195608

Two Electronic

Computers

Share a

Single

Problem

· . .

National

Bureau

of

Standards

Roster

of

Organizations

in

the

Computer

Field

(supplement)

IBM Electronic

Data

Processing

Operations

in the

Midwest

· . .

Neil

D.

Macdonald

Requiem ·

..

K.

W.

Bennett

....

The

First

in

a Series

of

Announcements

".

on

Progressive

Expansion

of

Program

and

Facilities

in

Mathematics

at

the

Knolls

Atomic

Power

t.aboratory:

GENERAL

ELECTRIC'S

K

N'

0

II

SAT

D

MIG

POW

E R

lAB

0

RAT

0 R Y

CONSTRUCTION

OF

A

MODERN

CENTER

FOR

MATHEMATICS

Because we believe

that

theory is

our

most powerful weapon

in

dealing

with reality, we

are

expanding

our

Mathematical

Analysis Program.

One

of

the

first elements

in

this expansion is the creation

of

a

new

and

modern

-building for mathematicians

and

physicists, which will

be

the

center

of

the

Laboratory's efforts to

meet

by theoretical means

the

challenges of

the

nuclear

energy field.

We

are

seeking

men

with

strong

mathematical

training

at

all degree

levels

to

participate

in

this

expanding

Numerical Analysis

Program-

a

program

growing

not

only

in

staff, equipment,

and

facilities,

but

also

in

concept

and

function.

They

will work

in

close association

with

our

theoretical

and

experimental physicists.

There

are

openings

in

each

of

the

following fields:

RESEARCH

IN

MATHEMATICAL

TECHNIQUES

Numerical solution

of

the diffusion equation for complicated

geomet~ical

arrays

taxes even the most powerful electronic computers. Fundamental work

in

iterative

techniques

must

lie

carried out.

FORMULATION

AND

EVALUATION

OF

THEORIES

Due

to the nature

of

physical situations now being encountered, the rough ap-

proximations which were formerly adequate must now

be

improved.

The

ultimate

test

of

such

improvement

,is

comparison

with

~xperiment.

APPLICATIONS

TO

REACTOR

PROBLEMS

A broad program

0/

computational tools

lor

reactor design must be effected ;ncor-

.porating the best available techniques. Strong interests in computation

and

i"

machine properties are indicated.

The

program at Knolls offers the

atmosphere~

the equipment, the richness

0/

subject

matter

and

the material benefits conduciv6

to a satisfying career in applications

of

mathematics.

A.

LETTER

TO

DR.

S.

R.

ACKER.

EXPRESSING

YOUR

INTEREST.

WILL

RECEIVE

IMMEDIATE

ATTENTION.

K~AtiJiiie,P~L~

GEN

ERAL.

ELECTRIC

SCHENECTADY,

N.

Y.

COMPUTERS

AND

CYBERNETICS

ROBOTS

•

AUTOMATION

AUTOMATIC

CONTROL

Vol. 5,

No.

8

Au~st,

1956

ESTABLISHED-SEPTEMBER,

1951

ARTICLES

TWo

Electronic

Computers Share

a

Single

Problem

IBM

Electronic

Data Processing Operations

in

the

Midwest

llEFF.RENCE

INFORMATION

Roster

of

Organizations

in

the

COmputer

Field

(supplement)

•••

...

National Bureau

of

Standards

Neil

D.

Macdonald

New

Patents

•••

Raymond

R.

Skolnick

Books

and

Other

Publications

FORUM

Complaint

by

Sperry

Rand

Corporation

in

Anti-Trust

Suit

Brought Against

International

Business

Machines COrporation

Answer

and

Counterclaim

by

International

Business

Machines Corporation

to

Anti-Trust

Suit

Brought

by

Sperry

Rand

Corporation

FICTION

Requiem

The

Editor's

Notes

Index

of

Notices

Advertising Index

•••

K.

W.

Bennett

Editor:

Edmund

C.

Berkeley

Assistant

Edi

tors:

Neil

D.

Macdonald,

F.

L.

Walker

Contributing

Editors:

Andrew

D.

Booth, John

M.

Breen,

John

W.

Carr,

III,

Alston

S. HOuseholder

Advisory Comittee: Samuel

B.

Will~ams,

Herbert

F.

Mitchell,

Jr.,

Justin

Oppenheim

Publisher:

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.

Main

Office:

815

Washington

Street,

Newtonville

60, Mass.

--

Decatur

2-5453

or

2-3928

Editorial

Office:

36

West

11

Street,

New

York 11,

N.Y.

--

Gramercy 7-1157

or

Algonquin 5-7177

Advertising

Fepresentatives:

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Francisco

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Market

St.,

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Francisco

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Calif

••

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439

So. Western Ave., Los Angeles

5,

Calif.,

Dunkirk

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Elsewhere -

the

Publisher

COMPUTERS

AND

AUIDMATION

is

published

monthly. Copyright,

19

5~,

by

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.

6

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Entered

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York,

N.Y

•

.....

.

- 3 -

THE

EDITOR,'S NOTES

ARGUMENT,

DISAGREEMENT,

CONFLICT

AND

COEXISTENCE

In

this

issue

we

publish the

text

of

the

legal

complaint

by

Sperry

Rand

Corporation

a-

gainst

International

Business Machines Corp-

oration

as

entered

in

court

in

December

1955.

We

also

publish

the

legal

answer

and

counter-

claim

by

IBM

against

Sperry

Rand,

as

entered

in

court

in

June 1956. These documents

are

interesting

to

read,

and they deal with

i~

portant

matters.

People

in

the computer

field

will

watch with even

more

interest

the

evid-

ence

that

will

be produced

and

the develop-

ment

of

the

case,

although of course

this

in-

formation

will

not

appear

if,

as

is

more

like-

ly,

the

case

is

settled

out

of

court.

Publication

of

these

complaints

by

two

of

the

largest

corporations

in

the

computer

field

against

each

other,

we

realize,

is

to

some

ex-

tent

unconventional.

It

runs

counter

to

a

rather

deep-seated tendency

in

any

social

unit,

ranging from the family,

or

the group

of

peo-

ple

in

any

professional

field,

up

to

the

coun-

try

as a whole: the

desire

to gloss over, take

little

notice

of,

the

sea~

side

of

life,

where

important

socially

accepted

principles

have

apparently

not

been followed. In a newspaper,

for

example, a

f~ank

admission

by

someone

in

authority

that

something has happened

in

his

area

of

responsibility

that

should not have

,happened

invites

unfriendly

and

unfair

attack.

It

rarely

calls

up

the

more

scientific

and

charitable

attitude

"He

did

it

and

he's

sorry;

maybe

he has

learned

something."

In

spite

of

the

fact

that

the

present

con-

flict

deals

with

the

less

pleasant

side

of

co~

petition

in

the computer

field,

we

believe

that

discussion

of

it,

airing

of

it,

is

bene-

ficial

and not harmful.

Computer

people

and

the

public

in

general,

in

regard to

this

and

similar

questions,

cannot

make

up

their

minds

in

a

vacuum,

without

data,

without knowledge

of

things

that

have

actually'happened.

The

texts

of

the complaints,

of

course,

contain

no

evidence;

it

is

the

evidence to

be

offered

that

will

be

crucial.

In

spite

of

the

conflict

there

is

a great

unanimity about

the

way

in

which the

conflict

will

proceed and

tdll

be

settled.'

The

proced-

ure

is

knot1.D

and

agreed on. Employees

of

the

contending

corporations

will

continue to

talk

amicably to each

other

at

meetings

of

compu-

ter

people.

The

conflict

is

put

into

a

co~

partment

and

localized.

Everyone

is

agreed

- 4 -

that

no

shooting over the argument

will

occur.

The

two

corporations

and

everyone

else

have

accepted

coexistence

as something

that

will

inevitably

happen.

In

this

issue

we

also

publish

a computer

science-fiction

story,

''Requiem''.

It

discusses

another kind

of

conflict

and

pictures

another

kind

of

mentality

--

one which would

not

ac-

cept

coexistence

even

if

not

to

do

so meant

self-destruction.

It

also

points

out

some

of

the

logical

consequences

of

computers.

Scien-

tists

and

computer people

are

not

immune

from

the

social

consequences

of

the

science

and

computer knowledge which they

discover,

and

they have a

social

responsibility

for

what

they

find

out.

And

the

pursuit

of

knowledge,

the

skillful

extraction

of

the

secrets

of

na-

ture,

with complete

disregard

of

how

these

secrets

will

be

used,

is

just

as academic

and

can

~ell

be

far

more

harmful than to spend

forty

years

of

one's

life

in

unraveling

the

grammar

of

ancient

Greek.

-

END

-

*---------*

----------*

INDEX OF N:OTIeES

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42

13

Address Changes:

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your address changes,

please

send

us

both your

new

and

your

old

ad-

dress,

(torn

off

from

the

tvrapper

if

possible),

and allow

three

weeks

for

the,change.

PROCRESS

REPORT

After

Thirty-Four

Months.

..

500

1954 1955 1956

1957

RESEARCH

AND

DEVELOPMENT

PERSONNEL

The

above

curve shows the growth in Ramo-Wooldridge personnel

which has taken place since

our

Progress

Report

one

year

ago. A significant aspect

of

this growth is the increase in

our

professional staff which

today

is

made

up

of

135

Ph.D:s, 200 M .S:s

and

265 B.S:s

or

B.A:s. Members

of

the

staff average approximately

ten

years' experience.

,

FACILITIES

Within the past few months, construction

has

been completed

at

our

Arbor

Vitae complex, which now

consists

of

eight

modern

buildings

of

350,000 square feet,

four

of

which are illustrated

at

the

bottom

of

the

page.

Nearby

is the

R-W

flight test facility, including hangar,

shop,

and

laboratories, located

on

a 7-acre

plot

at

Inter-

national Airport.

To provide ,additional space

for

our

continuing growth,

construction (has been started

on

an

entirely new 40-acre

Research

an~

Development

Center, located three miles

from

the

Arbor

Vitae buildings.

The

photograph

above is

of

a

mod~l

of

the Center, which we believe will

be

one

of

the finest research

and

development facilities

in

the

coun-

try.

The

first three buildings,

now

under

construction, will

total 250,000 square feet.

A second

major

construction

program

is underway

on

a

manufacturing

plant

for

quantity production

of

electronic

systems.

The

initial unit

of

the plant, located on a 640-acre

site in

suburban

Denver, Colorado, will be completed next

spring

and

will contain approximately 150,000 square feet.

PROJECTS

Our

current

military contracts

support

a

broad

range

of

advanced work in the fields

of

modern

commu-

nications, digital computing

and

data-processing, fire con-

trol systems, instrumentation

and

test equipment.

In

the

guided missile field, Ramo-Wooldridge

has

technical direc-

tion

and

systems engineering responsibility for the Air

Force

Intercontinental

and

Intermediate Range Ballistic

Missiles.

Our

commercial contracts

are

in

the fields

of

operations research, automation,

and

data

processing. All

this development

work

is strengthened by a supporting

program

of

basic electronic

and

aeronautical research.

THE

FUTURE

As

we look back on

our

first three years

of

corporate history, we find

much

to be grateful for. A wide

variety

of

technically challenging contracts have

come

to

us from the military services

and

from business and indus-

try.

We

have been fortunate in the

men

and women who

have chosen to join us in the adventure

of

building a

com-

pany.

We

are especially happy about the six hundred scien-

tists and engineers who have associated themselves with

R-W.

Their talents constitute the really essential ingredient

of

our

operations. We plan to keep firmly in

mind

the

fact that the continued success

of

The

Ramo-Wooldridge

Corporation depends on our maintaining an organizational

pattern, a professional environment, and methods

of

oper-

ating the company that are unusually well suited to the

special needs

of

the professional scientist and engineer.

The

Ramo-Wooldridge

Corporation

5730

ARBOR

VITAE

ST

••

LOS

ANGELES

45.

CALIF.

TWO

ELECTRONIC

A

SINGLE

COMPUTERS

PROBLEM

SHARE

National

Bureau

of

Standards

Washington 25, D.C.

Data-processing

shared

by

two

intercon-

nected

electronic

digital

computers has

bee

n

successfully

performed-

at

the

National

Bureau

of

Standards.

SEAC

and

DYSEAC,

two

high-speed

computers

designed

and

built

at

the

B u

re

a u,

worked

cooperatively

on a

common

task

to

demon-

strate

program-controlled

machine intercormnuni-

cation

in

which

coordinated

programs

t~ere

read

into

both

machines.

The

problem

simula

te

d a

situation

where

stock

transaction

reports

are

tabulated

and summarized

for

fiscal

ac

count-

ing,

and

then

forwarded

for

posting

to

inven-

tory

control

records

elsewhere.

The

ex

peri-

ments were

carried

out

by

the

-Bureau

IS

d a t a

processing

systems

laboratory

as

part

0 f a

cooperati

ve program

wi

th

the

Navy

Bur

e a u

of

Supplies

and Accounts

to

investigate

the

ap-

plication

of

electronic

techniques

tot

h e

problems

of

supply

management.

The

experilDEDts

showed

that

two

digi

t'al

computers need not have

identical

operating

characteristics

to

work

together,

provided

that

one

of

them

has

th

e

necessary

control

flexibility.

Typical

applications

of

digital

compute~

as

data

processors

involve

replacement

of

many

small

specialized

machines

by

a

single

aut

0-

matic

system.

However,

for

massive

pap

e

r-

handling

operations,

or

for

large-scale

acti-

vi

ties

requiring

the

processing

of

the

sam

e

data

for

different

purposes

at

differen

t

lo-

cations,

the

use

of

roore

than

one

high-speed

data

processor

may

be

necessary.

For

instance,

in

the

far-flung

supply

organizations

of

the

armed

services,

expediting

flow

of

mformation

is

essential

to

efficient

supply

management.

Automatic cODlDunication between machines

has

been foreshadowed

by

direct

input

and

outp

u t

provisions

so

that

the

computer

continues

with

other

useful

work

while

transfers

of

informa-

tion

between

it

and

external

devices

are

in

process,

and

by

tape-proce~sing

devices

where

search

is

under

the

program

control

of

a com-

puter.

In

this

example, however,

the

inter-

connection

is

between a computer

serving

as

the

nucleus

of

a

processing

system

and

othe

r

parts

of

the

same

system.

.

,

Most

general-purpose

electronic

compute~

employ a

generally

compatible

digi

tal

language,

can

receive

and

transmit

data

in

the

form

of

electrical

signals

via

standard

communication

channels

over

any

desired

distance,

and

can

al

ter

the

course'

of

process

ing

programs

in

ac-

cordance

with

new

or

revised

information.

It

should

therefore

be

possible

to

interconnect

two

or

more

general-purpose

machines

so

that

- 6 -

they

can

cooperate

on a

common

task.

For

ex-

ample, a

versatile

large-capacity

data-proces-

sor

at

a

materiel

control

center

might

receive

data

fed

to

it

automatically

by

smaller

com-

puters

located

at

various

supply

depots.

The

supervisory

processor

(at

the

center)

mig

h t

so

control

the

system-wide

processing

that

it

would

accept

data

from each

of

its

repor

ti

n g

sources

in

a

scheduled

sequence

but

would

also

be

free

to

accept

and

handle

priority

requests

for

supply

action

from any

of

the

depots

at

any

time.

For

the

kind

of

interac

tion

where

bot

h

information

and exchanges

of

control

are

trans-

ferred

between

computers,

the

question

of

pro-

grammed

control

versus

automatic

interruption

is

particularly

important.

Programmed

control

depends

to

a cons

iderable

extent

on

hum

a n

anticipation

of

when

and

how

the

interchanges

should

occur;

however,

if

two

or

more systems

are

to

interact

automatically

wi

thout

h

urn

a n

intervention,

provision

must be

made

for

auto-

matic

interruption

of

a program

in

process

in

order

to

turn

to

the

new

information

jus

t

re-

ceived

from

another

system.

DYSEAC

provides

such

interruption

properties.

DYSEAC

tfas

designed

at

the

National

Bur-

eau

of

Standards

for

the

Department

of

Defense

to

serve

as

the

nucleus

of

a

generalized

feed-

back

control

network.

This computer

incorpor-

ated

a number

of

operating

features

enabl

in

g

it

to

respond

automatically

to

informa~nfrom

remote

external

devices.

These 0

pe

rat

i n g

features

include

manual-monitor f

ac

iIi

ties,

program

control

flexibility,

and s p e

cia

1

input-output

controls.

Together

they

provide

DYSEAC

wi

th

unusual

properties

of

concurr

e n t

operation,

self-regulation,

and

interruptibil-

ity

which

enable

it

to

interact

effectively

with

another

computer.

During a

period

of

three

weeks

the

two

machines,

SEAC

and

DYSEAC,

were

available

for

experiments

in

interconnection.

The

prog

ram

chosen

for

the

experiment

was a

new

method

of

sorting,

merging, and

posting

of

records.

In

the

problem,

stock

transaction

reports

we

r e

tabulated

and summarized

by

SEAC,

then

f 0

r-

warded

to

DYSEAC

for

posting.

In

the

SEA

C

program

for

running

this

problem,

as

de

t

ail

items

were

identified

as

belonging

toe

a c h

file

section

in

a

scheduled

order

they

we

r e

transferred

to

DYSEAC

for

posting

there.

In

c:ddi

tion,

after

each

complete

set

of

de

t

ail

items

for

a

p~rticular

file

section

had b ee}l

DYSEAC

STARTS

I Two

f:lectroni

c

Computers

r------,

-SEACPRDGRAM

- - - -

DYSEAC

PROGRAM

It

I

•••••••••••

DYSEAC

PROGRAM

It

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I

~---,

I

1

I

1

t

1--_-.1

1

I

1

I

Figure I

--

Flow

diagram of problem

shared

by

the

interconnected

computers,

SEAC

and

DYSEAC.

In

this

problem,

stock

transaction

reports

are

tabulated

and

summarized

by

SEAC,

then

fo~varded

to

DYSEAC

for

posting.

Results

of

this

experiment demonstrate

clearly

the

ability

of

DYSEAC

to

respond

to

monitor

signals

originating

in

SEAC

and

to

interrupt

its

program

in

order

to

receive

and

process the

detail

data

from

SEAC.

DYSEAC

worked

on

an

independent sequence of typical_ma-

chine

operations,

silD.lllating a

concurrent

program, while

waiting

for

SEAC

to

transmit

data.

Figure 2

--

SEAC

computing

room

at

the

National Bureau

of

Standards.

far

end of the

room,

and

the computer proper

is

at

the

left.

To

the

external

storage

units

which

store

on

magnetic tape such

informa~ion

structions

to

the machine,

and

numerical

data,

as well as

the

entire

and

its

solution

when

tr.e computation

is

completed.

- 7 -

Control console

is'at

the

right

are

several

of the

as

coded

subroutines,

in-

coded program

for

a problem

Computers

and

processed,

SEAC

transmitted

a

special

end-of-·

set

flag

to

DYSEAC.

The

coordinated

DYSE

A C

program

called

for

(1)

responding

to

the

SEAC

transmi

tted

signal,

(2)

reading-in

the

message

from

SEAC

..

(3)

determining

whether

th.e

message

was

a

detail

item

or

an

end-of-set

f13g,

and

(4)

either

tallying

the

appropriate

mas

t e r

file

item

ill

the

first

case,

or

reading

0 u t

one

file

section

and

reading

in

the

case

of

the

flag.

A

cable

between

the

SEAC

building

and

the

trailer

van

housing

DYSEAC

provided

interc

0

n-

nection

through

a

regular

input-output

terminal

of

each machine.

Information

transfers

we

r e

ini

tiated

and

terminated

by

trans

mis s

ion

of

control

signals

between

the

two

machines.

When-

ever

a

SEAC

output

instruction

called

for

se-

lection

of

the

particular

output

use

d

for

transmission

to

DYSEAC,

a

62-volt

preparatory

signal

lfas

sent

from

the

SEAC

external

selector

uni

t

to

DYSEAC.

This

signal

activated

appropri-

ate

moni

tor

operations

in

DYSEAC.

As

s 0 0 n

as

DYSEAC

was

ready

to

accept

the

data,

it

trans-

mitted

a

62-volt

signal

to

SEAC.

Only upon

re-

ceipt

of

this

signal

lfas

SEAC

able

to

proce

e d

wi

th

its

In

effect,

SEA

C

continued

trying

to

complete

this

0 u t

pu

t

in-

struction

until

DYSEAC

signalled

readine

s s

to

accept

the

transfer.

This

dual

machine

interconnection

utilized

both

the

special

program

control

and

the

man

u

al-

monitor

features

of

DYSEAC.

In

terms

of

program

control,

DYSEAC

is

a

three-address

automatically

sequenced

machine;

choice

between 0 n e

of

two

counters

as

the

source

of

the

address

0 f

the

actual

is

determined

by c 0

n-

trol-code

digits

in

the

ins

truction

being

ex

e-

cuted

at

any

operating

time.

In

addi

t

ion,

a

special

address-storage

register

can

serve

t 0

locate

the

when

new

information

or

new

instructions

are

to

be

interpolated

inm

a program

that

is

being

processed

'.

as

i

nth

e

case

of

manual-monitor

operations.

Manual-monitor

operations

are

those

th

a t

are

carried

out

by

the

machine l"hen c e r t a i n

prespecified

conditions

arise

in

the

course

of

the

machine's

internal

program and s

imul

t a

n-

eously

in

external

switch

settings.

The

switch

settings

are

controlled

either

by

the

machine

operator

or

by

d-c

voltage

signals

originating

in

external

devices

at

any

distance

from

DYSEAC.

Thus,

the

machine

can

monitor

its

internal

pro-

gram

to

determine

precisely

when

special

opera-

tions

requested

by an

external

source

are

tohe

performed.

If

the

switch

settings

that

are

controlled

by

d-c

voltages

from

the

external

device

indi-

cate

that

the

device

is

ready,

DYSEAC

Ifill

then

carry

out

the

indicated

operation,

s u c

has

direct

loading

of

one

or

more

memory

locations,

and

select

its

truction

from

the

1 0 c

a-

Automation

tion

specified

by

the

address-storage

register.

The

instruction

selected

in

this

manner

the

n

indicates

in

its

program-control

-digits

whic

h

of

the

two

counters

is

to

be

used

next.

In

this

way,

it

can

either

return

DYSEAC

to

a

program

that

had been

discontinued

during

the

interrup-

tion

or

initiate

an

entirely

new

seque

n c e

of

opera~ions.

For

the

DYSEAC-SEAC

interconnection,

mon-

itor

switch

settings

were

arranged

so

that~n

receipt

of

the

preparatory

signal

from

SEA

C,

DYSEAC

at

its

read

in

one i

n-

formation

word

to

a

predetermined

m e m 0 r y

address

aud

took

its

from

the

location

indicated

in

the

address

storage

reg-

ister.

This

was

a

"file"

or-

der

which

recorded

both

counter

settings,

reset

the

proper

counter

to

the

ini

tiation

0 f

the

routine

for

the

processing

of

the

data

fro

m

SEAC

and

transferred

control

to

that

counte

r.

Upon

completion

of

the

processing

of

anyone

set

of

data

from

SEAC,

DYSEAC

would

return

t 0

the

sequence

of

operations

it

had been

perform-

ing

immediately

prior

to

each

interruption.

When

the

coordinated

programs had

bee

n

read

into

both

machines,

SEAC

was

set

tor

u n

but

was

inhibited

by a

control

signal

from

DY-

SEAC.

When

DYSEAC

had

completed

reading

in

tire

first

file

section

and had

proceeded

to

0

th~

r

independent

operations,

a

release

of

con

t r 0 I

enabled

SEAC

to

start.

As

soon

as

the

S E

AC-

processed

data

were

ready

for

posting,

the

y

were

converted

t~

the

proper

format

for

DYSEAC,

transmi

tted,

and checked by

DYSEAC

t 0

see

whether

there

had been

garbling

in

transmission.

The

receipt

of

data

simulating

a

detail

i t e m

resulted

in

a

tally

count

for

the

appropriate

master

item

in

the

file

section.

Several

runs

of

the

shared

program w

ere

successfully

made, and

the

"posted"

file

s e

c-

tions

lfere

printed

out

on a

DYSEAC

mag

net

ic

wire

cartridge.

These

results

clearly

dem

0

n-

strated

the

abili

ty

of

DYSEAC

to

respond

to

the

monitor

signals

originating

in

SEAC

and

to

in-

terrupt

its

program

in

order

to

rece

i v e and

process

the

detail

data

from

SEAC.

The -t w 0

machines were

thus

made

to

work

cooperatively

on

the

common

task

that

involved

preliminary

processing

of

data

by

SEAC,

transmiss

ion

0 f

these

data

and program

information

from

SEA

C

to

DYSEAC,

and

further

processing

by

DY

SEAC.

DYSEAC

worked on an

independent

seque

nee

of

typical

machine

operations,

simulating

a

co

n-

current

program,

during

the

intervals

in

which

it

waited

for

SEAC

to

transmit

data.

Only a

limited

form

of

master-s

I a v e

re-

lationship

was

demonstrated.

Only one

of

the

two

machines,

DYSEAC,

had

the

flexible

system

design

features

that

provide

for

multiple

pro-

gram

processing

and

interruptibility

necessary

in

the

interdependent

sys

tem. However. t

his

- 8 -

Two

Electronic

Computers

Figure 3

--

Cutaway

view of the

DYSEAC

computer

trailer

constructed

by

the National Bureau of

Standards.

The

forward

~art

of

the

trailer,

in

front

of the drop,

contains

the

control

console

and

the

magnetic-wire

input-output

equipment.

The

three

cabinets

in

the

central

portion

house the computer

itself.

Immediately behind

these

are

two

additional

cabinets

which

contain

the

5l2-word

acoustic

delay-line

memory.

In

the

rear

of the

trailer

is

the

air-conditioning

equipment.

limited

experiment

did

demonstrate the

signif-

cant

fact

that

two

machines

need

not

h a v e

identical

capabilities

and

characteristics

in

order

to

share

a

common

data-processing

pro-

gram, provided

that

one machine has the

neces-

sary

flexibility.

The

one machine

th

a t

is

capable of

rnul

tiple-program

process ing

\II

i t h

interruptibility

can

receive

and

process

data

fed

directly

to

it

from

one

or

more

external

sources

and,

can

therefore

share

its

high-speed

memory,

computing

ability,

and

output

facili-

ties

with remotely

located

external

devices,

including

other

computers with

different

char-

ac

teris

tics.

For

further

technical

information,

see

The

interconnection

of

two

digital

computers,

M.

E.

Stevens,

AlEE

Conference Paper

CP

No.55-

736 (1955);

DYSEAC,

the

new

NBS

electronic

computer,

NBS

Tech.

News

Bull.

38,

134

(Sept.

1954);

SEAC,

the

NBS

electronic

automatic

com-

puter,

Tech.

News

Bull.

34,

121

(Sept. 1950).

-

ENO

-

- 9 -

*.l.'

_________

*

----------

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and

on

each two-year

subscription

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subscription

rate

s,

depending

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..

ROSTER

O,F

ORGANIZATION'S

IN

THE

COMP'UTER FIELD

(Supplement,

information

as

of

July

3,

1956)

The

purpose of

this

Roster

is

to

report

organ-

izations

(all

that

are

known

to us)

in

the

compu-

ter

field:

organizations

making

or

developing

co~

puting machinery

or

data-processing machinery;

or-

ganizations supplying computing

services

or

consul-

ting

se.rvices

in

the computer

field;

and

organiza-

·tions

supplying components

or

services

used

in

the

computer

field

if

significantly

fie~

(for

example, magnetic

drums

would

be

such a

co~

ponent, while

octal

sockets

1vould

not

be).

This

listing

is

a supplement

to

the cumulative

edition

containing about 370

entries

published

in

the June

1956

issue

of

"The

Computer

Directory,

1956", the June

1956

issue

of "Computers

and,

Auto-

mation". This

listing

contains only additions

or

revisions

as compared with previous

entries.

Entries.

Each

Roster

entry

if

complete con-

tains:

name

of

the

organization,

its

address /

telephone

number

/

description

of

its

main

activi-

ties,

main

products

in

the

field,

any

comments

/

size

(expressed

in

number

of

employees),

year

es-

tablished,

nature

of

its

interest

in

the computer

field,

types of

activities

it

engages

in.

The

bmt

four

items

are

reported

in

abbreviations,

which

me

explained below. In cases where

we

did not have

complete information,

we

have put

d01fn

what

l'

e

have.

Entries

in

this

Roster

are

free.

Accuracy.

We

)~ave

tried

to

make

each

entry

accurate to the

extent

of

information

in

our

pos~

sion.

We

shall

be

grateful

for

any

more

informa-

tion

or

additions

or

corrections

that

anyone

is

kind

enough

to send

us.

Although

we

have

tried

to

be

accurate

and

complete,

we

assume

no

liability

for

any

statements expressed

or

implied.

The

key

to the

Size

Abbreviations

abbreviations follows:

r;--

Large

size,

over 500 employees

Ms

Medium

size,

50 to 500 employees

Ss

Small

size,

under 50 employees (no.

in

parentheses

is

approx. no.

of

e~~)

When

Established

Le

Long

established

organization

(1925

or

earlier)

Me

Organization

established

a

"medium"

time

ago

(I926 to 1945)

Se

Organization

established

a

short

time

ago

(1946

or

later)

(no.

in

paren-

theses

is

year

of

establishment)

Interest

in

Computers

and

Automation

Dc

Digital

computing machinery

Ac

Analog

computing machinery

Ic

Incidental

interests

in

computing

machInery

-10 -

Sc

Servomechanisms

Cc

Automatic

control

machinery

Mc

Automatic

materials

handling machinery

Activities

Ma

Manufacturing

activity

Sa

Selling

activity

Ra

Research

and

development

Ca

Consulting

Ga

Government

activity

Pa

Problem-solving

Ba

Buying

activity

(Used

also

in

combinations as

in

RMS

a

"research,

manufacturing

and

selling

activity")

*C

This

organization

has kindly furnished

us

with information expressly

for

the purposes of

the Roster

and

therefore

our

report

is

likely

to

be

more

complete

and

accurate

than otherwise

might be

the

case.

(C

for

Checking)

Organization Entry

Form

The

form

to

be

completed

for

an

entry

in

the

Roster of Organizations follows:

1.

Your

organization's

name?

_______

_

2.

Address?

_______________

_

3.

Telephone

number?,

___________

_

4.

Types

of

computing machinery

or

components,

or

computer-field products

and

services

that

you

are

interested

in?

5.

TYpes

of

activity

that

you

engage

in:

( ) research

()

other

(please

explain):

( ) manufacturing

( )

selling

( ) cons ul

ting

6.

Approximate

number

of

your

employees?,

__

_

7.

Year

when

you

were

established?

_____

_

8.

Any

comments?

_____________

_

Filled

in

by

_____________

_

Title

_______

Date

________

_

Roster

of

Or~8nizations

Aircraft-Marine Products,

Inc.,

2100

Paxton

St.,

Harrisburg, Pa. / Cedar 4-0101 / ·C

Patchcord

programmdng

systems

for

critical

low

level

circuits,

as well as nonshielded

systems

for

analog

and

digital

computing

systems,

data

processing,

test

equipment,

other

equipment

and

devices. Automatic wire

terminators,

taper

pins

(single

and multiple),

capacitors,

terminals,

connectors,

etc.

Ls (1600)

Me

(1941)

Ic

RMSa

Allegany Instrument Co.,

Inc.,

1091

Wills

Mount-

ain,

Cumberland,

Md.

Computers

for

ballistic

measurements.

Ac

RMSa

Allies'

Products Corp.,

1028

Connecticut

Ave.

N.W.,

Washington,

D.C.

/

RE

7-0504 /

*C

Precision

resistor

components. Ss(12)

Se

(1952) Ic

RMSCa

American

Electronic

Mfg.,

Inc.,

Instruments Div.

of American

Electronics

Inc.,

9503

W.

Jefferson

Blvd., Culver

City,

Calif.

/ Texas

05581

/ ·C

Precision

resolvers,

servomotortachometers,

resolver

amplifiers,

and

systems.

Ms(2oo)

Se(l952) Ic

RMSa

Amphenol

Electronics

Corp.,

1830

S. 54th

St.,

Chicago 50,

Ill.

Connectors

for

computer

applications:

all

types.

Armour

Research Foundation,

Illinois

Inst.

of

Technology,

10

West

35th

St.,

Chicago 16,

Ill.

/

CAl

umet

5-9600 /

*C

Design and

construction

of developmental

co~

puters,

both analog

and

digital,

for

special

applications

only.

Digital-to-analog

and

analog-to-digital

converters.

Data reduction

systems. Magnetic recording. Automatic con-

trol

machinery. Servomechanisms. Instrumenta-

tion.

Computing

service:

analog,

digital;

have Goodyear

Electronic

Digital

Differential

Analyzers.

nvo

Channel

Electronic

Function

Generator,

card

programmed

calculator.

Ls

(1150)

Me

(1937)

DAISCe

RCPa

Automation Engineering Laboratory,

One

E.

Putnam

Ave., Greenwich,

Conn.

/ Greenwich 8-2300 /

Designs,

engineers,

and

builds

complete auto-

mated

unit

or

system. Ic

RMCa

Avion

Division-Alexandria (formerly

ACF

Electron~)

Div.

of

ACF

Industries,

Inc.,

800

No.

Pitt

St.,

Alexandria,

Va.

/

King

8-4900 /

*C

Analog-to-digital

encoders,

and

digital-to-

analog decoders.

Ms(177)

Se(l954)

DAc

RMSa

Basic

and

Experimental Physics,

Box

689, Falmouth,

Mass.

/ Falmouth 2175.

Consultin~

services

in

design, development,

testing,

and

applications

of

digital

and

analog computer systems.

Ss

Se

DAIc~

RCPa

Bryant

Gage

and

Spindle Division,

Box

620,

Spring-

field,

Vt.,

Division of Bryant Chucking Grinder

Magnetic

Drums

with speeds

up

to 100,000

RPM,

capacity

up

to

5

million

bits~

super-precision

bearings.

Ms

Se'

Ic

RMSa

-

11

-

Creed & Co.,

Ltd.,

Telegraph House, Croydon,

Eng-

land / Croydon 2121.

Teleprinter

equipment

for

telecommunication.

Also

input

and

output equipment

specifically

intended

for

association

with

electronic

computers, machine

tool,

and

process'control

systems.

DIc

RMSa

Daystrom Instrument Co., Archbald, Pa. /

Jer~n

1100

/ °C.

Digital

and

analog computers. Magnetic Core

and magentic

drum

storage

systems. Servo-

mechanisms. /

Ls

(1000)

Se

(1950

DAISe

RMSCa

.§

Edin Co.,

Inc.,

207

Main

St.,

Worcester 8,

Mass.

/

PL

7-8394.

Direct

tYriting

oscillograph

recorders;

high

gain

D.C.

amplifiers;

frequency spectrum

analyzer.

Alc

RMSa

Electra1ab,

Inc.,

Industrial

Center,

Needham,

Mass.

/

Needham

3-5000 /

*C.

Printed

circuits;

printed

assemblies;

printed

circuit

boards with

reliable

plated-through

holes--for

computers

and

other

applications.

Ms

(75)

Se

(1951)

Ic

RMSa

Electro

Instruments,

Inc.,

3794

Rosecrans

St.,

San

Diego,

Calif.

/ Cypress

806144

/

*C

Digital

voltmeters;

digital

ohmmeters, ana-

log-to-digital

converters,

card

converters,

frequency

counters,

X-Y

Recorders,

go

no

bO

systems, automation systems,

digital

te$-

ers,

and

other

digital

instruments.

Ms(80)

Se(l954) Ic

RMSa

Electronic

Associates,

Inc.,

Long

Branch, N.J. /

Long

Branch 6-1100 /

*C

General purpose

precision

analog computers,

special

purpose analog computers, analog

computer components,

digital-to-analog

con-

verter,

digital

plotting

system (Dataplotter).

Automatic

control

of

all

machine

tools.

Ls

(591)

Se(1945)

DACe

RMSCa

£

Fairchild

Controls Corp.,

Components

Div.,

225

Park Ave., Hicksvine,

L.I.,

N.Y., / Wells

8-

5600

/

and

6111

E.

Washington Blvd.,

Los

Angeles,

Calif.

/

RAymond

3-5191 / ·C

Precision

potentiometers,

linear,

non-linear,

single

turn,

multi-turn,

wire

wound

and

noble

metal

film;

trimmer potentiometers; pressure

transducers.

Subsidiary of

Fairchild

Camera

and Ins trument Corp.

Le

(1920)

Ls

(2500, '

companYi

375,

this

division)

Ic

RMSa

The

Franklin

Institute,

Laboratories

for

Research

and

Development, 20th

St.

and

Benjamin Franklin

Par~Yay,

Philadelphia

3,

Pa. /

LOCust

4-3600 /

*C

Digital

computing machinery, analog computing

machinery, servomechanisms, automatic

control

machinery, automatic

materials

handling

ma-

chinery.

Computing

service:

digital

(Univac);

analog

(AC

network

analyzer).

Fire

control

Computers

equipment. Special purpose analog computers,

large

and

small

sc~le.

Digital

computer

com-

ponents. Prototype

construction.

Ms(325)

Se

-

(I

946)

DASCMc

RPCa

Friden

Calculating

Machine Co.,

Inc.,

San Leandro,

Calif.

/

SWeetwood

8-0700 /

*C

Desk

calculating

and

adding machines.

Compu-

typer

for

automatic

billing.

Add-Punch

Ma-

chine

for

adding,

subtracting,

and

for

record-

ing

of

integrated

data.

Ls(2700)

Me

(1934)

Dc

RM)a

Germanium

Products Corp., 26 Cornelison Ave.,

Jer-

sey

City,

N.J.

Silicon

and

germanium

transistors

for

computer

and

other

uses. Ic

RMSa

l!

N.V.

Hollandse Signaalapparaten, Hengelo (0),

Ne-

therlands

/

*C

Radar

fire

control

systems

and

their

computers

for

different

types of armament.

Directors,

computers,

trackers

and

radar

systems

for

find-

ing

targets,

then automatically

sighting

the

guns

under

their

control.

Ls(I800) Le(I922)

DAlc

RMSa

Hoover

Electronics

Co., 3640

Woodland

~e.,

Balti-

more

15,

Md.

/

MO

4-2350 /

*C

Analog to

digital

converter.

Digital

compu-

ters.

Sequential

test

sets

and

systems

for

computers,

telemetering,

and

information

pro-

c~ssing.

Ms(60)

Se(I952)

Dc

RMSa

1

International

Resistance Co.,

401

No.

Broad

St.,

Philadelphia

8,

Pa. /

WAlnut

2-2166 /

*C

Fixed

variable

resistors,

hermetic

sealing

terminals,

selenium

rectifiers,

insulated

chokes,

molded

printed

electronic

circuits.

Ls(2100, including

subsidiaries)

Le(1924)

Ic

RMSa

George F. Kelk,

Ltd.,

130

Willowdale

Ave.,

Willow-

dale,

Oot. /

BA

5-3391 /

*C

Digital

plotting

equipment.

Specialized

ana-

log computers. Ss(12) Se(I953)

DAc

RMSCa

Kleinschmidt,

Inc.,

Deerfield,

Ill.

/

Deerfield

1000 /

*C

Page-printing

read-out

devices, tape reading

and

tape punching equipment. Ls(650)

Se

(1946) Ic

RMSCa

.1

Littlefuse,

Inc.,

1865

Miner

St.,

Des

Plaines,

Ill./

Vanderbilt 4-1188

Fuses

and

fuse

holders

for

computer

and

other

us

es • Ic

RMSa

Litton

Industries,

Inc.,

Beverly

Hills,

Calif.,

and

elsewhere / 'CRestview 4-7411 /

*C

Radar systems with monopulse techniques;

coun-

termeasures,

inertial

navigation,

automatic

flight

control,

telemetering

devices,

communi-

cations

equipment,

instrumentation

and

test

equipment, servomechanisms.

New

digital

dif-

and

Automation

ferential

Analyzer.

Portable,

electronic

scientific

computers

(digital

differential

analyzer)

and

such

accessories

as graph

plot-

ters,

followers,

tape

input

and

output de-

vices,

digital-analog

converters,

and

mag-

netic

drums

and

heads.

Advanced

system de-

sign

and

development. Ls(1300) Se(I953)

DAICc

RMSCa

Mack

Electronics

Div.,

Inc.,

1120

So.

2nd

St.,

Plainfield,

N.J.

'/

Plainfield

5-4600

Research

facilities

in

the

development

of

fire

control,

radar,

missile

tracking,

co~

munications,

ultrasonics

and

other

complex

developments

for

industry

and

the

military.

Formerly

White

Industries,

Inc.,

a subsidiary

of

Mack

Trucks, Inc. Ic

RMSa

P.R. Mallory & Co.,

Inc.,

40 So.

Gray

St.,

Indian-

apolis

6, Ind.

Transistors,

resistors,

and

capacitors

for

computer

and

other

uses.

Ic

RMSa

Markite Corp.,

155

~averly

Place,

New

York

14,

N.Y.

/

Oregon

5-1384

Precision

potentiometers

for

computer

and

other

uses. Ic

RMSa

National Analysts,

Inc.,

1015

Chestnut

St.,

Phila-

delphia

7,

Pa. / Market 7-8109 /

*C

Consulting

and

computing

service.

Punched

card machines;

large

scale

general purpose

electronic

data

processing equipment.

Ss

(25)

Se

(1943) Ic

CPa

.Q

Ohmite

Manufacturing Co.,

3601

Howard

St.,

Skokie,

Ill.

/

ORchard

5-2600

Capacitors, computer types; miniature

wire-

110und

resistors;

etc.

Ic

RMSa

ORRadio

Industries,

Shamrock

Circle,

Odelika, Ala./

SHerwood

5-4621 /

*C

Magnetic recording tape

for

computers

and

telemetering

applications.

Ms(75)

Se(1946)

Ic

RMSa

Powers-Samas Accounting Machines,

Ltd.,

Powers-

Samas

House, Holborn Bars,

London

E.C. 1, Eng-

land.

Punch

card

tabulating

equipment using

small,

medium,

and

standard

cards.

Agency

is

Under-

wood

Corp., which

SEE.

Ls(6000) Le(1916)

Dlc

RMSa

Radiation,

Inc.,

P.O. Drawer 37, Melbourne,

Fla./

Melbourne

800

/

*C

/ Data processing

Data processing,

data

conversion,

and

data

reduction

equipment;

32

channel

digital

tele-

metering system, which includes

data

collec-

tion,

processing,

and

translating

equipment

for

computer.

Ms(400)

Se(I950)

Dlc

RMSCa

Radio Receptor Co.,

Inc.,

251

West

19

St.,

New

York,

N.Y.

-/

Watkins 4-3633

Germanium

diodes

for

computer

and

other

uses

IC

RMSa

-12-

Recording

and

Statistical

Corporation, 100

Sixth

Ave.,

New

York

13, N.Y., /

WOrth

6-2700 /

and

elsewhere.

Computing

and

data

processing

services

using

electronic

digital

computers

and

punched

card

equipment

of

latest

types.

Servonics,

Inc.,

834

N.

Henry

St.,

Alexandria,

Va.

/

TEmple

6-6800

Precision

potentiometers

incorporating

digi-

tal

techniques,

\11

th high

linearity

t

and

ex-

tended frequency

limits

without phase

shift,

multi-turn

but continuous

rotation.

Soroban Engineering,

Inc.,

Box

338, Melbourne,

Flaj

*C

Data

input-output

systems;

data

preparation

devices;

output

tabulating

devicesi

coding

keyboards; paper tape readers and

perfora-

tors;

specialized

data computing systems

and

consulting

services

on

all

of above. Ss(35)

Se(1953)

Dlc

RMSCa

Southern

Electronics

Corp., 239

W.

Orange

Grove

Ave., Burbank,

Calif.

/

Victoria

9-3193 /

*C

Precision

capacitors,

adjustable

capacitors.

MS(60)

Se(1951)

Ic

RMSa

Southwestern

Industrial

Electronics

Co., P.O.

Box

13058, Houston 19, Texas

Analog

computers

and

simulators.

At:,

RMSa

Sylvania

Electric

Products,

Inc.,

Electronic

Sys-

tems

Division,

100

First

St.,

Waltham 54, Mass./

TWinbrook

3-9200 /

*C

Electronic

digital

computers,

special

purpose

digital

data

transmission

systems. Etched

circui,ts;

other

computer components.

(In-

cludes

the

Division

formerly

at

70 Forsythe

St.,

Boston).

Ls(27,OOO

companYi

700

this

division).

Le(1901)

DAc

RCa

Victor

Adding

Machine Co., 3900

No.

Rockwell

St.,

Chicago 18,

Ill.

/

KEystone

9-8210 /

*C

Digital

computers

and

data

processing

systems.

Digit-matic

plain

or

calculating

printers.

Adding

machines,

etc.

Ls(2200) LeU9lS)

Dc

RMSa

~

Zuse, K-G., Kreis

H~nfeld,

No.

69, Neukirchen,

Germany

/

*C

Electronic

digital

computers. Zuse

Model

'Z

4",

''Z-5''

and

"z

11" computers.

Ms(90)

Se(1949)

Dc

RMSa

o

_____________________

*

____________________

~

SP:ECIAL

ISSUES

OF

~~COMP,UTERS

AND

AUTOMATlON"

The

June

issue

of

"Computers

and

Automation"

commencing

with June, 1955,

is

a

special

issue,

"The

Computer

Direc

tory.

"

, -13 -

MANUSCRIPTS

We

are

interested

in

articles,

papers,reference

information,

science

fiction,

and

discussion

re-

lating

to computers

and

automation.

To

be

con-

sidered

for

any

particula~

issue,

the

manuror~t

should

be

in

our hands

by

the

fifth

of

the

pre-

ceding month.

Articles.

We

desire

to publish

articles

that

are

factual,

useful,

understandable,

andin~sting

to

many

kinds

of

people engaged

in

one

part oran-

other

of

the

field

of

computers

and

automation.

In

this

audience are

many

people

who

haw

expert

knowledge

of

some

part

of

too

field,

rut

\ViI)

are

lay-

men

in

other

parts

of

it.

Consequently

alaiter

should seek

to

explain

his

subject,

and

shQw

its

context

and

significance.

He

should

define

un-

familiar

terms,

or

use

them

in

a

way

that

make

s

their

meaning unmistakable.

He

should

identify

unfamiliar

persons with a

few

words.

He

shruld

use examples,

details,

comparisons,

analogies,

etc.,

whenever they

may

help readers

to

under-

stand

a

difficult

point.

He

should give

data

supporting

his

argument

and

evidence

for

his

assertions.

We

look

particularly

for

articles

that

explore

ideas 'in

the

field

of

computers

and

automation,

and

their

applications

and

im-

plications.

An

article

may

certainly

be

contr~

versial

if

the subj

ect

is

discussea- reason

abl~

Ordinarily,

the length should

be

1(0)

to

4000'

words. A

suggestion

for

an

article

should

be

submitted to

us

before too

much

l~rk

is

done.

Technical Papers.

Many

of

the foregoing zequne-

ments

for

articles

do

not

necessarily

apply

to

technical

papers. Undefined

technical

terms,

unfamiliar

assumptions, mathematics,

circuit

diagrams,

etc.,

may

be

entirely

appropriate.

Topics

interesting

probably

to

only a

few

people

are

acceptable.

Reference Information.

We

desire

to

print

or

re-

print

reference

information:

lists,

roste~

ab-

stracts,

bibliographies,

etc.,

of

use

to

com-

puter

people.

We

are

interested

in

m a

kin

9

arrangements

for

systematic

publication

from

time

to

time

of

such information, with

other

people besides our

own

staff.

Anyone

who,~

like

to

take

the

responsibility

for

a type

of

reference

information should

write

us.

Fiction.

We

desire

to

print

or

reprint

fiction

which

explore~

scientific

ideas

and

possibili-

ties

about computing machinery,

robots,

cyber-

ne1.ic.s.. autoJDation:.

etc..

anq

t;heir illtllicatials,

and

\vhich

at

the

same

time

is

a

good

story.

0r-

dinarily,

the

length

should

be

1000

to

40W

tQ.'ds.

Discussion.

We

desire

to

print

in

"Forumf'

brJff

discussions,

arguments, announcements, news,

letters,

descriptions

of.remarkable

new

devel-

opments,

etc.,

anything

likely

to

be

of

sub-

stantial

interest

to

computer people.

(cont'd

on

page

31)

REQUIEM

K.

W,.

RENNETT

Lake Zurich,

Ill.

It

was

one

of the

two

most

danger

0

us

desks

in

the world.

Cutter

ran

his

pal

m

gently

across

its

smooth

g r e

ens

u r f

ace,

brushed

his

fingertips

lightly

across the

big

green buttons

scattered

like

organ

stops

a-

cross

the desktop. His scrubbed

finger

~raced

the

letters

beneath

the

buttons.

"Moscow"

was

a big

button.

Beneath

it

ranked

lesser

buttons

lettered

"Murmansk",

"Leningrad",

"Baku",

and

the

rest.

Then

there

was

a "China"

sector

with black buttons

and

an

"Indian"

sector

with

buttons

that

were red

and

small

like

beetles.

And

more,

linked with

fat

armored cables to

the ranks

of

computers

that

crowded the walls

of

the

room.

Dangerous

and

clean

and

beautiful,

this

desk,

like

a loaded Luger

pistol.

And

e a c h

time

he

pushed a

button,

four

hydrogen bombs

~uld

waken

to

life

in

a

distant

place.

A split

sec/ond

they would

lie

in

their

dark

cradles

be-

neath the

JOOuntain

ice

and

windpacked s

now,

listening

to

the stream

of

measured impulses

of

latest

calculation

from

these

com

p u

te

rs.

Then

their

tail

pipes would

spurt

comets 0 f

flame

and

they'd

howl

aloft

and

be

gone

atfour

times the speed

of

sound through the

strato-

--Sphere

on

an

invisible

guiding arc of computer

signals,

fantas~ically

rapid

and

fantastically

accurate.

When

the

bombs

touched

earth

again,

a

city

would

die.

Not

bravely,

but

with

co~

pleteness.

The

alarm

bell

tinkled

softly.

It

was

regulated

to

tinkle

softly

to

prevent alarming

the guardian

of

the

buttons.

In

accordanc

e

with

regulations,

Joe

Cutter

extended a hover-

ing

hand over the

"Moscow"

button

and

with the

other

unsheathed a loaded .45 Colt

aut

0 m a

tic

and

centered

its

black

barrel

on

the door.

The

pmumatic ,door

hissed

up. A

general,

t he

las

t

Generai,

entered,

smiling

determinedly.

Cutter

'sighed

and

subsided

into

a gray

little

man

be-

hind

an

oversi~ed

desk.

He

touched

his

helmet

in

half

salutation

and

reholstered

the

.45

without

getting

up.

The

General

closed

the

pneumatically operated

steel

slab. .be

caugh

t

a

remembered

glimpse

of

clothes

racks behind

the General as the grey

steel

slab

slid

down.

The

General marched

to

one

of

the

three

fat

uphols

tered

chairs.

He

j ackknifea himself

to

a

sitting

position

with

military

reluctance.

"Good

mrning,

Cutter,"

he beamed.

-14 -

"Good

morning,

General,"

s

ai

d

Cut

t e

r.

The

General winced.

It

wasn't

much

fun, being

the

last

General, Joe imagined. Like being

an

extinct

species

of

moose

preserved

in

a zoo.

"Everything

all

right,

Cutter?"

the

Gen-

eral

demanded.

Joe himself winced,

this

time.

The

Gen-

eral

asked the

same

question

each morning.

He

had

for

three

years,

ever

since

the

co

mp

u

te

r

room

and desk

installation

had been completed

following

signing

of

the

disarmament

pact.

And

it

was

a

ridiculous

question.

The

nation.auld

be

on

its

knees

before

anything would

be

a

1-

lowed

to

go

atf.ry

in

this

crowded roomful 0 f

computers

and

maps

and

lethal

buttons.

The

General

rolled

on

with heavy

cheer,

"Good,

Cutter.

Must

keep

shipshape.

Partic-

ularly

now.

If

the

citizen

exchange

agree-

ment

is

a fake,

it

means

the

enemy

is

smoke-

screening

us

for

good

reasons.

Might

be

the

Big

Attack."

Cutter

tvavered between

pity

and

bored

dis-

like.

The

last

General, fending

off

a d

is

-

armed

tforld. For

an

Army

he had

Cutter,

and

his

shift-mates.

a

battery

of the

greatest

electronic

brains

technology could pro d uc e ,

and

a handful

of

technicians;

all

carefully

buried

from the world. A

man

who'd

commanded

thousands

and

tens

of

thousands.

His

only

vis-

ible

command

at

the

moment,

during

this

shift,

a

~mall

ratlike

man

wearing a

steel

helmet fuat

was

several

sizes

too

large,

hunched behind

an

oversize

desk and

several

rows

of

gray

steel

computers

that

chuckled

electronically

over

the

belly

warmth

of

their

live

circuits.

It

must seem

like

commanding

a homicidal

mouse

and

a

line

of

pinball

machines, Joe decided.

"The

Russki's

are

disarmed. General,"

Cutter

said

with

gentleness.

"And

they're

sending

their

top-men"

here

to

prove

faith."

The

worn

gambit

still

brought flame

to

the

General's

eyes.

His

raison

d~~e.

The

old

eagle

gaze swept the

room,

iis

four

grey

walls

with

their

charted

ballistic

curves and

maps

and

alternate

attack

plans

ruled

in

red

and

yellow

and

black

lines

across the

mottled,

blue

of

the

maps.

"We

have a

room

here

40

miles from

Wash-

ReQ~iem

ington,

D.C.,

Cutter.

And

we

have weapons.

You

may

be completely

certain

that

the

Ene

my

has a

similar

room.

And

similar

1 au

nch

i n g

sites,

perhaps

in

the

Urals,

or

perhaps

in

Si-

beria.

But

they

have them and you

can

count

on

it

they

could

blanket

us

with

hydrogen

banbs

in

a

split

ttdnkling.

As

we

can them." .

"Intelligence

never

found

their

room

or

th:eir

sites,

General,"

Cutter

murmured.

"No

more

than

their

inspection

teams have

been

able

to

locate

this

place

--

we

hope.

And

tfhat

inspection

team tfould

dare

go

slink

in

g

through

the

bedroom

of

the

Vice

President's

tdfe

looking

for

a

secret

room?

Faugh! 0 f

course

they

have a room!

An

elementary

tactic,

Cutter."

"Well,

General,

if

the

exchange

plan

goes

through,

we'll

have mass exchanges

of

peoples

between

the

two

countries

with

voting

rig

h

ts

while

in

residence.

Who'd have time

to

fight?

And

they'll

be

sending

their

top

men

here

--

their

leaders.

What

a

struggle

they'll

have

before

they'll

accept

that

provision1"

"Any

overtures

thus

far

may

be a

trick,

Cutter.

A

sly

trick."

Cutter

shrugged and

stared

at

the

buttons.

Superior

or

not,

he

was

getting

pretty

sick

of

the

General.

"Have you

dusted,

Cutter?"

demanded

the

General.

"Sure,"

said

Cutter,

and

then

remembered

to

add

the

"Sir".

The

General donned a

white

glove and began

po~ing

behind

the

Number

Three

reserve

computer.

Cutter

rolled

his

eyeballs

at

the

ceiling.

The

alarm

bell

tinkled.

Dy-

namite Joe

Cutter

donned

his

helmet and aimed

the

.45

at

the

door, dropping

the

.45

in

the

process

and

picking

it

up

again.

The

General,

watching,

winced

only

slightly.

His

control

t'las

improving, even

for

a General, Joe

decided.

The

gray

steel

slab

of

door

hissed

up,

r~

vealing

a

closet

interior

carpeted

with

female---

type

shoes.

The

President

stood

among

the

pumps

and

sandals.

He

was

a

big,

silver-haired

man

and he

was

smiling.

Not

a campaign

smile,

but

a deep, happy

smile.

Joe

smiled

back.

He

liked

the

President.

Whatever

the

guy's

position,

he

really

cared

for

all

kinds

of

people.

Little

people

like

Joe.

Joe

figured

the

President

e-

ven

liked

the

General.

.

The

President

grinned

at

the

.45.

"Don't

shoot,

Joe,"

he

said.

"The Cold

War

is

over.

The

exchange agreement

is

signed."

Joe

couldn't

help

the

stunned

feeling.

If

they'd

signed

the

exchange agreement,

it

meant

-15 -

no

more

wars.

Really.

No

more

desk

with

but-

tons.

No

more

Dynamite Joe

•.

Back

to

a $95 a

week

clerical

job.

''Yes!

Just

like

that!

They've

signed!"

The

President

threw

his

handful

of

papers

ceil-

in~'lard

and

they

sailed

down

like

big

snowflakes

across

the

floor

and

over

the

Number

Four

re-

serve

computer and even

--

Joe

felt

a

kind

of

distaste

at

the

sight

--

across

the

spotless

desktop.

The

General

departed

from a

posture

of

affability

and began

policing

up

the

sheets

of

paper

in

a

lost

manner.

"It's

not

a

trick,"

said

the

President

in-

to

the

silence.

The

General

was

beginning

to

snap back.

"Why

not?

We

can't

knot'l

until

their

people

be-

gin

to

arrive

here."

"Of

course,"

said

the

President,

"And

the

first

plane

load

left

Kharkov

this

morning.

Their

Premier and

the

Party Secre·tary

are

aboard,

and

it'll

be a kind

of

triumphal

tour

witi

stqs

en

route."

The

General marched

to

the

President's

side

in

dawning

anger.

"That's

no

proof.

We

can't

deactivate

the

room.

Not

yet.

The

program must

run

for

at

least

two

or

three

more

years

before

we'll

be

sure.

"

"I

can't

take

that

chance,

Hal,"

said

the

President.

"If

a

truce

team

located

this

room

now,

there'd

be a

five

minute war

with

nothing

left

standing

on

either

side.

I want

it

eli~

inated

now

--

immediately.

I'm

taking

what

you

military

people used

to

call

a

calculated

risk."

"Calculated

risk?"

the

General's

face

went

turkey

color

and Joe noted

that

he was

screaming, though

in

a

military

manner.

"It's

calculated

insanity:

If

they've

got

weapons .

enough

--

why

if

they

had

two

bombers,

or

two

guided

missiles,

or

--

two

beanshooters,

we'd

be

helpless.

Helpless!"

Joe

put

his

helmet back on.

"Now,

n a

If,

General,"

he

said.

"Take

that

helmet

off~

you

icUot,"

snarled

the

General.

"For God's

sake,

Mr.

President,

be

reasonable."

"We're

deactivating

this

room,

General.

You

are

retiring

as

of

today.

They've

given

us

their

faith.

Ye

gods,

their

top

men

are

already

on

that

plane:"

'You've gone

mad.

This

is

what

they've

been t.zaiting

for."

The

General

chC)ked

and

tore

at

his

collar.

"Right

now,

t.ze've

got

a compu-

(cont'd

on

page

36)

IBM ELECTRONIC

DATA

PROCESSING

OPERATIONS

IN

THE

MIDWEST

NEIL

D.

~ACOONALD

Following the

trend

tourard the automation

of

data processing

and

computing

operations,

mare

and

more

manufacturers, business

firms,

and

sci-

entific

organizations

are

installing

electronic

data

processing systems.

Installations

of such

systems produced

by

International

Business

Mach-

ines Corporation throughout the country have

in-

creased

sharply

in

the

last

year

and

a

half;

s~h

machines are being

applied

to

a

J.vide

variety

of

both

scientific

and

commercial problems. In the

Midwest

alone,

there

are

nearly

a hundred

of

the

company's

"electronic

giant

brains"

not'/

at

work,

t\'1

th

many

more

on

order.

IBM's

computers include the

large-scale

IBM

701, 702,

704

and

705

Electronic

Data Processing

Machines,

and

the medium-scale

IBM

650

Magnetic

Drum

Data Processing Machine.

FollOlving

are

examples

of

the

many

fields

in

which

IBM

electronic

data

processing systems

are

being applied

in

the Midtvest.

INSURANCE

A

company

that

will

probably

be

one

of the

biggest

users

of

IBM

data

processing equipment

in

the

fire

and

casual

ty

insurance indus

try

is

State

Farm

Mutual

Automobile Insurance

Company

of

Bloomington,

Illinois.

This

company

will

e-

ventually

use

24

IBM

650

Magnetic

Drum

Data Pro-

cess ing Machines.

State

Farm

nOlY

has

two

of

the

machines

installed

in

its

home

office,

one

each

in

two

regional

offices,

and

20

on

order

for

its

12

regional

offices

thrcughout the

U.

S.

It

is

expected

that

deliveries

will

be

completed

in

1957.

State

Farm's

applications

for

the

650's

in-

clude

selective

underwriting, automatic

premium

rating,

policy

reports

and

internal

and

external

s

ta

tis

tics.

The

first

650

installed

by

an

insurance

com-

pany

in

the Chicago area

is

at

the Zurich-Ameri-

can Insurance. Companies.

.Its

ini

tial

tasks

in-

clude

consolidation

of

collection

data,

and

re-

cording

and

classifying

of

transactions

by

branch,

agent,

and

type of

insurance.

This

650

combines

and

accelerates

operations

formerly

requiring

four

separate

machines.

Its

use

will

be

extencirl

to

recording of claims

and

preparation

of

los

s

ratios.

The

Iowa

Mutual Insurance

Company,

DeWitt,

Iowa, uses

its

nel'l650,

received

early

thi's

spring,

for

automatic

premium

rating

of

auto-

mobile

policies.

This 650, the

first

in

the

fire

and

casualty

field

in

Iowa,

will

han

dIe

myriads of insurance

calculations

at

h i g h

speeds,

enabling employees to

be

assigned

to

less

routine

and

more

creative

work. T

his

"elec

tronic

clerk"

will

also

do

payroll,

u

n-

earned

premium

calculation,

agents'

commdssion

computation

and

various

statistical

distribu-

tion

summaries

and

analyses.

Iowa

Mutual plam

to

extend the machine's

activities

into

the

fire,

burglary,

general

liability,

and

work-

men's compensation

divisions

of the company.

Northt1Testern

Mutual Life Insurance C om-

pany of Milwaukee, Wisc., plans

to

add

a

650

to

its

present

line

of

IBM

equipment

this

s~

mer.

Initially

the machine

will

compute an-

nual dividends

for

more

than 1,600,000

policies.

Another

application

will

be accounting

and

cal-

culation

of 80,000 mortgage

loans,

involving

monthly payments

of

principal,

interest

and

taxes.

-

Employers Mutuals

of

Wausau,

Wisc.,

is

put-

ting

a

650

into

operation

and

expects

it

will

greatly

facilitate

handling

of

voluminous

re-

cords

and

statistics

of the insurance

business.

nvo

initial

applications

are

automobile

policy

rating

and

premium

distribution

reports.

.

An

insurance

company

with a

decentralized

policy

of

operation,

Hardware Mutuals,

will

be-

gin

using a

650

late

this

year,

for

premium,

loss,

and

expense

distribution

figures

necess-

ary

for

internal

company

reporting,

annual

state-

ment,

tax

purposes,

and

insurance bureau r

e-

quirements. This

company

has

14

policywriting

offices

that

send

data

to

the

home

office

in

Stevens

Point,

Wisc., where

it

is

converted

to

a

medium

that

can

be

machine processed. Hard-

ware Mutuals does

all

selling

through

675

di-

rect

salesmen,

and

figures

for

any

individual's

territory

will

be

obtainable

very quickly with

the

650.

The

Royal Neighbors

of

America,

Rock

Is-

land,

Illinois,

a

fraternal

life

insurance

co~

pany, uses a

650

to

audit

4,700

camp

reports

per

month, involving the processing

of

abo

ut

half

a

million

punched

cards.

Other systems

to

be

converted

to

machine

operation

are .automatic

preparation

of

bond

schedules

for

the annual

statement,

valuation

of

certificate

reserves,

-

16

-

Electro~ic

Oata

Processing

calculation

of

dividends,

and

the

processing

of the loan account.

Nationwide Insurance

Company

has a

650

in

operation

at

its

home

office

in

Columbus,

(hio,

used

primarily

to check

rates

on new

policies

and

to

determine

rates

on

r

en

ew

a 1

policies.

This information

arrives

a t

the

home

office

via

transceiver

network from

ten

regional

offices.

The

transceiver

is

an

IBM

,machine which

makes

possible

duplication

0 f

punched cards over telephone and

telegraph

fa-

cilities.

The

information received

at

Colu~

bus

is

processed

in

the

650

and

returned

to

the

respective

region

where

the

results

are

punched

in

the

same

card

originally

used

to

transmit

the

policy

information.

An

IBM

"giant,"

the

705

Electronic

Data

Processing Machine,

is

scheduled

for

instal-

lation

this

SUJIUOOr

at

the

St.

Paul

Fire

and

Marine Insurance

Company,

St.

Paul, Minnesota.

The

company

plans to use the computer

for

ac-

counting

and

statistical

operations.

HOSPITALIZATION

Michigan Hospital-Medical Service has

on

order,

for

its

general

office

in

Detroit,

a

705

which

will

be

put

to

work

on

a

gigantic

task

of up-dating records

for

1,350,000

sub-

scribers

on

a

daily

basis.

Many

complicated

statistical

reports,

hitherto

unobtainable

or

prohibitively

expen~ive,

will

be

made

avail-

able.

MANUFACTURING

AND

HEAVY

INDUSTRY

The

International

Harvester

Company's

motor

truck

division

at

Fort

Wayne,

Indiana,

recently

installed

an

IBM

705

to

serve

as a

centralized

data

processor

for

four

pIa

n.

t

s,

including

that

of

the

farm

tractor

division

in

Louisville,

Kentucky. In

this

installa-

tion,

tremendous savings

in

time have been

ef-

fected

on

such problems

as

cam

design, bearing

load,

gas

pressure

and

other

engineering

cal-

culations.

The

West

Pullman

Works

of

International

Harvester

Company,

on

Chicago's South

Side,

recently

completed a

year

of

650

operation.

Practically

every commercial

application

com-

mon

to

manufacturing

plants

has been

run

0 n

this

650

or

is

planned

for

the

near

future.

West

Pullman

Works

js

part

of

the

company's

farm

tractor

division,

manufacturing n i n e

collateral

products comprising 25,000

parts,

for

29

other

Harvester

plants

and

other

organ-

izations.

The

investigations

section

of

the

General

Electric

Company's

aircraft

gas

turbine

divi-

sion

is

operating

three

large-scale

IBM

com-

puters,

one

701

and

two

704's,

the

scientific

counterparts

of

the

702

and

705.

The

investi-

gations

section

gives mathematical

and

compu-

tational

support

to

the

aircraft

gas

turbine

division

of

GE,

an~

to

all

divisions

of

the

company

upon

request.

One

of the

704's

is

at

Lynn,

Mass.,

and

the

other

machines

are

i n

Cincinnati,

where they occupy the

country's

first

permanent

industrial

building

designed

solely

to house computers.

The

701

at

C i n -

cinnati

will

shortly

be

replaced

by

an

addi-

tional

704.

The

Evendale

Opera

ting

Department of Gen-

eral

Electric

Company's

jet

engine

plant

near

Cincinnati

received

delivery

of a

650

1 a s t

February.

By

March

5 the

payroll

of

two

de-

partments had been completely converted from

conventional machine accounting procedures

to

the

650. Other

applications

are

being planned,

including general

ledgers,

budget

statements,

and

production

scheduling.

General

Electric

Company's

component

mo-

tor

department

in

Fort

Wayne

has a

650

which

solves complex motor design problems and hand-

les

the weekly

payroll

and

indirect

manufactur-

ing expense

reports.

The

computation

of

100

motor design

variations,

completed

in

t h r e e

hours, would

require

more

than

six

months

with

a desk

calculator.

Minnesota Mining

and

Manufacturing

Com-

pany

will

install

an

IBM

705

at

its

general

office

in

St.

Paul

in

September

of

this

year.

One

of

its

.first

tasks

will

be

the

computation

of

sales

statistics.

Other assignments include

raw

and

semi-finished

materials

inventory,

pay-

roll

and

operating

expense

reports.

The

Magnavox

Company,

Fort

Wayne,

Indiana,

is

processing

payroll

and

labor

distribution

in

one

hOur

and

15

minutes weekly

on

its

650.

A manufacturing requirement computation,

re-

quiring

20

hours

on

conventional accounting

machines,

was

recently

done

in

just

one hour,

a saving of

95%.

Later

this

650

will

be

at

work

in

the

realm of

higher

mathematics,

solv-

ing problems

in

the

design of

transformers,

filters,

and

circuits.

The

Bendix Products Division

of

Bendix

Aviation Corporation, South Bend,

Indiana,

has

a

650

on

order.

An

involved

factory

payroll

of 9,000 persons,

including

incentive,

set-up

and

piece

work

labor,

will

be

assigned

to

the

650, which

is

expected

to

take about 11 hours

a

week

for

the

job.

Various production con-

trol

schedules,

and

machine load and

engineer-

ing

applications

are

also

being programed.

A.

o.

Smitli Corporation

will

put

a

705

in-

to

operation

in

its

Milwaukee

home

office

Applications:

payroll

of 6,500

per-

sons,

accounting

for

manufacturing

operations

in

10

scattered

plants,

and

production

control

-

17

-

Computers

and

Automation

functions

relating

to

fabrication

of

1,000,000

tons of

steel

annually.

One

of

the

nation's

largest

manufacturers

of

heavy

industrial

'equipment, the Harnisch-

feger

Corporation of Miltfaukee, has a

650

on

order,

to

replace

its

present

accounting

mach-

ines.

The

new

computer

will

do

cost

account-

ing,

general

and

subsidiary

ledger

accounting,

accounts payable

and

receivable,

and

a

payroll

of

6,000.

The

Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing

Company

has

an

IBM

650

on

order

for

their

engineering

computing

laboratory

at

West

Allis,

Wisconsin.

Transformer design problems, formerly processed

on

purchased time

on

a 650,

will

be

one

appli-

cation,

and

many

other

technical

problelm'

in

machinery product design,

research

and

engi-

neering

will

be

solved.

The

650

at

the Columbus,

Ohio

division

of

North American Aviation

Inc.

is

used

full

time

for

all

types

of

engineering

calculations.

Here,

many

engineers

are

trainea

in

650

coding,

enab~

ling

each

of

them

to

program

his

own

problems.

A group

of

computer

experts

is

available

for

consultation

with the engineers

to

review meth-

ods

of

solution

prior

to

processing.

General Motors

Corporation's

Frigidaire

Division

at

Dayton, Ohio,

is

speeding

up

work

schedules with

two

IBM

650's

which

are

used

in

material

requirements planning

payroll

and

la-

bor

distribution,

and

cost

of

sales

accounting.

These

applications

were

previously

accomplished

on

conventional accounting machines.

Frigid-

aire

is

also

solving

linear

equations

in

re-

search

engineering with

the

650's.

A

650

has

recently

been

installed

at

the

AC

Spark Plug Division of General Motors

in

Flint,

Michigan.

It

is

used to process pay-

rolls

and

maintain inventory

control,

and

may

later

be

applied to

cost

control

and

engineer-

ing

research.

The

Gardner-Denver

Company,

general

of-

fices

in

Quincy,

Illinois,

has

on

order

a

650

to

be used

in

complicated accounting

and

pro-

du~tion

c,:>ntrol problems,

and

in

design

and

scientific

computations.

The

first

650

to

be

delivered

in

Iowa

went

to

the

COllins Radio

Company

at

Cedar Rapids,

where

it

daily

balances the manufactured

parts

inventory,

prepares the weekly

plant

payroll,

and

analyzes measured work-day performance.

Part

of

the 650's time

is

devoted

to

the

en-

gineering

department, which

makes

use of

anal-

yses

of

electrical

and

mechanical networks

and

statistics.

Caterpillar

Tractor

of

Joliet,

Illinois,

has a

650

installed

and

is

using

the

machine

-18 -

to

determine

net

and gross requirements

in

production planning.

Micro-Switch, a

division

of

Minneapolis-

Honeytfell Regulator

Company,

Freeport,

Illinois,

has

on

order

a

650

which

will

be

used

to

pro-

cess

payroll,

labor

distribution,

sales

anal-

ysIs,

and

inventory and production

control.

Whirlpool-Seeger Corporation

is

awaiting

delivery

of

a

650

for

its

Saint

Joseph, Mich.,

division,

and

will

utilize

it

to

process

its

gross tequirements

and

payroll.

Kellogg SWitchboard

Company

in

Chicago

will

·get a

650

in

August, to

be

used

for

pay-

roll

preparation.

The

Solo

Cup

Company,

also

of Chicago,

will

receive

a

650

in

October.

The

initial

applications

will

be

order

writing

and

pay-

roll.

PUBLIC

UTILITIES

Commonwealth

Edison

of

Chicago

is

operat-

ing

an

IBM

702, the

first

in

the

public

util-

ity

industry.

Revenue

accounting,

including

billing,

accounts

receivable,

and

credit

and

collection

work,

is

accomplished

on

the

mach-

ine.

The

utility's

operations

research

group

is

exploring

scientific

approaches to manage-

ment

problems such as inventory

control,

coal

logistics,

and

transformer

studies

with the

aid

of the computer. Eventually, the

702

will

be

replaced

by

the

more

powerful 705, and pay-

roll

and

all

other

accounting

work

will

be

transferred

to machine

operation.

Detroit

Edison

Company,

serving

1,200,

000 customers

in

southeastern

Michigan,

is

using

two

IBM

650's

for

calculation

of

cus-

tomer

bills

and

closely

and for. engineering and

research

problems.

Early

in

1957

Detroit

Edison expects

to

begin conversion

of

its

entire

customer

ac-

counting operations

to

an

IBM

705. This

will

facilitate

consolidation

of

various

files

per-

taining

to customers and

the

integration

of

customer accounting

activities.

Customer

re-

cords

will

be

maintained

in

the machine,

WhEh

will

analyze accounts

for

necessary

action,

render

bills,

apply payments,

and

prepare

various

reports.

EDUCATION

AND

SCIENCE

Ohio

State

University

at

Columbus

has

installed

an

IBM

650

as a

step

in

the

devel~

ment

of

a high-speed

electronic

computer

cen-

ter.

This

installation

represents

the

larg-

est

electronic

digital

computer so

far

avail-

able

on

a

college

campus

in

Ohio,

and

is

ex-

pected

to

make

substantial

contributions

in

.

Electronic

nata

Processing

the

field

pf

research

and

instruction.

Work

on

contracts

for

research

from machine

tool

and

other

companies

will

be

another

main

ap-

plication

for

the

Ohio

State

650.

The

numerical

analysis

laboratory

of

the

University

of

Wisconsin

at

Madison

has a

650

which

is

used

by

most

departments

of

the Uni-

versi

ty

of

Wisconsin

at

Madison

has a

650

which

is

used

by

most

departments of the

University

in

a

variety

of

projects,

ranging from

roll

call

studies

of

the

United

States

Senate

to

an

analysis

of

light

curves of

eclipsing

bi-

nary

stars.

About

100

students

at

the Univer-

sity

are

enrolled

each

year

in

courses

in

the

theory

and

use

of

computing machinery,

includ-

ing

the

650

..

Cook

Research

Laboratories,

devoted

to

basic

research

in

physics,

general electronfus

and

other

scientific

fields,

has a

650

at

Sko-

kie,

Illinois,

to

aid

its

250

engineers

and

150

technicians,

draftsmen,

and

model

makers

in

the

rapid

solution

of complicated equatiaE

associated

with

their

work.

Armour

Research Foundation has a

650

at

its

Chicago computing center.. Approximately

90

per

cent

of

the

machineis time

is

taken

up

by

engineering and

scientific

computation

channeled

to

the

computing

center

from nine

Foundation

research

departments.

The

primary

commercial

application

is

preparation

of pay-

roll

for

the

Foundation

and

the

Illinois

In-

stitute

of

Technology,

and

programs

are

con-

stantly

being

created

to

solve problems

in

government

research

projects.

'IRANSPORTA

TION

The

installation

of a

650

in

the

Chicago

accounting

offices

of

the

Illinois

Central

Railroad

last

year

was

a

pioneer

application

of

electronic

computing

to

railroading.

The

650

is

adaptable

to

solving

many

railroad

p~

lems

and enables

Illinois

Central

to

get

out

a complicated

train

and

engine

payroll

within

a

few

hours.

The

railroad

recently

installed

a second 650.

The

offices

of

the

auditor

of

expenditmes

of

the

New

York

Central

Railroad

in

Detroit

has

two

650

's,

now

proce'ssing a complex 50,

OOO-employee

payroll.

Future uses

will

in-

clude

distribution

of

equipment, charges

and

preparation

of

accounts,

and'reports

of

pay-

roll

statistics.

The

Rock

Island

Railroad has ordered

two

650's,

to

be

delivered

this

fall.

The

mach-

ines

will

go

to

work

on

payroll

and

freight

'car

accounting.

GOVERNMENT

At

Wilkins Air Force Depot

at

Shelby,

Ohio, a

650

is

being

utilized

to account

for

all

Air Force property

received,

stored

and

shipped

by

the depot.

The

machine computes the

dollar

value

of

all

transactions,

the

projected

fiscal

year budget,

and

estimates

the volumes

required

for

various buying programs

and

re-

views the

stock

position

of

all

items

carried.

This

installation

is

expected to

go

on

a

three

shift

basis

in

the near

future.

A

650

t~as

placed

in

operation

at

the

'lbpEka,

Kansas,

Air

Force Depot

last

summer.

It

co~

putes

stock

levels,

predicts

future

stock

needs

and

prepares

inventories.

REFINING

A

650

which

is

expected

to

be

extremely

valuable

in

certain

operations

research

prob-

lems

and

in

engineering

and

process design

stud-

ies

is

on

order

for

Shell

Oil Company's

Woo

d

River,

Illinois,

refinery.

Plans

are

under

way

for

processing

cost

and

inventory accounting

on

the

machine

in

addition

to

payroll

for

4,000

employees

at

the

location.

The

Standard Oil

Company

(Ohio)

has a

650

in

its

Cleveland

office,

and

a

705

is

scheduled

for

delivery

in

August. Ibe

705

will

help

co~

pany

management

decide such questions

as:

where

to

open

new

gasoline

stations;

when

to

build

another

refinery;

and

how

much

to

recommend

that

the

board

of

directors

should

pay

in

stock

dividends.

It

will

also

solve

complicated

en-

gineering

problems,

and

turn

out

in

three

days

sales

records

that

formerly took

27

days

to

pro-

duce.

The

650

does

many

diverse

jobs

from

solv-

ing complex chemical engineering equations

to

processing

the

company's

payroll.

The

Ohio

Oil

Company

is

operating

a

650

at

its.general

office

in

Findlay. Applications

in

general

accounting

include

prorating

of

pro-

duction expense,

estimating

of

oil

and gas

re-

serves,

calculation

of

depletion

and

deprecia-

tion

for

Federal income

tax,

and

calculation

of

cash dividends

for

stockholders.

The

650

also

aids

in

processing

the

employees' savings plan

and employees'

home

loans,

and

performs highly

technical

tasks

such as determining

yields

f~

refinery

processes.

Eventually,

Ohio

Oil plans

to process a 6,OOO-person

payroll

from time

cards to checks.

Further

scientific

analyses

are

also

anticipated.

The

Pure Oil Company,has a

650

in

opera-

tion

at

its

general

office

in

Chicago.

The

e-

quipment processes crude

oil

run

tickets

from

the

initial

tank gauging

data

through

all

cal-

culations

to

the determination

of

royalty

pay-

ments.

It

also

processes the

payroll

of

one

of the company's

refineries.

In

addition,

the

machine works

for

the

research

and development

laboratories

in

Crystal

Lake,

Ill.,

which

co~

municates

its

data

50 miles

to

the

general

of-

fice

via

IBM

transceivers.

-

19

-

(cont'd

on

page

36)

Forum

C(JdPIAINT

BY

SPERRY-RAND

CORPORATION

IN

ANTI-lRUST

SUIT

BRooGHT

AGAIl'l)T

--

INTERNATIONAL

BUSINESS

MACHINES

CORPORATION

IN

mE

UNllED

STAlES

DISlRICT

COURT

FOR,

mE

SOUTHERN

DISlRICT

OF-~

rORK"

SPERRY

RAND

;CORPORATION,

a Corporation, 1

.

Plaintiff,

vs.

.

INTERNATIONAL

BUSINESS

MACHINES

CORP.,

.

a Corporation, Defendant.

COOPIAINT

CIVIL

ACTION

NO.

106-20

Plaintiff,

Sperry

Rand

Corporation,

by

its

attorneys,

brings

this

action

against

defendant,

International

Business Machines Corporation,

and

complains

and

alleges

as follows:

I.

PARTIES

1.

Plaintiff

Sperry

Rand

Corporation

is

a

corporation

organized

and

existing

under the laws

of the

State

of Delaware

and

has

its

principal

of-

fice

in

the

Ci

ty of

New

York,

State

of

New

Yo

r

k.

It

is

the successor

corporation

to

Remington

Rand

Inc.,

a corporation organized under the laws

of

the

State

of

Delaware,

and

the Sperry Corporation,

a corporation organized under the laws of the

Smte

of Delaware,

which

corporations were consolidated

as Sperry

Rand

Corporation

on

June 30, 1955. Sill:e

June 30, 1955, the business formerly conducted

by

Remington

Rand

Inc. has been

and

is

being

carried

on

by

the Remington

Rand

Division of Sperry Rand

Corporation.

The

Remington

Rand

Division of Sper-

ry

Rand

Corporation has a

principal

office

at

315

Fourth

Avenue

in

the

City

of

New

York,

State

of

New

York.

It

is

engaged,

among

other

things,

in

the manufacture

and

distribution

of

tabulating

machines.

2.

Defendant

International

Business

Machines

Corporation

is

a

corporation

organized

and

exist-

ing under the laws of the

state

of

New

York

with

its

principal

office

at

World Headquarters Build-

ing, 590 Madison

Avenue,

New

York

City 22,

New

York.

It,

also,

is

engaged,

among

other

things,

in

the manufacture and

distribution

of

tabulating

machines.

II.

,

JURISDICTION

3.

Ibis

action

is

brought under the

anti-

trust

laws

of

the United

States

and

the j

urisdic-

tion~of

this

court

is

invoked under

Sections

1

and 2 of the Act of

July

2,

1890,

commonly

known

as the

Sherman

Antitrust

Act

(26

Stat.

209,

15

USC§§

1

and

2)

i

Sections

3,

4

and

16

of

the

Act

of

OCtober

15, 1914,

commonly

known

as the

Clal-

ton

Antitrust

Act

(38

Stat.

731, 737;

15

U5C§J

14,

15

and

26);

and

the Act of June 25,

1948

(62

Stat.

931,

28

USC

~

1337).

-20 -

III.

4.

The

tabulating

industry

embraces

(a)

the

manufacture of

tabulating

machines which

function-

ally

depend

on

punched holes

in

cards

or

paper

tape

or

magnetic

spots

on

plastic

or

metallic

tape,

(b) the

distribution

of such machines

to

government

and

business

organizations,

(c) the

repair

and

maintenance of such machines, (d) the

manufacture

and

distribution

of

repair

and

re-

placement

parts

for

such machines,

and

(e) the

use of

tabulating

machines

for

the

sale

of

tabu-

lating

service

both

to

users

and

nonusers

of

tab-

ulating

machines.

5.

Tabulating machines

are

devices

for

re-

cording

on

a

unit

or

continuous

basis,

verify-

ing,

and

automatically

converting,

classifying,

computing, reproducing

and

printing

alphabetic

.

and

numeric accounting

and

statistical

informa-

tion,

as

hereinafter

described,

by

controlled

mechanical,

electrical

or

electronic

means:

The

source data

to

be

recorded

is

reduced

to

coded

punched holes

in

cards

or

paper

tape,

or

to

coded

magnetic

spots

on

plastic

or

metallic

tape which

are

read

by

the

machines

and

influence

the

auto-

matic machine

processes.

6.

The

principal

tabulating

machines

are:

_ (a) a manually

or

automatically opera-

ted

recording

punch

whose

principal

purpose

is

to

transcribe

so~rce

data onto

tabulating

cards

or

paper tape

in

the form of punched holes; or a

manually operated keyboard

unit

whose

principal

purpose

is

to

transcribe

source data onto

plastic

or

metallic

tape

in

the form of magnetic

spots;

(b) a manually

or

automatically opera-

ted

verifier

whose

principal

purpose

is

to

check

the accuracy of

the

transcription

of

data

onto

tabulating

cards

or

paper tape

in

the form 0 f

punched holes

or

onto

plastic

or

metallic

tape

in

the form

of

magnetic

spots;

(c) a

converter

whose

principal

pur-

pose

is

automatically

to

translate

data

either

to

or

from punched holes

in

cards

or

paper tape

or

magnetic

spots

on

plastic

or

metallic

tape;

(d)

a

sorter

whose

principal

function

is

automatically to assemble punched

tabulating

cards

in

desired

classes

or

sequences;

(e) a

collator

whose

principal

func-

tion

is

automatically

to

match

or

merge

separate

sets

of punched

tabulating

cards;

(f)

a

calculating

punch

whose

principal

function

is

automatically to perform

addition,

subtraction,

multiplication

or

division

or

any

combination of such

operations;

(g) a reproducing

punch

whose

princi-

pal

function

is

automatically

to

duplicate

data

or

record

summary

data

in

the form of punched

holes

in

tabulating

cards;

(h) a

printer

whose

principal

function

,

Sperr~-Rand

Complai~t

is

automatically to summarize

and

record

on

paper forms,

and

of preparing

entire

statistical,

plan-

data

which

is

stored

in

the form of punched holes ning

and

accounting

reports.

As

thus improved,

in

tabulating

cards

or

paper tape

or

in

the form

tabulating

machines enable

large

governmental and

of

magnetic spots

on

plastic

or

metallic

tape;

and

business

units

to

carry

OD

numerous

transactions

(i)

a general or

special

purpose

digital

computer,

activated

by

punched holes

in

tabulating

cards

or

paper tape

or

by

magnetic spots

on

plastic

or

metallic

tape,

which

by

electronic

means

per-

forms any,

some

or

all

of the functions performed

by

the machines described

in

subparagraphs

(b)

through

(h)

hereof.

There

are

variations

of the

principal

tabulating

machines as well as

auxiliary

machines

and

attach-

ments

which are used

to

perform

special

functions.

These

principal

machines

or

some

variation

thereof,

together

with

auxiliary

machines

and

attachments,

are

used

in

groups, combinations or systems

to

ob-

tain

accounting

and

statistical

results.

1.

The

tabulating

machines described

in

paragraph 6 hereof perform

their

automatic func-

tions

mechanically,

electrically

or

electronically,

or

by

combination

thereof.

Mechanical

tabulating

machines perform

their

automatic functions

pri-

marily

by

mechanical

action,

and

derive source

data from punched cards under

control

of small

pins which

penetrate

holes

in

the

cards.

Elec-

trical

tabulating

machines perform

their

automatic

functions primarily under

electrical

control,

and

derive

source data from punched cards under con-

trol

of

electrical

circuits

which

are

completed

by

brushes

that

penetrate

holes

in

the

cards.

Electronic

tabulating

machines perform

their

au-

tomatic functions

primarily

by

electronic

co~

ponentry

and

circuitry

control,

and

derive source

data from punched holes

in

tabulating

cards

or

paper tape

or

from magnetic spots

on

plastic

or

metallic

tape under

control

of

circuits

which

are completed

by

brush

or

photo-electric

cell

sensing

or

by

magnetic reading-recording heads.

IV.

DEVELOPMENT

<F

THE

IND15TRY

6.

Electrical

tabulating

machines were

in-

vented about 1660.

The

first

commercial

elec-

trical

machines computed numerical information

only

and

were used

initially

by

the

government

in

the

preparation

of the census of 1690. In

this

period the machines could

not

print,

but

could merely compute

and

indicate

numerieal

data.

9.

The

first

commercial mechanical

tabulat-

ing machines were capable

of

printing,

as well as

computing, numerical

data.

They

were

initially

used

by

the government

in

the

preparation

of

th~

Census

of

1910

and

were

first

used

by

private

in-

dustry

about 1913.

They

were

applicable

to

sub-

stantially

the

same

uses as

electrical

tabulat-

ing

machines, which, about 1923, were

also

i~

proved

to

print

numerical

data.

10.

About

1932

electrical

and mechanical

tabulating

machines were

further

improved

to

en-

able

them

to

print

alphabetical

as

well

as numeri-

cal

data.

This development expanded

their

basic-

ally

statistical

and

accounting functions and

made

them

capable of preparing

and

addressing de-

tailed

billings,

policy

notices,

and

stOCkholders'

-

21

-

requiring

communication

among

themselves

and

with

others

and

to

collect,

analyze

and

disseminate

automatically

and

expeditiously

the

great

masses

of information necessary

for

efficient

business

operations

•

11. Until the

early

1930's the

tabulating

cards

most

commonly

used with both

electrical

and

mechanical

tabulating

machines were

45~column

c~.

They

were uniform

in

size

and

were

printed

on

one

side

with numerals uniformly spaced

and

arranged

,

in

45

columns. Source data

was

transcribed

to

all

45-column cards

by

punching round holes

in

accord-

ance with a

single

hole code.

The

cards could

be

used

inter~hangeably

with

either

electrical

or

mechanical

tabulating

machines.

As

a

result,

it

was

possible

to replace

any

machine

in

one

in-

stallation

by

a corresponding machine from the

other

type of

installationi

it

was

also

possible

to

replace

an

entire

installation

of

tabulating

machines; whatever the replacement, the 45-column

cards served equally as

well

for

the

new

tabulat-

ing

installation.

12. After the development

of

alphabetical

tabulating

machines

in

the

early

1930's,

cards

of

larger

capacity

were needed. Cards with a

capacity

of

60

columns

became

those

most

common-

ly

used with

electrical

tabulating

machines,

manu-

factured

by

defendant,

and

cards with a

capacity

of

90

columns

became

those most

commonly

used

with mechanical

tabulating

machines, manufactured

by

plaintiff.

The

shape of the

hole

punched

in

8O-column

cards

for

use

in

electrical

tabulating

machines

was

made

rectangular,

whereas round holm

continued

to

be

punched

in

the

9O-column

cards

used with mechanical

tabulating

machines.

As

a

result

of

these ,changes

neither

type

of

punched

tabulating

cards could

be

used interchangeably

in

both

electrical

and

mechanical

tabulating

machines.

13. Because of these

and

other

differences

between

6O-column

and

9O-column

tabulating

cards,

a

tabulating

machine capable of use

in

one

tabu-

lating

inst~llation

cannot

be

substituted

for

a

similar

machine

in

the

other

tabulating

instal-

lation.

Only

an

entire

installation

of the

tabu-

lating

machines using

60

or

9O-column

cards can

replace

an

installation

using

90

or

6O-column

cards.

When

one

installation

has been replaced

by

the

other,

and

it

is

desired

to

prepare

re-

ports

based

upon

the cards used with the

prior

installation,

the data recorded

on

such cards

must

be

transferred

to a

new

set

of

cards

either

manually

or

automatically

by

means

of a convermr.

14.

In

recent

years the development of

e-

lectronic

tabulating

devices

and

components

and

the

resultant'increase

of

processing speed

and

capacity

has

necessitated

the

development

and

use of punched paper tape

and

plastic

and

metal-

lic

tape which supplement

or

supersede punched

cards

for

recording

data

and

for

influencing

the

automatic

tabulating

machine

processes.

Source

data

is

stored

in

a continuous

manner

on

paper

tape

in

the form of coded punched

holes,

or

on

Comput~rs

and

Automation

plastic

or

metallic

tape

in

the form of coded

mag-

now·

in

use

in

the United

'States.

netic

spots.

Various codes

may

be

utilized

depend-

ing

on

the

number

of

information channels contained

on

the tape

and

on

the

particular

electronic

tabulat-

ing machine

in

connection with which

it

is

us

ed.

The

data

so

stored

on

tape,

when

read

by

the

elec-

tronic

tabulating

machines,

influence

the automatic

processes

and

thereby achieve

results

identical

with

those

obtainable

by

the use of data

stored

on

punch-

ed

cards.

15.

From

1935

to

date

there

has been a

great

increase

in

the use of

tabulating

machines.

Along

with

the

growth of business

and

governmental

~nits,

there

has developed a

greater

need

for

collecting,

collating

and

communicating information. This need

has been

filled,

in

part,

by

tabulating

machines

which

are

continuously being adapted

to

new

uses.

The

experience of business

and

governmental

..

uni

ts

has proved

that

tabulating

machines

are

of

vital

importance to the

solution

of

control

and

planning

aspects of economic,

administrative,

materiel

and

personnel problems. This

is

especially

true

among

such organizations as

large

public

utilities,

banks

and

life

insurance companies, manufacturing

and

publishing

concerns,

and

agencies of

federal,

state

and

municipal government, iucluding law enforcement,

ta~

collecting

and

old age

assistance

agencies.

IV.

INTERSTAlE

lRADE

AND

CCldMERCE

INVOLVED

16. Defendant manufactures

electrical

and

e-

lectronic

tabulating

machines

at

its

factories

in

Endicott,

Poughkeepsie

and

Kingston,

New

York.

It

manufactures

repair

and

replacement

parts

for

its

tabulating

machines

at

such

factories

and

recon-

ditions

its

tabulating

machines

at

these

and

other

locations

throughout

the

United

States.

It

or

a

predecessor

corporation

has been engaged

in

the

manufacture of

electrical

tabulating machines

since

1905.

It

has been engaged

in

the

manufacture of

electronic

tabulating

machines

since

1952.

11.

The

tabulating

machines

and

repair

and

replacement

parts

manufactured

by

defendant

move

in

interstate

commerce

from

its

factories

in

the

State

of

New

York

to

the places of business

of

users

located

throughout the United

States~

Such

movement

is

effected

either

directly

or

by

distri-

bution through

defendant's

approximately 300

so-

called

sales

offices

throughout the United

States,

or

its

approximately 500 maintenance

and

repair

service

offices

throughout the United

States.

18. Defendant has not

sold

and

will

not

sell

its

tabulating

machines

to

anyone.

It

maintains,

and

for

many

years has maintained, the

policy

of

leasing

its

tabulating

machines

to

users.

No

per-

son

may

use

defendant's

tabulating

machines unless

they

are

leased.

19. Defendant

now

owns,

and

for

more

t

han

ten

years preceding the

filing

of

this

complaint,

has

owned

substantially

all

of the

electrical

tabu-

lating

machines

in

the United

States.

Defendant

now

owns.a major

portion

of

all

the

electronic

tab-

ulating

machines

in

use

in

the United

States.

The

electrical

and

electronic

tabulating

machines

m~d

by

defendant

and

presently

in

use

in

the United

States

comprise over

~~

of

all

tabulating

mach~

-

22

-

20.

The

annual

rental

received

by

the defend-

ant

for

use of

its

tabulating

machines

is'presently

in

excess of $200,000,000. In the

intervening

yeam

between

1950

and

the

filing

of

this

complaint

there

has been a

steady

and

continuing

increase

in

the an-

nual

rentals

received

by

defendant amounting

to

ap-

proximately

2~~

per

annum

more

than

the

rentals

re-

ceived

by

it

during each preceding

year.

During

the period from 1948

to

1950

such annual

rental

a-

mounted

to

more

than $100,000,000.

21.

Plaintiff

manufactures mechanical,

elec-

trical

and

electronic

tabulating

machines

at

its

factories

in

Ilion

and

Elmira,

New

York,

Philadel-

phia,

Pennsylvania,

and

St.

PauL,

Minnesota.

It

manufactures

repair

and

replacement

parts

at

such

factories

and

reconditions

its

tabulating

machines

at

these

and

other

locations

throughout the United

States.

It

or

a predecessor

corporation

has been

engaged

in

the manufacture of mechanical

tabulat-

ing machines

since

1911,

and

of

electric

and

elec-

tronic

tabulating

machines

since

1941.

22. Tabulating machines manufactured

and

sold

or

leased

by

plaintiff

now

comprise

and

for

m 0 r e

than

ten

years preceding

the

filing

of

this

co~

plaint

have comprised

less

than

lOO~

of

all

tabulat-

ing machines

in

use

in

the United

States.

23.

The

total

annual revenue r e c e i v e d

by

plaintiff

from the

lease

and

sale

of

its

tabulating

machines

is

presently

less

than $11,000,000. I n

each of the years

1948

to

1950

its

annual revenue

from the

lease

and

sale

of

tabulating

machines

was

substantially

less

than $10,000,000. While

there

has been a small annual

increase

in

plaintiff's

revenues from

the

lease

and

sale

of

tabulating

machines between 1950

and

1955,

plaintiff's

rela-

tive

position

in

the

tabulating

machine

industry

during

this

period

has been

constantly

decreasing.

24.

Plaintiff's

tabulating

machines

are

of-

fered

to

users throughout

the

United

States

in

co~

petitiQn

with the defendant's

tabulating

machines.

Plaintiff's

tabulating

machines, however,

are

and

since

1934

have been

sold

or

offered

for

sale,

as

well as

leased

or

offered'

for

lease,

to

users 0 r

potential

users

of

tabulating

machines. Users

may

purchase

or

lease

plaintiff's

tabulating

machines

as they so choose.

VI.

VIOLATIOl\S

AND

EFFEC'IS

1lIERECF

25. For

many

years,

and

within

the

applic-

able

statutory

period of

limitation

of

actions

(15

USC

§ 16)

--

beginning

six

years

prior

to

the

filing

on

January 21, 1952, of the complaint of

the United

States

of America

against

defendant

in

the United

States

District

Court

for

the Southern

District

of

New

York

(Civil Action

No.

C-12-344,

still

pending):

(a) Defendant has, as

also

charged

by

the United

States

of

America

in

said

complaint,

wrongfully

and

unlawfully

entered

into

contracts

or

combinations

in

unreasonable

restraint

of the

hereinbefore described

interstate

trade

and

co~

rnerce

in

the manufacture,

'distribution,

lease

and

·

Sperry-Rand

sale

of

tabulating

machines

and

of

repair

and

re-

placement

parts

for

use

in

such machines,

in

vio-

lation

of Section 1

of

the

Sherman

Antitrust

Act,

15

USC

~

1,

and

to the

injury

of the public gen-

erally

and

of

the

plaintiff

in

particular;

(b) Defendant has, as

also

charged

by

the United

States

of

America

in

said

complaint,

wrongfully

and

unlawfully attempted

to

monopolize,

monopolized,

and

is

continuing

to

monopolize the

hereinbefore described

interstate

trade

and

com-

merce

in

the manufacture,

distribution,

lease

and

sale

of

tabulating

machines

and

of

repair

and

re-

placement

parts

for

use

in

such machines,

in

viola-

tion

of Section 2 of the

Sherman

Antitrust Act,

15

USC

§ 2,

and

to the

inj

ury of the public

generally

and

of the

plaintiff

in

particular,

and

(c) Defendant has leased

and

entered

into

contracts

for

the

lease

of

tabulating

machines

and of

repair

and

replacement

parts

for

use

in

such

machines,

on

the

condition,

agreement,

or

under-

standing

that

the

lessee

thereof

shall

not

pu~h~,

lease

or use

tabulating

machines manufactured

by

plaintiff

or

any

other

competitor of

the

defendant,

and

shall

not use

or

purchase

or

lease

for

use

in

tabulating

machines

of

defen9ant

repair

and

re-

placement

parts

manufactured

by

plaintiff

or

any

other

co~etitor

of

the

defendant, the

effect

of

which has been

substantially

to

lessen

competition

and

to

tend to

create

a

monopoly

in

the

interstate

trade

and

commerce

in

the manufacture,

distribu-

tion,

lease

and

sale

of

tabulating

machines

and

of

repair

and

replacement

parts

for

use

in

such

ma-

chines,

in

violation

of Section 3

of

the Clayton

Antitrust

Act,

15

USC

§ 14,

and

to

the

injury

of

the

public

generally

and

of the

plaintiff

in

par-

ticular.

26. Defendant has

consistently

and

without

deviation

adhered

to

a

policy

of

leasing

rather

than

selling

its

tabulating

machines. This

policy

has been adopted

and

adhered

to

with the purpose

or

effect

of preventing

lessees

of

defendant's'

machines from purchasing

or

leasing

plaintiff's

tabulating

machines.

21. Defendant has

leased

its

tabulating

ma-

chines

on

condition

that

the

lessee

agree to

lease

and

use only

tabulating

machines manufactured

by

defendant

and

not

to

lease,

purchase

or

use tabu-

lating

machines manufactured

by

others.

The

pur-

pose

or

effect

of

such

leases

has been

to

prevent

lessees

of

defendant's

tabulating

machines from

leasing

or

purchasing

tabulating

machines

manu-

factured

by

plaintiff.

28. Defendant has refused

to

permit

tabulat-

ing machines manufactured

by

others to

be

used

in

c~njunction

with

its

tabulating

machines

or

to

per-

mit attachments manufactured

by

others

to

be

placed

on

its

tabulating

machines.

The

purpose

or

effect

of such

refusals

has been to prevent

lessees

of

defendant's

tabulating

machines from

leasing

or

purchasing

tabulating

machines

or

attachments

manu-

factured

by

the

plaintiff.

29. Defendant has

offered

or

given

to

users

or

prospective users

interested

in

purchasing

or

leasing

plaintiff's

tabulating

machines

prefer-

ential

treatment

including,

but not

limited

to,

-

23

-

Complaint

rebates,

furnishing

tabulating

machines without I

rental

during peak

periods,

waiver of

extra

shift

charges, reduction of

rentals

during

slack

periods,

giving

free

trial

uses

for

extendep periods

of

time.

The

purpose

or

effect

of

such.preferential

treatment has been

to

prevent such users or

pros-

pective

users from

leasing

or purchasing

tabulat-

ing machines manufactured

by

plaintiff.

30. Defendant has

systematically

acquired

developments, inventions

and

patents

made

or

owned

by

others

relating

in

any

way

to

tabulating

ma-

chines

(1)

that

might form the

basis

for

a

com-

peting

full

line

of

tabulating

machines, or

(2)

that

might possess

present

or

future

nuisance

value

against

actual

or

potential

competitors,

or

(3)

that

might

be

of

any

possible

present

or

future

value to defendant

in

its

own

tabulating

machines

or

in

those of

actual

or

potential

com-

petitors.

The

purpose

or

effect

of

such

acquisi-

tions

has been to prevent

plaintiff

from

acquir-

ing such

patents

or to discourage

plaintiff

from

manufacturing competing

tabulating

machines.

31. Defendant has opposed the issuance to

plaintiff

and

others

of

patents

relating

to

elec-

trical

or

electronic

tabulating

machines

by

sys-

tematically

engaging

in

interference

proceedings

in

the United

States

Patent

Office.

The

purpose

or

effect

of

such opposition has' been

to

prevent,

hinder

or

delay

plaintiff

and

others

in

process-

ing

patent

appJications

relating

to such

tabulat-

ing machines.

32. Defendant has

utilized

patents

to fence

in

and

block

off

plaintiff

and

others.

The

pur-

post

or

effect

of

such

utilization

of

patents

has

been to prevent

or

impede

plaintiff

from

manu-

facturing

competing

electrical

and

electronic

tabulating

machines.

33. Defendant has refused to

grant

licenses

under

its

patents

relating

to

electrical

and

e-

lectronic

tabulating

machines, except to

lessees

of

its

machines

or

under onerous

conditions,

in-

cluding

grant

backs.

The

purpose

or

effect

of

such

refusals

has been to prevent

plaintiff

from

acquiring

patents

or

rights

under them.

34. Defendant has preempted the

services

of

inventors

active

in

fields

in

which inventions

may

be

useful

in

the manufacture of

tabulating

machines

by

employing such inventors

on

a long

term exclusive

retainer

basis.

The

purpose

or

effect

of such conduct has been to preclude the

employment

of such inventors

by

plaintiff.

35. Defendant has entered

into

contracts,

agreements

or

understandings with persons

or

independent organizations engaged

in

electrical

and

electronic

research

or development whereby

defendant obtains

exclusive

rights

to

discoveries

or

inventions

relating

to or useful

in

the dev-

elopment

or

manufacture of

electrical

or

elec~n

ic

tabulating

machines

or

components

thereof.

The

purpose

or

effect

of such

contracts,

agree-

ments

or

unders tandings has been

to

d e p r i

ve

plaintiff

of access to such

discoveries

or

in-

ventions.

36. Defendant has refused to permit

its

Computers

tabulating

machines to

be

used

for

experimental pur-

poses.

The

purpose or

effect

of such

refusal

has

been to prevent

plaintiff

from developing

nelV

or

im-

proved

tabulating

machines.

and

Automation

31. Defendant has

stressed

or

used

its

monopo-

ly

position

and

its

high percentage

of

the market to

persuade prospective users

that

its

tabulating

m

a-

chines

are

superior

to

plaintiff's.

The

purpose

or

effect

of

such conduct has been to induce such

pros-

pective

users not

to

lease

or

purchase

plaintiff's

tabulating

machines.

38. Defendant has

stressed

or

used

its

monopo-

ly

position

and

its

extensive

installations

of tabu-

lating

machines

in

identical

or

similar

industries

to persuade prospective users

that

it

has

greater

experience

in

resolving

the

tabulating

problems of

such

industries.

The

purpose

or

effect

of

such con-

duct has been

to

induce such prospective users not

to purchase

or

lease

plaintiff's

tabulating

machines.

39. Defendant has

stressed

or used

its

monopo-

ly

position

and

its

extensive

installations

of

tabu-

lating

machines

in

all

areas of the country

and

all

segments

of

the

economw

to

persuade prospective

us-

ers

that

standby equipment

will

be

available

in

the

event

of

a breakdown

of

tabulating

machines leased

by

such prospective

users.

The

purpose

or

effect

of

such conduct has been

to

discourage such

pros-

pective

users.,

especially

in

areas

in

which

few

or

none

of

plaintiff's

tabulating

machines

are

in

op-

eration,

from purchasing

or

leasing

plaintiff's

~

lating

machines.

40. Defendant has persuaded users

or

prospec-

tive

users

of

tabulating

machines

to

transmit

or

re-

ceive

data

on

punched

tabulating

cards to

or

fro

m

suppliers,

customers,

trade

associations,

rating

bureaus, banks, gover,nmental agencies

or

others as

a

means

of

exchanging information, compiling

statis-

tics,

fixing

rates

or

otherwise

assimilating

or

us-

ing such

data

and,

in

conjunction therewith, has

stressed

or

used

its

monopoly

position

and

its

ex-

tensive

installations

of

tabulating

machines to

in-

fluence such users

to

standardize

on

defendant's

tabulating

machines.

The

purpose

or

effect

of

such

conduct has been

to

induce such users not to

pur-

chase

or

lease

plaintiff's

tabulating

machines.

41. Defendant has

offered

to

lease

and

has

entered

into

agreements to

lease

tabulating

ma-

chines

of

a type

or

model

which

is

not

yet

in

pro-

duction

and

for

which

it

is

not ready

to

commence

production.

The

purpose

Or

effect

of

suoh conduct

has been

to

induce prospective users not

to

pur-

chase

or

lease

tabulating

machines

presently

being

manufactured

by

plaintiff.

42. Defendant has

offered

or

agreed

to

make

delivery

of

tabulating

machines

on

or

before a date

on

which

it

~ould

reasonably expect to

make

such

delivery

and

in

some

instances has agreed to

pay

substantial

liquidated

damages

for

failure

to

make

such

delivery.

The

purpose

or

effect

of

such con-

duct has been to induce prospective users not

to

purchase

or

lease

tabulating

machines manufactured

by

plaintiff.

43. Defendant has maintained

and

operated

more

than

15

service

bureaus

in

the

principal

cit-

-

24

-

'ies

of

the United

States.

The

purpose

or

effect

of

maintaining

and

operating

these

service

bure~

has been

to

preempt the

available

demand

for

tabu-

lating

service

by

nonusers of

tabulating

machines

and

by

users

of

defendant's

tabulating

machines

who

require

additional

tabulating

service

at

times

of

peak loads

and

on

other

occasions, thereby lim-

iting

the market

for

lease

or

sale

of

plaintiff's

tabulating

machines. '

44. Defendant has refused

(I)

to

make

sepa-

rate

charges

for

rentals,

maintenance,

service,

and

repair

or

replacement

parts,

and

instead

has

included

them

in

its

regular

rental

charge,

(2)

to

sell

its

repair

or

replacement

parts

to

inde-

pendent

service

or

repair

organizations

or

men,

(3) to

furnish

its

manuals

or

books

of

instruc-

tions

relating

to

the operation, maintenance

or

repair

of

its

tabulating

machines

to

independent

service

or

repair

organizations

or

men,

and

(4)

to

permit independent

service

or

repairmen to

at-

tend

its

training

or

service

schools.

The

pur-

pose

or

effect

of

such

refusals

has been

to

dis-

courage

and

prevent the development

and

growth

of

competing organizations

for

servicing

and

main-

taining

'tabulating

machines, thereby preventing

the purchase

or

lease

of

plaintiff's

tabulating

machines

by

prospective users

in

areas

in

Which,

due

to the limi·ted

number

of

plaintiff's

tabulat-

ing machines

in

use,

it

is

not economical

to

main-

tain

a

repair

or

service

organization

solely

for

plaintiff's

tabul~ting

machines.

45. 'Defendant has

made

misrepresentations

favorable

to

the

tabulating

machines

it

manu-

factures

and

unfavorable

to

the

tabulating

ma-

chines manufactured

by

the

plaintiff.

The

pur-

pose

or

effect

of

these misrepresentations has

been to induce prospective users

to

use

tabulat-

ing machines manufactured

by

the defendant

and

not to use

tabulating

machines manufactured

by

plaintiff.

46. Defendant has tampered

or

interfered

with the

efficient

normal operation

of

tabulating

machines manufactured

by

the

plaintiff.

The

pur-

pose

or

effect

of

such conduct has been

to

dis-

courage users

of

tabulating

machines manufactured

by

the

plaintiff

from continuing

to

use

them

and

to

induce such users to use

tabulating

machines

manufactured

by

the defendant.

41. Defendant has induced users

or

pros-

pective

users

by

threats,

express

or

implied,

or

other

form of coercion, to

lease

tabulating

ma-

chines manufactured

by

the

defendant

and

not to

lease

or

purchase

tabulating

machines

manufactwred

by

the

plaintiff.

48. Defendant has refused

or

threatened

to

refuse

to continue to purchase

supplies

from a

user

or

prospective user

of

tabulating

machines,

unless

it

in

turn

uses

tabulating

machines

manu-

factured

by

the defendant

and

refuses

to use tabu-

lating

machines manufactured

by

the

plaintiff.

49.

Officers,

directors

or

employees

of

defendant have served

as

officers,

directors

or

employees

of,

or

consultants

to

users

or

pros-

pective

users

of

tabulating

machines.

The

de-

.tenant

h~

caused

or

permitted such persons so

~perry-Jland

to

serve with the purpose or

effect

of

inducing

such users to use

tabulating

machines manufactured

by

the defendant

and

not to use

tabulating

machines

manufactured

by

the

plaintiff.

50. OffIcers,

directors,

employees

or

con-

sultants

of users

or

prospective users of

tabulat-

ing machines have served

as

officers,

directors,

employees

or

consultants

of defendant.

The

de-

fendant has caused

or

permit~ed

such persons so

to serve with the purpose or

effect

of

inducing

such users to use

tabulating

machines manufactured

by

defendant

and

not to use

tabulating

machines

manufactured

by

plaintiff.

51.

Officers,

directors,

employees

or

con-

sultants

of defendant have served as experts

on

boards

or

panels

established

for

the purpose of

evaluating the needs

of

l

actual

or

prospectIve

us-

ers

of

tabulating

machl'nes,

or

of determining the

capacity,

quality,

suitability

or

value

of

tabu-

lating

machines .with reference

to

such needs.

De-

fendant has caused

or

permitted such persons so to

serve with the purpose

or

effect

of inducing such

users to use

tabulating

machines manufactured

by

the defendant

and

not

to

use

tabulating

machines

manufactured

by

the

plaintiff.

52.

Officers,

directors,

employees or con-

sultants

of

defendant have

participated

with gov-

ernmental agencies

in

the preparation

of

bIds,

plans

and

specifications

for

tabulating

machines

to

be

procured

by

governmental agencies. Defend-

ant has caused

or

permitted such persons so to

serve with the purpose

or

effect

of

causing

the

tabulating

machines manufactured

by

defendant

to

be

favored, thereby precluding the use

of

tabu-

lating

machines manufactured

by

the

plaintiff.

53. Defendant has

ind~ced

engineering

cons~

ants,

accounting

firms,

management

counsellors

and

others

similarly

situated,

to

recommend

to

their

clients

the use

of

tabulating

machines manufactuted

by

defendant

and

not

to

recommend

the use of tabu-

lating

machines manufactured

by

plaintiff.

54. Defendant has' pursued

and

continues

to

pursue the

practices,

activitIes,

conduct

and

pol-

icies

alleged

in

paragraphs

26

through 53,

in-

clusive,

among

other

things,

in

furtherance

or

effectuation

of the

violations

of

law

alleged

in

paragraph

25

hereof.

55.

As

a proximate

result

of defendant's

hereinbefore described unlawful

activities,

the

public has been deprived

of

the

benefits

of

free

and

unrestrained competition

in

the manufacture,

distribution,

lease

and

sale

of

tabulating

ma-

chines

and

repair

and replacement

parts

for

such

machines,

and

the

plaintiff

has

suffered

damage

to

its

business

and

property

in

the

sum

of $30,

000,000. Furthermore, defendant's unlawful

ac-

tivities

will

continue to the

f~ther

damage

of

the public

and

of

plaintiff

unless

enUoinedo

VII.

RELIEF

WHEREFORE

plaintiff

prays:

1.

That the

court

adUudge

and

decree

that

-

25

-

Complaint

defendant has

substantially

lessened competition

and

has unreasonably

restraIned,

has attempted to

monopolize

and

has monopolized

interstate

trade

and

commerce

in

the manufacture,

distribution,

lease

and

sale

of

tabulating

machines

and

repair

and

replacement

parts

for

such machines

in

viola-

tion

of Sections 1

and

2 of the

Sherman

Act

and'

Section 3 of the Clayton Act;

2.

That

an

ir.Uunction

issue

restraining

de-

fendant,

its

officers,

directors,

employees,

a-

gents,

representatives

and

successors from un-

reasonably

restraining

and

from attempting

to

monopolize

and

monopolizing the hereinbefore des-

cribed

trade

and

commerce

and

from engaging

in

the unlawful

practices

alleged

in

paragraphs

26

through 53,

inclusive;

3.

That the

court

enter

such

further

orders

as

may

be

necessary

and

appropriate

in

order to

dissipate

the

effects

of

the

violations

herein

complained

of

and

to

restore

free

and

open

com-

petition

in

the manufacture,

distribution,

lease

and

sale

of

tabulating

machines

and

repair

and

replacement

parts

for

such machines;

4.

That a judgment

be

entered

in

favor

of

the

plaintiff

in

the

sum

of $90,000,000, being,

in

accordance with applicable provisions of law,

three

times the

amount

of

its

damage;

5.

That the

court

allow,

and

that

the

de-

fendant

be

required

to pay, the

full

costs

of

this

suit,

including as a

part

thereof

a reasonable

fee

for

the

services

of

plaintiff's

attorneys;

and

6.

That the

plaintiff

be

granted such

other,

further

and

different

relief

as the nature

of

the

case

may

require

and

as

may

seem

just

and

appropri-

ate

to

this

co~t.

Bergson & Borkland

World

Center Building

Washi,gton

6,

D.C.

Fros t &

Towers

Southern Building

Washington

5,

D.C.

Frank

C.

Sterck

1615

L

Street,

N.

W.

Washington 6,

D.C.

Of'

Counsel

Francis

J.

McNamara

315

Fourth

Avenue

New

York

10,

New

York

Attorney

for

Plaintiff

Forum

.w;WER

AND

COUNTERCLAIM

BY

INTERNATIONAL

BlBlNESS

MACHINES

CORPORATION

IN

ANTI-TRUST

SUIT

BROUGHT

BY

SPERRY

RAND

CORPORATION

IN

THE

UNITED

STAlES

DlSTRICT

COURT

FOR

THE

SOUTHERN

DISTRICT

OF

NEW

YORK

SPERRY

RAND

CORPORATION,

a .Corporation,

Plaintiff,

--against--

INTERNATIONAL

BlBlNESS

MACHINES

CORP-

ORATION,

a Corporation, -Defendant.

ANSWER

CIVIL

ACTION

.

NO.

106-20

Defendant answers the complaint

herein

as

follows:

1.

Sta

tes

tha

tit

is

lvi thout knowledge

or

information

sufficient

to form a

belief

as to the

truth

of

each

and

every averment contained

in

the

last

sentence

of

paragraph 1 of the complaint.

2.

Denies each and every averment contained

in

the

last

sentence of paragraph 2 of the

co~

plaint;

and

further

answering avers

that

defend-

ant

is

engaged,

among

other

things,

in

the

manu-

facture

and

distribution

of punched

card

account-

ing machines

and

electronic

data processing

ma-

chines.

3.

Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph 3

of

the

complaint, except

that

the

complaint purports

to

bring

this

action

under the

antitrust

laws

of

the

United

States

and

purports

to

invoke the

jurisdiction

of

this

court

under

the Acts averred

in

said

paragraph.

4.

Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph 4

of

the

complaint;

and

further

an-

swering avers

that

there

is

not

any

industry

which

properly'can

be denominated

"the

tabulating

indus

try"

as averred

and

defined

in

said

paragraph.

5.

Admits

the averments contained

in

para-

graph 5 of the complaint, except denies

that

the

machines described

in

said

paragraph

are

tabulat-

ing machines;

and

further

answering avers

that

the

machines described

in

said

paragraph

are

types of

punched

card

accounting machines

or

electronic

da-

ta

processing machines.

6.

Admits

the averments contained

in

para-

graph 6 of the complaint, except denies

that

the

machines described

in

said

paragraph

are

the

prin-

cipal

tabulating

machines;

and

further

answering

avers

that

the machines described

in

said

para-

graph

are

types

of

punched card accounting

ma-

chines

or

electronic

data

processing machines.

.

7.

Admits

the averments contained

in

para-

graph 7 of the complaint, except denies

that

the

machines described

in

paragraph 6

of

the

complaint

are

tabulating

machines,

and

that

the machines

-

26

-

described

in

paragraph 7 of the complaint

are

mechanical

tabulating

machines,

electrical

tabu-

lating

machjnes

and

electronic

tabulating

ma-

chines;

and

further

answering avers

that

the

ma-

chines described

in

paragraphs 6 and'7

of

the

complaint

are

punched card accounting machines

or

electronic

data

processing machines which

per-

form

their

automatic functions mechanically,

e-

lectrically

or

electronically,

or

by

combination

thereof,

as

described

in

part

in

said

paragraph

7.

8.

Admits

the averments contained

in

para-

graph 8 of

the

complaint, except denies

that

the

first

commercial

electrical

tabulating

machines

computed numerical information;

and

further

an-

swering avers

that

the

first

commercial

electric-

al

tabulating

machines could only count, add

and

indicate

numerical

data.

9.

Admits

the averments contained

in

para-

graph 9 of the complaint, except denies

that

the

first

commercial mechanical

tabulating

machines.

were capable

of

computing numerical

data,

and

ex-

cept

states

that

it

is

without knowledge

or

infor-

mation

sufficient

to form a

belief

as

to

the

~

of the averment

that

the

first

commercial mechan-

ical

tabulating

machines were

first

used

by

pri-

vate

industry

about 1913;

and

further

answering

avers

that

the

first

commercial mechanical

tabu-

lating

machines could only count, add

and

print

numerical

data.

10. Denies each

and

every averment

contain-

ed

in

paragraph

10

of

the complaint, except

that,

upon

information

and

belief,

mechanical

tabulat-

ing machines were improved

to

enable

them

to

pdmt

alphabeti9 as

well

as numerical

data

after

which

electrical

tabulating

machines were likewise so

improved,

and

except

that

these

and

other

devel-

opments

expanded

their

basically

statistical

and

accounting

functions

and

made

them

capable

of

pre-

paring

and

addressing

detailed

billings,

policy

notices

and

stockholder's

forms,

and

of

preparing

entire

statistical,

planning

and

accounting

re-

ports;

and

further

answering avers

that

the

afore-

said

developments so

altered

the

utility

and

use

of

tabulating

machines

that

they were

in

fact

ac-

counting machines

and

accordingly they

became

known

as

and

are

more

properly described as punch-

ed card accounting machines,

and

the

machines

known

as

tabulating

machines have

become

prac-

tically

obsolete.

11. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

the

fourth

and

fifth

sentences

of

paragraph

11

of the complaint, except

that:

45-column cards

manufactured

for

use with

electrical

tabulating

machines could be used interchangeably with

either

electrical

or

mechanical

tabulating

machines; as

a

result,

it

was

possible

to

replace

any

machine

in

an

electrical

tabula~ing

machine

installation

by

a corresponding machine from the

other

type

of

installation;

and

it

was

also

possible

to

re-

place

an

entire

installation

of

electrical

tabu-

lating

machines.

12. Denies each

and

every averment contaimrl

in

paragraph

12

of

the complaint, except

that:

in

the

early

1930's cards with a

capacity

of

80

col-

umns

became

those

most

commonly

used with the

prill

Answer

electrical

punched

card

accounting machines

manu-

factured

by

defendant

and

cards with

two

decks,

one

upper

and

one

lower

and

each with

45

columns,

or

a

total

capacity

of

90

columns,

became

those

most

co~

monly

used with mechanical punched

card

accounting

machines; the shape

of

the hole punched

in

8D-column

cards

used.

with

defendant's

machines,

of

practical

necessity,

was

rectangular;

round holes continued

to

be

punched

in

9O-column

cards;

and

the

two

types

of

cards could not

be

used interchangeably

in

elec-

trical

and

mechanical machines.

13. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

the

first

and second sentences of paragraph

13

of

the complaint, except

that

because

of

these

and

other

differences

between

8O-column

and

9D-column

cards,

a punched

card

accounting machine

capa~le

of

use

in

one

punched card accounting system cannot

be

substituted

for

a

similar

machine

in

the

other

punch-

ed card accounting system.

14. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

14

of

the complaint, except

that:

in

recent

years the development of

electronic

devices

and

components

and

the

resultant

increase

of

pro-

cessing speed

and

capacity

has encouraged the de-

velopment

and

use

of

specialized

plastic

and

metal-

lic

tape

and

the use

of

punched paper tape

to

sup-

plement

or

supersede punched cards

for

recording

data

and

for

influencing

the automatic processes of

electronic

data

processing machines; source data

is

stored

in

a continuous

manner

on

paper tape

in

the

form

of

coded punched holes,

or

on

plastic

or

metal-

lic

tape

in

the form of coded magnetic

spots;

vari-

ous

codes

may

be

utilized

depending

on

the

number

of

information channels contained

on

the tape

and

on

the

particular

electronic

data

processing

ma-

chine

in

connection with

lvhich

it

is

used; the data

so

stored

on

tape,

When

read

by

the

electronic

data

processing machines, influence

the

automatic

pro-

cesses

and

thereby achieve

results

identical

with

those

obtainable

by

the use

of

data

stored

on

punched

cards.

15. Denies each and every averment contained

in

paragraph

15

of

the complaint, except

that:

fran

1935

to

date

there

has been a

great

increase

in

the

use

of

punched card accounting machines and,

more

recently;

electronic

data

processing machines; along

with the growth

of

business

and

governmental

units,

there

has developed a

greater

need

for

collecting,

collating

and

communicating information;

this

need

has been

filled,

in

part,

by

punched

card

accounting

machines

and

electronic.data

processing machines

Which

are

continuously being adapted to

new

uses;

and

the experience

of

business

and

governmental

uni~

has proved

that

punched card accounting machines

and

electronic

data

processing machines

may

be

utilized

in

the

solution

of

control

and

planning aspects

of

economic,

administrative,

materiel

and personnel

problems.

16. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

16

of

the

complaint, except

that

defend-

ant

manufactures punched

card

accounting machines

and

electronic

data

processing machines

at

its

factories

in

Endicott

and

Poughkeepsie,

New

York, and

elec-

tronic

data

processing machines

at

its

factory

in

Kingston,

New

York,

and

manufactures

repair

and

re-

placement

parts

for

said

machines

at

such

facto~ies

-

27

-

and

reconditions

said

machines

at

Endicott, Pough-

keepsie

and

other

locations

throughout the United

States,

and

that

it

or

a predecessor

corporation

was

engaged

in

the manufacture of

electrical

tabu-

lating

machines beginning

in

1905, has been

en-

gaged

in

the

manufacture

of

punched

card

account-

ing machines

since

the

early

1930's and has been

engaged

in

the manufacture

of

electronic

data

pro-

cessing

machines

since

1952.

17. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

17

of

the'complaint,

except

that

the

punched

card

accounting machines

and

electronic

data processing machines

and

repair

and

replace-

ment

parts

manufactured

by

defendant

move

in

inter-

state

commerce

from

its

factories

in

the

State

of

New

York

to

the

places

of

business

of

users

locat-

ed throughout the United

States,

and

that

such

mo~

ment

of

machines

is

effected

either

directly

or

by

distribution

through defendant's

182

branch

sales

offices

in

the

continental

United

States,

and

such

movement

of

parts

is

effected

additionally

by

dis-

tribution

through defendant's

74

service

sub-o~es

in

the

continental

United

States.

18. Denies each

and

every averment

contained

in

paragraph

18

of the complaint, except

that

de-

fendant

for

many

years has maintained the

policy

of

leasing

its

punched card accounting machines

and

electronic

data processing machines

to

users.

19.

States

that

it

is

without knowledge

or

information

sufficient

to form a

belief

as to the

truth

of each

and

every averment contained

in

para-

graph 19

of

the complaint;

and

further

answering'

avers

that

the machines manufactured

by

defendant

are

not

and

properly cannot

be

denominated

"tabu-

lating

machines".

20. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

20

of

the complaint, except

that:

the

annual

rental

received

by

defendant

for

use

of

its

punched

card

accounting machines

and

electronic

.

data

processing machines

is

presently

in

excess

of

$200,000,000;

in

the

intervening

years between

1950

and the

filing

of the complaint

herein

there

has been a continuing

increase'~n

the annual

ren-

tals

received

by

defendant; and during the

period

from

1948

to

1950

such annual

rental

amounted to

more

than $100,000,000.

21.

States

that

it

is

without knowledge

or

information

sufficient

to

form a

belief

as to

the

truth

of

each

and

every averment contained

in

para-

graph

21

of

the complaint.

22.

States

that

it

is

without knowledge

or

information

sufficient

to

form a

belief

as to

the

truth

of

each

and

every averment contained

in

para-

graph

22

of

the complaint.

23.

States

that

it

is

without knowledge

or

information

sufficient

to

form a

belief

as to

the

truth

of

each

and

every averment contained

in

para-

graph

23

of

the complaint.

24.

States

that

'it

is

without knowledge

or

information

sufficient

to form a

belief

as to

the

truth

of

each and every averment contained

in

para-

graph

24

of

the complaint, except

that

plaintiff

Computers

and

Automation

offers

punched card accounting machines

and

elec-

tronic

data processing machines, as well as

other

machines, to

some

users

in

the United

States

in

competition with

defendant~s

punched

card

account-

ing machines

and

electronic

data

processing

mach~.

25. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

25

of

the complaint.

26. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

26

of

the complaint, except

that

de-

fendant

usually

has leased

rather

than

sold

its

punched card accounting machines

and

electronic

da-

ta

processing machines.

27. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

27

of

the

complaint.

28. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

28

of

the complaint, except

that

de-

fendant's

lease

agreements with

its

lessees

pertain-

ing

to

defendant's punched card accounting

machims

or

electronic

data

processing machines have provid-

ed as follows:

Prior

to

May

17, 1950,

said

lease

agreements provided

that

no

alteration

in

or

at-

tachment to defendant's machines were to

be

made

by

the

lessee

without the

prior

consent

of

defend-

anti'from

May

17, 1950, to

November

19, 1954,

de-

fendant's

said.lease

agreements provided

that

al-

terations

in

or

attachments to

defendant's

manUes

might

be

made

upon

prior

written

notice

to defend-

ant,'unless

the

alteration

or

attachment

would

in-

terfere

with

or

affect

the operation

or

mainten-

ance

service

of

the machine

or

the primary purpose

for

which

it

was

designed

or

would

infringe

patent

rights;

and

from

and

after

November

19, 1954, de-

fendant's

said

lease

agreements provided

that

al-

terations

in

or

attachments to

defendant's

ma-

chines might

be

made

upon

prior

written

notice

to

defendant. .

29. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

29

of ' the complaint.

30. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragragh

30

of the complaint.

31. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

31

of the complaint.

32. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

32

of

the complaint.

33.

Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph 33

of

the complaint.

34. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragr~ph

34

of

the complaint.

~

35. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

35

of

the complaint, except

that

de-

fendant has

entered

into

contracts

with persons

or

with organizations engaged

in

electrical

and

elec-

tronic

research

or

development whereby defendant-

was

to

obtain

exclusive

rights

to

discoveries

or

inventions

relating

to

or

useful

in

the develop-

ment

or

manufacture of

electrically

a c

tu

a t

ect"

punched card accounting machines

or

electronic

data processing machines

or

components

thereof

re-

SUlting from

work

to

be

performed

by

such persons

or

organizations

and

paid

for

by

defendant

pur-

-28 -

suant

to

said

contracts.

36; Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

36

of the complaint, except

that

un-

til

May

1950, defendant's

lease

agreements with

its

lessees

were terminable

by

defendant

if

the

leased

machines were used

for

any

purpose not

dis-

closed

to

defendant before the use

was

made

or

if

the leased machines were used

for

experimental

work,

except

that

such agreements with the United

States

Government

did not

contain

a

cancellation

clause

but provided

that

the leased machines

would

not

be

used

for

experimental purposes.

37. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

37

of

the complaint, except

that

de-

fendant has

truly

stated

to

interested

prospective

users

facts

with

respect

to the use

of

its

punched

card

accounting machines

and

electronic

data

pro-

cessing

machines

by

others.

38. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph 38 of the complaint, except

that

de-

fendant has

truly

stated

to

interested

prospective

users

facts

with

respect

to the use

of

its

punched

card accounting machines

and

electric

data

process-

ing machines

in

identical

or

similar

industries.

39. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph 39

of

the complaint, except

that

de-

fendant has

truly

stated

to

interested

prospective

users

facts

with

xespect

to the

installation

of

its

punched

card

accounting machines

and

electronic

data

processing machines

in

certain

areas

of

the

country.

40. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph 40

of

the complaint, except

that

de-

fendant has

made

known

to users

or

interested

pros-

pective

users

of

punched card accounting machines

and

electronic

data

processing machines the ad-

vantages

of

transmitting

or

receiving

data

on

punched cards

to

or

from

suppliers,

customers,

trade

associations,

rating

bureaus, banks, govern-

mental agencies

or

others

as a

means

of exchanging

information, compiling

statistics,

fixing

rates

or

using such

data,

and,

in

conj unction therewi

th,

h~

truly

stated

to such users

or

prospective

users

facts

with

respect

to the use

of

its

punched card

accounting machines

and

electronic

data

processing

machines

by

others.

41.

Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

41

of the complaint, except

that

de-

fendant has

offered

to

lease

and has

entered

into

agreements to

lease

punched card accounting

ma-

chines

and

electronic

data processing machines of

a type

or

model

which

tvas

not

yet

in

assembly

line

production.

42. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

42

of

the complaint, except

that

de-

fendant

in

one

instance

agreed

to

pay

substantial

liquidated

damages

for

failure

to

make

delivery

on

or

before

specified

date;

and

further

answering

avers

that

delivery

in

the

said

instance

was

made

before the date

specified

therefor.

43. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

43

of

the complaint, except

that

de-

fendant has maintained

and

operated

more

than

75

IR\1

Answer

service

bureaus

in

the

principal

cities

of the

Uni

ted S

ta

tes

•

44. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

44

of

the complaint, except

that

de-

fendant has not

made

separate

charges

for

rentals,

maintenance,

service,

and

repair

or

replacement

parts

with

respect

to the

lease

of

its

machines.

45. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

45

of

the complaint.

46. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

46

of the complaint.

47. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

47

of

the complaint.

48. Denies. each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph 48 of the complaint.

Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph 49

of

the complaint, except

that:

offi-

cers

of

defendant have served as

directors

of

users

or

prespective users

of

punched

card

accounting

machines

and

electronic

data processing machines;

directors

of

defendant have served as

officers

or

directors

of

users

or

prospective users

of

such

machines; employees

of

defendant have served

as

directors

of

users

or

prospective users

of

such

machines;

and

officers

and

employees

of

defendant

have consulted with users

or

prospective users

of

punched card accounting machines and

electronic

data processing machines

in

the normal business

course

of

promoting the

efficient

use

of

defend-

ant's

machines.

50. Denies each and every averment contained

in

paragraph 50

of

the complaint, except

that:

of-

ficers

of

users

or

prospective users

of

punched

card

accounting machines

or

electric

data

process-

ing machines have served as

directors

of

defendanti

directors

of

users

or

prospective users of such

ma-

chines have served as

officers

and

directors

of

de-

fendant;

and

consultants

to users

or

prospective

users

of

such machines have served as

consultants

to defendant.

51.

Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

51

of

the complaint, except admits

that

employees

of

defendant have served

on

boards

or

panels

established

for

the purpose

of

evaluat-

ing

the

needs

of

actual

or

prospective users of

defendant's

punched card accounting machines

or

electronic

data processing machines to

assist

such

actual

or

prospective users

in

determining the

cap-

acity,

quality,

suitability

or

value

of

defendant's

machines with

reference

to such needs,

and

states

that

it

is

without kuowledge

or

information

suf-

ficient

to

form a

belief

as to the

truth

of

the

averments concerning

consultants

to defendant.

52. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

52

of

the complaint.

53. Denies each and every averment contained

in

paragraph

53

of

the complaint.

54. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

54

of

the complaint.

-29 -

55. Denies each

and

every averment contained

in

paragraph

55

of the complaint.

For a Defense to

Plaintiff's

Asserted Claims

that

it

has been Prevented,

Impeded

or

Discour-

aged from Manufacturing Competing Tabulating

Ma-

chines,

Defendant Avers:

56.

As

hereinafter

set

forth

in

Paragraphs

60

through 64, which are hereby adopted as

part

of

this

defense with the

same

force

and

effect

as

if

repeated

in

full

herein,

plaintiff

and

its

predecessor corporation, Remington

Rand,

Inc.,

in

the.manufacture

of

numerous

punched card

ac-

counting machines

and

electronic

data

processing

'machines, have

made

and

plaintiff

is

making

will-

ful,

wanton

and

deliberate

infringing

use

of

in-

ventions embodied

in

Letters

Patent to which

de-

fendant

was

and

is

lawfully vested with

all

the

right,

title

and

interest.

CO

UN1ERCLA

1M

For a Counterclaim

against

plaintiff,

defend-

ant

avers as follows:

57. Defendant

is,

and

at

all

times

herein-

after

mentioned was, a

corporation

organized

and

existing

under

,and

by

virtue

of the

laws

of

the

~tate

of

New

York, with

its

principal

office

at

World

Headquarters Building, 590

Madison

Avenue,

in

the City

and

State

of

New

York,

and

it

is

en-

gaged,

among

other

things,

in

the manufacture

and

distribution

of punched card accounting machines

and

electronic

data

processing machines.

58.

Plaintiff

is

a

corporation.organized

and

existing

under

and

by

virtue

of

the laws

of

the

State

of Delaware with

its

principal

office

in

the

City

and

State

of

New

York.

Its

prede-

cessor

corporations,

Remington

Rand,

Inc.,

and

the

Sperry

Corp

oration

were both

corporations organized

and

existing

under

and

by

virtue

of the

laws

of the

State

of

Delaware,

and they were consolidated as Sperry

Rand

Corp-

oration

on

June 30, 1955. Since June 30, 1955,

the business formerly conducted

by

Remington

Rand

Inc.

has been

and

is

being.carried

on

by

the Remington

Rand

Division of Sperry

Rand

Corp-

oration.

The

Remington

Rand

Division of Sperry

Rand

Corporation has a

principal

office

at

315

Fourth

Avenue

in

the City

and

State

of

New

York.

59. This Counterclaim

arises

under the Act

of

June 25, 1948,

c.

646,

62

Stat.

931,

Title

28

U.S.C.

Section

1338,

and

the

patent

laws

of the

United

States

for

infringement

by

plain~iff

and

its

predecessor,

Remington

Rand

Inc.,

of the

United

States

Letters

Patent

hereinafter

identi-

fied,

which

acts

were

commdtted

within

the

juris-

diction

of

this

Court, as well as e 1 s el'l he r e

throughout the United

States.

60.

The

United

States

Letters

Patent

set

forth

in

paragraph

61

hereof were duly

and

legal-

ly

issued

on

the

respective

dates

set

forth

theze-

in

and

defendant

is

vested with

all

right,

title

and

interest

in

and

to

said

Letters

Patent

and

'

has been so vested

since

the date

of

the

grant

thereof

or

has been

and

is

vested with

all

claims

· -

Computers

and

Automation

for

profits

and

damages

for

past

in

fringement

thereof.

knswer

and

COunter.elaim,

and

within

six

years next

prior

thereto,

with

full

knowledge

of

said

Letters

Patent, have

infringed

and

plaintiff

is

continuing

to

infringe

said

Letters

Patent

by

unlawfully

manu-

facturing,'

using,

selling

or

leasing

machines, ap-

paratus

or

devices

embodying

the inventions of

61. Without

license

or

permission

and

in

violation

of

defendant's

rights

under the

Letters

Patent

set

forth

in

this

paragraph,

plaintiff

and

its

predecessor corporation,

Remington

Rand

Inc.,

upon

information

and

belief,

after

the

grant

of

said

Letters

Patent

and

before

the

filing

of

this

said

Letters

Patent,

to defendant's

i~ury

and

damage.

Said

Letters

Patent are as follows:

Number

of

Date

of

Patent Inllentor

Title

Issue

2,045,434 Bryce Record Controlled June 23,

1936

" Accounting

Machine

2,045,435 Bryce Record Controlled June 23,

1936

and

Record

Making

Accounting

Machine

2,045,436 Bryce Accounting

Machine

June 23,

1936

2,062,117 Bryce Record Controlled

Nov.

24,

1936

Accounting

Machine

2,097,145

Daly

Record Controlled Oct. 26,

1937

and

Record

Making

2,106,476 Bryce Accounting

Machine

Jan. 25,

1938

2,120,228 Bryce Accounting

Machine

June 14,

1938

2,131,226

Kolm

Tabulating

Machine

Sept.

27,

1938

2,138,337 Bryce Accounting

Machine

Nov.

29,

1938

2,147,067

Thomas

Accounting Apparatus Feb. 14,

1939

2,174,683 Bryce

ACCOUnting

Apparatus Oct.

3,

1939

2,178,951 Bryce Multiplying

Machine

Nov.

7,

1939

2,169,024 Bryce Sorting.

Machine

Feb. 6,

1940

2,189,025 Carroll Paper Feeding Device Feb. 6,

1940

2,237,335 Bryce Multiplying

Machine

April 8,

1941

2,244,242 Buhler

'Printing

Machine

June

3,

1941

2,271,248 Bryce Calculating

Machine

Jan. 27,

1942

2,271,249 Bryce

et

ale Multiplying

and

Jan. 27,

1942

Accounting

Machine

2,340,600

Doty

Record Controlled reb.

1,

1944

Perforating

Apparatus

2,340,601

Doty

et

ale Record Controlled Feb.

I,

1944

Perforating Apparatus

2,359,670

Page

Record Controlled Oct.

3,

1944

Machine

2,364,202 Ford Record Controlled

Dec.

5,

1944

Machine

2,379,626

Rubidge

et

ale Record Controlled July

3,

1945

Machine

2,402,968 Dickinson Accounting

Appa~atus

July 2,

1946

2,402,989 Dickinson Accumulating Apparatus

July

2,

1946

2,411,645 Whetstone

Card

Filing

or

Nov.

26,

1946

Grouping Apparatus

2,514,035 Dickinson Electronic Accounting July

4,

1950

Apparatus

Nov.

28,

1950

2,531,865 Mills

et

al

Paper Feeding Device

2,534,232 Cleeton Trigger

Circuit

and

Dec. 19,

195.0

Switching

Device_

2,580,740 Dickinson Accounting Apparatus Jan.

I,

1952

2,616,626

Lake

et

ale ' Calculator

Nov.

4,

1952

2,624,507 Phelps Electronic Calculating

Jan.

6,

1953

Machine

2,624,508 Dickinson

et

ale Electronic Dividing

and

Jan. 6,

1953

Multiplying Apparatus

2,687,066

Beattie

et

ale Record Controlled

Aug.

24,

1954

'

Line Pringing

Machine

2,708,722

Wang

Pulse Transfer Controlling

May

17,

1955

Device

-

30-

Imf

Answer

62.

Upon

information

and

belief,

plaintiff

and

its

predecessor

corporation,

Remington

Rand

Inc.,

have

infringed

and

plaintiff

is

infringing

the

Letters

Patent hereinabove

set

forth

in

para-

graph

61

by

manufacturing, using,

selling

or

leas-

ing the following machines, apparatus

or

devices

(denominated

in

accordance with the

number

or

name

designated

by

plaintiff

for

each such machine, ap-

paratus

or

device),

among

others:

the

Univac; the

Univac

I;

the

Univac

60; the Univac 120; the Univ-

ac

Scientific

(ERA

1103); the Univac

High

Speed

Printer;

the 308-5 Tape-to-Card Converter; the

309

Printing

Multiplying

Punch;

the

315

COllating

Reproducer; the 318 Card-to-Tape

Co~verter;

the

319 Numerical

Collator;

the 330-2,

Calculating

Punch; the 409-2R Punched-Card

Electronic

Compu-

ter;

the

Model

3 Tabulator; the Multiplying device

Series

450

for

the

Model

3 Tabulator;

and

the

Mod-

el

3 Tabulator Automatic Carriage.

63. Defendant has complied with the

require-

ments

of

Title

35

U.S.C.

Section

287

with

respect

to

each of the

patents

set

forth

in

paragraph

61

hereof.

64.

The

aforesaid

infringements

of

defend-

ant's

Letters

Patent

by

plaintiff

and

plaintiff's

predecessor, Remington

Rand

Inc.,

have been

will-

ful,

wanton

and

deliberate

and

with

full

knowledge

of

defendant's

said

Letters

Patent

and defendant's

rights

in

the premises

and

defendant has been,

and

unless endoined

by

the Court

will

be,

irreparably

inj

ured thereby.

WHEREFORE,

defendant

demands

judgment

dis-

missing

the

complaint

herein,

together

with

its

costs

and

disbursements,

and

it

prays

for

judg-

IOOnt:

(a)

declaring

that

all

the

Letters

Patent

set

forth

in

the Counterclaim

herein

are

good

and

valid

in

law

and

that

defendant

is

vested

with

all

the

right,

title

and

interest

in

and

to

said

Letters

Patent;

(b)

declaring

that

said

Letters

Patent

have

been and

are

infringed

by

plaintiff,

and

that

s~

infringelOOnt has been

and

is

willful,

wanton

and

deliberate;

(c)

restraining

and endoining

plaintiff,

its

successors

and

assigns,

its

agents and

attorneys,

its

servants

and employees,

and

all

others

acting

by

or

under

its

direction

and

authority,

perman-

ently

and

during

the

pendency

of

this

action,

from

making

or

causing to

be

made. using or

caus-

ing

to

be

used,

selling

or

causing

to

be

sold,

leasing

or

causing to

be

leased,

or

contributing

to

the making, using,

selling

or

leasing

of

ma-

chines embodying the inventions

of

said

Letters

Patent

and

each

of

them

or

from

infringing

or

contributing

to

the infringement

of

said

Letters

Patent

in

any

way

whatsoever;

(d)

directing

an

accounting

by

plaintiff

to

defendant with

respect

to

damages

sustained

by

defendant,

including

profits

realized

by

plaintiff

from

its

infringing

acts

as

aforesaid;

(e)

for

damages

sustained

by

defendant;

-

31

-

(f)

awarding

treble

the

damages

sustained

by

defendant,

or

such

other

increased

amount

of

dam-

ages as to the Court

shall

appear

to

be

just

and

'proper

within

the provisions of the

laws

of the

United

States

in

such case

made

and

provided;

(g)

for

the

costs

of

the Counterclaim,

in-

cluding

defendant's

reasonable

attorneys'

fees;

and

(h)

for

such

other

and

further

relief

as to

the Court

may

seem

just

and

proper.

June 6,

1956

Davies,

Hardy

&

SChenck,

Attorneys

for

Defendant,

by

John

W.

Burke,

Jr.

A

member

of

said

firm,

One

Wall

Street

New

York

5,

N.Y.

Cravath,

~aine

&

Moore

15

Broad

St.

Netv

York

5,

N.Y.

Covington & Burling,

701

Union

Trust

Building,

Washington

5,

D.C.

Olwine, Connelly & Chase,

270 Park

Avenue

New

York

17.,

N.Y.

Cooper,

Dunham,

Keith & Dearborn,

233

Bro

adway

New

York

7,

N.Y.

Campbell,

Brumbaugh,

Free & Graves

90 Broad

St.

New

York

4,

N.Y.

Of

Counsel

..

-

END

-

* * •

-------------------- ---------------------

MAMJSaUPTS

(cont'd

from page 13)

Payments. In

many

cases,

we

make

small token

payments

for

articles,

papers,

and

fiction,

if

the

author'wishes

to

be

paid.

The

rate

is

or-

dinarily

~¢

a word, the

maximum

is

$20,

and

both depend

on

length

in

words, whether

print-

ed

before,

whether

article

or

paper,

etc.

-

EMl_

NEW'

PATENTS

RAYMOND

R.

SKOLNI"CK, Reg.

Patent

Agent

Ford

lost.

Co.

~v.

of

Sperry

Rand

Corp.

Long

Island

Ci

ty

1,"

New

York

The

following

is

a compilation

of

patents

per-

taining

to computers

and

associated

equipment

from the

Official

Gazette of the United

States

Patent Office, dates

of

issue

as

indicated.

Each

entry

consists

of:

patent

number

/

invent-

or(s)

/ assignee / invention.

May

15. 1956: 2,746,016 /

Vernon

Dale Schurr,

Linfield,

Pa. /

One

half

to

Paul Glenn,

Pottstown, Pa. / A highly

stable

electronic

amplifier.

May

22. 1956:

2.746303"

/ William

E.

Pollack,l

'Sun

Valley,

Calif.

/ Librascope,

Inc.,

Glen-

dale,

Calif:

/ A sine-cosine,

mechanism.

2,746,318"/ Judson.E. Benjamin,

White

Plains,

N.Y.

/ General Precision Lab.,

Inc.,

N.Y.

/

A

rotational

storage

device.

2,747,028 / Calvin

M.

Clark,

Fullerton,

Calif./

California

Research Corporation, San

Francis-

co,

Calif.

/

An

amplifier

circuit

of a push

pull

connected cascade

stage.

2,747,109 / Joseph Montner,

Whittier,

Calif./

North

American

Aviation, Inc. / A magnetic

flip-flop.

2,747,110 / John Paul Jones, Pottstown, Pa. /

Burroughs Corp.,

Detroit,

Mich.

/ A binary

magnetic element coupling

circuit.

May

29. 1956: 2,747,796 /

Omar

L.

Patterson,

Media,

Pa. /

Sun

Oil

CO.,

Philadelphia,

Pa./

A computing

circuit

for

performing multip-

lication

and

division.

2,747,797 /

James

O.

Beaumont,

Los

Angeles,

Calif.

/

Hughes

Aircraft

Co., Del. /

An

op-

tical

binary

protractor

for

converting the

magnitude of the

rotational

angle of a

shaft

into

a binary

digital

number

having a

plu-

rality

of

digits.

2,748,338 /

James

W.

Williamson, Cleveland,

Ohio

/

--

/ A phase

converter.

June

5.

1956: 2,748,485 / William

H.

Newell,

Mount

Vernon,

N.Y.

/ Sperry

Rand

COrp.,

Del./

A navigational computer

for

determining

the

coordinates

of

present

position.

2,749,034 / Frederic

C.

Williams, Trimperley,

and

Tom

Kilburn,

Davyhulme,

Manchester, Eng./

National Research Development Corp.,

London,

England /

An

electronic

circuit

for

adding

binary numbers.

2,749,035 / John

W.

Gray, White

~lains,

N.Y.

/

General Precision Lab.,

Inc.,

N.Y.

f A nav-

igator

for

continuously

indicating

the

pro-

(cont'd

on

page'

33)

-32-

AND AUXILIARY

EQUIPMENT

The

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automatic

writing

machine

punches

and

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paper

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and

types

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100

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minute.

It

also

directly

transmits

or

receives

data.

Many

types

of

computers

and

other

electronic

equipment

are

now

using

Flexowriters

for

automatic

control.

The

Flexowriter

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program

tapes

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inputicaptures

output

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in'tape

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The

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when

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The

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reads

punched

tape

to

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the

automatic

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equip-

ment.

Commercial

Controls

punched

paper

tape

equip"-

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tories,

and

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projects.

FLEXOWRITER

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APPLICATIONS

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PATENTS

Computers

and

Automation

(cont'd

from page

32)

per

heading of a

vehicle

in

traversing

a

great'circle

coutse

over the

earth's

surface

from a

known

point

of

departure

to

a

known

point

of

destination.

2,749,036 / Richard

E.

Langworthy,

Cuyohoga

Falls,

Ohio / Goodyear

Aircraft

Corp., Akron,

Ohio

/ A

means

for

preventing computing

er-

rcrs

in

a mUltiple potentiometer computing

eleroont.

2,749,037 / George

R.

Stiblitz,

Burlington,

Vt. /

--

/ A computer of the

digital

type

in

which the

two

binary

digits

are

repres-

ented

by

plus-minus

and

minus-plus

voltage

couples

respectively

and

in

which computa-

tion

takes

place

in

a

series

of

steps

each

characterized

by

the

flowing of a

binary

number

digit

by

digit

from

one

storage

de-

vice

to

another.

2,749,038 / William F. F. Martin-Hurst, Cefn

Coed, near Merthyr,

Tydfil,

Wales

/ Tedding-

ton

Aircraft

Controls Lim., Cefn

Coed,

near

Merthyr

Tydfil,

South

Wales

/

An

apparatus

for

computing

the

product

or

ratio

of

two

variables.

2,749,437 / William

G.

Pan, Cambridge, Eng. /

Pye

L~m.,

St.

Andrews, Eng. / A

trigger

cir-

cuit.

2,749,439 /

Frederic

Calland Williams, Timper-

ley,

Tom

Kilburn,

DavyhullOO,

Manchester,

and

Geoffrey Colin

Tootill,

Hollinwood, Eng. /

National Research Development Corp.,

London,

Eng. /

An

electronic

information

storage

de-

vice.

2,749,451 / Robert P. Talambiras, Cambridge,

Mass.

/ Sperry

Rand

Corp

•.

, Del. / A

flip-

flop

circuit.

2,749,538 / Benjamin Cooper,

BrOOklyn,

N.

Y.,

Albert F.

Hohmann,

Teaneck,

N.J.,

and Joseph

S.

Wapner,

Brooklyn,

N.Y.

/ Benjamin Cooper,

Brooklyn,

N.

Y.

/ A

digital

converter.

·2,749,540 / Willy

Pouliart,

Antwerp, Belgium /

International

Standard

Electric

Corp.,

N.Y.

/

An

electric

device

for

recording,

in

a

bi-

nary

scale

of

notation,

a

number

represented

in

another

scale

of

notation

by

a

plurality

of

digits.

June 12. 1956: 2,750,109 / John

O.

Lewis,

Wood-

side,

N.Y.

/ Rlowflax Corp.,

N.Y.

/

An

ap-

paratus

for

integrating

a

variable

against

tiroo.

2,750,110 /

Henry

G.

Deh,

Short

Hills,

N.Y.

/

A computer

circuit

adapted to determine the

root

mean

square

deviation

from

a desired

mean.

-END -

-------------------------------------------*------------------------------------------

-33-

BOOKS

AND

OTHER

PUBLICATIONS

(List

19, Computers and

Automation,

Vol. 5,

No.8,

August 1956)

This

is

a

list

of books of

articles,

periodicals,

papers,

and

other

publications

which have a

sig-

nificant

relation

to.computers

and

their

application~

and

implications,

including automation,

and

which have

come

to

our

attention.

The

plan

of

each

entry

is~

author

or

editor

/

title

/

publish-

er

or

"issuer /

date,

publication

process,

number

of pages,

price

or

its

equivalent / a

few

com-

ments.

If

you

write

to a publisher

or

issuer,

we

would

appreciate your mentioning the

listing

in

"Computers

and

Automation".

Shannon, Claude

E.

and

John

McCarthy,

editors,

and

13

authors /

Automata

Studies /

~

ton

Univ.

Press,

Princeton, N.J. / 1956,

photooffset,

285

pages, about

$6~

This

is

a profoundly

interesting

book. Although

many

of

the papers

are advanced

and

mathematical, any-

one

should

find

that

the

initial

pages of

many

of the papers are un-

derstandable

and

thought-provoking.

The

preface begins

"Among

the

most

challenging

scientific

questions

of

our time are the corresponding analy-

tic

and

synthetic

problems:

How

does

the

brain

function?

Can

we

design

a machine

that

will

simulate a brain?"

The

contents

consist

of

thirteen

pa-

pers:

I,

Finite

Automata

--

papers

by

S.

C.

Kleene, John

von

Neumann,

James

T.

Culbertson,

M.

L.

Minsky,

and

Edward

F.

Moore;

II,

Turing

Ma-

chines

--

papers

by

Claude E. Shannon,

M.

D.

Davis, John

McCarthy,

and

K.

de

Leeuw

with 3

more

authors;

III,

Synthesis

of

Automata

--

four papers,

one

by

W.

Ross

Ashby,

one

by

D.

M.

MacKay,

and

two

by

Albert

M.

Uttley.

Householder, Alston

S.

/

Principles

of Numeri-

cal

Analysis /

McGraw

Hill

Book

Co., 330

West

42

St.,

New

York

36,

N.Y.

/ 1953,

printed,

274

pages, $6.00.

This

book

considers "the

solution

of

finite

systems of· equations,

linear

and

nonlinear,

and

the approximate

representation

of

functions."

The

material

''was

assembled with

hi

gh

speed

digital

computation

in

mind,

though

many

techniques appropriate

only to 'hand' computation

are

dis-

cussed

••••

The

effective

use

of

di-

gital

computers "depends

on

a

more

profound understanding of the mathe-

matics of the problem,

and

a

more

de-

tailed

acquaintance with the

potent-

ial

sources

of

error,

than

is

ever

required

by

a computation

whose

de-

velopment can

be

watched

step

by

step

as

it

proceeds

••••

Chapters :

The

Art

of

Computation; Matrices

and

Linear Equations; Nonlinear Equations

and

Systems;

The

proper Values

and

Vectors

of

a Matrix;

Interpolation;

More

General

Methods

of

Approximation;

Numerical

Integration

and

Differentia-

tion;

The

Monte

Carlo

Method.

The

au-

thor

is

a

member

of the

Oak

Ridge

Na-

tional

Laboratory

and

head

of

the

group

in

charge

of

the Oracle,

and

its

staff

of

mathematicians. This

is

an

excellent

book

and

should

be

"within

reach

of

one

who

has had a course

in

calculus"

•

Alexander, S. N.,

and

other

members

of the

E-

lectronics

Division

and

Applied Mathemat-

ics

Division, National Bureau of

Standards/

Computer

Development

(SEAC

and

DYSEAC)

at

the National Bureau

of

Standards / Depart-

ment

of

Commerce,

National Bureau

of

Stand-

ards, Washington,

D.C.

/ Jan. 1955, photo-

offset,

146

pp.,

$2.00 (from Superintend-

ent

of Documents, U.S.

Government

Printing

Office, Washington 25, D.C.)

This

volume

presents

8

reports

on

various

parts

of

computer development

at

the National Bureau of Standards.

This development has included the de-

sign

and

construction

of

two

compu-

ters

(SEAC

and

DYSEAC),

components

research

and

development,

and

various

technical

and

advisory

services

by

the

Electronics

Division;

and

re-

search

in

numerical

analysis

in

rela-

tion

to the design

and

construction

of another computer

(SWAC)

by

the

In-

stitute

of

Numerical Analysis.

Such

topics

as

systems development,

engin-

eering

development, design,

constru-

tion,

and

maintenance

of

computer

e-

quipment

are

covered.

Tbe

introduc-

tion

summarizes the

history

of

this

effort

in

the

Electronic

Computers

Laboratory

of

the

Electronics

Divi-

sion.

Peek,

R.

L.,

Jr.,

and

H.

N.

Wager

/ Switching

Relay Design /

D.

Van

Nostrant Co.,

Inc.,

Princeton, N.J. / 1955,

printed,

478 pp,

$9.50.

The

authors

are

two

Bell

TelephOne

Laboratories engineers,

and

the

book

is

based

on

texts

used over 35 years

in

training

courses

in

that

organiza-

tion.

The

contents

of the

book

are:

Part

I,

Fundamentals of

~1itching

(cont'd

on

page

36),

-34-

punLICATIONS

ON

SYMBOLIC

LOGIC

P 5:

BOOLEAN

ALGEBRA(THE

TECHNIQUE

FOR

MANIPULATING

'AND',

'OR',

'NOT',

AND

CONDITIONS)

AND

APPLICATIONS

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INSURANCE;

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DISCUSSION.

Reprint.

Explains

in

simple language: w

hat

Boolean aigebra

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how

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the

relations

of Boolean algebra

whoo

expressed

in

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and

how

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it.

Contains prob-

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solutions,

comments,

discussio~

••••

$ 1.50

P14:

CIRCUIT

ALGEBRA

--

INTRODUCTION.

Explains simply a

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an

algebra modified to include time)

that

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circuits,

us-

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relays,

electronic

tubes,

recti-

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delay lines,

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Covers both

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ts.

•

•••

$ 1.90

P16:

SYMBOLIC

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--

TWENTY"PROB-

LEMS

AND

SOLUTIONS.

Report.

Con-

tains

twenty complete problems

and

solutions

in'Boolean algebra

and

oth-

er

parts

of symbolic

logic,

some

by

Lewis

Carroll

and

John

Venn

(out of

print),

and

others

new.

Guide to

using symbolic

logic

in

actual

situ-

ations.

••••

$

1.80

P13:

A

SYMBOLIC

ANALYSIS

OF

RELAY

AND

SWITCHING

CIRCUITS.

Reprint of

the

classic

paper

by

Claude

E.

Shan-

non, mathematician

and

scientist,

published

1936

in

the Transactions

of the

Amer.

Inst.

of

Electrical

En-

gineers,

and

long out of

print.

The

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other

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elelOOnts. •

•••

$ 0.60

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-

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to 200 characters

per

second, and stops the tape from full speed within a character

position-

within .03 inch. The tape

is

accelerated to full speed again in 5 milliseconds

and the following character

is

ready for reading within 6 milliseconds of

rest position.

(2)

Mark IIA model reads

at

speeds up to 400 characters per second,

and stops within .1 inch.

'1#;EI"1I41

Both models read either 5 level, 6 level or 7 level tape

by

simple adjustment of an external lever .

•

iMf4'W

The tape is easily inserted without complicated threading.

Lap

or

butt

splices are taken without any difficulty. The same tape may

be

passed thousands of times without appreciable tape wear. The optical

system has no lenses or mirrors to get out of alignment. Friction drive

is

independent of sprocket hole spacing.

LARGE OUTPUT Amplifiers are included for each channel, including

a special squaring circuit for the sprocket hole Signal. Output swing

between hole

and

blank

is

greater than 20 volts.

Dimensions:

91(

x

11

V2" X 111h"

Weight:

371bs.

For

use with long lengths

6f

tape

up

to 1000 feet, spooling

equipment operating

up

to 40 inches per second for take-up

or supply

is

available separately.

FERRANTI

ELECTRIC,

INC.

30

Rockefeller

Plaza

New

York

20,

N.

Y.

-

35

-

REQUIEM

(

cont

'd

from

page

15)

ter

room

and

a desk. They've got a computer

room

and

a desk.

It's

the

perfect

Balance of

power.

If

anybody

starts

anything, the whole

mess

is

wiped

out,

them

and

us,

and

both

sides

know

it.

If

you

eliminate

our computer

room,

you

destroy our

power

to

retaliate.

And

that

means

you

destroy the Nation!"

The

General ran out

of

wind

again

and

banged

his

fist

on

the desk

for

emphasis.

As

if

to

mirror

his

warning, the big a -

larm

bell

over

the

maps

began

whirring.

A

new

bell

with

an

urgent,

strident

tone.

The

computers

awoke,

'red

lights

flashing,

and

grum-

bled musically as they began sending out

their

invisible

streams of information broadcast to'

faroff

sites.

The

General, the

President,

and

little

Joe

Cutter

froze,

jaws agape, ears

strain-

ing

for

the

approach~ng

sound

of

an

incoming

alien

hydrogen warhead.

Little

Joe

Cutter

said

it

finally,

and

his

flat

voice

was

soft,

but

it

lvaS

the

requiem

for

mankind.

"General, "

he

said

in

slow

disgust,

''You

just

slammed

your

big,

fat,

dumb

fist

on

the

Moscow

button."

-

END

-

. *-------------------

IBM

(cont'd

from

page

19)

MAIL

(BOER

AND

DEPARTMENT

STems

Montgomery

Ward

&

Company

operates a

650

at

its

Chicago

hea~quarters,

preparing

profit

and

loss

statements

for

each

store,

district,

and

region;

profit

and

loss

budget

reports;

computations of

store

managers'

extra

compen-

sationi

and

other

computations. Inventory

by

lines

of merchandise

by

store

is

in

the

last

stages

of

programmdng

for

conversion

to

mach-

ine

operation.

COMMUNICATIONS

Four

IBM

650's

are

installed

in

the gen-

eral

office

of

Illinois

Bell Telephone

Company,

Chicago.

The

machines process

company

payroll

for

the

entire

state

of

Illinois,

including

e~

ecutive,

monthly, semi-monthly, bi-weekly,

and

weekly

payrolls.

In property

and

cost

account-

ing, the 650's are used

for

distribution

and

summarization of

labor

and

ana material

costs.

Eventually,

Illinois

Bell

plans

to

solve

traffic

and

engineering prob-

lems

with the machines.

-

END

B<XJ(S

('con'd

from

page

34)

Relay Design, Chapters 2 to

5,

Mech-

anical

Requirements

for

Relays,

Stat-

ics

of Electromagnets,

Dynamic

Per-

formance

in

Operation

and

Release,

Relay Design:

Part

II,

Analytical Back-

ground

for

SWitching Relay Design,

(Chapters 6 to 12) Spring Design, Re-

lay

Vibration,

The

Magnetic

Field

of

Electromagnets,

The

Magnetic

Circuit,

Analysis of Magnetization

and

Pull

Relations,

Dynamics

of Electromagnets,

The

Magnet

Ooil. This

is

a useful

and'

authoritative

book

for

those con-

,cerned

tdth

this

subject.

Brown,

R.

Hunt

/ Office Automation / Automation

Consultants,

Inc.,

1450

Broadway,

New

York

18,

N.Y.

/ 1955,

photooffset,

looseleaf,

283

pp. $12.50 updating

service,

$25 a

year.

Contains:

Commercial

Section

I:

Auto-

mation, Benefactor of

Man,

or

Progre~

without Fear (Chap. 1

to

8).

ltHard-

ware"

Section

II:

Net'l

Machines

for

Office Automation

and

How

You

can

Use

Them

(Chap.

9

to

29).

Accounting Sec-

tion

III:

The

New

Methods

and

Proced-

ures (Chap. 30,

31).

Sociological

Section

IV:

Humanities of Automation

(Chap.

32

to

38).

Scientific

Section

V:

The

New

Techniques (Chap. 39

to

44).

Developmental Section

VI:

Ap-

plications

"Just

Around

the Corner"

•

____

--~(C=h~a~p~.~4~5~to~4-8-).*~--------------~.

DIGITAL

ENGINEERS

for

Long-Range Programs

Airborne

Control

Applications

Challenging

assignments

with

opportunity

to

carry

your

ideas

through

to

final

hardware

and

operational

flight

testing

in:

• Computer

Organization

• Logical Design

•

Advanced

Circuit Design

•

Laboratory

Development

• Packaging

and

Reliability

Salary

-

up

to

$12000

(Commensurate with

experience)

Send resume

in

confidence to:

Manager

of Technical Personnel

Dept.

674

Division of

American Bosch Arma

Corporation

Roosevelt Field,

Garden

City

Long

Island,

N.

Y.

-

36

-

ROBOT

SHOW,

STOPPER,S

Did

you

see

our

story

Magazine,

March

19,

pp

in

L

if

e

1

73-T76"?

From

time

to

time

you

may

nee

d t 0

help organize a

display

in

a business

show

including

some

device

that

you

hope

will

"srop" every

perso

n

at-

tending the

show

and

make

him

notice

your

display

- a device which

may

be

called

a

"SHOW-srOPPER".

In

addition

to

publishing

the

maga-

zine

"COMPUfERS

AND

AUf

OMATION"

,

we

have

for_six

years been developing

and

constructing,

"ROBOT

SHOW-STO

P-

PERS",

small robot machines

th

a t

respond

to

their

environmen

tan

d

behave

by

themselves.

Two

of

them

are:

RELAY

MOE:

A machine

that

will

play

the

game

Ti t-Tat-Toe

with

a

human

being,'

and

either

win

or draw

all

the time,

or

(depending 0 n

th

e

setting

of a switch)

will

s

ome-

times

lose,

so as

to

make

the

game

more

interesting

for

the

hum

an

befng (''las

at

the

I.R.

E.

Show,

in

Guardian

Ele~tric's

exhibit;

see

picture

in

Life

Magazine);

I

SQUEE:

An

electronic

robot

squir-

rel

that

will

hunt

for

a

"nut"

indicated

by

a person

in

the

audience, pick

it

up

in

his

"hands",

take

the

nut

to

his

"nest",

there

leave

it

and

then.

hunt

for

more

nuts

(see

picture

in

Life

Magazine);

Besides

these

we

have

other

small

robots

finished

or

under

<Evelopment;

These machines

may

be

rented

for

shows

under

certain

conditions;

al·

so,

modifications

of

the

small

ro-

bots

to

fit

a

particular

purp 0

se

are

often

possible.

To:

Berkeley

Enterprises

Inc.,

815 Washington

St.~

Rl68

Newtonville 60, Mass.

Please

send

us

more

informa

ti

0 n

about your

ROBOT

SHOW

STOPPERS.

The

advertising

application

we

have i n

mind

is:

___________

_

From:

(Organization)

(Address)

(Filled

in

by:

Name,

Title,

8a~e)

ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERS,

MATHEMATICIANS

If

you

can

do

original work

...

you

should

consider

The

Johns

Hopkins

University

Applied

Physics

Laboratory

(APL)

,

where

creative

ideas

are

recognized

and

supported.

The

Laboratory

is

primarily

concerned

with

research,

devel-

opment

and

engineering

of

guided

missiles

and

missile

systems.

A sizeable

program

of

fundamental

research

is

concurrently

in

progress.

APL

is

responsible

for

technical

direction

of

the

Navy's

Bumblebee

guided

missile

program.

As

pioneers

in

guided

super-

sonic

flight,

APL

developments

include

the

first

supersonic

ramjet'.

and

the

missiles

TERRIER,

TALOS,

and

TARTAR.

The

Labora-

tory,

presently

is

engaged

in

further

development

of

these

and

more

advanced

missiles.

An

organization

of

and

for

scientists

and

engineers,

APL's

staff

of

1200

includes

nearly

500

professional

men.

Two

,features

distinguish

the

organization:

(1)

the

self-dependence

of

staff

members

who

work

in

an

atmosphere

of

free

inquiry

and

are

unhampered

by

the

usual

administrative

details,

(2)

the

fluidity

of

relationships

among

the

groups

engaged

in

the

many

areas

of

technical

endeavor.

Problems

are

attacked

by

teams,

each

composed

of

members

drawn

from

all

requisite

professions. A close

contact

between

research

and

engineering

is

maintained.

This

team

approach

allows

each

staff

member

to

acquire

broad

knowledge

of

the

problem

unq,er

attack,

find

his

creativity

heightened

and

supported.

Salaries

are

comparable

to

those

of

other

R&D

organizations

in

the

missile field.

Relocation

expenses

are

paid

for

applicants

selected.

Our

new

air-conditioned

laboratories

are

exceptionally

well

equipped.

Their

location

in

the

Washington,

D.C.-Baltimore

periphery

places

staff

members

near

fine

housing

in

all

price

ranges

and

near

recreational

and

cultural

facilities.

Several

excel-

lent

universities

in

the

area

make

it

convenient

for

staff

members

to

avail

themselves

of

our

liberal

educational

benefits.

OPENINGS

EXI5T

IN:

Programming for electronic analog computers, programming

for Univac,

dynamic

analysis

of

closed-loop control systems, seruomechanisms design,

missile systems design, missile systems dynamics, transistor

and

magamp applications

to

control circuits, operations research.

For

Additional

information write:

Professional

Staff

Appointments

The Johns Hopkins

University

Applied

Physics

Laboratory

8641 Georgia Avenue, Silver Spring, Md.

-37 -

ADVERTISING IN

~~COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION"

Memorandum

from

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.

P.ublisber

of

COMPUTERS

AND

AlJTO~ATION

lHS

Washington

St.,

Newtonville

60,

Mass.

1.

What

is

"COMPlITERS

AND

Al.ITOMATION"?

It

is

a monthly magazine

containing

articles,

papers,

and

reference

information

computing

machinery,

robots,

automatic control, cybernet-

ics,

automation,

etc.

One

important

piece

of

reference

information published is the

"Ros

t e r

of

Organizations

in

the

Field

of

Computers

and

Automation".

The

basic

subscription

rate

is

$5.50

a

year

in

the

United

States.

Sin

g 1 e

copies

are

$1.25,

except June, 1955, "The

Com-

puter

Directory"

(164

pages,

$4.00).

For

the

titles

of

articles

and

papers

in

recent

issues

of

the

magazine,

see

the

"Back Copies" page in

this

issue.

2.

What

is

the

circulation?

The

circulation

includes

·2400

,.subscribers, (as ,'of

July

10: over

300

purchasers of

individual

back-copies;

and

an

estimated

3000 nonsubscribing

readers.

The

logical

readers

of

COMPlITERS

AND

AUTOMf.TION

are

people concerned

wi

th

the

field of computers

and

automation. These

include

a

great

number

of

people

t"ho

tdll

make

recommendations

to

their

organizations

about purchasing computing

ma-

chinery,

similar

machinery,

and

componen t

s,

and

whose

decisions

may

involve very

substan-

tial

figu~es.

The

print

order

for

the

July

issue

was

I

2000

copies.

The

overrun

is

largely

held

for

eventual

sale

as

back

copies,

and

in

the

case

of

several

issues

the

over

ru

n

has

been exhausted througb such

sale.

3.

What

type of

advertising

does

COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION

take?

The

purpose of the

mag-

azine

is

to

be

factual

and

to

the

point.

For

this

purpose

the

kind of advertising Ivanted

is

the

kind

that

answers

questions

factually.

We

recommend

for

the

audience that

we

reach,

that

advertising

be

factual,

useful,

interesting,

understandable,

and

new

from

issue

to

issue.

We

reserve

the

right

not

to

accept advertising

that

does not

meet

our

standards.

4.

What

are

the

specifications

and

cos

t 0 f

advertising?

COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION

is

pub-

lished

on

pages

8~"

x 11" (ad

si~e,

7" x 10")

and

produced

by

photooffset,

except that

print-

ed

sheet

advertising

may

be

inserted

and

bound

in

with

the

magazine

in

most

cases.

The

clos-

ing

date

for

any

issue

is

approximately

th

e

10th of

the

month

preceding.

If

possible,

the

company

advertising

should produce

final

copy.

For

photooffset,

the

copy should

be

exact

1 y

as

desired,

actual

size,

and

a~sembled,

and

may

include

typing,

writing,

1 in e

dr

a

10'1

in

g,

printing,

screened

half

tones,

and

any

othe

r

copy

that

may

be

put under

the

ph

oto

0 f f

set

camera without

further

preparation.

Unscreened

photographic

prints

and

any

other

copy requiring

addi

tional

preparation

for

photooffset

shou 1 d

be

furnished

separately;

it

will

be

prep

ared,

finished,

and

charged

to

the

advertiser

at

small

additional

cos

ts.

In

the

case

of

printed

inserts,

a

sufficient

quantity

for

the

iss

u e

should be shipped

to

our

printer,

addres

s on

request.

Display

advertising

is

sold

in

units

of

a

full

page (ad

size

7" x 10",

basic

rate,

$190) two-

thirds

page

(basic

rate,

$145),

half

page (bas-

ic

rate,

$97),

and

quarter

p~ge

{basic

rate,

$55};back

cover,

$370;

inside

front·

or

back

cover,

$230.

Extra

for

color

red

(full

pages

only

and

only

in

certain

positions),

35%.

1Wo-

page

printed

insert

(one

sheet),

$320;

four-

page

printed

insert

(two

sheets),

$590.

Class-

ified

advertising

is

sold

by

the

word

(60

cents.

a

word)

with

a

minimum

of

20 words.

5.

Who

are

out.advertisers?

Our

advertisers

in

recent

issues

have included

the

follow

in

g

companies,

among

others:

-38 -

Aircraft-Marine

Products, Inc'.

American

Bosch

Corp.

Ampex

Gorp.

Armour

Research Foundation

Arnold Engineering

Co.

Automatic

Electric

Co.

Bendix Aviation Corp.

Cambridge Thermionic Corp.

Epsco,

Inc.

Ferranti

Electric

Co.

Ferroxcube Corp. of America

General

Electric

Co.

Hughes

Research

and

Development Lab.

International

Business Machines Corp.

Lockheed

Aircraft

Corp.

Lockheed

Missile

Systems

Logistics

Research,

Inc.

The

Glenn L. Martin

Co.

Monrobot Corp.

Norden-Ketay Corp.

Northrop

Aircraft,

Inc.

George

A.

Philbrick

Researches,

Inc.

Potter

Instrument

Co.

Ramo-Wooldridge Corp.

Reeves Instrument

Co.

Remington

Rand,

Inc.

Republic Aviation Corp.

Sprague

Electric

Co.

Sylvania

Electric

Products,

Inc.

Did

you

see

our

story

in

Life

Magazine,

March

19,

pp

173-176 ?

MAKE

YOUR

OWN

BABY

GENIUS

COMPUTERS

WITH

GENIAC

Electric

Brain

Construction

Kit

No.1

Diagram

of

the

versa-

tile

multiple

switch,

which can be assembled

to

make

any

s

tf

i t c h

cOmbination from

16

decks

of

2

positions,

to

2 decks

of

16

posi-

tions.

This

ki

t

is

an

introduc

tion

to

the

des ign of

arithmetical,

log

i

cal

,

reasoning,

cOl1lJl1ting,

puzzle-solvirrJ,

and

game-playing

circuits.

It

i s

simple enough

for

intelligent

boy s

to

assemble,

and

yet

is

instructive

to

computer

men

because

it

sholVs

how

many

kinds of computing

and

reason-

ing

circuits

can

be

made

fromsimple

components.

Wi

th

this

ki

t

and

64-page

ma

n u

aI,

you

can

easily

make

over

30

sma

1 1

elec

tric

brain

machines that

exhibit

intelligent

behavior.

Each

runs

on

one

flashlight

battery.

All connec-

tions

with nuts

and

bolts;

no

s 0

1-

dering

required.

Price,

$17.95

(add

BOt

for

shiplOOnt

in

U.

S.

t'l

est

of

Mississippi,

$1.80

for

shipment

outside

U.

S.).

If

not

satisfactory,

returnable

in

seven days

for

full

refund.

A few

of

the machines

you

can

make:

Logic Machines: Reasoning, Syllogism

Machine,

Intelligence

Testing.

~

playing

Machines:

Nim,

Ti

t-tat-toe

•

Ari thlOOtic Machines: Adding. S u

b-

tracting,

Multiplying.

Di

vid

in

g.

Carrying.

etc.

CryptograJil~

Machines:

.

Secret

Coder

and

Decoder,Combination

Locks. Puzzle Machines:

The

Space

Ship Airlock.

The

Fox

Hen

Corn

and

Hired

Man,

Douglas Macdonald's Will,

The

Uranium Ship

and

the

Space

Pir-

ates

•.

------Mail

this

Reqqest-------

or

a

Copy

of

It

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc •

. tHo Washington

St..

R168

NewtonvIlle 60, Mass.

Please

send

me

Geniac

Kit

[~o.

1

and

Manual.

Price,

$17.95

{add

BO¢for

shipment

in

U.

S. west

of

Mississippi,

.

$1.80

for

shiplOOnt

outside

U.

S. }

1

enclose

in

full

payment.

{If

in

good

condition,

it

is

returnable

in

seven days

for

full

refund.}

My

nalOO

and

address

are

attached.

Bryant

magnetiC

drums

for

semi·permanent storage

of

data in digital

computers

or

for

use as delay lines

• Designed to purchaser's requirements

• Drum

runout

.00010"

T.I.R.

or

less

• Air bearings

or

super·precision ball bearings

• Belt drive

or

integral

motor

drive

• Speeds to 100,000

RPM

• Capacities to

5,000,000

bits

or

more

• Vertical

or

horizontal housing

• Head

mounting

surfaces to

suit

• High density magnetic oxide

or

electroplated

magnetic alloy coating

Complete

Information

On

Request-write:

BRYANT

GAGE

and

SPINDLE

DIVISION

P.

O.

Box

620-K,

Springfield,

Vermont,

U.S.A.

DIVISION

OF

BRYANT

CHUCKING

GRINDER

CO.

INGINEERS

411A1A

UNNounces

INERTIAL

NAVIGATION

Inertial

Navigation

offers

the

most

advanced

concept

in

guidance,

requiring

no

terrestrial

source

of

energy

or

information,

no

earth-

bound

direction

once

the

ultimate

destination

is selected.

It

offers

the

most

promising

solution

of

the

guidance

problem

for

the

long-

range

missile.

While

the

principles

are

simpie,

the

realization

involves

advanccd

creative

engineering.

ARMA's

many

successes

in

the

creation

of

precision

instruments

and

system:!

for

navigation

and

tire

control,

especially

precision

gyroscopic

reference

systems

for

all

applica-

tions,

fit

it

uniquely

for

a

major

role

in

this

advanced

area.

The

height

of

imaginative

resourcefulness

and

enginE'ering IIkill

are

required

to

create

the

degree

of

precision-hithertu

unattained

-

in

the

components

essential

to

the

guidance

of

advanced

missile

systems-the

gyros,

accelerometers,

and

computer

elements.

Minia-

turization

must

be

coupled

with

extraordinary

ability

to

l>rovide

utmost

accuracy

under

conditions

of

extreme

velocities,

tempera-

tures,

and

accelerations.

There's

significant

scientific

progress

to

be

achieved

at

this

leader-

ship

company

and

individual

renown

to

be

won,

by

engineers

associated

with

ARMA's

Inertial

Navigation

Program.

Many

sup-

plementary

benefits

make

a

career

here

doubly

attractive.

ARMA

engineers

are

currently

working

a 48

hour

week

at

premium

rates

to

meet

a

critical

demand

in

the

Defense

Dept's

missile

program.

Moving

allowances

arranged.

Salary

-

up

to

$15,000

(Commensurate

with

experience)

Send

resume

in

confidence to:

Manager

of

Technical

Personnel.

Dept.

674

411A1A

Division

of

American

Bosch

Arma

Corporation

Roosevelt Field, Garden

City,

Long

Island,

N.

Y.

•

Immediate openings

for SupeT'IJisoru

and

Staff

positions as

well as for

Senior Engineers,

Engineers,

and

Associate Engineers,

experienced in:

Systems

Evaluation

Gyroscopics

Digital

Computers

Accelerometers

Telemetry

Guidance

Systems

Reliability

Stabilizing

Devices

Servomechanisms

Automatic

Controls

Thermodynamics

Environmental

Research

Weight

Control

Transformers

Production

Test

Equipment

Standards

APPLIED

MATHEMATICIAN

to

$11,500

In.

this

stimulating

Missile

Test

Project

You

will

be challenged by the research and

theoretical studies involved in acquiring data

from high yelocity

missiles

being

fired

over the

world's longest test range. Ph.D. degree plus

several years' experience in work related

to'

above, required.

Join a

scientific

team

at

top

level

in

this

unprecedented

work

with

one

of

the

nation's largest corporations.

I

deal

living

and

working

conditions

on

Florida's

Certtral

East

Coast.

TO ARRANGE CONFIDENTIAL INTERVIEW

Send resume

to

Mr.

H.

C.

LAUR,

Dept. N-14G

Missile Test Proiect

P.

O.

Box

1226

Melbourne, Florida

•

COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION

RACK

COPIES

REFERENCE

INFORMATION:

(with notes

regarding

latest

issues

contain-

ing

same)

Organizations:

Roster

of

Organ~zations

in

the

Com-

puter

Field

(June, 1956)

Roster

of

ComputiJ~

Services

(June

1956)

Roster of Consulting Services (June

1956)

Computing Machinery

and

Automation:

Types of Automatic Computing Machin-

ery

(Dec.

1955)

Roster of Automatic Computers (June,

1956)

Outstanding

Examples

of Automation

(July

1954)

Commercial Automatic Computers (Dec.

1954)

Types

of

Components

of

Automatic

Com-

puting

Machinery

(March

1955)

Products and Services

in

the

Computer

Field:

Products and Services

for

Sale

or

Rent (June

1956)

Classes

of

Products

and

Services

(June 1956)

Words

and

Terms:

Glossary of

Terms

and

Expressions

in

the

Computer

Field

(Jan. 1956)

Information and

Publications:

Books

and

Other

Publications

(many

issues)

New

Patents

(nearly

every

issue)

Roster

of

Magazines (Dec. 1955)

Titles

and

Abstracts

of Papers Given

at

Meetings

(many

issues)

People:

Who's

Who

in

the

Computer

Field

(June, 1955,

and

later

issues)

BACK

COPY

PRICES:

If

available,

$1.25

each,

except

June 1955,

$4.00,

and

June 1956 $6.00 (the June

issue

is

the Computer

195608

195608 195608

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