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Moisture Sorption Isotherm Generator
Operator’s Manual
Version 3.0

Decagon Devices, Inc.

2365 NE Hopkins Court

Pullman WA 99163

tel: (509) 332-2756

fax: (509) 332-5158

www.decagon.com/isotherm

aquasorp@decagon.com

Table of Contents

1. Introduction....................................5

About this Manual.........................................................5
Customer Service...........................................................5
Warranty........................................................................6
Note to Our AquaSorp Users.........................................6
Seller’s Liability..............................................................6

2. About the AquaSorp.................8

Moisture Sorption Isotherms..........................................8
Measurement Method..................................................10
Limitations...................................................................10
Specifications................................................................11

3. Theory............................................12

Hysteresis.....................................................................14
Non-equilibrium..........................................................17
Matrix changes.............................................................17
Working Isotherms.......................................................19
Uses for Moisture Sorption Isotherms..........................19
Isotherm Models..........................................................21
The DDI Isotherm Method Compared
to Other Methods.........................................................22

4. Getting Started.........................26

Components of your AquaSorp....................................26
The AquaSorp Isotherm Generator Essentials...............27
Preparing for Operation...............................................29

5. SorpTrac Software.................33

A Closer Look at SorpTrac...........................................34

6. Running a Test............................46
Connect to the AquaSorp.............................................46

Setting the AquaSorp Temperature...............................46
Starting a new Test.......................................................48
Data Collection............................................................61
Saving Data..................................................................62
Modify Test..................................................................63

7. Analysis Tools...........................64

Data Analysis...............................................................64
Multiple Isotherm Analysis..........................................73
Overview of Multiple Isotherm Analysis.......................74
Running a Multiple Isotherm Analysis.........................76
Creating a Working Isotherm Using the AquaSorp.......79

8. Instrument Verification..........85

Water Activity Verification...........................................85
Balance Verification.....................................................90

9. Maintenance and Cleaning..94

Cleaning the Sample Chamber.....................................94
Cleaning the Dew Point Sensor Block..........................95
Cleaning the Block.......................................................96
Reassemble the Block and Lid......................................97

10. Troubleshooting......................98
11. Further Reading.......................100
Declaration of Conformity.......120
Certificate of Traceability........121
Index >..................................................122

AquaSorp Users Manual
1. Introduction

1. Introduction
Welcome to Decagon’s AquaSorp Isotherm Generator, an
automatic isotherm generator from the world leaders in
water activity measurement. The AquaSorp is the only automatic isotherm generator that utilizes the Dynamic Dewpoint Isotherm (DDI) method. This revolutionary method
makes it possible to generate complete isotherms with hundreds of data points quickly and accurately. We hope you
find this manual informative and helpful in understanding
how to maximize the capabilities of your AquaSorp.

About this Manual

Included in this manual are instructions for setting up your
AquaSorp, setting up an isotherm test, running a test, collecting data, and analyzing data. Please read these instructions before operating the AquaSorp to ensure your instrument performs to its full potential.

Customer Service

If you ever need assistance with your AquaSorp, or if you
just have questions, there are several ways to contact us.
Phone/Fax
Toll-Free: (US, Canada Only) 1-800-755-2751
Tel: (509) 332-2756
Fax: (509) 332-5158
E-mail: support@decagon.com. Please include your serial
number, a contact name, phone number and address with
a description of your problem.

AquaSorp Users Manual
1. Introduction

Warranty

The AquaSorp has a 30-day satisfaction guarantee and a
one year warranty on parts and labor. To validate your warranty, please complete and return your warranty card included with this manual, or register online at http://www.
decagon.com/aw/aquasorp_registration. You can return
your warranty information by fax, e-mail, or phone. Please
include all of the requested information so we may better
assist you with future needs. It is important for Decagon to
have your current mailing address and telephone number
in case we need to send updated product information to
you.

Note to Our AquaSorp Users

This manual is written to aid the end user in understanding the basic concepts of moisture sorption isotherms, enabling them to use our instruments with confidence. Every
effort has been made to ensure the content of this manual
is correct and scientifically sound.

Seller’s Liability

Seller warrants new equipment of its own manufacture
against defective workmanship and materials for a period
of one year from date of receipt of equipment (the results
of ordinary wear and tear, neglect, misuse, accident and
excessive deterioration due to corrosion from any cause
are not to be considered a defect); but Seller’s liability for
defective parts shall in no event exceed the furnishing of
replacement parts F.O.B. the factory where originally manufactured. Material and equipment covered hereby which
is not manufactured by Seller shall be covered only by the
warranty of its manufacturer.
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AquaSorp Users Manual
1. Introduction
Seller shall not be liable to Buyer for loss, damage or injuries to persons (including death), or to property or things
of whatsoever kind (including, but not without limitation,
loss of anticipated profits), occasioned by or arising out of
the installation, operation, use, misuse, nonuse, repair, or
replacement of said material and equipment, or out of the
use of any method or process for which the same may be
employed. The use of this equipment constitutes Buyer’s
acceptance of the terms set forth in this warranty. There
are no understandings, representations, or warranties of
any kind, express, implied, statutory or otherwise (including, but without limitation, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose), not expressly set forth herein.

AquaSorp Users Manual
2. About the AquaSorp

2. About the AquaSorp
The AquaSorp Isotherm Generator is an automatic moisture sorption isotherm generator which rapidly creates detailed adsorption and desorption isotherm curves.

Moisture Sorption Isotherms

The relationship between water activity (aw) and moisture
content at a given temperature is called the moisture sorption isotherm. This relationship is complex and unique for
each product due to different interactions (colligative, capillary, and surface effects) between the water and the solid
components at different moisture contents. An increase in
aw is almost always accompanied by an increase in water
content, but in a non-linear fashion. Moisture sorption
isotherms are sigmoidal in shape for most foods, although
foods that contain large amounts of sugar or small soluble
molecules have a J-type isotherm curve shape.
Isotherms provide information about product quality and
safety. A few uses for isotherms include:
• Monolayer moisture content determination
• Determine critical water activity or moisture content
limits for crispness, hardness, and flow properties.
• Optimize moisture contents at a safe water activity
that maximizes moisture and avoids over drying.
• Determine shelf-life and storage stability of a product.
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AquaSorp Users Manual
2. About the AquaSorp
• Predict packaging requirements based on sorption
properties of a product.
• Determine the equilibrium water activity of a mixture of dry ingredients.
• Determine the degree of crystallinity of powders.
• Determine the level of amorphous material in a
product.
• Determine critical water activities for phase transitions.
• Determine the relationship between water activity
and glass transition temperature.
• Determine the relationship between water activity
and crystallization.
• Determine hysteresis levels for a product.
• Determine the moisture sensitivity of a product.
• Determine the equilibrium moisture content at a
given water activity.
• Allow rapid moisture content determination from
water activity analysis through isotherm curve.

AquaSorp Users Manual
2. About the AquaSorp

Measurement Method

The AquaSorp creates isotherms using a water activity and
gravimetric analysis method called Dynamic Dewpoint
Isotherm (DDI). The AquaSorp controls neither water
content nor water activity, but dries or wets the sample
and measures water activity and water content during the
wetting or drying process. Water content is determined by
weighing the sample using a high precision magnetic force
balance. Water activity is determined using Decagon’s patented chilled-mirror dewpoint sensor. Drying of the sample
is imposed by flowing dry air from a desiccant tube across
the sample. Wetting of the sample is imposed by saturating
the air with water before it enters the chamber and flows
across the sample. The water reservoir is an integral part
of the measurement chamber to ensure humidity saturation and minimize temperature fluctuation. The AquaSorp
consists of a case which houses the power supply, air pump,
balance, temperature controlled sample chamber, sensor
block, sensor and temperature control electronics, water
reservoir, and desiccant supply. The integrated air pump
eliminates the need for gas cylinders. This allows the AquaSorp to generate robust isotherms with hundreds of data
points much faster than other isotherm methods because
the sample does not have to equilibrate to a known humidity level.

Limitations

The AquaSorp may not be able to analyze samples with
high concentrations of certain volatiles like propylene glycol or ethanol. Specific volatile materials can interfere with
dewpoint measurements by chilled-mirror sensors. The
AquaSorp uses a chilled mirror sensor to measure water
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AquaSorp Users Manual
2. About the AquaSorp
activity. Not all volatiles or concentrations will be a problem, but it is important to note that the presence of some
volatiles could influence the accuracy of the isotherm.
Finally, the AquaSorp sample chamber can have some humidity memory and it may be a good idea to precondition
the chamber, especially when running low moisture capacity samples (such as crystalline or glassy samples).

Specifications

Water Activity Range: 0.03 to 0.95 aw
Water Activity Accuracy: ±0.005 aw
Water Activity Repeatability: ±0.003 aw
Temperature Control Range: 15° to 40° C
Temperature Operating Range: 0° to 60° C
Humidity Operating Range: 10-90% non-condensing
Universal Power: 110 V to 220 V AC. 50/60Hz
Size (Footprint): 42.5 x 36.2 x 25.4cm

16.75 x 14.25 x 10in. (L x W x H)
Weight: 42 pounds
Weight Accuracy: ± 0.1mg

AquaSorp Users Manual
3. Theory

3. Theory
Moisture sorption isotherms describe the relationship between water activity and moisture content at a specified
temperature. The nature of this relationship depends on the
interaction between water and other ingredients. Consequently, the isotherm shape is unique to each product and
products with the same water activities may have different
moisture contents depending on capillary, surface, and colligative effects. Products that lie in the low water activity,
<0.60 aw,, portion of the isotherm are often referred to as dry,
those in the range of 0.60 aw to 0.90 aw are intermediate
moisture products, and those having water activities higher
than 0.90 aw are high moisture products.
For ease of interpretation, isotherms are often classified as
one of three types (Figure 1).
•
Type I isotherms are typical of anti-caking agents.
These types of ingredients absorb water onto polar sites
and into non-swelling capillaries, which results in high
amounts of moisture being held at low water activities.
When all these sites are filled up, further increases in
moisture content results in large changes in water activity.
•
Type II isotherms describes most types of products.
The isotherms shape for these types of products is sigmoidal, characterized by sharp changes in moisture content at low and high water activities, but small changes in
moisture content over the intermediate moisture range.

AquaSorp Users Manual
3. Theory
•
Type III isotherms are typical of crystalline substances. For this type of isotherm, there is very little
moisture gain initially because water is only interacting
with the surface of the crystal through hydrogen bonds.
Increasing the surface area of the crystal will increase the
moisture content at low water activities. Eventually, as
water activity increases, the water will dissolve the crystal
(often called deliquescence). At this point, the moisture
content starts to increase dramatically as the material
goes into solution.

Figure 1. Brunauer classification of moisture sorption isotherms: Type I = anti-caking agents, Type II = most foods,
Type III = crystalline substances.
Constructing an isotherm consists of collecting water activity and moisture content data at various points along
the water activity range. The range of water activities used
will depend on the situation, but normally run from 0.10
aw up to 0.90 aw. Most isotherm methods consist of controlling water activity levels using saturated salt slurries,
13

AquaSorp Users Manual
3. Theory
acid solutions, glycerol solutions, or mechanical humidifiers. Equilibrium moisture contents are then determined at
each water activity level. Equilibrium is determined based
on when the weight of the sample stops changing. This
process is often accomplished using sealed chambers such
as desiccators and the equilibration process can take weeks.
Automatic isotherm generators use the same principle, but
track weight electronically and dynamically change the
water activity levels once equilibrium is achieved. Decagon’s AquaSorp Isotherm Generator uses the DDI method,
which is discussed in detail below.

Hysteresis

Figure 2 shows two isotherms, one obtained by wetting
a sample from complete dryness and the other obtained
by drying a sample from saturation. The arrows show the
direction of the process. The water content at each water
activity is higher during desorption (drying from high water content) than adsorption (wetting from low water content). This phenomena is called Hysteresis. The curves in
Fig. 2 represent limits or bounding isotherms since they
begin at water activities near zero and one. If a drying process reduces the water activity of a sample only part way
to dryness, and the sample is then re-wet, it follows a path
between the wetting and drying boundary curves, as shown
in Fig. 3. These curves are called scanning curves, and there
can be an infinite number of them depending on where
drying stops and starts.

AquaSorp Users Manual
3. Theory

Figure 2. Full isotherm showing hysteresis.

14.00

Moisture Content (%d.b.)

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Water Activity

Figure 3. Scanning adsorption curves resulting from drying to
different water activities.
These observations help clarify the point that an isotherm
is not a single valued function. The water content for any
given water activity value depends on the wetting and drying history of the sample.
It is possible to obtain isotherm data which appear to show
hysteresis by failing to allow a sample to equilibrate at each
step, or by inducing changes in the water binding proper15

AquaSorp Users Manual
3. Theory
ties of the matrix by wetting or drying. We prefer to treat
these cases separately, and reserve the term hysteresis for
situations where equilibrium is reached, but water contents
of wetted and dried samples still differ because of their history.
Several plausible models exist for hysteresis. Theories are
based on; capillary condensation of porous solids, phase
changes of non-porous solids, structural changes within
a solid matrix, and supersaturation of some solutes during desorption. Depending on the composition of sample,
these theories explain why the water content of a desorption process is greater than that for a wetting process.
•
Capillary condensation of porous solids theory is
illustrated by the ‘ink bottle’ model, in which pores and
capillaries fill and empty differently. Such a pore fills
when the water activity corresponding to the energy
state of the larger radius is exceeded, but will empty only
when the water activity drops below the energy state of
the narrow neck radius.
•
A phase change of non-porous solids is illustrated
by the fact that desorption from rubbery state can reach
equilibrium faster due to increased molecular mobility,
while adsorption into a glassy material can be slow due
to restrictions in molecular mobility.
•
Structural changes within a solid matrix in which
the material swells and polar sites once obscured are now
exposed to ‘bind’ with water. For example, hydrated protein contains many sites for water ‘binding’ before desorption while dehydrated protein have some polar sites
unavailable for water ‘binding’ prior to adsorption.
•
Supersaturation. Some solutes may supersaturate
16

AquaSorp Users Manual
3. Theory
below their crystallization water activity (non-equilibrium condition) and thus, hold more water as aw is lowered. Foods with high sugar content frequently exhibit
this phenomenon.

Non-equilibrium

It is possible to produce adsorption-desorption curves that
appear to show hysteresis, but are just the result of not
waiting long enough for equilibrium. Figure 4 shows two
AquaSorp runs, one with a high flow rate and one with a
low flow rate. Note that the apparent hysteresis is much
worse at the high flow rate. A flow rate needs to be chosen
such that further reductions in flow rate do not reduce the
size of the hysteresis loop.
100 ml/min Flow Rate

300 ml/min flow rate

Moisture Content (%d.b.)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Water Activity

Figure 4. Changes in hysteresis levels when flow rate of wet and
dry air is reduced from 300 ml/min to 100 ml/min.

Matrix changes

Figure 5 shows several cycles of an isotherm obtained on a
sample of rice cereal. Note that the first wetting branch is
substantially different from all subsequent branches. This
could be termed hysteresis, since the path depends on the
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AquaSorp Users Manual
3. Theory
wetting history of the sample, but the path can’t be repeated. Something about the sample changed during the first
wetting cycle, and is not changed back by drying, no matter how many drying cycles occur.
The water in the sample is “bound” to particle surfaces by
various bonding mechanisms. When the configuration of
the surface changes, possibly by conversion from glassy to
crystalline form, or rearrangement of molecular structures,
the binding sites change and the amount of water which
can be “bound” at a given energy changes. Once these
changes occur the wetting and drying paths coincide for as
many cycles as one wants to make. These curves show what
should be more properly called hysteresis.

1st Adsorption

1st Desorption

2nd Adsorption

Moisture Content (%d.b.)

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Water Activity

Figure 5. A moisture sorption isotherm curve showing a change
in hysteresis due to a phase change during the 1st adsorption
causing the 2nd adsorption curve to not match the 1st adsorption curve.

AquaSorp Users Manual
3. Theory

Working Isotherms

In some cases, it is desirable to determine how a product
will adsorb or desorb water from its current condition. This
is referred to as the working isotherm and is determined by
wetting and drying the product from its current state. The
isotherm curve the product will initially follow depends on
whether the product was previously wetted or dried to its
current state. If a product was wetted to a certain water
activity and then is dried back down, there will be an initial transition period as the product moves from the adsorption curve to the desorption curve. The same is true
for a product that was previously dried and then wetted
up. There will be an initial transition period as the product
moves from the desorption curve to the adsorption curve.
This transition period can be observed at any point on the
isotherm if the direction of the sorption is changed and the
product exhibits hysteresis.
NOTE: Please refer to Chapter 7 for information about running a working Isotherm using the AquaSorp.

Uses for Moisture Sorption Isotherms

Moisture sorption isotherms provide valuable information.
For anyone who dries or wets their product, the sorption
isotherm serves as a drying and wetting curve and provides
information about the moisture content of a product when
dried or wetted to a specific water activity. It can be used
to assist in process control by determining drying rates and
optimal endpoints. It will also show if a product exhibits
hysteresis what impact that will have on the moisture content after drying to a given water activity.
19

AquaSorp Users Manual
3. Theory
An additional function of the isotherm is moisture content
prediction. Although water activity is a much better predictor of safety and quality than moisture content, there are
times when it is necessary to know both water activity and
moisture content as well as the relationship between the
two parameters for a given product. Water content measurements can be inaccurate, time-consuming and require
a precision balance. As an alternative to moisture content
measurement methods, the sorption isotherm can be used
to determine moisture content based on water activity, usually with better accuracy than actually running a moisture
content analysis and in much less time.
Isotherms can be used to determine the effect of temperature on a product’s water activity and moisture content.
Isotherms conducted at several different temperatures will
show the temperature at which a product, in a sealed package (at constant moisture content), will be at unstable water activity levels.
Isotherms can be very valuable for formulation and product development. By comparing the isotherms of different
formulations, it is possible to determine if a product can be
adjusted to allow higher moisture content at a given water
activity or a lower water activity at a given moisture content. The result can be a moister product that is still shelf
stable. For those producing multi-component products,
it is possible using the isotherms of the two components
to determine what the final water activity will be of the
mixture without actually making the product. For dried
products, the isotherm will predict the moisture content of
20

AquaSorp Users Manual
3. Theory
the product when it is dried to a shelf stable water activity
level.
Finally, sorption isotherms are valuable for shelf life prediction. A product’s isotherm can be used to determine package requirements depending on the products sensitivity to
moisture. It can also be used to determine the monolayer
moisture content, which represents a products most stable
state. The shape of the isotherm can provide information
about the level of amorphous to crystalline material in a
product. Changes in the slope of the isotherm indicate
phase transitions and can provide information about critical water activities for maintaining texture properties and
preventing caking and clumping. The water activity value
where the glass transition temperature equals storage temperature or the crystallization temperature equals storage
temperature can also be determined.

Isotherm Models

Several different isotherm models have been proposed and
compared in the literature. These models are necessary to
predict the moisture content at a given water activity and
are used to evaluate thermodynamic functions of water in
foods. The most commonly used models are the GAB and
BET. Since the BET model is only applicable up to 0.50
aw, the GAB model is widely accepted as the most useful
for characterizing isotherms across the entire water activity range. A new model called the Double Log Polynomial (DLP) has proven to be even better than the GAB at
characterizing complex isotherms. SorpTrac data analysis
provides the coefficients for the BET, GAB, and DLP. The
model equations are shown below.
21

AquaSorp Users Manual
3. Theory

BET

a w moc
(1 − a w ) [1 + a w (c − 1)]

Where m is the moisture in g/100 solids or g/g solids at
water activity aw and mo is the monolayer value in same
DH
RT

Where
units. The constant (c) is calculated by: c = e
(DH) is the surface interaction energy cal/mole, R is the gas
constant and T is the Kelvin temperature .
GAB

mo kbC1a w
[(1 − kba w )(1 − kba w + C1kba w )]

Where (m) is the moisture in g/100 solids or g/g solids, (kb)
is a constant in the range of 0.70 to 1 and (C1) is a constant
in the range of 1 to 2000. In addition, (mo) is the monolayer water content in the same units as (m) and (aw) is the
water activity at moisture (m).
DLP m = b3x3 + b2x2 + b1x + b0
Where (m) is the moisture in g/100 solids or g/g solids, x =
ln(-ln(aw)) and b0 – b3 are empirical constants.

The DDI Isotherm Method Compared
to Other Methods

The Dynamic Dewpoint Method(DDI) used by the AquaSorp is a unique way of obtaining isotherms. Traditional isotherm methods depend on the equilibration of the
sample to known water activities and then measuring the
22

AquaSorp Users Manual
3. Theory
equilibrium moisture content of the sample. This is most
easily done by placing the sample in a sealed chamber over
a saturated salt slurry in excess. Different water activity levels are achieved by using different salts. Adjusting a mixture
of wet and dry air while monitoring the water activity with
a sensor can also be used to control water activity. Different water activity levels are achieved by changing the levels
of dry or wet air. Some instruments are programmed to
automatically change the water activity in a dynamic stepwise progression. The sample is held at each water activity
level until weight stops changing before moving to the next
water activity. Common to all these isotherm methods is
the dependence on equilibration to a known water activity
level to determine each data point’s water activity. Since
true equilibration between the sample and the vapor source
requires an infinitely long period of time, an apparent equilibrium when weight stops changing by a tolerable level is
used. Increasing the tolerable weight change will speed up
the isotherm process but calls into question the validity of
the water activity values.
The DDI method directly measures water activity while
gravimetrically tracking weight, so there is no dependence
on equilibration to known water activity levels to determine water activity. Adsorption occurs as saturated wet air
is passed over the sample. Desorption is accomplished as
desiccated air is passed over the sample. After a short period
of time, airflow is stopped and a snapshot of the sorption
process is taken by directly measuring the water activity
and weight. The advantages of this method are increased
analysis speed since the sample does not have to wait for
equilibration to a known water activity and an unmatched
23

AquaSorp Users Manual
3. Theory
level of resolution. In addition, only water and desiccant
are needed to run the isotherm.
The dynamic nature of the DDI method can present problems when trying to compare isotherms by DDI to isotherms created using other isotherm methods, especially
isopiestic methods where equilibration times can be weeks.
For most sample types, especially samples with fast vapor diffusion, penetration by water vapor into the whole
sample is rapid and isotherms from DDI for these types of
products will be comparable to other methods. However,
for samples with slow diffusion rates, moisture movement
through the sample is slow and complete diffusion of moisture into and out of the sample may be slow enough to
give the appearance of vapor equilibrium in the headspace
during water activity analysis. In reality, the moisture has
not had time to be completely adsorbed by the sample.
Isotherms for these types of samples developed using the
DDI method may have lower moisture contents during adsorption and higher moisture contents during desorption
than isotherms constructed using other methods, resulting
in higher levels of apparent hysteresis. Better agreement
to other isotherms may be achieved, when using the DDI
method, by reducing the sample size and lowering the wet
or dry air flow rate to allow more moisture penetration into
slow diffusing samples.
Since the DDI method, other automated isotherm generators, and traditional isopiestic methods can achieve different matrix states, none of which may be true equilibrium
states. It is impossible to say that one method is better
than another. The dynamic nature of the DDI method
24

AquaSorp Users Manual
3. Theory
may actually give a more correct picture of the sorption
characteristics of a product in real conditions since samples are rarely exposed to changes in moisture in stepwise
progression but instead in a dynamic progression. In addition, time dependent physical changes that can occur as a
product equilibrates at different water activity levels over
weeks may not occur in production situations where exposure to different moisture levels is dynamic. These physical
changes may cause isotherms determined using traditional
methods to be much different than those made using the
DDI method.
The DDI method is the best method for tracking the sorption characteristics of a sample through the full isotherm
since the same sample can be subjected to multiple adsorption and desorption events in succession across any water
activity range. The resolution of the method eliminates the
need for extrapolation and gives a detailed view of sorption
events. A limitation of the DDI method is that it can not
be used to determine kinetics of sorption at different water
activity levels.

AquaSorp Users Manual
4. Getting Started

4. Getting Started
Components of your AquaSorp

The AquaSorp requires a computer and software to generate and analyze isotherm data. Once a test has begun, the
computer can be disconnected and re-connected without
losing any data. Your AquaSorp is shipped with the following items:
•
The AquaSorp Isotherm Generator Main Unit
•
PC Computer with Monitor
•
The SorpTrac Software Installation Disc
•
Operators Manual
•
Calibration Certificate / MSDS Certificates
•
Power Cord
•
RS-232 Interface Cable
•
5 Stainless Steel Sample Cups
•
2 Refillable Desiccant Tubes
•
1 Decagon Cleaning Kit
•
1 Water Bottle
•
3 Vials each of the following verification solution

1.000 aw steam distilled water

0.760 aw 6.0 molal NaCl

0.500 aw 8.57 molal LiCl

0.250 aw 13.41 molal LiCl
•
1 Phillips Screwdriver.
•
1 Flathead Screwdriver.
•
1 2g NIST traceable weight.
NOTE: Please keep the box your instrument arrives in. If it
ever needs to be returned, it must be shipped in the original
packaging.
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AquaSorp Users Manual
4. Getting Started

The AquaSorp Isotherm Generator
Essentials
Desiccant Tube
The desiccant tube provides dry air to the sample chamber and is critical to correct operation of the instrument.
It needs to be maintained with blue desiccant to provide
dry air to the instrument. For instructions on changing the
desiccant or desiccant tube, see Step 2 of “Starting a new
Test” in Chapter 5.
Message Center
The message center on the front of the instrument consists
of three LED lights. Each light provides information about
the AquaSorp depending on which one is lit and if it is
solid or blinking.
COLOR
White

STATE
Solid

White

Blinking

Blue

Solid

MESSAGE
Power is on but
the test is not
running
The Instrument
and balance are
thermally equilibrating.
A Test is running

AquaSorp Users Manual
4. Getting Started
Blue

Blinking

Red

Solid

Red

Blinking

White/Blue/Red

Blinking in succession

The Test is in
pause mode and
if not resumed
in 3 minutes the
Test will stop.
A fatal error has
occurred and the
test was stopped.
An unusual
condition has occurred and may
need attention.
Water Activity
verification in
process.

Sample Chamber
The sample chamber is located on top of the instrument
under the lid, which is opened and closed using two thumbscrews. Turn both thumbscrews to the right to open and to
the left to tighten. When closing the lid, it is important to
tighten the screws down completely to ensure a good seal.
Make sure you tighten the screws evenly or the lid could
seat unevenly.
With the lid open and looking down at the instrument,
the sample chamber can be seen on the left and the water chamber on the right. The water chamber provides
saturated air to the sample chamber and needs to be kept
filled between the two lines. Inside the sample chamber is
the weighing platform, which is connected to the
preci-sion balance. The chilled-mirror dew point sensor,
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4. Getting Started
which is used to measure sample water activity, is in the
lid and can be viewed by looking under the lid when in
the open position.

Preparing for Operation
Choosing a Location
To ensure that your AquaSorp operates correctly and consistently, place it on a level surface. There must be adequate
room to house the AquaSorp and computer used to operate
the AquaSorp. The instrument must be completely level to
ensure that the precision balance works properly. To level
the instrument, adjust the three feet until the bubble on
the front of the instrument is centered. To protect the internal electrical components, and to avoid inaccurate read29

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4. Getting Started
ings, place your AquaSorp in a location where the temperature remains stable. This location should be well away from
air conditioner and heater vents, open windows, outside
doors, refrigerator exhausts, or other items that may cause
rapid temperature fluctuation. After finding a good location for the AquaSorp, plug the power cord into the back
of the unit.
Setting up and Connecting to the Computer
Set up the computer next to the AquaSorp according to
the Dell instructions. Connect the computer to the AquaSorp through the serial port on the back of the instrument
with the supplied RS232 serial cable. The use of an uninterrupted power supply, or UPS, is recommended to avoid
data loss.
The computer is pre-loaded with the SorpTrac software
used to operate the AquaSorp. Turn on both the computer and the AquaSorp by pressing the power switches. The
power switch on the AquaSorp is located next to the power
cord on the back of the instrument. The AquaSorp requires
a 60 minute temperature equilibration period after turning it on or following a power outage. Although you can
still do data analysis during this equilibration, no test can
be started until after it has completed temperature equilibration. The AquaSorp can be left on continually without
harmful effects.
Setting up the Desiccant Tube
The desiccant tube must be loaded in the recessed area on
the front of the machine before testing can begin. To load
the tube, insert one black cone-shaped end into the left
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4. Getting Started
inlet point on the front of the machine. This inlet is spring
loaded and pressing the tube to the left will allow room to
insert the right side of the tube into the right inlet. Make
sure that both ends are seated in the inlets snugly.

Preparing the Sample Chamber
The AquaSorp is shipped with a foam insert in the sample
chamber to protect the chamber and the balance. This foam
insert must be removed before a test can be performed. In
addition, the weighing pan must be inserted into the chamber. To open the chamber and remove the insert, loosen the
thumbscrews to the right and open the lid. Remove the
foam insert and discard. Find the small round weighing
pan and insert it into the bottom of the sample chamber. It
should drop easily into the hole in the bottom of the chamber. The weighing pan should be located with the other
components in the original packaging.

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4. Getting Started
Setting up the Water Chamber
Water must be added to the water chamber before testing
can begin and the chamber should be refilled when the water level falls below the bottom fill line. To fill the chamber,
find the water bottle that was shipped with the AquaSorp.
Fill the bottle with distilled or deionized water. Use the
bottle to fill the water chamber to the top fill line.

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5. SorpTrac Software

5. SorpTrac Software
Overview
The AquaSorp uses the SorpTrac software to setup, collect and analyze test data. To run the software, go to Start
> Programs > Decagon, and click on SorpTrac or double
click the SorpTrac icon on the desktop. At the top of the
screen are tools for connecting to the AquaSorp and for setting SorpTrac preferences. The “Connect Via” drop down
box allows you to choose which communication port you
will use to connect to the AquaSorp and the “Visible Data”
drop down box allows you to change the current view from
chart alone, chart and table, or table alone. At the top right
of the screen is a current test status bar. In the center of the
screen you will see a blank chart on the left and a blank
table on the right.
As data is downloaded from the AquaSorp, the data points
will be loaded into the table and displayed in the chart. At
the bottom of the screen is a status bar that shows the isotherm settings for the current test.

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5. SorpTrac Software

A Closer Look at SorpTrac
The File Menu
The File menu consists of Export, Save Experiment, and
Exit.
Export
The Export menu consists of two options for getting
data out of SorpTrac.
Chart to Graphic
SorpTrac allows you to export your chart as a
graphic bitmap (BMP) file. This can then be
placed in other programs that allow the use of
image files.

AquaSorp Users Manual
5. SorpTrac Software
Table
Exports the current table in the Excel format
(CSV). This file can be directly opened in Excel
for further analysis or additional graphing.
Save Experiment
Saves the current experiment. This file can be opened
in the Data Analysis Tool.
Exit
Closes the SorpTrac software.
The Actions Menu
The Actions menu consists of Connect/Disconnect (this
menu item/button will change depending on the status
of the instrument), New Test, Stop Test, Modify Test, Set
Temp., Equilibration Clock, Download, and AquaSorp Information.
Connect/Disconnect
Selecting this will disconnect the AquaSorp from the
SorpTrac software. This can also be done using the
Connect/Disconnect button beneath the menus.
New Test
Starts a new test and opens up the test setup wizard.
Stop Test
Stops the current test.
Modify Test
This allows you to make changes to an experiment
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5. SorpTrac Software
that is running. Further information on what can
be modified can be found in this chapter under the
Modify Test section.
Set Temp.
Sets the desired test temperature of the AquaSorp.
Equilibration Clock
Displays the amount of time until the temperature
equilibration is complete.
Download
Downloads the data points from the previous test.
NOTE: This option is only available before a new test is
started. Starting a new test will erase previously acquired data
points from the AquaSorp.
AquaSorp Information
Displays the Serial number, firmware version, etc. of the
AquaSorp.

The Device Tools Menu
The Device Tools menu consists of Sync Time, Verification
and Restore, and Erase Test.
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5. SorpTrac Software

Sync Time
This option will synchronize the time between the
AquaSorp and your computer clock.
Verification and Restore
This menu option allows you to select the following
calibration options: Water Activity Verification, Restore Factory Water Activity Calibration, Balance Verification, and Restore Factory Balance Calibration.
Water Activity Verification
This is used to verify the calibration of the
chilled-mirror dewpoint sensor. Selecting this
option will start a verification wizard that will
guide you through the steps necessary to verify
the calibration of the sensor. See Chapter 8 for
more information about verifying the water activity.
Restore Factory Water Activity Calibration
This option will set the aater activity calibration
back to the original factory settings.
NOTE: Clicking on “Yes” will restore the water activity calibration values to factory settings and cannot be undone.
Balance Verification
This is used to verify the calibration of the magnetic force balance. You will need the supplied
2g NIST traceable weight. SorpTrac will check
the balance and ask if you want to offset the
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5. SorpTrac Software
measured weight to the actual weight See Chapter 8 for more information about verifying balance performance.
Restore Factory Balance Calibration
This resets the balance to the factory settings. A
window will open asking if you want to make
the change.
NOTE: Clicking on “Yes” will reset the balance to factory settings and cannot be undone.
Erase Test
This option erases the current test and all associated
data. Make sure you save the data before selecting this
option or all data will be lost.
The SorpTrac Tools Menu
The SorpTrac Tools Menu provides three drop-down
menus: Data Analysis, Multiple Isotherm Analysis and
Preferences.
Data Analysis
This menu option opens a new window for analyzing
your data. A further description of Data Analysis is
found in Chapter 7.
Multiple Isotherm Analysis
This menu option opens a window for analyzing
multiple isotherms. This function is used to combine
isotherm curves for comparison or to analyze work38

AquaSorp Users Manual
5. SorpTrac Software
ing isotherms. More information about Multiple Isotherm Analysis is found in Chapter 7.
Preferences
The Preferences Menu opens a window with three tabs
to customize SorpTrac. The tabs are General Program
Options, Chart View Options, and Communications
Options.
General Program Options
This menu option gives you general choices for customizing SorpTrac such as update options, clock options, data
save locations, date/time format, etc.
Automatic Internet Version Check
This option allows SorpTrac to check Decagon’s web
site for updates to the SorpTrac program. You must
have an internet connection and be connected to the
web to use the automatic version checker.
Automatic Clock Synchronized to PC clock
This option synchronizes the AquaSorp’s clock to the
clock on your computer.
Date and Time Display in SorpTrac
Provides options for displaying the date and time.
Power Outage Restart
By default this box will not be checked and an isotherm test will stop if a power outage occurs. To make
an isotherm test automatically resume, check the
box.
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5. SorpTrac Software
NOTE: It is recommended that restart delay be left unchecked
because power outages result in temperature fluctuation and
this invalidates the isotherm experiment.
Location to Auto-Save Data
This option tells the SorpTrac where you want the
data to be placed during an Auto-Save.

AquaSorp Users Manual
5. SorpTrac Software
Chart View Options
This tab includes options for setting up the chart view in
SorpTrac. Click on the “Chart View Options” tab to open
this window.
Moisture Content Display: Wet or Dry Basis
This options allows you to set the method of display for the moisture content of the sample. Dry
basis (d.b.) is the amount of water in the sample
divided by the amount of dry material. Wet basis (w.b.) is the amount of water divided by the
amount of wet material.
Clipboard Format
This option sets the format for pasting data into
the Windows clipboard. You can choose between
the Enhanced Meta (emf ) format or a Bitmap
(bmp) image format.
Moisture Content Displayed During Test
Monitoring
This option will be selected by default if a known
moisture content is entered during test setup. It
will enable moisture content values to be shown
during data collection instead of the weight
values. If a known moisture content is not entered at setup, this option will not be selected
and weights will be shown on the data collection
screen.

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5. SorpTrac Software

Communications Options
The communications tab gives you options for changing
the way SorpTrac communicates with the AquaSorp. Click
on the “Communication Option” tab to open this window.
NOTE: Only change these settings if you are having trouble
communicating with the AquaSorp.
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5. SorpTrac Software

Communication Ports List
This option allows SorpTrac to force find all
comm ports. Activating this option may give
you ports that are unavailable to SorpTrac. This
is a useful option if your USB to serial adapter
doesn’t appear in the “Connect Via” communication port list.
Device Commands Retries
Sets the number of times SorpTrac will try to
connect to the AquaSorp. The default is 3 times
before a communication error dialog box will
appear.

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5. SorpTrac Software

The Window Menu Option
This menu option is available after you have opened at least
one Data Analysis Window via the SorpTrac Tools menu.
You can open up to three Data Analysis Windows and this
allows you to quickly switch between them.
The Help Menu Option
The Help menu option has one menu called “About SorpTrac” that will give you information about the SorpTrac
software. Click anywhere within the window to close.
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5. SorpTrac Software

AquaSorp Users Manual
6. Running a Test

6. Running a Test
It is important to verify that the AquaSorp is performing
correctly before starting a test using Decagon’s Verification
Standards. Please refer to Chapter 8 for instructions on
how to verify your AquaSorp and adjust the calibrations
if necessary.

Connect to the AquaSorp

SorpTrac software must be connected to the AquaSorp to start a test. To connect, press the ‘Connect’
button at the top of the screen or go to Actions > Connect. If a previous isotherm has been run on the AquaSorp and the data is still stored in the AquaSorp, a dialogue box will ask if the user wants to download the data.
If this data has not been previously saved, select “yes”
and save the data before proceeding with a new test.
NOTE: Make sure this data is saved before pressing the ‘New
Test’ button, as this data will be erased when the new test button is pressed.

Setting the AquaSorp Temperature

The AquaSorp must be thermally equilibrated to a desired
test temperature before a new test can be initiated. The
desired isotherm temperature and the current instrument
temperature can be found at the bottom of the data collection screen in the status bar. These temperatures are updated real time. Anytime the current temperature is more than
±1°C different from the desired temperature, an equilibration time is needed. The length of this equilibration time
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6. Running a Test
will vary depending how far away the current temperature
is from the desired temperature.
When the AquaSorp is turned on, an initial 60 minute
warmup time for the balance is needed. The AquaSorp
temperature is set to 25°C by default.

After the initial warmup, additional equilibration time
should only be needed if the isotherm temperature is
changed or the instrument is shutdown.
If an isotherm test temperature other than 25°C is desired,
the temperature should be set prior to starting a new test.
To change the desired isotherm temperature, press the “Set
Temp” icon at the top of the screen to open the “Set Isotherm Temperature” page.

Any change to the target temperature will require an equilibration time, even if the instrument had previously equilibrated to a different temperature. The equilibration time
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6. Running a Test
needed will be indicated in the text of the “Set Isotherm
Temperature Page.” Temperatures between 15°C and 40°C
may be chosen. Enter the new isotherm test temperature
using the up and down arrow buttons or by typing in the
desired temperature and press “OK”. The “Set Temp” icon
at the top of the SorpTrac data collection page will then
blink red, the white light on the front of the AquaSorp
will blink, and the “New Test” icon will not be active until
the temperature has equilibrated to the desired isothermal
temperature.

Starting a new Test

To begin a test, press the ‘New Test’ button or go to Actions > New Test to open the test setup wizard.
A warning box will tell you that starting a new test will erase
data on the instrument and ask if you want to proceed.

Make sure this data has been saved before pressing ‘OK’ as
this data will be erased when the new test wizard begins.
Pressing “cancel” stops the new test and does not erase the
data. The wizard will guide you through the steps necessary to start an isotherm test. The steps of the wizard are
described below:

AquaSorp Users Manual
6. Running a Test
Step1. Isotherm Temperature
This page shows the currently set isotherm temperature to
allow the user to confirm it is correct. If a different temperature is desired, the user must cancel out of the test startup
wizard and set the temperature using the “Set Temp” icon.
Additional equilibration time will be needed if a change is
made.
After a test is complete, the temperature of the AquaSorp
can be maintained at the current isotherm test temperature
or be allowed to return to the 25°C default temperature.
The default setting is to maintain the temperature of the
AquaSorp at the current test temperature. To change the
setting back to 25°C when the test is over, just un-check the
dialogue box at the bottom of the ‘Isotherm Temperature’
screen in Step 1 of the Test Setup Wizard called “Maintain
AquaSorp Temperature Setting after test is completed. If
subsequent isotherm tests are going to be run at the same
temperature, it is advantageous to maintain the AquaSorp
at this temperature to avoid equilibration time.
After verifying the isotherm temperature is correct and
choosing whether to maintain temperature after the isotherm test is complete, press “Next” to advance to Step 2
of the wizard.

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6. Running a Test

Step 2. Check Water and Desiccant Levels
Ensure the water level in the water chamber is between the
two fill lines. The water chamber is located to the right
of the sample chamber and should be filled with distilled
water using the supplied water dispenser. Care should be
taken to prevent spilling water into the sample chamber or
down the side of the lid.
Verify there is enough blue desiccant in the desiccant tube
to complete the experiment. If more than three quarters
of the tube is pink, the desiccant tube should be changed.
New desiccant tubes are available from Decagon or used
desiccant tubes can be recharged by returning the tube to
Decagon. Alternatively, the desiccant tube can be refilled
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6. Running a Test
by removing one of the end caps, dumping out the pink
desiccant (any remaining blue desiccant in the tube can
still be used) and refilling with blue desiccant (additional
desiccant can be purchased from Decagon). Fill the tube
with desiccant and then lightly tap the tube on a hard surface while holding the open end up to pack the desiccant.
If the tube is not full after tapping, add additional desiccant until full. When the water chamber and desiccant
tube are ready, press “Next”.
NOTE: Opening the chamber during a test will invalidate
and stop the test due to exposure of the sample to the room environment. Make sure both the desiccant and water level are
adequate before starting a test.

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6. Running a Test

Step3. Zero the Balance
If there is a sample cup in the chamber, remove it. Close
the lid and seal the chamber. The lid does not need to be
sealed tight during this step, only closed. Press “Next.” The
balance will zero itself and the next step of the wizard will
appear.

Step 4. Tare Cup
Open the lid and place an empty stainless steel cup into the
sample chamber on the weighing platform. The platform
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6. Running a Test
has a beveled rim and the cup should fit inside of the rim
and lie flat on top of the platform. When the cup is properly inserted, close the lid and seal the chamber as described
above. Then press “Next.” The empty sample cup will be
tared and the wizard will advance to the next step.
NOTE: This cup should be close to the isotherm test temperature. If ambient humidity is high (above 40% RH) and there
is a large temperature divergence between the AquaSorp and
the sample cup (more than 15°C), condensation could occur.

Step 5. Sample Insertion
Open the lid and remove the cup that was just tared. Place
the sample to be tested into this tared cup. The sample
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6. Running a Test
should be uniform and representative of the material to be
tested. Avoid filling the sample cup more than half full and
make sure the outside of the sample cup is clean. For most
samples, adding just enough sample to cover the bottom of
the cup should be sufficient.
For samples with slow water diffusion rates, increasing the
surface area through grinding and keeping sample sizes
small may improve sorption testing. However, if surface
adsorption characteristics are desired, the sample should be
kept in native state. Tablets and other coated samples should
be crushed for analysis unless surface sorption characteristics are of interest. Samples with high viscosity and slow
diffusion can potentially crust over so sample size should
be kept small. For slow diffusing samples and powders, the
optimal sample size is between 500 and 800 mg.
Use caution when placing the cup in the sample chamber to avoid spilling the sample. Insert the cup with the
sample into the chamber, making sure the sample cup is
seated properly on the weighing platform. Close the lid
and seal the chamber by screwing down the thumbscrews
until tight. Make sure you tighten the screws evenly or the
lid could seat unevenly and cause a vapor leak. Then press
“Next.” The wizard will advance to the test setup screen.
NOTE: Like the sample cup above, the sample temperature
should not be drastically different from the isotherm test to
avoid condensation problems.

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6. Running a Test

Step 6. The AquaSorp Isotherm Test Setup Screen
This screen sets the parameters for the isotherm analysis. It
has several important elements including:
Test or File Name: Each experiment requires a unique
name. This name will be used to identify the test as it
is being run and to identify the data set once testing
is complete. The name can be any combination of letters and symbols including spaces and should provide
identifying information for the sample. A data file
will automatically be saved with the test or file name
in My Documents/Decagon/SorpTrac. If another
default save location is desired, it can be changed by
going to SorpTrac Tools > Preferences. This data file
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6. Running a Test
will be updated with new data as it becomes available
whenever SorpTrac is connected to the AquaSorp or
if not connected, the data file will be updated with
new data upon re-connecting to the AquaSorp. Upon
completion of the isotherm test, this data file will
contain all the isotherm data and can be used for data
analysis (see Chapter 7 for instructions on using Data
Analysis).
Test Description: This space can be used to record any additional information about the experiment that might be helpful to the user.
There are two tabs on the lower portion of the Setup window. One is labeled “Isotherm Setup” and the other is labeled “Moisture Content Calculation”.
Isotherm Setup: The Isotherm Setup Tab is used to set the
parameters for the test.
Water Activity Limits: Use this section to set the upper and lower water activity limits for the isotherm.
The minimum setting can be any value above 0.03
aw, but it must always be lower than the maximum
setting. The upper limit is 0.95 aw. Default values are
0.10 aw minimum and 0.85 aw maximum. The limits used will depend on the water activity range the
user wants to study. Some sample types can undergo
phase transitions and possibly go into solution during
adsorption. If these changes are not desired, the water activity limit should be set at a value that is lower
than the critical water activity for the change. Keep
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6. Running a Test
in mind that the critical water activity may not be
known until after an initial adsorption test has been
conducted.
Pump Flow Rate (ml/min): Use this section to set
the rate air will be pumped into the isotherm chamber. Separate flow rates can be set for each direction.
The minimum flow rate is 10 ml/min and the maximum flow rate is 1000 ml/min. Default setting is 300
ml/min. Faster flow rates may make the isotherm
test faster, but may also result in fewer and less evenly spaced data points. For more information about
choosing the correct flow rate for your sample, please
contact Decagon Devices.
Sorption: Use this section to set the initial direction
of the isotherm, the starting water activity, and the
number of sorptions.
Starting Direction: In this box, choose if the
isotherm is to be started as desorption or adsorption.
Starting Water Activity: Use the next box to
determine if the isotherm will be started at the
sample’s current water activity level or if the
sample will be saturated to the maximum water activity (desorption) or dried to minimum
water activity (adsorption) before beginning the
isotherm. If just full isotherms are desired, the
min and max starting water activity are the most
desirable. If the working adsorption or desorp57

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6. Running a Test
tion isotherm data is desired from the current
state of the sample, current starting water activity should be chosen.
Number of Sorptions: The final box is used to
determine the number of sorption curves. Choosing “1” for the number of sorptions means one
desorption or adsorption curve depending on
the starting sorption direction. Choosing “2” for
the number of sorptions will result in one desorption and one adsorption curve. Any number
of curves may be chosen to a maximum of 20.
Default setting is “2” sorptions. If current water
activity was chosen as the starting water activity,
the initial curve from the starting point to the
minimum or maximum water activity (depending on the chosen initial isotherm direction) will
count as one sorption. If maximum or minimum is chosen as the starting water activity, the
first adsorption or desorption curve (depending
on the chosen initial isotherm direction) will be
identified as a quick adsorb or a quick desorb and
will not count as one of the sorption curves.
Moisture Content Calculation: This tab is used to determine
how moisture content will be calculated. The AquaSorp’s
balance tracks weight gravimetrically as the isotherm is
running. To have meaning, these weights must be converted into moisture contents. The method used to determine
moisture content when using the AquaSorp will depend on
the users preferred moisture content method. If moisture
content is available prior to the start of the test, it can be
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entered at setup and data collected while the test is running
will be displayed as moisture content on the data collection
screen. If the moisture content information is not available
at startup and is entered after completion of the test, the
data collection screen will show the weight of the sample
and not the moisture content.
Dry Weight Prediction: This method has been developed by Decagon to eliminate the need to perform a
moisture analysis. It utilizes the desorption isotherm
data below 0.40 aw and oven dry water activity to predict the oven dry weight. This method cannot be used
if a desorption curve is not going to be generated. The
method works for most types of isotherms, but cannot be used for materials with desorption curves that
flatten at low water activities and then rapidly lose
water at water activities below 0.1 aw.
Moisture Content Before Test: If the user knows the
moisture content of the sample prior to beginning the
isotherm test, select this button and enter the percent
moisture content. To be accurate, this must be the
moisture content of the sample at the time it is placed
in the AquaSorp.
Set This Item at a Later Time: If the dry weight or
moisture content of the sample is going to be determined after the analysis, select this button. This is the
default selection.
Moisture Content Reference
This function allows the user to select whether mois59

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ture content should be reported on a wet or dry basis.
Alternating between the reporting methods will result
in changes to the data since they are calculated differently. For wet basis, the amount of water is divided by
the total weight of the sample (solids plus moisture)
while for dry basis, the amount of water is divided by
the dry weight (solids only). When using a known
moisture content, it is important to know its basis
and then select the right method on the setup screen
as this will impact the way all other moisture contents
are determined.
Finish: Pressing finish at the bottom of the page will start
the isotherm experiment you have just set up.

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6. Running a Test

Data Collection

Once the test is started, data points will be loaded into the
chart and table as they are generated as long as the SorpTrac software is connected to the AquaSorp. In addition,
the status bar at the top of the screen will show the current
status of the test and the status bar at the bottom of the
screen will show the current test settings.
Pressing “Disconnect” at the top of the screen stops
real time updating, but data will still be generated and
saved in the AquaSorp’s internal memory. This means
that once a test has been started, the SorpTrac software can be disconnected and the computer can be
shutdown without affecting the test.
If the AquaSorp is turned off and automatic restart
is not selected or if the stop button is pressed during
the isotherm test, the data will not be lost and can be
saved; however the isotherm test cannot be continued.
If additional data points are needed, a new isotherm
test must be started.

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6. Running a Test

Saving Data

Upon completion of a test, a data file is automatically saved
in the location described in preferences. If a different file
name and/or location are desired, the test can be saved by
going to File > Save Experiment and then entering a file
name and location for the test and pressing “Save.” The file
name can be the same or different from the test name selected during test setup. In addition, both the chart and the
table can be exported from the data collection screen for
use in other programs. The graph is exported as an image
file and the table is exported as a .csv data file. This is done
by selecting File > Export and then selecting either “chart
to graphic” or “table.”

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Modify Test

While the test is running, the aw limits flow rate for both
adsorption and desorption, and the number of sorptions
can be modified. To change these values, press the “Modify Test” button at the top of the screen or select Actions>
Modify Test from the menu options at the top of the
screen. (The modify test button will only be visible below
the menus after a test has started. When idle, the button
will be “Set. Temp”).
The isotherm setup screen will appear. The aw minimum &
maximum values, the flow rates and the number of sorptions can be updated on this screen. The starting direction
and starting aw value settings cannot be changed and the
number of sorption curves cannot be reduced to a number
less than the number of curves already generated.

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7. Analysis Tools
Data Analysis

SorpTrac software analyzes the completed test data using
the GAB, BET, and Decagon’s own polynomial equation
called the Double Log Polynomial. Three different file
types are used for data analysis in SorpTrac.
• Sorption Experiment Data file (.sxd). This file
contains the data collected for each isotherm test. It is
created automatically when an isotherm test is started
or can be saved manually be selecting File > Save Experiment at the data collection screen. This file is then
opened in the Data Analysis Tool to be analyzed.
• Analyzed Experiment Data file (.axd). This file
is created by saving the results from the Data Analysis
Tool. It contains the experimental data included in
the analysis plus the isotherm model information.
• Multiple Experiment Data file (.mxd). This file
is created by saving the results of the Multiple Isotherm Analysis Tool. It contains the data for all isotherms included in the analysis as well as the isotherm
model information if an analysis was done.
To begin Data Analysis, select Tools > Data Analysis, to
open the Data Analysis Window. The Data Analysis window consists of a chart area, a data table area, and an analysis results area as seen below.

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7. Analysis Tools

To open a test for analysis, select File > Open Test, select a
previously saved test data file, and press “OK”. The file extension for the test data file will be .sxd. The test data will
be displayed in the chart and table. The chart shows the test
name for the isotherm being analyzed.

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7. Analysis Tools

Multiple data analysis pages can be open simultaneously
and more than one open data analysis page can use the
same data set. Additional data analysis pages are opened
by navigating to the data collection screen, selecting Tools
> Data Analysis, and then opening an experiment as outlined earlier. You can quickly switch between Data Analysis
Windows by selecting the Window menu item from the
data collection screen.
Moisture Content
Before the isotherm curves can be analyzed, the sample
weight data collected by the AquaSorp must be converted
to a moisture content. If moisture content information was
entered earlier during data collection, the moisture contents should already be displayed in the data table. To enter
moisture content information, click the moisture content
icon in the top right corner of the data analysis page. This
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sists of several different sections including:
Test Name: The name of the test provided during
data collection will appear here by default.
Test Description: If a test description was provided
during data collection, it will appear here by default.
A test description can be added or edited anytime using this screen.
Moisture Content Calculation: This section is used to choose
the method to determine the moisture content of the isotherm data points. The possible methods include:
Dry Weight Prediction. This method has been developed by Decagon to eliminate the need to perform a
moisture analysis. It utilizes the desorption isotherm
data below 0.40 aw and oven dry water activity to predict the oven dry weight. This method cannot be used
if a desorption curve has not generated. The method
works for most types of isotherms, but cannot be
used for materials with desorption curves that flatten
at low water activities and then rapidly lose water at
water activities below 0.1 aw.
Oven dry weight. This method is used if loss-on-drying is used for moisture content analysis. It is important that the dry weight be the weight of the actual
isotherm sample after drying in a convection or vacuum oven. This is done by taking the isotherm sample
from the instrument when the isotherm analysis is
complete, and putting it directly into the oven. The
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stainless steel cup with the sample used for the isotherm analysis can be placed directly in an oven The
oven should be the oven routinely used for moisture
content analysis. Keep in mind that any loss in sample
or errors in weighing will result in errors in moisture
content values for all isotherm data points.
To obtain the oven dry weight of the sample, weigh
the cup and sample after removing from the oven and
cooling in a desiccator. Next remove the sample from
the stainless cup and clean the cup. Weigh the clean,
dry and empty stainless steel cup. The oven dry weight
of the sample is the weight of the cup and sample minus the weight of the empty cup. Enter this value in
milligrams in the dialog box to the right of the oven
dry weight button.
Moisture content before testing. Use this method
if a moisture content analysis was performed on a
sub-sample either before or during the isotherm test.
If this method is chosen, it is vital that the moisture
content be performed on a sub-sample that is in the
same moisture condition as the isotherm sample at
the time the test was started. This method will be the
most common choice for those who use moisture
analysis methods other than loss-on-drying i.e. Karl
Fischer titrations. Enter the % moisture content value
into the top box to the right of the buttons. SorpTrac will assign this moisture content value to the first
data point collected and calculate all other data points
based on this value.

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7. Analysis Tools
Moisture content After Test: Use this section to enter
a moisture content value from the sample determined
after completing the isotherm experiment. This moisture content value can be determined by any appropriate method such as loss-on-drying or Karl Fisher.
Enter the percent moisture content value determined
on the sample at the end of the isotherm experiment
into the top right of the buttons. SorpTrac will assign
this moisture content value to the last data point collected and calculate all other data points based on this
value.
Moisture Content Reference: This function allows
the user to select whether moisture content should be
reported on a wet or dry basis. Alternating between
the reporting methods will result in changes to the
data since they are calculated differently. For wet basis, the amount of water is divided by the total weight
of the sample (solids plus moisture) while for dry basis, the amount of water is divided by the dry weight
(solids only). When using a known moisture content,
it is important to know its reporting basis and then
select the right method on the setup screen as this
will impact the way all other moisture contents are
determined. Dry weight prediction is the default selection.

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After selecting the appropriate Moisture Content determination, press “OK” at the bottom of the screen. The moisture content window will close and return to the chart and
data table screen.
Running Data Analysis
With the moisture content data available, the isotherm
graphs can be analyzed to determine the isotherm equation
coefficients. If more than one adsorption or desorption
curves were generated, they will each be displayed on the
chart. Any of the curves can be excluded from the analysis
by clicking once on the curve name in the legend to the
right of the chart. The curve will then be removed from the
chart view. The word ‘excluded’ will now appear in parentheses next to the curve name in the legend at the right of
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the chart indicating that the data for this curve will not be
included in the data analysis. The data for excluded curves
is not deleted and the curve can be re-included in the analysis by clicking the name in the legend again. If more than
one curve is included in the analysis, all adsorption points
from all included adsorption curves will be combined for
the adsorption analysis and all desorption data points from
all included desorption curves will be combined for desorption analysis. A single data point can also be eliminated
from the analysis by double clicking on the data point in
the chart view or by clicking on the excluded box in the
data table next to the data point. When the data point is
excluded, it will be replaced by an X in the chart view as
seen in the following picture.

When the data points and curves excluded from the analysis
have been selected, the analysis process is started by pressing the start button at the bottom right side of the data
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analysis screen. When analysis is complete, the coefficient
results will be displayed on the right side of the screen. The
standard error of prediction (S.E.P.) and the R2 are also
displayed. The S.E.P. provides information about how well
the models predict the actual data. For example, an S.E.P.
of 0.05 means that the moisture content predicted by the
isotherm model at any water activity is ±0.05 of the actual
moisture content. The R2 is an indication of the goodness
of fit of the moisture content data generated by the models
to the actual moisture content data. An R2 value of 1.00
means the model perfectly matches the actual data.
The SorpTrac software provides separate analysis results for
adsorption and desorption curves using the Double Log
Polynomial (DLP equation), GAB, and BET isotherm
models (for the BET model, only data points between 0
and 0.50 aw are used for the analysis). The data points predicted by each equation are now displayed in the data table
and the predicted curve is displayed in the chart view. Any
of these curves can be hidden from view by clicking once
on their name in the legend to the right of the graph. The
word ‘hidden’ will appear after the model name.
The data table can be exported as a .csv file and the chart
can be exported as an image file before or after pressing
the start analysis button. However, if the table or chart is
exported before pressing start, the information generated
during analysis will not appear in the graphic or table. To
export the table select File> Export> Table. To export the
graph select File> Export> Chart to Graphic.
Once start has been pressed and analysis is complete, the
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results can be saved. To save the results, select File> Save
Analysis and choose the name and location to save the file.
This file will be saved with an .axd file extension and will
save the moisture content information and GAB, BET, and
DLP information. To open a previously saved analysis file,
select File> Open Analysis File and choose any .axd file to
open. Once opened, new moisture content data can be
entered by pressing the moisture content icon or the data
set can be re-analyzed by pressing the clear button and the
start button again. Any graphs excluded from the analysis
originally will return when the clear button is pressed.
An isotherm report showing the isotherm graph and the
table of coefficients can also be saved as a pdf file. To generate an isotherm report, go to File> Generate Report and
choose a name and location for the isotherm report file.

Multiple Isotherm Analysis
The SorpTrac software includes a tool to view and analyze
multiple isotherm tests together in the same chart. This
function is used to compare isotherms as well as create and
analyze working isotherms. To begin Multiple Isotherm
Analysis, select SorpTrac Tools > Multiple Isotherm Analysis. This will open a new Multiple Isotherm Data Analysis
page, which looks like the Data Analysis page, but with
only one set of coefficients under Analysis Results.

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7. Analysis Tools

Overview of Multiple Isotherm
Analysis
Multiple Isotherm Analysis utilizes axd files created using
the Data Analysis Tool. It creates mxd files, which can be
re-opened for further analysis or opened with other mxd
or axd files for further comparisons and analysis. Since
axd and mxd files already contain moisture content information, there is no need to enter moisture content information for Multiple Isotherm Analysis. When axd files are
created, there is only one adsorption and one desorption
curve, even if the original sxd file had multiple adsorption
and desorption curves (Note: the adsorption and desorption curves in the axd files will include a combination of all
of the data from all of the curves included in the original
data analysis). The axd file can also have only an adsorption or desorption curve depending on what was included
when data analysis was conducted. When an axd file is
opened in Multiple Isotherm Analysis, all isotherm data
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and curves in the axd file will be imported, (the isotherm
model information will not be imported). Therefore, axd
files that are created to be merged with other axd files using
the Multiple Isotherm Analysis tool should only include
the data or curves that are to be merged. Any unwanted
data or curves should be excluded from the analysis before
the axd file is created.
Each curve from each axd file to be combined will be identified in the Multiple Isotherm Chart by its test name and
sorption direction allowing each curve to retain its original
identity. However, if the combined data is analyzed using
the start button at the bottom right corner of the Multiple
Isotherm Analysis page, all of the data will be treated as one
data set and one sorption curve. This means that for analysis, the data will not be distinguished by sorption direction
or original axd file name. The analysis results will be one
sorption curve with one set of coefficients.
For example, consider there are two axd files whose adsorption curves are to be compared. The original sxd files contain both an adsorption and desorption curve for both isotherm tests. To compare just the adsorption curves of the
two tests, the desorption curves should be excluded from
data analysis using the Data Analysis Tool. The results of
the data analysis of just the adsorption curves for both tests
should then be saved as axd files. These axd files can then
be opened using the Multiple Isotherm Tool and compared
on the same chart without the desorption curves. If the
desorption curves were not excluded using the Data Analysis Tool, they too would be imported and would appear in
the chart with the adsorption curves.
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Running a Multiple Isotherm
Analysis
To begin a new multiple isotherm project, select File >
New. This will bring up the Multiple Isotherm Analysis
Setup page. This page consists of two parts, the Files to
Merge section and the Legend Name section.

Files to Merge
The Files to Merge section is used to select the isotherm
files to be combined. To select a file, click on the open
folder icon on the right side of the first blank space in the
Files to Merge section. This will bring up a browsing window to find the first file to merge. This must be either an
.axd file created during data analysis or an .mxd file created
previously using Multiple Isotherm Analysis. At least two
different files must be selected for merging and up to 10
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files can be selected. To open additional files, repeat the
process using the other blank lines.
Legend Name
By default, each curve from each file will be identified in
the chart by the test name and the sorption direction. Test
names that are too many characters will be shortened and
if more than one curve has the same test name, they will be
followed by ascending numbers (i.e. 1 then 2 and so forth).
If a legend name other than the test name is desired, it can
be entered in the corresponding blank line under Legend
Name. The curves imported for that file will now be identified by the new legend name and the sorption direction.

Pressing ‘OK’ after selecting the files to merge will import
the information and the combined isotherms will now
appear together in the Multiple Isotherm Analysis page.
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Pressing “cancel” will return to the blank Multiple Isotherm Analysis screen. If the files included in the Multiple
Isotherm Analysis need to be changed, select File > Modify.
This will bring up the Multiple Isotherm Analysis Setup
Screen with the files and legend names (if any) chosen previously. The files can then be cleared, changed, additional
files can be included, or the legend names can be changed.
If a new Multiple Isotherm Analysis project is desired, selecting File > New will bring up a blank Multiple Isotherm
Analysis Setup page.
Once the multiple isotherm files have been combined using the setup screen, the combined data will appear in the
chart and table on the Multiple Isotherm Analysis screen.
The legend names will be listed to the right of the chart.
Clicking on a legend name in the chart will hide that curve
from view and the word ‘Hidden” will appear next to the
legend name in parentheses. The chart and table of data
can be exported at any time by selecting File > Export >
Table or File > Export > Chart to Graphic. When a chart
is exported, it will appear as it does on the screen and any
curves that are hidden will be hidden in the image as well.
The Multiple Isotherm Analysis information can be saved
at any time as well (before or after clicking on the start button) by selecting File > Save. This will create an .mxd file.
This mxd file can then be re-opened anytime by selecting
File > Open. Only mxd files can be opened in this manner.
The mxd file can also be combined with other axd and mxd
files by selecting File > New and selecting the newly created
mxd file along with the other files to be combined.
In many cases, all that will be desired with the Multiple
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Isotherm Analysis tool is to compare multiple curves but
not analyze them together. In these situations, it is not
necessary to click the start analysis tool at the bottom right
corner of the screen. However, if a combined analysis of
the curves is desired, pressing the start button will generate
the isotherm model values in the table and the coefficient
values under Analysis Results. Unlike the Data Analysis
Tool, clicking on a legend name in Multiple Isotherm
Analysis hides the curve from view, but does not exclude it
from the analysis. Individual data points can be eliminated
by double clicking on them or clicking on the excluded box
next to the data point in the data table.
The most obvious situation where analysis of the combined
isotherms will be of value is for working isotherms. More
information about working isotherms can be found below.
Since all of the data imported into the Multiple Isotherm
Analysis tool is considered one data set for analysis, only
one set of coefficients will appear under Analysis Results.
The results of the analysis can be cleared anytime by pressing the clear button. The results can also be saved by selecting File > Save. This will create an .mxd file as above
but will now contain the isotherm model information. An
analysis report showing the graph and coefficients can also
be saved as a pdf file by selecting File > PDF Report.

Creating a Working Isotherm Using the AquaSorp
Working isotherms, as described in the Theory section in
Chapter 3, can be generated using the AquaSorp, but it
requires several steps.
Step 1.
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Generate two isotherm tests using the AquaSorp, one
for adsorption and one for desorption and both starting
at the “current” water activity value. A working isotherm
is an analysis of the sorption characteristics of a sample
starting from its native state. To generate this data requires
the analysis of two sub-samples in the same condition as
the original sample.
Adsorption Curve: One sub-sample is analyzed for
adsorption from its current state. When setting up the
test, any settings can be used for temperature, water
activity limits, and flow rate, but at the Isotherm Test
Setup screen of the Test Setup Wizard, Starting Sorption Direction must be Adsorption, Starting Water
Activity must be Current, and Number of Sorptions
must be 1. The Test Name should identify the sample
name and the sorption direction. Upon completion
of the isotherm, the sxd file should be saved with a file
name that identifies this isotherm as the adsorption
curve of the working isotherm.

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Desorption Curve: One sub-sample is analyzed for
desorption from its current state. When setting up the
test, any settings can be used for temperature, water
activity limits, and flow rate, but at the Isotherm Test
Setup screen of the Test Setup Wizard, Starting Sorption Direction must be Desorption, Starting Water
Activity must be Current, and Number of Sorptions
must be 1. The Test Name should identify the sample
name and the sorption direction. Upon completion
of the isotherm, the sxd file should be saved with a file
name that identifies this isotherm as the desorption
curve of the working isotherm.

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7. Analysis Tools

Step 2.
Analyze the adsorption and desorption curves separately using the Data Analysis Tool. Open the adsorption and
desorption sxd files of the working isotherm in separate
Data Analysis Tool windows. Enter the moisture content
information for each curve as detailed in the Data Analysis
section. Ideally, the same initial moisture content will be
used for both isotherm curves since the two sub-samples
used for isotherm analysis should have had the same initial moisture content. This also facilitates combining the
curves in Multiple Isotherm Analysis. Data analysis should
be then be conducted for each individual curve and the
analyses saved as axd files as outlined above.

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7. Analysis Tools
Step 3.
Combine the adsorption and desorption curves using
the Multiple Isotherm Analysis Tool. In the Multiple Isotherm Analysis Tool, select to merge the axd files for adsorption and desorption as instructed above. Both curves
should now appear in the same chart, each identified by
their test name and sorption direction.

Step 4.
Analyze the combined curves as one working isotherm.
Press the Start button at the bottom right corner of the
page to analyze the two curves as a combined working isotherm. The results will show one working isotherm with
the isotherm model information for the working isotherm.
This working isotherm can now be saved as an .mxd file,
exported as a graphic, exported as a data table, or generated as a pdf report as outlined above. In addition, multiple working isotherms can be compared using the Multiple Isotherm Tool by merging the .mxd files from several
working isotherms.
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AquaSorp Users Manual
8. Instrument Verification

8. Instrument Verification
To generate accurate isotherms, the AquaSorp must measure water activity and sample weight accurately. It is therefore important to verify the AquaSorp’s water activity and
weight measurements against known standards.

Water Activity Verification

The AquaSorp uses the chilled mirror dewpoint technique
to determine water activity as part of the isotherm analysis. Because this is a primary measurement method of
relative humidity, no calibration is necessary; however, it is
important to check for linear offset periodically. The components that the instrument uses to measure aw are subject
to changes that may affect the AquaSorp’s performance.
These changes are usually the result of chamber contamination. When this occurs, it changes the accuracy of the
instrument. This is what is called a “linear offset.” Therefore, frequent linear offset verification can assure you that
your AquaSorp is performing correctly. Linear offset can be
checked by using a salt solution and distilled water.
Verification Standards
Verification standards are specially prepared salt solutions
that have a specific molality and water activity that is constant and accurately measurable. The verification standards
that were sent with your initial shipment are very accurate
and readily available from Decagon Devices. These particular standards are accurate and easy to use. Most importantly, they greatly reduce preparation errors. Because
of these reasons, only standards provided by Decagon can
be used for verification of your AquaSorp’s performance.
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Performance Verification Standards come in four water activity levels: 1.000, 0.760, 0.500, and 0.250 aw. The standards are produced under a strict quality assurance regime.
The accuracy of the standards is verified and are shelf stable
for one year. Several verification vials are included with
the AquaSorp. Please contact Decagon Devices to order
additional standards.
Verification Standards
Water Activity
@25°C
Distilled Water
1.000 ±0.005
0.5m KCl
0.984 ±0.005
6.0m NaCl
0.760 ±0.005
8.57m LiCl
0.500 ±0.005
13.41m LiCl
0.250 ±0.005
To use a salt standard, remove the twist top and pour the
contents into an AquaSorp sample cup.
When to Verify for Linear Offset
Linear offset should be checked against a known verification standard before beginning a new isotherm test. Linear
offset should never be verified solely against distilled water, since it does not give an accurate representation of the
linear offset. Decagon recommends that the AquaSorp be
checked with a high and low salt standard, preferably the
0.760aw and 0.250aw verification solutions. Checking the
aw of a standard solution will alert you to the possibility of
contamination of the unit or shifts in the linear offset from
other causes.
How to Verify and Adjust for Linear Offset
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To verify for linear offset of your AquaLab, select Device
Tools > Verification and Restore > Water Activity Verification. The water activity verification wizard will then appear. The steps of the wizard include:
Step 1: Choose Water Activity Standard

Use this step to choose which water activity standard
you will use to verify your AquaSorp. The most common choices will be 0.760aw and 0.250aw. The choices include:
0.250 aw (13.41 molal LiCl)
0.500 aw (8.57 molal LiCl)
0.760 aw (6.0 molal NaCl)
1.000 aw (Steam Distilled Water)

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8. Instrument Verification
Step 2: Insert Water Activity Standard

For this step, insert a cup with a fresh water activity standard into the sample chamber and seal the chamber.

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8. Instrument Verification
Step 3: Measuring Water Activity

During this step, the AquaSorp will perform a water
activity analysis on the water activity standard.
Step 4: Verify Water Activity Reading

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8. Instrument Verification
When the water activity analysis in Step 3 is complete, the
analysis results will be displayed as the temperature and
measured aw. The actual aw will also be displayed. To adjust
the offset so the measured aw will match the actual aw, press
“OK” at the bottom of the screen. The offset adjustment
is done automatically and the verification wizard closes.
Pressing “Cancel” on any screen of the wizard closes the
verification wizard without saving the offset adjustment.
The verification process should be repeated for a second
water activity standard. If the second standard reads correctly, the AquaSorp is ready to begin a test. If the second
water activity standard requires a further offset, or if the
offset on the first standard was larger than ±0.05aw, the
AquaSorp’s testing chamber requires cleaning. For instructions on cleaning the instrument, please refer to Chapter 9.
The calibration settings can be restored to the factory settings anytime by selecting Device Tools > Verification and
Restore > Restore Factory Aw Calibration.

Balance Verification

The AquaSorp uses a magnetic force balance to gravimetrically track the weight of the sample during the isotherm
test. The performance of this balance is verified against
a NIST traceable 2 gram standard weight. This 2 gram
weight is included with the AquaSorp and should be handled with tweezers and not bare skin. Balance performance
should be verified before starting a new isotherm test
Note: The oils from your skin will affect the accuracy of the
NIST traceable weight.

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8. Instrument Verification
How to Verify and Adjust the Balance
To verify balance performance select Device Tools > Verification and Restore > Balance Verification. The balance
verification wizard will then appear.
Step 1: Zero the Balance

During this step, nothing should be on the balance.
Close the lid and press next to zero the balance.

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8. Instrument Verification

Step 2: Insert Weight Standard

The next screen will ask you to insert the 2 gram
NIST traceable weight standard included with the
AquaSorp. Remember not to handle the weight with
bare skin.

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8. Instrument Verification

Step 3: Verify Weight Reading

The next screen will display the actual reading and
the measured reading. If the measured value is different from the actual reading, press ‘OK’ to offset the
weight to the correct value. If no offset is needed,
press “Cancel”. The balance settings can be restored
back to the factory settings anytime by selecting Device Tools > Verification and Restore > Restore Factory aw Calibration.

AquaSorp Users Manual
9. Maintenance and Cleaning

9. Maintenance and Cleaning.
The accuracy of the AquaSorp is vitally dependent on keeping your instrument clean. Dust and sampling debris can
contaminate the sample chamber and must therefore be
regularly cleaned. To clean the AquaSorp, carefully follow
these instructions.
Tools Needed
•
Decagon Cleaning Kit which includes:
A plastic rod.
Cleaning Solution
Lint-free or sizing-free tissues (Kimwipes®)
Isopropyl Alcohol (Not Included).
NOTE: Kimwipes® are ideal because they don’t leave a lint
residue, like most tissues. They also don’t have any other compounds in the tissue that may contaminate the sensors in the
AquaSorp’s block. Also, never use cotton swabs to clean the
block sensors. Most cotton swabs contain adhesives and other
compounds that are released and transferred to the mirror and
other surfaces, contaminating them.

Cleaning the Sample Chamber

If the sample chamber becomes dirty, wipe down the inside of the chamber with a wet Kimwipe followed by a dry
Kimwipe. The lid containing the dewpoint block should be
cleaned in a separate step as outlined below.
Dust and debris can fall below the balance plate and should
be cleaned regularly. To remove the balance plate, gently
lift up simultaneously on both sides of the platform. It may
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be necessary to use some tweezers to assist with the removal
of the plate. Avoid exerting any downward vertical force on
the plate or brass shaft that sits below it as this can damage
the precision balance. After wiping down the area under
the plate, gently replace it by inserting it into the top of the
brass shaft.

Cleaning the Dewpoint Sensor
Block
Accessing the Block
1. Turn off the power on your AquaSorp (switch on back).
2. To remove the sample chamber lid, loosen and remove
the 4 screws located on the left and right side of the sample
chamber lid using the Phillips head screwdriver. Carefully
lift the back of the lid and slide the lid forward past the
thumbscrews on the front and lift to remove.
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3. Removing the lid will expose the dew point sensor block.
Remove the foam insulation square and unscrew the two
thumbscrews that secure the sensor block. You need to use
the flat head screwdriver to loosen the thumb screws.
4. Unplug the cable with the 20-pin socket that attaches
the block to the main circuit board by releasing the two
locking levers that are on either side of the socket. Also,
unplug the lid sensor by pulling up on the small white plug
at the front of the block.
5. Carefully lift the block straight up from its mount. Turn
the block over to expose the chamber cavity.

Cleaning the Block

1. Wash your hands with soap and water to prevent oils
from contaminating the Kimwipe tissue and being transferred to the mirror.
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2. Wrap a Kimwipe strip around the plastic rod from the
Decagon Cleaning Kit.
3. Cleaning your AquaSorp sensor block is a three-step
procedure. First clean the sensors and block using an isopropyl alcohol-moistened Kimwipe tissue. Clean the mirror, optical sensor, infrared temperature sensor and chamber surfaces.
4. Follow this with a Kimwipe tissue moistened with either
Decagon’s cleaning solution or distilled water.
5. Finally, wrap a new, dry Kimwipe around the plastic rod,
and use it to thoroughly wipe the water or cleaning solution from the mirror, infra-red temperature sensors and
chamber surfaces.

Reassemble the Block and Lid

After cleaning, return the block to its position on top of the
lid and screw down the 2 thumbscrews. To ensure a good
seal, tighten them with the flat-head screwdriver. Plug the
20 pin socket cable back into the block making sure the
two locking levers lock back in place. Also, plug the small
white lid sensor plug back in at the front of the block. Replace the insulation on top of the block and place the sample chamber lid back on. For proper fitting, make sure the
2 thumbscrews that are used to seal the sample chamber fit
through the slots in the sample chamber lid. Secure with
the 4 screws using the Phillips screwdriver.
Verify the water activity calibration as described in Chapter 8 after cleaning.
97

AquaSorp Users Manual
10. Troubleshooting

10. Troubleshooting
Problem
Wont Turn on

Can’t communicate with
the AquaSorp

•
•
•
•

Weight is decreasing during adsorption

•
•
•

Weight is increasing during desorption

•

Water Activity is decreasing during adsorption

•
•
•
•

Water activity is increasing •
during desorption
•
•

Possible Solution
Power cord disconnected
Blown Fuse
RS232 cable not
plugged in
Wrong Com port
chosen
Water tank has run dry
Pump is not working
Material is undergoing
a phase change
Desiccant tube has
been used up
Pump is not working
Water tank has run dry
Pump is not working
Material is undergoing
a phase change
Desiccant tube has
been used up
Pump is not working
Material is undergoing
a phase change

AquaSorp Users Manual
10. Troubleshooting
Isotherm test has stopped
premature

• The lid has been
opened
• The AquaSorp experi enced a power failure

Isotherm test is taking
unusually long time to
complete, even at high
flow rates

• Sample has very slow
sorption properties
• Lid is not closed tightly
even if thumb screws seem
to be tight. You may need
to remove sample chamber
lid (as when cleaning
chamber) to further tighten
tighten thumb screws

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading

11. Further Reading
Applications for Moisture Sorption Isotherms
Ahmed,J., H.S.Ramaswamy, and A.R.Khan. 2005. Effect
of water activity on glass transitions of date pastes. J Food
Eng 66:253-258.
Aktas,N. 2005. Moisture adsorption properties and adsorption isosteric heat of dehydrated slices of Pastirma (Turkish
dry meat product). Meat Science 71:571-576.
Amberg,C.H. 1959. Heats of adsorption of water vapor
on bovine albumin. Journal of American Chemical Society
79:3980.
Buckton,G., and P.Darcy. 1995. The use of gravimetric
studies to assess the degree of crystallinity of predominantly crystalline powders. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 123:265-271.
Burnett,D.J., F.Thielmann, and J.Booth. 2004. Determining the critical relative humidity for moisture-induced
phase transitions. International Journal of Pharmaceutics
287:123-133.
Chou,H.E., K.M.Acott, and T.P.Labuza. 1973. Sorption
hysteresis and chemical reactivity: lipid oxidation. J Food
Sci 38:316-319.

100

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
Chuang,L., and R.T.Toledo. 1976. Predicting the water activity of multicomponent systems from water sorption isotherms of individual components. J Food Sci 41:922-927.
Constantino,H.R., J.G.Curley, and C.C.HSU. 1997. Determining the Water Sorption Monolayer of Lyophilized
Pharmaceutical Proteins. J of Pharm Sci 86:1390-1393.
Diosady,L.L., S.S.H.Rizvi, W.CAI, and D.J.Jagdeo. 1996.
Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Canola Meals, and Applications to Packaging. J Food Sci 61:204-208.
Eckhoff,S.R., L.T.Black, and R.A.Anderson. 1982. Predicting the moisture isotherm for corn-soy milk from individual component moisture isotherms and their possible
effects on storage stability. Cereal Chem 59:289-290.
Emigg, and H.Hofmann. 1967. On the methods for estimation of pore size distribution from isotherms. Journal of
Catalysis 9:303.
Gal,S., and D.Bankay. 1971. Hydration of sodium chloride bound by casein at medium water activities. J Food
Sci 36:800-803.
Harris,M., and M.Peleg. 1996. Patterns of textural changes
in brittle cellular cereal foods caused by moisture sorption.
Cereal Chem 73:225-231.
Iglesias,H.A., J.Chirife, and R.Boquet. 1980. Predicting of
water sorption isotherms of food models from knowledge
of components sorption behavior. J Food Sci 45:450-457.
101

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
Jouppila,K., and J.H.Roos. 1994a. Glass Transitions and
Crystallization in Milk Powder. Journal of Dairy Science
77:2907-2915.
Jouppila,K., and Y.H.Roos. 1994b. Water sorption and
time-dependent phenomena of milk powders. Journal of
Dairy Science 77:1798-1808.
Kapsalis,J.G. 1981. Moisture sorption hysteresis. p. 143177. In L.B.Rockland, and G.F.Stewart (ed.) Water Activity: Influences on Food Quality. Academic Press, New
York.
Kingston,G.L., and P.S.Smith. 1964. Thermodynamics of adsorption of capillary systems. Trans. Farad. Soc.
60:705,721.
Konopacka,D., W.Plocharski, and T.Beveridge. 2002. Water Sorption and Crispness of Fat-Free Apple Chips. J Food
Sci 67:87-92.
Labuza,T.P., and R.Contreras-Medellin. 1981. Prediction of moisture protection requirements for foods. Cereal
Foods World 26:335-343.
Li,Y., K.M.Kloeppel, and F.Hsieh. 1998. Texture of glassy
corn cakes as a function of moisture content. J Food Sci
63:869-872.
Lima,J.R., S.D.S.Campos, and L.-A.G.Goncalves. 2000.
Relationship between water activity and texture of roast102

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
ed and salted cashew kernel. Journal of Food Science and
Technology 37(5):512-513.
Makower,B., and W.B.Dye. 1956. Equilibrium moisture
content and crystallization of amorphous sucrose and glucose. Agriculture and Food Chemistry 4:72-77.
Mathlouthi,M., and B.Roge. 2004. Water vapour sorption
isotherms and the caking of food powders. Food Chem
82:61-71.
Oswin,C.R. 1946. The kinetics of package life. III. The isotherm. J. Chem. Ind. (London) 65:419.
Roos,Y.H. 1993. Water activity and physical state effects on
amorphous food stability. J Food Process Preserv 16:433447.
Ruckold,S., H.-D.Isengard, J.Hanss, and K.H.Grobecker.
2003. The energy of interaction between water and surfaces
of biological reference materials. Food Chem 82:51-59.
Sacchetti,M. 1998. Thermodynamics Analysis of Moisture
Sorption Isotherms. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science
87:982-986.
Sapru,V., and T.Labuza. 1996. Moisture transfer simulation in packaged cereal-fruit systems. J Food Eng 27:4561.
Telis,V.R.N., P.J.Sobral, and J.Telis-Romero. 2006. Sorption Isotherm, Glass Transitions and State Diagram for
103

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
Freeze-dried Plum Skin and Pulp. Food Science and Technology International 12:181-187.
Telis,V.R.N., and P.J.A.Sobral. 2001. Glass Transitions and
State Diagram for Freeze-dried Pineapple. LebensmittelWissenschaft und-Technologie 34:199-205.
Moisture Sorption Isotherms and Temperature
Alcala,M., R.Gómez, J.Espejo, M.A.Esteban, and A.Marcos.
1995. Moisture sorption isotherms at 30º Celsius of several
desiccated spices. Alimentaria 32:53-59.
Ayranci,E., G.Ayranci, and Z.Dogantan. 1990. Moisture
sorption isotherms of dried apricot, fig and raisin at 20°C
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Bandyopadhyay,S.H., S.H.Weisser, and M.Loncin. 1980.
Water sorption isotherms at high temperatures. Lebensm
Wiss Technol 13:182.
Becker,H.A., and H.R.Sallans. 1956. A study of the desorption isotherms of wheat at 25ºC and 50ºC. Cereal
Chem 33:79-91.
Chen,C.S., and J.T.Clayton. 1971. The effect of temperature on sorption isotherms of biological materials. Transactions of the ASAE 14:927-929.
Diamante,L.M., P.A.Munro, and M.G.Weeks. 1992. Moisture sorption behaviour of mineral acid, lactic and rennet
caseins in the temperature range 27-80 C. J of Dairy Re104

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
search 59:307-319.
Kapsalis,J.G. 1987. Influences of hysteresis and temperature on moisture sorption isotherms. p. 173-213. In
L.B.Rockland, and L.R.Beuchat (ed.) Water Activity: Theory and Applications to Food. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New
York.
Labuza,T.P., A.Kaanane, and J.Y.Chen. 1985. Effect of
temperature on the moisture sorption isotherms and water
activity shift of two dehydrated foods. J Food Sci 50:385391.
Lin,S.X.Q., X.D.Chen, and D.L.Pearce. 2005. Desorption
isotherm of milk powders at elevated temperatures and
over a wide range of relative humidity. J Food Eng 68:257264.
Pawar,V.S., D.K.Dev, V.D.Pawar, A.B.Rodge, V.D.Surve,
and D.R.More. 1992. Moisture adsorption isotherms of
ground turmeric at different temperatures. Journal of Food
Science and Technology 29:170-173.
Rasekh,J.G., B.R.Stillings, and D.L.Dubrow. 1971. Moisture adsorption of fish protein concentrate at various relative humidities and temperatures. J Food Sci 36:705-707.
Sa,M.M., and A.M.Sereno. 1993. Effect of temperature on
sorption isotherms and heats of sorption of quince jam. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 28:241248.

105

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Various Products
Agrawal,K.K., B.L.Clary, and G.L.Nelson. 1971. Investigation into the theories of desorption isotherms for rough
rice peanuts. J Food Sci 36:919-924.
Aguerre,R.J., C.Suarez, and P.Viollaz. 1983. Moisture
desoprtion isotherms of rough rice. J Food Technol 18:345351.
Ajisegiri,E.S., P.A.Sopade, and A.B.Abass. 1994. Moisture
Sorption study on Nigerian foods: Kuka. Journal of Stored
Products Research 30:331-338.
Aktas,N. 2005. Moisture adsorption properties and adsorption isosteric heat of dehydrated slices of Pastirma (Turkish
dry meat product). Meat-Science 71:571-576.
Alcala,M., R.Gómez, J.Espejo, M.A.Esteban, and A.Marcos.
1995. Moisture sorption isotherms at 30º Celsius of several
desiccated spices. Alimentaria 32:53-59.
Ayranci,E. 1996. Moisture sorption of cellulose based edible films. Nahrung 40:274-276.
Bakhit,R., and S.Schmidt. 1993. Sorption behavior of mechanically mixed and freeze-dried sucrose/casein mixtures.
J Food Sci 58:1162-1165.
Bakhit,R.M., and S.J.Schmidt. 1992. Sorption behavior
of mechanically mixed and freeze-dried sodium chloride/
casein mixtures. J Food Sci 57:493-496.
106

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
Bandyopadhyay,S.H., H.Das, and G.P.Sharma. 1987.
Moisture Adsorption Characteristics of Casein, Lactose,
Skim Milk and Chhana Powder. Journal of Food Science
and Technology 24:6-11.
Becker,H.A., and H.R.Sallans. 1956. A study of the desorption isotherms of wheat at 25ºC and 50ºC. Cereal
Chem 33:79-91.
Beuchat,L.R. 1978. Relationship of water activity to moisture content in tree nuts. J Food Sci 43:754-755, 758.
Bushuk,W., and C.A.Winkler. 1957. Sorption of water
vapor on wheat flour, starch, and gluten. Cereal Chem
34:73-86.
Calzetta Resio,A., R.J.Aguerre, and C.Suarez. 1999. Analysis of the sorptional characteristics of amaranth starch. J
Food Eng 42:51-57.
Cano-Chauca,M.,
A.M.Ramos,
P.C.Stringheta,
J.A.Marques, and P.Ibrahim-Silva. 2004. Drying curves
and water activity evaluation of the banana-passes. Boletim do Centro de Pesquisa e Processamento de Alimentos
22(1):121-132.
Cepeda,E., R.O.Latierro, M.J.San Jose, and M.Olazar.
1999. Water sorption isotherms of roasted coffee and coffee roasted with sugar. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 34:287-290.

107

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
Chau,K.V., J.J.Heinis, and M.Perez. 1982. Sorption isotherms and drying rate of Mullet fish and roe. J Food Sci
47:13-18.
Chen,C.C. 2002. Moisture sorption isotherms of pea seeds.
J Food Eng 58:45-51.
Cheng,L.H., A.A.Karim, and C.C.Seow. 2006. Effects of
Water-Glycerol and Water-Sorbitol Interactions on the
Physical Properties of Konjac Glucomannan Films. J Food
Sci 71:E062-E067.
Constantino,H.R., J.G.Curley, and C.C.HSU. 1997. Determining the Water Sorption Monolayer of Lyophilized
Pharmaceutical Proteins. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 86:1390-1393.
Diamante,L.M., and P.A.Munro. 1990. Water desorption
isotherms of two varieties of sweet potato. International
Journal of Food Science & Technology 25:140-147.
Diamante,L.M., P.A.Munro, and M.G.Weeks. 1992. Moisture sorption behaviour of mineral acid, lactic and rennet
caseins in the temperature range 27-80 C. Journal of Dairy
Research 59:307-319.
Dole,M., andL.Faller. 1950. Water sorption by synthetic
high polymers. J Am Chem Soc 12:414-419.
Gal,S. 1968. The water vapor sorption isotherms of various
sorbents. Chimia 22:409.

108

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
Hardy,J., J.Scher, and S.Banon. 2002. Water activity and
hydration of dairy powders. Lait 82:441-452.
Huang,A.S., and D.S.Byerly. 1992. Sorption isotherms and
light stabilities of aluminum laked riboflavin 5’-phosphate.
J Food Sci 57:245-248.
Hubinger,M., F.C.Menegalli, R.J.Aguerre, and C.Suarez.
1992. Water vapor adsorption isotherms of guava, mango
and pineapple. J Food Sci 57:1405-1407.
Igbeka,J.C., and J.L.Blaisdel. 1982. Moisture isotherm of a
processed meat product - bologna. J Food Technol 17:37.
Karatas,S., and F.M.Battalbey. 1991. Determination of
moisture diffusivity of pistachio nut meat during drying.
Lebensm Wiss Technol 24:484-487.
Karathanos,V.T., A.E.Kostaropoulos, and G.D.Saravacos.
1995. Diffusion and equilibrium of water in dough/raisin
mixtures. J Food Eng 25:113-121.
Karoglou,M., A.Moropoulou, Z.B.Maroulis, and
M.K.Krokida. 2005. Water Sorption Isotherms of Some
Building Materials. Drying Technology 23:289-303.
Kaya,S., and M.D.Oner. 1995. Sorption characteristics of
fresh Gaziantep cheese. Turkish Journal of Engineering and
Environmental Sciences 19:263-267.
Khalloufi,S., J.Giasson, and C.Ratti. 2000. Water activity
of freeze dried mushrooms and berries. Canadian Agricul109

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
tural Engineering 42(1):51-56.
Kim,S.J., and Z.Ustunol. 2001. Solubility and Moisture
Sorption Isotherms of Whey-Protein-Based Edible Films as
Influenced by Lipid and Plasticizer Incorporation. Journal
of Agricultural Food Chemistry 49:4388-4391.
Kotwaliwale,N., G.P.Sharma, and S.K.Jain. 1993. Storage
stability of commercially available weaning foods. Journal
of Food Science and Technology 30:331-334.
Kouhila,M., A.Belghit, M.Daguenet, and B.C.Boutaleb.
2001. Experimental determination of the sorption isotherms of mint (Mentha viridis), sage (Salvia officinalis)
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Kunze,O.R. 1977. Moisture adsorption influences on rice.
Journal of Food Processing and Engineering 1:167-181.
Kurkela,R., and K.Pääkkonen. 1983. Water sorption of
Northern Milk Cap mushroom (Lactarius trivialis). Lebensm Wiss Technol 17:285-288.
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1993. Moisture adsorption behaviour of pasta products.
Lebensm Wiss Technol 26:512-516.
Lim,L.T., J.Tang, and J.He. 1995. Moisture sorption characteristics of freeze dried blueberries. J Food Sci 60:810814.
Lin,S.X.Q., X.D.Chen, and D.L.Pearce. 2005. Desorption
110

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
isotherm of milk powders at elevated temperatures and
over a wide range of relative humidity. J Food Eng 68:257264.
Mann,B., and R.C.Malik. 1996. Water vapour sorption
properties of buffalo milk whey protein concentrates. Journal of Food Science and Technology 33:403-406.
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Mok,C., and J.W.Dick. 1991. Moisture adsorption of
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Myhara,R.M., S.S.Sablani, and M.S.Taylor. 1998. Water
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Pääkkonen,K. 1987a. Effects of different components of
the Northern Milk Cap mushroom (Lactarius trivialis) on
water sorption. Lebensm Wiss Technol 20:237-240.
Pääkkonen,K. 1987b. The water sorption of chitin isolated
from the Northern Milk Cap mushroom (Lactarius trivialis). Lebensm Wiss Technol 20:259-262.
Palnitkar,M.P., and D.R.Heldman. 1971. Equilibrium
moisture characteristics of freeze-dried beef components. J
Food Sci 36:1015-1018.

111

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
Pauling,L. 1945. The adsorption of water by proteins. J
Am Chem Soc 67:655.
Pawar,V.S., D.K.Dev, V.D.Pawar, A.B.Rodge, V.D.Surve,
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ground turmeric at different temperatures. Journal of Food
Science and Technology 29:170-173.
Phoungchandang,S., and J.L.Woods. 2000. Moisture diffusion and desorption isotherms for banana. J Food Sci
65:651-657.
Ramanathan,S., and S.Cenkowski. 1995. Sorption isotherms of flour and flow behaviour of dough as influenced
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37:119-124.
Rasekh,J.G., B.R.Stillings, and D.L.Dubrow. 1971. Moisture adsorption of fish protein concentrate at various relative humidities and temperatures. J Food Sci 36:705-707.
Resio,A.C., R.J.Aguerre, and C.Suarez. 2004. Analysis of
the sorptional characteristics of amaranth starch. J Food
Eng 42:51-57.
Rovedo,C.O., R.J.Aguerre, and C.Suarez. 1993. Meauring
and modelling the water vapour desorption in sunflower
seeds. International J Food Sci & Tech 28:153-158.
Shreedhar,A., A.V.Deoskar, M.G.Bhotmange, B.Y.Rao,
and P.N.Shastri. 1996. Moisture sorption behaviour of
some flour-based traditional sweets. J Food Sci & Tech
112

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
33:516-519.
Singh,T. 1994. Malt concentrates and their mixtures with
sweetened condensed milk: Moisture sorption isotherms. J
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Sogi,D.S., U.S.Shivhare, S.K.Garg, and A.S.Bawa. 2003.
Water sorption isotherm and dying characteristics of tomato seeds. Biosystems-Engineering 84:297-301.
Togrul,H., and N.Arslan. 2007. Moisture sorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties of walnut kernels.
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Tsami,E., D.Marinos-Kouris, and Z.B.Maroulis. 1990.
Water sorption isotherms of raisins, currants, figs, prunes
and apricots. J Food Sci 55:1594-1597, 1625.
Valdez-Niebla,J.A., O.Paredes-Lopez, J.M.Vargas-Lopez,
and D.Hernandez-Lopez. 1993. Moisture sorption isotherms and other physicochemical properties of nixtamalized amaranth flour. Food Chem 46:19-23.
Warburton,S., and S.W.Pixton. 1978. The Moisture Relations of Spray Dried Skimmed Milk. Journal of Stored
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Wolf,W., W.E.L.Spiess, and G.Jung. 1973. The water vapor sorption isotherms of foodstuffs. Lebensm Wiss Technol 6:94-96.
Zhang,X.W., X.Liu, D.X.Gu, W.Zhou, R.L.Wang, and
113

AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
P.Liu. 1996. Desorption isotherms of some vegetables.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 70:303306.
Moisture Sorption Isotherm Methods
Arlabosse,P., E.Rodier, J.H.Ferrasse, S.Chavez, and
D.Lecomte. 2003. Comparison Between Static and Dynamic Methods for Sorption Isotherm Measurements.
Drying Technology 21:479.
Bell,L.N., and T.P.Labuza. 2000. Moisture sorption: practical aspects of isotherm measurement and use. American
Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN.
Caurie,M. 1970. A practical approach to water sorption
isotherms and the basis for the determination of optimum
moisture levels of dehydrated foods. J Food Technol 5:301308.
Gal,S. 1981. Recent development in techniques for obtaining complete sorption isotherms. p. 89-110. In
L.B.Rockland, and G.F.Stewart (ed.)Water Activity: Influences on Food Quality. Academic Press, New York.
Kuhn,I. 1964. New theoretical analysis of adsorption phenomena. Journal of Colloid Science 19:685.
Kuhn,I. 1967. Generalized potential theory of adsorption.
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Laaksonen,T., Y.Roos, and T.Labuza. 2001. Comparisons
114

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11. Further Reading
of the use of desiccators with or without vacuum for water
sorption and glass transition studies. International Journal
of Food Properties 4:545.
Spiess,W.E.L., and W.Wolf. 1987. Critical evaluation of
methods to determine moisture sorption isotherms. p.
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Wolf,W., W.E.L.Spiess, and G.Jung. 1985. Standardization
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Moisture Sorption Isotherm Models
Aguerre,R.J., C.Suarez, and P.E.Viollaz. 1989a. New BET
type multilayer sorption isotherms. Part I: Theoretical derivation of the model. Lebensm Wiss Technol 22:188-191.
Aguerre,R.J., C.Suarez, and P.E.Viollaz. 1984. Calculation
of the variation of the heat of desorption with moisture
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Aguerre,R.J., C.Suarez, and P.E.Viollaz. 1989b. New BET
type multilayer sorption isotherms. Part II: Modelling water sorption in foods. Lebensm Wiss Technol 22:192-195.
Asbi,B.A., and I.C.Baianu. 1986. An Equation for Fitting
115

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11. Further Reading
Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Food Proteins. J Agric
Food Chem 34:494-496.
Basu,S., U.S.Shivhare, and A.S.Mujumdar. 2006. Models
for Sorption Isotherms for Foods: A Review. Drying Technology 24:917-930.
Bizot,H. 1983. Using G.A.B. model to construct sorption
isotherms. In R.Jowitt, F.Escher, M.Kent, B.McKenna,
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Science Publishers, London.
Boente,G., H.H.L.Gonzalez, E.Martinez, M.L.Pollio, and
S.L.Resnik. 1996. Sorption isotherms of corn: Study of
mathematical models. J Food Eng 29:115-128.
Boente,G., A.Larumbe, J.Monserrat, M.L.Pollio, S.Resnik,
and S.Sanmartino. 1995. Multivariate statistical analysis
of water sorption data of Argentine sorghum. J Food Eng
25:73-84.
Boquet,R., J.Chirife, and H.A.Iglesias. 1978. Equations
for fitting water sorption isotherms of foods: Part II. Evaluation of various two-parameter models. J Food Technol
13:319-327.
Boquet,R., J.Chirife, and H.Iglesias. 1979. Equations for
fitting water sorption isotherms of foods. III. Evaluation of
various three-parametet models. J Food Technol 14:527534.
Boquet,R., J.Chirife, and H.A.Iglesias. 1980. Technical
116

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11. Further Reading
note: On the equivalence of isotherm equations. J Food
Technol 15:345-349.
Chinachoti,P. 1990. Isotherm Equations for Starch, Sucrose and Salt for Calculation of High System Water Activities. J Food Sci 55:265-266.
Chirife,J., and H.A.Iglesias. 1978. Equations for fitting
water sorption isotherms of foods: Part 1 - a review. J Food
Technol 13:159-174.
Iglesias,H.A., and J.Chirife. 1981. An equation for fitting
uncommon water sorption isotherms in foods. Lebensm
Wiss Technol 14:105-106.
Iglesias,H.A., and J.Chirife. 1976. A model for describing
the water sorption behavior of foods. J Food Sci 41:984992.
Iglesias,H.A., and J.Chirife. 1982. Handbook of food isotherms: water sorption parameters for food and food components. Academic Press, New York.
Iglesias,H.A., and J.Chirife. 1995. An alternative to the
Guggenheim, Anderson and De Boer model for the mathematical description of moisture sorption isotherms of
foods. Food Res Intl 28:317-321.
Iglesias,O., and J.L.Bueno. 1999. Water agar-agar equilibrium: determination and correlation of sorption isotherms.
International J Food Sci & Tech 34:209-216.

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11. Further Reading
Kaminski,W., and M.Al Bezweni. 1994. Calculation of
water sorption isotherms for multicomponent proteincontaining mixtures. Intl J Food Sci & Tech 29:129-136.
Lomauro,C.J., A.S.Bakshi, and T.P.Labuza. 1985a. Evaluation of food moisture sorption isotherm equations. Part II:
Milk, coffee, tea, nuts, oilseeds, spices and starchy foods.
Lebensm Wiss Technol 18:118-124.
Lomauro,C.J., A.S.Bakshi, and T.P.Labuza. 1985b. Evaluation of food moisture sorption isotherm equations. Part
I: Fruit, vegetable and meat products Lebensm Wiss Technol 18:111-117. Peleg,M.1988. An Empirical Model for
the Description of Moisture Sorption Curves. J Food Sci
53:1216-1217,1219.
Peng,G., X.Chen, W.Wu, and X.Jiang. 2007. Modeling
of water sorption isotherm for corn starch. J Food Eng
80:562-567.
Quirijns,E.J. 2005. An improved experimental and regression methodology for sorption isotherms. Journal of the
Science of Food and Agriculture 85:175-185.
Rovedo,C.O., R.J.Aguerre, and C.Suarez. 1993. Measuring and modelling the water vapour desorption in sunflower seeds. International J Food Sci & Tech 28:153-158.
Samaniego-Esguerra,C.M., I.F.Boag, and G.L.Robertson.
1991. Comparison of regression methods for fitting the
GAB model to the moisture isotherm of some dried fruit
and vegetables. J Food Eng 13:115.
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AquaSorp Users Manual
11. Further Reading
Schuchmann,H., I.Roy, and M.Peleg. 1990. Empirical
models for moisture sorption isotherms at very high water
activities. J Food Sci 55:759-762.
Sopade,P.A., and J.A.Obekpa. 1990. Modelling Water
Absorption in Soybean, Cowpea and Peanuts at Three
Temperatures Using Peleg’s Equation. J Food Sci 55:10841087.

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AquaSorp Users Manual
Declaration of Conformity

Declaration of Conformity
Application of
Council Directive:

89/336/EEC

Standards to which
conformity is declared:

EN500082-1
EN81-1

Manufacturer’s Name:

Decagon Devices,Inc.
2365 NE Hopkins Courtt
Pullman WA, 99163
USA

Type of equipment:

AquaSorp Isotherm
Generator

Model Number:

AquaSorp

Year of First Manufacture:

2007

This is to certify that the AquaSorp Isotherm Generator,
manufactured by Decagon Devices, Inc., a corporation
based in Pullman, Washington, USA meets or exceeds the
standards for CE compliance as per the Council Directives noted above. All instruments are built at the factory
at Decagon and pertinent testing documentation is freely
available for verification. This certification applies to all
AquaSorp Isotherm Generator models.

120

AquaSorp Users Manual
Certificate of Traceability

Certificate of Traceability
Decagon Devices, Inc.
2365 NE Hopkins Court
Pullman WA 99163
tel: (509) 332-2756
fax: (509) 332-5158
support@decagon.com
This is to certify that AquaSorp Isotherm Generators are
manufactured utilizing weight and temperature standards
with calibration traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

121

AquaSorp Users Manual
Index

Index

A
Applications 100
AquaSorp Information 36

B
Balance 52
BET 21

C
Capillary condensation 16
Chilled-mirror dewpoint sensor 10
Cleaning 94
Communications Options 42
Components 26
Computer 30
Customer Service 5

D
Data Analysis 82
DDI 22
Desiccant 27
Desorption 23
Dewpoint 95
Double Log Polynomial 21
Dry Weight Prediction 59

F
Flow Rate 57
Formulation 20

G
GAB 21

122

AquaSorp Users Manual
Index
H
Humidity Operating Range 11
Hysteresis 14

I
Internet Version Check 39
Invalidate 51
Isotherm Models 21

L
Legend Name 77
Limitation 25
Limitations 10
Linear Offset 86
Location 29

M
Matrix changes 17
Merge 76
Message Center 27
Modify Test 63
Moisture Content Reference 60
Moisture Sorption Isotherms 8
Moisture Sorption Isotherms, Uses for 19
Multiple Isotherm Analysis 39, 74

P
Phone/Fax 5
Power Outage 39
Product development 20

S
Saving Data 62
Seller’s Liability 6
Setting up 30
Shelf life prediction 21

123

AquaSorp Users Manual
Index
SorpTrac software 33
Specifications 11
Standards 86
Supersaturation 16

T
Tare 52
Temperature 49
Temperature Control Range 11
Temperature Operating Range 11
Test Description 56, 67
Test Setup 55
Troubleshooting 99
Type III isotherms 13
Type II isotherms 12
Type I isotherms 12

V
Vapor equilibrium 24
Verification 85
Verification and Restore 37

W
Warmup time 47
Warranty 6
Water Activity Accuracy 11
Water Activity Range 11
Water Activity Repeatability 11
Water Chamber 32
Working Isotherms 19

124

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