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AUGUST

1957

The Spa(istor - a
New Kind of
Semi(ondudor
.Amplifier

Airline Automation:
A Maior Step

The Role of
Computers in
High S(hool
S(ien(e Edu(ation

Vol.6

-

No.8

DIGITAL

COMPUTERS
M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory
has permanent staff openings for experienced
men in this rapidly expanding field.
Assignments will require an understanding
of the logical arrangement of computers, the
details of the equipment design, the methods
for trouble detection and diagnosis and the
make-up and use of computer programs for
equipment testing.
Please send us a resume, or telephone
collect VOlunteer 2-3370
Extension 7161
Dr. H. J. Hagedorn

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

MIT

LINCOLN LABORATORY

BOX 36, LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS

2

-DIll

COMPUTERS and A UTOMATION for August, 1957

The E di tor's Notes and
Readers' Forum
INDUSTRY NEWS NOTES
THERE IS a good deal of news about companies in
the computer field, and several of our readers have told
us in vigorous language that we should publish the
news. So, in this issue we publish the first instalment
of "Industry News Notes."
As usual, we invite our readers to send us information
for publication when it is of general interest, and to
send us corrections, revisions, and additions.
FRONT COVER: SPACISTOR
THE FRONT COVER picture is a photo of an
assembly of an experimental spa cis tor (see the story in
this issue) made at Raytheon Mfg. Co., photographed
together with an ordinary pin (at the left) to show the
miniature scale.
The leads of the spacistor are: upper left, injector,
with point contact; upper right, modulator, with fused
contact; bottom, collector, a thick broad contact;
slanting crossbar at left, base with fused contact. The
spacistor in the picture is attached to a small transistor
mount shaped something like a boat.
A voltage, applied to the injector, causes electrons to
enter the region of high electric field (caused by voltage
applied between the base and the collector in such a
way as to produce a high electric field but virtually no
current). The electrons flow extremely rapidly to the
collector contact. This current (flow of electrons) is
modulated by applying a signal to the modulator. The
modulator draws only a negligible current, but causes
the current between the injector and collector to vary
greatly. Thus the spacistor is an amplifier.
SCIENCE FICTION ABOUT COMPUTERS
WE HAVE just about decided not to publish any
more science fiction about computers in the regular
issues of Computers and Automation. The reasons are
these. First, the readers who do not wish to have science
fiction in the magazine apparently outnumber those
who like it. Second, some prospective advertisers or their
agencies appear to feel that they do not wish their advertising to appear in a magazine which publishes
science fiction, no matter how worth while it may be.
Finally, and much the most important, more and more
nonfiction of undeniable importance to computer
people is pressing for publication upon the space available in the magazine.
Nevertheless, sound scientific speculation about future
possibilities of computers, expressed in the medium of
science fiction, is important and useful to many comCOMPUTERS and A UTOMATION for August, 1957

puter people. And we hope that we may be able to
publish, from time to time, an extra number of Computers and Automation devoted to good science fiction
about computers.
Please tell us what you think.
PREPRINTS AND PUBLICATION

I. From Eric A. Weiss,
Chainnan, Computer Committee, Sun Oil Co.
Philadelphia 3, Pa.

AS CHAIRMAN of the Preprints Committee of the
Thirteenth National Meeting of the Association for
Computing 1tIachinery, I have the duty of assembling
and distributing preprints of the papers to be presented
there (Urbana, Ill., June 11-13, 1958). In doing this, I
will be asked by some speakers whether or not a paper
which appears as a preprint will be barred on this
account from publication in your journal. In order to
clarify the matter, I should like to have a brief statement of your policy in this regard.
The following details concerning the preprints may
have some bearing on the matter:
The preprints will not include all papers to be given,
since speakers are under no compulsion to submit their
papers for preprinting.
The preprints will be distributed to those who
register for the meeting, either free or at a small fee.
The preprints will be available for a limited time
after the meeting to anyone for a fee.
II: From the Editor
THE FACT that a preprint of a paper has been distributed at a meeting makes no difference whatever to
publication in our magazine. If the paper is one suitable for publication in Computers and Automation, we
shall be glad to consider it for publication, irrespective,
of the preprint. The existence of preprints, however,
will make it easier for us to seek out a paper that we
would like to publish, provided the author does not
prefer to have it published elsewhere. In addition, the
availability of the preprints will be very helpful to many
people in the computer field.
THE EFFECT OF MISSILES
ON COMPUTERS
A PREDICTION by "Business Week", based on
research done at the Pentagon, anticipates that half of
all spending on air weapons by 1961 will be for missiles.
Missiles now account for something less than a third
[Please turn to page 91

3

Basic Source Information
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and AUTOMATION

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PEOPLE:
Who's Who in the Computer Field,
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Volume 6

Established
September 1951

AUGUST 1957

Number 8

ARTICLES
The Spacistor-New Kind of Semiconductor Amplifier . . . . . . . . . .. 6
NEIL D. MACDONALD

Airline Automation: A Major Step .......................... 10

ORGANIZATIONS:
The Computer Directory and Buyer's
Guide, 1957 (the June, 1957, issue of
Computers and Automation): 790 organization listings, 1370 product and
service listings.
$6.00

MACHINES:
(Source Information in back issues.)
Types of Automatic Computing Machines and Components, March, 1957.
$1.25
Roster of over 220 Automation Comp~ters, June, 1956.
$4.00
Commercial Automation Computers,
December, 1956.
$1.25

C. E. AMMANN

Role of Computers in High School Science Education ............ 15
G. E. FORSYTHE, W. E. FERGUSON, AND D. L. TRAUTMAN

REFERENCE INFORMATION
Who's Who in the Computer Field, 1956-57,
Some Statistics; New and Revised Full Entries ................ 20
Books and Other Publications ............ "................. 24
New Patents .......................................... 32
The Editor's Notes and Reader's Forum ........................ 3

GLOSSARY OF TERMS:

Industry News Notes ...................................... 26

Over 480 careful, clear, understandable definitions. 4th cumulative edition, as of October, 1956. (20 or more
copies, 10% discount,)
$1.00

Advertiser's Index ........................................ 34

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EDITOR

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INDEX OF NOTICES
Page

Advertising Index . . . . . . ..
Bulk Subscriptions .......
Manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reader's Inquiry Form ....
Special Issues . . . . . . . . . . ..
Who's Who Entry Form ..

34
27
31
32
3
27

Change of Address: If your address
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new address and your old address
(as it appears on the magazine address sticker), and allow three weeks
for the change to be made.

4

Edmund C. Berkeley
ASSISTANT EDITORS
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Copyright, 1957, by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

Importa~t

~~~

Question No.2

~CID ~IDl~Iffillnft~ ft~® IffillCID~ft
(c@Iffilllffi~®ft® ~@~@If@ftCIDIrY If®lffi@Irli§
wnftfu @~~ (cIDl~ft@
Iffillc~lilln~ft
m~®~@y ~nIID® ~If@ft@fty~®~1

It is a known fact that ESC Corporation is unequalled for the most complete and definitive laboratory reports submitted with "delay line prototypes. Every ESC lab report includes submitted electrical requirements, photo-oscillograms(which indicate input
and output pulse shape and output rise-time), the test equipment used, and evaluation of the electrical characteristics of the prototype. This is unmatched in the industry.

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~
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Exceptional employment opportunities for engineers experienced in pulse techniques.

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~

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@

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

WESCON SHOW BOOTH NO.

290~

5

THE SPACISTOR-A NEW KIND OF
SEMICONDUCTOR AMPLIFIER
Neil D. M3cdonald
New York, N. Y.

I. Computing A Hundred Times Faster?
N July 16 in Boulder, Colorado, Dr. Herman
Statz, Dr. Robert Pucel, and Mr. Conrad Lanza
of Raytheon Manufacturing Co. gave a paper at
the session on semiconductors of the Institute of Radio
Engineers and the American Institute of Electrical
Engineers. The paper announced a device which they
called the "spacistor". This name denotes a semiconductor amplifying and switching device which makes
good use of a new effect, the creation of a high electrical space charge in what was previously a transistor.
The word "spacistor" is not a proprietary name but a
proposed scientific term.
About eight to ten laboratory models of spacistors
have been constructed, and they work; and the evidence
is good that spacistors will work in many kinds of new
applications, giving new powers t~ electronic equipment
including computers.
Although the existing models have been tested only
up to about 800 kilocycles, there is excellent evidence
that spacistors will work at frequencies up to 100 to
10,000 megacycles. The device itself and the theory of
the device together suggest that the speed of pulses in
computers for calculating purposes may be raised from
a million pulses per second to 1000 million pulses per
second. If even a part of this promise is realized, it
means that a dramatic new gain in -speed for computers
is about to be seized.
The spacistor is almost certainly a step forward in the
art of amplifying electronic energy. It is expected to
combine many of the best features of the properties of
the transistor and the vacuum tube. It is as tiny as a
transistor, and operates on the same miniature power
requirements, far less than those of vacuum tubes. It is
predicted that the spacistor will amplify at frequencies
up to 10,000 megacycles, considerably higher than will
transistors.
Also, spacistors can be made of materials unsuited for
transistors, and are expected to operate at temperatures
as high at 500 degrees centigrade, or more than double
the operating temperatures of today's germanium and
silicon transistors.
The spacistor is the outcome of two years of intensive
research, and may take three to five years more research
and development before it is commercially available.

O

II. Comparison of the Vacuum Tube, the
Transistor and the Spacistor
In a vacuum tube (see the diagram), the cathode is
heated by a filament heater. A large number of electrons
boil off the negative cathode and are attracted to the
positive plate. The small fluctuating signal, to be amplified, is applied to the negative grid as shown. This
~6

..

....... ....
.......
h
......
....
... -+ ...

~

.... -+

PLATE

. . ..

....

...........

><-·_'.......""'1
.-.N........~I.... -+ ..

~JWw
VACUUM TUBE
causes the negative grid voltage to fluctuate accordingly.
The more negative the grid the smaller the current
(flow of electrons) between cathode and plate. The
more positive the voltage on the grid, the larger the
current between cathode and plate.
Thus the grid acts as a valve or shutter, a very small
signal controlling a relatively large current. The large
output signal (shown under plate) is the amplified
counterpart of the small input signal. In some vacuum
tubes, the choice of voltages and other factors may
yield a signal gain of several thousand.
In a typical transistor of the type called n-p-n
grounded base (see the diagram), a steady negative

TRANSISTOR
voltage is applied in a circuit from the emitter to the
base contact, and a greater steady negative voltage is
applied in a circuit from the base contact to the collector. This causes significant currents (flows of electrons) from the emitter into the base region and from
the base region into the collector, because of the close
COMPUTERS and A UTOMATION for August, 1957

Working on Experimental Spacistors With a Micromanipulator
The machine shown here enables small objects to be moved
and handled under high magnification. The left hand of the
operator is on the left handle of the machine, but the right handle
of the machine is not at present being manipulated. Under the

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

binocular microscope the position of the left whisker lead t!J the
spacistor (the injector) is being adjusted. The spacistor can almost
be seen under the binoculars, where the light tube can throw
light on it.
7

spatial proximity of the emitter and the collector; but
the current from the base contact to the collector is
negligible.
A small negative voltage as a fluctuating or switching
signal may now be applied in the circuit from the
emitter to the base contact; this signal produces a
greatly multiplied fluctuating or switching signal from
the base contact to the collector. Because the input
current from the emitter into the base region is just
about the same as the current from the base region into
the collector, yet the resistance from the emitter to the
base region is only a fraction of the resistance (say 1/30
to 1/100) of the resistance from the base region to the
collector, a power gain of 30 to 100 times results. In
this way the transistor amplifies.
In a typical spacist?r (see the diagram), a high steady

makes use of these high fields to accelerate the charge
carriers so that their transit time is greatly shortened.
A typical experimental spacistor is shown schematically in Fig. 1. The semiconductor body is a reverse:-biased
p-n junction with a space-charge region sc. Injector I
and modulator M are the input points; base Band
collector C are the output points.

B2
....----41111-+---...

INPUT

l

B,

1-----411 +

B

p

n

c

LOAD
B3
1....oo.(~JV\..jrvvV\J\...o-.... 1111I1 I-+--~
OUTPUT

SPACISTOR

~COLLECTOR

negative voltage is applied in a circuit through the load
from the base to the collector, in such a way as to
produce a high electric field but almost no current.
Then a steady negative voltage is applied in a circuit
from the injector to the space-charge region. This causes
electrons to enter the region of the high electric field,
and flow extremely rapidly to the collector. This current
(flow of electrons) is modulated by the application of a
negative voltage as a fluctuating or switching signal in a
circuit from the modulator to the space-charge region.
The choice of voltages may make the greater current
from the in jector to the collector 3000 times the smaller
current from the modulator to the collector; and the
gain factor may rise considerably. In this way, a
spacistor amplifies.
III. Technical Description
The purpose of the design of the spacistor was to
overcome the frequen~y limitations of the transistor by
avoiding the slow diffusion of charge carriers (electrons
or "holes") through the base region. Carrier motion
accross the base region of a transistor is slow because
this region is essentially free of an electric field. It is
true that the base region of a diffused transistor has a
built-in field, but its strength is severely limited. Very
much higher field strengths, however, are found in spacecharge regions in reverse-biased junctions; in fact, the
strength of an electric field is limited only by the breakdown voltage of the semiconductor body. The spa cis tor
8

Diagram of a typical experimental spacistor and external circuits.
Definitions: B, base; I, injector; M, modulator; C, collector; p,
positive region; n, negative region; sc, space-charge region; B1 ,2,:),
battery no. one, two, three.

Injector I is connected to base B through battery B~
which biases I negatively with respect to the underlying
space-charge region sc. (Note that the potential of point
I is still positive with respect to point B.) Electrons are
emitted from I int~ sc, and the emission is spacecharge-limited.
Modulator M is connected to the space-charge region
sc at a point between injector I and the n region of the
semiconductor body. Since M is biased negatively with
respect to sc by means of battery B2, holes cannot flow
from the p region of the semiconductor body to sc;
therefore M draws practically no current. (Note that
the potential at M is still positive with respect to B
and I.)
Modulator M has two functions. First, it varies the
emission of injector I by superimposing an a.c. voltage
on the d.c. bias. The field produced by M penetrates
throughout the space-charge region to its boundaries.
Second, modulator M makes the bias of injector I
practically independent of the voltage applied across
the base B and the collector C so as to keep the output
impedance desirably high - in excess of 30 megohms,
for an injected current of 0.3 milliamperes.
Transconductance (gm) of present experimental
spacistors is considerably below that of good vacuum
tubes but, with further development, it is expected that
comparable values will be attained.
A low-frequency power gain of 70 db has already been
achieved with experimental spacistors at low frequencies.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

A comparable advantage over transistors is expected to
be realized at higher frequencies as well. When the
present input of 30 megohms is improved, power gain
is expected to become so great that it will be more
appropriate to talk about voltage gain, as in the case of
a vacuum tube. A voltage gain of 3000 has already been
achieved.
Output capacitance is exceedingly small because of
the wide space-charge region, and values smaller than 1
micromicrofarad appear entirely feasible. Even with the
relatively low transconductance values obtained in
present spacistors, it is expected that tuned amplifiers
can be built which will operate at frequencies corresponding to approximately the inverse transit time
through the space-charge regions, i.e., frequencies in
excess of 1000 megacycles_
Input and output are decoupled to a high degree as
in a vacuum tube - a useful property in the design of
multi-stage circuitry.
Another important advantage of the spacistor is that
its operation is practically independent of the "lifetime"
of the charge-carrier. It should therefore be feasible to
employ not only germanium and silicon but also other
semiconductor materials whose short "lifetime" makes
them unsuitable for transistors. Silicon carbide and other
materials with large energy gaps are promising possibilities for high-temperature spacistors.
Compal1ative Chal1acteristics of the
V,acuum Tube, Transistor, and Spacistor
Frequency Limit
Heater Power
High Temperature
Materials
Theoretica I Life
Vacuum Envelope
Circuit Weight
and Space
Strategic Materials
Complexity of MultipleStage Circuitry
Input and Output
Impedances

Vacuum Tube

Transistor

Spacistor

High
(1000 Mc)
Required
Available

High
(10,000 Mc)
None
Available

Limited
Required
High

Medium
(250 Mc)
None
Not
Available
Unlimited
None
low

Required
low

None
High

None
low

High

low

Very High

Unlimited
None
low

The Editor's Notes and
Readers' Forum
[Continued from page 31

of the present 8 billions spent for planes and missiles.
Assuming no important change in the international
situation, the same sum will go for all air arms in 1961.
This means that: a. The physical volume of units will
decrease.
b_ A freeze-out of aircraft producers is in prospect particularly as procurement of fighters dwindles.
c. As missiles increase in number, value, and complexity, so does the need for computers to help design,
test, control, and record them. It is probable that
doubling the missile program will increase computer
procurement eightfold.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
TO POULTRY FEED
Wilbur E. Clark
Hanover, Pa.

I AM JUST back from a three-day poultry conference
at Penn State University where one day at lunch I
talked with the executive secretary of a millers and
feed dealers association. He told me that at least two
major feed companies are now using the services of
these large computers in this way:
Each day they telephone to the computer service
(which is retained on an hourly service basis) the closing
prices at Chicago on the various feed grains and ingredients such as corn, oats, barley, soybean oil meal, etc.
The computer has already stored up the various kinds
of ingredients that may be substituted for each other,
depending on current prices, kind of feed formula being
manufactured, etc. (It's a very involved business, manufacturing a certain poultry feed with definite percentages of protein, fat, fiber, ash, vitamins, antibiotics, and
all the other additives that make up a modern feed
formula.)
The data are fed into the computer, and about 10
minutes later the machine types out the exact information telling which ingredients are the best buys of
the day to make a particular formula feed.
This information was formerly arrived at by a corps
of some 25 skilled office workers an-d nutritionists. As a
result of the change, one feed company estimates a
saving of over $100,000 a year and, besides, gets the
information much faster so that it can take advantage
of a price situation before it changes.

VARIABLE-LENGTH
MULTIPLICATION
R. J. Margolin
Bendix Computer Division
Bendix Aviation Corporation
Los Angeles, Calif.

THE BENDIX G-15, a serial-type drum computer,
has v~riable-Iength multiplication which operates along
~he hnes suggested by Mr. I. J. Good in the February
Issue of Computers and Automation.
The Bendix G-15 has three double-precision (57 bits
and sign) registers which are involved in multiplication
and division. With the multiplicand in the ID (multiplIcand-Denominator) register and the multiplier in the
MQ (Multiplier-Quotient) register the multiply command is executed. In the modified two-address form of
command used in the G-15, the part of the command
which controls timing contains a relative timing number (the number of word times during which multiplication is to continue). For each two word times of
multiplication, one bit of the multiplier is processed.
The relative timing number may vary from 2 to 114,
for multipliers of 1 to 57 bits, respectively. The product
is accumulated double-precision in the PN (ProductNume-rator) register and may be taken out as either
single (28 bits and sign) or double (57 bits and sign)
[Please turn to page 241

9

AIRLINE AUTOMATION: A MAJOR STEP
c.

E. Ammann

Director, Advanced Process Research
American Airlines
New York, N. Y.

HE airlines present an excellent example of a fast
growing industry. As is often the case in such
industries, some parts of the business took great
strides while others remained practically dormant. Im~'
provements in aircraft over the years reduced the flying
time across the country from a matter of days to a
matter of hours, yet only the simplest of tools were
available to process the passenger's reservation.
For example, in 1931 it took three days to fly from
New York to Los Angeles in the Fokker FlO. In 1934,
by a combination of the DC-2 and Curtiss Condor, it
was possible to make this trip in 21 hours. Today, you
fly it in eight hours. In another year or two, something
less than five hours will be routine.
To do these things better - at less cost - and to make
the eventual product more attractive to the buyer is the
constant aim of every form of business enterprise. Air
transportation is no exception. Our customer, the
passenger, must be provided with what he wants - when
he wants it. We have to display our full product - we
have to make it attractive - we have to make the buying
process easy.
Looking at our product in 1940, we recognized that
although we had made it attractive by providing new
aircraft and better in-flight service, there was little in the
offing to improve our reservations system.

T

Three-Part Problem

It was recognized that the solution to the reservations
problem lay in something substantially different, or at
least more advanced, than anything which had served
the industry through its early years of growth. After
reaching this conclusion the next step was to analyze the
situation and define the problem. This was done and it
was shortly concluded that making a reservation involved three distinct actions or parts:
First, determining the availability of space; second,
modifying the inventory, and third, the recording of a
name. It was further decided that Availability and Inventory Control were of the most immediate concern.
Availability as we use the term refers to the status of
space on a particular flight. It answers the question: Is
there space available, or on what flights is space available? Since our product is highly perishable and the
number of items we sell are almost infinite in number,
availability is highly dependent on an accurate and current inventory control system.
Our product is perishable because an empty seat on
a plane that has departed can never be reclaimed. The
items we sell are infinite in number because each
boarding point on a trip on the fifth of the month bears
little relation to that boarding point on a similar trip
on the sixth of the month, and so on. The seats cannot
be used for identical purposes or substituted for one
10

another except in rare instances. Although hardly the
rule, it is not unusual to receive bookings for a particular
trip years in the future.
Upon examination we found that there were two
general means of presenting availability information:
1. The Availability Book.
2. The Visual Display Board.
The Availability Book, as the name implies, is a book
or index in which the status of space on each leg of each
flight on each day is recorded. A leg, as we use the term,
refers to that portion of a flight between a scheduled
take-off and the next scheduled landing. One book can
be made physically accessible to a maximum of four
agents and it is still used in small offices. J\1ultiple books
for use in larger offices had been tried and found wanting due to errors developing through delays or negligence
in posting from book to book.
This problem outweighed the advantage of having
the information close to the agent and easily read, as
well as the advantage of being able to quickly insert new
pages to give effect to a revised order of departure caused
by a schedule change.
Display Boards Tried
Poor experience in keeping several books in agreement
led to the use of a blackboard or visual display board so
that many agents might look at the same source of information. This method likewise had limitations in the
number of people it could conveniently serve. Clear
space to seat agents with a full view of the board was
limited by the distance between columns in most buildings, usually about 22 feet by 22 feet.
The use of multiple boards to overcome this difficulty
had the same disadvantage as multiple books. In addition, common visible displays presented serious growth
problems.
As demand for services increased and it was necessary
for more people to provide service to the customer, the .
size of each character displayed on the board had to be
increased so everyone could see it.
As space became hard to obtain due to demand,
people who might otherwise go to the airport and take
the first flight available began to make reservations. This
increased the calls to Reservations and required more
people to answer the telephones.
This same demand caused the manufacturer, in this
case the airline, to provide more planes to handle the
pressure, thus increasing the amount of information to
be displayed. Even with both the Availability Book and
the Visual Board, agents in ticket offices had to call
Reservations for information. And because of the
limited amount of information that could be displayed
and seen in a large office, even the reservations agent
had to call a second party for some data.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

Located in a room adjacent to American Airlines new reservations quarters, largest in the world, at Manhattan's
West Side Airlines Terminal is the Magnetronic Reservisor, an improved version of an earlier model introduced
to industry by American in 1952. Built to the airline's speCifications by Teleregister Corp., a subsidiary of Ogden
Corp." the new Reservisor provides the same instantaneous reservations information as its predecessor but in greater
detail and faster. The "brain," consi<;ting of the memor} drum under the clock at the far end of the room and
the racks surrounding the console at which the maintenance technician is seated, stores and releases information
to the inquiring reservations agent at the flick of a switch.

Naturally there has been a great deal of experimentation with visual display boards. There are probably as
many approaches as there are stations that use the
boards.
Although slate and chalk are the most common materials used, one will see variations made of plastic,
ceramic coated steel, painted wood and so forth. Preprinted plaques using both colors and symbols are used
on some boards in an attempt to increase readability.
Many boards are made to raise and lower or to turn on
a central axis, all with a view toward making it easier to
post information.
.
Some attempts have been made to electrify these
boards but all to no avail because of the prohibitive cost.
Basic Requirements

After satisfying ourselves that reservations would be
with us for some years in the future, and determining
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

the areas we would tackle first, namely Availability and
Inventory Control, we attempted to outline the basic
requirements- of a system.
1. We felt that the system should make our product
immediately available to the sales agent without
causing undue eyestrain or fatigue.
2. It should enable us to record sales and cancellations as they occur and keep an accurate running
inventory.
3. It should reduce our dependence on large, auditorium-like areas for future reservations offices,
and by using regular communication facilities
make available to ticket offices, satellite offices or
to any point such as any room, all the informational
advantages one would have if seated in the reservations office.
4. The input-output device, which we later called an
Agent Set, should retain a record of the last
11

operation until manually cleared or another transaction was entered. It should be easily operated by
right-handed or left-handed people and so simple
in operation that an agent could be trained in its
use in a matter of an hour or less.
5. It should automatically advise other stations, when
necessary, each time a given flight is sold out.
6. It should do all of the above economically, accurately, and be capable of expansion.
Our first approach naturally was to go to large
manufacturers and see whether thev had a device which
would meet our requirements, or it" they were interested
in the development of such a system. Interestingly
enough, we found that we were in a field where little
had been done, that is the field of inventory control.
Any number of organizations manufactured accounting
systems but there was a basic difference between these
systems and what we needed for inventory control.
In accounting, one person would have access to
hundreds or even thousands of accounts or records,
whereas in inventory control the situation is reversed
and ideally any or all salesmen should be able to get at
the inventory for a specific item. As you can see, with
a perishable item like a seat on today's five o'clock flight
for New York, it is necessary to handle the sale as
quickly as possible. Conversely, upon receiving a can-

cellation it is necessary to return it to inventory immediately so that it may be resold.

Designed Own Equipment
It soon became obvious that we could not obtain a
piece of equipment off the shelf so to speak and manufacturers were not particularly interested in developing
new equipment to do the job. We did receive nuisance
quotations to develop such a system, but actually even
then there was little interest. Since the problem was not
likely to be solved unless we did something about it, we
decided to attempt the design ourselves. In this case we
had the three advantages - knowing the problem, not
knowing how it could not be solved, and a limited group
of one person working on it. We were willing to listen
to any idea and examine its possibilities with an open
mind.
Some of our approaches were novel to say the least.
One early attempt was as much mechanical as electrical,
and its main purpose was to help visualize the problem.
In this solution we ~sed vertical metal tubes to hold
marbles. Each tube representing a flight on a particular
day and each marble a seat. By means of an electric trip
at the bottom of each tube, marbles could be released
representing seats sold. Marbles could, be returned from
the top to represent seats cancelled. The height of

In a setting designed for comfort, speed and service, two American Airlines reservations agents at the airline's
new reservations office at l\1anhattan's West Side Terminal provide the answers to AA customers. An agent's key
set, which is linked to the Magnetronic Reservisor, is placed conveniently between them and other useful information is quickly available on glass-enclosed charts at eye level.

12

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

marbles in the tube represented the number of seats
in inventory. Admittedly, this was not the machine we
wanted but it would work and it served to give us a
better understanding of the problem.
Another idea that seemed at first to show promise was
to use a bridge network with fixed value resistors representing each seat. You could then interpret the number
of seats by reading the voltage drop across the resistors.
This was all right but when we calculated the power
requirements we found that such system would consume over 100 kilowatts. This was obviously out of line.
We finally arrived at what may be called a cross-bar
system using relays. A matrix was designed which had
some similarity to the core memories of today, only instead of cores we had jacks into which plugs were
manually inserted ~o indicate open or closed. Across the
top indicating each vertical column were the dates, and
along the side indicating the horizontal rows were the
trip legs. Then using the simplest of equipment we
could check for continuity between vertical and horilontal lines which would indicate that a shorting plug
had been inserted meaning that the flight had been
sold out.
A working model was built using parts immediately
at hand; as a matter of fact, much of it was done in a
basement workshop. Upon completion, the model was
operated before members of top management who approved of the approach and set up a fund to further
explore the idea.
Our luck seemed to change at this juncture. The
Teleregister Corporation, then a subsidiary of \\'estern
Union, was contacted and after examining the operating model became interested and agreed to build a pilot
model for what we considered a reasonable price.
Pilot Model in 1946
This pilot model was installed in February, 1946, at
Boston and was used until we moved into our new
office last year. Although the equipment was designed
for use in New York, a last-minute change in plans made
it necessary to place the equipment in Boston. This
created a problem because the physical dimensions of
halls, doorways, etc., of the New York office were considered in fabricating equipment, and in Boston it was
found that we <;ould not fit the equipment through the
stair well or in the elevator. It was necessary to obtain
a crane, remove an outside window on the third floor
of the building, and bring the equipment through this
opening.
.
This first installation was designed strictly for availability. It had no frills but was sound from an engineering and electrical standpoint. After the first year's
operation we evaluated results and found that the
station was carrying about 200 more passengers per day
with some 20 less people in the office. Unfortunately,
other changes had taken place in the office at the same
time and we could not attribute all improvement to the
Reservisor, but we were able to prove conclusively that
equipment of this type was economical and it had a
definite effect on revenue.
The reception by the agents was just terrific, In a
very short time they had nicknamed the equipment
"Girly" because it told all.
COMPUTERS and A UTOMATION for August, 1957

Shortly after the installation in the reservations office
we placed remote connecting equipment in our Hotel
Statler ticket office, where its sales aspects were really
evident.
.
It (1946) was a war year - a time of priorities and
tight space. \Ve were continually accused of keeping
seats up our sleeve. With the advent of the Reservisor,
where requests for space were made and answered by a
machine, this feeling completely disappeared. This, in
itself, is a very important contribution of machine
techniques.
With the availability problem well on the way to
solution in Boston, our next problem was to handle the
inventory. This problem was as much economic as
technical. An example of a technical approach that
never paid off was an English-made system which was
loaned to one airline in New York some years ago. This
system used rotary switches to do the counting. It
worked well enough but it was both clumsy and costly.
Rotary Switch Not Practical
~he ro~ry switch, in its class, is basically a high speed
de,vIce desIgn~d for m~ny revolutions per second. ApplIed to keepmg the mventory on a flight leg for a
month, this rotary switch would make less than one
revolution a month - a most uneconomic use of the
device.
One idea that was pursued was to build a rotary
counter out of a screw and nut. A ratchet on the bottom
?f the scr~ would cause it to turn, thus moving the nut
m a vertIcal plane. By reading the height of the nut
electrically or manually, one could tell the number of
seats on the plane. This approach like many others was
\~orkab~e, but proved expensive from a manufacturing
viewpomt.
All of these proposals required systems that would
cost dollars per seat leg day, while our evaluation of the
project indicated that storage cost should be measured
in terms of about three cents per seat leg day.
About this time, considerable publicity was released
on the work of Dr. Howard H. Aiken of Harvard University. His progress with the magnetic drum was
proving successful, and I believe it was his work as
much as any which spurred the engineers to explore the
area o~ a special purpose computer for both storing and
countmg.
Magnetronic Reservisor Evolved
Subsequently, an unused gri~ding wheel was fitted
with a round aluminum billet and sprayed with an oxide
coating. A read/record head was mounted next to this
improvised drum and connected to suitable electronic
circuitry which enabled the engineers to check the
feasibility of this approach. It proved highly successful
and step by step the Magnetronic- Reservisor, as we
know it today, came into being.
Now, we cannot exactly compare this work with other
comput~r ",,:ork of t~e time because our intent to apply
these pnncII?les to mventory control slightly changed
the compleXIOn of the problem. We required absolute
accuracy and 22-hour-a-day operation, which is a tall
order even today. These requirements indicated a
slightly different design from that of the normal computer.
13

For example, although packing factors of 80 or more
to the inch were common at the time, we packed 20 to
the inch. We used dual drums - for that matter, dual
equipment throughout - and each transaction was
completed in duplicate and compared throughout its
cycle so that in the event an error was in the making
the machine would throw out the entire transaction
before it affected the inventory.
Each time a transaction was discarded the inventory
was left in its original state and a red lamp signal sent
to the Agent Set originating the call so that he might
reinstate his call. At the same time, a teletype printer
printed out a record of the transaction which had been
discarded so that the maintenance group could analyze
the situation. The fact that these and other safeguards
worked is evidenced by the 99.8% up-time experienced
with the equipment.
One problem that may be of particular interest is the
design of the Agent Set. We worried over this problem
for a considerable period of time examining every conceivable approach. Our problem revolved about how to
put in requests for information. The passenger can tell
the sales agent where he wants to go and when he
wants to leave but he can seldom give you the flight
number.
Secondly, the whole advantage of a reservations
system to American Airlines' lies in the ability to accommodate a passenger on an earlier or later flight if
the one of his choice is full. Expressed in terms of Agent
Set requirements, this means that the equipment should
always offer an alternate or at least offer one if the
specific .flight requested is not available.
Using keys, buttons, dials and so forth to put in all
of the information needed was too time-consuming for
the agent and tended to increase the physical size of the
equipment. We tried mechanized versions of the desk
telephone index, drums with the information printed
on a removable paper roll, endless loops of 35 millimeter
film and slides of the same material which, of course,
necessitated having a projector as part of the Agent Set.
Each of these methods satisfied some problems and
created others;
Destination Plate
Lastly, we thought of the Destination Plate which, in
effect, was an automatic encoding and decoding device,
eliminating the need for the agent to translate the
passenger's request into machine or airline language.
To reduce the number of destination plates needed
we evolved .the scheme of a shutter switch which allowed us to view either of two lines of information on
the plate by the flick of a switch.
The system was finally agreed upon and in July, 1952,
the first Magnetronic Reservisor went into operation in
New .York. It has proved to be an excellent, reliable
tooL Early fears of tube failure have proved unwarranted." When we'installed the new, larger equipment
in 1956, there were still many of the original complement of tubes operating effectively in the old equipment
after more than four years of 24-hour-a-day service. I
should state here that two hours a 'day are given to preventive maintenance.
14

Coincident with the work on the Reservisor we were
requested to look into the problem of disseminating
arnval and departure information. I don't know why
we did not see the similarity to the availability problem
immediately, but our first approach was to mechanize
the function as it was then performed. This consisted
of remotely controlled indicators which would take the
place of the blackboard or other means of presenting
the information. A brief look at the final design indicated that it would do the job, but at a cost that we
could not -justify.
We dropped the project temporarily, but kept it in
the back of our minds. One balmy summer day it
occurred to us that we could store the information in
the Reservisor and read it from a fixed display by means
of the leg-indicating lights.
Today, in addition to availability and inventory control, the Reservisor also dispenses flight information.
One Vast Network
American Airlines now has advanced models of the
original Availability Reservisor located in Chicago,
Boston and Washington. The New York counting
Reservisor handles the entire metropolitan area and is
remotely connected with Buffalo. Gradually, all the
large stations will be joined together into one vast network. We will retain Availability equipment in large
cities and route calls from Agent Sets to these local
units for availability and information. Sell and cancel
calls will be routed to one or more central inventory
control units which will, in turn, update the local Availability units.
This seems to be the general pattern that is shaping
up with all the airlines, and it is only a question of time
when we will interconnect our services.
As I stated at the beginning, we found three major
areas: Availability of the product, inventory of the
product, and handling of the name record or the
physical record of the transaction. I have outlined how
we approached and solved the first two. During the
last few years we have been working on the solution of
the latter problem, that is the handling of the name
record. A pilot model of the equipment to handle this
situation was developed jointly with IBM and is
presently in use in Buffalo. It is known as a Data
Organizing Translator.
It reads the keypunched reservations record, decides
whether one or more messages need be sent to other
stations, if messages should be sent, it decides whether
the stations are on American Airlines or another airline,
and, based upon this decision, it determines the Code
Directing Characters that should prefix each message
in order to reach its destination.
Foresees Many Uses

It then prepares the message organizing the text for
each addressee depending on that city's position in the
itinerary. A local electric typewriter can produce a copy
of each message sent. An additional local typewriter can
produce a list of all transactions in any desired category,
such as sales on other airlines, sales on flights ending or
beginning in 2, etc. A punched 5 level tape is produced
[Please turn to page 30]

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

THE ROLE OF 'COMPUTERS IN

HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE EDUCATION
I: THE ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTING MACHINERY and HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE EDUCATION
George E. Forsythe
Numerical Analysis Research,
University of California at Los Angeles

(A memorandum from the chairman of the Education Committee of the Association for Computing
Machinery, addressed to "approximately 100 persons who have expressed an interest in the subject")
HE Association for Computing Machinery is an
international society of scientists interested in the
design, manufacture, and use of automatic computing machinery. The author is chairman of the
Education Committee of this Association. The purpose
of this memorandum is to let you know of my interest,
and that of the Education Committee, in the problems
of high school mathematics and science education. The
opinions expressed here are those of the author and
not necessarily those of the Association's Education
Committee. Your comments will be appreciated.
At the national meeting of the Association in
Houston, Texas, June 19-21, 1957, the Council of the
Association passed the following resolution:

T

"The Council of the Association for Computing Machinery
notes that bettcr education in science and mathematics in the
pnmary and secondary schools cannot be expccted without higher
salaries for teachers of science and mathematics, at least. The
Council urges members of the Association, if they see fit, to work
for such higher salaries in their own communities. The Council
also urges members of the Association, if they see fit, to make
their time and talents available to the schools of their communities for collateral educational activities."

This resolution speaks for itself. The phrase "collateral
. . . . . activities" expresses my feeling that people in
industry are rarely equipped to take up classroom teaching, but that they can make a contribution if they will
volunteer for mathematics clubs, assembly programs,
computer visits, or for any number of useful extracurricular activities to promote interest in careers in
science and engineering.
Several of us in the Association have had experience
in speaking to school groups and teachers. We are
aware of the interesting, important, and reasonably well
paid positions in science and engineering, and are
anxious to let high school and junior high school students and their teachers know about these careers. We
know that the number of large scale digital computing
machines is going to be enormous. (Over 700 had been
installed by December 1956, with over 2200 on order at
that time. Within five years, I estimate that around 5000
computers will be installed.)
Each of these machines can be expected to require
at least 10 mathematically trained persons at some level
to assist in its use. This total of 50,000 jobs compares
with today's total of less than 12,000 members in all of
our mathematical societies combined. Obviously many
more people will be needed. The basic source can only
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

be mathematically educated high school students. In
addition to positions dealing directly with computers,
an even larger number of related positions in engineering and business will be affected materially by contact
with the computing centers.
Apparently most high school students - even bright
ones - are pretty cold to careers in science. (See Benjamin Fine's article, "New York Times", 9 September
1956, section I, p. 76). Surely part of the cure is for
enthusiastic speakers and teachers to get young students
fired up with the inherent fascination and just plain
FUN of science.
Automatic computers are exceptionally well suited for
this purpose, because of their ultimate simplicity. Digital
computers can only add, subtract, multiply, and divide,
and the junior high school student already knows these
operations. Many of the further problems which arise
in practical computation can be understood and appreciated by a bright ninth grader. I know of no other field
of mathematical science where a high school stuaent
can thus come to grips with important and live problems
on the. borders of knowledge.
Of course, the staffing of computer laboratories is only
one aspect of the broad national problem of science ~nd
engineering education.
, .'
,i
Much routine clerical work can be done by machin~
right now, and many clerical positions will gradually
cease to exist, as computers take over these roles. I consider this to be a Computer Revolution comparable to
the Industrial Revolution, and therefore feel that
ordinary school students - and not just future scientists
and machine operators - must be made aware of the
general nature of these machines.
The success of our impact on education will mainly
depend on the supply of teaching materials which we
can make available to the schools. It is therefore very
important for qualified people to design computer kits
and other materials suitable for classroom and afterhours use. This is the conclusion of Richard W. Melville, chairman of the Committee on High School
Science Education of the Joint Computer Committee,
as expressed in his informative report in "Education and
Computers", Part 2, of the January, 1957, issue of
Computers and Automation.
I believe that our schools cannot possibly obtain
enough good science teachers at--the prevailing salary
scales, in the face of the current competition for
scientists. However, many teachers are encouraged to
15

remain in teaching by interesting and remunerative
summer work. Our committee therefore hopes to give
publicity to such plans for sharing personnel by industry

and schools as have been inaugurated by the Hughes
Aircraft Co. (Culver City, Calif.) and Arthur D. Little,
Inc. (Cambridge, Mass.)

II. A THREE-PART APPROACH TO SOLVING THE PROBLEM

w.

Eugene Ferguson

Head, Mathematics Department
Newton High School, Newtonville, Mass.

(Read during a panel discussion on "The Role of Computers in High School Science Education",
at the meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery in Houston, Texas, June 20, 1957.)
HE role of computers in high school science
education is still an unknown quantity. I hope
that during this discussion today some of the most
promising ideas for the introduction of computer education in the high school will be brought out.
As one reads the "help wanted" columns today (at
least in the Boston area), he is struck by the heavy
demand for computer personnel, from the design engineer on down to the programmer, coder, and computer
operator. If the supply is to catch up with the demand,
I believe there must be some computer education developed for the high school. I have singled out the
computing field, but I would hasten to add that this
is only one small area in the larger field of the sciences.
I shall attack this problem from three angles:
First: Teacher shortage, and its relation to programs in
high school mathematics and science, and the
shortage of well-trained scientists.
Second: The high school curriculum in relation to needs
for scientific personnel and computer people.
Third: How industry can help in high school science
education.
It is probably a safe assumption that we need more
and better trained scientists, engineers, and computer
personnel. To insure an adequate supply of scientists
the first thing that must happen is that the high schools
must be adequately staffed with qualified people in
their mathematics and science departments. I say high
schools, but I would like to repeat the same statement
for junior high school mathematics and science departments, and even on down to the elementary schools.
The junior and senior high school is where the initial
stages of excitement in science start, and young people
when excited need adequately trained teacbers guiding
them.

T

Inadequate Salaries
The major difficulty in getting adequately qualified
and competent teaching personnel in the mathematics
and science classes today can be summed up in two
words, inadequate salaries. How can we hope to keep
a staff of adequately trained teachers if their salary
range is so low that it is impossible for them to make
a living without having a second job after school hours?
These conditions exist today almost everywhere, even
among some of the recognized top public schools in the
natioh~ ---;
'-I ,- -

16

The developments in science and mathematics today
are moving at such a pace that the training received by
teachers a few years ago is woefully inadequate for
to day's modern classroom in mathematics and science.
I am head of the mathematics department in a large
high school; and in order for my teachers to keep pace
with modern developments, they have to go back to
school from time to time or at least spend their summers studying, and not do odd jobs to eke out a living.
The grants by the National Science Foundation for
attending summer institutes are a great help. I also
believe industry could employ some teachers for summer jobs in their computing and science sections, and
bring them up to date with needs in mathematics and
science. I believe it is still true that teachers have a
tremendous influence on the likes and dislikes of
students for various subjects. Many potential careers in
mathematics and science are killed by inadequately
prepared, unhappy, and underpaid school teachers. Up
until now we have been able to staff our own classrooms
with dedicated teachers who have a missionary zeal and
are willing to make the monetary sacrifice. But the
question asked by many teachers today is: "Why should
I sacrifice money for a college education for my children
by going into the teaching profession?"
How would increasing salaries alleviate the teacher
shortage? If I can believe some of the things I hear,
there are literally thousands of people qualified to teach
mathematics and science who are doing fringe engineering jobs, and who would love to be back in the
mathematics and science classroom, if they could only
make a living at it! (I say back into the classroom, for
many were former teachers. Many others, though, would
be teaching for the first time.) Teachers have been
fighting for better salaries for years. Many of us quit
the field for a while, but now we are back again battling
for education. I am chairman of the salary policies
committee of our Teachers Federation, and I am convinced that the parents and public in general must come
to our rescue.
I would like to suggest that the Association for
Computing Machinery go on record as favoring substantially increased salaries for teachers and that each
member do something about it in his own school community. I believe your voices will be heard and heeded.
An adequately trained and adequately paid teaching
staff can turn out the potential scientists we need.
COMPUTERS and A UTOMATION for August, 1957

In 1954 some of my senior girls at Connecticut College for Women with an AB degree, with major in
mathematics or science, took jobs in the computing
field at about $4000 (several dollars more than I was
making). Today, three years later, they are at about
$6000. I have teachers with master's degrees on my staff
making much less than $6000 after more than 12 year's
experience! Why should smart mathematics students
go into teaching when such low salaries are now being
paid to teachers?
You may feel that I have dwelt on salaries too long,
but what I have to say in a moment about an adequate
curriculum for the high school goes right back to money
to buy teachers and give them free time to think and
devise new programs in the light of present day developments. 1\1uch of this free time is to be found only
during the summer months. Teaching, well done today,
is a full-time, year-long job.
It has been suggested by many people that we raise
salaries of mathematics and science teachers above the
regular salary schedule, say, $1000 or more depending
on the salary schedule. I have not supported that sort
of thing so far because teachers need all salaries raised.
Dr. Forsythe has pointed out to me that in order to
keep qualified mathematics and science teachers in the
classrooms maybe we must have a crash program like
this and gradually bring the other teachers' salaries up
to it, since to make large jumps in all salaries would
make the cost prohibitive.
This argument has merit, but I am still worried about
teacher morale. Yet, private schools and colleges do this
sort of thing all the time, paying' attention to the law
of supply and demand and maybe this needs to be examined more carefully as a distinct possibility. But I
am also afraid this would be used as an excuse to keep
other salaries too low. We need well paid teachers in
all fields.
Strong Curriculmn Needed
On to my second point of attack: The high school
curriculum in relation to scientific personnel and computer needs.
I feel that a strong mathematics and science curriculum in high school is basic to the training of future
scientists. I also believe that good high school science
courses must be available, too. I don't want to debate
which one is more basic, but please let me outline the
high school mathematics curriculum that I believe is
absol,utely necessary if we are to meet the challenge of
modern society and the shortage of well-trained personnel in all fields - not just science alone. For we need
social scientists and people in the humanities that really
know and appreciate mathematics and science. As you
might suspect, I will be outlining the mathematics
program at Newton High School. It consists of four
levels:
First level: There must be an advanced track, an advanced placement program for those students who are
the top thinkers in mathematics. The program is the
one outlined in the Advanced Placement Bulletin of
the College Entrance Examination Board. It covers
elementary, intermediate, and advanced algebra, plane
and solid geometry and elements of analytic geometry;
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

and it is topped off in the senior year by a first year
college course in differential and integral calculus.
Teachers of the caliber required to teach these students are not available in many schools today because
the school committees and school boards will not pay
the price to get them. This is not necessarily the school
board's fault, because the townspeople m~v not have
convinced the board that they want a first class school
system.
Second level: There must be a second track, a sequence of four years of standard college preparatory
mathematics. It covers: 9th grade spent on elementary
algebra; 10th and 11th grades spent in studying plane
and solid geometry, and intermediate algebra; in the
12th grade or senior year, advanced algebra, trigonometry, introduction to analytic geometry, and some
calculus _of polynomials.
Third level: There must be another track for slower
students of mathematics, late bloomers so to speak. It
covers: 9th grade, elementary algebra; 10th grade,
geometry; lIth grade, intermediate algebra; and in the
12th grade, review of arithmetic, algebra, and geometry,
and one-half year of trigonometry. This course is for
boys and girls going to technical institutes and also to
some of the less demanding colleges.
Fourth level: There must be a general mathematics
sequence of three years study for those boys and girls
(and there are some) who find or will find that all of
the above three tracks are more than they can handle.
To keep a qualified staff of 16 to ] 8 people to handle
this program for a high school of 2000 students costs
money and is going to cost more money. One needs a
master's degree in mathematics to handle the advanced
program as outlined above.
This program looks good, but it still isn't good enough
for this modern day world. At the invitation of Prof.
Max Beberman, project director of the University of
Illinois Committee on School Mathematics, Newton is
entering their program of Secondary School Mathematics in four classes in two of Newton's five junior high
schools. The Project Staff has completely rewritten high
school mathematics, putting in as much modern mathematics, as can be made understandable to high school
students. Revisions of the text materials are constantly
going on in the light of experience gained in teaching
the materials.
I think this is one of the most. promising developments in secondary school mathematics under way at
the present time. The old traditional high school
mathematics is not nearly as exciting as this new program. Also it does not get to the so-called modern
mathematical concepts that are useful in the computing
field nearly so quickly. Here again we need money to
pay the salaries of the people who have obtained or
will obtain such training in modern mathematics.
Industry Assistance
Now for my third angle of attack: How can industry
help in high school science education?
We, in the secondary schools, need some elementary
units on computers which we as mathematics teachers
can understand and bring in at the proper moment
during the various high school mathematics courses.
17

There are qualified.'>Icdii1pu'ter p~rsonnel that could
write these units, if they would take the time to do it.
You people could invite a science and a mathematics
teacher in your own community to have a look at some
of the things going on in your industry and gently get
them excited about it. This is a delicate problem I
know, but it can be done if you don't make the teacher
feel uncomfortable and inferior because he doesn't
know about these things. Here is where a summer job
with an industry would payoff.
In Newton, our mathematics curriculum is pretty full,
but school is out at 2:30; so I am thinking seriously of
.a seminar at 2:45 sponsored by the Mathematics Club
featuring a person from the computing field armed with
suitable text materials mimeographed for each member
of the seminar, and also any hardware that can be easily
transported, and finally a tour of some computer installation. For this program to be successful, I will need
at least a key math teacher who is willing to learn something of the computer field. I will expect to be in on the
show at first, but it can't be a one-man show over the
years.
The proposal that industry supply an engineer to take
over mathematics or science classes to alleviate the
teacher shortage problem can work very well at the
college level, but I have serious doubts about its feasibility at the high school level. For there is much more
to teaching in high school than just going in and
meeting a class. The administrative details would have
to double up on regular teachers' shoulders; then we
are in real trouble.
The general feeling that I have found to this proposal
has been very negative. I still believe the best way for
industry to win the confidence of the teacher and really
help him is through summer employment. Part of the
expense could surely be written off by the company as
expense attributable to public relations and community
education.
In talking this problem over with Dr. Navez, head of
our Science Department, he suggested that we needed
simple computer kits with complete drawings and instructions for building a simple computing machine.
Could it be that industry has discarded hardware that

could be given to the high school science department,
maybe for a small fee?
Schools have been reluctant to set aside money for
teachers to attend professional conferences. The
problem of substitute teachers and their pay is also part
of the picture. Industry could be of great help here by
offering to pick up the tab for part of the expenses and
furnishing an engineer to substitute for the teacher.
This has been done in several areas already. As an
example, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., paid
my travel expenses to this conference and the Newton
Public School system is paying the other expenses.
Questions
I have had my say now and would like to ask some
questions. Will someone please outline briefly for me
some of the teaching units in the computing field that
they think should be taught to high school students?
By a teaching unit I mean a body of knowledge, facts,
material, etc., that is organized in a unit for teaching
'
purposes.
I have a feeling that we on the high school level have
a responsibility for the general education of students
about the computing industry. I don't think -we can
discharge this responsibility effectively unless the computing industry supplies us with the proper materials
and teaching units for our own education as well as the
students'. I personally am mostly interested in teaching
units suitable for mathematics classes, but if vou have
ideas about science units, I would like to p~ss them
along.
Another question: During August I will be thinking
and trying to develop some teaching materials in mathematics that can be used with large groups of 100 or
more, using a 12xl2 screen, projectors, overhead projectors, overlays, etc. Could a unit lasting one or more
50 minute periods be developed for general education
about computers that would be worth the time and
effort involved?
My friends know me as an eternal optimist, but my
experience during the last two years trying to find
qualified teachers to teach mathematics for sub-professional salaries has me deeply concerned about our
future supply of well-qualified scientists.

III: INDUSTRY CAN PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR TEACHERS
DeForest L. Trautman
Communications Systems Department
Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City, Calif.

(A summary of a talk presented as part of a panel discussion on "The Role of Computers in High School Science
Education" at the meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery, Houston, Texas, June 20, 1957.)

T

HE topic of this panel discussion is indeed provocative! Because of the newness of computer technology, we suspect a paucity of computer material
in high school science education. Yet, because of the
dearth of time now available for fundamental science
18

education we suspect little desire to further overload the
curriculum. From another viewpoint, however, we
recognize the impact of this new technology as a tool
in science, in business, and as an important part of our
scientific culture "to know about." Postulating, then,
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

that computer technology will have a role to play in
high school education, let us examine how it might be
played.
To be of inspirational or technical help to the student,
the teacher must himself have some appreciation and
u~derstanding of computers. This means that years after
hIs formal college preparation for science or mathematics
teaching the teacher must knuckle down to master the
new knowledge of computers. This is but indicative of
the practice of life-long learning that high school
teache~s must engage in merely to keep abreast. The
followmg paragraphs briefly indicate examples of industry-school personnel exchanges as a mechanism for such
cont~mporization, and they dwell more fully on a
speCIfic Hughes computer seminar experience with high
school teachers.
Personnel Exchanges Between
School and Industry
The number of summer jobs in industry for high
school teachers of science and mathematics is increasing
each year. To serve the needs mentioned earlier such
job~ should really be positions, professional positi~ns in
w~Ich th~ teacher has an opportunity to participate in
~IS techmcal field. ~ne example of this kind of activity
IS ~he Arthur D. LIttle program near Boston, which is
akm to certain cooperative work-study programs for college students. Two teachers hold one job in the Arthur
D. Little plant in sequence, each teaching one semester
of the year.
In Los Angeles industry, chiefly aeronautical and electronic research and development, about 100 professional
positions in some 15 companies are available this summer for teachers to engage in their technical specialty.
At Hughes, 19 teachers, nine back for the second summer, will be assigned to professional positions in research and development. Examples of technical areas
are ferrite physics, gaseous electron tubes, digital computers, analog computation, network theory. Competencies embrace mathematics, physics and chemistry.
T.he teachers are paid at their school system rate and are
hIred fo~ the summer only; additionally they receive
salary pomts toward upgrading from their school system.
The teachers, their supervisors and both school svstem
and Hughes o~cia.ls attest to the value of the exper'ience,
and the practIce IS spreading to other companies and
school districts in the Los Angeles area.
Other personnel exchanges include summer work in
~ndustry for students and visiting lecturers from industry
m the school classroom. A high school student tea~
successfully tackled a Washington, D. C., civil defense
problem last summer at the Operations Research Office
of John H~pkins University; and the project will be
repeated thIS summer. Hughes has initiated a similar.
st~dent project this summer, selecting in cooperation
WIth several adjoining school districts a dozen outstanding s~u?ents having a.t least one semester of high school
remammg. One ant!cipated outcome is the catalytic
efIe~t of the enthUSIasm of the students returning to
theIr schools and classmates in the fall.
'
Scientists and engineers from industry have been
called on for some time and in many locales to speak to
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

science clubs, assemblies, career days, and Parent
Teacher Association meetings; they have given guest
lectures on technical topics in the classroom. A program
having considerable educational depth has now been
conducted by Hughes for a calendar year. It consists of
an organized team of four or five Hughes technical personnel to give a series of contemporary lecture-demonstrations stemming from the professional experiences
of the panel and integrated with the course text and
syllabus. This last year some 22 technical staff members
comprised
five lecture teams in Phvsics
I and '
II Chem.
,,
Istry I and II and mathematics, participating in four
high schools.
The very favorable results justify continuation of this
program and its expansion to other companies and
schools. Needless-to-say some of the application material of these lecture-demonstrations can include computer technology - although such is not the sole prime
objective.
Experience with a Computer
Seminar for Teachers
During summer 1956, the 10 teachers in the Hughes
program devoted about 20 percent of their time to
orientation lectures and to get-togethers of their own
group to relate their work experiences to their subsequent teaching activities. Near the close of the summer
it was decided to reassemble the group occasionall;
throughout the fall to provide follow-through into the
classes. This follow-through took the form of a series of
five 8-hour Saturdays, September to December, and was
a seminar or workshop devoted to "arithmetic computers." This topic resulted from interest in an earlier
orientation talk on computers and from the fact that
seven of the teachers were in mathematics.
Of interest at this point is the concentration on digital
rather than analog computers because of the dearth of
appreciation of calculus! Brief background talks and
demonstrations were given on the REAC mechanical
Differential Analyzer, and EASE, while ~ore serious
attention was given to IBM computers, the SWAC
computer, and a successor to the "Geniac" computer kit.
Considerable time was spent on coding a problem
for the SWAC and then on running through the solution so that the teachers would be forced to think hard
about the meaning of arithmetic operations - all in
trying to understand what the machine would do. The
modified "Geniac" was a plugboard with toggles and
multiple-deck, multiple-position switches (and lights)r
such that a number of the classical logic games could be
implemented. Of great interest to the teachers was the
~eth~dology for expressing symbolically the logic of a
SItuatIOn, such as the automobile turning indicator, the
translation of this into a diagram, and finally implementation by simple circuitry.
Assimilating this new knowledge was rough for the
teachers but they "sweat it out" and, in addition, produced an excellent manuscript for the benefit of their
fellow teachers. Under title of "An Introduction to
Arithmetic Computers", it contained the following
chapters,. ampl~ illustrat.ed by examples: Number Systems, AnthmetIc OperatIons, Mechanical and Electrical
[Please turn to page 331

19

WHO'S WHO
COMPUTER FIELD, 1956-57

'In the

1. Some Statistics

2 Supplement of New or Revised Full Entries

1. Some Statistics About Computer People

we can answer such questions as the following at least:

'HAT are computer people like as a group? After
publishing "Who's Who in the Computer Field,
1956-57"* in March. we became curious about
the characteristics of computer people, and we decided
to make use of the Who's Who to see if we could find
out some things about them.
In the Who's vVho, the entries covered 199 pages of
about 61 entries each, or about 12,100 entries. About
4130 of these entries were full entries containing name,
title, organization, address, main interests, year of birth,
college or last school, year of entry into the computer
field, occupation, distinctions, publications, etc. The
remaining entries were brief entries containing only
name and address (sometimes also organization).
We decided to construct a 10 percent sample by
going through all the full entries, selecting every 10th
name in alphabetic order, and tabulating that entry. If
such a sample fairly represents computer people, then

1) What kinds of organizations do computer people
work in?

W

2) How many are interested in one or more of construction, design, and electronics?
3) How many are women?
4) How old are computer people?
Here Are the Answers
The answers to these four questions appear in the
four tables which appear below.
It is interesting to note that the six largest employment fields for computer people (outside of manufacturers of computers or computer components) are: The
U. S. government, the aviation industry, university research and teaching, management consultants, insurance, and utilities.

Table 1: THE ORGANIZATIONS
WHERE COMPUTER PEOPLE
WORK

Table 2: INTERESTS IN CONSTRUCTION, DESIGN, AND/OR
ELECTRONICS

1. Makers and Suppliers of Computers, Data Processing Ma45.4%
chines, and Services:

In a full \Vho's Who entry, provision
is made for checking one or more of C, D,
and E for denoting as a main interest
construction, design, and/ or electronics
respectively. The statistics for the sample
show:

Computer Manufacturers
14.5
Business Machine Manu1.0
facturers
Component Manufacturers
13.5
Computer Centers and Services
12.6
Management Consultants
3.8

2. Other Industries:
Automobile Manufacturers
Atomic Development
Aviation
Banks
Chemicals
Electrical and Electronic
Man ufacturers
Insurance
Machinery, heavy
Oil
Railroads
Utilities
Various other industries
3. Other:
U. S. Military Forces
U. S. Government
University Research and
Teaching
Miscellaneous
Total

20

33.7%
1.6
1.6
6.2
0.5
1.2

8.9
3.6
1.0
1.9
1.2
3.6
2.4
20.9%

9.5
2.6
5.5

3.3
100.0%

C
D
E
C,D

2

42
33

C, E

14
I

D,E
C,D,E

59
41

Total C, D, and/or E
Other

192
2,21

Total reporting

413

and this leads to:
Computer people interested in
construction, design, and/or
electronics
46.5%
Other computer people
53.5

100.0%
This indicates that slightly less than
half of the people in the .computer field
are interested in construction, design,
and/ or electronics.
Total

"'Who's Who in the Computer Field, 195657, published March 1957, by Computers
and Automation, 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass., photo-offset, 212 pages,
$17.50. Also see the Who's Who entry
form on page 27.

Table 3: WOMEN AMONG
COMPUTER PEOPLE
\Vomen
5.3%
Men
94.7%

100.0%
There arc many reasons for believing
that the proportion of women in the computer field should grow steadily. Many
good jobs for women exist in the computer field, especially in programming,
coding, mathem'atics, logic, and system
analysis.
Table 4: THE AGE OF
COMPUTER PEOPLE
Age Group
22 and under
23 to 27
28 to 32
33 to 37
38 to 42
43 to 47
48 to 52
53 to 57
58 to 62
63 and over
Total

Percent
0.3
8.1

31.8
30.5

13.9
7.8
4.5
1.8
0.8
0.5

100.0%

!t is striking to note that apparently over

90 percent of computer people are under
age 48. A little evidence of bias in the
sample shows in this table. There must be
more computer people age 22 and under
than 0.3%; but apparently they are so
modest that they rarely send in full entries
for the Who's vVho.

COMPUTERS and A UTOMATION for August. 1957

2. Supplement No.1 of New or Revised Full Entries

D

There are two kinds of entries for persons in the
Who's Who in the computer field: full entries and brief
entries. The full entry consists of: name/ title, organization, address/ interests (the capital letter abbreviations are the initial letters of the interests Applications,
Business, Construction, Design, Electronics, Logic,
Mathematics, Programming, Sales)/ year of birth, college or last school (background), year of entering the
computer field, occupation/ other information, such as
distinctions, publications, etc. / code. In the code, the
digit such as 5 or 6 denotes the year '55 or '56, when
the information in the entry was received or revised. In
cases where no information was given, a "-" denotes
omission. The brief entry consists of: name/ address or else: name/ organization/ address. Nearly all the
abbreviations may be easily guessed like those in a
telephone book. For translations of some of the abbreviations, see page 14 of the Third Cumulative Edition.

De Biase, Ramon N / Elecncs Coordinator, N Y Life Ins Co, 51
Madison Ave, NYC / ABP / '28, Columbia Univ, '53, IBM
methods cordntr / mbr Natl Machine Acctnts Assoc / 7

E
Ender, Robert C / Apln Engr, Cen Elcc Co, Schenectady 5,
N Y / ABLMP / '28, Union ColI, Univ Maryland, '52, elec
engr / 7
England, Samuel J M / Principal Economist, Battelle Memorial
Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, Ohio / DCAEMP, philosophy
of autnm / '27, Univ of Texas, '55, engr / 7

F
Farrington, C C, Jr / -, Univ of Ill, Urbana, III / AM / -, -,
-, - / paper ACM mtg '56 / 6
Finnell, C D / Compr Sales Mgr, Beckman, Berkeley Div, 2200
\Vright Ave, Richmond 3, Calif / AS / '23, Colorado A & M,
'50, engr / 7
Flannell, C Fred / Dir, Scientific Compr Dept, Royal McBee
Corp, Westchester Ave, Port Chester, N Y / AS / '28, So
Illinois Univ, '52, director / 7t

New, Revised Listings
Following are a number of new or revised full entries
for the "Who's \Vho in the Computer Field, 1956-57",
constituting Supplement No.1 to the Third Cumulative
Edition.

Fowler, James L / Compr Field Engr, Beckman, Berkeley Div,
2200 Wright Ave, Richmond 3, Calif-/ ADS / '29, Fresno
State ColI, Fresno, Calif, '55, engr / 7

A

G

Anderson, Paul E / Engr, Natl Analysts, Inc, 1015 Chestnut St,
Phila 7, Pa / A / '20, West Point, '50, engr / manual on prodn
contr & its automatn, artis on automatn / 7

Garofalos, John / Jr Prgmr, Sperry-Rand Corp, 2601 Wilshire
Blvd, L A 46, Calif / ABS / '29, Univ of Penna, '55, custmr
supprt - Univac / 7t

Antonini, Frank P / Compr Field Engr, Beckman, Berkeley Div,
2200 Wright Ave, Richmond 3, Calif / ACDELMP / '29,
Univ of Santa Clara, '56, elecnc engr / 7
Armstrong, Lancelot \V / Data Procg Expert, Natl Analysts, Inc,
1015 Chestnut St, Phila 7, Pa / A / '16, Syracuse Univ, '49,

- / 7

B
Barclay-de-Tolly, George E / Logicl Desn Engr, Gen Elec Co,
Bldg 312b Stanford Res, Menlo Park, Calif / ELMP / '27,
Ohio State Univ, Univ of Toronto, '56, engr / 6

Glaser, Ezra / Economist, Statn, Natl Analysts, Inc, 1015
Chestnut St, Phila 7, Pa / AM / '13, Columbia Univ, '47,
ecomist, statn / Pres, Wash Stat Soc, mbr ACM, ASA, Inst
for Mgm Sciences, artcls mathl economics, prgmg, stat
orgnztn / 7
Gordon, Bernard M / President, Epsco, Inc, 588 Commonwealth
Ave, Boston, Mass / ADE / '27, MIT, '48, exec / num papers
& artls, authr series "Adapting Dig Techs for Automtc
Controls" / 7

H

Bekey, George A / Mgr, Beckman, Berkeley Div, 2200 Wright
Ave, Richmond 3, Calif / ALMP / '28, Univ of Calif at L A,
'51, engr / four publ papers on compr aplns / 7

Harris, Mark / Devt Engr, Beckman, Berkeley Div, 2200 Wright
Ave, Richmond 3, Calif / ADEM / '24, Cornell, Uniy of
Calif, '55, engr / 7

Beyer, Harold / Supply Specialist, U S Army Signal Supply
Agency, 225 So 18th St, Phila 3, Pa / AP, supply mgm / '21,
CCNY, '54, supply specialist / attended IBM 705 prgmg
course / 7

Hawes, Mrs Mary K / Prgmr, Natl Analysts, Inc, 1015 Chestnut
St, Phila 7, Pa / AP / '10, Univ of Okla, Chattanooga, '51,
prgmr / papers, ACM, Automatic Control Mag / 7

Billinghurst, Edward M / Devt Engr, Beckman, Berkeley Div,
2200 \Vright Ave, Richmond 3, Calif / AD / '22, Univ of
Calif at Berkeley, '56, elecncs engr / 7

Hershovitz, William P / Sys Analyst, USASSA, Stock Mgm Diy,
225 S 18th St, Phila 3, Pa / AP, supply mgm / '25, Temple
Univ, '56, supply speclst / 7

Binder, Sidney / Survey Statn, Natl Analysts, Inc, 1015 Chestnut
St, Phila 7, Pa / A / '12, CCNY, '34, statn / consltnt tab
methods / 7

Hussey, J L / Mgr, Comprs, 2200 Wright AYe, Richmond 3,
Calif / ABCDELMPS / '28, Univ of Calif at L A, '50, elecne
engr / 7

Bruck, Donald B / Res Asst, MIT, Dynamic Analysis & Controls
Lab, Cambridge 39, Mass / ADELMP / '35, MIT, '56,
.
engr / 7r

K

Burgess, R E / Royal McBee Corp, 32 Green St, Newark, N J

C
Codd, Edgar F / Sr PIng Repr, IBM Corp, Res Lab, Poughkeepsie, N Y / ABDLMP / '23, Oxford, Eng, '49, mathn / 7t
Crowley, William V / Western Regional Sales Mgr, Alwac Corp,
l3040 S Cerise, Hawthorne, Calif / APBS / '19, Stanford
Univ (MBA), '53, compr sales / publn, formerly in charge all
elecne data procg at Aviation Supply Office / 7

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

Kimber, Robert L / Elecne Sys Analyst, Gen Tire & Rubber Co,
1708 Englewood Ave, Akron 9, Ohio / AMP / '26, - , '56,
prgmr, sys analyst / 12 yrs tablg / 7
King, Arnold J / President, Natl Analysts, Inc, 1015 Chestnut St,
Phila 7, Pa / A / '06, Iowa State ColI, Univ Wyoming, -,
mathl stat / V Pres Amer Stat Assoc, mbr regnl advisory bd
of Biometrics Soc, advisory comm & consumrs expendtr tabs
comm Amer Mrktg Assoc, authr techl artcls mathl stats / 7
Kircher, Paul / Assoc Professor, Schl of Bus, UCLA, LA 24,
Calif / B / -, Univ of Mich, -, professor / 6

21

L
Liebert, George E / Supply Specialist, USASSA, Stock Mgm
Div, 225 So 18th St, Phila 3, Pa / AP, supply mgm / '22,
Northeast High, '55, sys analyst / 7
Lister, Mary / Assist Prof Math, Penn State Univ, Univ Park,
Pa / ABMP / '27, Univ of London (Eng), '53, assist prof / 7
Longo, Len / Deptl Assist, No Amer Aviation, 4300 E Fifth Ave,
Columbus, Ohio / BP / '26, Ohio State, '57, deptl assist / 7
Ludwig, Robert C / Acct Rep, Rem Rand Univac, 2601 Wilshire
Blvd, L A 54, Calif / ABS / '14, Oregon State Univ, '42,
sales rep / methods, sys, sales engr / 7

M
MacLane, Alan B / Chief Field Engr, Compr Dept, Beckman,
Berkeley Div, 220 Wright Ave, Richmond 3, Calif / CDES /
'25, Univ of Calif, '54, elec engr / 7
Marks, Eli S / Mathl Stat, Natl Analysts, Inc, 1015 Chestnut St,
Phila 7, Pa / APM / '11, Columbia, -, statn / Phi Beta
Kappa, fellow ASA, artls & books in Psychology & stats / 7
Miller, David R / Mgr, Richmond Compn Ctr, Beckman,
Berkeley Div, 2200 Wright Ave, Richmond 3, Calif / ALMP /
'26, Denver Univ, '52, mathn / 7

N
Neumiller, Joseph L / Supv, Data Procg, Folger Coffee Co, 101
Howard St, San Francisco, Calif / B / '21, Univ of Calif, '52,
supv / mgr Elecnc Bus Sys Conf, '56, natl dir NMAA / 7

o
O'Donnell, Mrs Jane M-/ Psychologist, Natl Analysts, Inc, 1015
Chestnut St, PhiIa 7, Pa / A / '15, Swarthmore ColI, Univ of
Berlin, '54, psychologist / 7

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NEW "KIT" OF COMPTRON CARDS!
Vast simplification of computer and control
systems engineering, with substantial savings
of development time and costs, is now possible
with new Comptron Cards. Systems engineers
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mounting chassis capable of holding a total of
15 cards. Six additional logic cards may be
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computer or control system an engineer wishes
to assemble. The cards may be purchased separately or Comptron engineers will design complete systems to meet customers' needs.

Write for complete specifications.

COMPTRON
CORPORATION
Belmont 79, Mass.

Orr, Dell J / Methods Analyst, Gen Tire & Rubber Co, 1708
Englewood Ave, Akron 9, Ohio / ABP / '21, Akron Univ, '56,
EDP methods analyst / 7

p
Paxson, Beverly L / Engr, Richmond Compn Ctr, Beckman,
Berkeley Div, 2200 Wrighf Ave, Richmond 3, Calif / AMP /
'26, Univ of Calif at Berkeley, '54, anal compr prgmr / 7
Pepper, James H / Devt Engr, Beckman, Berkeley Div, 2200
Wright Ave, Richmond 3, Calif / D / '22, Univ of Calif at
Berkeley, '55, engr / 7
Phillips, Kenneth / Prgmr/ Instr, Rem Rand Corp, 315 4th Ave,
NYC / ABPS / '31, CCNY, '55, prgmr / 7r

R
Rittler, CAlvin / Prgmr, Natl Analysts, Inc, 1015 Chestnut St,
Phila 7, Pa / AP / '27, Chas Morris Price Schl of Advertsg &
Journlsm, -, prgmr / 7

S
Schmidt, R C / Sr Devt Engr, Beckman, Berkeley Div, 2200
\Vright Ave, Richmond 3, Calif / CD / '27, Whittier ColI,
'51, desn engr / 7
Schwartzbart, Milton / Data Procg sys analyst, Natl Analysts, Inc,
1015 Chestnut St, Phila 7, Pa / A / '15, -, '54, sys analyst / 7
Schweber, Seymour C / Mgr, Schweber Elecncs, 122 Herricks,
Mineola, L I, N Y / BES / '15, Brooklyn CoIl, -, exec / 7t
Single, Charles H / Chief Proj Engr, Beckman, Berkeley Div,
2200 Wright Ave, Richmond 3, Calif / D / '26, Mich State
Univ, '50, engrg admin / papers at ACM, AS~E, ISA / 7
Slimak, Romuald / Chief Statn, Rem Rand Univac, 315 4th Ave,
NYC 10 / AMP, stats, teaching / '26, Univ of London, '54,
statn / Adj Asst Prof Math, NYU, mbr hi speed compr com
Inst Mathl Stats / 7
Small, Harold E / Engr, Philco Corp, 4700 Wissahickon Ave,
Phila 44, Pa / DE / '21, -, '52, engr / 7
[Please turn to page 301

22

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

ENGINEERS
Teleregister has pioneered
in the application of digital
computers to the practical
commercial field. We have
developed reservation systems for 8 major airlines, 3
major railroads, in addition to digital computer inventory and banking systems. We do not have government contracts.

Call collect or write:
MR. PAUL D. CALLENDER

• DEVELOPMENTAL, Electronic
• DEVELOPMENTAL, Mechanical
• PROGRAMMERS
• TECH NICAl WRITERS

• DIGITAL COMPUTER DESIGN
• ELECTRONIC lOGICAL DESIGN
• RELAY CIRCUIT DESIGN
• WIRE COMMUNICATIONS, Digital

We think these facts plus the ones listed below represent a challenge to
qualified engineers who wish to join a stable and growing company, one
whose growth is based entirely on commercial demand in a rapidly
expanding field.
Advancement opportunities, liberal
benefits and excellent salaries are
offered . . • and the location in
beautiful Stamford on Long Island
Sound is most desirable, yet you're
only 45 minutes from the heart of
New York City.

B.S. and M.S. degree in Electrical or
Mechanical Engineering in addition
to 1 or more years' digital computer
experience in electronics, mechanical
design or relay circuit design is required. Recent graduates will also be
considered.

THE

CORPORATION
445 Fairfield Avenue, Stamford, Connecticut. FI RESI DE 8-4291

The Ramo-Wooldridge
Corporation

Digital Computer

PROGRAMMERS
The Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation has several opportunities
for those interested in programming the UNIVAC Scientific Model
1103 A, and other electronic digital computers. A college
degree in mathematics, physics or engineering is required,
and several years of programming experience is desirable.

Please direct inquiries for additional information to:

Mr. R. Richerson

The Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation
5730 Arbor Vitae Street • Los Angeles 45, California • Telephone: ORchard 2·0171

BOOKS and OTHER PUBLICATIONS
(List published in "Computers and Automation", Vol. 6, No.8, August, 1957)

E publish here citations and brief reviews of books,
W articles,
papers, and other publications which have
a significant relation to computers, data processing, and
automation, and which have come to our attention. We
shall be glad to report other information in future lists
if a review copy is sent to us. The plan of each entry is:
author or editor / title / publisher or issuer / date,
publication process, number of pages, price or its equivalent / comments. If you write to a publisher or issuer,
we would appreciate your mentioning Computers and
Automation. In the case of a review with a by-line, the
opinions expressed are those of the reviewer and not
necessarily the views of Computers and Automation.
The following reviews are by Ned Chapin, Menlo Park, Calif.
Rubinoff, l\tlorris, and Ralph H. Beterl"Input and Output
Equipment" pp. 115-123 in Control Engineering, Vol. 3, No.
11, Nov. 1956/l\tlcGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Inc., 330 W. 42
St., New York 36, N. Y./1956, printed, $4.00 per year.
The authors classify input and output equipment for automatic
computers in terms of the use made of the computer. Delayedtime use, real-time use, and computer-control-and-maintenance use
are the three computer-use situations contemplated. In delayedtime use, equipment capable of handling alphameric symbols is
most widely used. Two examples are punched card equipment
and line printers.
In real-time use, high speed is necessary and communication
must be established between the thing controlled and the automatic computer. Analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog
converters, control devices, 'and visual displays, such as on CRT's,
are common. The input and output equipment used with automatic computers in real-time uses broadly overlaps those used in
delayed-ti~e uses.
In control and maintenance by means of automatic computer,
the input and output equipment is subject to qualitatively and
quantitatively different requirements than in either real-time or
delayed-time uses. Terse, rapid, "high entropy" communication
devices are needed. The authors feel that present input and
output equipment in this area of use lags further behind needs
than it lags in the other two areas.
The authors devote much of the article to a discussion of thc
logical dcsign of magnetic tape-handling equipment.

*

*

*

Berkeley, Edmund C., and Lawrence Wainwright/"Computers:
Their Operation and Applications," 366 pp./Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, N. Y./1956, printed, $8.00.
The contents of this readable book lists rather well what the
book covers. The book is divided into seven sections whose titles
are: 1 - Machines that Handle Information; 2 - Automatic
Digital Computer Machines; 3 - Automatic Analog' Computing
Machines; 4 - Other Types of Automatic Computing Machines;
5 - Miniature Computers and Their Use in Training; 6 - Some
Large Scale Digital Computers; and 7 - Applications of Automatic Computing Machines.
The first two sections consisting of 74 pages are introductory
in nature and introduce the basic vocabulary of the field. Included
in these sections are some reprints of reference material from
"Computers and Automation."
Section three of the book is primarily the work of Lawrence
Wainwright. This section introduces analog computers by means
of mechanical analogies. This section is 85 pages long and contains a number of illustrations and diagrams.
Section four is very brief and consists of only eight pages
which are primarily devoted to listings of equipment, type, and
components.

24

r

Section five (40 pages in length) dealing with miniature computers is primarily devoted to "Simon."
Section six on Large Scale Digital Computers discusses in some
detail the following machines: the UNIVAC I and II; IBM 701,
702, 704, 705; and ERA 1103 (UNIVAC Scientific). On page
216, the author describes the speed of UNIVAC I in terms of
"the average number of three-address operations." This gives the
impression that the UNIVAC is a three-address machine, which
it is not. The UNIVAC is a one-address machine with two
instructions per word. To be consistent, the author should have
quoted the speeds for the other machines in comparable terms
but he did not.
It is also noteworthy that over half of the discussion of this
section six is devoted to UNIVAC I and II and that the other
machines combined are relegated to less than 50 percent of the
space. The discussion on each point of the other machines is
much less thorough and complete than in the case of UNIVAC
I and II.
Section seven, devoted to applications, covers 58 pages. This
section which is the work of both Berkeley and Wainwright discusses briefly the following topics: "Whose work can automatic
computers do? what people may buy automatic computers? the
attitudes of prospective buyers toward automatic computing machines; applications of automatic computing machines in business;
military applications of analog computers; applications of automatic computing machines to other fields; recognizing areas for
automatic computing machine applications."
From page 305 to the end of the book, will be found reference
information such as a list of organizations in the automatic computer .and automatic instruments field, lists of publications, lists
of books, a good glossary reprinted from Computers and Automation, and an index to the book.

*

*

*

The following review is by Edith Taunton, Weston, Mass.
Karlqvist, One, and Gunnar Hellstrom / Ordlista Inom Omradet
Datamaskiner Och Berakningsmasker (Glossary of Terms for
Data Processing Machines and Calculating Machines) / Aktiebolaget Atvidabergs Industrier (Atvidabergs Industries Co.),
Elektronikavdelningen (Electronic Divisions), Stockholm, Sweden / 1956, photo-offset, 24 pp, limited distribution.
This is a glossary of electronic terms published by the Electronics Department of the Atvidabergs Industries in Stockholm.
All definitions of terms are in Swedish, but both the German
and English translations of the terms themselves are provided.
The glossary is good; it indicates the progress in interest and
use of electronics in Sweden - the interest certainly appears
similar to our own in this country, and fully as advanced.
The introduction states the names of members of Atvidabergs
Industries and coworkers in other companies such as Svenska
Aeroplan who have helped compile the glossary; it also gives
credit for certain definitions, etc., to the January and October,
1956, issues of Computers and Automation and the September,
1956, Proceedings of the IRE. Pages 23 and 24 contain a translation of English digital computer terms into their Swedish
equivalents, arranged in the alphabetic order of the English terms.

The' Editor's Notes and Readers' Forum
[Continued from page 91

precision, depending on the precision of the original
factors.
This type of command exhibits complete flexibility
in the variable length of multiplication time as dictated
by the precision of the factors involved and specified by
the programmer.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

GENIACS and
Tyniacs ARE FUN
lor hoys Irom 12 to 111
Build your own Tiny Genius Computers - Scientific - InstructiveEntertaining - Safe - with easyto-use Parts & Plans in our new Kg
Kit!

Here is the
fun of
creation .. as
this 14-yearold boy wires
his first computer with
reusable, solderless parts.
WHAT IS GENIAC KIT K9?
An improved GENIAC and TYNIAC KIT (an

electric brain construction kit) with which you can
make over 45 small electric brain machines and
toys which can think or display inte1l1gent behavior • . • including several semi-automatic
computers. Each one works on 1 flashlight battery
• • • is fun to make. use and play with • • •
teaches you something new about electrical computing and reasoning circuits. (All connections
with nuts and bolts; lIO soldering; completely safe.)
They are the outcome of 1 years of Berkeley Enterprises development work with small robots. including Simon (miniature mechanical brain), Squee
(electronic robot SQuirrl'l). Relay Moe (tit-tat-toe
machine pictured in LIFE Magazine). etc.
WHAT CAN YOU MAKE WITH
THE GENIAC KIT?
Logic Machines: Inteillgence test. syllogism
prover ••. Game.Playlng Machines: Tit-Tat-Toe.
Nim. Black Match. Sundorra 21, ••• Computers:
To add, subtract, multiply or divide. using decimal
or binary numbers • • , Cryptographic Machines:
Coders. decoders. lock with 65,000 combination!>
· . . Puzzle·So!ving Machines: Fox-Hen-Com &
Hired Man. Bruce Campbell's Wlll and many more.
WHAT COMES WITH THE GENIAC KIT?
• 64-page GENIAC Manual & 48-page TYNIAC
:Manual (both by E. C. BERKELEY) showing how
to make 46 machines.
• Introduction to Boolean Algebra for designing
circuits.
• Wiring Diagrams in full-scale template form to
help beginners.
• Over 400 Parts including panel. switch discs,
jumpers, wipers (improved design). bulbs. sockets,
washers. wire. battery . . . everything you need.
HOW CAN YOU ORDER?
Simply send check or money order for $11.95 to
Dept. RI06 for each kit you want
•• for shipment West of Miss .• add 80¢; outside U. S .• add
$1.80. Buy it now on our 7-Day Full Refund
Guarantee if not satisfactory.

---MAIL THIS COUPON----.
Berkeley Enterprises. Inc .• Dept. RI06
815 Washington St., Newtonville 60. Mass.
I WANT TO HAVE FUN with GENIACS on your
MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE OFFER. Please
send me

..... ............

K9 Kit

(s) -

enclose $ .................... in full payment.
Name

NCR Research offers exceptional opportunity to men with strong experience in
the digital computer industry.
Many important openings exist in both
basic and development phases of computer and data processing componentry.
NCR uses the team approach to
solving problems in physical chemistry,
ceramics, and solid state physics involving magnetics, ferroelectrics, phosphors, photoconductors, electrolumines-

cence, crystal structure, memory devices,
and non-mechanical printing.
Challenging projects in electronics also
need men with new ideas and superior
know-how for systems analysis, switching
circuits, logical design, indication media,
random access, input and read-out devices.
These men should have one or more
degrees in the fields of electrical or electronic engineering, physics, chemistry, ceramics or mathematics.

INVESTIGA TE NCR's research program! We have

other interesting openings.
Write or wire: Director of Scientific Personnel,
Section MC, The National Cash Register Company.
Dayton 9, Ohio.

Street

THE NA TIONAL CASH REGISTER COMPANY

City & State ...............•...•...•.•...•.••••

~----------------~
COMPUTERS and A UTOMATION for August, 1957

25

INDUSTRY NEWS NOTES
Ed Burnett
New York, N. Y.

RAMO-WOOLDRIDGE CORP., Los Angeles, Calif.,
has announced development of a new, compact advanced digital control computer to provide fully automatic control for industrial process plants. The new
computer, known as the RW-300, can automatically
read process instruments, perform the computations
necessary to relate these readings to process objectives,
determine control actions that will result in best plant
operation, and actuate process mechanisms or adjust set
points on supervised control loops.
PHOTRONIX, Columbus, Ohio, is a new organization formed to apply electronic computing methods
in the interpretation of aerial photographs for engineering purposes. The processes used reportedly save
up to 60 percent of the time required to produce highway plans, and eliminate sub-professional drudgery by
integrating the sciences of aerial survey, photogrammetry, and electronic computing.
ELECTRO-DATA division of Burroughs Corporation,
Pasadena, Calif., in cooperation with the atomic energy
division of AMERICAN-STANDARD CORP., is presenting a new mathematical approach to the design of
nuclear reactors. Known as DMl\1 (Diffusion Multigroup Multiregion), this complex code involves the
utilization of a computer to predict the point at which
a reactor will generate enough controlled power to sustain itself. By utilizing the 40,800 digit capacity of the
computer's memory drum, DMM is reportedly able to
permit prediction of operation at various energy levels
involving elastic and inelastic scattering of atomic forces
in planar, cylindrical, and spherical reactors. Among the
organizations using the DMM code are the Nuclear
Development Corp., American Machine & Foundry
Co., and Babcock & Wilcox.
METROPOLITAN-VICKERS ELECTRICAL, Ltd.,
London, England, has developed a computer system to
test strains undergone by aircraft components under
high temperature created by extremely high speeds. The
computer equipment provides a coordinated system for
carrying out simulated tests while retaining the flexibility
required to meet varying requirements of different users.
PACKARD-BELL ELECTRONICS CORP., Los Angeles, Calif., has received a research and development
contract from the Army for a high speed digital computer. The new equipment, when completed, is to be
installed at the U. S. Army Computation Center, Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Ala.
GOODYEAR AIRCRAFT CORP., Akron, Ohio, has
added a new analog computer, the GEDA A-14, which
is expected to have far-reaching applications, ranging
26

from small problems to very large problems reqUInng
hundreds of d-c computing amplifiers and any number
of nonlinear elements. This new computer automatically
checks the problem setup and the operation of each
computing element through a built-in program analyzer,
and records the result on a read-out printer. Goodyear
believes the concentration of parts and wiring in the
patch bay area of analog computers generally results in
poor accessibility. In the A-14, the resistor cards plug
into the back of the patchbay board, with connections
to the cards being made by taper pins. This eliminates
soldering, and makes possible easy replacement.
RECORDAK, New York, N. Y., a subsidiary of EASTl\1AN KODAK, has opened a new product planning
department to investigate and develop new, improved
applications of microfilming including electronics automation. Studies will include a wide field of applications
where microfilming is used in electronic storage and
retrieval of business and government information.
CLARY CORP., San Gabriel, Calif., now produces a
self-contained scanning digital printer. The machine
converts a parallel set of decimal contact closures into a
printed digital record. Maximum printing capacity is 12
digits per line, with a minimum printing rate of three
lines per second.
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES
CORP., New York, N. Y., has announced two new
optional features - file search, and additional magnetic
core storage - to increase the capacity and flexibility of
the IBM 774 Tape Data Selector. The 774 serves as a
basic translator between magnetic tape units and cardoperated machines by providing a punched-card "image"
of data recorded on the tape. With the new file search
feature, users of the 774 can rapidly locate any individual
record or class of records within a file of magnetic tapes,
at a speed of 15,000 characters per second. The expanded
magnetic core storage permits up to 33% more capacity
than previously available.
The same company has installed what is said to be
first tape-operated computer (an IBM Tape 650) in the
investment and banking field, at Hornblower·& Weeks
in New York. Most of the 500 IBM 650 computers installed throughout the world have been punch-card
operated. Only a few IBM Tape 650's are in use. One
reel of tape replaces 27,000 punch cards. The new
machine reduces the time to turn out monthly statements from 60 hours to 16.
UNION SWITCH AND SIGNAL, division of Westinghouse Air Brake Co., Swissvale, Pa., has reported a
new and unusual application for its new tin v electromechanical, D.C.-operated, storage and readout digital
[Please turn to page 281

COMPUTERS and A UTOMATION- for August, 1957

FERRANTI

Who's Who Entry ForIn
For COInputer People
If you are interested in the computer
field or some part of it, and if your entry
in "Who's Who in the Computer Field,
1956.57", which we published in March,
is inaccurate or incomplete or missing,
please fill in and send us the following
Who's Who entry (to avoid tearing the
magazine, it may be copied on any piece
of paper) . If you wish, you can send it to
us postage free by using the business
reply label printed next to the Reader's
Inqniry Form.
The form to be filled in for a Who's
Who entry follows (may be copied on any
piece of paper) :

HIGH SPEED TAPE READER

NameT (l)lease print)

Yonr AddressT -----------------------Yonr OrganizationT ___________________ _

Its AddressT _________________________ _

Yonr Titlel __________________________ _
Your l\Iain Computer InterestsT
( ) Applications
( ) JUathematics
( ) Business
( ) Programming
( ) Construction
( ) Sales
( ) Design
( ) Other (specify):
( ) Electronics
---- ______________ _
( ) Logic
__________________ _
Year of birthl _______________________ _
College or last schooB ________________ _
Year entered the computer fieldT _______ _
Occupa tionl __________________________ _
Anything else. publications, distinctions,
etc •. _________________________________ _

When you have filled in this entry
form to the extent that you conveniently
can, please send it to: Who's Who Editor,
COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION, 815 Wash·
ington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.

Bulk Subscriptions
These rates apply to prepaid subscriptions
to "Computers and Automation" coming
in together direct to the publisher. For
example, if 7 subscriptions come in to.
gether, the saving on each one·year sub.
scription will be 24 percent, and on each
two·year subscription will be 31 percent.
The bulk subscription rates, and savings
to subscribers depending on the number
of simultaneous subscriptions received,
follow:

The Ferranti High Speed Tape Reader accelerates
to full speed within 5 milliseconds and stops within
3 milliseconds. It has been in use at leading computer
installations for over two years and has achieved a sound
reputation for simplicity and reliability in regular operation.

MtJi-( 1)

Mark II model reads at speeds up to 200 characters per
second, and stops the tape from full speed within a character positionwithin .03 inch. The tape is accelerated to full speed again in 5 milliseconds
and -the following character is ready for reading within 6 milliseconds of
rest position.
(2) Mark IIA model reads at speeds up to 400 characters per second,
and stops within .1 inch.

VERSATILE Both models read either 5 level, 6 level or 7 level tape
by simple adjustment of an external lever.

.iM'a'.

The tape is easily inserted without complicated threading.
Lap or butt splices are taken without any difficulty. The same tape may be
passed thousands of times without appreciable tape wear. The optical
system has no lenses or mirrors to get out of alignment. Friction drive is
independent of sprocket hole spacing.

LARGE OUTPUT Amplifiers are included for each channel, including
a special squaring circuit for the sprocket hole Signal. Output swing
between hole and blank is greater than 20 volts.

BULK SUBSCRIPTION RATES
(United States)
Number of
ltate for Each Subscription,
Simultaneous
aUll ltesuIting Saving
Subscriptions
One Year
Two Years
7 or more
$4.20, 24%
$7.25, 31%
4 to 6
4.60, 16
8.00, 24
3
2

5.00,
5.25,

9
5

8.80, 16
9.55, 9

For Canada, add 50 cents for each year;
outside of the United States and Canada,
add $l.00 for each year.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

Dimensions: 9" x 11 %" x 11 % II

Weight: 37 Ibs.

For use with long lengths of tape up to 1000 feet, spooling
equipment operating up to 40 inches per second for take-up
or supply is available separately.

FERRANTI ELECTRIC, INC.
30 Rockefeller Plaza

New York 20, N. Y.

27

Industry News Notes
[Continued from page 261

indicators. On CBS-TV's program, "Game of the
Week," a Saturday afternoon weekly televised baseball
game, three of these miniature indicators are used to
show the "up-to-the-minute" batting average of the
player concerned. This figure along with the batter's
name is superimposed on the screen as each batter comes
to the plate. CBS-TV has also ordered additioI?-al units
to be used in the projection room to designate to the
projection room staff, which camera is "shooting" at any
specific time.

How~®
uses long-life CLARE Mercury-Wetted-Contact
Relays to provide accurate, continuous and
automatic control of a manufacturing process
Actuated by variations in the electric current set up
by a constant intensity beam of radiation through
a cigarette "rod," two CLARE Mercury-Wetted
Contact Relays help the AccuRay Cigarette-Gauge
controller to proportion the weight of cigarettes as
they are being produced.
In this way AccuRay, a revolutionary precision
process control system, uses electronics to provide
automatic control of cigarette and other manufacturing production processes.
Engineers of Industrial Nucleonics Corporation,
makers of this new process control, picked CLARE
Relays to perform these important functions because
only these relays gave the long life and low maintenance required. These machines wrap and cut 20
cigarettes a second, day and night, day after day.
With a service life of billions of operations it is no wonder this relay has become the first choice of hundreds ofleading designers of computing, data-processing and control equipment. For complete information write for Bulletins 120
and 122 to C. P. Clare & Company,
3101 Pratt Blvd., Chicago 45, Illinois.
In Canada: 659 Bayview Avenue,
Toronto 17. Cable address: CLARELAY.
Drawings(right)from high-speed photographs show the
cycle. (a) Filament of mercury forms between the contacts as they separate. (b) This becomes narrower in
cross section and (c) finally parts at two points, allowing globule of mercury to fall out. Mercury flows up
the capillary path, replaces amount lost, restores the
equilibrium. (d) The momentary bridging of the parting contacts-and the extremely fast break that ends it
-minimizes the arc and adds greatly to contact load
capacity. Contact closure between the two liquid surfaces bridges mechanical bounce and prevents any
chatter from appearing in the electrical circuit.

® Industrial Nucleonics Corporation, Columbus, Ohio

28

POTTER AERONAUTICAL CORP., Union, N. J.,
has introduced a new digital flow indicator and totalizer
which can be adjusted to give a direct reading in gallons
or pounds per minute, as well as direct readings of speed
in revolutions per unit time. Used with two meters made
by Potter, the new instrument will indicate the ratio
between two flows. The indicator is suitable for many
types of flow rate measurement, and can be used as a
short-time totalizer, by means of four-digit readout in
%-inch-high figures on Burroughs Corp., Nixie tubes.
BENSON-LEHNER CORP., West Los Angeles Calif.,
has announced OSCAR Model N-2. This is a reading
machine with a 20" by 20" reading area to analyze data
recorded as images or traces on film or paper. Automatic
read-out of positions to various output units is instituted
by pressing a switch. Anyone of several standard projection systems may be incorporated where original
data is less than 89 mm in width. Output sequence control includes digits, sign position, typewriter control
signals such as tab or return, fixed digits, repetitive
subroutines, and generation of special codes for later
use as computer instructions. The accuracy of the device is stated to be I part in 5000. About 50 points per
minute maximum can be read, if the machine operator
is skilled.
The same company's new ELECTRO PLOTTER
Model S provides additional dimensions to the straightforward two-dimensional graphic displays of conventional automatic plotting equipment. The new equipment can be used significantly in fields requiring multidimensional plotting such as magnetic and gravimetric
mapping, topographical surveying, stress mapping in
structures, geophysical sub-section mapping, trajectory
flight tracing of ballistic and powered missiles, tabulation of data for production control, automatic drafting
and lofting, and the plotting of aerodynamics pressures
and stresses on solid sections. The equipment is particularly useful when plots are made at randomly-spaced
positions; it is able to display simultaneously basic
values, elevation corrections, and second derivatives,
which can then be contoured by hand.
AMERICAN ELECTRONICS, INC., Los Angeles,
Calif., has introduced a new multi-channel magnetic
tape recording system that has a 300 kilocycle band
width, accommodates reels up to 14 inches in diameter,
and can record 16 channels.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

GEORGE A. PHILBRICK RESEARCHES, INC.,
Boston, Mass., has introduced a new "Universal Stabilized Amplifier" with printed circuit construction. It
is an operational amplifier useful in assembling electronic analog computer circuits. (See picture above.)
BJ ELECTRONICS, division of Borg-Warner, Santa
Ana, Calif., is marketing a series of standard 6" x 8"
plug-in etched circuit component cards. The cards, designed for use in BT's digital data system, are expected
to save time and effort in developing data processing
systems. The circuit card group comprises: flip-flops,
inverters, decimal counters, read-write amplifiers, cathode followers, blocking oscillators, diode logic cards, and
general purpose blank panels.
SPERRY GYROSCOPE has demonstrated a "true
tracking" radar, which presents in essence a continuous
picture of objects within range. This new system permits an observer to tell the difference immediately between moving and fixed objects. For the first time in
American radar (Decca has had similar units installed
in European ships for the past year) only objects in
motion, instead of all objects on the scope, show in
motion. The new device also permits off-center positioning, to scan a larger area without changing the
range scale.
FERRANTI, LTD., London, England, in cooperation
with the British Oxygen Co., Ltd., has developed a
computer-controlled flame-cutting machine for cutting
steel plate. The new machine is said to include fully
automatic operation of the profiling process, as well as
automatic controls for the blow pipes that cut, the
ignition, the nozzle height sensing, and the cutter head
rotation.

Isouthern
california
opportunity
for a
magnetic
recording
specialist
to head research project for a major
digital computer R&D laboratory
If you can fill this important position in
applied research, you will enjoy an excellent
salary and the very real opportunity that goes
with a key job in an internationally known
company. You will command every modern
facility for advanced research.
Requirements are extensive experience in
design, construction and testing of recording
heads for magnetic tape and drum systems,
plus an MS or BS in EE and good leadership
ability. Knowledge of advanced video
recording techniques would provide addi·
tional helpful background, but is not a
prerequisite.
The research program is a stable one, non·
military, with solid financial backing. Com.
pany activity is the development of business
digital computer systems for worldwide com·
mercial markets. Spacious new air·condi·
tioned laboratory in a pleasant Los Angeles
suburb.
Progressive management assures strong
support for your ideas and recognition for
your accomplishments.
Replies held in strict confidence.

Write or contact D. P. Gillespie,
director of industrial relations,
PLymouth 7-1811

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, INC., Dallas, Tex., has
announced commercial production of a high power
semiconductor in a glass package, a new diffused silicon THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER COMPANY
diode-rectifier, which was designed to meet military
ELECTRONICS DIVISION
specifications. The diode-rectifier is manufactured by
1401 East EI Segundo Blvd. Hawthorne. Calif.
a new production technique utilizing molybdenum for .
'TRADEMARK REG. U.$. PAT Off

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

29

Industry News Notes
[Continued from page 281

both electrode connections, which has the same temperature coefficient as the hard glass of the almost
shatter-proof envelope.
UNITED SHOE ~1ACHINERY CORP., Boston,
Mass., is to demonstrate "DYNASERT" machinery for
automatic and semi-automatic assembly of various components in printed wiring panels at the August 1957
WESCON show in San Francisco. Machines similar to
those being used in fully automatic installations to produce electronic equipment will be exhibited.
AUTOMATION ENGINEERING LABORATORIES, Greenwich, Conn., has produced a fully automated
flexible candy making machine which utilizes a stored
memory to control the production, decoration, and
packaging of molded chocolate products. The same
machine can turn out Thanksgiving turkeys or Easter
rabbits, depending on the instructions it receives from
the memory-control device.
MINNESOTA MINING & MFG. CO. is opening a
large magnetic tape factory (78,000 square feet) on a
24-hour-a-day production schedule. The factory has
been designed to achieve almost perfectly clean conditions for production of magnetic tapes for electronic
computers, instrumentation recording, and video tape
recording.
R. P. ~1ALLORY & CO., Indianapolis, Ind., is to
merge with RADIO ~1ATERIALS CORP. of Chicago,
effective sometime before October 1. The merger adds
ceramic capacitors to the long line of electronic, electrochemical, and metallurgical products manufactured
by Mallory.
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL Co., Lindenhurst, L. I.,
has announced a packaged, servo-driven digitizer, designed to digitize an A.C. input signal. The package, for
inclusion in larger equipment, includes a miniaturized
high-gam transistor-magnetic servo amplifier and power
supply. Typical applications include ground and flight
instrumentation, digital conversion for automatic printout, analog translation to feed a digital computer, industrial data logging, and as an input to an IBM card
system, or tape.
ESC CORPORATION, Palisades Park, N. J., has announced l'flodel 503, a continuously variable delay line,
designed expressly for use as a component or as test
equipment in advanced computer and radar systems.
The entire delay range, from zero to maximum, is
covered by a single control shaft in 10 turns. The unit
may be locked at the desired delay.
LOCKHEED MISSILE SYSTEMS, Sunnyvale, Calif.,
has begun construction on a fourth 51,000 square foot
laboratory for research and development, bringing total
lab facilities there to 218,000 square feet.
30

GENERAL ELECTRIC has installed a new automatic
processing and computation center for its missile and
ordnance systems department. Installation includes an
exceedingly fast vibration wave analyzer, as well as an
automatic analog switching system used to control
switching of all analog data signals from the telemetering
translators to the analog recorders.
LORAL ELECTRONICS, Bronx, N. Y., is building a
new 100,000 square foot plant for production of electronic gear including plotters, navigational computers,
and short range ground position indicators.

Airline Automation
[Continued from page 141

and automatically fed onto the teletype lines with suitable on, off and sequence codes added.
This machine, as you see, provides the third link in
the chain. I think we will see':'gradual improvement in
components but little change in the basic 'system until
we are able to eliminate the card' reedi'd las we know it
today.
The Reserwriter, our name for the Data' ,Organizing
Translator, seryes an important function and-,I am sure
you will hear more of it in the future. I firmly believe
that the Reservisor and Reserwriter portend a whole
new group of on-line equipment which will be~widely
applicable to many businesses.

Who's Who
[Continued from page 221

Sterne, Karl E / Aplns Engr, Compr, Beckman, Berkeley Div,
2200 \Vright Ave, Richmond 3, Calif / AS / '27, MIT, '56,
engr / 7

T
Tepping, Benjamin J / Mathl Statn, Natl Analysts, Inc, 1015
Chestnut St, PhIla 7, Pa / AMP / '13, Ohio State Univ, -,
mathl statn / Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Merit Serv Award of
US Dept Commerce, US Civil Serv Com of Expert Examiners,
Stat, artls Jour of ASA, Amer Sociological Rev, books / 7
Thomas, Lt Edward E / Sys Analyst, Prgmr, Defnr, USA Sig
Supply Agncy, EDPM Br, 225 So 18th St, Phila 3, Pa / AP,
supply mgm / '33, Gettvsburg CoIl, '56, army officer / attended
IBM 650, 705 schl / 7
Turke, James K / Aplns Engr, Compr, Beckman, Berkeley Div,
2200 \Vright Ayc, Richmond 3, Calif / AS / '27, Univ of
Minn, ' 56, engr / 7

w
\Villiams, Ronald E / Mgr, elccnc data procg, Gen Tire &
Rubber Co, 1708 Englewood Ave, Akron 9, Ohio / ABLMP /
'26, Univ of Chicago, '51, economist / 7

z
Zuse, Konrad / D Sc h c, Diplom-Ingnr, Hd, Zuse KommanditGesellschaft, Neukirchen, Kreis Huenfeld, Ger Fed Rep /
ABCDELMPS / '10, Technische Hochschule Berlin, '36, exec

/7
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

MANUSCRIPTS

'iURROUGHSRESEARCH ,CENTER NEEDS GfNXi ENGI~E~R~;l

WE ARE in teres ted in articles,
papers, reference information, and
discussion relating to computers and
automation. To be considered for
any particular issue, the manuscript
should be in our hands by the first
of the preceding month.
ARTICLES: \"Ve desire to publish articles
that are factual, useful, understandable,
and interesting to many kinds of people
engaged in one part or another of the
field of computers and automation. In thh
audience are many people who have
expert knowledge of some part of the
field, but who are laymen in other parts
of it.
Consequently, a writer should seek to
explain his subject, and show its context
and significance. He should defi.ne un·
familiar terms, or use them in a way that
makes their meaning unmistakable. He
!ihould identify unfamiliar persons with a
few words. He should use examples, de·
tails" ~omparisons, analogies, etc., when·
ever they may help readers to understand
a difficult point. He should give data sup·
porting his argument and evidence for his
assertions.
We look particularly for articles that
explore ideas in the field of computers
and automation, and their applications
and implications. An article may certainly
be controversial if the subject is discussed
reasonably. Ordinarily, the length should
be 1000 to 3000 words. A suggestion for
an article should be submitted to us be·
fore too much work is done.
TECHNICAL PAPERS: Many of the fore·
going requirements for articles do not
necessarily apply to technical papers. Un·
defined technical terms, unfamiliar assumptions, mathematics, circuit diagrams,
etc., may be entirely appropriate. Topics
interesting probably to only a few people
are acceptable.
REFERENCE INFORMATION: We desire to
print or reprint reference information:
lists, rosters, abstracts, bibliographies,
etc., of use to computer people. Weare
interested in making arrangements for
systematic publication from time to time
of such information, with other people
besides our own staff. Anyone who would
like to take the responsibility for a type
of reference information should write us.

1
~

I

ALL THI,N,GS 1,
ARE, -=-,ORN

I

,

1

IN THE MIN'D j
O,'F MAN
it' is the respons;bili~y
'of the engineer to develop
these thought~ for pradi..
, cal, profitable use. '
~

",

..

All, ideas are but a result' of what
has gone before'and man's ability
, to' adapt his vast store of acquired,
fact to' reason. His mind,' when'
used efficiently, is the most prolific
of all, computers -:.. it can thiok,
remember" reason dnd store infor..
medion better than any nlcin-made
'machine. This deep reservoir of
conscious and unconscious knowl..
edge residing within the thinking
individual.is a scarcely tapped
source of a whole torrent of ideas.
As these new ideas,·unfold, it
be the re'sponsibility of the
'engineer ancf scientist to apply his
practical' experience, and trained
reasoning to these new concept,s
• • to, develop them, for the m,ost
practical and beneficial use. '
'That is just what we a;e doing ~at'
the Burroughs ,Research Center. If
, you want to be Q, part of the,se ex..
citing discoveries in the field of,
electronic (omputing, why not look
into the Burroughs $to~y today?

will

,Inquiries are invited,
from those qualified as
• ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS,
j
• ELECTROMECHANICAL ENGINEERS " !
• PHYSICISTS. MATHEMATICIANS
"
, • MECHANICAL'DESIGN ENGINEER$
",
• MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

NEWS AND DISCUSSION : We desire to print
news, brief discussions, arguments, announcements, letters, etc., anything, in
fact, if it is not advertising and is likely
to be of substantial interest to computer
people.
PAYMENTS: In many cases. we make small
token payments for articles and papers, if
the author wishes to be paid. The rate is
ordinarily %¢ a word, the maximum is
$15, and both depend on length in words,
whether printed before, whether article or
paper, etc.
All suggestions, manuscripts, and inquiries about editorial material should be
addressed to: The Editor, COMPUTERS AND
AUTOMATION, 815 Washington Street,

Newtonville 60, Mass.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

31

Oil Company, Philadelphia, Pa./An analog computer or
analyzer.
2,789,026/Horace W. Nordyke, Jr., Titusville, Poughkeepsie,
N. Y./lnternational Business Machines Corp., New York,
N. Y./An error sensing arrangement for magnetic writing devices.
2,789,220/Samuel Lubkin, Brooklyn, and Eugene Leonard,
Elmhurst, N. Y./Underwood Corporation, New York, N. Y./
A computer pulse control system.
2,789,228/Wilham C. Wiley, Detroit, Mich./Bendix Aviation
Corp., Detroit, Mich./An electron multiplier.
2,789,26l/Frank J. Hoffman, Jr., Eden Roc, Lattingtown, N. Y./
Sperry Rand Corp., Del./;\ servomechanism control system.

NEW PATENTS
RAYMOND R. SKOLNICK, Reg. Patent Agent
Ford Inst. Co., Div. of Sperry Rand Corp.
Long Island City 1, New York

THE following is a compilation of patents pertaining
to computers and associated equipment from the
"Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office,"
dates of issue as indicated. Each entry consists of:
patent number / inventor(s) / assignee / invention.
Printed copies of patents may be obtained from the U.S.
Commissioner of Patents, Washington 25, D. C., at a
cost of 25 cents each.

April 23, 1957: 2,789,759/Geoffrey Colin Tootill, Shrivenham,
Frederic Calland Williams, Timperley, and Tom Kilburn,
Manches-ter, Eng., and Gordon Eric Thomas, Port Talbot, and
David B. G. Edwards, Tonteg, near Pontypridd, Wales/National Research Development Corp., London, Eng./An electronic digital computing machine.
2,789,760/Thomas J. Rey, Hayes, and Rolf E. Spencer, West
Ealing, London, England/Electric and Musical Industries Lim.,
Hayes, Eng./An electrical computing apparatus.
2,789,76l/Roger L. Merrill and William Hecox, Columbus,
Ohio/The Exact Weight Scale Co., Columbus, Ohio/A cumulative summing system.
2,789,762/Kenneth E. Rhodes, Vestal, N. Y./International Business Machines Corp., New York, N. Y./A dual entry controlling means for accumulators.
2,789,766/Marion L. Wood, Highland, N. Y./International
Business Machines Corp., New York, N. Y./A record controlled machine.
2,790,076/Richard K. Mason, Binghamton, N. Y./International
Business :Machines Corp., New York, N. Y./An electronic
storage device.
2,790,109/Earl O. Ruhlig, Summit, N. J./Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., New York, N. Y./A shift register circuit.
2,790,160/Ronald Millership, Stanmore, Eng./-/A storage system for electronic computing apparatus.

March 19, 1957 (Continued); 2,785,857/Richard Y. Miner and
Quentin J. Evans, New York, N.Y./American Bosch Arma
Corp./A range computing apparatus.
2,786,169/Gary Muffiy, Oakmont, Pa./Gulf Research and Development Company, Pittsburgh, Pa./A self balancing electromechanical follow-up system.
March 26, 1957: 2,786,628/Tom Kilburn, Davvhulme, Manchester, Eng.!National Research Development Corp., London,
Eng./An electronic digItal computing device.
2,786,629/Raymond G. Piety, Bartlesville, Okla./Phillips Petroleum Co., DeL/An electrical computer for solving phase
equilibrium problems.
April 2;1957: 2,787,417/Joseph W. Northrup, New Orleans, La.,
and Glenn A. Schurman, Whittier, Calif./California Research
Corp., San Francisco, Calif./A geological anomaly gravity
analog computer.
2,787,418/Merritt L. MacKnight, Los Angeles, and James O.
Beaumont, Cupertino, Calif./Hughes Aircraft Co., DeL/An
analog to digital converter system.
April 16, 1957: 2,788,938/0mar L. Patterson, Media, Pa./Sun

[Please turn to page 341

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32

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

To one looking beyond the four walls of his offlce,
environment might be deflned as the sum of (1) work responsibilities
and (2) colleague personalities.
The computer programmer we presently seek could not fail to be
stimulated by (1) work involving the construction of
broad mathematical models of complex situations for simulation
purposes on a 704 digital computer, and by (2) colleagues
with considerable attainments not only in mathematics
but in systems engineering, psychology, cybernetics, and sociology.

THE ELEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
To qualify, at least one year's solid experience in high-speed
digital-computer programming is required,
plus conceptual and logical capacities of a high level.
A degree in mathematics or science is necessary.
Call collect or write for more information.
System Development Division
The Rand Corporation

2406 Colorado Ave., Santa Monica, Calif. GRanite 8-8293, Extension 53 or 54
11·S

The Role of Computers

Conclusion

[Continued from page 191

Computers will ~ave a role to play in high school
science or mathematics education, and the success of
the role will revolve about the teacher. The teacher can
acquire first-hand knowledge only by hard study and
first-hand participation. Industry can thus aid materially
by providing the proper opportunities for teachers (and
students too).

Computing Elements, Analog and Digital Computers,
the SWAC.
Such a workshop experience will reach the students
in some way, some time. Already a junior high student
has helped edit the report manuscript, to turn up several
errors not caught by his teacher!
School-Industry Organization
In Los Angeles
Organization of the resources of the Los Angeles
co'mmunity was effected by a joint central committee
of the Superintendent of Schools, Los Angeles. Leaders
at the management level of both industry and education
agreed upon a plan of action. The widespread availability
of professional positions for teachers this summer is
indicative of the success so far enjoyed. Planning for the
broader Southern California area will proceed at a weeklong conference at Lake Arrowhead, July 7-13. This is
under the joint sponsorship of the National Academy
of Sciences and Hughes Aircraft Company, with cooperation of the University of California, Los Angeles.
The conference will review and evaluate pilot programs across the nation and dwell pointedly on the
Southern California situation. It is hoped that both of
these planning-action approaches will serve as incentive
and example for community-school cooperation across
the nation.
COMPUTERS' and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

"I'll shut up when I'm run down."

33

New Patents
[Continued from page 321

April 30, 1957: 2,790,599/Paul F. M. Gloess, Paris, France/
Societe d'Electronique et d'Automatisme, Courbevoie, France/
An electronic digital adder and multiplier.
2,790,600/William C. Dersch, Los Altos, Calif./-/A nineschecking circuit.
2,790,915/Jon J. McNeill, \Vilkinsburg, Pa./Westinghouse Electric Corp., East Pittsburgh, Pa./A flip-flop clement for control
systems.
2,790,922/Dictrich A. Jenny, Princeton, N. J./Radio Corp. of
America, Del./An electron multiplier tube.
2,790,931/Robert W. Schumann, St. Paul, Minn./V.S.A./An
cJectrostatic memory system.
2,790,943/Herbert S. Woodward II, Minneapolis, Minn./Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co., Minneapolis, Minn./ A multiple gain amplifier for servo control.
2,790,953/David W. Elson, Buckhurst Hill, England/General
Electric Co., Lim., London, England/An electric signaling
system of the kind using pulse code modulation.
May 7, 1957: 2,791,746/Ralph B. Bowersox and Chester G.
Hylkema, La Canada, Calif./California Institute Research
Foundation, Pasadena, Calif.!A high speed recorder.
2,791,747/Louis A. Rosenthal and George M. Badoyannis, New
Brunswick, N. J./Louis A. Rosenthal! A computing voltmeter.
2,79I,764/H.nry J. Gray, Jr., Puzant V. Levonian, and Morris
Rubinoff, Phila., Pa./V.S.A.!An analog-to-digital converter.
2,791,768/Arnold M. Bucksbaum, Cedar Rapids, Iowa/Collins
Radio Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa/A remote control apparatus.
May 14, 1957: 2,792,174/Donald E. Rutter, Vestal, N. Y./
1. B. M., New York, N. Y./A binary code converter.
2,792,175/Earl K. Amundsen, Torrance, Calif./Hllghes Aircraft
Co., Culver City, Calif.!A card reading station.

2,792,454/Horst Redlich, Berlin-Steglitz, Germany/Teldec Schallplatten G. m. b. H., Hamburg, Germany/A storage apparatus
for a plurality of series of voltage impulses.
2,792,455/Horst Redlich, Berlin-Steglitz, and Werner Schmacks,
Berlin-\Vilmersdorf, Germany/Tcldec Schallplatten G. m. b.
H., Hamburg, Germany/An apparatus for positioning the
recording head of a recording apparatus.
2,792,495/Henry George Carpenter, New Milton, Eng./Elliott
Brothers Lim., London, Eng./An electric logic circuit.
2,792,545/Lawrence J. Kamm, Forest Hills, N. Y./Sperry
Products, Inc., Danbury, Conn./A digital servomechanism.
May 21, 1957: 2,792,987/George R. Stiblitz, Burlington, Vt./-/
A dccimal-binarv translator.
2,792,988/Edwin' A. Goldberg, Princeton Junction, N. J./
V. S. A./An electronic integrator.
2,793,355/Thomas E. Woodruff, Los Angeles, Calif./Hughes
Aircraft Co., Culver City, Calif.!An electrical servo system.
~1ay 28, 1957: 2,793,445/Thomas C. Wakefield, Denville, and
Joseph E. Gallo, Livingston, N. J./V. s. A./ A simulated
attitude gyro indicating system.
2,793,806/John L. Lindesmith, Sierra Madre, Calif./Clary Corp.,
Calif./A readout gating and switching circuit for electronic
digital computers.
2,793,807/Robert E. Yaeger, Bedminster, N. J./Bell 1.'ele~hone
Lab., Inc., New York, N. Y.!A system for translatmg mformation of a continuously variable nature into digital information in accordance with an n digit conventional binary code.
2,794,130/Vernon L. Newhouse, Moorestown, and George R.
Briggs, Princeton, N. J./R. C. A., Del./Magnetic core circuits
acting as a binary counter.
2,794,173/Robert A. Ramey, Jr., Pittsburgh, Pa.!-/A magnetic
differentiating circuit.
2,794,180/Netardus N. Berger, Los Angeles, and Ambrose D.
Plamondon, Venice, Calif./Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City,
Calif./A magnetic drum memory apparatus.

ADVERTISING INDEX
Following is the index of advertisements. Eaeh item COIltains: Name and address of the advertiser I page number
where it appears I CA number in case of inquiry (see note
belo,,,) I name of the agency if any.

Automation Electric Co., Northlake, Ill. / Page
35 / CA No. 55 / Proebsting Taylor, Inc.
Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 513 Rve. of the Americas,
New York II, N. Y. / Page 25 / CA No. 56 / Burroughs Corp. Research Center, Paoli, Pa. / Page
31 / CA No. 57 / B. K. Davis & Bro.
C. P. Clare & Co., 3101 Pratt Blvd., Chicago 45,
Ill. / Page 28 / CA No. 58 / Reinke, Meyer &
Finn.
Comptron Corp., 78 Pleasant St., Belmont 79,
Mass. / Page 22 / CA No. 59 / Campbell, Emery
& Lutkins, Inc.
Computers & Automation, 815 Washington St.,
Newtonville 60; Mass. / Page 27 / CA No. 60 / ESC Corp., Palisades Park, N. J. / Page 5 / CA No.
61 / Keyes, Martin & Co.
Electronic Associates, Inc., Long Branch, N. J. /
Page 36 / CA No. 62 / Halsted & Van Vechten,
Inc.
Ferranti Electric Co., 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New
York 20, N. Y. / Page 27 / CA No. 63 / Burke
Dowling Adams, Inc.

34

M. 1. T. Lincoln Laboratory; Box 36, Lexington,
Mass. / Page 2 / CA No. 64 / Randolph Associates.
National Cash Register Co., Electronics Div.,
Hawthorne, Calif. / Page 29 / CA No. 65 /
Allen, Dorsey & Hatfield.
National Cash Register Co., Dayton, Ohio / Page
25 / CA No. 66 / ~IcCann-Erickson~ Inc.
Ramo-Wooldridge Corp., 5730 Arbor Vitae St.,
Los Angeles, Calif. / Page 23 / CA No. 67 / The
McCarty Co.
System Development Division (Rand Corp.), 2406
Colorado Ave., Santa 11onica, Calif. / Page 33 /
CA No. 68 / Stromberger, LaVene, McKenzie.
Teleregister Corp., 445 Fairfield Ave., Stamford,
Conn. / Page 23 / CA No. 69 / Diener & Dorskind, Inc.

READER'S INQUIRY
If you wish more information about any produc~ or services mentioned in one or more of these advertisements,
you may circle the appropriate CA Nos. on the Reader'~
Inquiry Form on p. 32 and send that form to us (we pay
postage; see the instructions) . We shall then. forwa.rd your
inquiries, and you will hear from the advertisers dIrect. If
you do not wish to tear the magazine, just drop us a line
on a postcard.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

Solderless splice solves problem of open coil windings
STANDARDS THAT DETERMINE RELAY QUALITY /

trouble-free coil windings
twist this length of wire with
strands of bare tinned copper wire.
This strong solderless splice is then
The two chief causes of relay coil insulated with a special film sheet.
windings going open in service are:
Because we make terminal con(1) electrolysis, and (2) breaking nections over a long section of
at the terminal. Automatic Elec- stranded wire, electrolysis has no
tric prevents these difficulties with single point to attack. And this
a winding termination technique flexible connection will never snap
that is vitally different.
under temperature extremes or
We do not attach coil endings of other stress-producing factors.
fine wire directly to the terminals.
In every step of relay design
Instead, we carefully strip the insu- and manufacture, we take extra
lating enamel from several inches pains to prevent trouble before it
of the coil ,endings and tightly starts.

Solderless splice
ends failures two ways

A member of the General Telephone System
One of America's great communications systems

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1957

••••••••••••••••••
•
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.,

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••••••••••••••••••

Class liE" Relay reduces the best of the
Class B features to a minimum of space
and weight. Write for Relay Highlight
#14. Automatic Electric Sales Corporation, Northlake, Illinois. In Canada:
Automatic Electric Sales (Canada) Ltd...
Toronto. Offices in principal cities.
35

I

For details on this PACE IAnalog Computer Group 131 R
and on time rental at EAl's Computation Centers-serving
eastern industry in Princeton, New Jersey-serving Western industry in Los Angeles, California-serving European
industry at Brussels, Belgium, write Electronic Associates,
Inc., Dept. CA-8, Long Branch, New Jersey.

ELECTRONIC
ASSOCIATES

4<~~.t77c'"/

EAI

SETS

THE

p
PRECISIO"

LONe BRANCH • NEW JERSEY

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COMPUTING IEQUI~MEN



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