the centedine, under steady. To obtain this position, rest approximately THE against edge bevel side 27B. cen- the rest. does the work is held with the cutting of the handle, the skew well over the work, cuts, but do not penetrate at the left chisel contact points are shown in Figure that when a chisel is above the workpiece and tends USING is to place clearances. along in advance Both the toe and the heel of the skew can be used for taking approach Three different It will be noted the edge tends to dull more quickly. the skew Keep the base of the bevel Scraping of surface hands. All diameter of center. the other and on the diameter, because cutting, considerably How to Position When for scraping For finish USING • THE SCRAPING WOOD RASPS AND A wood rasp will remove the revolving workpiece. ordinarily the rasp firmly used by craftsmen of these other sizes for special ter scraping operations cutting scraping methods The spear and hobbyists. chisels can be purchased purposes. All are very cannot cause for diame- scraping when Edges and bowl contours nose chisel. of beads, parallel can be rounded can be scraped Spear Point operator Finer and delicate grooves stock quickly when held against Care should be taken to support the tool rest. An improperly on a rough surface, held can kick back and injury. finishes (similar to those by using finish. produced files in the same by scraping) manner. can oper- be obtained and types of files can be used for shaping vees, beads, coves, etc. If pressed too hard into the wood, some flies can burn Various the workpiece. with the round Keep the file clean best on hardwoods. with the flat nose chisel. Fiat nose Round Nose against used FILES The rasp will leave a very rough be employed. point is used for fine scraping Any flat surface rasp, when in various useful and for circumference ations such as the forming shallow vees. • USING A I/2" wide spear point chisel, a W' wide round nose chisel, and a 1" wide flat nose chisel complete the list of tools Each • CHISELS to keep it cutting uniformly. Files work Figure 34 - Using a Rasp HAND Figure 31 POSITIONS When using any of the chisels, the hand takes a natural position USING • SHAPER OR MOULDING An old chisel can be made or moulding Such knives shapes into the workpiece instead of the many operations methods • using required provide be securely mounted, into the holder, one or two operations with standard should methods either against seated.The by means or by compressing the finger but there are three generally Off off and other heavy by the tool-rest down requires against hand a firm grip and the rest. This is best positioned illustrated. The wrist so that the heel of the hand below acts as a sliding hand controls work of the chisel chisel guide against the little the rest. The handle position. Figure 35 - Roughing A BLOCK Clear, glass-smooth by using turned shearing slightly Finish PLANE finishes a block The tool rest should of the workpiece • each best for certain types of operations. together. USING • preference, positions, is dropped threaded of accepted obtained two prongs upon the amount matter of individual solid positioning Figure 32 obtained The position of the hand near the tool rest is a required. Roughing of a screw it between leverage Roughing knife must may be near the middle of the the end, depending chisels. which position handle or towards with special be used instead. a shoulder butt end of the knife can be firmly bolted for shaper many interesting to use cutting shape tools. Scraping should to scrape surface not practical The holder on the tool handle.This to serve as a holder knives. make it possible it is generally KNIVES (especially on softwoods) Finish can be cutting plane set to take a fine shaving. be raised up approximately - and the plane in the direction should of travel turned to the top be horizontal, index but control so that it will take a Cutting cutting more of the chisel hand is shared along less force. Finish Figure 36 - Finish Cutting and the side of the the rest. In this position, by both are free to assist be used to advantage in positioning the plane so as to exactly limit the depth of cut (and finished size of the workpiece). 11 - with is still held down, acts as a guide Two tool rests, one in front and the other behind the work, can Figure 33 control done with the palm of the tool rest hand up. The wrist finger the tool-rest cut. requires is better hands. The fingers in positioning the tool. of Intricate Cutting • Continue cutting in this manner until 2 to 4" from the headstock is left uncut. Reverse the direction of tool travel and Intricate, delicate cutting requires extreme control with practically no force. This is best accomplished by guiding the chisel work with the fingers and off this end of the workpiece. with the wrist of the tool-rest high. The little finger steady the hand. The chisel handle hand NOTE: The first and second scraping hand. The hand against does not touch is completely operations, is placed secondary is held palm up the rest to to the tool-rest positions are equally but the third position • the rest and the is practically Never start a cut directly the end, it will damage hand. good one or two cuts in succession • for Never never • used for scraping. to partially length. Many • to Depth Once a cylinder faster speed. chisel the work scraping operations is grasped and cutting accomplished firmly to depth • or calipers, etc., to check on top to press work It is better all along series its of cuts to complete has been formed, reductions by cutting Generally, roughing step lathe up to next in size can now be as deeply as desired long cuts off is continued YJ' larger at any spot can be made until the cylinder than the desired Roundness can be tested by laying finished the gouge the work - it will not ride up and down it perfectly down against the rest. It is thrust straight into the work. Holding the tool in this manner leaves the other hand free to hold a pattern as from is size. with the part- with the one hand. The with the index finger on the work, not be too deep. to a cylinder start a second Further approximately ing tool can be easily remain from the corners. along the work. At this stage, the center to either end. Figure 37 catches it to a cylinder. accomplished Cutting corners of cuts should reduce After that, reducing • at the end - if the chisel to tear long slivers The first series the headstock the workpiece. take long cuts while this tends toward when on top of cylinder is round. in progress. First Cuts Testing Roundness Figure 40 ROUGH-CUTTING Figure 38 Another ROUGHING-OFF Reducing a square der of approximate off". Faceplate first be partly turned down CUT or odd shaped turnings reduced entirely method vals along size for finish cut can be made to accurately size the cylin- der to a given diameter. MAKING STANDARD CUTS THE TO SIZE The roughing-off workpiece turning and large diameter by sawing, but small with the large down is called cylinder to a cylin- "roughing- spindles should spindles are easily SIZING a number at various then be turned of sizing use the gouge indicated cuts at inter- to reduce by these the whole cuts. CUTS cuts are useful diameters (3/4") gouge. then down to the diameter MAKING Sizing is to make the work, down to establish points approximate finished along a workpiece. to the diameters The work indicated size can and be ready for finishing. • Diameters greater made • When Figure 39 toward the first cut about the tailstock Next, start another back towards 2" from tail stock end - then run it and off the end of the workpiece. cut 2" nearer the tailstock, the headstock to merge - and run it Figure 41 with the first cut. 12 caliper As the cut nears be planned diameters. to be about A sizing _/6" cut is tool. preset and use the other to the desired completion, into a scraping the calipers the groove, Start should finish Hold the tool in one hand, and more • cuts with the parting an outside • for sizing than the desired lower hand to hold sizing-cut the chisel diameter. point more position. slip over the workpiece then the cut is finished. at the bottom of SMOOTHING A CYLINDER CUTTING The final _/8"can be removed in two ways. Either use the 1" skew, working from the center toward both ends and taking lighter and lighter cuts until finished, illustrated in Figure CUTTING A SHOULDER workpiece. Most shoulders • Second, portion section, left in the or the end of the are perpendicular position to the work axis, of the shoulder with a pencil the shoulder W' of the depth held to is shallow, make the sizing the toe of the skew skew unless wider ance for this tool. and wider is exactly except bevel. depth the heel is used, the skew work, using the rest as a pivot. the that the skew Light cuts should the vee to the required When making and cutting is be gradually and width. is rotated Otherwise, down into the cutting position edge. are planned, a sizing it is quicker cut at the center Vees can also be scraped three-sided file. for the area outside cut. Do not go in deeper action a shoulder on first one side and then the other, end of cutting tool, placing position desired trimming to cut at the required If deep vees cut with the parting Y_" outside to within about of the shoulder. as when and sequence of cuts are the same. As when using the toe, it is important that cutting be done only by extreme workpiece. make a sizing If shoulder of a square can be at any angle. this cut about same enlarging can be the side the revolving the toe is used, the cutting taken the side of a turned mark as can be cut with either the toe or heel of the skew. When tilted workpiece, First, Vee grooves 29. A shoulder but a shoulder or use a block plane VEES to start them by of each vee. with the spear point chisel or a can be used to than W' with the vees are cut to provide clear- Figure 44 CUTTING BEADS This operation First, requires make a pencil of two or more Then, • Use the gouge der. Smooth usual to remove any waste this section, manner. Finishing stock outside up to within of the shoulder, unless it is more so the bottom der will be very nearly with cutting extreme against edge edge of bevel parallel turned • Start with handle the work. low, and • Cut down to finished If cutting edge Tilt the cutting extreme diameter edge, heel does If shoulder Now, draw skew until edge is fiat to advance of outside with handle raised of the desired area. are very large. straight back while begins to cut, roll skew raising handle line starts the Upon reaching clean Reverse into it along slowly - to cut. in the direction of the vee so that the exact portion of the edge which started will travel in a 90 ° arc down to bottom of the vee. toe into Then, beads. The beads are now cut with the heel of cutting bottom of the vee, the skew should be on edge. the movements to cut side of the adjacent bead. up so that only the this cutting. is at end of work, the end. In this case, reduce the process outer about Y4" larger than tool center off the waste stock. portion is called __Swing squaring Tool to a diameter diameter.Then, later, saw Figure 45 - Cutting Beads It is important ting. This that only the extreme means that the bottom vee must at all times formed. Easier beads Use pencil Wrong not to make the groove too portions of the heel at the pencil As edge out the corner by advancing heel of the skew the surface of the outside area. • - but will run. raise handle the beads. Be careful surface, and well up near the top. The extreme heel should be just inside the pencil line that marks the top of the bead. away at the top so that only the the chisel two depth of the separation Place skew at right angles with the work axis, flat against next to the shoul- to side of shoulder toe will do the cutting. shoulder, at the exact center between to the desired sides of the two adjoining from points) beads. the skew. Use a _/2" skew, unless beads The toe of the skew is used to remove the shavings the side of the shoulder - down to finished size. Hold skew the tops (highest wide or you will remove than 1" high, is best done with the _/2"skew. • line to locate make a vee groove between in the practice. adjoining lines and down of shoul- W' of shoulder, considerable Right Push be tangent can be shaped marks the chisel do the cut- of the bevel next to the to the arc of the bead with the spear and sizing straight heel should edge being point chisel. cuts as before. into each cut and rotate horizontal- ly to round off the adjacent edges. It must be moved slightly in the direction of rotation at the same time to keep the point from digging page Figure 43 13 14). into the adjacent bead (See Figure 46, _ B_evel Tangent ToWork Start Finish Figure 48 - Chisel Inclined in Direction of Cut MAKING Figure 46 CUTTING COVES (CONCAVES) This is the most difficult single most wood important First, • in good use pencil marks cut to master to indicate by scraping or gouge. - but one of the turning. Then, rough out the cove, to within ished surface, the edges. about _/8"of the desired with the gouge finished • out. Once it is roughed of tool rest hand, just From this start, depress behind chisel cove. The object is to keep the extreme doing the cutting from to cut the opposite Always cut downhill. the entire with the skew edge and cut. The handle is at the center of uniformly • The first step is to prepare Next, prepare the turning size of the largest The stock con- mastered, you are ready a plan for the proposed turning. sheet of paper. The lay- stock by squaring square to or round can be cut to the exact section length it up to the in your plan. of the proposed turning. However, in most cases, it is best to leave the stock a little long at one or both ends to allow for trimming. cen- so that, • of the these Mount the stock mum-size point of gouge Reverse SHAPE This can be laid out on a suitable out should be to full size. axis the bottom THE Once the basic cuts have been turn out finished work. into work axis. at the end of the cut, it will be fiat at the bottom ments Do not cut too deeply • to start cut, then start to finish. • to roll the blade in an arc toward ter cove - at the same time rolling cuts, the cutting during PLOTTING the bevel. line and pointed point slightly tinue to move point down between SPINDLE TURNINGS center. Hold blades so that bevel is at 90 ° angle to the work the pencil like long convex the angle out, the cove can be so that they are ready with point touching However, the taper. At the start of either cut, gouge is held with handle high and the two sides of blade held between the thumb and Position the fingers into cove. CUTS or round nose chis- in two cuts, one from each side to the bottom forefinger TAPER cuts are made handle is kept constant not swung around. fin- el. If the cove is to be very wide, sizing cuts can be made to plot the roughing LONG Long taper in the lathe and rough it off to a maxi- cylinder. move- side. Pencil Mark 2v4"III II 31/j' II IIIIl'/""JJ J11/Z'' Tenon 141/4'' Sizing Figure Cuts 47 Coves also can be scraped to finish chisel or a rattail methods duce perfectly file. These curved using the round nose do not generally Figure 49 pro• coves. Now, project your plan onto the turning the various MAKING LONG CONVEX First, turn work (as required) can then be made If the skew same is longer and various size, using diameters. skew the principles employed heel throughout irregular) to approximate with either is used, as those the curve down progress at longer toward a bead - except steeper when of tool travel to overtake the steep have the extreme the bevel part of the curve point doing as tangent to curve • that (if curve the point, the cutting with • Object is to • with by pencil the length marking of the spin- shoulders. sizing fewer cuts at the important such Plan each sizing traced learning, wood workers around the plot the various can manage cut so that it is in waste enough so that there left under the cut for the finishing the sizing cuts with a gouge. by making with stock and make will be just enough Once have been cuts at you will find shoulders. wood wood is revolved tool to make sizing When cuts to accurately Experienced ing process 14 the work each line with the pencil. diameters. excess as possible. when use the parting each cut deep if necessary, throughout marking, it best to make is end. is reached. After by touching all of the important Use the extreme end of curve along power. The lines can be quickly spindle are the If gouge is used, make cut in the same direction. Start the handle well back of point - swinging handle in the direction VZ' long so they will be visible under of the operation in cutting cuts cuts or gouge. and may be irregular. - start sizing Finish dimensions die. These dimensions can be laid out with an ordinary ruler or by using a template. Make the pencil marks about CUTS to determine critical process. completed, Then, the various proceed types rough-out the with the finishof cuts required. RECOMMENDED Always follow depending SPEED recommended upon SQUARE to 2" to 2" to 2" 2 to 4" 2 to 4" 2 to 4" 4" Plus 4" Plus 4" Plus speed to do spindle the size and length of workpiece. ROUGH RPM 1300 1100 1000 1000 900 700 800 600 400 LENGTH 1 to 12" to 24" to 38" 1 to 12" to 24" to 38" 1 to 12" to 24" to 38" turning Using FINISH RPM 2000 2000 2000 1800 1600 1400 1400 1100 800 a Template Using LONG A long turning arranged • can be worked to be at shoulders Long thin work supported Identical TURNINGS turnings wood require work and performing been devised great accuracy the various cuts. to aid in perfecting when plotting Many methods the mounted • Position that is likely to whip Professional workers generally use a pattern or layout board. This is a thin piece of wood or cardboard upon which is drawn a full- drawn to scale as vertical lines intersecting By placing the pattern can quickly mark against • the various points • you After To make each sizing cut, use outside calipers the sizing the calipers • After making lathe where cut down to the proper to determine the sizing it will serve when cuts, remaining diameter hang the pattern behind as a guide for completion than made upon it. normal. remove point of contact. Lubricate the Use the backstick and fin- Sand off any slight on workpiece. the Figure 52 - Use of Backsticks DOWELS Dowels of any size can be turned shown. If the stock is prepared and quarter rounds a _/2"gouge The hole through diameter a Template and a Diameter Board to allow have the exact contour turning or the finished can also turning. • To start, down The number be used as a template. the workpiece and allow of your work. If a great many turnings you to closely are being produced, will save the time used for resetting along the edge of which have been prepared for measuring calipers. Attach a number to represent observe a diameter of semicircular all the various instead a thin cuts Figure 53 caliper settings the sizing cuts. Each semi-circular the workpiece board This is simply cut is of using the calipers. 15 center about the template to a board and then mount the board behind the lathe, on hinges, so that the template can be moved down to progress of the finished jig turning, tool and will produce Make the jig from suitable the jig must be large can hold and guide When many identical turnings are to be produced, it is convenient to have a prepared template. This can be made of thin wood or cardboard, it is cut on a band saw or scroll saw to with the simple will be produced. stock. At the right of the gouge, 50 quickly as a split or quartered as the cutting to the left of the gouge held against near the being at least YJ' over finish of the • required portion to form lard or grease. dowels up to 7/_6"diameter. wood stock as shown. board from behind. wheels by using The jig uses touch the spindle the cut is finished. half round one finished of lines CUTTING Using be and set workpiece. Figure length with the backstick. the turning, ish off the original diameters. these by actually measuring the length of the vertical on the pattern which represent the diameters desired. Make (preferred), of a short of any marks speed should This is easy tool rest and notched a pre-tumed at point of contact completing burns • against turning 2 roller skate this portion lathe at a slower beeswax cylinder, of the critical Operate workpiece points are the contour line. the roughed-out of the spindle, while consists uses with joints by a backstick. in an extra size to allow for later removal of the turning. The contour of the finished surface at various critical backstick vertically the backstick center sections, they will not be noticed. at one or two places An improved type, which the notch, also is shown. the work. is drawn first. Then, the diameters in short where so that it can be used to support have Use of Patterns size half section Board SPINDLES to make. A simple DUPLICATE a Diameter Figure 51 dowel. enough passage hard- at the side of the square this hole must be just the Make the jig so that you it by hand. the stock like a spindle turning 2" at the right end to desired size. and turn Then, remove the stock. Place Hold the jig firmly Push and start the jig slowly whole dowel the smaller jig hole, and PLANNING working until the Pattern patterns can be held against locate OPERATIONS FOR first, to provide the turning. ner as spindle is completed. BLOCKS THE WORK Make a layout the lathe. right to left along the stock MISCELLANEOUS GUIDE FACEPLATE AND CHUCKTURNINGS your jig over the turned end, with turned portion through recenter the stock on the lathe. SCRAPING the various a visual pattern - or templates the work critical while which comparison. Circles for visual points man- can be made (at which the contours faceplate take distinct form) can be quickly rotating work by using the dividers. OPERATIONS to follow can be laid out in the same scribed to of the on the A guide block can be clamped to a chisel to limit the depth of cut and aid in the production of perfect cylinders, tapers and facings on faceplate used when turnings. the guide block Scraping methods must be is employed. Figure 57 Figure 54 PLANNING DRILLING There The circumference are several ter holes methods through mounted, wood centering One method piece of using the lathe for drilling stock. When the drill finished cen- is to mount a drill is held and revolved in the tail stock. by the headstock. ted with the proper Another method headstock support The work- panying stock a 4-jaw which contours. accomplished drilling, chuck is employed, there so that center or drilling can be accomplished is roughed-out of the operations, quickly however, are methods. A few of the standard conbe tuned are illustrated in the accomalso shows Any roughing with the gouge the proper chisels out to depth for shap- is generally held in the scraping position. Skew it in the or a Jacobs is no accurate drilling random and is worked. Spear (metal-lathe) this method cross sketch ing these turning that a spindle all of the balance done by using scraping tours which must often If the drill has the drill is to mount for the workpiece However, of a faceplate type shank. of holding using chuck. When CUTS in the same manner Practically is properly of the hole is automatic. a Morse taper shank, it can be mounted directly in some tail stock rams. Otherwise, it can be mounted in a chuck fit- • VARIOUS holes is difficult. through Square Nose Use of Template in this manner. Round Nose Chisel Round Nose Spear-Point Measuring Chisel Depth Figure 58 RECOMMENDED Figure 55 For cross drilling flat sided pad in the tail stock pad and the work. (metal-lathe) pieces crotch from and place For cross center can be located lathe bed. They behind work, use a (metal-lathe) a scrap drilling board round in the tail stock. on supporting blocks drill between stock, Large follow turning depending recommended upon to do faceplate and chuck of workpiece. the work- laid upon speed the size and thickness use a SQUARE 4 to 7" 4 to 7" 4 to 7" 8 to 11" 8 to 11" 8 to 11" 12 to 15" 12 to 15" 12 to 15" the can be held by hand or can be supported by a drill pad mounted Always SPEED in the tail stock. Figure 56 - Cross Drilling 16 THICKNESS Up to 2" 2 to 4" 4" Plus Up to 2" 2 to 4" 4" Plus Up to 2" 2 to 4" 4" Plus ROUGH RPM 1300 1200 1000 1000 900 700 700 550 400 FINISH RPM 2000 2000 2000 1800 1700 1400 1200 1000 800 DEEP • RECESSES The first step is to remove as much wood as possible by boring into the center with the largest wood bit available. This can be accomplished careful to measure be allowed as illustrated in advance in Figure the depth 59. Be to which drill can to go. Figure 62 TURNING CYLINDERS Stock for cylinders a small should faceplate. the work while be mounted The tail stock the circumference the tail stock is backed the cylinder is recessed, using center and finished. off and the outer methods or up to support is being turned Afterwards, making on the screw can be brought already end of described for deep recesses. After making a recess at least _/2of the way through workpiece, and finishing this on the inside, workpiece from the lathe. the remove the Figure 59 - Boring to Depth Now mount • Now, remove desired the bulk of the waste recess) the gouge. manner. by scraping Remove Finish the recess off the inside • Proper chisel by scraping support the with the round-nose up to within with the spearpoint (to rough-out _/J' of finished circumference center chisel or press (not driving) size in this Mount by scraping or skew. Smooth the bottom a short length of softwood and turn this down of fit inside the recessed the cylinder unworked end deep the entire cylinder. it flat with the flat nose chisel. must be provided stock on the screw to form a dowel that will be a tight on this wooden enough end of the cylinder. chuck, and recess to form a perfect I the hole through J at all times for the scraping chisels. Several tool rest positions are shown in the accompanying illustrations. Always endeavor to position the part of the rest that supports as possible. recess the tool as close to the working The depth and squareness can be quickly sided chisels checked by holding and a combination surface of the sides of the square one of the straight Figure 63 as shown. RECHUCKING Rechucking al work Figure 60 is the general mounting A plug chuck is an auxiliary plate. The chuck about wood chuck mounted can be any size diameter, 1 _/2"thick for stability. The wood vided with a :'/4or 7/j, hole in the center turned at the end of the workpiece. onto but it should chuck should for receiving pro- and the use of a plug chuck described are typical examples. as already surfaces CHUCK a turning cylinders, is the rechucking is mounted the large faceplate A PLUG any addition- to complete of working The work PREPARING used to describe ject. The method good example FANCY FACEPLATE TURNINGS term that is necessary on a wood backing and it is turned are cut except block). The work mounting block. block secured in the usual the back mounting Another of a bowl. side (which is then removed to manner. All is against the from the a faceAn auxiliary be manner be pro- chuck have a turned a tenon of softwood that the cylinder recess is now made chuck properly is made. sized rim of the bowl in a tight press When the bowl is mounted be cleaned off and slightly desired contours. in the same This chuck must to accommodate the fit. in this chuck, recessed the bottom to complete can the Figure 64 Figure Once made, turning turned TURNING 61 balls, such chucks goblets, between will be a driving the chuck, faceplate are permanent useful etc. In use, the wood centers to produce a tenon fixtures the workpiece is substantially for stock for turning The work is supported mounted of turning stock in for any type of turning. and is turned side. The inside diameter the way through to the backing The work 17 a ring requires is first mounted the large faceplate at one end which fit in the hole of the chuck. When A RING One method is then removed a spindle to a backing to shape of the ring is also chuck. block shaped block. from the backing held by on the outer block. - all A spindle chuck is now prepared so that it will be a tight press to fit inside the ring.The ed on this chuck. With the ring mounted, contours can be turned ring is reversed If the ball is mounted and mount- surface the remaining • to shape. Rechucking which method portion of rechucking almost the entire necessary to rechuck it. in a deep cup chuck of the ball in a tight press fit. is to use a shallow the ball alone, but must cup chuck be used in con- with the tail stock. When using tail stock should • turning, it becomes can be be accomplished will not support junction • before will hold the finished Another which as a faceplate can be turned the shallow be lubricated In using a wood with beeswax the shallow shifted chuck, so that the ball can revolve - never chuck more block is fitted to the upon it. This block or grease. method, the ball is constantly than _/_turn - and always in a definite pattern. Woodblock @ _rewCenterB.B. Deep Cup Chuck TBa_stock Center _ Shallow Bearing Center Figure 68 Since Figure 65 Another chuck. • method of turning a ring makes chuck use of a recessed The work stock is mounted on a screw center and one half of but the ring is not cut away from The stock is then removed, on the large faceplate and a recessed - is prepared After being chucked, turned to the proper the remaining contour, the ring in a face of the ring can be thus cutting of this type, take constant TURNING measurements against • Next, the inside be made when 2 3 together with a special sys- The lid is then pressed matching After is turned. A careful the lip of the body check portion must so that fit. onto the body and the outer circumferwith the outer circumference all at one time. This insures accurate of the two pieces. the work relieved as one unit. is complete, by sanding the tight fit of the lid can be the lip of the body. 4 BALLS balls of large size are first roughly using Smaller balls can be mounted shape of the body turning of the body, are turned • in the it up in the first. ence and face of the lid, together cutting. 4¢4) centers, Lines • or, better over or under Wooden faceplate • to guard 1 Figure 66 • of the lid is turned the lid will be a tight press yet, use a template cuts will round BOXES The inside away the center a perfect direction. • portion. In work the work tem of working the lid and body of the box together tight press fit. • makes the ball must be mounted Turned boxes involve deep recessing chuck - mounted to receive centers the grain, so that the first scraping TURNED its center. between across opposite the ring is formed, • turning sphere standard or screw drawn A template observation should between Lids Backing as faceplates Body Block on the small center. to indicate are helpful turned procedures. the center in plotting always of the work and ends of the ball Face the curve. be used for accurate visual Plate_ Figure 69 progress. SEGMENTED TURNINGS Segmented bowls and boxes are exceptionally this method of preparing attractive wood stock is more economical - and than the use of a large piece of stock. For some types of work, menting is the only practical method able) would be so large that it would • The bowl illustrated because be very likely to warp. in Figure 66 requires for the sides. Bowls can also be worked 18 seg- a block (if obtain- 12 segment pieces with 6 or 8 pieces. • To make the 12-piece cut into pieces bowl, about a board about 15 ° and the board being turned alternately face down to make the successive cuts. • These 12 pieces are glued together ping the assembly • When with wire which being tilted The tool rest should and clamped by wrap- handle should CHISELS cir- on a large faceplate. be slightly below be held a little higher to give a negative is glued to a temporary is mounted TURNING Standard wood turning chisels are excellent tics by means of scraping methods. face up and (or equivalent). dry, the rim thus formed cular backing USE OF WOOD _/_x 3 x 30" is 2_/," long, the saw blade for turning center than and the chisel the cutting Scraping tools should such as the full edge of the spear-point Properly chatter worked, be kept to a minimum. and probable A large con- chisel, chipping. the chip comes In cold weather, tempered edge rake. tact area, will cause plas- off in a continuous plastic may become ribbon. brittle and should in warm water for about ten minutes be before turning. Figure 70 • A 3/4" deep turned • recess exactly fit the recess prepared faceplate. _/8"deep shape with a faceplate Both parts smooth - completing reglued to Figure 72 making a end. the cut with a hand are faced together, USE OF FORMED AND SIMILAR in two at a point about of the cut surface - then This is is turned and glued, at each is cut completely the bottom is in the rim. The rim is then fitted over the bottom This drum diameter the lathe and stock for the bottom on a second to size - and a rim about above • from in its place turned drum • possible end of the rim. The rim is removed is mounted • of the largest in the open off square breaking half and half. The cutting and regluing with a section about 1W' wide. the joints process 3/4" When saw. having a distinctive speed the work and a number illustrated exactly gauge is repeated then After this, the temporary the bowl as shown on, the work any desired backing in the final is simply a matter FOR PRODUCTION of identical surface BEADING strips. are to be produced, preformed uniformity. by grinding A holder, be used to support it against pieces pattern, and assure can be created aluminum guide • TOOLS OPERATIONS all tools will Patterns like those thin (.020 to .010") like the one shown, any of your prepared strips can and to the workpiece. block is cut off, leaving illustration. From this point of turning down the bowl to shape. Figure 73 TURNING Plastic BALLS balls are rough brought to perfect turned roundness in the usual by using end. The tool is used with or without TURNING PLASTICS There and then should be slightly less in diameter than the finished size of the ball. It can be brass or steel, ground square across the Figure 71 TYPES manner a tube tool. The tube swinging a rest, and is worked by it from side to side. OF PLASTICS are two general phenol plastics Formica plastics groups molded are examples. of various Catalin, Those in the second but much Cast sold Bakelite, group The first includes heat and pressure. under Marblette, trade and setting names Tenite all Bakelite are all catalyst such as Figure 74 and Trafford. are most generally are easy to turn, softer of plastics. In the second bases Lucite, work. They under used for craft being a little harder POLISHING than wood Start than any of the soft metals. PLASTICS with sanding. First use 150-grit MOUNTING The most THE WORK useful chuck. When on a slightly between mounting device this is not available, tapered centers, wooden using either metal mounting arrangements. slots should be sawed across is the 4-jaw cylinders mandrel. the wood (metal can be mounted centers When the spur center the work. to remove Then finish off with 150-grit and 400-grit sion. These abrasives should be wet. lathe) Press Rods can be mounted mounting dry paper lightly Buffing or commonly is used, to avoid supplied hold the wheel otherwise 19 overheating gives the final polish, tool marks. papers, and marring using the polishing for this purpose. in succes- the work. compounds Do not press too hard or at one spot too long - keep moving the plastic might become heat marked. around - SANDING, BUFFING AND POLISHING USING • THE LATHE Turnings TO SAND should ond lowest be sanded A large sheet of sandpaper • All other wood, • TURNINGS sanding with the lathe running is useful operations in sec- and is the equivalent for smoothing • cylinders. are done with a narrow paper. The best finishing 4/0 for hardwoods. Worn is used mainly The squareness retained speed. • of abrasive The drum • strip grit is 3/0 for soft- 2/0 paper is often the edges of the edge of the work by using The standard for sanding a simple sanding hole to fit the lathe drive To guard against loosening drum is in operation, using either a ballbearing fence as shown. are commonly threaded made with a spindle. of the taper shank it is advisable work. can be best form of vertical drums of curved while to support or plain 60 ° center the the free end, in the tail stock. used, of 3/0 or 4/0 new paper. USE OF WOOD CHUCKS Quick-acting chucks on duplicate production oversized, inserted FOR SANDING can be very useful for sanding parts. The chuck and a piece of rubber in the recess is made hose (for small operations slightly parts) is to grip the workpieces. Figure 75 The application Care must corners of the sandpaper be exercised of beads, strip is shown in order shoulders, in the illustrations. to prevent dubbing the etc. Figure 78 Coves WARNING: Wood Fibers @ power Make certain source before Keep machine and workshop clean. Do not allow accumulate on the tool. Keep centers clean. is kept clean Use soap and water plastic and to clean and is frequently painted parts, sawdust to vacuumed rubber parts and guards. The shielded ball bearings in this tool are permanently lubricated at the factory. They require no further lubrication. USE OF SANDING Refer to Figure sanding cylinders, DRUMS turned • drums sizes, are usually rubber to hold an abrasive sleeve on the lathe and covered will be adequate that special KEEP 77. can be expanded paper, from any LUBRICATION Cut Off Figure 76 Standard or remove CLEANING Be certain motor free of dust. lifted to service component. Sandpaper Fibers that the unit is disconnected attempting tapers, for the job. These cylinders which in place. Similar surface precisely IN REPAIR immediately. Replace any damaged repair and com- Figure 77 2O to repair is done is available pletely. cut, or damaged or missing in any way, have it parts. Use parts list to parts. Any attempt papers is worn, replaced order have the advantage etc. can be made. Adhesive must be glued to the cylindrical • with abrasive TOOL If power cord motor by a qualified at your nearest may create service Sears a hazard technician. store. unless Repair service REPLACING WORN Refer to Figure REPLACING 79. WORN Refer to Figures top cover (4 screws). Remove front cover. Remove upper and replace belt. Remove top cover (4 screws). order. Remove rear cover Remove snap ring from drive shaft. Remove 4 socket Upper NOTE: Rear Cover a mechanical jaw puller to perform this operation. required Top Cover Using Front Cover CAUTION: Remove Assemble Rear Cover rear cover head is spring and replace in reverse Spindle Figure 80 21 (1 screw). plate, bearing snap ring, cap, spring Cap are bolts from plate. loaded belt. order. Cao Figure 79 and snap ring pliers (4 screws). puller, remove Remove shaft. BELT 79 and 80. Remove in reverse (1 screw). SPEED upper Assemble rear cover VARIABLE Remove Remove • FAN BELT _ and pulley. and pulley from spindle and in tension. SYMPTOM Motor POSSIBLE will not start 1. Low voltage 1. Check 2. Open circuit connections. 3. Motor will not start; fuses breakers CORRECTIVE CAUSE(S) blown or circuit Defective in motor or loose 3. Replace 1. Short circuit in line cord 2. Short circuit in motor or plug or loose in power Motor fails to develop output of motor decrease full power decreases in voltage (power rapidly at motor 1. Power or open on motor connection capacitor 2. Inspect all lead connections on motor for loose or shorted terminals or worn or circuit voltage 1. Inspect line cord or plug for damaged insulation and shorted wires connections fuses line for proper all lead connections for loose are tripped 3. Incorrect power 2. Inspect capacitor ACTION breakers insulation 3. Install correct on wires fuses or circuit breakers line line overloaded with appliances terminals) 2. Undersize and other wires with lights, 1. Reduce the load on the power line motors or circuits too long 2. Increase wire sizes or reduce length of wiring 3. General overloading company's Motor overheats Motor stalls tripped Motor (resulting circuit in blown fuses breakers or of power 3. Request facilities power overloaded Reduce Tool "chatters" during while turning operating operation load on motor 2. Low voltage 2. Correct fuses in power down or circuit breakers insulation 3. Install correct overloaded Applying too much pressure 1. Workpiece 2. Workpiece 4. Reduce 3. Operator to workpiece is too far out-of-round Ease 1 using motion 5. Workpiece splits operation or "breaks up" during Workpiece breakers up on pressure True up the roundness 2. Establish has too much wobble bad technique is against the grain of the turning new center operation marks on ends wobble of 4. Use cutting motion that cuts is with the grain is too long and thin is deflected contained before 3. Read instructions and take lighter to minimize chatter the workpiece turning conditions or circuit load on motor to reduce workpiece fuses line 4. Motor 4. Cutting on lead wires the low line voltage workpiece Workpiece from the 1. Inspect connections in motor for loose or shorted terminals or 3. Incorrect slows check 1. Short circuit in motor or loose connections worn Machine a voltage company by tool pressure defects mounting 22 before 5. Install behind a steady rest in the middle, the workpiece Select or assemble free of defects a workpiece that is NOTES 23 Model 351.21 7150 Figure 81 - Replacement Parts Illustration for Spindle and Drive Assembly 7 8 12 13 14 20 20 53 4
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