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AUGUST

1957

The

Spa(istor

- a

New

Kind

of

Semi(ondudor

.

Amplifier

Airline

Automation:

A

Maior

Step

The

Role

of

Computers

in

High

S(hool

S(ien(e

Edu(ation

Vol.6

-

No.8

2

DIGITAL

COMPUTERS

M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory

has permanent staff openings for experienced

men in this rapidly expanding field.

Assignments will require an understanding

of

the logical arrangement

of

computers, the

details

of

the equipment design, the methods

for trouble detection and diagnosis

and

the

make-up and use

of

computer programs for

equipment testing.

Please send us a resume, or telephone

collect -

VOlunteer 2-3370

Extension 7161

Dr.

H.

J.

Hagedorn

RESEARCH

AND

DEVELOPMENT

MIT

LINCOLN

LABORATORY

BOX

36,

LEXINGTON,

MASSACHUSETTS -

DIll

COMPUTERS

and

A

UTOMA

TION

for

August,

1957

The

E

di

tor's

Readers'

INDUSTRY

NEWS

NOTES

THERE

IS

a good deal of news about companies in

the

computer field,

and

several of our readers have told

us

in vigorous language

that

we

should publish

the

news.

So,

in this issue we publish

the

first instalment

of "Industry News Notes."

As

usual,

we

invite our readers to send

us

information

for publication when it

is

of general interest,

and

to

send

us

corrections, revisions, and additions.

FRONT

COVER:

SPACISTOR

THE

FRONT

COVER

picture

is

a photo of an

assembly of an experimental spa

cis

tor (see

the

story in

this issue) made

at

Raytheon Mfg. Co., photographed

together with an ordinary pin (at

the

left)

to

show the

miniature scale.

The

leads of

the

spacistor are: upper left, injector,

with

point

contact; upper right, modulator, with fused

contact; bottom, collector, a thick broad contact;

slanting crossbar at left, base with fused contact.

The

spacistor in

the

picture

is

attached to a small transistor

mount

shaped something like a boat.

A voltage, applied to

the

injector, causes electrons to

enter

the

region of high electric field (caused by voltage

applied between

the

base and

the

collector in such a

way

as

to produce a high electric field

but

virtually no

current).

The

electrons

flow

extremely rapidly to the

collector contact. This current (flow of electrons)

is

modulated by applying a signal to

the

modulator.

The

modulator draws only a negligible current,

but

causes

the current between

the

injector and collector to vary

greatly. Thus

the

spacistor

is

an amplifier.

SCIENCE

FICTION

ABOUT

COMPUTERS

WE

HAVE

just about decided not to publish any

more science fiction about computers in

the

regular

issues of Computers

and

Automation.

The

reasons are

these. First,

the

readers who do not wish to have science

fiction in

the

magazine apparently outnumber those

who like it. Second, some prospective advertisers or their

agencies appear to feel

that

they do

not

wish their

ad-

vertising to appear in a magazine which publishes

science fiction, no matter how worth while

it

may be.

Finally, and much

the

most important, more and more

nonfiction of undeniable importance to computer

people

is

pressing for publication upon

the

space avail-

able in

the

magazine.

Nevertheless, sound scientific speculation about future

possibilities of computers, expressed in

the

medium of

science fiction,

is

important and useful to many com-

COMPUTERS

and

A UTOMA

TION

for

August,

1957

Notes

and

Forum

puter people.

And

we hope

that

we may

be

able to

publish, from time to time, an extra number of Com-

puters

and

Automation devoted to good science fiction

about computers.

Please tell

us

what you think.

PREPRINTS

AND

PUBLICATION

I.

From

Eric

A.

Weiss,

Chainnan, Computer Committee, Sun Oil Co.

Philadelphia

3,

Pa.

AS

CHAIRMAN

of

the

Preprints Committee of

the

Thirteenth National Meeting of

the

Association for

Computing 1tIachinery, I have

the

duty of assembling

and distributing preprints of

the

papers

to

be presented

there (Urbana, Ill., June

11-13,

1958).

In

doing this, I

will be asked by some speakers whether or

not

a paper

which appears

as

a preprint will

be

barred on this

account from publication in your journal.

In

order to

clarify

the

matter, I should like to have a brief state-

ment of your policy in this regard.

The

following details concerning

the

preprints may

have some bearing on

the

matter:

The

preprints will not include all papers to be given,

since speakers are under no compulsion to submit their

papers for preprinting.

The

preprints will be distributed to those who

register for

the

meeting, either free or

at

a small fee.

The

preprints will be available for a limited time

after

the

meeting to anyone for a fee.

II:

From

the

Editor

THE

FACT

that

a preprint of a paper has been dis-

tributed

at

a meeting makes no difference whatever to

publication

in

our magazine.

If

the

paper

is

one suit-

able for publication in Computers

and

Automation,

we

shall be glad to consider it for publication, irrespective,

of

the

preprint.

The

existence of preprints, however,

will make it easier for

us

to seek

out

a paper

that

we

would like to publish, provided

the

author does

not

prefer to have

it

published elsewhere.

In

addition,

the

availability of

the

preprints will

be

very helpful to many

people in

the

computer field.

THE

EFFECT

OF

MISSILES

ON

COMPUTERS

A

PREDICTION

by "Business Week", based on

research done

at

the

Pentagon, anticipates

that

half of

all spending on air weapons by

1961

will be for missiles.

Missiles now account for something less than a third

[Please

turn

to

page

91

3

Basic

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS:

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INDEX

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NOTICES

Page

Advertising Index . . . . . .

..

34

Bulk Subscriptions

.......

27

Manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

Reader's Inquiry

Form

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..

3

Who's

Who

Entry

Form

..

27

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COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

DATA

PROCESSING

CYBERNETICS

Volume 6

Number

8

ARTICLES

AUGUST

1957

ROBOTS

Established

September

1951

The

Spacistor-New

Kind

of

Semiconductor

Amplifier . . . . . . . . .

..

6

NEIL

D.

MACDONALD

Airline

Automation:

A

Major

Step

..........................

10

C.

E.

AMMANN

Role

of

Computers

in High School Science

Education

............

15

G.

E.

FORSYTHE,

W.

E.

FERGUSON, AND

D.

L.

TRAUTMAN

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Who's

Who

in

the

Computer

Field,

1956-57,

Some

Statistics;

New

and

Revised Full Entries

................

20

Books

and

Other

Publications

............

"

.................

24

New

Patents

..........................................

32

The Editor's

Notes

and

Reader's

Forum

........................

3

Industry

News

Notes

......................................

26

Advertiser's

Index

........................................

34

Ed

Burnett

EDITOR

Edmund C. Berkeley

ASSISTANT

EDITORS

Neil

D.

Macdonald

CONTRIBUTING

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L.

Walker

Andrew

D.

Booth

Ned

Chapin

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11/

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COMPUTERS

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AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

~~~

Importa~t

Question

No.2

~CID

~IDl~Iffillnft~

ft~®

IffillCID~ft

(c@Iffilllffi~®ft®

~@~@If@ftCIDIrY

If®l

ffi

@Irli§

wnftfu

@~~

(cIDl~ft

@

Iffillc

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~nIID®

~If@ft@fty~®~1

It

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submitted

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photo-oscillograms(which

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input

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pulse

shape

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rise-time),

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test

equipment

used,

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evalua-

tion

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This

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COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957 5

THE SPACISTOR-A

NEW

KIND

OF

SEMICONDUCTOR AMPLIFIER

Neil

D.

M3cdonald

New York, N.

Y.

I.

Computing A

Hundred

Times Faster?

ON July

16

in Boulder, Colorado, Dr. Herman

Statz, Dr. Robert Pucel, and Mr. Conrad Lanza

of Raytheon Manufacturing Co. gave a paper

at

the

session on semiconductors of

the

Institute of Radio

Engineers

and

the

American Institute of Electrical

Engineers.

The

paper announced a device which they

called

the

"spacistor". This name denotes a semicon-

ductor amplifying

and

switching device which makes

good use of a new effect,

the

creation of a high elec-

trical space charge in what

was

previously a transistor.

The

word "spacistor"

is

not a proprietary name

but

a

proposed scientific term.

About eight to ten laboratory models of spacistors

have been constructed,

and

they work; and

the

evidence

is

good

that

spacistors will work in many kinds of new

applications, giving new powers

t~

electronic equipment

including computers.

Although

the

existing models have been tested only

up to about

800

kilocycles, there

is

excellent evidence

that

spacistors will work

at

frequencies up to

100

to

10,000 megacycles.

The

device itself and

the

theory of

the

device together suggest

that

the

speed of pulses in

computers for calculating purposes may

be

raised from

a million pulses per second to

1000

million pulses per

second.

If

even a part of this promise

is

realized,

it

means

that

a dramatic new gain in -speed for computers

is

about to be seized.

The

spacistor

is

almost certainly a step forward in

the

art of amplifying electronic energy. It

is

expected to

combine many of the best features of

the

properties of

the transistor

and

the

vacuum tube.

It

is

as

tiny

as

a

transistor, and operates on

the

same miniature power

requirements, far less than those of vacuum tubes. It

is

predicted

that

the

spacistor will amplify

at

frequencies

up to 10,000 megacycles, considerably higher than will

transistors.

Also, spacistors can be made of materials unsuited for

transistors, and are expected to operate

at

temperatures

as

high

at

500

degrees centigrade, or more than double

the

operating temperatures of today's germanium and

silicon transistors.

The

spacistor

is

the

outcome of two years of intensive

research, and may take three to

five

years more research

and development before

it

is

commercially available.

II.

Comparison

of

the

Vacuum

Tube,

the

Transistor

and

the

Spacistor

In

a vacuum tube (see

the

diagram),

the

cathode

is

heated by a filament heater. A large number of electrons

boil off

the

negative cathode and are attracted to

the

positive plate.

The

small fluctuating signal, to

be

am-

plified,

is

applied

to

the

negative grid

as

shown. This

~6

PLATE

~

....

-+

....

.......

..

h

....

...

......

....

...

-+

...

.. ..

..

....

...........

><-·_'

.......

""'1

.-.N..

......

~I....

-+

..

~JWw

VACUUM

TUBE

causes

the

negative grid voltage to fluctuate accordingly.

The

more negative

the

grid

the

smaller

the

current

(flow of electrons) between cathode and plate.

The

more positive

the

voltage on

the

grid,

the

larger

the

current between cathode and plate.

Thus

the

grid acts

as

a valve or shutter, a very small

signal controlling a relatively large current.

The

large

output

signal (shown under plate)

is

the

amplified

counterpart of

the

small input signal. In some vacuum

tubes,

the

choice of voltages and other factors may

yield a signal gain of several thousand.

In a typical transistor of

the

type called n-p-n

grounded base (see

the

diagram), a steady negative

TRANSISTOR

voltage

is

applied in a circuit from

the

emitter to

the

base contact, and a greater steady negative voltage

is

applied in a circuit from

the

base contact to

the

col-

lector. This causes significant currents (flows of elec-

trons) from

the

emitter into

the

base region and from

the

base region into

the

collector, because of

the

close

COMPUTERS

and

A UTOMA

TION

for

August,

1957

Working on Experimental Spacistors

With

a Micromanipulator

The

machine shown here enables small objects to be moved

and handled under high magnification.

The

left hand of

the

operator

is

on

the

left handle of

the

machine,

but

the

right handle

of

the

machine

is

not

at

present being manipulated. Under

the

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

binocular microscope

the

position of

the

left whisker lead

t!J

the

spacistor (the injector)

is

being adjusted.

The

spacistor can almost

be seen under

the

binoculars, where

the

light tube can throw

light on it.

7

spatial proximity of

the

emitter

and

the

collector;

but

the

current from

the

base contact to

the

collector

is

negligible.

A small negative voltage

as

a fluctuating or switching

signal may now be applied in

the

circuit from the

emitter to

the

base contact; this signal produces a

greatly multiplied fluctuating or switching signal from

the

base contact to

the

collector. Because

the

input

current from

the

emitter into

the

base region

is

just

about

the

same

as

the

current from

the

base region into

the

collector, yet

the

resistance from

the

emitter to

the

base region

is

only a fraction of

the

resistance

(say

1/30

to 1/100) of

the

resistance from

the

base region to

the

collector, a power gain of

30

to

100

times results.

In

this

way

the

transistor amplifies.

In

a typical spacist?r (see

the

diagram), a high steady

SPACISTOR

~COLLECTOR

negative voltage

is

applied in a circuit through

the

load

from

the

base to

the

collector, in such a

way

as

to

produce a high electric field

but

almost no current.

Then

a steady negative voltage

is

applied in a circuit

from

the

injector to

the

space-charge region. This causes

electrons to enter

the

region of

the

high electric field,

and flow extremely rapidly to

the

collector. This current

(flow of electrons)

is

modulated by

the

application of a

negative voltage

as

a fluctuating or switching signal in a

circuit from

the

modulator to

the

space-charge region.

The

choice of voltages may make

the

greater current

from

the

in jector to

the

collector

3000

times

the

smaller

current from

the

modulator to

the

collector; and

the

gain factor may rise considerably. In this

way,

a

spacistor amplifies.

III.

Technical Description

The

purpose of

the

design of

the

spacistor

was

to

overcome

the

frequen~y

limitations of

the

transistor by

avoiding

the

slow diffusion of charge carriers (electrons

or "holes") through

the

base region. Carrier motion

accross

the

base region of a transistor

is

slow because

this region

is

essentially free of an electric field.

It

is

true

that

the

base region of a diffused transistor has a

built-in field,

but

its strength

is

severely limited. Very

much higher field strengths, however, are found in space-

charge regions in reverse-biased junctions; in fact,

the

strength of an electric field

is

limited only by

the

break-

down voltage of

the

semiconductor body.

The

spa

cis

tor

8

makes use of these high fields to accelerate

the

charge

carriers

so

that

their transit time

is

greatly shortened.

A typical experimental spacistor

is

shown schematical-

ly

in Fig.

1.

The

semiconductor body

is

a reverse:-biased

p-n junction with a space-charge region sc. Injector I

and

modulator M are

the

input

points; base

Band

collector C are

the

output

points.

B2

....----41111-+---

...

INPUT

l

B,

1-----411

+

B p n

LOAD

B3

1....oo.(~JV\..jrvvV\J\...o-

....

1111I1

I-+--~

OUTPUT

c

Diagram of a typical experimental spacistor and external circuits.

Definitions:

B,

base; I, injector;

M,

modulator;

C,

collector; p,

positive region; n, negative region; sc, space-charge region; B1

,2,:),

battery no. one, two, three.

Injector I

is

connected to base B through battery

B~

which biases I negatively with respect to

the

underlying

space-charge region

sc.

(Note

that

the

potential of point

I

is

still positive with respect to

point

B.) Electrons are

emitted from I

int~

sc,

and

the

emission

is

space-

charge-limited.

Modulator M

is

connected to

the

space-charge region

sc

at

a

point

between injector I

and

the

n region of

the

semiconductor body. Since M

is

biased negatively with

respect to

sc

by means of battery

B2,

holes cannot

flow

from

the

p region of

the

semiconductor body

to

sc;

therefore M draws practically

no

current. (Note

that

the

potential

at

M

is

still positive with respect to B

and I.)

Modulator M has two functions. First,

it

varies

the

emission of injector I by superimposing an a.c. voltage

on

the

d.c. bias.

The

field produced by M penetrates

throughout

the

space-charge region to its boundaries.

Second, modulator M makes

the

bias of injector I

practically independent of

the

voltage applied across

the

base B and

the

collector C

so

as

to keep

the

output

impedance desirably high -in excess of

30

megohms,

for an injected current of 0.3 milliamperes.

Transconductance

(gm)

of present experimental

spacistors

is

considerably below

that

of good vacuum

tubes but, with further development,

it

is

expected

that

comparable values will

be

attained.

A low-frequency power gain of 70 db has already been

achieved with experimental spacistors

at

low frequencies.

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

A comparable advantage over transistors

is

expected to

be

realized

at

higher frequencies

as

well.

When

the

present

input

of

30

megohms

is

improved, power gain

is

expected to become

so

great

that

it

will

be

more

appropriate to talk

about

voltage gain,

as

in

the

case of

a vacuum tube. A voltage gain of

3000

has already been

achieved.

Output

capacitance

is

exceedingly small because of

the

wide space-charge region, and values smaller

than

1

micromicrofarad appear entirely feasible. Even with

the

relatively low transconductance values obtained in

present spacistors,

it

is

expected

that

tuned amplifiers

can be built which will operate

at

frequencies corre-

sponding to approximately

the

inverse transit time

through

the

space-charge regions, i.e., frequencies in

excess of

1000

megacycles_

Input

and

output

are decoupled to a high degree

as

in a vacuum

tube

- a useful property in

the

design of

multi-stage circuitry.

Another important advantage of

the

spacistor

is

that

its operation

is

practically independent of the "lifetime"

of

the

charge-carrier.

It

should therefore

be

feasible

to

employ

not

only germanium

and

silicon

but

also other

semiconductor materials whose short "lifetime" makes

them unsuitable for transistors. Silicon carbide and other

materials with large energy gaps are promising possi-

bilities for high-temperature spacistors.

Compal1ative Chal1acteristics

of

the

V,acuum Tube, Transistor,

and

Spacistor

Vacuum

Tube

Transistor

Spacistor

Frequency

Limit High

Medium

High

(1000

Mc)

(250

Mc)

(10,000

Mc)

Heater

Power

Required

None

High

Temperature

Available

Not

Materials

Available

Theoretica

I Life Limited Unlimited

Vacuum

Envelope

Required

None

Circuit

Weight

High

low

and

Space

Strategic

Materials

Required

None

Complexity

of

Multiple-

low

High

Stage

Circuitry

Input

and

Output

High

low

Impedances

The

Editor's

Notes

and

Readers'

Forum

[Continued

from

page

31

None

Available

Unlimited

None

low

None

low

Very High

of

the

present 8 billions

spent

for planes and missiles.

Assuming no important change in

the

international

situation, the same sum will go for all air arms in

1961.

This means that:

a.

The

physical volume of units will

decrease.

b_

A freeze-out of aircraft producers

is

in prospect -

particularly

as

procurement of fighters dwindles.

c.

As

missiles increase in number, value, and com-

plexity, so does

the

need for computers

to

help design,

test, control, and record them.

It

is

probable

that

doubling

the

missile program will increase computer

procurement eightfold.

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

TO

POULTRY

FEED

Wilbur E. Clark

Hanover, Pa.

I

AM

JUST

back from a three-day poultry conference

at

Penn

State University where one day

at

lunch

I

talked with

the

executive secretary

of

a millers and

feed dealers association.

He

told

me

that

at

least two

major feed companies are now using

the

services of

these large computers in this

way:

Each day they telephone to

the

computer service

(which

is

retained on an hourly service basis)

the

closing

prices

at

Chicago on

the

various feed grains

and

ingre-

dients such

as

corn, oats, barley, soybean oil meal, etc.

The

computer has already stored

up

the

various kinds

of ingredients

that

may

be

substituted for each other,

depending on current prices, kind of feed formula being

manufactured, etc. (It's a very involved business, manu-

facturing a certain poultry feed with definite percent-

ages of protein, fat, fiber, ash, vitamins, antibiotics,

and

all

the

other additives

that

make up a modern feed

formula.)

The

data are fed into

the

computer,

and

about

10

minutes later the machine types

out

the

exact infor-

mation telling which ingredients are

the

best buys of

the

day to make a particular formula feed.

This information

was

formerly arrived

at

by a corps

of some

25

skilled office workers

an-d

nutritionists.

As

a

result of

the

change,

one

feed company estimates a

saving of over $100,000 a year and, besides, gets

the

information much faster

so

that

it

can take advantage

of a price situation before

it

changes.

VARIABLE-LENGTH

MULTIPLICATION

R.

J.

Margolin

Bendix Computer Division

Bendix Aviation Corporation

Los Angeles, Calif.

THE

BENDIX

G-15,

a serial-type drum computer,

has

v~riable-Iength

multiplication which operates along

~he

hnes suggested by Mr.

I.

J.

Good

in

the

February

Issue of Computers

and

Automation.

The

Bendix

G-15

has three double-precision (57 bits

and sign) registers which are involved in multiplication

and division.

With

the

multiplicand in

the

ID

(multipl-

Icand-Denominator) register

and

the

multiplier in

the

MQ

(Multiplier-Quotient) register

the

multiply com-

mand

is

executed.

In

the

modified two-address form of

command used in

the

G-15,

the

part

of

the

command

which controls timing contains a relative timing num-

ber (the number of word times during which multipli-

cation

is

to continue).

For

each two word times of

multiplication,

one

bit

of

the

multiplier

is

processed.

The

relative timing

number

may vary from 2 to

114,

for multipliers of 1 to

57

bits, respectively.

The

product

is

accumulated double-precision in

the

PN

(Product-

Nume-rator) register

and

may

be

taken

out

as

either

single

(28

bits and sign) or double (57 bits

and

sign)

[Please

turn

to

page

241

9

AIRLINE AUTOMATION: A MAJOR STEP

c.

E. Ammann

Director, Advanced Process Research

American Airlines

New York, N.

Y.

T

HE

airlines present an excellent example of a fast

growing industry.

As

is

often

the

case in such

industries, some parts of

the

business took great

strides while others remained practically dormant.

Im~'

provements in aircraft over

the

years reduced

the

flying

time across

the

country from a matter of days to a

matter of hours, yet only

the

simplest of tools were

available to process

the

passenger's reservation.

For example, in

1931

it took three days to

fly

from

New York to Los Angeles in

the

Fokker FlO.

In

1934,

by

a combination of the DC-2 and Curtiss Condor, it

was

possible to make this trip in

21

hours. Today, you

fly

it in eight hours.

In

another year or two, something

less

than

five

hours will

be

routine.

To

do these things better -

at

less cost -and to make

the

eventual product more attractive to

the

buyer

is

the

constant aim of every form of business enterprise. Air

transportation

is

no exception.

Our

customer,

the

passenger, must be provided with what

he

wants -when

he

wants it.

We

have to display our full product -

we

have to make it attractive -

we

have to make

the

buying

process easy.

Looking

at

our product in

1940,

we

recognized

that

although

we

had made it attractive by providing new

aircraft

and

better in-flight service, there

was

little in the

offing to improve our reservations system.

Three-Part Problem

It

was

recognized

that

the

solution to

the

reservations

problem lay in something substantially different, or at

least more advanced, than anything which had served

the

industry through its early years of growth. After

reaching this conclusion

the

next step

was

to analyze

the

situation and define

the

problem. This

was

done

and

it

was

shortly concluded

that

making a reservation in-

volved three distinct actions or parts:

First, determining

the

availability of space; second,

modifying

the

inventory,

and

third,

the

recording of a

name.

It

was

further decided

that

Availability

and

In-

ventory Control were of

the

most immediate concern.

Availability

as

we use

the

term refers

to

the

status of

space on a particular flight. It answers

the

question:

Is

there space available, or on what flights

is

space avail-

able? Since our product

is

highly perishable

and

the

number of items we sell are almost infinite in number,

availability

is

highly dependent on an accurate

and

cur-

rent inventory control system.

Our

product

is

perishable because an empty seat on

a plane

that

has departed can never

be

reclaimed.

The

items we sell are infinite in number because each

boarding

point

on a trip on

the

fifth of

the

month

bears

little relation to

that

boarding

point

on a similar trip

on

the

sixth of

the

month, and

so

on.

The

seats cannot

be

used for identical purposes or substituted for one

10

another except in rare instances. Although hardly

the

rule,

it

is

not

unusual to receive bookings for a particular

trip years in

the

future.

Upon examination we found

that

there were two

general means of presenting availability information:

1.

The

Availability Book.

2.

The

Visual Display Board.

The

Availability Book,

as

the

name implies,

is

a book

or index in which

the

status of space on each leg of each

flight on each day

is

recorded. A leg,

as

we use

the

term,

refers to

that

portion of a flight between a scheduled

take-off and

the

next scheduled landing.

One

book can

be made physically accessible to a maximum of four

agents and

it

is

still used in small offices. J\1ultiple books

for use in larger offices had been tried and found want-

ing due to errors developing through delays or negligence

in posting from book to book.

This problem outweighed

the

advantage of having

the

information close to

the

agent and easily read,

as

well

as

the

advantage of being able to quickly insert new

pages to

give

effect to a revised order of departure caused

by

a schedule change.

Display Boards Tried

Poor experience in keeping several books in agreement

led to

the

use of a blackboard or visual display board so

that many agents might look

at

the

same source of in-

formation. This method likewise had limitations in

the

number of people

it

could conveniently serve. Clear

space to seat agents with a full view of

the

board

was

limited by

the

distance between columns in most build-

ings, usually about

22

feet by

22

feet.

The

use of multiple boards to overcome this difficulty

had

the

same disadvantage

as

multiple books.

In

addi-

tion, common visible displays presented serious growth

problems.

As

demand for services increased and

it

was

necessary

for more people to provide

service

to

the

customer,

the

.

size of each character displayed on

the

board had to be

increased so everyone could see it.

As

space became hard to obtain due to demand,

people who might otherwise

go

to

the

airport

and

take

the

first flight available began to make reservations. This

increased

the

calls to Reservations and required more

people to answer

the

telephones.

This same demand caused

the

manufacturer, in this

case

the

airline, to provide more planes to handle

the

pressure, thus increasing

the

amount of information to

be displayed. Even with

both

the

Availability Book and

the Visual Board, agents in ticket offices had to call

Reservations for information. And because of

the

limited

amount

of information

that

could be displayed

and seen in a large office, even

the

reservations agent

had to call a second party for some data.

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

Located in a room adjacent

to

American Airlines new reservations quarters, largest in

the

world,

at

Manhattan's

West

Side Airlines Terminal

is

the Magnetronic Reservisor, an improved version of an earlier model introduced

to industry by American in 1952. Built

to

the

airline's speCifications by Teleregister Corp., a subsidiary of Ogden

Corp."

the

new Reservisor provides

the

same instantaneous reservations information

as

its predecessor

but

in greater

detail and faster.

The

"brain,"

consi<;ting

of

the

memor} drum under

the

clock

at

the

far

end

of

the

room and

the

racks surrounding the console

at

which

the

maintenance technician

is

seated, stores and releases information

to

the

inquiring reservations agent

at

the flick

of

a switch.

Naturally there has been a great deal of experimen-

tation with visual display boards.

There

are probably

as

many approaches

as

there are stations

that

use

the

boards.

Although slate and chalk are

the

most common ma-

terials used,

one

will see variations made of plastic,

ceramic coated steel, painted wood and

so

forth. Pre-

printed plaques using

both

colors and symbols are used

on some boards in an

attempt

to increase readability.

Many boards are made

to

raise and lower or to turn on

a central axis, all with a view toward making it easier

to

post information. .

Some attempts have been made to electrify these

boards

but

all

to

no avail because of

the

prohibitive cost.

Basic Requirements

After satisfying ourselves

that

reservations would

be

with

us

for some years in

the

future, and determining

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

the areas we would tackle first, namely Availability

and

Inventory Control, we

attempted

to outline

the

basic

requirements- of a system.

1.

We

felt

that

the

system should make our product

immediately available to

the

sales agent without

causing

undue

eyestrain or fatigue.

2.

It should enable

us

to record sales

and

cancella-

tions

as

they occur and keep an accurate running

inventory.

3.

It

should reduce our dependence on large, audi-

torium-like areas for future reservations offices,

and

by using regular communication facilities

make available to ticket offices, satellite offices or

to any point such

as

any room, all

the

informational

advantages one would have if seated in

the

reser-

vations office.

4.

The

input-output device, which we later called an

Agent Set, should retain a record of

the

last

11

operation until manually cleared or another trans-

action

was

entered.

It

should be easily operated by

right-handed or left-handed people and so simple

in operation

that

an agent could be trained in its

use in a matter of an hour or less.

5.

It

should automatically advise other stations, when

necessary, each time a given flight

is

sold out.

6.

It

should do all of

the

above economically, accur-

ately, and

be

capable of expansion.

Our

first approach naturally

was

to go

to

large

manufacturers and see whether thev had a device which

would meet our requirements, or

it"

they were interested

in

the

development of such a system. Interestingly

enough,

we

found

that

we

were in a field where little

had been done, that

is

the field of inventory control.

Any

number of organizations manufactured accounting

systems

but

there

was

a basic difference between these

systems and what we needed for inventory control.

In accounting, one person would have access to

hundreds or even thousands of accounts or records,

whereas in inventory control

the

situation

is

reversed

and ideally any or all salesmen should be able

to

get

at

the inventory for a specific item.

As

you can see, with

a perishable item like a seat on today's

five

o'clock flight

for

New York, it

is

necessary to handle the sale

as

quickly

as

possible. Conversely, upon receiving a can-

cellation it

is

necessary to return it to inventory im-

mediately so

that

it

may

be

resold.

Designed

Own

Equipment

It

soon became obvious

that

we

could

not

obtain a

piece of equipment off

the

shelf so to speak and manu-

facturers were

not

particularly interested in developing

new equipment to do

the

job.

We

did receive nuisance

quotations to develop such a system,

but

actually even

then there

was

little interest. Since

the

problem

was

not

likely to

be

solved unless we did something about it, we

decided to

attempt

the

design ourselves.

In

this case we

had

the

three advantages -knowing

the

problem,

not

knowing how it could

not

be solved, and a limited group

of

one person working on it.

We

were willing to listen

to any idea and examine its possibilities with an open

mind.

Some of our approaches were novel to

say

the

least.

One

early

attempt

was

as

much mechanical

as

electrical,

and its main purpose

was

to help visualize

the

problem.

In this solution we

~sed

vertical metal tubes to hold

marbles. Each tube representing a flight on a particular

day and each marble a seat. By means of an electric trip

at

the

bottom of each tube, marbles could be released

representing seats sold. Marbles could, be returned from

the

top to represent seats cancelled.

The

height of

In

a setting designed for comfort, speed and service, two American Airlines reservations agents

at

the

airline's

new reservations office

at

l\1anhattan's

West

Side Terminal provide

the

answers to

AA

customers. An agent's key

set, which

is

linked

to

the

Magnetronic Reservisor,

is

placed conveniently between

them

and other useful infor-

mation

is

quickly available on glass-enclosed charts

at

eye level.

12

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

marbles in

the

tube represented

the

number of seats

in inventory. Admittedly, this

was

not

the

machine

we

wanted

but

it

would work

and

it

served to give

us

a

better understanding of

the

problem.

Another idea

that

seemed

at

first to show promise

was

to use a bridge network with fixed value resistors repre-

senting each seat. You could

then

interpret

the

number

of seats by reading

the

voltage drop across

the

resistors.

This

was

all right

but

when we calculated

the

power

requirements we found

that

such system would con-

sume over

100

kilowatts. This

was

obviously

out

of line.

We

finally arrived

at

what may

be

called a cross-bar

system using relays. A matrix

was

designed which had

some similarity to the core memories of today, only in-

stead of cores

we

had jacks into which plugs were

manually inserted

~o

indicate open or closed. Across

the

top indicating each vertical column were

the

dates, and

along

the

side indicating

the

horizontal rows were the

trip legs.

Then

using

the

simplest of equipment

we

could check for continuity between vertical

and

hori-

lontal

lines which would indicate

that

a shorting plug

had been inserted meaning

that

the

flight

had

been

sold out.

A working model

was

built using parts immediately

at hand;

as

a matter of fact, much of

it

was

done in a

basement workshop. Upon completion,

the

model

was

operated before members of top management who

ap-

proved of

the

approach and set

up

a fund to further

explore

the

idea.

Our

luck seemed to change

at

this juncture.

The

Teleregister Corporation,

then

a subsidiary of

\\'

estern

Union,

was

contacted

and

after examining

the

operat-

ing model became interested

and

agreed to build a pilot

model for what

we

considered a reasonable price.

Pilot Model in 1946

This pilot model

was

installed in February,

1946,

at

Boston

and

was

used until

we

moved into our new

office last year. Although

the

equipment

was

designed

for use in

New

York, a last-minute change in plans made

it necessary to place

the

equipment in Boston. This

created a problem because

the

physical dimensions of

halls, doorways, etc., of

the

New York office were con-

sidered in fabricating equipment, and in Boston it

was

found

that

we

<;ould

not fit

the

equipment through the

stair well or in

the

elevator. It

was

necessary to obtain

a crane, remove an outside window on

the

third floor

of

the

building, and bring

the

equipment through this

opening. .

This first installation

was

designed strictly for avail-

ability.

It

had

no frills

but

was

sound from an engi-

neering

and

electrical standpoint. After

the

first year's

operation

we

evaluated results and found

that

the

station

was

carrying about

200

more passengers per day

with some

20

less people in

the

office. Unfortunately,

other changes had taken place in

the

office

at

the

same

time

and

we could

not

attribute all improvement to

the

Reservisor,

but

we

were able to prove conclusively

that

equipment of this type

was

economical and it had a

definite effect on revenue.

The

reception by

the

agents

was

just terrific,

In

a

very short time they had nicknamed

the

equipment

"Girly" because

it

told all.

COMPUTERS

and

A

UTOMA

TION

for

August,

1957

Shortly after

the

installation in

the

reservations office

we

placed remote connecting equipment in our Hotel

Statler ticket office, where its sales aspects were really

evident. .

It

(1946)

was

a war year - a time of priorities and

tight space.

\Ve

were continually accused of keeping

seats up our sleeve.

With

the

advent of

the

Reservisor,

where requests for space were made

and

answered by a

machine, this feeling completely disappeared. This, in

itself,

is

a very important contribution of machine

techniques.

With

the

availability problem well on

the

way

to

solution in Boston, our next problem

was

to handle

the

inventory. This problem

was

as

much economic

as

technical. An example of a technical approach

that

never paid off

was

an English-made system which

was

loaned to one airline in New York some years ago. This

system used rotary switches to do

the

counting. It

worked well enough

but

it

was

both

clumsy and costly.

Rotary Switch

Not

Practical

~he

ro~ry

switch, in its class,

is

basically a high speed

de,vIce

desIgn~d

for

m~ny

revolutions per second. Ap-

plIed to keepmg

the

mventory

on

a flight leg for a

month, this rotary switch would make less than one

revolution a

month

-a most uneconomic use of

the

device.

One

idea

that

was

pursued

was

to build a rotary

counter

out

of a screw and nut. A ratchet on

the

bottom

?f

the

scr~

would cause

it

to turn, thus moving

the

nut

m a vertIcal plane.

By

reading

the

height of

the

nut

electrically or manually, one could tell

the

number of

seats

on

the

plane. This approach like many others

was

\~orkab~e,

but

proved expensive from a manufacturing

viewpomt.

All of these proposals required systems

that

would

cost dollars per seat leg day, while our evaluation of the

project indicated

that

storage cost should be measured

in terms of about three cents per seat leg day.

About this time, considerable publicity

was

released

on

the

work of Dr. Howard

H.

Aiken of Harvard Uni-

versity. His progress with

the

magnetic drum

was

proving successful, and I believe

it

was

his work

as

much

as

any which spurred

the

engineers to explore

the

area

o~

a special purpose computer for

both

storing

and

countmg.

Magnetronic Reservisor Evolved

Subsequently, an unused

gri~ding

wheel

was

fitted

with a round aluminum billet and sprayed with an oxide

coating. A read/record head

was

mounted

next to this

improvised drum and connected to suitable electronic

circuitry which enabled

the

engineers to check

the

feasibility of this approach. It proved highly successful

and step by step

the

Magnetronic- Reservisor,

as

we

know

it

today, came into being.

Now, we cannot exactly compare this work with other

comput~r

",,:ork

of

t~e

time because our

intent

to apply

these pnncII?les to mventory control slightly changed

the

compleXIOn

of

the

problem.

We

required absolute

accuracy

and

22-hour-a-day operation, which

is

a tall

order even today. These requirements indicated a

slightly different design from

that

of

the

normal com-

puter.

13

For

example, although packing factors of

80

or more

to

the

inch were common

at

the

time, we packed

20

to

the

inch.

We

used dual drums -for

that

matter, dual

equipment throughout -and each transaction

was

completed in duplicate

and

compared throughout its

cycle

so

that

in the event an error

was

in

the

making

the

machine would throw

out

the

entire transaction

before

it

affected

the

inventory.

Each time a transaction

was

discarded

the

inventory

was

left in its original state and a red lamp signal sent

to

the

Agent Set originating

the

call

so

that

he might

reinstate his call.

At

the

same time, a teletype printer

printed

out

a record of

the

transaction which had been

discarded

so

that

the

maintenance group could analyze

the

situation.

The

fact

that

these and other safeguards

worked

is

evidenced by

the

99.8% up-time experienced

with

the

equipment.

One

problem

that

may be of particular interest

is

the

design of

the

Agent Set.

We

worried over this problem

for a considerable period of

time

examining every con-

ceivable approach.

Our

problem revolved about how to

put

in requests for information.

The

passenger can tell

the

sales agent where he wants to

go

and when he

wants to leave

but

he

can seldom give you

the

flight

number.

Secondly,

the

whole advantage of a reservations

system to American Airlines' lies in

the

ability

to

ac-

commodate a passenger on an earlier or later flight if

the

one of his choice

is

full. Expressed in terms of Agent

Set requirements, this means

that

the

equipment should

always offer an alternate or

at

least offer one if

the

specific . flight requested

is

not

available.

Using keys, buttons, dials and

so

forth to

put

in all

of

the

information needed

was

too time-consuming for

the

agent and tended to increase

the

physical size of

the

equipment.

We

tried mechanized versions of the desk

telephone index, drums with

the

information printed

on a removable paper roll, endless loops of

35

millimeter

film

and

slides of

the

same material which, of course,

necessitated having a projector

as

part of

the

Agent Set.

Each of these methods satisfied some problems

and

created others;

Destination Plate

Lastly, we thought of

the

Destination Plate which, in

effect,

was

an automatic encoding

and

decoding device,

eliminating

the

need for

the

agent to translate

the

passenger's request into machine or airline language.

To

reduce

the

number of destination plates needed

we

evolved .the scheme of a shutter switch which

al-

lowed

us

to view either of two lines of information on

the

plate by

the

flick of a switch.

The

system

was

finally agreed upon

and

in July,

1952,

the

first Magnetronic Reservisor went into operation in

New .York.

It

has proved to

be

an excellent, reliable

tooL Early fears of tube failure have proved unwar-

ranted."

When

we'installed

the

new, larger equipment

in

1956,

there were still many of

the

original comple-

ment

of tubes operating effectively in

the

old equipment

after more than four years of 24-hour-a-day service. I

should state here

that

two hours a 'day are given to pre-

ventive maintenance.

14

Coincident with

the

work

on

the

Reservisor we were

requested to look into

the

problem of disseminating

arnval

and

departure information. I

don't

know why

we

did

not

see

the

similarity to

the

availability problem

immediately,

but

our first approach

was

to mechanize

the

function

as

it

was

then

performed. This consisted

of remotely controlled indicators which would take

the

place of

the

blackboard or other means of presenting

the

information. A brief look

at

the

final design indi-

cated

that

it

would do

the

job,

but

at

a cost

that

we

could

not

-justify.

We

dropped

the

project temporarily,

but

kept

it

in

the

back of our minds.

One

balmy summer day it

occurred

to

us

that

we

could store

the

information in

the

Reservisor and read it from a fixed display by means

of

the

leg-indicating lights.

Today, in addition to availability and inventory con-

trol,

the

Reservisor also dispenses flight information.

One

Vast Network

American Airlines now has advanced models of

the

original Availability Reservisor located in Chicago,

Boston

and

Washington.

The

New

York counting

Reservisor handles

the

entire metropolitan area and

is

remotely connected with Buffalo. Gradually, all

the

large stations will

be

joined together into one vast net-

work.

We

will retain Availability equipment in large

cities

and

route calls from Agent Sets

to

these local

units for availability and information. Sell and cancel

calls will be routed to one or more central inventory

control units which will, in turn, update

the

local Avail-

ability units.

This seems to be

the

general pattern

that

is

shaping

up

with all

the

airlines, and

it

is

only a question of time

when

we

will interconnect our services.

As

I stated

at

the

beginning, we found three major

areas: Availability of

the

product, inventory of

the

product,

and

handling of

the

name record or

the

physical record of

the

transaction. I have outlined how

we approached and solved

the

first two. During

the

last few years

we

have been working on

the

solution of

the

latter problem,

that

is

the

handling of

the

name

record. A pilot model of

the

equipment to handle this

situation

was

developed jointly with

IBM

and

is

presently in use in Buffalo.

It

is

known

as

a Data

Organizing Translator.

It

reads

the

keypunched reservations record, decides

whether one or more messages need be sent to other

stations, if messages should

be

sent,

it

decides whether

the

stations are on American Airlines or another airline,

and, based upon this decision,

it

determines

the

Code

Directing Characters

that

should prefix each message

in order to reach its destination.

Foresees Many Uses

It

then

prepares

the

message organizing

the

text for

each addressee depending on

that

city's position in

the

itinerary. A local electric typewriter can produce a copy

of each message sent. An additional local typewriter can

produce a list of all transactions in any desired category,

such

as

sales on other airlines, sales on flights ending or

beginning in

2,

etc. A punched 5 level tape

is

produced

[Please

turn

to

page

30]

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

THE

ROLE OF 'COMPUTERS

IN

HIGH

SCHOOL SCIENCE EDUCATION

I:

THE

ASSOCIATION

FOR

COMPUTING

MACHINERY

and

HIGH

SCHOOL

SCIENCE

EDUCATION

George E. Forsythe

Numerical Analysis Research,

University of California

at

Los Angeles

(A

memorandum from

the

chairman of

the

Education Committee of

the

Association for Computing

Machinery, addressed

to

"approximately

100

persons who have expressed an interest

in

the

subject")

T

HE

Association for Computing Machinery

is

an

international society of scientists interested in

the

design, manufacture,

and

use of automatic com-

puting machinery.

The

author

is

chairman of

the

Education

Committee

of this Association.

The

purpose

of this memorandum

is

to

let

you know of my interest,

and

that

of

the

Education Committee, in

the

problems

of high school mathematics and science education.

The

opinions expressed here are those of

the

author and

not

necessarily those of

the

Association's Education

Committee. Your comments will be appreciated.

At

the

national meeting of

the

Association in

Houston, Texas, June

19-21,

1957,

the

Council of

the

Association passed

the

following resolution:

"The

Council of

the

Association for Computing Machinery

notes that bettcr education in science and mathematics in the

pnmary and secondary schools cannot be expccted without higher

salaries for teachers of science and mathematics, at least.

The

Council urges members of

the

Association, if they see fit, to work

for such higher salaries in their own communities.

The

Council

also urges members of the Association, if they see fit, to make

their time and talents available to the schools of their com-

munities for collateral educational activities."

This resolution speaks for itself.

The

phrase "collateral

.....

activities" expresses my feeling

that

people in

industry are rarely equipped to take up classroom teach-

ing,

but

that

they can make a contribution if they will

volunteer for mathematics clubs, assembly programs,

computer visits, or for any number of useful extra-

curricular activities to promote interest in careers in

science and engineering.

Several of

us

in

the

Association have had experience

in speaking

to

school groups and teachers.

We

are

aware of

the

interesting, important, and reasonably well

paid positions in science

and

engineering, and are

anxious to let high school and junior high school stu-

dents

and

their teachers know about these careers.

We

know

that

the

number of large scale digital computing

machines

is

going to

be

enormous. (Over

700

had

been

installed by December

1956,

with over

2200

on order

at

that

time.

Within

five

years, I estimate

that

around

5000

computers will

be

installed.)

Each of these machines can be expected to require

at

least

10

mathematically trained persons

at

some level

to assist in its use. This total of

50,000

jobs compares

with today's total of less

than

12,000

members in all of

our mathematical societies combined. Obviously many

more people will

be

needed.

The

basic source can only

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August, 1957

be mathematically educated high school students.

In

addition to positions dealing directly with computers,

an even larger number of related positions in engineer-

ing and business will be affected materially by contact

with

the

computing centers.

Apparently most high school students -even bright

ones -are pretty cold to careers in science. (See Ben-

jamin Fine's article, "New York Times", 9 September

1956,

section I, p.

76).

Surely part of

the

cure

is

for

enthusiastic speakers and teachers to get young students

fired up with

the

inherent fascination and just plain

FUN

of science.

Automatic computers are exceptionally well suited for

this purpose, because of their ultimate simplicity. Digital

computers can only add, subtract, multiply,

and

divide,

and

the

junior high school

student

already knows these

operations. Many of

the

further problems which arise

in practical computation can

be

understood and appre-

ciated by a bright

ninth

grader. I know of no other field

of mathematical science where a high school

stuaent

can thus come to grips with important and live problems

on the. borders of knowledge.

Of

course,

the

staffing of computer laboratories

is

only

one aspect of

the

broad national problem of science

~nd

engineering education. ,

.'

, i

Much

routine clerical work can be done by

machin~

right now, and many clerical positions will gradually

cease to exist,

as

computers take over these roles. I con-

sider this to be a Computer Revolution comparable to

the

Industrial Revolution, and therefore feel

that

ordinary school students -

and

not

just future scientists

and machine operators -must be made aware of

the

general nature of these machines.

The

success of our impact on education will mainly

depend on

the

supply of teaching materials which

we

can make available to

the

schools.

It

is

therefore very

important for qualified people to design computer kits

and

other materials suitable for classroom

and

after-

hours use. This

is

the

conclusion of Richard

W.

Mel-

ville, chairman of

the

Committee on High School

Science Education of

the

Joint

Computer

Committee,

as

expressed in his informative report in "Education

and

Computers", Part

2,

of

the

January,

1957,

issue of

Computers

and

Automation.

I believe

that

our schools cannot possibly obtain

enough good science teachers at--the prevailing salary

scales, in

the

face of

the

current competition for

scientists. However, many teachers are encouraged to

15

remain in teaching by interesting and remunerative

summer work.

Our

committee therefore hopes

to

give

publicity to such plans for sharing personnel by industry

and schools

as

have been inaugurated by

the

Hughes

Aircraft Co. (Culver City, Calif.) and Arthur

D.

Little,

Inc. (Cambridge, Mass.)

II. A

THREE-PART

APPROACH

TO

SOLVING

THE

PROBLEM

w.

Eugene Ferguson

Head, Mathematics Department

Newton High School, Newtonville, Mass.

(Read during a panel discussion on

"The

Role of Computers in High School Science Education",

at

the

meeting of

the

Association for Computing Machinery in Houston, Texas, June 20, 1957.)

T

HE

role of computers in high school science

education

is

still an unknown quantity. I hope

that

during this discussion today some of

the

most

promising ideas for

the

introduction of computer edu-

cation in

the

high school will be brought out.

As

one reads

the

"help wanted" columns today (at

least in the Boston area), he

is

struck by

the

heavy

demand for computer personnel, from

the

design engi-

neer on down to

the

programmer, coder, and computer

operator.

If

the

supply

is

to catch up with

the

demand,

I believe there must be some computer education

de-

veloped for

the

high school. I have singled

out

the

computing field,

but

I would hasten to add

that

this

is

only one small area in

the

larger field of

the

sciences.

I shall attack this problem from three angles:

First: Teacher shortage, and its relation to programs in

high school mathematics and science, and the

shortage of well-trained scientists.

Second:

The

high school curriculum in relation to needs

for scientific personnel and computer people.

Third: How industry can help in high school science

education.

It

is

probably a safe assumption

that

we

need more

and better trained scientists, engineers, and computer

personnel.

To

insure an adequate supply of scientists

the

first thing

that

must happen

is

that

the

high schools

must

be

adequately staffed with qualified people in

their mathematics and science departments. I

say

high

schools,

but

I would like to repeat

the

same statement

for junior high school mathematics and science depart-

ments, and even on down to

the

elementary schools.

The

junior and senior high school

is

where

the

initial

stages of excitement in science start, and young people

when excited need adequately trained teacbers guiding

them.

Inadequate Salaries

The

major difficulty in getting adequately qualified

and competent teaching personnel in the mathematics

and science classes today can be summed up in two

words, inadequate salaries. How can

we

hope to keep

a staff of adequately trained teachers if their salary

range

is

so

low

that

it

is

impossible for them to make

a living without having a second job after school hours?

These conditions exist today almost everywhere, even

among some of

the

recognized top public schools in the

natioh~

---;

'-I

,-

-

16

The

developments in science and mathematics today

are moving

at

such a pace

that

the

training received by

teachers a few years ago

is

woefully inadequate for

to day's modern classroom in mathematics and science.

I am head of

the

mathematics department in a large

high school; and in order for my teachers to keep pace

with modern developments, they have to go back to

school from time to time or

at

least spend their sum-

mers studying, and

not

do odd jobs to eke

out

a living.

The

grants by

the

National Science Foundation for

attending summer institutes are a great help. I also

believe industry could employ some teachers for sum-

mer jobs in their computing and science sections, and

bring them up to date with needs in mathematics and

science. I believe it

is

still true that teachers have a

tremendous influence on

the

likes and dislikes of

students for various subjects. Many potential careers in

mathematics and science are killed by inadequately

prepared, unhappy, and underpaid school teachers.

Up

until now we have been able to staff our own classrooms

with dedicated teachers who have a missionary zeal and

are willing to make the monetary sacrifice.

But

the

question asked by many teachers today

is:

"Why

should

I sacrifice money for a college education for my children

by going into

the

teaching profession?"

How would increasing salaries alleviate

the

teacher

shortage?

If

I can believe some of

the

things I hear,

there are literally thousands of people qualified

to

teach

mathematics and science who are doing fringe engi-

neering jobs, and who would love

to

be

back in

the

mathematics and science classroom, if they could only

make a living at it! (I

say

back into

the

classroom, for

many were former teachers. Many others, though, would

be teaching for

the

first time.) Teachers have been

fighting for better salaries for years. Many of

us

quit

the field for a while,

but

now we are back again battling

for education. I am chairman of

the

salary policies

committee of our Teachers Federation, and I am con-

vinced that the parents and public

in

general must come

to our rescue.

I would like to suggest

that

the Association for

Computing Machinery go on record

as

favoring sub-

stantially increased salaries for teachers and

that

each

member do something about it

in

his own school com-

munity. I believe your voices will

be

heard and heeded.

An

adequately trained and adequately paid teaching

staff can turn

out

the

potential scientists we need.

COMPUTERS

and

A

UTOMA

TION

for

August,

1957

In

1954

some of my senior girls

at

Connecticut Col-

lege for

Women

with an

AB

degree, with major in

mathematics or science, took jobs in

the

computing

field

at

about $4000 (several dollars more than I

was

making). Today, three years later, they are

at

about

$6000. I have teachers with master's degrees on my staff

making much less than $6000 after more than

12

year's

experience!

Why

should smart mathematics students

go

into teaching when such low salaries are now being

paid to teachers?

You may feel

that

I have dwelt on salaries too long,

but

what I have to

say

in a

moment

about an adequate

curriculum for the high school

goes

right back to money

to buy teachers and give them free time to think

and

devise new programs in

the

light of present day

de-

velopments. 1\1uch of this free time

is

to be found only

during

the

summer months. Teaching, well done today,

is

a full-time, year-long job.

It has been suggested by many people

that

we

raise

salaries of mathematics and science teachers above

the

regular salary schedule,

say,

$1000

or more depending

on

the

salary schedule. I have not supported

that

sort

of thing

so

far because teachers need all salaries raised.

Dr. Forsythe has pointed

out

to me

that

in order

to

keep qualified mathematics and science teachers in

the

classrooms maybe

we

must have a crash program like

this and gradually bring

the

other teachers' salaries

up

to it, since to make large jumps in all salaries would

make

the

cost prohibitive.

This argument has merit,

but

I am still worried about

teacher morale. Yet, private schools and colleges do this

sort of thing all

the

time, paying' attention to

the

law

of supply and demand and maybe this needs to

be

ex-

amined more carefully

as

a distinct possibility.

But

I

am also afraid this would be used

as

an excuse to keep

other salaries too low.

We

need well paid teachers in

all fields.

Strong Curriculmn Needed

On

to my second point of attack:

The

high school

curriculum in relation to scientific personnel and com-

puter needs.

I feel

that

a strong mathematics and science curricu-

lum in high school

is

basic to

the

training of future

scientists. I also believe

that

good high school science

courses must

be

available, too. I

don't

want to debate

which one

is

more basic,

but

please

let

me outline

the

high school mathematics curriculum

that

I believe

is

absol,utely necessary

if

we

are to meet

the

challenge of

modern society

and

the

shortage of well-trained per-

sonnel in all fields -

not

just science alone.

For

we need

social scientists

and

people in

the

humanities

that

really

know

and

appreciate mathematics and science.

As

you

might suspect, I will be outlining

the

mathematics

program

at

Newton High School. It consists of four

levels:

First level:

There

must

be

an advanced track, an ad-

vanced placement program for those students who are

the top thinkers in mathematics.

The

program

is

the

one outlined in

the

Advanced Placement Bulletin of

the

College Entrance Examination Board.

It

covers

elementary, intermediate,

and

advanced algebra, plane

and solid geometry

and

elements of analytic geometry;

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

and it

is

topped off in

the

senior year by a first year

college course in differential and integral calculus.

Teachers of

the

caliber required to teach these stu-

dents are not available in many schools today because

the

school committees and school boards will

not

pay

the

price to get them. This

is

not

necessarily

the

school

board's fault, because

the

townspeople

m~v

not

have

convinced

the

board

that

they want a first class school

system.

Second level:

There

must be a second track, a

se-

quence of four years of standard college preparatory

mathematics. It covers:

9th

grade spent

on

elementary

algebra; 10th and 11th grades spent in studying plane

and solid geometry, and intermediate algebra; in

the

12th grade or senior year, advanced algebra, trigo-

nometry, introduction to analytic geometry, and some

calculus _ of polynomials.

Third

level:

There

must be another track for slower

students of mathematics, late bloomers

so

to speak. It

covers:

9th

grade, elementary algebra; 10th grade,

geometry;

lIth

grade, intermediate algebra;

and

in

the

12th grade, review of arithmetic, algebra,

and

geometry,

and one-half year of trigonometry. This course

is

for

boys and girls going to technical institutes

and

also to

some of

the

less

demanding colleges.

Fourth level:

There

must

be

a general mathematics

sequence of three years study for those boys

and

girls

(and there are some) who find or will find

that

all of

the

above three tracks are more

than

they can handle.

To

keep a qualified staff of

16

to ] 8 people to handle

this program for a high school of 2000 students costs

money

and

is

going to cost more money.

One

needs a

master's degree in mathematics to handle

the

advanced

program

as

outlined above.

This program looks good,

but

it

still isn't good enough

for this modern day world.

At

the

invitation of Prof.

Max Beberman, project director of

the

University of

Illinois

Committee

on School Mathematics, Newton

is

entering their program of Secondary School Mathe-

matics in four classes in two of Newton's

five

junior high

schools.

The

Project Staff has completely rewritten high

school mathematics, putting in

as

much modern mathe-

matics,

as

can

be

made understandable to high school

students. Revisions of

the

text materials are constantly

going on in

the

light of experience gained in teaching

the

materials.

I think this

is

one of

the

most. promising develop-

ments in secondary school mathematics under

way

at

the

present time.

The

old traditional high school

mathematics

is

not

nearly

as

exciting

as

this new pro-

gram. Also it does

not

get to

the

so-called modern

mathematical concepts

that

are useful in

the

computing

field nearly

so

quickly. Here again we need money to

pay

the

salaries of

the

people who have obtained or

will obtain such training in modern mathematics.

Industry Assistance

Now for my third angle of attack: How can industry

help in high school science education?

We,

in

the

secondary schools, need some elementary

units on computers which

we

as

mathematics teachers

can understand

and

bring in

at

the

proper

moment

during

the

various high school mathematics courses.

17

There

are qualified.'>Icdii1pu'ter

p~rsonnel

that

could

write these units, if they would take

the

time to do it.

You people could invite a science and a mathematics

teacher in your own community to have a look

at

some

of

the

things going on in your industry and gently get

them excited about it. This

is

a delicate problem I

know,

but

it

can be done if you

don't

make

the

teacher

feel uncomfortable

and

inferior because he doesn't

know about these things. Here

is

where a summer job

with an industry would payoff.

In

Newton, our mathematics curriculum

is

pretty full,

but

school

is

out

at

2:30;

so

I am thinking seriously of

.a

seminar

at

2:45

sponsored by

the

Mathematics Club

featuring a person from

the

computing field armed with

suitable text materials mimeographed for each member

of

the

seminar, and also any hardware

that

can

be

easily

transported, and finally a tour of some computer in-

stallation. For this program to

be

successful, I will need

at

least a key math teacher who

is

willing to learn some-

thing of

the

computer field. I will expect to be in on the

show

at

first,

but

it

can't

be

a one-man show over the

years.

The

proposal

that

industry supply an engineer to take

over mathematics or science classes to alleviate the

teacher shortage problem can work very well

at

the

college level,

but

I have serious doubts about

its

feasi-

bility

at

the

high school level.

For

there

is

much more

to teaching in high school than just going in and

meeting a class.

The

administrative details would have

to double up on regular teachers' shoulders;

then

we

are in real trouble.

The

general feeling

that

I have found to this proposal

has been very negative. I still believe

the

best

way

for

industry to win

the

confidence of

the

teacher and really

help

him

is

through summer employment. Part of

the

expense could surely be written off by

the

company

as

expense attributable to public relations and community

education.

In

talking this problem over with Dr. Navez, head of

our Science Department,

he

suggested

that

we

needed

simple computer kits with complete drawings

and

in-

structions for building a simple computing machine.

Could

it

be

that

industry has discarded hardware

that

could be given to

the

high school science department,

maybe for a small

fee?

Schools have been reluctant to set aside money for

teachers to attend professional conferences.

The

problem of substitute teachers and their pay

is

also part

of

the

picture. Industry could

be

of great help here by

offering to pick up

the

tab for part of

the

expenses

and

furnishing an engineer to substitute for

the

teacher.

This has been done in several areas already.

As

an

example, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., paid

my travel expenses to this conference and

the

Newton

Public School system

is

paying

the

other expenses.

Questions

I have had my say now and would like to ask some

questions.

Will

someone please outline briefly for me

some of

the

teaching units in

the

computing field

that

they think should be taught to high school students?

By

a teaching unit I mean a body of knowledge, facts,

material, etc.,

that

is

organized in a unit for teaching

purposes. '

I have a feeling

that

we on

the

high school level have

a responsibility for

the

general education of students

about

the

computing industry. I

don't

think

-we

can

discharge this responsibility effectively unless

the

com-

puting industry supplies

us

with

the

proper materials

and teaching units for our own education

as

well

as

the

students'. I personally am mostly interested in teaching

units suitable for mathematics classes,

but

if vou have

ideas about science units, I would like to

p~ss

them

along.

Another question: During August I will

be

thinking

and trying to develop some teaching materials in mathe-

matics

that

can

be

used with large groups of

100

or

more, using a 12xl2 screen, projectors, overhead pro-

jectors, overlays, etc. Could a

unit

lasting one or more

50

minute periods be developed for general education

about computers

that

would be worth

the

time

and

effort involved?

My

friends know

me

as

an eternal optimist,

but

my

experience during

the

last two years trying to find

qualified teachers

to

teach mathematics for sub-pro-

fessional salaries has

me

deeply concerned about our

future supply of well-qualified scientists.

III:

INDUSTRY

CAN

PROVIDE

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR

TEACHERS

DeForest L.

Trautman

Communications Systems Department

Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City, Calif.

(A

summary of a talk presented

as

part of a panel discussion

on

"The

Role of Computers in High School Science

Education"

at

the

meeting of

the

Association for

Computing

Machinery, Houston, Texas, June

20,

1957.)

T

HE

topic of this panel discussion

is

indeed provo-

cative! Because of

the

newness of computer tech-

nology, we suspect a paucity of computer material

in high school science education. Yet, because of

the

dearth of time now available for fundamental science

18

education we suspect little desire to further overload

the

curriculum. From another viewpoint, however, we

recognize

the

impact of this new technology

as

a tool

in science, in business,

and

as

an important part of our

scientific culture

"to

know about." Postulating, then,

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

that

computer technology will have a role to play in

high school education, let

us

examine how it might

be

played.

To

be

of inspirational or technical help to the student,

the

teacher must himself have some appreciation

and

u~derstanding

of computers. This means

that

years after

hIs

formal college preparation for science or mathematics

teaching

the

teacher must knuckle down

to

master

the

new knowledge of computers. This

is

but

indicative of

the

practice of life-long learning

that

high school

teache~s

must engage in merely to keep abreast.

The

followmg paragraphs briefly indicate examples of indus-

try-school personnel exchanges

as

a mechanism for such

cont~mporization,

and they dwell more fully on a

speCIfic

Hughes computer seminar experience with high

school teachers.

Personnel Exchanges Between

School

and

Industry

The

number of summer jobs in industry for high

school teachers of science

and

mathematics

is

increasing

each year.

To

serve

the

needs mentioned earlier such

job~

should really

be

positions, professional

positi~ns

in

w~Ich

th~

teacher has an opportunity to participate in

~IS

techmcal field.

~ne

example of this kind of activity

IS

~he

Arthur

D.

LIttle program near Boston, which

is

akm

to

certain cooperative work-study programs for col-

lege students. Two teachers hold one job in

the

Arthur

D.

Little plant in sequence, each teaching one semester

of

the

year.

In

Los Angeles industry, chiefly aeronautical

and

elec-

tronic research and development, about

100

professional

positions in some

15

companies are available this sum-

mer for teachers to engage in their technical specialty.

At Hughes,

19

teachers, nine back for

the

second sum-

mer, will

be

assigned to professional positions in

re-

search and development. Examples of technical areas

are ferrite physics, gaseous electron tubes, digital com-

puters, analog computation, network theory. Com-

petencies embrace mathematics, physics and chemistry.

T.he teachers are paid

at

their school system rate and are

hIred

fo~

the

summer only; additionally they receive

salary pomts toward upgrading from their school system.

The

teachers, their supervisors and

both

school svstem

and Hughes

o~cia.ls

attest to

the

value of the exper'ience,

and

the

practIce

IS

spreading to other companies

and

school districts in

the

Los Angeles area.

Other

personnel exchanges include summer work in

~ndustry

for students

and

visiting lecturers from industry

m

the

school classroom. A high school

student

tea~

successfully tackled a Washington, D. C., civil defense

problem last summer

at

the

Operations Research Office

of John

H~pkins

University; and

the

project will

be

repeated

thIS

summer. Hughes has initiated a similar.

st~dent

project this summer, selecting in cooperation

WIth

several adjoining school districts a dozen outstand-

ing

s~u?ents

having

a.t

least

one

semester of high school

remammg.

One

ant!cipated outcome

is

the

catalytic

efIe~t

of

the

enthUSIasm of

the

students returning to

theIr schools and classmates in

the

fall. '

Scientists and engineers from industry have been

called on for some

time

and

in many locales to speak

to

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August, 1957

science clubs, assemblies, career days,

and

Parent

Teacher Association meetings; they have given guest

lectures on technical topics in

the

classroom. A program

having considerable educational

depth

has now been

conducted by Hughes for a calendar year.

It

consists of

an organized team of four or

five

Hughes technical per-

sonnel to give a series of contemporary lecture-demon-

strations stemming from

the

professional experiences

of

the

panel and integrated with

the

course text and

syllabus. This last year some

22

technical staff members

comprised

five

lecture teams in Phvsics I and

II

Chem-

.

,,'

Istry I and

II

and

mathematics, participating in four

high schools.

The

very favorable results justify continuation of this

program and its expansion to

other

companies

and

schools. Needless-to-say some of

the

application ma-

terial of these lecture-demonstrations can include com-

puter technology -although such

is

not

the sole prime

objective.

Experience with a

Computer

Seminar for Teachers

During summer 1956,

the

10

teachers in the Hughes

program devoted

about

20

percent of their

time

to

orientation lectures and

to

get-togethers of their own

group to relate their work experiences to their subse-

quent

teaching activities.

Near

the

close of

the

summer

it

was

decided to reassemble

the

group occasionall;

throughout

the

fall to provide follow-through into

the

classes. This follow-through took

the

form of a series

of

five

8-hour Saturdays, September to December, and was

a seminar or workshop devoted to "arithmetic com-

puters." This topic resulted from interest in an earlier

orientation talk on computers

and

from the fact

that

seven of

the

teachers were in mathematics.

Of

interest at this

point

is

the

concentration on digital

rather

than

analog computers because of

the

dearth

of

appreciation of calculus! Brief background talks

and

demonstrations were given on

the

REAC

mechanical

Differential Analyzer,

and

EASE, while

~ore

serious

attention

was

given to

IBM

computers,

the

SW

AC

computer, and a successor to

the

"Geniac" computer kit.

Considerable time

was

spent

on

coding a problem

for

the

SW

AC

and

then

on running through

the

solu-

tion so

that

the

teachers would

be

forced

to

think

hard

about

the

meaning of arithmetic operations -all in

trying to understand

what

the

machine would do.

The

modified "Geniac"

was

a plugboard with toggles and

multiple-deck, multiple-position switches (and lights)r

such

that

a number of

the

classical logic games could

be

implemented.

Of

great interest to

the

teachers

was

the

~eth~dology

for expressing symbolically

the

logic of a

SItuatIOn, such

as

the

automobile turning indicator,

the

translation of this into a diagram, and finally implemen-

tation by simple circuitry.

Assimilating this new knowledge

was

rough for

the

teachers

but

they "sweat

it

out"

and, in addition, pro-

duced an excellent manuscript for

the

benefit of

their

fellow teachers.

Under

title of

"An

Introduction

to

Arithmetic Computers", it contained

the

following

chapters,.

ampl~

illustrat.ed

by

examples:

Number

Sys-

tems, AnthmetIc OperatIons, Mechanical and Electrical

[Please

turn

to

page

331

19

WHO'S

WHO

'In the COMPUTER FIELD, 1956-57

1.

Some Statistics 2 Supplement

of

New

or Revised

Full

Entries

1.

Some Statistics About

Computer

People

W

'HAT

are computer people like

as

a group? After

publishing

"Who's

Who

in

the

Computer

Field,

1956-57"* in March.

we

became curious about

the

characteristics of computer people, and

we

decided

to make use of

the

Who's

Who

to see

if

we

could find

out

some things about them.

we

can answer such questions

as

the following

at

least:

1)

What

kinds of organizations do computer people

work in?

2)

How many are interested in one or more of con-

struction, design, and electronics?

In

the

Who's

vVho,

the

entries covered

199

pages of

about

61

entries each, or about

12,100

entries. About

4130

of these entries were full entries containing name,

title, organization, address, main interests, year of birth,

college or last school, year of entry into

the

computer

field, occupation, distinctions, publications, etc.

The

remaining entries were brief entries containing only

name and address (sometimes also organization).

3)

How many are women?

4)

How old are computer people?

Here

Are

the

Answers

The

answers to these four questions appear in

the

four tables which appear below.

It

is

interesting to

note

that

the

six

largest employ-

ment

fields for computer people (outside of manufac-

turers of computers or computer components) are:

The

U.

S.

government,

the

aviation industry, university

re-

search

and

teaching, management consultants, insur-

ance, and utilities.

We

decided

to

construct a

10

percent sample by

going through all

the

full entries, selecting every 10th

name in alphabetic order, and tabulating

that

entry.

If

such a sample fairly represents computer people,

then

Table

1:

THE

ORGANIZATIONS

WHERE

COMPUTER

PEOPLE

WORK

1.

Makers and Suppliers of Com-

puters, Data Processing Ma-

chines, and Services: 45.4%

Computer Manufacturers 14.5

Business Machine Manu-

facturers

1.0

Component Manufacturers

13.5

Computer Centers and

Ser-

vices

Management Consultants

2.

Other

Industries:

Automobile Manufacturers

Atomic Development

Aviation

Banks

Chemicals

Electrical and Electronic

Man ufacturers

Insurance

Machinery, heavy

Oil

Railroads

Utilities

Various other industries

3.

Other:

U.

S.

Military Forces

U.

S.

Government

University Research and

Teaching

Miscellaneous

Total

12.6

3.8

33.7%

1.6

1.6

6.2

0.5

1.2

8.9

3.6

1.0

1.9

1.2

3.6

2.4

20.9%

9.5

2.6

5.5

3.3

100.0%

Table 2:

INTERESTS

IN

CONSTRUC-

TION,

DESIGN,

AND/OR

ELECTRONICS

In a full \Vho's

Who

entry, provision

is

made for checking one or more of

C,

D,

and E for denoting

as

a main interest

construction, design,

and/

or electronics

respectively.

The

statistics for the sample

show:

C

D

E

C,D

C, E

D,E

C,D,E

Total C,

D,

and/or

E

Other

Total reporting

and this leads to:

Computer people interested in

construction, design,

and/or

electronics

Other

computer people

Total

2

42

33

14

I

59

41

192

2,21

413

46.5%

53.5

100.0%

This

indicates that slightly less than

half of the people in the .computer field

are interested in construction, design,

and/

or electronics.

"'Who's

Who

in

the

Computer

Field,

1956-

57,

published

March

1957,

by

Computers

and

Automation,

815

Washington

St.,

New-

tonville

60,

Mass.,

photo-offset,

212

pages,

$17.50.

Also

see

the

Who's

Who

entry

form

on

page

27.

Table

3:

WOMEN

AMONG

COMPUTER

PEOPLE

\Vomen

Men

5.3%

94.7%

100.0%

There

arc many reasons for believing

that

the proportion of women in

the

com-

puter field should grow steadily. Many

good jobs for women exist in the com-

puter field, especially in programming,

coding, mathem'atics, logic, and system

analysis.

Table 4:

THE

AGE

OF

COMPUTER

PEOPLE

Age

Group

22 and under

23

to

27

28

to

32

33

to

37

38

to

42

43

to

47

48

to

52

53

to

57

58

to

62

63

and over

Total

Percent

0.3

8.1

31.8

30.5

13.9

7.8

4.5

1.8

0.8

0.5

100.0%

!t

is

striking to note that apparently over

90

percent of computer people are under

age

48.

A little evidence of bias in the

sample shows in this table.

There

must be

more computer people age

22

and under

than 0.3%;

but

apparently they are

so

modest

that

they rarely send in full entries

for

the

Who's

vVho.

20

COMPUTERS

and

A

UTOMA

TION

for

August.

1957

2.

Supplement

No.1

of New or Revised

Full

Entries

There

are two kinds of entries for persons in

the

Who's

Who

in

the

computer field: full entries and brief

entries.

The

full entry consists of:

name/

title, organi-

zation, address/ interests (the capital letter abbrevia-

tions are

the

initial letters of

the

interests Applications,

Business, Construction, Design, Electronics, Logic,

Mathematics, Programming, Sales)/ year of birth,

col-

lege or last school (background), year of entering the

computer field, occupation/ other information, such

as

distinctions, publications, etc. / code.

In

the

code,

the

digit such

as

5 or 6 denotes

the

year '55 or '56, when

the

information in

the

entry

was

received or revised. In

cases where no information

was

given, a

"-"

denotes

omission.

The

brief entry consists of:

name/

address -

or else:

name/

organization/ address. Nearly all

the

abbreviations may be easily guessed like those in a

telephone book. For translations of some of

the

abbre-

viations, see page

14

of

the

Third

Cumulative Edition.

New, Revised Listings

Following are a number of new or revised full entries

for

the

"Who's

\Vho

in

the

Computer

Field, 1956-57",

constituting Supplement

No.1

to

the

Third

Cumulative

Edition.

A

Anderson, Paul E / Engr, Natl Analysts, Inc,

1015

Chestnut St,

Phila 7, Pa / A / '20,

West

Point, '50, engr / manual on prodn

contr & its automatn, artis on automatn / 7

Antonini, Frank P / Compr Field Engr, Beckman, Berkeley Div,

2200

Wright

Ave, Richmond

3,

Calif /

ACDELMP

/ '29,

Univ of Santa Clara, '56, elecnc engr / 7

Armstrong, Lancelot

\V

/ Data Procg Expert, Natl Analysts, Inc,

1015

Chestnut St, Phila 7, Pa / A / '16, Syracuse Univ, '49,

- / 7

B

Barclay-de-Tolly, George E / Logicl Desn Engr, Gen Elec Co,

Bldg 312b Stanford Res, Menlo Park, Calif /

ELMP

/ '27,

Ohio State Univ, Univ of Toronto, '56, engr / 6

Bekey, George A / Mgr, Beckman, Berkeley Div, 2200

Wright

Ave, Richmond

3,

Calif / ALMP / '28, Univ of Calif

at

L

A,

'51, engr / four publ papers on compr aplns / 7

Beyer, Harold / Supply Specialist, U S Army Signal Supply

Agency, 225

So

18th St, Phila

3,

Pa / AP, supply mgm / '21,

CCNY,

'54, supply specialist / attended IBM 705 prgmg

course / 7

Billinghurst, Edward M / Devt Engr, Beckman, Berkeley Div,

2200 \Vright Ave, Richmond

3,

Calif / AD / '22, Univ of

Calif

at

Berkeley, '56, elecncs engr / 7

Binder, Sidney / Survey Statn, Natl Analysts, Inc,

1015

Chestnut

St, Phila 7, Pa / A / '12, CCNY, '34, statn / consltnt tab

methods / 7

Bruck, Donald B / Res Asst,

MIT,

Dynamic Analysis & Controls

Lab, Cambridge 39, Mass /

ADELMP

/ '35,

MIT,

'56,

engr / 7r .

Burgess, R E / Royal McBee Corp,

32

Green St, Newark, N J

C

Codd, Edgar F / Sr PIng Repr, IBM Corp, Res Lab, Pough-

keepsie, N Y / ABDLMP / '23, Oxford, Eng, '49, mathn / 7t

Crowley, William V / Western Regional

Sales

Mgr, Alwac Corp,

l3040 S Cerise, Hawthorne, Calif / APBS / '19, Stanford

Univ (MBA), '53, compr sales / publn, formerly in charge all

elecne data procg at Aviation Supply Office / 7

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

D

De Biase, Ramon N / Elecncs Coordinator, N Y Life Ins Co,

51

Madison Ave,

NYC

/ ABP / '28, Columbia Univ, '53, IBM

methods cordntr / mbr Natl Machine Acctnts Assoc / 7

E

Ender, Robert C / Apln Engr,

Cen

Elcc Co, Schenectady

5,

N Y / ABLMP / '28, Union ColI, Univ Maryland, '52, elec

engr / 7

England, Samuel J M / Principal Economist, Battelle Memorial

Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, Ohio /

DCAEMP,

philosophy

of autnm / '27, Univ of Texas, '55, engr / 7

F

Farrington, C C, Jr /

-,

Univ of Ill, Urbana,

III

/ AM /

-,

-,

-,

- / paper ACM mtg '56 / 6

Finnell, C D / Compr

Sales

Mgr, Beckman, Berkeley Div, 2200

\Vright Ave, Richmond

3,

Calif /

AS

/ '23, Colorado A & M,

'50, engr / 7

Flannell, C Fred / Dir, Scientific Compr Dept, Royal McBee

Corp, Westchester Ave, Port Chester, N Y /

AS

/ '28,

So

Illinois Univ, '52, director / 7t

Fowler, James L / Compr Field Engr, Beckman, Berkeley Div,

2200

Wright

Ave, Richmond

3,

Calif-/

ADS / '29, Fresno

State ColI, Fresno, Calif, '55, engr / 7

G

Garofalos, John / Jr Prgmr, Sperry-Rand Corp,

2601

Wilshire

Blvd, L A 46, Calif /

ABS

/ '29, Univ of Penna, '55, custmr

supprt -Univac / 7t

Glaser, Ezra / Economist, Statn, Natl Analysts, Inc,

1015

Chestnut St, Phila

7,

Pa / AM / '13, Columbia Univ, '47,

ecomist, statn / Pres, Wash Stat Soc, mbr ACM,

ASA,

Inst

for Mgm Sciences, artcls mathl economics, prgmg, stat

orgnztn / 7

Gordon, Bernard M / President, Epsco, Inc, 588 Commonwealth

Ave, Boston, Mass / ADE / '27,

MIT,

'48, exec / num papers

& artls, authr series "Adapting Dig Techs for Automtc

Controls" / 7

H

Harris, Mark / Devt Engr, Beckman, Berkeley Div, 2200

Wright

Ave,

Richmond

3,

Calif /

ADEM

/ '24, Cornell, Uniy of

Calif, '55, engr / 7

Hawes, Mrs Mary K / Prgmr, Natl Analysts, Inc,

1015

Chestnut

St, Phila 7, Pa / AP / '10, Univ of Okla, Chattanooga, '51,

prgmr / papers, ACM, Automatic Control Mag / 7

Hershovitz, William P /

Sys

Analyst, USASSA, Stock Mgm Diy,

225 S 18th St, Phila

3,

Pa / AP, supply mgm / '25, Temple

Univ, '56, supply speclst / 7

Hussey, J L / Mgr, Comprs, 2200

Wright

AYe,

Richmond

3,

Calif / ABCDELMPS / '28, Univ of Calif

at

L A, '50, elecne

engr / 7

K

Kimber, Robert L / Elecne

Sys

Analyst, Gen Tire & Rubber Co,

1708 Englewood

Ave,

Akron 9, Ohio / AMP / '26,

-,

'56,

prgmr,

sys

analyst /

12

yrs

tablg / 7

King, Arnold J / President, Natl Analysts, Inc,

1015

Chestnut St,

Phila 7, Pa / A / '06, Iowa State ColI, Univ Wyoming,

-,

mathl stat / V Pres Amer Stat Assoc, mbr regnl advisory

bd

of Biometrics Soc, advisory comm & consumrs expendtr tabs

comm Amer Mrktg

Assoc,

authr techl artcls mathl stats / 7

Kircher, Paul / Assoc Professor, Schl of Bus, UCLA,

LA

24,

Calif / B /

-,

Univ of Mich,

-,

professor / 6

21

22

NOW!

TRANSLATE

COMPUTER

CONCEPTS

INTO

WORKING

REALITIES

IMMEDIATELY

WITH

NEW

"KIT"

OF

COMPTRON

CARDS!

Vast simplification of

computer

and

control

systems engineering,

with

substantial savings

of

development time

and

costs,

is

now possible

with

new

Comptron

Cards. Systems engineers

are

freed from electronic circuit design prob-

lems.

Eight

transistorized,

printed

circuit dig-

ital

element cards may be plugged

into

a special

mounting

chassis capable of

holding

a total

of

15

cards. Six

additional

logic cards may be

combined

with

the digital element cards to

form

logical inter-connections for any type of

computer

or

control system

an

engineer wishes

to assemble.

The

cards may be purchased sepa-

rately

or

Comptron

engineers will design com-

plete

systems to

meet

customers' needs.

Write for complete specifications.

COMPTRON

CORPORATION

Belmont

79,

Mass.

L

Liebert, George E / Supply Specialist, USASSA, Stock Mgm

Div,

225

So

18th St, Phila

3,

Pa / AP, supply mgm / '22,

Northeast High, '55,

sys

analyst / 7

Lister, Mary / Assist Prof Math, Penn State Univ, Univ Park,

Pa / ABMP / '27, Univ of London (Eng), '53, assist prof / 7

Longo, Len / Deptl Assist, No Amer Aviation, 4300 E Fifth

Ave,

Columbus, Ohio / BP / '26, Ohio State, '57, deptl assist / 7

Ludwig, Robert C / Acct Rep, Rem Rand Univac,

2601

Wilshire

Blvd, L A 54, Calif /

ABS

/ '14, Oregon State Univ, '42,

sales

rep / methods,

sys,

sales

engr / 7

M

MacLane, Alan B / Chief Field Engr, Compr Dept, Beckman,

Berkeley Div, 220 Wright

Ave,

Richmond

3,

Calif / CDES /

'25, Univ of Calif, '54, elec engr / 7

Marks, Eli S / Mathl Stat, Natl Analysts, Inc,

1015

Chestnut St,

Phila

7,

Pa / APM /

'11,

Columbia,

-,

statn / Phi Beta

Kappa, fellow

ASA,

artls & books in Psychology & stats / 7

Miller, David R / Mgr, Richmond Compn Ctr, Beckman,

Berkeley Div, 2200 Wright Ave, Richmond

3,

Calif / ALMP /

'26, Denver Univ, '52, mathn / 7

N

Neumiller, Joseph L / Supv, Data Procg, Folger Coffee Co,

101

Howard St, San Francisco, Calif / B / '21, Univ of Calif, '52,

supv / mgr Elecnc Bus

Sys

Conf, '56, natl dir NMAA / 7

o

O'Donnell, Mrs Jane

M-/

Psychologist, Natl Analysts, Inc,

1015

Chestnut St, PhiIa

7,

Pa / A / '15, Swarthmore ColI, Univ of

Berlin, '54, psychologist / 7

Orr, Dell J / Methods Analyst, Gen Tire & Rubber Co, 1708

Englewood

Ave,

Akron 9, Ohio / ABP / '21, Akron Univ, '56,

EDP

methods analyst / 7

p

Paxson, Beverly L / Engr, Richmond Compn Ctr, Beckman,

Berkeley Div, 2200 Wrighf

Ave,

Richmond

3,

Calif / AMP /

'26, Univ of Calif

at

Berkeley, '54, anal compr prgmr / 7

Pepper, James H / Devt Engr, Beckman, Berkeley Div, 2200

Wright

Ave,

Richmond

3,

Calif / D / '22, Univ of Calif

at

Berkeley, '55, engr / 7

Phillips, Kenneth / Prgmr/ Instr, Rem Rand Corp,

315

4th

Ave,

NYC / ABPS / '31, CCNY, '55, prgmr / 7r

R

Rittler,

CAlvin

/ Prgmr, Natl Analysts, Inc,

1015

Chestnut St,

Phila

7,

Pa / AP / '27, Chas Morris Price Schl of Advertsg &

Journlsm,

-,

prgmr / 7

S

Schmidt, R C /

Sr

Devt Engr, Beckman, Berkeley Div, 2200

\Vright

Ave,

Richmond

3,

Calif /

CD

/ '27, Whittier ColI,

'51, desn engr / 7

Schwartzbart, Milton / Data Procg

sys

analyst, Natl Analysts, Inc,

1015

Chestnut St, Phila 7, Pa / A / '15,

-,

'54,

sys

analyst / 7

Schweber, Seymour C / Mgr, Schweber Elecncs,

122

Herricks,

Mineola, L I, N Y / BES / '15, Brooklyn CoIl,

-,

exec / 7t

Single, Charles H / Chief Proj Engr, Beckman, Berkeley Div,

2200

Wright

Ave,

Richmond

3,

Calif / D / '26, Mich State

Univ, '50, engrg admin / papers

at

ACM,

AS~E,

ISA / 7

Slimak, Romuald / Chief Statn, Rem Rand Univac,

315

4th

Ave,

NYC

10

/ AMP, stats, teaching / '26, Univ of London, '54,

statn / Adj Asst Prof Math, NYU, mbr hi speed compr com

Inst Mathl Stats / 7

Small, Harold E / Engr, Philco Corp, 4700 Wissahickon Ave,

Phila 44, Pa /

DE

/ '21,

-,

'52, engr / 7

[Please

turn

to

page

301

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

ENGINEERS

•

DEVELOPMENTAL,

Electronic

•

DIGITAL

COMPUTER

DESIGN

•

DEVELOPMENTAL,

Mechanical

•

ELECTRONIC

lOGICAL

DESIGN

•

PROGRAMMERS

•

RELAY

CIRCUIT

DESIGN

•

TECH

N

ICAl

WRITERS

•

WIRE

COMMUNICATIONS,

Digital

Teleregister

has

pioneered

in

the

application

of

digital

computers

to

the

practical

commercial

field.

We

have

developed

reservation

sys-

tems

for

8

major

airlines,

3

major

railroads,

in

addi-

tion

to

digital

computer

in-

ventory

and

banking

sys-

tems.

We

do

not

have

gov-

ernment

contracts.

We

think

these

facts

plus

the

ones

listed

below

represent

a

challenge

to

qualified

engineers

who

wish

to

join

a

stable

and

growing

company,

one

whose

growth

is

based

entirely

on

commercial

demand

in

a

rapidly

expanding

field.

Call collect

or

write:

MR. PAUL

D.

CALLENDER

B.S.

and

M.S.

degree

in

Electrical

or

Mechanical

Engineering

in

addition

to

1

or

more

years'

digital

computer

experience

in

electronics,

mechanical

design

or

relay

circuit

design

is re-

quired.

Recent

graduates

will

also

be

considered.

Advancement

opportunities,

liberal

benefits

and

excellent

salaries

are

offered

. . •

and

the

location

in

beautiful

Stamford

on

Long

Island

Sound

is

most

desirable,

yet

you're

only

45

minutes

from

the

heart

of

New

York

City.

THE

445

Fairfield

Avenue,

Stamford,

Connecticut.

FI

RESI

DE

8-4291

The

Ramo-Wooldridge

Corporation

CORPORATION

Digital

Computer

PROGRAMMERS

The

Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation has several opportunities

for those interested in programming the

UNIVAC

Scientific Model

1103

A,

and other electronic digital computers. A college

degree in mathematics, physics

or

engineering is required,

and several years of programming experience is desirable.

Please direct inquiries for additional information to:

Mr.

R.

Richerson

The

Ramo-Wooldridge

Corporation

5730

Arbor

Vitae

Street

• Los

Angeles

45,

California

•

Telephone:

ORchard

2·0171

BOOKS and OTHER PUBLICATIONS

(List published in "Computers and Automation", Vol. 6,

No.8,

August, 1957)

WE publish here citations and brief reviews of books,

articles, papers, and other publications which have

a significant relation to computers, data processing, and

automation, and which have come to our attention.

We

shall be glad to report other information in future lists

if a review copy

is

sent to

us.

The

plan of each entry

is:

author or editor / title / publisher or issuer / date,

publication process, number of pages, price or its equiva-

lent / comments.

If

you write to a publisher or issuer,

we

would appreciate your mentioning Computers and

Automation. In the case of a review with a by-line,

the

opinions expressed are those of the reviewer and not

necessarily the

views

of Computers

and

Automation.

The

following

reviews

are by Ned Chapin, Menlo Park, Calif.

Rubinoff, l\tlorris, and Ralph

H.

Beterl"Input

and

Output

Equipment" pp.

115-123

in Control Engineering, Vol. 3, No.

11,

Nov. 1956/l\tlcGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Inc., 330

W.

42

St., New York 36, N. Y./1956, printed, $4.00 per year.

The

authors classify input and output equipment for automatic

computers in terms of the

use

made of the computer. Delayed-

time use, real-time use, and computer-control-and-maintenance

use

are the three computer-use situations contemplated.

In

delayed-

time

use,

equipment capable of handling alphameric symbols

is

most widely used. Two examples are punched card equipment

and line printers.

In

real-time

use,

high speed

is

necessary and communication

must be established between the thing controlled and the auto-

matic computer. Analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog

converters, control devices, 'and visual displays, such

as

on CRT's,

are

common.

The

input and output equipment used with auto-

matic computers in real-time

uses

broadly overlaps those used

in

delayed-ti~e

uses.

In control and maintenance by means of automatic computer,

the input and output equipment

is

subject to qualitatively and

quantitatively different requirements than in either real-time or

delayed-time

uses.

Terse, rapid, "high entropy" communication

devices are needed.

The

authors

feel

that present input and

output equipment in this area of use

lags

further behind needs

than

it

lags in the other two areas.

The

authors devote much of the article to a discussion of thc

logical dcsign of magnetic tape-handling equipment.

* * *

Berkeley, Edmund C., and Lawrence Wainwright/"Computers:

Their Operation and Applications," 366 pp./Reinhold Publish-

ing Corp., New York, N. Y./1956, printed, $8.00.

The

contents of this readable book lists rather well what the

book covers.

The

book

is

divided into seven sections whose titles

are: 1 - Machines that Handle Information; 2 - Automatic

Digital Computer Machines; 3 - Automatic Analog' Computing

Machines; 4 - Other Types of Automatic Computing Machines;

5 - Miniature Computers and Their Use

in

Training; 6 - Some

Large Scale Digital Computers; and 7 - Applications of Auto-

matic Computing Machines.

The

first two sections consisting of 74 pages are introductory

in

nature and introduce the basic vocabulary of the field. Included

in

these sections are some reprints of reference material from

"Computers and Automation."

Section three of the book

is

primarily the work of Lawrence

Wainwright. This section introduces analog computers

by

means

of mechanical analogies. This section

is

85

pages long and con-

tains a number of illustrations and diagrams.

Section four

is

very brief and consists of only eight pages

which are primarily devoted to listings of equipment, type, and

components.

24

Section

five

(40 pages in length) dealing with miniature com-

puters

is

primarily devoted to "Simon."

Section

six

on Large Scale Digital Computers discusses in some

detail the following machines: the UNIVAC I and II; IBM

701,

702, 704, 705; and ERA

1103

(UNIVAC Scientific).

On

page

216,

the author describes the speed of

UNIVAC

I in terms of

"the

average number of three-address operations." This

gives

the

impression that the UNIVAC

is

a three-address machine, which

it

is

not.

The

UNIVAC

is

a one-address machine with two

instructions per word.

To

be consistent, the author should have

quoted the speeds for the other machines in comparable terms

but

he did not.

It

is

also noteworthy that over half of the discussion of this

section

six

is

devoted to UNIVAC I and II and that the other

machines combined are relegated to less than

50

percent of

the

space.

The

discussion on each point of the other machines is

much

less

thorough and complete than in the

case

of UNIVAC

I and II.

Section seven, devoted to applications, covers

58

pages. This

section which

is

the work of both Berkeley and Wainwright dis-

r cusses briefly the following topics:

"Whose

work can automatic

computers

do?

what people may buy automatic computers?

the

attitudes of prospective buyers toward automatic computing ma-

chines; applications of automatic computing machines in business;

military applications of analog computers; applications of auto-

matic computing machines to other fields; recognizing areas for

automatic computing machine applications."

From page

305

to the end of the book, will be found reference

information such

as

a list of organizations in the automatic com-

puter .and automatic instruments field, lists of publications, lists

of books, a good

glossary

reprinted from Computers and Auto-

mation, and an index to the book.

* * *

The

following review

is

by

Edith Taunton, Weston, Mass.

Karlqvist, One, and Gunnar Hellstrom / Ordlista Inom Omradet

Datamaskiner Och Berakningsmasker (Glossary of Terms for

Data Processing Machines and Calculating Machines) / Aktie-

bolaget Atvidabergs Industrier (Atvidabergs Industries Co.),

Elektronikavdelningen (Electronic Divisions), Stockholm,

Swe-

den / 1956, photo-offset, 24 pp, limited distribution.

This

is

a glossary of electronic terms published

by

the Elec-

tronics Department of the Atvidabergs Industries in Stockholm.

All

definitions of terms are in Swedish,

but

both the German

and English translations of the terms themselves are provided.

The

glossary

is

good; it indicates the progress in interest and

use

of electronics in Sweden -the interest certainly appears

similar to our own in this country, and fully

as

advanced.

The

introduction states the names of members of Atvidabergs

Industries and coworkers in other companies such

as

Svenska

Aeroplan who have helped compile the glossary; it

also

gives

credit for certain definitions, etc., to the January and October,

1956,

issues

of Computers and Automation and the September,

1956, Proceedings of the IRE. Pages

23

and 24 contain a trans-

lation of English digital computer terms into their Swedish

equivalents, arranged in the alphabetic order of the English terms.

The'

Editor's

Notes

and

Readers'

Forum

[Continued

from

page

91

precision, depending on the precision of the original

factors.

This type of command exhibits complete flexibility

in the variable length of multiplication time

as

dictated

by

the precision of the factors involved and specified by

the programmer.

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August, 1957

GENIACS

and

Tyniacs

ARE

FUN

lor

hoys

Irom

12

to

111

Build

your

own

Tiny

Genius

Com-

puters

-Scientific -

Instructive-

Entertaining

-

Safe

-

with

easy-

to-use

Parts

&

Plans

in

our

new

Kg

Kit!

Here

is

the

fun

of

creation

..

as

this

14-year-

old

boy

wires

his

first

com-

puter

with

reusable,

sol-

derless

parts.

WHAT

IS

GENIAC KIT K9?

An

improved

GENIAC

and

TYNIAC

KIT

(an

electric

brain

construction

kit)

with which you can

make over

45

small electric

brain

machines

and

toys which can

think

or

display inte1l1gent be-

havior • . • including several semi-automatic

computers. Each one works on 1 flashlight

battery

• • •

is

fun to make. use and play with • • •

teaches you something new about electrical com-

puting

and reasoning circuits. (All connections

with

nuts

and

bolts; lIO soldering; completely safe.)

They

are

the

outcome of 1 years of Berkeley

Enter-

prises development work with

small

robots.

in-

cluding Simon

(miniature

mechanical

brain),

Squee

(electronic robot SQuirrl'l). Relay Moe

(tit-tat-toe

machine pictured

in

LIFE

Magazine).

etc.

WHAT

CAN

YOU

MAKE

WITH

THE

GENIAC

KIT?

Logic Machines: Inteillgence test. syllogism

prover

••.

Game.Playlng Machines:

Tit-Tat-Toe.

Nim.

Black Match. Sundorra 21,

•••

Computers:

To add, subtract, multiply or divide. using decimal

or

binary numbers • • , Cryptographic Machines:

Coders. decoders. lock

with

65,000 combination!>

· . . Puzzle·So!ving Machines:

Fox-Hen-Com

&

Hired

Man. Bruce Campbell's

Wlll

and many more.

WHAT COMES WITH

THE

GENIAC

KIT?

• 64-page

GENIAC

Manual & 48-page

TYNIAC

:Manual (both by

E.

C.

BERKELEY)

showing

how

to make

46

machines.

• Introduction to Boolean Algebra for designing

circuits.

•

Wiring

Diagrams

in

full-scale

template

form to

help beginners.

• Over 400

Parts

including panel. switch discs,

jumpers, wipers (improved

design).

bulbs. sockets,

washers. wire.

battery

. . . everything you need.

HOW

CAN

YOU

ORDER?

Simply send check or money order for $11.95

to

Dept.

RI06 for each

kit

you want

••

for

ship-

ment West of Miss

.•

add

80¢; outside

U.

S .•

add

$1.80.

Buy

it

now on our 7-Day

Full

Refund

Guarantee

if

not satisfactory.

---MAIL

THIS

COUPON----.

Berkeley Enterprises. Inc .• Dept. RI06

815 Washington

St.,

Newtonville 60. Mass.

I

WANT

TO

HAVE

FUN

with

GENIACS

on your

MONEY-BACK

GUARANTEE

OFFER.

Please

send

me

.....

............

K9

Kit

(s) -

enclose $

....................

in

full payment.

Name

Street

City

&

State

...............•...•...•.•...•.••••

~----------------~

NCR

Research offers exceptional oppor-

tunity to men with strong experience in

the digital computer industry.

Many important openings exist in both

basic and development phases

of

com-

puter and data processing componentry.

NCR

uses

the

team

approach

to

solving problems in physical chemistry,

ceramics, and solid state physics in-

volving magnetics, ferroelectrics, phos-

phors, photoconductors, electrolumines-

cence, crystal structure, memory devices,

and non-mechanical printing.

Challenging projects in electronics also

need men with new ideas and superior

know-how

for

systems analysis, switching

circuits, logical design, indication media,

random access, input and read-out devices.

These men should have one

or

more

degrees in the fields

of

electrical

or

elec-

tronic engineering, physics, chemistry, ce-

ramics

or

mathematics.

INVESTIGA

TE

NCR's

research program! We have

other interesting openings.

Write

or

wire: Director

of

Scientific Personnel,

Section

MC,

The

National Cash Register Company.

Dayton 9, Ohio.

THE

NA TIONAL CASH REGISTER

COMPANY

COMPUTERS

and

A

UTOMA

TION

for

August,

1957

25

INDUSTRY NEWS NOTES

Ed

Burnett

New York, N.

Y.

RAMO-WOOLDRIDGE

CORP.,

Los Angeles, Calif.,

has announced development of a new, compact ad-

vanced digital control computer to provide fully auto-

matic control for industrial process plants.

The

new

computer, known

as

the

RW-300, can automatically

read process instruments, perform

the

computations

necessary to relate these readings to process objectives,

determine control actions

that

will result in best

plant

operation, and actuate process mechanisms or adjust set

points on supervised control loops.

PHOTRONIX,

Columbus, Ohio,

is

a new organi-

zation formed

to

apply electronic computing methods

in

the

interpretation of aerial photographs for engi-

neering purposes.

The

processes used reportedly save

up

to

60

percent of

the

time required

to

produce high-

way plans, and eliminate sub-professional drudgery by

integrating

the

sciences of aerial survey, photogram-

metry,

and

electronic computing.

ELECTRO-DATA

division of Burroughs Corporation,

Pasadena, Calif., in cooperation with

the

atomic energy

division of

AMERICAN-STANDARD

CORP.,

is

pre-

senting a new mathematical approach

to

the

design of

nuclear reactors. Known

as

DMl\1 (Diffusion Multi-

group Multiregion), this complex code involves

the

utilization of a computer

to

predict

the

point

at

which

a reactor will generate enough controlled power to sus-

tain itself. By utilizing

the

40,800 digit capacity of

the

computer's memory drum,

DMM

is

reportedly able

to

permit prediction of operation

at

various energy levels

involving elastic and inelastic scattering of atomic forces

in planar, cylindrical, and spherical reactors. Among

the

organizations using

the

DMM

code are

the

Nuclear

Development Corp., American Machine & Foundry

Co., and Babcock & Wilcox.

METROPOLITAN-VICKERS

ELECTRICAL,

Ltd.,

London, England, has developed a computer system

to

test strains undergone by aircraft components under

high temperature created by extremely high speeds.

The

computer equipment provides a coordinated system for

carrying

out

simulated tests while retaining

the

flexibility

required

to

meet

varying requirements of different users.

PACKARD-BELL

ELECTRONICS

CORP.,

Los An-

geles, Calif., has received a research

and

development

contract from

the

Army for a high speed digital com-

puter.

The

new equipment, when completed,

is

to

be

installed

at

the

U.

S.

Army

Computation

Center, Red-

stone Arsenal, Huntsville, Ala.

GOODYEAR

AIRCRAFT

CORP.,

Akron, Ohio, has

added a new analog computer,

the

GEDA

A-14,

which

is

expected

to

have far-reaching applications, ranging

26

from small problems

to

very large problems reqUInng

hundreds of

d-c

computing amplifiers and any

number

of nonlinear elements. This new computer automatically

checks

the

problem setup and

the

operation of each

computing element through a built-in program analyzer,

and records

the

result on a read-out printer. Goodyear

believes

the

concentration of parts and wiring in

the

patch bay area of analog computers generally results in

poor accessibility.

In

the

A-14,

the

resistor cards plug

into

the

back of

the

patchbay board, with connections

to

the

cards being made by taper pins. This eliminates

soldering,

and

makes possible easy replacement.

RECORDAK,

New York,

N.

Y., a subsidiary

of

EAST-

l\1AN KODAK, has opened a new product planning

department

to

investigate and develop new, improved

applications of microfilming including electronics auto-

mation. Studies will include a wide field of applications

where microfilming

is

used in electronic storage

and

retrieval of business

and

government information.

CLARY

CORP.,

San Gabriel, Calif., now produces a

self-contained scanning digital printer.

The

machine

converts a parallel set of decimal contact closures into a

printed digital record. Maximum printing capacity

is

12

digits per line, with a minimum printing rate of three

lines per second.

INTERNATIONAL

BUSINESS

MACHINES

CORP.,

New

York,

N.

Y., has announced two new

optional features -file search,

and

additional magnetic

core storage -to increase

the

capacity

and

flexibility

of

the

IBM

774

Tape

Data

Selector.

The

774 serves

as

a

basic translator between magnetic tape units

and

card-

operated machines by providing a punched-card "image"

of data recorded on

the

tape.

With

the

new file search

feature, users of

the

774 can rapidly locate any individual

record or class of records within a

file

of magnetic tapes,

at

a speed of 15,000 characters per second.

The

expanded

magnetic core storage permits up

to

33% more capacity

than

previously available.

The

same company has installed what

is

said

to

be

first tape-operated computer (an

IBM

Tape

650) in

the

investment

and

banking field,

at

Hornblower·&

Weeks

in

New

York.

Most

of

the

500

IBM

650 computers in-

stalled throughout

the

world have been punch-card

operated. Only a few

IBM

Tape

650's are in use.

One

reel of tape replaces 27,000 punch cards.

The

new

machine reduces

the

time

to

turn

out

monthly

state-

ments from

60

hours

to

16.

UNION

SWITCH

AND

SIGNAL, division of

West-

inghouse Air Brake Co., Swissvale, Pa., has reported a

new and unusual application for its new tin v electro-

mechanical, D.C.-operated, storage and readout digital

[Please

turn

to

page

281

COMPUTERS

and

A UTOMA TION-

for

August,

1957

Who's

Who

Entry

ForIn

For

COInputer

People

If

you

are

interested

in

the

computer

field

or

some

part

of

it,

and

if

your

entry

in

"Who's

Who

in

the

Computer

Field,

1956.57",

which

we

published

in

March,

is

inaccurate

or

incomplete

or

missing,

please

fill

in

and

send

us

the

following

Who's

Who

entry

(to

avoid

tearing

the

magazine,

it

may

be

copied

on

any

piece

of

paper)

.

If

you

wish,

you

can

send

it

to

us

postage

free

by

using

the

business

reply

label

printed

next

to

the

Reader's

Inqniry

Form.

The

form

to

be

filled

in

for

a

Who's

Who

entry

follows

(may

be

copied

on

any

piece

of

paper)

:

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(l)lease

print)

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AddressT

------------------------

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_

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AddressT

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----

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of

birthl

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or

last

schooB

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entered

the

computer

fieldT

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tionl

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Anything

else.

publications,

distinctions,

etc

•.

_________________________________

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When

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have

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in

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entry

form

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extent

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you

conveniently

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please

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it

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Who

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COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION,

815

Wash·

ington

St.,

Newtonville

60, Mass.

Bulk

Subscriptions

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rates

apply

to

prepaid

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and

Automation"

coming

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the

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For

example,

if

7

subscriptions

come

in

to.

gether,

the

saving

on

each

one·year

sub.

scription

will

be

24

percent,

and

on

each

two·year

subscription

will

be

31

percent.

The

bulk

subscription

rates,

and

savings

to

subscribers

depending

on

the

number

of

simultaneous

subscriptions

received,

follow:

BULK

SUBSCRIPTION

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States)

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of

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or

more

4

to

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aUll

ltesuIting

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Two

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For

Canada,

add

50

cents

for

each

year;

outside

of

the

United

States

and

Canada,

add

$l.00

for

each

year.

FERRANTI

HIGH SPEED TAPE READER

The Ferranti High Speed Tape Reader accelerates

to full speed within 5 milliseconds and stops within

3 milliseconds.

It

has been in use at leading computer

installations for over two years and has achieved a sound

reputation for simplicity and reliability in regular operation.

MtJi-(

1)

Mark

II

model reads

at

speeds

up

to 200 characters

per

second,

and

stops the tape from full speed within a character

position-

within .03 inch. The tape

is

accelerated to full speed again in 5 milliseconds

and

-the following character

is

ready for reading within 6 milliseconds

of

rest position.

(2)

Mark IIA model reads at speeds

up

to 400 characters per second,

and

stops within .1 inch.

VERSATILE Both models read either 5 level, 6 level or 7 level tape

by

simple adjustment of an external lever.

.iM'a'.

The

tape

is

easily inserted without complicated threading.

Lap

or

butt

splices are taken without any difficulty.

The

same tape may

be

passed thousands of times without appreciable tape wear. The optical

system has no lenses or mirrors to get out of alignment. Friction drive is

independent of sprocket hole spacing.

LARGE OUTPUT Amplifiers are included for each channel, including

a special squaring circuit for the sprocket hole Signal. Output swing

between hole

and

blank

is

greater

than

20 volts.

Dimensions:

9"

x

11

%"

x

11

%

II

Weight:

37

Ibs.

For

use with long lengths of tape

up

to 1000 feet, spooling

equipment operating up to 40 inches per second for take-up

or supply

is

available separately.

FERRANTI

ELECTRIC,

INC.

30

Rockefeller

Plaza

New

York

20,

N. Y.

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957 27

How~®

uses

long-life

CLARE

Mercury-Wetted-Contact

Relays

to

provide

accurate,

continuous

and

automatic

control

of

a

manufacturing

process

Actuated

by

variations

in

the

electric

current

set

up

by

a

constant

intensity

beam

of

radiation

through

a

cigarette

"rod,"

two

CLARE

Mercury-Wetted

Contact

Relays

help

the

AccuRay

Cigarette-Gauge

controller

to

proportion

the

weight

of

cigarettes

as

they

are

being

produced.

In

this

way

AccuRay,

a

revolutionary

precision

process

control

system,

uses

electronics

to

provide

automatic

control

of

cigarette

and

other

manufac-

turing

production

processes.

Engineers

of

Industrial

Nucleonics

Corporation,

makers

of

this

new

process

control,

picked

CLARE

Relays

to

perform

these

important

functions

because

only

these

relays

gave

the

long

life

and

low

mainte-

nance

required.

These

machines

wrap

and

cut

20

cigarettes

a second,

day

and

night,

day

after

day.

With

a

service

life

of

billions

of

oper-

ations

it

is

no

wonder

this

relay

has

be-

come

the

first choice

of

hundreds

oflead-

ing

designers

of

computing,

data-proc-

essing

and

control

equipment.

For

com-

plete

information

write

for

Bulletins

120

and

122

to

C.

P.

Clare

&

Company,

3101

Pratt

Blvd.,

Chicago

45, Illinois.

In

Canada:

659

Bayview

Avenue,

Toronto

17.

Cable

address:

CLARELAY.

Drawings(right)from

high-speed photographs show the

cycle. (a) Filament

of

mercury

forms

between the

con-

tacts

as

they separate. (b)

This

becomes narrower in

cross section and (c) finally parts at two points, allow-

ing globule

of

mercury

to

fall out. Mercury

flows

up

the capillary path, replaces

amount

lost, restores the

equilibrium. (d)

The

momentary bridging of the part-

ing

contacts-and

the extremely fast break

that

ends

it

-minimizes

the arc and adds greatly to contact load

capacity. Contact closure between the

two

liquid

sur-

faces bridges mechanical bounce and prevents any

chatter

from

appearing in the electrical circuit.

® Industrial

Nucleonics

Corporation,

Columbus,

Ohio

28

Industry

News

Notes

[Continued

from

page

261

indicators.

On

CBS-TV's program,

"Game

of

the

Week," a Saturday afternoon weekly televised baseball

game, three of these miniature indicators are used to

show

the

"up-to-the-minute" batting average of

the

player concerned. This figure along with

the

batter's

name

is

superimposed on

the

screen

as

each batter comes

to

the

plate. CBS-TV has also ordered additioI?-al units

to be used in

the

projection room to designate to

the

projection room staff, which camera

is

"shooting"

at

any

specific time.

POTTER

AERONAUTICAL

CORP.,

Union,

N.

J.,

has introduced a new digital

flow

indicator

and

totalizer

which can

be

adjusted to give a direct reading in gallons

or pounds per minute,

as

well

as

direct readings of speed

in revolutions per unit time. Used with two meters made

by

Potter,

the

new instrument will indicate

the

ratio

between two

flows.

The

indicator

is

suitable for many

types of flow rate measurement, and can

be

used

as

a

short-time totalizer, by means of four-digit readout in

%-inch-high figures on Burroughs Corp., Nixie tubes.

BENSON-LEHNER

CORP.,

West

Los Angeles Calif.,

has announced

OSCAR

Model N-2. This

is

a reading

machine with a 20" by 20" reading area to analyze data

recorded

as

images or traces on film or paper. Automatic

read-out of positions to various

output

units

is

instituted

by pressing a switch.

Anyone

of several standard pro-

jection systems may be incorporated where original

data

is

less

than

89

mm

in width.

Output

sequence con-

trol includes digits, sign position, typewriter control

signals such

as

tab or return,

fixed

digits, repetitive

subroutines, and generation of special codes for later

use

as

computer instructions.

The

accuracy of

the

de-

vice

is

stated to

be

I part in 5000. About

50

points per

minute maximum can be read, if

the

machine operator

is

skilled.

The

same company's new

ELECTRO

PLOTTER

Model S provides additional dimensions to

the

straight-

forward two-dimensional graphic displays of conven-

tional automatic plotting equipment.

The

new equip-

ment

can

be

used significantly in fields requiring multi-

dimensional plotting such

as

magnetic and gravimetric

mapping, topographical surveying, stress mapping in

structures, geophysical sub-section mapping, trajectory

flight tracing of ballistic and powered missiles, tabula-

tion of data for production control, automatic drafting

and lofting,

and

the

plotting of aerodynamics pressures

and stresses on solid sections.

The

equipment

is

par-

ticularly useful when plots are made

at

randomly-spaced

positions;

it

is

able to display simultaneously basic

values, elevation corrections, and second derivatives,

which can

then

be contoured by hand.

AMERICAN

ELECTRONICS,

INC., Los Angeles,

Calif., has introduced a new multi-channel magnetic

tape recording system

that

has a

300

kilocycle band

width, accommodates reels up to

14

inches in diameter,

and can record

16

channels.

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

GEORGE

A.

PHILBRICK

RESEARCHES,

INC.,

Boston, Mass., has introduced a new "Universal Sta-

bilized Amplifier" with printed circuit construction. It

is

an operational amplifier useful in assembling elec-

tronic analog computer circuits. (See picture above.)

BJ

ELECTRONICS,

division of Borg-Warner, Santa

Ana, Calif.,

is

marketing a series of standard 6" x

8"

plug-in etched circuit component cards.

The

cards,

de-

signed for use in

BT's

digital data system, are expected

to save time

and

effort in developing data processing

systems.

The

circuit card group comprises: flip-flops,

inverters, decimal counters, read-write amplifiers, cath-

ode followers, blocking oscillators, diode logic cards,

and

general purpose blank panels.

SPERRY

GYROSCOPE

has demonstrated a "true

tracking" radar, which presents in essence a continuous

picture of objects within range. This new system per-

mits an observer to tell

the

difference immediately be-

tween moving

and

fixed objects. For

the

first time in

American radar (Decca has had similar units installed

in European ships for

the

past year) only objects in

motion, instead of all objects on

the

scope, show in

motion.

The

new device also permits off-center posi-

tioning, to scan a larger area without changing

the

range scale.

FERRANTI,

LTD., London, England, in cooperation

with

the

British Oxygen Co., Ltd., has developed a

computer-controlled flame-cutting machine for cutting

steel plate.

The

new machine

is

said to include fully

automatic operation of

the

profiling process,

as

well

as

automatic controls for

the

blow pipes

that

cut,

the

ignition,

the

nozzle height sensing, and

the

cutter head

rotation.

Isouthern

california

opportunity

for

a

magnetic

recording

specialist

to

head research project for a major

digital computer R&D laboratory

If

you

can

fill

this

important

position

in

applied research, you will enjoy an excellent

salary

and

the very real opportunity that goes

with a key job in

an

internationally known

company.

You

will command every modern

facility for advanced research.

Requirements

are

extensive experience in

design, construction

and

testing of recording

heads for magnetic tape

and

drum systems,

plus

an

MS or BS in

EE

and

good leadership

ability.

Knowledge

of

advanced

video

recording

techniques

would

provide

addi·

tional

helpful

background,

but

is

not

a

prerequisite.

The

research program is a stable one, non·

military, with solid financial backing. Com.

pany activity is the development of business

digital computer systems for worldwide com·

mercial

markets.

Spacious

new

air·condi·

tioned laboratory in a pleasant Los Angeles

suburb.

Progressive

management

assures

strong

support for your ideas

and

recognition for

your accomplishments.

Replies held in strict confidence.

Write

or

contact

D.

P.

Gillespie,

director

of

industrial

relations,

PLymouth 7-1811

THE

NATIONAL

CASH

REGISTER

COMPANY

ELECTRONICS

DIVISION

TEXAS

INSTRUMENTS,

INC., Dallas, Tex., has

announced commercial production of a high power

semiconductor in a glass package, a new diffused silicon

diode-rectifier, which

was

designed to meet military

specifications.

The

diode-rectifier

is

manufactured by

a new production technique utilizing molybdenum for . 1401

East

EI

Segundo

Blvd.

Hawthorne.

Calif.

'TRADEMARK

REG.

U.$.

PAT

Off

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

29

Industry

News

Notes

[Continued

from

page

281

both

electrode connections, which has

the

same tem-

perature coefficient

as

the

hard

glass of

the

almost

shatter-proof envelope.

UNITED

SHOE

~1ACHINERY

CORP.,

Boston,

Mass.,

is

to

demonstrate

"DYNASERT"

machinery for

automatic

and

semi-automatic assembly of various com-

ponents

in

printed

wiring panels

at

the

August 1957

WESCON

show in San Francisco. Machines similar

to

those being used in fully

automatic

installations to pro-

duce electronic

equipment

will

be

exhibited.

AUTOMATION

ENGINEERING

LABORATOR-

IES, Greenwich,

Conn.,

has

produced

a fully

automated

flexible candy making machine which utilizes a stored

memory to control

the

production, decoration,

and

packaging of

molded

chocolate products.

The

same

machine can

turn

out

Thanksgiving turkeys or Easter

rabbits, depending on

the

instructions

it

receives from

the

memory-control device.

MINNESOTA

MINING

&

MFG.

CO.

is

opening a

large magnetic

tape

factory (78,000 square feet)

on

a

24-hour-a-day production schedule.

The

factory has

been designed to achieve almost perfectly clean con-

ditions for production of magnetic tapes for electronic

computers,

instrumentation

recording,

and

video

tape

recording.

R. P.

~1ALLORY

&

CO.,

Indianapolis, Ind.,

is

to

merge with

RADIO

~1ATERIALS

CORP.

of

Chicago,

effective

sometime

before

October

1.

The

merger adds

ceramic capacitors to

the

long line of electronic, elec-

trochemical,

and

metallurgical products manufactured

by Mallory.

INDUSTRIAL

CONTROL

Co., Lindenhurst, L. I.,

has

announced

a packaged, servo-driven digitizer, de-

signed

to

digitize

an

A.C.

input

signal.

The

package, for

inclusion in larger

equipment,

includes a miniaturized

high-gam transistor-magnetic servo amplifier

and

power

supply. Typical applications include ground

and

flight

instrumentation, digital conversion for automatic print-

out, analog translation

to

feed a digital computer, in-

dustrial data logging,

and

as

an

input

to

an

IBM

card

system, or tape.

ESC

CORPORATION,

Palisades Park,

N.

J.,

has an-

nounced

l'flodel 503, a continuously variable delay line,

designed expressly for use

as

a

component

or

as

test

equipment

in advanced

computer

and

radar systems.

The

entire

delay range, from zero

to

maximum,

is

covered by a single

control

shaft in

10

turns.

The

unit

may

be

locked

at

the

desired delay.

LOCKHEED

MISSILE

SYSTEMS,

Sunnyvale, Calif.,

has

begun

construction

on

a fourth 51,000 square foot

laboratory for research

and

development, bringing

total

lab facilities

there

to

218,000 square feet.

30

GENERAL

ELECTRIC

has installed a

new

automatic

processing

and

computation

center

for its missile

and

ordnance systems

department.

Installation includes

an

exceedingly fast vibration wave analyzer,

as

well

as

an

automatic analog switching system used to control

switching of all analog data signals from

the

telemetering

translators to

the

analog recorders.

LORAL

ELECTRONICS,

Bronx,

N.

Y.,

is

building a

new 100,000 square foot

plant

for production of elec-

tronic gear including plotters, navigational computers,

and

short range ground position indicators.

Airline

Automation

[Continued

from

page

141

and

automatically fed

onto

the

teletype lines with suit-

able on, off

and

sequence codes added.

This

machine,

as

you see, provides

the

third

link in

the

chain. I

think

we will see':'gradual improvement in

components

but

little change in

the

basic 'system

until

we are able to eliminate

the

card' reedi'd

las

we

know

it

today.

The

Reserwriter,

our

name

for

the

Data'

,Organizing

Translator, seryes

an

important

function and-,I

am

sure

you will hear more of

it

in

the

future. I firmly believe

that

the

Reservisor

and

Reserwriter

portend

a whole

new group of on-line

equipment

which will

be~widely

applicable

to

many

businesses.

Who's

Who

[Continued

from

page

221

Sterne, Karl E / Aplns Engr, Compr, Beckman, Berkeley Div,

2200 \Vright Ave, Richmond

3,

Calif /

AS

/ '27,

MIT,

'56,

engr / 7

T

Tepping, Benjamin J / Mathl Statn, Natl Analysts, Inc,

1015

Chestnut St, PhIla 7, Pa /

AMP

/ '13, Ohio State Univ,

-,

mathl statn / Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Merit Serv Award of

US

Dept

Commerce, US Civil Serv Com of Expert Examiners,

Stat, artls Jour of

ASA,

Amer Sociological Rev, books / 7

Thomas,

Lt

Edward E /

Sys

Analyst, Prgmr, Defnr, USA

Sig

Supply Agncy,

EDPM

Br, 225

So

18th St, Phila

3,

Pa / AP,

supply mgm / '33, Gettvsburg CoIl, '56, army officer / attended

IBM 650, 705 schl / 7

Turke, James K / Aplns Engr, Compr, Beckman, Berkeley Div,

2200 \Vright Ayc, Richmond

3,

Calif /

AS

/ '27, Univ of

Minn, ' 56, engr / 7

w

\Villiams, Ronald E / Mgr, elccnc data procg, Gen Tire &

Rubber Co, 1708 Englewood Ave, Akron 9, Ohio / ABLMP /

'26, Univ of Chicago, '51, economist / 7

z

Zuse, Konrad / D

Sc

h

c,

Diplom-Ingnr,

Hd,

Zuse Kommandit-

Gesellschaft, Neukirchen, Kreis Huenfeld,

Ger

Fed Rep /

ABCDELMPS / '10, Technische Hochschule Berlin, '36, exec

/7

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

MANUSCRIPTS

'iURROUGHSRESEARCH

,CENTER

NEEDS

GfNXi

ENGI~E~R~;l

WE

ARE

in teres ted in articles,

papers, reference information, and

discussion relating to computers and

automation.

To

be considered for

any particular issue,

the

manuscript

should

be

in our hands by

the

first

of

the

preceding month.

ARTICLES:

\"Ve

desire

to

publish

articles

that

are

factual,

useful,

understandable,

and

interesting

to

many

kinds

of

people

engaged

in

one

part

or

another

of

the

field

of

computers

and

automation.

In

thh

audience

are

many

people

who

have

expert

knowledge

of

some

part

of

the

field,

but

who

are

laymen

in

other

parts

of

it.

Consequently,

a

writer

should

seek

to

explain

his

subject,

and

show

its

context

and

significance.

He

should

defi.ne

un·

familiar

terms,

or

use

them

in

a

way

that

makes

their

meaning

unmistakable.

He

!ihould

identify

unfamiliar

persons

with

a

few

words.

He

should

use

examples,

de·

tails"

~omparisons,

analogies,

etc.,

when·

ever

they

may

help

readers

to

understand

a difficult

point.

He

should

give

data

sup·

porting

his

argument

and

evidence

for

his

assertions.

We

look

particularly

for

articles

that

explore

ideas

in

the

field

of

computers

and

automation,

and

their

applications

and

implications.

An

article

may

certainly

be

controversial

if

the

subject

is

discussed

reasonably.

Ordinarily,

the

length

should

be

1000

to

3000

words.

A

suggestion

for

an

article

should

be

submitted

to

us

be·

fore

too

much

work

is

done.

TECHNICAL

PAPERS:

Many

of

the

fore·

going

requirements

for

articles

do

not

necessarily

apply

to

technical

papers.

Un·

defined

technical

terms,

unfamiliar

as-

sumptions,

mathematics,

circuit

diagrams,

etc.,

may

be

entirely

appropriate.

Topics

interesting

probably

to

only

a few

people

are

acceptable.

REFERENCE

INFORMATION:

We

desire

to

print

or

reprint

reference

information:

lists,

rosters,

abstracts,

bibliographies,

etc.,

of

use

to

computer

people.

Weare

interested

in

making

arrangements

for

systematic

publication

from

time

to

time

of

such

information,

with

other

people

besides

our

own

staff.

Anyone

who

would

like

to

take

the

responsibility

for

a

type

of

reference

information

should

write

us.

NEWS

AND

DISCUSSION

:

We

desire

to

print

news,

brief

discussions,

arguments,

an-

nouncements,

letters,

etc.,

anything,

in

fact,

if

it

is

not

advertising

and

is

likely

to

be

of

substantial

interest

to

computer

people.

PAYMENTS:

In

many

cases.

we

make

small

token

payments

for

articles

and

papers,

if

the

author

wishes

to

be

paid.

The

rate

is

ordinarily

% ¢ a

word,

the

maximum

is

$15,

and

both

depend

on

length

in

words,

whether

printed

before,

whether

article

or

paper,

etc.

All

suggestions,

manuscripts,

and

in-

quiries

about

editorial

material

should

be

addressed

to:

The

Editor,

COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION,

815

Washington

Street,

Newtonville

60, Mass.

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

1

~

I

ALL

THI,N,GS

1

, ,

ARE,

-=-,ORN

I

1

IN

THE

MIN'D

j

O,'F

MAN

it'

is

the

respons;bili~y

'of

the

engineer

to develop

these

thought~

for

pradi

..

, cal, profitable use. '

~

",

..

All,

ideas

are

but

a result' of

what

has

gone

before'and

man's

ability

, to'

adapt

his

vast

store of acquired,

fact

to'

reason.

His

mind,'

when'

used efficiently,

is

the most prolific

of

all, computers -:.. it

can

thiok,

remember"

reason

dnd

store infor

..

medion better

than

any

nlcin-made

'machine.

This

deep

reservoir

of

conscious

and

unconscious knowl

..

edge

residing within

the

thinking

individual.is

a

scarcely

tapped

source

of

a whole

torrent

of

ideas.

As

these

new ideas,·unfold,

it

will

be

the

re'sponsibility

of

the

'engineer

ancf scientist

to

apply

his

practical'

experience,

and

trained

reasoning

to

these

new

concept,s

• •

to,

develop

them,

for the

m,ost

practical

and

beneficial use. '

'That is

just

what

we

a;e

doing

~at'

the

Burroughs ,Research Center. If

, you

want

to

be

Q,

part

of

the,se

ex

..

citing

discoveries in

the

field

of,

electronic (omputing,

why

not look

into

the

Burroughs

$to~y

today?

,Inquiries are invited,

from

those qualified as

•

ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERS,

j

•

ELECTROMECHANICAL

ENGINEERS

" !

•

PHYSICISTS.

MATHEMATICIANS

"

, •

MECHANICAL'DESIGN

ENGINEER$

",

•

MECHANICAL

ENGINEERS

31

NEW

PATENTS

RAYMOND R. SKOLNICK, Reg. Patent Agent

Ford Inst. Co., Div. of Sperry Rand Corp.

Long Island City

1,

New York

THE

following

is

a compilation of patents pertaining

to computers and associated equipment from the

"Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office,"

dates of issue

as

indicated. Each entry consists of:

patent number / inventor(s) / assignee / invention.

Printed copies of patents may be obtained from the U.S.

Commissioner of Patents, Washington

25,

D. C., at a

cost of

25

cents each.

March 19, 1957 (Continued); 2,785,857/Richard

Y.

Miner and

Quentin

J.

Evans, New York, N.Y./American Bosch Arma

Corp./

A range computing apparatus.

2,786,169/Gary Muffiy, Oakmont,

Pa./Gulf

Research and De-

velopment Company, Pittsburgh,

Pa./

A self balancing elec-

tromechanical follow-up system.

March 26, 1957: 2,786,628/Tom Kilburn, Davvhulme, Man-

chester, Eng.!National Research Development Corp., London,

Eng./

An electronic digItal computing device.

2,786,629/Raymond G. Piety, Bartlesville, Okla./Phillips Petro-

leum Co., DeL/An electrical computer for solving phase

equilibrium problems.

April 2;1957: 2,787,417/Joseph

W.

Northrup, New Orleans, La.,

and Glenn

A.

Schurman, Whittier, Calif./California Research

Corp., San Francisco, Calif./ A geological anomaly gravity

analog computer.

2,787,418/Merritt L. MacKnight, Los Angeles, and James

O.

Beaumont, Cupertino, Calif./Hughes Aircraft Co., DeL/An

analog to digital converter system.

April 16, 1957:

2,788,938/0mar

L. Patterson, Media,

Pa./Sun

Paste

label

on

envelope

..

Oil Company, Philadelphia,

Pa./

An analog computer or

analyzer.

2,789,026/Horace

W.

Nordyke, Jr., Titusville, Poughkeepsie,

N.

Y./lnternational Business Machines Corp., New York,

N.

Y./

An error sensing arrangement for magnetic writing de-

vices.

2,789,220/Samuel Lubkin, Brooklyn, and Eugene Leonard,

Elmhurst,

N.

Y./Underwood Corporation, New York,

N.

Y./

A computer pulse control system.

2,789,228/Wilham C. Wiley, Detroit, Mich./Bendix Aviation

Corp., Detroit,

Mich./

An electron multiplier.

2,789,26l/Frank

J.

Hoffman, Jr., Eden Roc, Lattingtown,

N.

Y./

Sperry Rand Corp.,

Del./;\

servomechanism control system.

April 23, 1957: 2,789,759/Geoffrey Colin Tootill, Shrivenham,

Frederic Calland Williams, Timperley, and

Tom

Kilburn,

Manches-ter, Eng., and Gordon Eric Thomas, Port Talbot, and

David

B.

G. Edwards, Tonteg, near Pontypridd, Wales/Na-

tional Research Development Corp., London,

Eng./

An elec-

tronic digital computing machine.

2,789,760/Thomas

J.

Rey, Hayes, and Rolf E. Spencer,

West

Ealing, London, England/Electric and Musical Industries Lim.,

Hayes,

Eng./

An electrical computing apparatus.

2,789,76l/Roger

L.

Merrill and William Hecox, Columbus,

Ohio/The

Exact

Weight

Scale Co., Columbus,

Ohio/A

cumu-

lative summing system.

2,789,762/Kenneth E. Rhodes, Vestal,

N.

Y./International Busi-

ness Machines Corp., New York,

N.

Y./A

dual entry con-

trolling means for accumulators.

2,789,766/Marion

L.

Wood,

Highland,

N.

Y./International

Business Machines Corp., New York, N.

Y./A

record con-

trolled machine.

2,790,076/Richard

K.

Mason, Binghamton,

N.

Y./International

Business :Machines Corp., New York,

N.

Y./An electronic

storage device.

2,790,109/Earl

O.

Ruhlig, Summit,

N.

J./Bell Telephone Labora-

tories, Inc., New York, N.

Y./

A shift register circuit.

2,790,160/Ronald Millership, Stanmore,

Eng./

-/

A storage

sys-

tem for electronic computing apparatus.

[Please

turn

to

page

341

Enclose

form

in

envelope

~

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READER'S

IN9UIRY

FORM

Name

(please print) ...................................................................................... : ................................... .

Your Address? .................................................................................................................................... .

Your

Organization?

......................................................................................................................... .

Its

Address? ........................................................................................................... : ...................... .

Your Title? ................................ : ...................... '

.......................................

.

Please

send

me

additional

information

on

the

following subiects for which I

have

circled the CA number:

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31

32 33 34 35 61 62

63

64 65 91 92 93 94 95 121 122 123 124

12$

6 7 8 9

10

36 37 38 39 40 66 67 68 69

70

96 97 98 99 100

126

127 128 129

130

11 12 13 14

15

41 42 43

44

45 71 72 73 74 75

101

102 103 104

105

131

132

133 134

135

16 17 18 19

20

46 47 48 49

50

76 77 78 79 80 106 107 108 109

110

136 137 138 139

140

21

22 23

24

25

51 52 53 54

55

81 82 83 84

85

111 112 113 114

115

141

142 143 144

145

26 27 28 29

30

56 57 58 59 60

86

87 88

89

90 116 117 118 119

120

146 147 148 149 150

REMARKS:

I

I

I

I

r

>-

>-

(J)

'"

(J)

II"

'"

(J)

!"

UI

...

:a

111111111111111.

l

,

________________

.J

••

_________________________________

- -

--

-

--

32

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

11·S

To

one looking beyond the four walls

of

his offlce,

environment

might

be

deflned as the sum

of

(1)

work responsibilities

and

(2)

colleague personalities.

The

computer programmer

we

presently

seek

could not fail

to

be

stimulated by

(1)

work involving the construction

of

broad mathematical models

of

complex situations for simulation

purposes

on

a

704

digital computer, and by

(2)

colleagues

with considerable attainments not only in mathematics

but

in systems engineering, psychology, cybernetics, and sociology.

THE

ELEMENT

OF

ENVIRONMENT

To

qualify, at least one year's solid experience in high-speed

digital-computer programming is required,

plus conceptual and logical capacities

of

a high level.

A degree in mathematics or science is necessary.

Call collect or write for more information.

System

Development

Division

The

Rand

Corporation

2406

Colorado Ave., Santa Monica, Calif. GRanite 8-8293, Extension

53

or

54

The

Role

of

Computers Conclusion

[Continued

from

page

191

Computing Elements, Analog and Digital Computers,

the

SWAC.

Such a workshop experience will reach

the

students

in some

way,

some time. Already a junior high student

has helped edit

the

report manuscript, to turn up several

errors

not

caught by his teacher!

Computers will

~ave

a role to play in high school

science or mathematics education, and

the

success of

the

role will revolve about

the

teacher.

The

teacher can

acquire first-hand knowledge only by hard study and

first-hand participation. Industry can thus aid materially

by providing

the

proper opportunities for teachers (and

students too).

School-Industry Organization

In Los Angeles

Organization of

the

resources of

the

Los Angeles

co'mmunity

was

effected

by

a joint central committee

of

the

Superintendent of Schools, Los Angeles. Leaders

at

the

management level of

both

industry and education

agreed upon a plan of action.

The

widespread availability

of professional positions for teachers this summer

is

indicative of

the

success so far enjoyed. Planning for the

broader Southern California area will proceed

at

a

week-

long conference

at

Lake Arrowhead, July

7-13.

This

is

under

the

joint sponsorship of the National Academy

of

Sciences and Hughes Aircraft Company, with

co-

operation of the University of California, Los Angeles.

The

conference will review and evaluate pilot pro-

grams across

the

nation and dwell pointedly on

the

Southern California situation. It

is

hoped

that

both

of

these planning-action approaches will serve

as

incentive

and

example for community-school cooperation across

the

nation.

COMPUTERS'

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

"I'll

shut

up

when

I'm

run down."

33

New

Patents

[Continued

from

page

321

April 30, 1957: 2,790,599/Paul F. M. Gloess, Paris, France/

Societe d'Electronique et d'Automatisme, Courbevoie, France/

An electronic digital adder and multiplier.

2,790,600/William C. Dersch,

Los

Altos,

Calif./-/

A nines-

checking circuit.

2,790,915/Jon

J.

McNeill, \Vilkinsburg, Pa./Westinghouse Elec-

tric Corp., East Pittsburgh,

Pa./

A flip-flop clement for control

systems.

2,790,922/Dictrich

A.

Jenny, Princeton, N. J./Radio Corp. of

America,

Del./

An

electron multiplier tube.

2,790,931/Robert

W.

Schumann, St. Paul, Minn./V.S.A./An

cJectrostatic memory system.

2,790,943/Herbert

S.

Woodward II, Minneapolis, Minn./Minne-

apolis-Honeywell Regulator Co., Minneapolis,

Minn./

A mul-

tiple gain amplifier for servo control.

2,790,953/David

W.

Elson, Buckhurst Hill, England/General

Electric Co., Lim., London, England/An electric signaling

system of the kind using pulse code modulation.

May 7, 1957: 2,791,746/Ralph

B.

Bowersox and Chester G.

Hylkema,

La

Canada, Calif./California Institute Research

Foundation, Pasadena, Calif.! A high speed recorder.

2,791,747/Louis

A.

Rosenthal and George M. Badoyannis, New

Brunswick, N. J./Louis

A.

Rosenthal! A computing voltmeter.

2,79I,764/H.nry

J.

Gray, Jr., Puzant V. Levonian, and Morris

Rubinoff, Phila., Pa./V.S.A.!

An

analog-to-digital converter.

2,791,768/ Arnold M. Bucksbaum, Cedar Rapids, Iowa/Collins

Radio Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa/ A remote control apparatus.

May 14, 1957: 2,792,174/Donald

E.

Rutter, Vestal, N.

Y./

1.

B. M., New York, N.

Y./A

binary code converter.

2,792,175/Earl

K.

Amundsen, Torrance, Calif./Hllghes Aircraft

Co., Culver City, Calif.! A card reading station.

2,792,454/Horst Redlich, Berlin-Steglitz, Germany/Teldec Schall-

platten G. m.

b.

H., Hamburg, Germany/ A storage apparatus

for a plurality of series of voltage impulses.

2,792,455/Horst Redlich, Berlin-Steglitz, and Werner Schmacks,

Berlin-\Vilmersdorf, Germany/Tcldec Schallplatten G. m. b.

H., Hamburg, Germany/An apparatus for positioning the

recording head of a recording apparatus.

2,792,495/Henry George Carpenter, New Milton, Eng./Elliott

Brothers Lim., London,

Eng./

An electric logic circuit.

2,792,545/Lawrence

J.

Kamm, Forest Hills, N. Y./Sperry

Products, Inc., Danbury,

Conn./

A digital servomechanism.

May

21,

1957: 2,792,987/George R. Stiblitz, Burlington,

Vt./-/

A dccimal-binarv translator.

2,792,988/Edwin'

A.

Goldberg, Princeton Junction, N.

J./

V.

S.

A./

An electronic integrator.

2,793,355/Thomas E. Woodruff,

Los

Angeles, Calif./Hughes

Aircraft Co., Culver City, Calif.!

An

electrical

servo

system.

~1ay

28, 1957: 2,793,445/Thomas C. Wakefield, Denville, and

Joseph E. Gallo, Livingston, N. J./V.

s.

A./

A simulated

attitude gyro indicating system.

2,793,806/John L. Lindesmith, Sierra Madre, Calif./Clary Corp.,

Calif./ A readout gating and switching circuit for electronic

digital computers.

2,793,807/Robert

E.

Yaeger, Bedminster, N. J./Bell

1.'ele~hone

Lab., Inc., New York, N.

Y.!

A system for translatmg mfor-

mation of a continuously variable nature into digital infor-

mation in accordance with an n digit conventional binary code.

2,794,130/Vernon L. Newhouse, Moorestown, and George R.

Briggs, Princeton, N.

J./R.

C.

A., Del./Magnetic core circuits

acting

as

a binary counter.

2,794,173/Robert

A.

Ramey, Jr., Pittsburgh,

Pa.!-/A

magnetic

differentiating circuit.

2,794,180/Netardus N. Berger, Los Angeles, and Ambrose D.

Plamondon, Venice, Calif./Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City,

Calif./ A magnetic drum memory apparatus.

ADVERTISING

INDEX

34

Following

is

the index of advertisements. Eaeh item

COIl-

tains: Name and address of

the

advertiser I page number

where

it

appears I CA number in case of inquiry

(see

note

belo,,,) I name of the agency if any.

Automation Electric Co., Northlake, Ill. / Page

35

/ CA No.

55

/ Proebsting Taylor, Inc.

Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.,

513

Rve. of

the

Americas,

New York II, N.

Y.

/ Page

25

/ CA No.

56

/ -

Burroughs Corp. Research Center, Paoli, Pa. / Page

31

/ CA No.

57

/

B.

K.

Davis & Bro.

C.

P. Clare & Co.,

3101

Pratt Blvd., Chicago

45,

Ill. / Page

28

/ CA No.

58

/ Reinke, Meyer &

Finn. -

Comptron Corp.,

78

Pleasant St., Belmont

79,

Mass. / Page

22

/ CA No.

59

/ Campbell, Emery

& Lutkins, Inc.

Computers & Automation,

815

Washington St.,

Newtonville

60;

Mass. / Page

27

/ CA No.

60

/ -

ESC

Corp., Palisades Park, N.

J.

/ Page 5 / CA No.

61

/ Keyes, Martin & Co.

Electronic Associates, Inc., Long Branch, N.

J.

/

Page

36

/ CA No.

62

/ Halsted & Van Vechten,

Inc.

Ferranti Electric Co.,

30

Rockefeller Plaza, New

York

20,

N.

Y.

/ Page

27

/ CA No.

63

/ Burke

Dowling Adams, Inc.

M.

1.

T.

Lincoln Laboratory; Box

36,

Lexington,

Mass. / Page 2 / CA No.

64

/ Randolph

Asso-

ciates.

National Cash Register Co., Electronics Div.,

Hawthorne, Calif. / Page

29

/

CA

No.

65

/

Allen, Dorsey & Hatfield.

National Cash Register Co., Dayton, Ohio / Page

25

/ CA No.

66

/

~IcCann-Erickson~

Inc.

Ramo-Wooldridge Corp.,

5730

Arbor Vitae St.,

Los Angeles, Calif. / Page

23

/ CA No.

67

/

The

McCarty Co.

System Development Division (Rand Corp.),

2406

Colorado Ave., Santa 11onica, Calif. / Page

33

/

CA

No.

68

/ Stromberger, LaVene, McKenzie.

Teleregister Corp.,

445

Fairfield Ave., Stamford,

Conn. / Page

23

/ CA No.

69

/ Diener & Dors-

kind, Inc.

READER'S INQUIRY

If

you wish more information about any

produc~

or

ser-

vices

mentioned in one or more of these advertisements,

you may circle the appropriate CA Nos. on

the

Reader'~

Inquiry Form on p.

32

and send

that

form to

us

(we

pay

postage;

see

the

instructions) .

We

shall then.

forwa.rd

your

inquiries, and you will hear from

the

advertisers dIrect.

If

you

do

not

wish to tear the magazine, just drop

us

a line

on a postcard.

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August, 1957

Solderless splice solves problem

of

open coil

windings

STANDARDS

THAT

DETERMINE

RELAY

QUALITY

/

trouble-free

coil

windings

Solderless

splice

ends

failures

two

ways

The

two

chief causes

of

relay

coil

windings going open

in

service are:

(1) electrolysis,

and

(2)

breaking

at

the

terminal.

Automatic

Elec-

tric

prevents

these

difficulties

with

a winding

termination

technique

that

is

vitally

different.

We

do

not

attach

coil endings

of

fine wire directly

to

the

terminals.

Instead,

we carefully

strip

the

insu-

lating

enamel from several inches

of

the

coil ,endings

and

tightly

twist

this

length

of

wire

with

strands

of

bare

tinned

copper wire.

This

strong

solderless splice is

then

insulated

with

a special film sheet.

Because we

make

terminal

con-

nections

over

a long section

of

stranded

wire, electrolysis

has

no

single

point

to

attack.

And

this

flexible connection will never

snap

under

temperature

extremes

or

other

stress-producing factors.

In

every

step

of

relay

design

and

manufacture,

we

take

extra

pains

to

prevent

trouble

before

it

starts.

A

member

of

the

General

Telephone

System

One

of

America's

great

communications

systems

COMPUTERS

and

AUTOMATION

for

August,

1957

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Class

liE"

Relay

reduces the best

of

the

Class B features to a

minimum

of

space

and

weight.

Write

for

Relay

Highlight

#14.

Automatic

Electric Sales Corpora-

tion, Northlake, Illinois.

In

Canada:

Automatic

Electric Sales (Canada)

Ltd

...

Toronto. Offices

in

principal

cities.

35

ELECTRONIC

ASSOCIATES

4<~~.t77c'"/

For

details

on this I

PACE

IAnalog

Computer

Group

131

R

and

on time rental

at

EAl's Computation

Centers-serving

eastern industry in Princeton,

New

Jersey-serving

West-

ern industry in

Los

Angeles,

California-serving

European

industry

at

Brussels, Belgium,

write

Electronic Associates,

Inc., Dept. CA-8, Long Branch,

New

Jersey.

EAI

SETS

THE

p A c E

PRECISIO"

ANALOG

COMPUTING

IEQUI~MEN

LONe

BRANCH

•

NEW

JERSEY