197412

computers

and

people

formerly

Computers and Automation

..

(:-

December,

1974

scrE~e{AND'

sUs.

NDESERT ROSEN

Engineering Computer Pro-

grams:

How

They

Grow

-A. Marcos

and

S.

L.

Chu

Changing Technology and

Medical Specialization

-

Ray

M.

Antley

and

Mary

Ann

Antley

The Computer

Industry

and Unionization

-A. A. I mberman

The Radiation

from

Com-

puters I

nto

Everywhere

-

Neil

Macdonald

Watergate South

-Nancy A.

Miller

The Assassination

of

the

Reverend Martin Luther

King, Jr., Conclusion

-Wayne Chastain,

Jr

.

INVENTORY

OF

THE

36

ISSUES

OF -

TITLES

AND

SUMMARIES

THE

NOTEBOOK

ON

COMMON

SENSE,

FIRST

YEAR

VOLUME 1

1. Right Answers - A

Short

Guide

to

Obtaining

Them

A collection

of

82

principles

and

maxims. Example:

"The

moment

you have

worked

out

an answer,

start

checking it -it

probably

isn't

right."

2.

The

Empty

Column

A parable

about

a symbol

for

zero,

and

the

failure

to

recognize

the

value

of

a good idea.

3.

The

Golden

Trumpets

of

Yap Yap

4.

Strategy

in

Chess

5.

The

Barrels

and

the

Elephant

A discussion

of

truth

vs. believability.

6.

The

Argument

of

the

Beard

The

accumulation

of

many

small differences

may

make a huge difference.

7.

The

Elephant

and

the

Grassy Hillside

The

concepts

of

the

ordinary everyday

world

vs.

the

pointer

readings

of

exact

science.

8.

Ground

Rules

for

Arguments

9. False Premises, Valid Reasoning,

and

True

Conclusions

The

fallacy

of

asserting

that

the

prem ises

must

first

be

correct

in

order

that

correct

conclusions be

derived.

10.

The

I nvestigation

of

Common

Sense

11. Principles

of

General Science

and

Proverbs

8 principles

and

42

proverbs.

12.

Common

Sense -Questions

for

Consideration

13. Falling

1800

Feet

Down a Mountain

The

story

of

a skimobiler

who

fell

1/3

of

a mile

down

Mt. Washington, N.H.,

and

was rescued

the

and

how

he used his

common

sense

and

survived.

14.

The

Cult

of

the

Expert

15. Preventing Mistakes from Failure

to

Understand

Even

though

you do

not

understand

the

cause

of

some

trouble,

you may still be able

to

deal with

it.

The

famous

example

of

a

cure

for

malaria.

16.

The

Stage

of

Maturity

and

Judgement

17. Doomsday

in

St.

Pierre, Martinique -

Common

Sense

vs.

Catastrophe

How

30,000

people refusing

to

apply

their

common

sense died

from

a volcanic

eruption.

18.

The

History

of

the

Doasyoulikes

19. Individuality

in

Human Beings

Their chemical natures are as widely varied as

their

external features.

20. How

to

be Silly

71

recipes

for

being silly. Example:

"Use

twenty

words

to

say something when

two

will

do."

21.

The

Three

Earthworms

A parable

about

curiosity;

and

the

importance

of

making observations for oneself.

22.

The

Cochrans

vs.

Catastrophe

The history

of

Samuel Cochran,

Jr.,

who

ate

some

vichyssoise soup.

23. Preventing Mistakes from Forgetting

24. What

is

Common

Sense? -

An Operational Definition

A

proposed

definition of

common

sense

not

using

synonyms

but

using behavior

that

is

observable.

25.

The

Subject

of

What

is

Generally True

and

Important

-

Common

Sense, Elementary and Advanced

26. Natural History,

Patterns,

and

Common

Sense

Some

important

techniques

for observing.

27. Rationalizing

and

Common

Sense

28.

Opposition

to

New Ideas

Some

of

the

common

but

foolish reasons

for

opposing new ideas.

29. A Classification

and

Review

of

the

Issues

of

Vol.

30.

Index

to

Volume 1

2

VOLUME 2

31.

Adding Years

to

your

Life

Through

Common

Sense

A person

who

desires

to

live long

and

stay

well needs

to

understand

some

20

principles, including

how

to

test

all

the

health advice he receives

for

its

common

sense,

and

how

to

develop habits

of

health practices

which

fit

him.

32.

The

Number

of

Answers

to

a Problem

Problems may have

many

answers,

one

answer,

or

no

answer

...

and

answers

that

are

good

at

one

time

may

be bad

at

another.

33.

"Stupidity

has a Knack

of

Getting Its

Way"

"

...

as

we

should

see

if

we were

not

always so

much

wrapped

up

in

ourselves."

-

Albert

Camus

34. Time, Sense,

and

Wisdom -

Some

Notes

The

supply

of

time,

the

quantity

of

time,

the

kinds

of

time,

and

the

conversion

of

time.

.

..

A great deal

of

the

time

in

a

man's

life

is

regularly, systematically,

and

irretrievably wasted. This

is

a serious mistake.

35.

Time,

Sense,

and

Wisdom -

Some

Proverbs

and

Maxims

56

quotations

and

remarks

by

dozens

of

great men.

36.

Wisdom -

An

Operational Definition

"A

wise person

takes

things as

they

are

and,

knowing

the

conditions,

proceeds

to

deal with

them

in

such a

manner as

to

achieve

the

desired

result."

-Somerset Maugham

EXCITING: Q:

Is

the

Notebook

exciting?

A:

Some

of

the

issues, like

"Falling

1800

Feet

Down a

Mountain"

and

"Doomsday

in

St.

Pierre,

Martinique",

are among

the

most

exciting

true

stories

we

know.

USEFUL: Q:

Is

the

Notebook

useful?

A: It

ought

to

be

useful

to

anybody

-as useful

as

common

sense.

There

exists no

textbook

on

common

sense;

the

Notebook

tries

to

be a good beginning

to

common

sense, science, and wisdom.

PAST ISSUES: As a

new

subscriber,

you

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sues. Every subscriber's subscription

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1,

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The

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at

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every week

or

two,

until he has

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up,

and

thus

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does

not

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and interesting issues

that

never go

out

of

date.

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COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

9

1

The

Notebook

on

COMMON

SENSE,

ELEMENTARY

AND

ADVANCED

is

devoted

to

development,

exposition,

and

illustration

of

what

may

be

the

most

important

of

all fields

of

knowledge:

WHAT

IS

GENERAllY

TRUE

AND IMPORTANT

+ WISDOM +

+ +

PURPOSES:

to

help

you

avoid pitfalls

to

prevent

mistakes

before

they

happen

to

display new

paths

around

old

obstacles

to

point

out

new

solutions

to

old

problems

to

stimulate

your

resourcefulness

to

increase

your

accomplishments

to

improve

your

capacities

to

help

you

solve

problems

to

give

you

more

tools

to

think

with

8REASONS

TO

BE

INTERESTED IN THE

FIELD

OF

COMMON

SENSE,

WISDOM, AND

GENERAL

SCIENCE

COMPUTERS

are

important

-

But

the

computer

field

is

over

25

years old. Here

is

a

new

field

where

you

can

get

in

on

the

ground

floor

to

make

your

mark.

MATHEMATICS

is

important

-

But

this field

is

more

important

than

mathematics,

because

+

Topic:

AVOIDANCE

OF

LOGICAL

FALLACIES

THE

SYSTEMATIC

PREVENTION

OF

MISTAKES

Already Published

Preventing Mistakes

from:

Failure

to

Understand

Forgetting

Unforeseen Hazards

Placidity

Camouflage

To

Come

Preventing Mistakes

from:

Bias

Interpretation

Distraction

Gullibility

Failure

to

Observe

Failure

to

Inspect

Prejudice

+

Topic:

SYSTEMATIC EXAMINATION

OF

GENERAL

CONCEPTS

Already Published

The

Concept

of:

Expert

Rationalizing

Feedback

Model

Black Box

Evolution

Niche

Understanding

To

Come

Strategy

Teachable

Moment

Indeterminacy

System

Operational

Definition

+

common

sense,

wisdom,

and

general science have

more

applications.

LOGIC

is

important

-.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

(may

be

copied

on

any

piece

of

paper) - - - - - - - - - - . - - . - - - - - - - - - .

~

o

To:

Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.

But

this

field

is

more

important

than

logic, because

common:

815

Washington

St.,

Newtonville,

MA

02160

sense plus

wisdom

plus science in general

is

much

broader

than

logic.

WISDOM

is

important

-

This field

can

be

reasonably called

"the

engineering

of

wisdom".

) Yes, please

enter

my

subscription

to

The

Notebook on Common

Sense,

Elementary

and

Advanced

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issues), plus

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you

always begin

at

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beginning

and

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COMMON

SENSE

is

important

-0 ( ) Please send

me

as

free

premiums

for

subscribing:

This field includes

the

systematic

study

and

development

of:

1.

Right

Answers

- A

Short

Guide

to

Obtaining

Them

4.

Strategy

in

Chess

2.

The

Empty

Column

5.

The

Barrels

and

the

Elephant

common

sense.

SCI ENCE is

important

-o

3.

The

Golden

Trumpets

of

Yap Yap

6.

The

Argument

of

the

Beard

This field includes

what

is

common

to

all

the

sciences,

what:

is

generally

true

and

important

in

the

sciences.

MISTAKES

are

costly

and

to

be AVOIDED -

This field includes

the

systematic

study

of

the

prevention

of

:

mistakes.

MON

EY

is

important

-

The

systematic

prevention

of

mistakes in

your

organization

0

might save

10

to

20%

of

its expenses

per

year.

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

( ) I enclose $ ) Please bill

my

organization

RETURNABLE IN 7 DAYS

FOR

FULL

REFUND IF NOT SATISFACTORY

HOW

CAN YOU LOSE?

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_

3

Vol.

23, No. 12

December,

1974

Editor and

Edmund

C.

Berkeley

Publisher

Assistant

Editors

Art

Editor

Software

Editor

Contributing

Editors

Barbara

L.

Chaffee

Linda Ladd Lovett

Neil D. Macdonald

Grace C. Hertlein

Stewart

B.

Nelson

George

N.

Arnovick

John

Bennett

Moses

M.

Berlin

Andrew

D.

Booth

John

W.

Carr

III

Ted

Schoeters

Richard

E.

Sprague

London

Thomas

Land

Correspondent

Advisory

Ed

Burnett

Committee James

J.

Cryan

Editorial

Offices

Advertising

Contact

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Quint

Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.

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The

Publisher

Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.

815

Washington St.

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MA

02160

617-332-5453

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©

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prises,

Inc.

Change

of

address:

If

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address

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please

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us

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4

computers

and

people

formerly Computers

and

Automation

Computers

and

Engineering

8 Engineering

Computer

Programs:

How

They

Grow

by

A. Morcos

and

S. L.

Chu,

Sargent

and

Lundy,

Chicago,

III.

How

computer

programs

for

engineering

situations

actually

develop

and

evolve.

Computers

and

Medicine

15

Changing

Technology

and

Medical Specialization

by

Ray

M.

Antley

and

Mary

Ann

Antley,

Indianapolis, Ind.

How

25

years

of

applying

computer

systems

in

medicine

are

leading

to

integrated

control

of

the

environment

for

the

benefit

of

patients.

The Computer

Industry

[A]

12

The

Computer

Industry

and

Unionization

[A]

by

A. A. I

mberman,

I

mberman

and

DeForest,

Chicago,

III.

How

to

really listen

to

employee

grievances

while

they

are

still

minor,

and

respond

quickly

to

them,

to

the

advantage

of

nearly

everybody

concerned.

11

The

Radiation

from

Computers

Into

Everywhere [A]

by

Neil

Macdonald,

Survey

Editor,

Computers

and

People

Some

of

the

ever-widening influences

of

computers

upon

many

different

areas.

7

Contact

with

Holders

of

the

Certificate

of

Data Processing

[F)

by

John

K.

Swearingen, Pres., I

nstitute

for

Certification

of

Computer

Professionals, Chicago,

III.

An

effort

to

reach all COP holders.

7

Annual

Computer

Programming

Contest

[F)

by

Dr.

Gary

G.

Bitter,

Arizona

State

Univ.

For

students

in

grades 7

to

12:

the

annual

contest

of

the

Association

for

Educational

Data

Systems.

Applications

of

Computers

32

Computing

and

Data

Processing

Newsletter

[C)

Computer

Gives New Mexico Museum Full Access

to

its

Mineral

Collection

Computer

System

for

a Racing

Yacht

that

Won

Cameras

and

Computers

Combine

to

Analyze

Rocket

Flights

1

"Desert

Rose"

[Front

Cover]

A

"desert

rose"

of

crystal

gypsum,

at

the

New Mexico

Mineralogical Museum

of

the

New Mexico

Bureau

of

Mines. A

computer

uses X-ray results

to

analyze

each

specimen,

and

catalogs

it.

See page

32.

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

..

,

The magazine

of

the

design, applications,

and

implications

of

information processing

systems

-

and

the

pursuit

of

truth

in

input,

output,

and

processing,

for

the

benefit

of

people.

6

"1

Am

Interested

To

Know

What a

Computer

Can Do [E]

For

Me"

by

Edmund

C. Berkeley,

Editor

What

sorts

of

questions

a

computer

can

answer,

and

how

it answers

them.

7

"Computer

Art

for

the

Artist"

-

Comment

[F]

by

James

C.

Ver Hague,

Jr.,

State

University

of

New

York

at

Buffalo

Additional

information

wanted

for

teaching

computer

art.

7

"Can

Tigger

Think?

Can Peder

Think?"

-

Comment

[F]

by

Bryce

M.

Mitchell, Universidade Federal

de

Sao

Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil

The Profession

of

Information

Engineer

and

the

Pursuit

of

Truth

18

Watergate

South

[A]

by

Nancy A. Miller,

Princeton,

N.J.

How a

third

effort

was

made

by

many

Watergate-

connected

figures

to

provoke

violence

and

riots,

and

prepare

the

groundwork

for

a

cancelation

of

the

1972 elections.

26

The

Assassination

of

the

Reverend Martin

Luther

King,

Jr.,

and

Possible Links

with

the

Kennedy

Murders -Part

11

(Conclusion)

[A]

by

Wayne Chastain,

Jr.,

Attorney,

Memphis,

Tenn.

The

final

instalment

of

a

report

of

a

diligent

study

into

the

details

and

circumstances

of

the

assassination

of

the

Reverend Martin

Luther

King,

Jr.,

on

April

4,

1968,

and

related events,

and

the

considerable

evidence

of

a conspiracy.

Computers, Puzzles,

and

Games

30

Games

and

Puzzles

for

Nimble Minds -

and

Computers

[C]

Key

[A]

[C]

[E]

[F]

by

Neil Macdonald, Assistant

Editor

GIZZMO -

Some

computational

Jabberwocky.

MAXIMDIJ -Guessing a

maxim

expressed

in

digits.

NA YMANDIJ - A

systematic

pattern

among

randomness?

NUMBLES -Deciphering

unknown

digits

from

arithmet-

ical relations.

SIXWORDO -Paraphrasing a passage

into

sentences

of

not

more

than

six

words

each.

Article

Monthly

Column

Editorial

Forum

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THAT

YOUR

SUBSCRIP-

TION

INCLUDES

THE

COMPUTER

DIRECTORY.

*N

MEANS

THAT

YOUR

PRESENT SUBSCRIPTION

DOES

NOT

INCLUDE

THE

COM-

PUTER

DIRECTORY.

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974,

ANNOUNCEMENT

THE COMPUTER CENSUS

which

Computers

and

People has pub-

lished

in

the

past will

now

be

published

separately

and

more

completely

as a

quarterly

service, regular

subscription

price

$33.00

per year. Until

January:

10, 1975,

any

subscriber

to

Computers

and People

may

subscribe

at

half price.

Outside

U.S., Canada,

and

Mexico,

please

add

$5.00

per year

for

addi-

tional costs.

NEW

CONTRACTS

AND

NEW

INSTALLATIONS

which

Computers

and

People has

pub-

lished

in

the

past will

now

be

published

separately

and

more

completely

as a

bimonthly

service, regular

subscription

price

$30.00

per year. Until

January

10, 1975,

any

subscriber

to

Computers

and

People may subscribe

at

half price.

Outside

U.S., Canada,

and

Mexico,

please

add

$5.00

per year

for

addi-

tional costs.

------

-(may

be

copied

on-

------

--

I

any

piece

of

paper)

TO:

Computers

and

People

Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.

815

Washington Street

Newtonville,

MA

02160, U.S.A.

( ) YES, please send me

( )

THE

COMPUTER CENSUS,

quarterly,

at

$33.00 a year

NEW

CONTRACTS

AND

NEW

INSTALLATIONS,

bimonthly,

at

$30.00 a year

( ) I claim 50% discount

as

a subscriber

to

Computers

and

People

Total

payment

_____

_

I enclose check

Please

bill

my

organization;

the

pur-

chase

order no.

is

_____

_

My

name and address are attached.

5

EDITORIAL

ttl

Am

Interested

To

Know

What

a

Computer

Can

Do

For

Me"

The

man

who

said

that

to

me

was

an

old

friend.

He

was

no

mathematician,

but

a former dean

of

a

dental

school;

he

had

specialized

in

dental

public

health;

he

had had

an

excellent

education.

In

spite

of

be-

ing

no

mathematician

he

had

navigated

a small

ship

out

of

sight

of

land;

and he had computed means,

stan-

dard

deviations,

chi-squared

tests,

and

other

statis-

tical

measures.

How

could I answer

this

useful

question?

The

first

step

was

to

send

him

a

list

of

many

ap-

plications

of

computers.

In

1973

we

published

a

list

of

over 2400

applications

of

computers. That

list

contained

179

applications

in

medicine;

here

is

a

small

excerpt:

Coronary

artery

disease

prediction

Cystic

fibrosis:

detection

in

new-born

babies

Cytology

diagnosis

Cytophotometric

analysis

Dermatoglyphic

analysis

But what

is

the

second

step?

What

ideas

do

you

give

to

an

ordinary

person

(nontechnical

but

educa-

ted)

so

that

he

can conceive

of

how

a computer can

be

of

help

to

him?

In

the

case

of

a motor

car,

there

is

no

great

problem

in

"knowing what a motor

car

can

do

for

me."

A

car

can

take

you

somewhere where

you

want

to

go.

And

you

are

already

full

of

ideas

of

places

where

you

want

to

go.

However,

for

any

particular

trip

in

a motor

car

you

have

to

make

a

decision

about where

you

want

to

go. Also,

if

you

do

not

know

the

way

there,

you

have

to

get

hold

of

a

map

and choose

the

way: which roads

you

will

travel

on,

how

far

on

each

you

will

go, what

turnings

you

will

take,

what

signs

you

will

be

guided

by.

Much

the

same

situation

applies

when

you

want

to

find

some

information

that

has probably been

publish-

ed.

Recently

at

a

birthday

party

somebody

showed

me

an

old book:

Volume

2

of

"The

Life

of

George

Wash-

ington"

by

Washington

Irving,

published

in

1900.

My

curiosity

was

stirred

about George Washington.

The

up

in

an

encyclopedia

the

entry

"George Washington,"

and

sati

sfied

much

of

my

curios-

ity.

I used

the

standard

travel-map

rules

applying

to

reference

books: begin with

an

encyclopedia,

and

look

for

the

topic

name

in

alphabetical

sequence.

A computer,

like

a motor

car

and

a

reference

book,

can

take

you

where

you

want

to

go.

First

you

have

to

want

to

know

something, and second

you

have

to

ob-

tain

knowledge

of

how

to

figure

it

out.

6

A computer can

figure

out

averages,

standard

de-

viations,

chi-squared

tests,

and

other

statistical

measures

--

if

you

want

to

know

them.

You

can

usu-

ally

buy

a

map

for

this

purpose, which

will

be

call-

ed a "computer program." A computer can even

tell

you

the

answer

(if

you

want

to

know

it)

to

such a

question

as,

"What

is

the

minimum

number

of

cubes

whi

ch

when

added

wi

11

equal a gi

ven

number?"

and

which cubes they

are.

For example, suppose

the

giv-

en number

is

229.

Then

the

ariswer

is

that

the

mini-

mum

number

of

cubes

is

7;

and

there

are

exactly

three

solutions,

and here they

are:

3 x

64

+ 1 x

27

+ 1 x 8 + 2 x 1

1 x 125 + 1 x

64

+ 5 x 8

1 x

216

+ 1 x 8 + 5 x 1

In

this

case,

the

map,

the

way

to

produce

the

answers

desired,

will

probably

require

some

clever

program-

mer

to

spend

several

hours producing a sequence

of

some

300

instructions

in

machine language

that

the

computer needs

for

a

map.

The

situation

of

computer

maps

is

much

like

driv-

ing

your

car

in

a

strange

land where

there

is

no

light,

only

thick

black

darkness

--

and

all

the

signs

are

written

in

a language

that

you

do

not

understand.

So

before

you

start

out

driving,

you

have

to

get

from

somebody

a complete and

accurate

set

of

instructions;

and

the

instructions

must

include

the

names

of

the

signposts

at

the

intersections;

and

when

you

come

to

an

intersection,

you

turn

on

your

flashlight,

read

all

the

signs

carefully,

compare them with

the

ap-

propriate

notes

in

your

set

of

instructions,

and

then

try

your

best

to

choose

the

right

turning.

Fortunately,

in

this

dark

land

where computer

maps

are

used, whenever

you

travel

a second time

from

place

A

to

place

B,

if

your road

map

worked

OK

the

first

time,

then

it

will

work

OK

over

and over

again.

And

each

later

time

it

will

work

lightning

fast.

So

whenever

you

want

to

travel

again,

you

have

practically

no

problem

at

all.

The

inefficien-

cy

of

the

first

trip

is

replaced

by

utmost

efficien-

cy

for

all

later

trips.

But

you

still

need a

place

you

want

to

go

to

(a

question

you

want answered) and a

map

of

how

to

get

there

(a complete

set

of

instructions

for

figuring

out

the

answer).

E"~d...c.

..

~

Edmund

C.

Berkeley

Editor

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December.

1974

THE

PURPOSE

OF FORUM

•

To

give

you, our readers,

an

opportunity to discuss

ideas that

seem

to you important.

•

To

express criticism or comments on what you

find

published in our

magazine.

•

To

help computer people and other people discuss

significant problems related to computers, 9ata

processing, and their applications

and

implications,

including information engineering, professional be-

havior, and the pursuit

of

truth in input, output,

and

pro

cessing.

Your participation

is

cordially invited.

ANNUAL

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING CONTEST

AEDS

Programming Contest

Association

for

Educational Data Systems

Dr. Gary

G.

Bitter

College

of

Education

Arizona State Univ.

Tempe,

AZ

85281

This

12th annual

contest

is

for

students

in

Grades

7 through 12. Seven

first

prizes

of

$25

(in

bonds)

will

be awarded

in

the

categories:

business,

bio-

logical

science;

computer

science;

games;

humanities;

mathematics;

physical

science.

A Grand

Prize

of

$100

(in

bonds)

will

be awarded

to

one

of

the

win-

ners

in

the

individual

categories.

All

entries

must

be

received

by

March

1.

The

Association,

also

known

as

AEDS,

is

a

national

organization

comprised

of

administrators,

teachers,

systems

analysts,

and programmers

of

educational

data

processing

systems

in

vocational,

public,

and

pri-

vate

schools.

The

contest

is

on

the

approved

list

of

national

contests

and

activities

of

the

National

Association

of

Secondary School

Principals.

The

Programming

Contest

winner

will

receive

not

only

a U.S. Savings

Bond

but

also

an

expense-paid

trip

to

the

1975

AEDS

Convention

in

Virginia

Beach,

Virginia,

on

April

29-May

2.

The

winning

student's

teacher

also

will

receive

an

expense-paid

trip

to

the

convention.

"COMPUTER

ART

FOR THE

ARTIST"

-COMMENT

To:

The

Art

Editor:

From:

James

C.

Ver

Hague,

Jr.

Department

of

Art

State Univ.

of

New York

at

Buffalo

Buffalo,

NY

14214

Your

article,

"Computer Art

for

the

Artist,"

ap-

pearing

in

the

August 1974

issue

of

"Computers and

People,"

was

very

interesting

to

me.

The

Department

of

Art

here

is

initiating

a

course

in

computer

art

and

graphics

beginning

this

fall

semester.

As

the

instructor

for

the

course,

I found your

outline

to

be

very

well-conceived

and have

restructured

some

of

the

planned

course

material

as a

result.

I would

very

much

appreciate

your sending

to

me

a

more

de-

tailed

course

plan

including

your

bibliography

of

references

and/or

any

additional

material

that

you

feel

might

aid

in

getting

such a

course

successfully

off

the

ground.

Does

there

exist

the

possibility

of

an

exchange

of

computer programs

either

with

you

or

others

that

have

taught

a

similar

course?

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

MULTI-ACCESS

FORUM

Like a number

of

people

interested

in

computer

art,

my

background

is

primarily

a

technological

one.

I have

an

M.S.

in

mathematics and worked

for

four

years

in

the

aerospace

developing

computer programs

for

structural

analysis

research.

While working

on

one

of

the

plot

programs, I

accidentally

began

gen-

erating

forms

that

suggested

sculptural

possibili-

ties

to

me.

Eventually,

I became

more

interested

in

the

potentialities

of

computer

art

than

in

the

work I

was

doing and

finally

quit

to

obtain

more

formal

training

in

the

field

of

art.

I

am

current-

ly

a Teaching

Assistant

completing

my

final

year

in

the

M.F.A. Program

at

Buffalo.

I

am

looking

forward

to

receiving

your

detailed

course

plan.

"CAN

TIGGER THINK? CAN PEDER

THINK?"

-COMMENT

Bryce

M.

Mitchell

universidade Federal

de

Sao

Carlos

Laboratorio

de

Idiomas

Sao

Carlos 13560, Brazil

We

would

like

to

request

permission

to

reprint

a

section

from "Computers and

People,"

Vol. 23,

No.

6,

page

6.

We

propose

to

use

this

editorial

by

Edmund

C.

Berkeley

as

a

reading

in

a

textbook

for

the

teaching

of

scientific

and

technical

English

to

speakers

of

other

languages.

We

will,

of

course,

give

full

credit

to

the

source.

Thank you very

much

for

your

consideration

in

this

matter.

EditD.rial Note:

Permission

granted.

CONTACT WITH HOLDERS OF THE CERTIFICATE OF

DATA

PROCESSING

John

K.

Swearingen, President

Institute

for

Certification

of

Computer Professionals

Box 1442

Chicago, III. 60690

The

Institute

of

the

Certification

of

Computer

Professionals

on

October

5,

1974

made

its

first

mail-

ing

to

approximately

15,000

holders

of

the

Certifi-

cate

of

Data

Processing

(COP).

In

order

to

contact

those

COP

holders

whose

up-

to-date

address

we

did

not

have, would

you

please

publish

this

notice,

addressed

to

holders

of

the

Certificate:

If

you

did

not

receive

our

mailing

of

October

5,

1974,

it

is

probably

because

we

do

not

have

your

correct

address.

We

have a message

of

in-

terest

and

importance

to

you.

Please

send us

your

correct

address,

class

year,

and

your

Cer-

tificate

Number

if

available.

7

Engineering Computer

Prlograms:

How

They

Grow

A.

Marcos

S.

L.

Chu

Structural Analytical Division

Sargent and Lundy, Engineers

55

East Monroe St.

Chicago,

IL

60603

"Although a program cannot

as

yet take over conceptual design, nevertheless, used

as

a

tool

for

analysis,

it

can

study complex models swiftly, and provide reliable and quick

estimates

of

the merits

of

various engineering solutions to a problem. "

Two Basic Functions

In

engineering

design

firms,

computer programs

perform

two

basic

functions:

carrying

out

calcula-

tions,

and

presenting

the

results

in

a

prescribed

format.

Yet

neither

the

programs nor

the

functions

they

perform

are

static.

Both change as

often

as

engineers

change

designs,

methods

of

analysis

or

even

personal

tastes

regarding

the

looks

of

computer

output.

This

is

especially

true

of

the

programs used

in

the

design

of

nuclear

power

plants,

an

area

which

is

a prime concern

with

us.

In

this

design

area,

there

is

a

continual

advance

in

technology.

Consequently,

it

naturally

follows

that

the

programs used must

con-

tinually

evolve

to

keep

pace.

Numerous Computer Programs

Although a program

cannot,

as

yet,

take

over

the

conceptual

design

function,

nevertheless,

used

as

a

tool

for

analysis,

it

can

study

complex models

swift-

ly,

and

provide

reliable

and quick

estimates

of

the

merits

of

various

engineering

solutions

to

a

given

problem. Because

of

this

increasing

importance,

it

is

not

unusual

to

find

numerous computer programs

being

conceived

daily

to

handle

the

ever-increasing

engineering

problems

confronting

engineering

design

firms.

Let's

follow

the

evolution

of

a

typical

en-

gineering

computer program.

Birth

of

a Program

The

conception

of

a

new

program and

its

subsequent

gestation

generally

take

place

in

engineering

research

groups;

at

Sargent

& Lundy

the

analytical

divisions

are

assigned

this

task.

These

divisions

may

inves-

tigate

and

recommend

modification

of

one

of

the

ex-

isting

programs

or

develop

a

new

one.

Validation

For our

purposes,

let's

consider

that

a

new

pro-

gram has been

initiated.

After

it

is

written

and

de-

bugged,

validation

begins.

By

this

process

the

pro-

gram

is

insured

of

doing what

the

programmer

intends

it

to;

or

in

other

words,

the

program

is

checked

for

internal

consistency.

Known

simple

calculations

may

be used

to

check

for

uniformity;

or

another

program

with

similar

capabilities

but

with

a

different

ap-

proach

may

be used

for

verification.

8

Continuing Growth

The

in

the

maturation

of

the

newly-born

program

is

qualification

for

the

problem

at

hand.

For

this,

a few examples

are

run

and

if

solved

satis-

factorily,

the

program

is

officially

issued.

The

qualification

process

does

not

stop

at

this

point

but

continues

indefinitely,

drawing

not

only from

experience

gained

through use

but

also

from

the

in-

teraction

between

the

writers

or

maintainers

of

the

program and

its

users.

The

interaction

between

user

and

writer

is

a

ma-

jor

factor

in

the

program's

growth.

Starting

with

a model

for

the

engineering

problem

at

hand,

the

user

and

writer

team examine

it.

They

decide

whether

the

program, as

written,

can

solve

the

problem.

This

process

of

user-writer

interaction

can

serve

to

qual-

ify

the

program

for

a

wider

set

of

problems,

or

dis-

qualify

it

for

certain

problems.

Continuing Qualification

The

program does

not

stop

evolving

after

the

qual-

ification

process

by

the

development team. A

con-

tinual

stream

of

techniques

for

refined

or

improved

analysis

calls

for

continual

reevaluation

of

the

com-

puter

programs

that

use

the

original

techniques.

This

process

of

selective

change and improvement

is

reminiscent

of

biological

evolution;

growth,

adjust-

ment,

atrophy,

specialization

and

breeding

are

all

present.

Biological Analogy

The

diagram

in

Figure

1

illustrates

this

biologi-

cal

analogy.

Let's

follow

the

evolution

of

this

particular

program. Version I

is

the

initial

stage

of a frame

analysis

program. Version

II

is

its

first

mutation

when

rigid

members

and end

releases

are

in-

troduced

and a

new

version

is

required.

With

the

ad-

vent

of

better

methodology, Version

III

is

developed.

This

negates

the

usefulness

of

Versions

I and

II.

New

requirements

imposed

by

the

Atomic Energy Commission

produce

yet

another

stage,

Version IV. However,

in

this

case

Version

III

may

still

be

functional

for

some

applications

and

therefore

is

not

discontinued.

In

time,

Version

IV

is

expanded upon

when

a

particu-

lar

group

in

the

company

requests

a

version

which

will

output

the

results

of

the

program

in

a format

to

suit

the

special

needs

of

that

group;

in

this

case,

a

specialized

version

is

written

for

that

group

while

the

original

Version

IV

is

kept

intact.

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

Merger

with

Another

Program

Program Evolution

Figure 1

Then

again

another

group

may

request

that

two

types

of

analysis

be performed

in

one program, such

as

static

and dynamic

analyses.

To

accomplish

this,

it

may

be

necessary

to

combine

two

or

three

programs,

forming a

new

program.

If

the

company

leases

a

big-

ger

computer

that

allows

for

the

solving

of

more

joints

and members,

an

expanded

version

of

the

new

program

that

would

take

advantage

of

the

size

and

speed of

the

new

computer

is

written.

Thus,

the

computer program can

evolve

into

many

stages.

In

numerous

instances

issuing

the

first

version

of

a program

is

only

20

per

cent

of

the

to-

tal

work.

An

Example

of

Extensive Growth

A

typical

example

of

this

evolutionary

process

in

our

design

group

is

our

MASS

program

(~atrix

Analy-

sis

Seismic

Stresses).

First

written

in

1965,

it

performed dynamic

analysis

of

rigid

frames and

trus-

ses.

Since

that

time

MASS

II,

MASS

III,

MASS

IV,

and

MASS

V have been developed

to

incorporate

addi-

tional

features.

The

reactor

pressure

vessel

of

a

nuclear

plant

can be modeled

to

fit

into

the

MASS

program

(Figure

2).

A program

called

DYNAPIPE

evolved from

the

ongI-

nal

MASS

computer program as a

special

version

to

analyze

the

dynamic

behavior

of

the

piping

system.

For example,

when

a

pipe

break

is

postulated,

the

response

of

the

pipe

during

the

accident

can be

com-

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

puted

by

this

program.

Just

as

the

first

~ffiSS

pro-

gram

was

continually

expanded, so

too

was

the

DYNA-

PIPE

program.

At

present

there

are

four

separate

versions.

A dynamic

analysis

program

created

independently

from

the

~ffiSS

family

(named

DSASS)

is

based

on

the

theory

that

slabs

and

walls

in

nuclear

plants

can

be modeled by a system

of

slabs

vibrating

in

their

own

plane

and

interconnected

by

translational

springs

representing

the

stiffness

of

the

walls.

Figure

3

shows

a

DSASS

model.

Guide

Tubes

Dynamic Model

of

Reactor

Pressure

Vessel

& Internals

Figure 2

Combining

the

MASS

IV

and

DSASS

programs produced

DYNAS,

which

is

used

to

perform

seismic

analysis

for

coupled

structures

in

a

nuclear

plant.

As

shown

in

Figure

4,

the

reactor

pressure

vessel

is

modeled

as

a system

of

discrete

masses and

weightless

members,

with

its

internals

connected

to

the

surrounding

slabs

and

walls.

SLSAP

is

a

modified

version

of

SAP

acquired

from

a

university;

it

is

a

general-purpose

finite-element

program.

It

is

used

to

investigate

framed

structures,

containment

structures

and

sacrificial

shields.

When

a

part

of

SLSAP

was

extracted

and combined

with

DYNA-

PIPE 4,

PIPSYS

was

born.

This program

was

instituted

to

perform

static

and dynamic

analysis

of

three

di-

mensional

piping

systems,

compute

the

combined

stress-

es,

and compare them

to

the

allowable

stresses

of

ap-

plicable

codes.

In

this

way

has

the

evolution

of

the

MASS

family

occurred

during

the

past

seven

years.

The

program

9

14

712-

12

642-

630

-

617

-

602-

2

592-

500

-

560

~~~~~m~~

Elevation

(Ft.)

DSASS

Model-Slabs and Shear

Walls

of

a Turbine-Auxiliary Building

Figure 3

4

3

has been expanded

many

times

from

its

original

size;

yet

it

still

possesses

the

capacity

to

grow

into

other

analysis

areas.

The Limitations

Although

expansion

is

an

important

step

in

achiev-

ing

a

versatile

computer program,

there

should

be a

limit

to

the

size

of

the

program

for

its

optimum

ef-

ficiency

at

an

engineering

design

office

(as

distinct

from a

software

development

firm).

Programs

develop-

ed

in

a

design

office

must remain

flexible

and

readi-

ly

modifiable.

Overly

large

programs which

involve

several

writers

tend

to

be

difficult

to

use,

diffi-

cult

to

maintain,

difficult

to

modify and

with

out-

puts,

difficult

to

interpret.

"Dinosaurs"

In

fact,

excessively

large

programs can run

the

risk

of

being

discarded

altogether

by

the

user

be-

cause

of

their

immense

size.

We

call

these

obese

algorithms

dinosaurs.

Nature,

like

some

programmers,

may

have

thought

the

bigger,

the

better,

when

dino-

saurs

were

produced.

But

when

flexibility

was

im-

portant,

dinosaurs

vanished

in

a

relatively

short

time.

Accept with Caution

More

important

than

the

limitation

of

computer

program

size

is

the

avoidance

of

blind

acceptance

of

the

computer's

output.

When

an

instructor

first

introduced

the

slide

rule

to

his

class

he

explained

that

the

simple

piece

of

wood

would

enable

them

to

divide,

multiply,

take

square

roots,

do

just

about

anything

except

add. But

he

then

cautioned

that

they

10

Slab

-

Shear

Wall

----------/'--------------

7

10

Space

Frame

~

6

19

18..----

....

5

17

24

9

8 4

16

23

3

Combined Building and

Reactor Pressure Vessel Dynamic Model

Figure 4

must

know

the

approximate

answer

since

the

slide

rule

does

not

give

the

decimal

point.

Although com-

puters

do

give

the

decimal

point,

the

instructor's

warning

is

still

true,

and

we

should

often

remind

ourselves

of

it.

Knowing

the

limitations

of

the

computer program

will

enhance

the

success

of

its

growth. 0

NOTICE

The plates for printing

TH

E

COM

PUTE

R D I RECTO

RY

AND

BUYERS' GUIDE, 1974, have been at

the

printer

and waiting

to

run on

his

presses since early September,

while

the

printer waits for the delivery of promised

pa-

per.

As

of

Nov.

13

the

printer was still waiting.

We

re-

gret very much this delay -which

is

outside

of

our pos-

sibilities of control.

To partially compensate for this delay, any purchaser

of

the

1974 directory may order a copy

of

the

1973 di-

rectory

at

half price ($9.25 instead of $18.50). Prepay-

ment

is

necessary.

Edmund

C.

Berkeley, Editor

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December.

1974

The

Radiation

from

Computers

Into

Everywhere

Neil

Macdonald, Survey

Editor

"Computers and People"

"Dear

#067-12-3948*:

You are in danger.

We

don't

know

who you are

but

the

government

does.

They've

got

your

number

and they're

not

the

only

ones.

"

1.

From

Society

of

Manufacturing Engineers

20501

Ford

Road

Dearborn,

MI

48128

How

industry

is

using

computer-aided

technology

to

obtain

good economic

results

will

be emphasized

at

the

third

Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided

Manufacturing Conference and

Exposition.

This

is

sponsored

by

this

college,

and

will

take

place

here

January

28-30, 1975.

Persons

interested

in

computer-assisted

instruc-

tion

or

computer-managed

instruction

are

invited.

This

conference

provides

a

professional

arena

for

the

sharing

of

research

findings,

operational

notes,

theories,

educational

strategies

and developments

regarding

CAl

and

CMI.

Commercial and noncommercial

groups

are

invited

to

discuss

their

release

policies

and

potential

ways

in

which courseware

may

be

shared.

5.

From

Civil Liberties Union

of

Massachusetts

3

Joy

St.

Boston, MA

02108

Dear u067-12-3948*:

You

are

in

danger.

We

don't

know

who

you

are,

but

the

government

does.

They've

got

your number and

they're

not

the

only

ones.

Your bank has

it,

and so does your

insurance

company,

your

credit

card

company, and even

the

Registry

of

(please

turn

to

page

29)

*This

is

a

fictitious

number.

11

The Computer Industry and Unionization

A.

I mberman

I mberman and

De

Forest

Consultants to Management

209

South LaSalle St.

Chicago,

III.

60604

"The most painful way to

learn

about unionization

is

to lose

a National Labor Relations Board election. "

The

Computer

Field: Ripe for Unionization?

Can

the

computer

industry

grow and expand

in

pro-

duction

and

sales

without

experiencing

some

problems

with

labor?

The

rising

tide

of

strikes

(in

union-

ized

plants

producing

computer

hardware),

and

of

union

organizing

campaigns

in

the

non-union

plants,

is

some

indication

of

what

lies

ahead.

The

computer

industry

is

expected

to

chalk

up

new

performance

records

this

year,

with

shipments

ex-

ceeding

$10

billion.

A

10%

in~rease

is

forecast,

in

response

to

strong

demands

both

in

the

United

States

and

abroad.

Industry

revenues

are

currently

grow-

ing

even more

rapidly

than

shipments.

In

part,

this

differential

reflects

the

relatively

slow pace

of

trade-ins

of

third

generation

equipment

in

connec-

tion

with

the

purchase

of

new

computers.

Addition-

ally,

despite

stiff

borrowing

costs,

manufacturers

are

experiencing

a

higher

than

usual

percentage

of

outright

sales

and a

corresponding

decline

in

direct

leasing.

Helping

to

account

for

this

shift

are

gains

in

third-party

leasing

and

the

popularity

of

less

ex-

pensive

mini-computers.

The

computer

industry's

success

in

maintaining

impressive

growth

largely

reflects

an

impressive

ability

to

achieve

continuing

advances

in

hardware.

In

particular,

rapid

strides

in

semiconductor

tech-

nology have

led

to

significant

improvements

in

com-

puter

memory

capacities

and

operating

speeds

while,

at

the

same

time,

enabling

manufacturers

to

reduce

prices.

All

of

these

factors

indicate

eventual

la-

bor

union

activities.

212

Union Victories

In

the

last

four

years,

I have

analyzed

212 union

victories

in

representation

elections

in

a whole

va-

riety

of

industries.

Of

the

212 companies, 9 were

in

the

professional,

scientific

and

controlling

in-

struments

(manufacturing)

industry.

I found

that

timely

precautions

might have

prevented

most

of

these

union

victories.

How

the

trend

had gone

in

the

professional,

scientific

and

controlling

instru-

ments

industry

might be

judged

from

the

accompanying

table.

The

guideline

controls

have had

some

hamper-

ing

influence

on

union

activity.

As

a

result

of

our

comprehensive

study,

these

conclusions

became

evident:

1.

Most

elections

in

which wages and hours were

alleged

to

be

the

main

issue

(which

accounted

for

12

~.

A.

Imberman

did

his

undergraduate

work

at

New

York

Univ.,

and

his

graduate

work

at

Johns

Hopkins.

He

has

directed

the

Management Seminar

at

the

Univ.

of

Chicago and

Illinois

Institute

of

Technology

for

over

20

years.

He

has

written

widely,

and

is

an employee

relations

consultant

to

major companies,

including

Dupont, Avis,

Mc-

Graw

Edison,

Sears

Roebuck, and

many

others.

about

60

per

cent

of

the

elections),

were

won

by

the

unions

because

of

employee

ignorance

of

the

com-

petitive

situation

of

the

company. Employer

speeches

in

the

election

period

had

no

effect.

They were

too

late.

2.

Most

complaints

about working

conditions

(a

basic

cause

of

nearly

30

per

cent

of

the

elections)

were

well-founded

and

reflected

real

issues.

Elec-

tion

speeches

had

no

effect

here

either.

3.

Most

elections

in

which

arbitrary,

tyrannical

and

abusive

supervisors

were

specifically

named, were

truly

the

result

of

poor

supervisory

methods.

More

than

50

per

cent

of

the

elections

involved

his

is-

sue.

The

most

painful

way

to

learn

about

unionization

is

to

lose

a

National

Labor

Relations

Board

election.

Yet even

with

disputes

over money,

almost

all

labor

unrest

could

have been

quelled

before

unions took

control

of

the

work

force.

How?

By

setting

up

a

two-way communications system, and

training

super-

visors

in

modern management methods.

Failure

to

Listen

to

Employees

A

typical

example of

this

lack

of

two-way

commu-

nications

--

this

failure

to

listen

to

employees

--

taken

from

39

of

these

212

election

situations,

is

the

case

history

of

a

single

department

in

an

East

Coast

plant

in

this

industry

(professional,

scien-

tific

and

controlling

instruments

--

manufacturing).

The

department

had

developed

troubles

that

led

to

an

election.

This

was

a

basic

department

on

which

other

pro-

duction

departments

depended. Within

the

past

year

its

quality

of work had

deteriorated.

Production

schedules

seemed

too

often

to

be

out

of

gear

with

the

rest

of

the

plant.

Union

organization

in

the

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

s

Professional, Scientific and Controlling

I nstruments (Manufacturing)

Fiscal

Number

of

NLRB

Number

Won

Percent

Won

Year

Elections

Held

By

Unions

By

Unions

1973 67

35

52.2

1972 62

29

46.7

1971

46

14

30.4

1970

51

17

33.3

1969 62

26

41.9

1968 68

35

51.4

1967 48

21

43.7

1966 59

31

52.5

Source:

National

Labor

Relations

Board

Reports.

plant

had been

led

by employees from

this

basic

de-

partment.

The

plant

manager had

talked

with

the

department

supervisor

a number of

times.

The

answer

was

more

or

less

the

same: employees

in

the

department

were

quarrelling,

there

were

bitter

disputes

over

who

was

to

be

favored

with

overtime

and

Saturday

work, squab-

bles

over

department

seniority,

some

hard

feeling

over

wage

differentials,

and

general

distrust

of

management.

None

of

this

had been

true

before.

What

was

worse,

there

was

nothing

that

management

could

put

its

finger

on,

to

correct,

even

after

the

~

election.

The Supervisor's Health

Called

in

to

advise

the

company

on

how

to

deal

with

the

growing

absenteeism

and

turnover

in

the

plant,

I

elicited

some

interesting

information

from

the

employees

in

that

department

which went

far

to

explain

the

election

result.

After

a number

of

weeks

of

interviews,

it

seemed

to

me

that

the

trouble

seemed

to

revolve

around

the

department

supervisor

himself.

One

of

the

troubles

mentioned by

all

employees

in

the

department

was

the

harshness

of

the

supervisor.

He

was

unreasonable,

tyrannical,

arbitrary,

hard

to

get

along

with.

Since

he had been

with

the

company

for

about

15

years,

and

the

complaints

were

recent

in

origin,

I

decided

to

talk

with

him.

Heat

and

Cold

It

was

discovered

that

he had

arthritis,

and I

recommended

that

the

supervisor

be

sent

to

a

physi-

cian.

Since

his

department

was

in

a

colder

part

of

the

plant,

his

arthritic

pain

was

accentuated

by

lack

of

heat.

This

affected

his

whole

disposition

and

actions

towards

his

employees.

Brought

to

the

company's

attention,

a

new

fore-

man

was

assigned

to

that

department.

The

older

fore-

man

was

transferred

to

another

department

where

room

temperatures

were

much

higher.

Within

three

months,

the

trouble

in

the

basic

department

cleared

up. The

old

foreman

--

in

the

new

"hot"

department

--

was

like

a changed man. But

the

company had

already

lost

the

election.

No

amount

of

veiled

promises

or

threats

in

speech-

es

to

employees

during

the

election

period

could

have

any

effect

on

this

situation.

Only

careful

listen-

ing

to

the

employees

to

uncover

the

roots

of

the

dis-

content

would have had any

beneficial

effect.

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

Opinion

Polls

Hundreds

of

other

managements

try

questionnaires,

polls,

"employee

audits,"

suggestion

boxes,

etc.,

in

their

search

for

easy

information

about

worker

dis-

content.

Yet

complaints

remain.

For example,

of

the

212

election

situations

in-

vestigated,

some

49

were

similar

to

the

case

of

a

Midwest company

in

this

industry.

The company

tried

an

"opinion

poll"

questionnaire

as

a

possible

solu-

tion

for

its

employee

gripes,

even

installing

sug-

gestion

boxes.

These

suggestion

boxes were

design-

ed

to

give

employees a chance

to

write

anonymously

about

pet

gripes.

The

plan

met

with

disappointment.

The

questionnaire

uncovered

only

general

worker

com-

plaints;

little

of

it

was

news

to

management and

none of

it

was

of

any

help

in

finding

or

pinpointing

solutions.

The

suggestion

box

was

crammed

with

sil-

ly,

unconstructive

criticism,

sometimes

quite

vic-

ious.

Lack

of Explanation

The

problem

of

still

another

Southwest company

in

this

industry

comes

to

mind.

Difficulties

arose

when

this

plant

mushroomed from a

small

operation

to

that

of

a

larger

plant.

Where

the

same

executives

had

experienced

no

labor

unrest

when

the

facility

was

small,

they

had an

alarming

amount of

it

as

the

plant

expanded.

Despite

an

elaborate

"employee

au-

dit"

and

questionnaire,

an

election

petition

was

filed

with

the

NLRB

and

voting

was

held

soon

after-

wards.

The

company

lost

by a narrow margin.

Wage

rates

were

the

alleged

reason.

Called

in

by

the

parent

corporation

to

make

a

detailed

investigation,

I soon uncovered

the

fact

that

most of

the

difficulties

stemmed from

rapid

changes

in

production

methods

coupled

with

intol-

erant,

abusive

supervisors.

These

production

chan-

ges of

course,

were

necessary

because

of

changes

in

design,

but

nobody

bothered

explaining

these

things

to

employees. They were merely

switched

from one

production

method

to

another,

and

since

they

were

being

paid

good

rates,

management

felt

that

the

em-

ployees

merely had

to

comply

with

orders.

Resistance,

to

Change

Unfortunately,

most

semi-skilled

workers,

after

learning

one

or

two

operations,

become

frustrated

when

those

operations

are

changed

without

proper

explanation

of

the

cause

and

without

the

help

of

patient,

trained

foremen.

This

frustration

works

itself

out

in

various

complaints

about

many

things,

and

eventually,

if

enough employees

in

the

plant

feel

the

same

way,

there

is

a blow-up.

After

long

experience,

and

careful

evaluation

of

the

49

similar

instances,

I

concluded

that

paper-

and-pencil

questionnaires

and

suggestion

boxes

for

blue

collar

workers

cannot

take

the

place

of

man-

to-man

contact

in

the

plant.

A

systematic

procedure

recognized

as

representing

top

management, must be

used

to

listen

regularly

to

employees, and

to

act

upon

the

gripes.

Too Simple a Prescription?

So

simple

and

elementary

is

this

prescription

that

every

reader

who

manages a

factory

will

immed-

iately

snort

in

derision.

Every employer

in

this

industry

believes

that

he

listens

to

his

employees

and

that

his

foremen

are

well

trained.

13

Unfortunately,

most

employers,

with

the

utmost

good

will

in

the

world,

do

not

have

the

patience

to

listen,

or

the

time,

or

the

systematic

machinery.

They

therefore

depend upon

personnel

department

peo-

ple

and more

particularly,

on

foremen and

line

super-

visors

to

listen.

Very few

of

these

people

know

how

to

listen

"with

the

third

ear,"

a

talent

which can

be

developed

by

training.

Moreover,

very

few

of

these

management

people

can

be depended upon

to

give

management a

straightfor-

ward

report

on

what employees

are

saying

--

not

that

personnel

department

people,

foremen,

line

supervi-

sors,

et

al.

wish

to

deceive

the

front

office.

On

the

contrary,

most

often

they

are

wholeheartedly

on

management's

side.

But most

of

these

people

(consciously

or

uncon-

sciously)

report

only

what

they

LIKE

to

report,

or

report

only

what

THEY

think

is

important.

Often

this

is

not

the

whole

story,

even

if

employees gave them

the

whole

story,

which

they

rarely

do.

Listening

to

employees

is

also

a

way

for

employ-

ers

to

forestall

union

organizers

who

roam

smaller

communities of

every

state,

seeking

plants

to

organ-

ize.

Once

organized,

union

officials

believe,

the

employees

are

locked

into

the

union

for

years

and

years.

How

often

does a

decertification

election

succeed?

Not

too

often.

Union Tactics

One

common

attack

by

union

organizers

is

to

visit

employees

in

their

homes

and promise them

all

sorts

of

pie

in

the

sky.

The

organizers

don't

have

to

deliver

anything.

Under

the

law

they

can promise

anything

they

like.

If

their

promises

don't

work

out,

it's

the

selfish

employer's

fault.

And

the

trouble

continues.

What

can employers do?

For

this

sort

of

common

tactic,

there

is

only

one weapon:

LISTEN

TO

THE

EMPLOYEE

and

train

your

supervisors.

There

is

no

other

way

that

an employer can

find

out

just

what

is

troubling

his

employees,

or

what he must

do

to

overcome

the

difficulties

on

which union

organizers

build.

Center

of

Trouble on 3rd

or

4th

Floor

Another example, from

about

21

similar

cases

cov-

ered

in

this

study,

might be

of

interest

here.

It

was

a

California

company

in

this

industry.

The

hot-

bed

of

union

sentiment

seemed

to

be

centered

on

the

third

of

the

four

floors

of

the

plant.

There seemed

no

obvious

reason,

yet

judicious

and

cautious

inter-

viewing

of

employees

throughout

the

plant

led

a

skil-

led

consultant

interviewer

to

uncover

some

interest-

ing

facts.

No

Refrigerator

The

first,

second, and

fourth

floors

had

small

refrigerators

in

the

employee's

restrooms.

The

wo-

men

brought

their

lunches

and

deposited

the

bags

in

the

refrigerators.

But

the

women

on

the

third

floor

had

no

refrigerator.

Theirs

had broken

down

a

year

ago, and had

never

been

repaired.

They used

the

second

or

fourth

floor

refrigerators.

By

so

doing,

their

lunch bags were

often

pushed

aside

by

the

em-

ployees

of

the

other

floors;

sometimes,

if

there

wasn't

enough room,

the

third

floor

lunch bags were

removed from

the

refrigerators

entirely.

They had

complained

to

their

foremen over and

over,

but

the

foremen were

too

busy

to

raise

the

question

with

the

plant

manager.

14

Now

it

is

difficult

to

believe

that

anything

so

trivial

would

heat

up

a group of

about

80 employees,

yet

such

was

the

fact.

From

this

small

beginning,

festering

for

about

a

year,

80 employees became

dis-

satisfied

with

everything

--

the

ventilation

in

the

plant,

the

location

of

the

overhead

lights,

the

treatment

they

received

from

supervisors,

wage

rates,

etc.

Everything

the

company

did,

was bad, bad, bad.

From

this

humble

beginning,

employee

dissatisfaction

spread

through

the

plant.

Not a

single

foreman had

tried

to

deal

with

the

situation,

or

reported

it

higher

up.

It

took seven weeks

of

careful

interviewing,

care-

ful

listening,

and

running

down

of

all

clues,

to

un-

cover

this

basic

trivial

cause.

Installation

of a

$80

renovated

refrigerator

in

the

third

floor

rest-

room

cleared

up

most

of

the

difficulty.

Could

the

company have uncovered

clues

indicat-

ing

that

lack

of

a

refrigerator

to

hold

employee

lunch bags

on

the

third

floor

was

causing

a

severe

shift

in

employee

sentiment?

Without foremen

train-

ed

to

listen

and

report,

the

only

other

alternative

would be

to

talk

to

every

employee

in

the

plant.

Troublesome

as

that

might have been,

it

doesn't

com-

pare

with

the

subsequent

trouble

(and

expense)

of

dealing

with

a

union.

"Trained Ear" Gets Results

It

takes

special

training

and

special

techniques

to

invite

and

enjoy

the

confidence

of

employees.

(Here and

there

throughout

the

country

are

some

skilled

consultants,

who

specialize

in

such

labor-

management

techniques.

Usually,

these

men

are

con-

nected

with

a

college

or

university.

Interested

company

executives

might

secure

a

list

of

recommen-

ded names

by

writing

to

the

University

Research Cen-

ter,

121

West

Adams,

Chicago,

Illinois

60603.)

Sudden Labor Trouble

Here

is

another

case

from our

study

which some-

what

parallels

32

others.

About 300

men

were

in-

volved.

A

70-year-old

company

in

this

industry,

with

no

labor

or

union

trouble

history,

suddenly

found

itself

facing

an

organization

drive.

The

com-

pany

wage

scale

was

in

line

with

that

of

the

com-

munity

--

yet

suddenly

men

in

the

plant

seemed

to

be swallowing

all

sorts

of union

organizer

promises

--

something

they

had

never

done

before.

Why

the

sudden

labor

trouble?

In

this

small

town,

no

other

company had a

union,

yet

somehow

the

union seemed

to

have

gathered

streng-

th

in

this

plant.

The

company

won

the

election

by

a

very

slim

majority,

and

then

as

a

result

of

unfair

labor

charges,

another

election

was

ordered.

How-

ever,

in

the

interim,

the

company had used

an

out-

side

consultant

who

did

nothing

but

interview

and

listen

to

employees, and

provide

training

for

super-

visors.

Hearing Loss?

The

basis

of

his

findings

was

the

noise

in

one

department

that

caused a number

of

employees

to

fear

hearing

loss.

This

was

mainly

a

reaction

to

the

current

publicity

about

OSHA

legislation,

on

which

the

union

organizer

capitalized.

Those

em-

ployees

who

complained had

merely

been

given

uncom-

fortable

ear

plugs

without

explanation

--

a

sort

of

impersonal

treatment

which

many

resented.

This

re-

sentment cropped

up

in

complaints

about

many

other

working

conditions

--

formerly

accepted

as

a

matter

(please

turn

to

page

25)

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

i

r

i-

r.

I,

..

·10

Changing Technology and

Medical

Speciali,zation

Ray

M.

Antley,

M.D.

Department

of

Medical Genetics

Indiana

Univ.

School

of

Medicine

Indianapolis,

Ind.

46202

and

Mary

Ann

Antley, M.A.

Department

of

English

Indiana Univ.-Purdue

Univ.

at

Indianapolis

Indianapolis,

Ind.

46202

"The process

of

data collecting

by

computers will cause interaction

between the technology and the illness which

it

is

designed to

diag-

nose and treat, and these changes will result in computers perform-

ing

not

old jobs better

but

completely

new

jobs. "

Twenty-Five Years

of

Computers

in Medicine

Twenty-five

years

of

computers,

and computers

in

medicine,

bring

us

to

the

threshold

of

their

acceler-

ated

introduction

into

clinical

medicine.

To

date,

there

has been an

opportunistic

application

of

com-

puters

to

medicine.

This

unstructured

approach

is

about

to

change, however,

(1)

because

of

the

techno-

logical

advances which have been

achieved

through

computer

research

and

are

ready

for

utilization,

and

(2)

because

of

the

developments

in

concepts

of

com-

prehensive

health

care

and

its

delivery.

People

who

have had

little

or

no

care,

people

who

have had

par-

tial

care

through

some

form

of

insurance,

and

people

who

have been

able

to

afford

total

care,

are

collec-

tively,

either

through

insurance,

through

unions,

or

through

government

health

programs, demanding compre-

hensive

health

care

at

moderate

cost

to

modest

cost.

The

dual

problems

of

obtaining

manpower

to

staff

such

a

health

service

and

of

keeping

the

total

cost

of

that

service

as

low

as

possible,

lend

themselves

to

solutions

through

technology.

Evolution

of

Technology

The

developments

in

technology

act

in

concert

with

the

recognition

of

the

need

for

expanded

medical

care.

They

are

compounded

by

the

existing

doctor

shortage.

These powerful

interacting

forces

will

structure

the

future

application

and development

of

automation

in

medicine.

These

forces

have

thus

far

tended

to

chan-

nel

technological

application

towards

assisting

the

primary

physician

in

the

delivery

of

health

care.

Furthermore,

the

evolution

of

technology

is

such

that

this

assisting

phase

will

be

transient,

for

pro-

grams

are

already

being

developed

which

will

do

much

of what

the

physician

does

now.

Finally,

the

process

of

data

collecting

by computers

will

cause

interac-

tions

between

the

technology

and

the

substrate

of

ill-

ness

which

it

is

designed

to

diagnose

and

treat,

an V

these

changes

will

result

in

computers

performing

no

old

jobs

better,

but

completely

new

jobs

•

_____

This

article

seeks

to

explore

the

evolution

of

machines

in

medicine

and

to

discuss

some

of

the

prob-

lems

inherent

in

change.

We

have

divided

the

evolu-

tion

in

medical

technology

into

three

phases

based

upon

inferences

about

the

role

of

the

physician

in

relationship

to

his

machines and

his

patients.

Phase

I

is

called

the

assisting

phase;

Phase

II,

the

auto-

mated

phase;

and Phase

III,

the

environmental

control

phase.

After

each

phase

we

have

attempted

to

indi-

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

cate

some

of

the

consequences

of

the

different

stages.

It

should

be

apparent

that

different

lev-

els

of

the

progression

are

occurring

simultaneously

and

that

there

is

no

sharp

demarkation

between

phas-

es.

What

might

not

be

apparent

is

that

Phase

II

should

be a

reality

in

the

and

that

Phase

III

will

probably

be

the

dominant form

of

medical

practice

within

the

career

of

present

day

medical

students.

Phase I -

The

Assisting Phase

The

introduction

of

technology

into

medicine

has

been

at

such a

rate

that

each

new

machine has been

seen as an

individual

innovation

which

helps

with

a

particular

diagnostic

or

treatment

function.

When

a

new

machine

appears,

it

is

tested

and

incorpora-

ted

into

the

doctor's

routine

on

the

basis

of

its

utility

and

efficiency.

This

random

incorporation

of

such

innovations

as

the

electrocardiogram

(ECG),

the

electroencephalogram

(EEG),

the

fiber

gastro-

scope,

the

heart-lung

machine and

patient

monitor-

ing

equipment

throughout

all

fields

of

medicine

has

obscured

the

collective

impact

on

medical

practice

of

machines,

i.e.,

the

channelling

of

medical

prac-

tice

toward

technological

specialties.

The

phenom-

ena

of

medical

specialization

has been

largely

at-

tributed

to

an

increased

work load and

to

the

in-

formation

explosion.

This

hypothesis,

however,

misses

the

important

relationship

between

the

de-

velopment

of

a machine and

the

development

of

in-

formation

and a

specialty

as

a

direct

result

of

that

machine.

The

Electrocardiogram and

the

Cardiologist

For

example,

the

introduction

of

the

electrocar-

diogram

did

much

to

strengthen

the

cardiologist

--

who

was

previously

solely

organ

based.

The

ECG

established

scientific

credibility

to

the

diagnosis

and

treatment

of

myocardial

infarction

syndrome.

Second, a

literature

developed

about

the

technical

aspects

of

the

ECG

machine

itself,

followed

by

a

literal

explosion

of

information

about

ECG

diagnosis.

Each

diagnosis

has

usually

been enhanced

by

reports

prognosis

and

treatment

to

such an

extent

that

it

becomes a

full

time

job

keeping

abreast

of

the

publications

in

this

field

alone.

Although more has gone

into

the

development

of

cardiology

than

the

ECG,

it

is

hard

to

conceive

of

that

specialty

without

it.

From

this

beginning

there

has been a

proliferation

of

other

innovations:

15

the

intensive

care

units,

specialists

in

intensive

care,

respiration

therapists,

second

generation

ma-

chines

like

pace makers and

cardiac

monitors.

As

technology

provides

equipment

to

investigate

a

par-

ticular

organ system

in

depth,

a

new

information

ex-

plosion

and

subsequent

specialty

frequently

develops.

Thus,

the

new

technology's

effects

have been

to

im-

prove medicine

through

specialization,

to

increase

its

complexity,

and

to

heighten

its

intellectual

stimulation

content.

New Innovations

in

Machines

Relatively

recent

innovated

machines

are

in

the

laboratory,

the

nursery,

the

intensive

care

unit,

the

emergency

room

and

the

operating

room. They

pervade

the

care

of

the

critically

ill

inpatient.

They

structure

the

clinic's

business

procedures

if

not

influencing

the

individual

doctor's

practice

pro-

cedures.

It

is

significant

that,

in

addition

to

helping

the

doctor

do

what he

did

before,

these

machines

do

jobs

which

really

cannot

be

equaled

by

the

physician

alone.

Increasingly,

machines

are

molding

the

way

in

which medicine

is

practiced,

even

to

the

extent

of

having

influence

over

the

formulation

of

medical

ethics

in

regard

to

the

definition

of

death.

This

same

technology,

by

its

very

existence,

raises

ex-

tremely

perplexing

questions

about

who

will

die.

Dependence

of

the

Doctor

on Machines

The

introduction

of

technology

into

medicine has

several

effects

upon

the

doctor.

One

is

that

in

routine

practice,

the

doctor

has

unconsciously

be-

come

dependent

on

the

laboratory,

x-ray,

drugs

pack-

aged

by

automated systems and

various

electronic

in-

struments

to

such

an

extent

that

the

practice

of

medicine would be

starkly

different

if

they

were

suddenly removed.

By

examining

the

prospects

of

their

removal, one

is

able

to

develop

some

feel

for

the

amount of

evolution

they

have

induced.

Also, a

forward

anticipation

of

comparable change

in

the

years

to

what

we

have had

in

the

past

25

years

is

helpful

in

grasping

the

magnitude and

rates

of

change

we

will

experience.

Changes in Medical Practice

Thus,

these

machines, which have been

readily

ac-

quired

and used

by

the

medical

profession

to

help

them perform

tasks

and

detect

disease

more

quickly

and

accurately,

have

subtly

effected

a change

in

the

environment

of

medical

practice

in

the

twentieth

cen-

tury.

A change

in

the

environment

is

rarely

only

additive

or

linear.

You

seldom,

if

ever,

have an

old

environment

PLUS

a

new

element,

such as a

printing

press

or

an

ele~tric

plug;

what you have

is

a

totally

new

envIronment. l

From

the

individual

family

doctor

of

the

early

1900's

who

treated

a

patient

for

all

his

illnesses,

practice

has evolved

in

a

predictable

technological

form

into

a system

in

which

many

specialists

treat

specific

diseases

that

manifest

themselves

in

the

same

patient.

This

evolution

from

patient-centered

to

disease-centered

treatment

has

taken

place

grad-

ually

over

the

past

70

years.

The

rate

of

change

has been slow enough

to

allow

for

the

training

of

new

physicians

in

the

new

specialties

created

by an

expanding medical

technology.

The

very

real

changes

in

the

role

of

the

physician

and

the

system

of

health

delivery

that

have

occurred

have been

effected

with

relatively

little

trauma

to

the

earlier

physicians

16

who

have been

able

to

continue

their

roles

as

gen-

eralists

in

an

increasingly

specialized

world.

Med-

icine

has

adjusted

to

the

presence

of

technology

and

now

reflects

its

qualities

so smoothly and so

com-

pletely

that

it

requires

a

detached

view

to

even

rec-

ognize

the

great

change

in

orientation

that

has oc-

curred.

Phase II -

The

Automated

Phase

Now,

into

this

seemingly

stabilized

system of

health

delivery

care

based

on

scientific,

technolo-

gical

specialization,

a

different

sort

of

machine

is

being

introduced.

Its

long term

effects

will

re-

sult

in

another

major change

in

the

environment

of

medical

practice.

These

are

automated machines

that

are

capable

of

replacing

those

functions

which have

so

far

been performed only

by

the

physician

himself.

Because

the

physician

has

become

conditioned

to

ac-

cepting

technology

in

medicine,

these

more

sophisti-

cated

instruments

have been

introduced

without

arous-

ing

questions

about

their

long-term

implications,

or,

more

often,

without

even a

recognition

of

what

these

implications

are.

A

computer-acquired

history

and a programmed phy-

sical

examination

are

today almost

existing

reali-

ties.

2

,3,4,5

Machines which

will

perform

a

physical

examination

by

analyzing

data

coming

directly

from

self-propelled

sensing

devices

are

projected

at

this

time.

Once

the

software

has been

developed,

the

retrieval

of

data

from medical

records,

along

with

results

from automated

clinical

laboratories,

and

the

integration

of

these

data

for

processing

by

a computer

will

be

simple

procedures.

The

import

from

the

capabilities

of

these

existing

and

realis-

tically

projected

machines

is

that

they

are,

and

will

be,

able

to

do

what

the

physician

now

does.

Here

again,

as

in

1900,

the

role

of

the

physician-

will

be

affected

and

the

present

system

of

health

delivery

will

restructure

itself

around a

new

con-

cept

in

patient

care.

But

this

change

will

be un-

like

the

gradual

readjustment

that

accrued

when

medi-

cine

entered

the

technological

era.

Because

of

the

productive

capacity

of

our

electronics

industry,

the

lead

time between

the

development

of

an automated

process

in

health

delivery

care

and

the

moment

when

widespread change

occurs

will

be

short,

that

is

years,

not

decades.

The

resulting

effect

on

the

physician

will

be one

of

frequent

and

significant

change

in

his

role.

Trained

as

a

specialist

in

disease

detection

he

will

be

confronted

with

ma-

chines

that

are

equally

specialized,

that

can

also

differentiate

diseases,

and

that

will

bring

to

this

process

a

degree

of

efficiency

and a

capability

for

information

storage

far

beyond

human

abilities.

"Future

Shock"

for

the

Physician

Thus, as

in

so

many

other

fields

that

have

be-

come

automated,

the

physician

will

experience

not

.the

introduction

of

new

techniques

which can

co-

exist

with

his

present

job,

but

the

actual

replac~

ment

of

much

of

his

present

function

by

a machine.

The

years

of

training

in

scientific

disease

detec-

'

tion

and

the

old

methods of

specialist-based

health

care

delivery

will

have been made,

in

large

measure,

obsolete.

He

will,

in

fact,

experience

"future

shock".

Future

shock

occurs

when

you

are

confronted

by

the

fact

that

the

world you were

educated

to

believe

in

doesn't

exist.

Your images

of

re-

ality

are

apparitions

that

disappear

on

con-

tact.

There

are

several

ways

of

responding

to

such a

condition,

one

of

which

is

to

with-

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

.

v

draw and

allow

oneself

to

be overcome by a

sense

of

impotence.

More

commonly, one con-

tinues

to

act

as

if

his

apparitions

were

sub-

stantial,

relentlessly

pursuing

a

course

of

action

that

he

knows

will

fail

him.l

A

third

reaction

to

being

suddenly exposed

to

a

new

environment

is

to

rationally

evaluate

your

situ-

ation

and

adjust

to

the

demands

of

the

new

milieu.

In

order

to

make

this

reorientation,

the

physician

will

first

need

to

recognize

that

there

is

a

new

environment.

Then

he

will

need

to

have

the

flexi-

bility

necessary

to

adapt

to

the

new

roles

which

the

doctor

will

fulfill

in

a world

of

automated

medicine.

Some

of

these

roles

will

be

in

the

new

specialties,

created

by

the

machines once more;

others

will

be

in

computer

administration

and programming;

many

more

will

be

connected

with

counseling

patients

and

re-

sponding

to

their

illnesses

with

empathy. There

are

many

variations

within

these

categories.

The

important

thing

is

for

the

physician

today

to

recog-

nize

the

change which

is

going

on

in

medicine

and

automation

so

that

he

will

be

prepared

for

the

new

demands which

will

follow.

Phase

III

-

The

Environmental

Control

Phase

The

development

of

machines which

are

able

to

replace

hitherto

unique

diagnostic

functions

of

the

physician

is

only

the

intermediary

phase

in

the

evo-

lution

of

machines

in

medicine.

Rapidly

following

this

era

will

come

the

stage

in

which

heuristic

com-

puters

interact

to

develop

strategies

for

medical

care

which

are

peculiarly

suitable

to

the

abilities

of

technology

rather

than

to

human

organization.

Changes

in

information

about

the

illness

and

the

alterations

in

disease

caused

by

the

automation

\~ill

result

in

changes

not

only

in

functions

diagnosis

and

treatment,

but

also

in

the

goals

of

medical

care.

Perhaps

the

first

goal

of

automated

medical

care

should

be

to

treat

a

sick

person,

and

this

would

shift

to

prevention

of

illness,

and

in

time

this

might change

to

maintaining

an

equilibrium

between

birth

and

death

rates.

These

goals

will

undoubtedly

be

altered

from

time

to

time

by

the

needs

of

society.

At

this

point,

the

computer

may

be

assigned

a

task

and

the

assigner

not

know

how

the

computer

arrived

at

an answer,

but

only

that

it

arrived

at

a

carefully

planned

answer,

perhaps

making

calculations

and

tri-

als

that

it

would

take

an

individual

100

or

more

years

to

duplicate.

This

later

phase

of

automation

will

be

characterized

by

two

new

facets

as

described

by John

Diebold:

(1)

Technological

advances

are

self-gener-

ating.

"No

longer

must

technological

progress

wait

on

the

scientific

discovery:

tech-

nology

itself

is

pushing

research

into

new

discov-

eries

and

new

dimensions."

This

process

will

produce

whole

new

sets

of

com-

puters

which

will

acquire,

store,

and

process

infor-

mation which

only

the

machine

through

its

own

pro-

cesses

evaluated

as

being

relevant

to

treatment

and

health

to

begin

wi

th

--

wholly

a machine

idea.

(2)

Computers

rather

than

being

given

a

defined

task

to

perform,

can be

assigned

a

goal,

the

computer

at

this

highest

point

of

machine

intelligence

will

pursue

a

goal

with

minimum

instruction,

devising

its

own

stra-

tegy

in

pursuit

of

that

goal.

6 _

Direction Determined

by

the

Machine

In

this

final

stage,

machines

will

again

be

re-

sponsible

for

a changed environment

in

medicine,

but

this

time

the

change

will

occur

not

through

the

re-

structuring

of

the

present

system around a newly

in-

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

troduced

mechanism,

but

under

the

external

direction

of

the

machine

itself.

For example,

in

a world whose

goals

are

a

healthy

population,

the

emphasis

of

medi-

cine

in

the

future

may

well

be

on

prevention

rather

than

diagnosis

and

treatment.

With

the

precedent

for

using

machines

in

problem

solving

situations

firmly

established,

and

with

the

concurrent

develop-

ment

of

machines

that

can

devise

strategy

in

the

pursuit

of

goals,6

it

is

predictable

that

these

com-

puters

will

be used

in

problem

solving

situations

in

health

delivery.

We

predict

that

their

recommended

approaches

to

health

delivery

problems

will

influ-

ence

the

direction

that

medicine

takes

in

the

Thus

far,

the

three

phases

of

the

evolution

of

machines

in

medicine

have been

delineated.

It

may

be seen

that

the

first

phase,

in

which machines

as~

sist

the

physician,

is

evolving

into

Phase

II,

in

which machines

are

designed

to

replace

functions

which

heretofore

had been unique

to

the

role

of

the

physician.

It

may

also

be seen

that

this

second

phase

is

only

intermediary

in

a

progression

that

will

result

in

machines

themselves

being

used

to

devise

new

approaches

to

health

care.

Thus,

tech-

nology

continues

to

shape

the

direction

of

medical

practice

through

its

increasing

incorporation

into

diagnosis

and

treatment.

The

development

of

new

skills

by

physicians

in

response

to

technical

ad-

vancement

will

be

necessary,

while

appropriate

edu-

cation

in

medical

school

should

facilitate

this

a-

daptive

development.

Culture

Influencing

the

Physician

The

preceding

discussion

has

demonstrated

that

the

physician

is

influenced

both

subtly

and

overtly

by

the

culture

in

which he

lives.

At

the

present

time

that

culture

is

technological,

and

both

the

practice

of

medicine

and

the

job

of

the

physician

are

inseparably

chained

to

that

technology.

Tech-

nological

advances,

such

as

the

ECG,

which have

cre-

ated

new

jobs

and

new

fields

of

medicine

are

exam-

ples

of

this

interdependency

upon

technology

in

medi-

cine

today.

In

like

manner,

it

may

be assumed

that

new

machines

will

continue

to

structure

new

special-

ties

and

define

new

jobs

in

the

future.

Therefore,

because

of

what has happened

in

the

past

twenty

years

and

is

continuing,

predictions

can be

made

about

the

effect

of

technological

ad-

vances

on

the

role

of

the

physician

in

the

future.

Finally,

with

these

changes

in

mind

it

is

possible

to

suggest

some

changes

in

the

present

medical

edu-

cation

system

that

will

be

necessary

in

order

to

prepare

physicians

to

practice

medicine

in

an

in-

creasingly

automated

environment.

Changes in Medical

Education

Among

the

possibilities

that

cluster

around

the

role

of

the

physician

in

the

late

twentieth

century,

two

large

areas

may

be emphasized.

Some

doctors

will

need

to

become advanced

technologists

in

order

to

conceive,

design,

operate,

and

understand

the

new

generations

of

machines.

Secondly,

with

the

increased

use

of

machines

for

technical

functions,

many

physicians

will

be

called

upon

to

help

the

pa-

tient

understand

the

technical

findings

of

his

exami-

nation

and

to

facilitate

the

constructive

use

of

this

information

in

the

patient's

life.

The

genetic

counselor

already

serves

this

function

today,

helping

the

counselee

to

incorporate

the

information

that

he

has

acquired

in

the

counseling

session

for

construc-

tive

planning;

while

the

thanoto!ogist

works

with

terminally

ill

patients

as

they

deal

with

the

know-

ledge

of

thei

r

approachi

ng

dea

tli·

r I 25)

p

case

turn to

page

17

WATERGATE

SOUTH

Nancy

A.

Miller

16 Ober Road

Princeton, NJ 08540

"In Fayetteville, Arkansas, I

was

working with Vietnam Veterans Against the

War.

One

of

the veterans there, William

W.

Lemmer, turned

out

to be an FBI informer .

...

We

broke

his cover and exposed him.

He

immediately suggested he become a double agent on the FBI."

Introduction

Investigations

by

the

press,

Congressional

com-

mittees,

and

the

courts

have

slowly

revealed

the

nature

of

"Watergate

East"

and

"Watergate

West."

The

first

refers

to

efforts

to

undermine Democratic

Party

presidential

candidates

and

the

subsequent

cover-up;

the

second,

Watergate

West,

to

the

viola-

tion

of

the

rights

of

Dr. Lewis

Fielding

in

an

at-

tempt

to

seal

off

leaks.

The

inter-relationship

be-

tween

Watergates

East

and

West

is

rather

ambiguous

without

an

examination

of

"Watergate

South,"

which

has been

almost

totally

overlooked.

The

evidence

supporting

the

hypothesis

that

there

was

a

southern

extension

is

scattered

through

Ervin

Committee

tes-

timony,

press

statements,

affidavits

and

depositions

filed

in

several

courts,

and

other

statements

by

some

of

those

involved.

Many

clues

or

references

may

still

lie

undetected,

but

a

consistent

picture

has

emerged, from

those

that

have been found,

of

an

attempt

to

keep

Richard

M.

Nixon

in

the

White House

at

almost

any

cost.

I

first

stumbled

into

Watergate

South

in

a most

unlikely

place,

Fayetteville,

Arkansas. I

was

liv-

ing

there

in

the

spring

of

1972 and working

with

the

Vietnam

Veterans

Against

the

War

(VVAW).

One

of

the

veterans

there,

William

W.

Lemmer,

turned

out

to

be

an

FBI

informer.

It

was

through

him

that

several

of

us began

to

learn

of

what was

being

planned

for

that

presidential

election

year.

In

late

May,

1972,

we

broke

Lemmer's

cover

and exposed him

as

an

informer.

He

immediately

suggested

that

he become a

double

agent,

spying

on

the

FBI.

To

prove

the

good

faith

of

his

offer,

he

voluntarily

agreed

to

be

interview-

ed,

on

tape,

by

two

other

Fayetteville

veterans.

The

interview

was

conducted

on

June 3 and

4,

two

weeks

before

the

discovery

of

the

Watergate

break-ins.

I

was

present

during

the

second

day's

session,

when

Lemmer

made

his

most ominous

statements.

Assertions

that

Violence

Was

Planned

for

the

1972

Political Conventions

Watergates

East

and West

reveal

an

hysterical

at-

tempt

to

seal

the

White House

off

from

the

rest

of

the

country.

But

why

the

hysteria?

Why

the

frantic

cover-up?

Much

of

the

answer

lies

in

Watergate

South.

Even

the

most

cooperative

witnesses

have

shied

away

from

this

area

of

the

total

puzzle,

probably

because

its

implications

are

so

staggering.

James

W.

McCord,

Jr.,

came

close

to

it

when

he

was

testifying

before

the

Ervin

Committee

in

May

of

1973.

He

stated

that

18

he

believed

he had

acted

in

the

nation's

best

inter-

est

because

of

plans

allegedly

being

made

by

groups,

working

with

the

Democrats,

to

violently

disrupt

the

conventions.

Therefore,

telephone

taps

of

Democra-

tic

committee members were

necessary

to

learn

of

plans

in

time

to

head

off

the

trouble

makers.

Mc-

Cord

testified

to

receiving

"almost

daily"

reports

from

the

Internal

Security

Division

of

the

Justice

Department,

some

of

which

linked

the

Democratic

Par-

ty

to

VVAW.

One

of

those

reports

came

concurrently

with

some

other

information

that that

same

group

(VVAW)

was

planning

vio-

lence

at

the

Republican

National

Convention

involving

danger

to,

threats

to

life

of

indi-

viduals.

• • •

The

Vietnam

Veterans

Against

the

War

was

one

violence-oriented

group

that

was

already

saying

in

the

spring

of

1972

that

they

were

going

to

cause

destruction

to

life

and

property

at

the

August

Republican

conven-

tion,

using

in

their

own

words,

their

own

bod-

ies

and weapons

as

the

spearhead

of

the

attack

there

--

these

are

their

exact

words, and

some

of

them

(the

Gainesville

8)

have

since

been

indicted

in

Tallahassee,

Florida,

with

addi-

tional

plans

to

damage

the

life

and

property

of

the

convention.

l

Earlier,

during

the

trial

of

the

Watergate

burg-

lars

in

January,

1973, one

of

McCord's

attorneys,

Gerald Alch,

explained

the

rationale

of

this

de-

fense.

If

one

is

under a

reasonable

apprehension

--

regardless

of

whether

that

apprehension

is

in

fact

correct

--

he

is

justified

in

breaking

a

law

to

avoid

the

greater

harm, which

in

this

case

would be

violence

directed

to

Republican

officials,

including

but

not

limited

to,

the

President.

2

The

first

question

that

needs

to

be asked

is:

did

McCord

have

cause

for

a

"reasonable

apprehen-

sion"

that

violence

was

planned

for

the

1972 conven-

tions?

The

answer

to

this

question

seems

to

be:

yes,

violence

was

planned.

The

proof

of

this

answer

is

found

in

the

tangled

web

of

a second

question:

who

was

planning

to

initiate

and

direct

the

violence?

Questionable Nature

of

Internal

Security

Division

Information

Supporting

Charges Against VVAW

The

government

alleged

that

VVAW

members

conspired

to

be

the

instigators

of

the

violence.

The

source

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

f

i-

I'

1,/

d

and

veracity

of

these

allegations,

however,

is

high-

ly

questionable.

The

"New

York

Times" spoke

with

a

highly

placed

Florida

law

enforcement

official

who

participated

in

the

security

planning

and

operation

for

both

conventions

and saw

the

top-

level

intelligence

reports

(who)

said

in

an

interview

last

August (1972)

that

there

was

no

mention

in

the

intelligence

reports

of

the

plot

described

by

the

Government

in

its

indict-

ment

(of

the

Gainesville

8).

After

checking

the

intelligence

reports

for

the

security

operation

again

to

refresh

his

memory,

the

source

repeated

that

the

strongest

warning

about

any

potential

activities

of

the

V.V.A.W.

was

a

report

that

it

had bought

"be-

tween

five

and one-hundred

slingshots."

And

a check

of

the

secret

intelligence

and

op-

eration

logs

of

the

Dade

County

Public

Safety

Department,

made

available

to

the

New

York

Times,

also

shows

no

signs

of

Federal,

state

and

local

reports

of

the

alleged

plot.

3

At

least

two

undercover

officers

with

the

Dade

County

Public

Safety

Department,

Gerald

Rudoff and

Harrison

Crenshaw, had

infiltrated

VVAW

as

informers

and had

attended

VVAW

meetings

in

the

Miami

area

prior

to

the

conventions.

Had

they

heard

of

any

plans

that

could

be

construed

as

potentially

dis-

ruptive,

surely

Rudoff and Crenshaw would have

re-

ported

them. These

reports

should have been

among

the

materials

available

to

the

Florida

law

enforce-

ment

official

if

he and

his

co-workers

were

to

be

able

to

maintain

order

and

to

protect

the

lives

of

those

present

in

and around

the

conventions.

The

use

of

informants

is

based

upon

the

need

to

fulfill

such

responsibilities.

In

view

of

the

absence

of

such

reports,

it

is

reasonable

to

assume

that

there

had been

no

indications

that

VVAW,

or

any

other

movement

group,

was

planning

to

incite

violence.

Facts

tend

to

support

this

contention.

Convention Disruptions

Started

by

People

Apparently

Not

in

the

Peace Movement

VVAW

was

the

only

movement

organization

whose

members were

indicted

for

conspiring

to

violently

disrupt

either

convention.

It

was

also

the

only

group mentioned by

McCord

in

his

testimony

as

being

a

source

of

concern

to

security

personnel

at

the

conventions.

Aside from

sporadic

trashing

and a

disorganized

skirmish

the

last

night

of

the

Republican

Convention,

there

was

no

violence

at

either.

That

incident

the

final

night

involved

little

more

than

blocking

traf-

fic,

which

is

far

from

the

blowing

up

of

the

Cause-

way

to

Miami

Beach,

of

police

stations,

and

of

com-

munications

installations

that

the

Gainesville

8

were charged

with

planning.

Of

the

1,200

demonstra-

tors

arrested

that

night,

only

a few

--

some

reports

say

no

--

VVAW

members were

arrested.

Several

times

people

in

Miami

Beach

noticed

that

groups

of

younger

demonstrators

were

roused

to

start

trashing

by

agitators

who

quickly

faded from view

when

the

trouble

started.

Some

of

these

instigators

may

have been

irrational

hotheads

from

the

ranks

of

the

movement,

but

not

all

of

them

were.

A

reporter

for

the

"Miami

Herald"

saw

two

pro-Nixon

youths

physically

disrupt

a

\~omen's

anti-war

demonstration

outside

conven-

tion

hall.

One

of

the

young

men

identified

himself

as

Stephen McNellis, Minnesota

coordi-

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

nator

for

VVJP

(Vietnam

Veterans

for

a

Just

Peace)

.•••

Since

then,

as

part

of

the

Watergate

disclo-

sures,

the

White House has

admitted

that

the

pro-Nixon

veterans

group

(VVJP)

was

in

fact

financed

with

GOP

campaign funds and

directed

by

Charles

Colson.4

No

Government Case

to

Support

Indictment

of

the

Gainesville 8

Sizable

contingents

of

VVAW

members were

present

at

both

conventions,

yet

the

expected

violence

did

not

occur.

It

is

conceivable,

if

the

charges

against

the

Gainesville

8 were

true,

that

VVAW

abandoned

its

plans

for

the

August

convention

after

some

of

its

members were

indicted

in

July.

However,

the

jury

found

the

eight

defendants

innocent

of

all

charges

after

hearing

a month

of

prosecution

witnesses,

only

one

defense

witness,

and

after

deliberating

for

only

four

hours.

Obviously,

the

government had

no

case

to

support

its

charges,

despite

the

fact

that

VVAW

was

heavily

infiltrated.

Two

FBI

inform-

ers,

Lemmer

and Karl Becker, were

present

during

the

meetings

from which

the

indictment

was

derived.

An-

other

FBI

informer,

Emerson

L.

Poe,

was

working

close-

ly

with

the

Florida

VVAW

coordinator,

Scott

Camil,

who

was

later

indicted

as

one

of

the

Gainesville

8.

Rudoff and Crenshaw were working

on

the

local level

in

Miami

with

Camil and Alton

C.

Foss,

another

de-

fendant.

All

but

Rudoff

testified

at

the

trial

and

still

the

government had

no

case.

The

only

assump-

tion

that

can

possibly

be drawn

is

that

there

was

no

conspiracy

by

VVAW

members

to

initiate

violence

at

the

conventions.

If

violence

was

planned,

but

it

was

not

planned

by

the

VVAW,

then

others

must have done

so.

If

other

movement groups had,

then

the

indictment

of

the

Gainesville

8 would

not

have

inhibited

them.

They might even have assumed

that

they

were

not

un-

der

heavy

surveillance

and,

therefore,

were

free

to

do

as

they

wished,

with

a

fair

degree

of

assurance

that

they

would

escape

blame

since

others

had

al-

ready

been

charged

with

what

they

planned

to

do.

The

absence

of

any

serious

outbursts

is

indicative

of

the

peaceful

intentions

of

the

demonstrators.

This

fact,

together

with

the

questionable

activities

of

members

of

such groups

as

the

pro-Nixon

VVJP,

sup-

port

the

belief

that

the

conspirators

were

not

among

the

sincere

protestors.

The

Case Against

the

Government

The

Gainesville Meeting

Adding

still

further

credence

to

this

possibility

are

two

examples

of

government

involvement

through

the

FBI.

First,

the

so

called

Gainesville

meeting,

from which most

of

the

indictment

against

the

8

was

derived,

was

set

up

by

Becker.

Donald

C.

Donner, a

veteran

from

Fayetteville,

Arkansas,

who

had

under-

taken

the

responsibility

of

arranging

for

the

meet-

ing,

got

so

far

as

sending

out a

letter

asking

for

suggestions

on

a

date

and

place

to

meet

before

Beck-

er

took

over.

As

Donner

said:

The

meeting

was

apparently

set

up

by Karl

(Becker)

•••.

Karl

told

me

that

he went

on

with

my

idea,

informed everybody,

tried

to

inform

me

and

was

unable

to

do

so.

I

shouldn't

have been

that

hard

to

find

•.••

He

said

he

went ahead

with

a

date

on

the

letter

and

there

is

not

a

date

on

the

letter.

All

in

all,

the

way

the

meeting

got

set

up

is

very

question-

able.

S

19

Second,

Lemmer

was

instructed

to

go

to

the

meeting

by

his

control,

Special

Agent Richard

J.

O'Connell,

who

made

it

known

to

me

prior

to

my

leaving

.••

that

the

Jacksonville

office,

Jacksonville,

Florida,

office

of

the

FBI, had

requested

my

presence

in

Gainesville

and I

was

told

that

it

would be

up

to

them

to

finance

my

trip

down

there

--

that

if

and

when

it

came

time

to

move,

I

was

to

contact

John

Maher

and

pick

up

money

for

that

trip

down

there

• • • •

They

gave

me

$210

to

make

the

round

trip

from

New

York

to

Gainesville

and back

to

New

York. 6

Squad

19

It

looks

as though

members

of

the

government were

the

actual

conspirators

and

that

they

were

attempt-

ing

to

set

VVAW

up

as

a

scapegoat

for

their

actions.

A September, 1971,

statement

by

Louis Tackwood, a

former Los Angeles

Police

Department

agent

provoca-

teur,

suggests

a

disturbing

basis

for

this

conten-

tion.

Tackwood,

in

a

press

conference,

described

a

plot

involving

a

special

group, Squad 19, which

was

created

by

the

Criminal

Conspiracy

Section

of

the

Los

Angeles

Police

Department and

the

FBI.

This

plan

entailed

planting

a number

of

agent

provocateurs

both

inside

and

outside

the

Con-

vention.

Agents were

to

infiltrate

the

groups

planning

demonstrations

against

the

war and

poverty.

At

the

time

of

the

demonstrations,

the

agents

were

to

provoke

street

battles

with

police

surrounding

the

convention

hall.

Mean-

while,

agents

inside

the

convention

hall

were

to

plant

explosives

timed

to

blow

up

coinci-

dental

with

riots

in

the

streets.

The

purpose

was

to

kill

a number

of

delegates.

The

result

would be

to

create

a

nationwide

hysteria

that

would

then

provide

President

Nixon

with

the

popular

support

necessary

to

declare

a

state

of

national

emergency. Orders

for

Squad

19

came

directly

from

the

California

State

Depart-

ment

of

Justice,

and

State

Attorney

General

Evelle

Younger. Richard Nixon would

then

ar-

rest

all

militants

and

left-wing

revolutiona-

ries

and

cancel

the

1972

elections.

He

could

invoke

special

emergency powers

leading

to

the

detention

of

political

activists.

7

Agent Provocateurs Active in VVAW Planning

for

the

Convention

Demonstrations

William Lemmer

Tackwood's

charges

are

too

serious

to

be

accepted

without

an

examination

of

available

facts.

First,

he claimed

that

"agent

provocateurs

• • • were

to

infiltrate

the

groups

planning

demonstrations."

VVAW,

which

was

planning

demonstrations,

was

infiltrated

and

at

least

one

of

the

infiltrators

was

a

provoca-

teur:

Lemmer,

the

"star"

witness

in

the

Gainesville

8

trial.

While he

was

stationed

at

Fort

Benning,

Georgia,

he encouraged

others

to

telephone

bomb

threats

and

tried

to

get

them

to

blow

up

a

water

tower.

After

he

got

out

of

the

Army,

in

July,

1971,

he

moved

to

Fayetteville,

Arkansas, where he

instruc-

ted

a high school

student

in

the

manufacture

of

a

fire

bomb

and

then

accompanied

the

boy

to

the

site

of

the

attempted

fire

bombing.

Lemmer

described

the

incident

to

the

three

of

us

in

Fayetteville.

20

He

asked

me

if

ether

would be a

better

fuel

than

gasoline

and I

told

him,

by

all

means,

ether

would

definitely

be

better

than

gaso-

line.

The

night

that

he

got

busted

(arrested)

we

went over

to

his

house,

picked

up

the

material,

and I went

out

to

watch. 8

Lemmer

also

talked

a

Fayetteville

veteran

into

send-

ing

a

bomb

threat.

And

in

another

incident,

he

helped

talk

demonstrators

at

an

Air

Force

base

in

Oklahoma

into

going

on

the

base

despite

police

and

military

orders

not

to

do

so.

In

the

last

three

in-

stances

people,

other

than

Lemmer,

served

time.

Lemmer

also

tried

to

project

a

violent

image

of

VVAW,

contradictory

to

the

organization's

history

of

only

staging

peaceful

protests.

During a

local

Arkansas march,

Lemmer

insisted,

in

vain,

that

the

VVAW

members

be armed and

defy

police

orders.

In

May

of

1972, he

stepped

up

his

campaign.

At

a dem-

onstration

in

Washington

Lemmer

tried

to

get

fire-

works and

explosives

to

set

off

in

trashcans,

which

would sound

like

gun

fire,

in

order

to

divert

police

attention

away

from

the

main body

of

demonstrators

and

on

to

VVAW.

Again

he

was

unsuccessful.

About

a

week

later,

on

a

trip

to

Florida,

while

easily

identifiable

as a

VVAW

member

since

he

was

wearing

military

fatigues

and a

VVAW

button,

he

talked

loud-

ly

in

public

places

about bombing and

killing.

Pablo

Fernandez

Another

agent

provocateur,

Pablo

M.

Fernandez,

while

not

actually

infiltrating

VVAW,

did

befriend

Camil and

other

Florida

veterans.

As

an

FBI

and

Miami

Police

Department

informer,

Fernandez

tried

to

sell

weapons, from guns

to

hand

grenades

and

mines,

to

Camil and

Foss.

Major

Adam

Klimkowski,

Commander

of

the

Miami

Police

Department's

Special

Investigations

Section,

stated:

We

were hoping

for

the

overt

act

necessary

to

produce a

charge

of

conspiracy

..••

We

did

not

want Camil

to

actually

acquire

wea-

pons,

•••

we

wanted

to

find

out

what

was

in

the

back

of

his

mind. 9

Government

witnesses

have

consistently

contended

that

Camil and Foss asked

for

weapons,

while

the

two

defendants

have

insisted

they

were

offered

them.

Klimkowski's

statement,

while

ambiguous,

tends

to

support

Camil and

Foss.

Whatever

the

truth

may

be,

one

fact

is

irrefutable:

no

member

of

VVAW

followed

up

and bought any

of

the

weapons.

Fernandez

was

part

of

a group

of

agitators

paid

to

go

to

J.

Edgar Hoover's

funeral,

May

5,

1972,

to

harrass

demonstrators.

The

group

included

Watergate

burglars

Bernard L.'

Barker,

Frank

Fiorini

(alias

Frank

A.

Sturgis),

Virgilio

R.

Gonzales, and

per-

haps Eugenio Rolando

Martinez,

under

the

name

of

Rolando

Martinez.

One

of

the

Fielding

burglars,

Felipe

de Diego,

was

also

in

the

party

as were

Reinaldo

Pico,

Angel

Ferrer,

and Humberto Lopez.

In

a

"Miami

Herald"

article,

Fernandez

is

quoted

as

saying:

I

kicked

a

hippie.

. • . I

knew

someone

big

was

protecting

us

because

the

Capitol

police

did

not

try

to

arrest

me.

lO

Fernandez went

into

more

detail

when

he

discussed

this,

and

other

activities,

with

another

Miamian,

Angelica Rohan. She

appears

to

be

nearly

the

only

informant

involved

in

convention

intelligence

who

was

sincerely

working

for

peaceful

demonstrations,

"so

the

name

of

the

Cubans would be

clean

and

every-

thing

would be good

for

the

Cubans."ll

On

May

23,

1973,

Rohan

gave sworn

testimony

to

U.

S.

District

Judge

W.

O.

Merhtens

in

which she

read

and

interpre-

ted

her

notes

of

what Fernandez had

told

her.

Many

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December.

1974

to,

t

/t<.,

-,!J

\1

~

;-

I

i'

'It"

of

the

points

she mentioned

are

supported

by

other

reports

of

the

incident.

I

am

going

to

quote whatever Pablo (Fernandez)

told

me,

which I took

down

as he

was

giving

it

to

me.

I

read

it

back

to

him, and

when

some-

thing

was

not

clear

I went back and

redid

it

Briefed

by

Mr.

Bernard

Barker

and

Mr.

Martinez

at

the

hotel

before

the

2-hour

break

upon

ar-

rival

in

Washington.

When

we

had

to

go

to

the

funeral,

the

instructions

were

that

one

of

the

group

that

spoke

English

had

to

insult

Mr.

Dan-

iel

Ellsberg

or

Doctor

Daniel

Ellsberg.

One

group would

destroy

Ellsberg's

loud

speakers

and

all

his

equipment

••••

They were

given

pictures

of

Mr.

Ellsberg

and he

told

them

to

aim

at

him

••••

(Sturgis)*

started

insulting

Ellsberg,

then

Pablo,

then

Barker.

Pico

threw

a punch

at

a

hippie

and

that

is

when

everything

started.

Rolando Martinez and

Virgilio

Gon-

zales

had whoever appeared

to

be

Ellsberg's

security

man,

held

him

while

Pablo punched

him.

(Sturgis)

and

Ferrer

were

taken

by

the

police,

the

Riot

Control,

to

a

car

and

then

released.

Capitol

police

were

five

feet

away

and were

like

protecting

the

Cubans, you

know,

like

"Well

done,"

by

a

sergeant

of

the

police

at

the

Capitol

told

Pablo

after

punching

Ells-

berg's

security

man.

The

police

protected

Pablo and he

left

the

site.

12

Barker

paid

all

the

expenses

and gave $100

in

cash

to

each

participant,

according

to

Rohan's

statement.

Sometime

after

that

trip,

Eugenio Martinez

tried

to

enlist

Fernandez's

services

to

create

trouble

at

the

Democratic

convention.

Watergate

burglar

Eugenio

R.

Martinez

offered

(Fernandez) $700 a

week

to

infiltrate

protest

groups

at

last

summer's Democratic

convention

and embarrass George

McGovern

"for

the

Repub-

lican

Party."

Pablo Manuel Fernandez, 28, a

burly,

heavy

equipment

parts

clerk

who

left

Cuba

as

a

teen-

ager,

said

he

was

told

by

Martinez:

"You

get

10

people

and

get

inside

McGovern

headquarters

in

the

hotel."

••

Fernandez

said

Martinez

came

to

him

with

the

long-range

offer

in

which he

was

told

he

could

make

$700 a

week

from

last

June (1972)

until

"after

the

President

took

office

early

this

year",

presumably meaning

the

inauguration

of

Nixon's

second

term.

13

According

to

Rohan,

at

least

two

other

Cubans were

to

head

other

teams, which sound

very

similar

to

the

fireteams

the

Gainesville

8 were accused

of

forming.

Others

Asked

to

Infiltrate

VVAW

Vincent

Hannard

Frank

Sturgis

approached

another

Floridian

with

a

similar

offer.

Vincent

J.

Hannard gave sworn

testi-

mony

in

private

and

then

spoke

to

reporters.

'*

Rohan

used

Fiorini,

but

I have

substituted

Sturgis

since

this

is

the

name

by

which most

people

know

him.

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

Vincent

J.

Hannard

of

Miramar, a

private

in-

vestigator

• • •

said

he

was

offered

work

in

"intelligence

and

instigation"

during

the

con-

ventions

at

Miami

Beach.

Hannard

claimed

he

received

separate

calls

from

Sturgis,

and

maybe

Barker,

and

two

others

and

they

asked

him

to

help

disrupt

activities

of

the

Vietnam

Veterans

Against

the

War

--

an

organization

thoroughly

infiltrated

by

police

and

federal

informers

before

and

during

the

conventions.

According

to

Hannard, each

call

came

from a

different

person,

and each

caller

tried

to

persuade

him

that

it

was

his

patriotic

duty

to

help

undermine

the

VVAW.

Hannard

said

he

was

sure

it

was

Sturgis,

be-

cause

he

has

known

him

for

more

than

13

years

and

recognized

his

voice.

Hannard

said

another

caller

identified

himself

as

Barker.

However, Hannard

said

he

never

has

met

Barker

and

could

not

be

certain

who

act-

ually

called

him. . • •

Hannard

said

he

told

an

FBI

agent,

Jack

Acker-

ly,

about

the

calls

shortly

after

he

received

them. Ackerly

said

he

knows

Hannard,

but

re-

fused

to

talk

about

conversations

he

may

have

had

with

him.

According

to

Hannard, none

of

the

four

callers

told

him

what would be

expected

of

him

if

he

agreed

to

do

the

proposed

undercover

work.

But he

said

each mentioned

the

VVAW

and

de-

scribed

the

task

as

covert

intelligence

and

instigation.

"It

was

clear

from what

they

said

that

I

was

supposed

to

incite

trouble

or

riots

from

the

anti-war

groups,"

he

said.

"I

was

told

it

would be

activity

pertaining

to

the

convention

and

an

opportunity

to

travel.

"And

there

would be

great

rewards

when

the

President

was

re-elected."

Hannard

said

he

was

offered

$1,000

a

week

for

that

work

but

that

in

the

fourth

call

the

of-

fer

was

raised

to

$1,500.

14

John

Kifner,

for

"The

New

York

Times,"

filled

in

some

details

in

Hannard's

story.

In

a long

deposition

taken

by

the

Broward

County

State's

Attorney's

Office,

a

man

with

Cuban

and

Central

Intelligence

Agency

ties,

Vincent

J.

Hannard

said

that

he had been

of-

fered

$1,500

a

week

in

a

telephone

call

from

a

man

calling

himself

"Eduardo"

--

(E. Howard)

Hunt's

code

name

--

to

infiltrate

the

VVAWand

cause

trouble.

"Basically

we

had

to

expose

the

V.V.A.W.

be-

ing

pink

and Communist and

all

this

stuff,"

he

said,

adding

that

he

was

wanted

"because

of

my

reputation

as

an

instigator

rather

than

an

investigator."

He

said

that

he had

refused

because

the

amount

of

money

being

offered

made

the

job

seem

too

dangerous.

Mr.

Hannard has worked

as

an

In-

former

for

the

C.I.A.,

the

F.B.I.

and

local

police

forces

.15

21

Alfred Baldwin and John

Eck

Alfred

C.

Baldwin,

3rd,

the

ex-FBI

agent

who

mon-

itored

the

illegally

placed

telephone

taps

at

the

Democratic

National

Headquarters,

was

also

asked

to

infiltrate

VVAW.

A

Miami

gun

dealer,

John Eck, ad-

mitted

that

he

too

had been

contacted

but

would not

say

by

whom

other

than

by

someone

named

in

connec-

tion

with

the

Watergate

case.

Government Support

of

Plans

to

Kill

Convention Delegates

Returning

to

Tackwood's

statement,

to

examine

another

of

his

contentions,

he

said

that

"the

pur-

pose"

of

the

riots

and

explosions

"was

to

kill

a

number

of

delegates."

Fernandez

claimed

to

be

able

to

get

the

weapons

necessary

to

produce

the

explo-

sions.

Lemmer

proposed a

variation.

In

January

or

February,

1972

--

just

four

or

five

months

after

Tackwood's

press

conference

and

six

months

before

the

first

national

political

convention

--

Lemmer

suggested

to

several

VVAW

members

that

they

should

break

down

automatic

weapons,

strap

them

to

their

bodies

under

their

clothes,

smuggle them

into

the

convention

hall,

and

"rip

people

off"

--

in

other

words,

kill

them.

Just

as

no

one bought weapons

from Fernandez,

no

one

accepted

Lemmer's

suggestion.

Lemmer,

like

Fernandez,

confided

in

a

woman,

Bar-

bara

Stocking.

On

May

25

and 26,

during

a

drive

to

Florida,

he

told

Stocking

of

plans

that

she found

so

disturbing

she

filed

an

affidavit,

in

which she

said

Lemmer

said

that

I

should

not

go

to

the

Miami

con-

ventions

because,

he

said,

all

of

the

VVAW

leaders

were

going

to

be picked

up

and

taken

out of

circulation,

and he and

some

other

people

were going

to

shoot

leaders

of

the

New

Left,

and

start

a

riot,

and

there

would be a

lot

of

fighting

and

shooting,

and everyone

would be

arrested.

He

also

spoke

of

shooting

the

"Trots"

(Trotskyites)

and

Progressive

Labor

movement

people

and

pretending

that

VVAW

had done

it,

and

this

would

discredit

the

VVAW

and

split

the

peace movement.

He

said

he had a

source

of

unlimited

funds

to

carry

this

out.

16

Stocking's

statement

that

Lemmer

told

her

"there

would be a

lot

of

fighting

and

shooting

and everyone

would be

arrested,"

supports

Tackwood's

contention

that

"the

result

would be

to

create

a

nationwide

hysteria

that

would

then

provide

President

Nixon

with

the

popular

support

necessary

to

•••

invoke

special

emergency powers

leading

to

the

detention

of

political

activists."

Proposed

Mass

Kidnappings

of

Movement Activists

FBI

Participation

There

is

a good

bit

of

evidence

that

preparations

were

being

made

for

the

"detention

of

political

ac-

tivists."

When

describing

his

activities

with

the

FBI,

Lemmer

told

us a

little

about a

plan

the

FBI

had

to

round

up

movement

leaders.

22

LE~mIER:

I

was

told

to

prepare

a

Ii

st

of

move-

ment

people

around

me,

around

Fayetteville,

a

list

of

movement

people

who

I

could

count

on

should I have

to

go underground.

The

fact

that

they

said,

"I

have

to

go

underground"

told

me

something, more

than

in

the

back

of

my

mind.

Q:

The

resident

agent

here

requested

it?

A:

Right.

Well, I

guess

you

could

say

re-

quested.

I

was

told

to

prepare

a

list.

The

list

of

people

was

made

up. I have

discussed

with

him,

not

the

list

specifically,

but

the

possibilities

of

certain

developments

in

Miami

and

across

the

country

making

it

necessary

for

a round-up,

similar

to

the

ones

we

saw

of

the

Japanese-Americans

in

World

War

II.

He

has

confirmed

that

possibility

openly

at

one

of

our

meetings,

in

fact,

the

last

of

our meet-

ings.

Q:

Did he

give

you any

sort

of a

•••

proba-

bility

reading

on

it?

A:

An

extremely

good

possibility,

to

the

point

that

we

discussed

alternate

identifica-

tion

for

myself

so

that

I would have

the

abili-

ty

to

move

about

the

country,

have freedom

of

movement,

during

any

type

of

round-up, any

type

of

situation

during

which

the

movement

would have

to

go

clearly

underground.

17

There was,

indeed,

a

list

of

local

movement

people

in

the

files

of

the

Fayetteville,

Arkansas,

FBI

of-

fice.

White House and CRP Participation

Both John

W.

Dean,

3rd,

and

Jeb

Stuart

Magruder,

in

their

testimony

to

the

Ervin

Committee,

stated

that

mass

kidnappings

of

radicals

had

at

least

been

considered

by

them and John

Mitchell

as

a

part

of

the

so

called

Liddy

plan,

devised

by

G.

Gordon Liddy.

MAGRUDER:

There were

projects

relating

to

the

abduction

of

individuals,

particularly

members

of

radical

groups

that

we

were

con-

cerned

about

on

the

convention

at

San

Diego.*

Mr.

Liddy had a

plan

where

the

leaders

would

be abducted and

detained

in

a

place

like

Mexi-

co and

that

they

would

then

be

returned

to

this

country

at

the

end of

the

convention.

18

DEAN:

Plans

called

for

mugging squads,

kid-

napping teams,

prostitutes

to

compromise

the

opposition,

and

electronic

surveillance.

He

(Liddy)

explained

that

the

mugging squad

could,

for

example, rough

up

demonstrators

that

were

causing

problems.

The

kidnapping

teams

could

remove

demonstration

leaders

and

take

them

below

the

Mexican

border

and

thereby

diminish

the

ability

of

the

demonstrators

to

cause

trouble

at

the

San

Diego

convention.

19

Lemmer

told

us

that

the

detained

activists

would be

held

in

the

old

concentration

camps, where

the

Jap-

anese-Americans were

held,

which he claimed were

being

renovated,

but

he

told

Stocking

that

the

radi-

cals

would be

taken

to

Mexico

City.

Both Magruder and

Dean

referred

to

the

kidnapping

and mugging teams only

in

reference

to

the

first

of

Liddy's

proposals,

which

was

rejected,

leaving

the

implication

that

they

were

among

the

more

"bizarre"

elements

that

had

to

be removed

before

the

plan

could

be approved, as

it

was

on

March

30, 1972. But

Magruder,

in

his

book

"An

American

Life:

One

Man's

Road

to

Watergate",

mentions

that

he

told

his

wife

in

the

spring

of

1972

that

the

government might have

to

round

up

radicals

and

take

them

to

Mexico, adding

that

they

might

not

come

back.

Since

the

first

two

*At

the

time

that

the

Liddy

plan

was

under

consider-

ation,

the

Republican Convention

was

still

scheduled

to

be

held

in

San

Diego.

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December.

1974

..

;,

J-

versions

of

Liddy's

plan

were

considered

on

January

27

and

February

4, which

are

unquestionably

in

the

winter,

Magruder's

statement

suggests

that

the

idea

of

the

kidnappings

was

still

under

consideration,

at

least,

when

the

plan

was

finally

approved

in

late

March.

Putting

a few

events

into

chronological

order

shows

that

such

bizarre

acts

as

kidnapping

and

mug-

ging

at

government

direction

may

not

have been

among

those

aspects

of

the

Liddy

plan

that

were removed.

The

plan

was

approved

on

March

30, 1972. Fernandez

admitted

to

being

part

of

a mugging team

(although

without

using

those

exact

words)

at

Hoover's

funeral

on

May

5.

Lemmer's

descriptions,

in

late

May

and

early

June,

of

a

kidnapping

plot

is

almost

an

exact

duplicate

of

the

one

described

by

both

Dean

and

Ma-

gruder

a

year

later.

Detention

of

VVAW

Members

Mass

kidnappings

did

not

occur,

probably

because

the

June

17

discovery

of

the

Watergate

break-ins

forced

a change

in

plans.

More

than

twenty

VVAW

members were

detained,

however,

during

the

Democrat-

ic

National

Convention.

In

a

coordinated

two-day

sweep,

covering

at

least

five

states,

FBI

agents

issued

subpoenas

to

approximately

twenty-three

VVAW

members

ordering

them

to

appear

before

a

federal

grand

jury

in

Tallahassee

the

morning

of

July

10,

the

day

the

Democratic Convention opened. Never

be-

fore

had so

many

people

been subpoenaed by a

federal

grand

jury

to

appear

on

a

single

day.

This

raised

at

least

three

questions.

The

first

involved

the

possibility

that

the

government

was

deliberately

denying

these

people's

rights

to

present

their

case

to

political

delegates

by

detaining

them.

The

sec-

ond,

the

probability

that

the

government used

the

grand

jury

to

further

embarrass

the

Democratic

Party

by

calling

an

unusual

evening

session

from which an

indictment

was

issued

against

some

of

the

veterans

about

two

hours

after

the

Democrats approved a

reso-

lution

in

support

of

the

subpoenaed

VVAW

people.

But

the

third

question

raises

the

most

disturbing

suspicions.

Was

the

government hoping

to

turn

those

VVAW

demonstrators

who

were

in

Miami

Beach

into

an

unruly

mob?

These members were

furious

about

the

subpoenas.

The

government

may

well

have assumed

that

the

veterans

were

without

leaders,

since

most

of

the

men

responsible

for

VVAW's

demonstrations

were

being

held

in

Tallahassee.

Angry

leaderless

groups

of

people

can be

roused

to

violence

and

several

agi-

tators

were found

in

their

midst.

At

least

one,

after

being

evicted

from

the

campsite

by

veterans

because

he

was

causing

trouble,

is

reported

to

have

returned

with

the

police

and

identified

himself

as

an

undercover

agent.

The

veterans,

however,

did

manage

to

maintain

discipline,

directing

their

an-

ger

into

explanations

of

the

situation

to

the

dele-

gates.

Riots as Excuse

to

Cancel

1972

Elections

Finally,

Tackwood

stated

that

"a

nationwide

hys-

teria

•••

would

then

provide

President

Nixon

with

the

popular

support

necessary

to

declare

a

state

of

national

emergency • • . and

cancel

the

1972

elec-

ti

ons.

" There

is

evidence

that

members

of

the

gov-

ernment had

given

serious

consideration

to

such a

cance

lla

ti

on.

In

the

spring

of

1970, William Howard, a Wash-

ington,

D.C.

reporter

for

the

conservative

Newhouse

chain,

published

a

story

about

a

"contingency

plan

to

cancel

the

1972

elec-

tions,"

which he

claimed

he

learned

about

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December.

1974

from

the

wife

of

a

Rand

Corporation

executive.

There

was

a

virtual

news

blackout

on

the

sub-

j

ect.

According

to

Howard,

the

President

(Nixon) had

ordered

the

Rand

Corporation

think

tank

in

Santa

Monica,

California,

to

do

a

"feasibili

ty

study"

of

the

cancellati

on

possibi

li

ty

in

1972,

because

of

Nixon's

concern

about

possible

"dis-

ruption

by

the

left."

The

"Los Angeles

Free

Press"

picked

up

the

story

and

was

told

privately

by

persons

at

Rand

that

it

"had

for

once done a good and

right

thing

in

publishing

the

story."20

This

study

may

have been

ordered

originally

as

a

precaution

against

pOlitically

oriented

violence,

which

did

seem

to

be

escalating

in

1969 and 1970.

This

would be a

perfectly

valid

reason

for

doing

such a

study.

But

it

assumes

sinister

implications

when

seen from

the

perspective

of

1972.

By

this

time,

incidences

of

violence

from

the

left

had dwin-

dled

drastically,

as had

talk

of

it

within

movement

groups.

But

while

interest

in

violence

had been

languishing,

provocateurs

had been

proliferating.

Aside from

those

known

to

be

involed

with

VVAW,

there

was

Robert Hardy,

without

whose

help,

and

the

money

he

received

from

the

FBI,

the

Camden

28

would

not

have

destroyed

draft

files.

There

is

good

reason

to

believe

that

some

of

the

Weathermen

might

not

have done so

much

damage

if

FBI

provoca-

teur

Larry

Grantwohl had

not

been so

insistent.

These

are

just

two

of

many

such

cases.

It

is

rea-

sonable

to

assume,

therefore,

that

members

of

the

Nixon

administration,

and

others

working

in

concert

with

them, were hoping

for

the

disturbances

that

would

justify

the

invocation

of

martial

law and

the

cancellation

of

the

elections

as a means

to

circum-

vent

the

balancing

controls

contained

in

the

con-

stitution.

This

would

give

them an

indefinite

ten-

ure

in

a

position

of

power beyond

reach

of

either

Congress

or

the

courts.

Thus,

the

existence

of

such

a

study

in

a

climate

so

infected

with

provocateurs

indicates

that

members

of

the

government were

at-

tempting

to

ensure

that

the

havoc

they

needed would

occur.

Conclusion

Watergate

South

appears

to

go

far

beyond what

has

thus

far

been

revealed

in

Watergates

East

and

West,

into

a scheme

to

subvert

the

United

States'

constitutional

system

of

government.

The

evidence,

while

not

being

conclusive,

is

consistent.

It

in-

dicates'

that

a

plan

may

have been implemented

in

which

provocateurs

would

instigate

riots

at

one

or

both

1972

political

conventions.

Leaders

of

the

movement would be

arrested

and

taken

from

the

coun-

try.

This would be done

either

before

the

conven-

tions

to

prevent

them from

controlling

their

people,

so

that

the

provocateurs

could

be more

effective,

or

in

response

to

the

instigated

rioting,

thus

provok-

ing

still

more

violent

reactions

from

those

remain-

ing.

The

American

people,

terrified

by

such

dis-

turbances,

would

then

be amenable

to

the

imposition

of

martial

law, and

perhaps

even

the

cancellation

of

the

elections.

This

is

a

disturbing

hypothesis,

but

events

do

tend

to

support

it.

Far

more

inten-

sive

investigations

must be conducted

either

to

prove

or

to

disprove

this

theory.

The

implications

of

Watergate South

are

too

serious

to

remain an ob-

scure

question

of

which

only

a few

people

are

aware.

(more)

23

Biographical Information

Jack

ACKERLY

-

Florida

FBI

agent

to

whom

Vincent Han-

nard

allegedly

reported

the

offer

from Frank

Stur-

gis

to

infiltrate

VVAW

Gerald

ALCH

-Attorney

for

James

McCord

during

his

trial

for

the

Watergate

break-in

Alfred

C.

BALDWIN,

3rd -Former

FBI

agent

who

moni-

tored

taps

on

telephones

at

the

DNC,

asked

to

in-

filtrate

VVAW

Bernard

L.

BARKER

-Convicted

member

of

the

"plumbers"

unit

who

directed

Cuban

agitators

at

J.

Edgar

Hoover's

funeral

Karl

BECKER

-

Charles

Henry Becker,

3rd,

FBI

inform-

er

from

New

Orleans

who

testified

against

the

Gainesvi

lle

8

Scott

CAMIL

- A

Gainesville

8 defendant and formerly

Florida

regional

coordinator

for

VVAW

Charles

W.

COLSON

-Former

special

counsel

to

then

President

Richard Nixon, pleaded

guilty

to

ob-

structing

justice

Harrison

CRENSHAW

-

Dade

County

(Florida)

Public

Safety

Department

officer

who

infiltrated

VVAW,

now

deceased

John

W.

DEAN,

3rd -Former counsel

to

then

President

Richard Nixon, pleaded

guilty

to

conspiracy

to

obstruct

justice

Felipe

de

DIEGO

-

Cuban

exile

and

member

of

the

"plumbers"

unit

who

has admitted

breaking

into

Dr. Lewis

Fielding's

office

Donald

C.

DONNER

-

The

VVAW

member

from

Fayetteville,

Arkansas,

who

conducted

the

June, 1972,

interview

with William

Lemmer

John

ECK

-

Miami

gun

dealer

asked

to

infiltrate

VVAW

"EDUARDO"

-See

E.

Howard

Hunt,

Jr.

Daniel

J.

ELLSBERG

-Former

Rand

Corporation

employ-

ee

who

turned over

the

Pentagon Papers

to

"The

New

York

Times"

Pablo

M.

FERNANDEZ

-

Cuban

exile,

FBI

and

police

in-

former

in

Miami,

and

paid

agitator

at

J.

Edgar

Hoover's

funeral

Angel

FERRER

-

Cuban

exile

and

paid

agitator

at

J.

Edgar Hoover's

funeral

Lewis

FIELDING

-Daniel

Ellsberg's

psychiatrist

whose

office

was

broken

into

by

members

of

the

"plumbers"

unit

Frank

FIORINI

- A

soldier

of

fortune,

convicted

mem-

ber

of

the

"plumbers"

unit,

better

known

as Frank

Sturgis

Alton

C.

FOSS

- A

Gainesville

8

defendant

and

for-

merly

Dade

County

coordinator

for

VVAW

Virgilio

R.

GONZALEZ

-

Cuban

exile

and

convicted

member

of

the

"plumbers"

unit

Larry

GRANTWOHL

-

An

FBI

informer and

provocateur,

in

late

1969

and

early

1970,

who

trained

and

en-

couraged Weathermen

in

Ohio

Vincent

J.

HANNARD

-

Private

investigator

from Mira-

mar,

Florida,

who

was

active

in

Cuba

when

Castro

took over, asked

to

infiltrate

VVAW

Robert

HARDY

-

An

FBI

informant whose admissions

in

court

led

to

the

dismissal

of

the

Camden

28

char-

ges

on

grounds

of

entrapment

J.

Edgar

HOOVER

-Former

FBI

Director

who

died

May

2,

1972

William

HOWARD

-

The

reporter

who

broke

the

story

of

the

Rand

Corporation

study

on

the

cancella-

tion

of

the

1972

elections

E.

Howard

HUNT,

Jr.

-Former

CIA

agent,

White

House

consultant,

and

convicted

of

conspiracy,

bribery,

and

wiretapping,

known

to

Cuban

exiles

as Eduardo

John

Kifner

-

Reporter

for

"The

New

York

Times"

who

covered

the

Gainesville

8

case

Major

Adam

KLIMKOWSKI

-

Commander

of

the

Special

In-

vestigations

Section

of

the

Miami

Police

Depart-

ment

William

W.

LEMMER

-Former

FBI

informer

from Arkan-

sas

and

principal

witness

against

the

Gainesville

8

24

G.

Gordon

LIDDY

-Former White House

aide,

counsel

to

CRP,

convicted

of

bribery

and

wiretapping

Humberto

LOPEZ

-

Cuban

exile

and paid

agitator

at

J.

Edgar Hoover's

funeral

Jeb

Stuart

MAGRUDER

-Former White

House

aide,

chief-

of-staff

for

CRP,

pleaded

guilty

to

conspiring

to

obstruct

justice

John F.

MAHER

-

FBI

agent working out of

the

New

York

City

office

Eugenio

R.

MARTINEZ

-

Cuban

exile

and

convicted

mem-

ber

of

the

"plumbers"

unit

Rolando

MARTINEZ

-Paid

agitator

at

J.

Edgar Hoover's

funeral

who

may

be

convicted

"plumber" Eugenio

R.

Martinez

James

W.

McCORD,

Jr.

-Former

CIA

agent,

security

coordinator

for

CRP,

and

convicted

of

burglary

and

wiretapping

George

McGOVERN

-

The

1972

Democratic

presidential

candidate

Stephen

McNELLIS

-Minnesota

coordinator

of

the

Vietnam Veterans

for

a

Just

Peace

W.

O.

WEHRTENS

-U.S.

District

Judge

in

Miami

John

N.

MITCHELL

-Former U.S.

Attorney

General,

director

of

CRP,

and

under

indictment

for

con-

spiracy,

obstruction

of

justice,

and

perjury

Richard

M.

NIXON

-Former

President

of

the

United

States,

unindicted

co-conspirator

for

obstruction

of

justice,

since

pardoned

Richard

J.

O'CONNELL

-

FBI

agent

and William Lemmer's

resident

control

in

Fayetteville,

Arkansas

Reinaldo

PICO

-

Cuban

exile

and

paid

agitator

at

J.

Edgar Hoover's

funeral

Emerson

L.

POE

-

FBI

informer

from

Florida

who

tes-

tified

against

the

Gainesville

8

Angelica

ROHAN

-

Cuban

exile

and

police

informant

in

1972

to

whom

Pablo Fernandez

confided

Gerald

RUDOFF

-

Dade

County

(Florida)

Public

Safety

Department

officer

who

infiltrated

VVAW

Barbara

STOCKING

-Former Teaching Fellow

in

Philo-

sophy

at

Boston

University

to

whom

William

Lemmer

confided

Frank

A.

STURGIS

-See Frank

Fiorini

Louis

TACKWOOD

-

Los

Angeles

agent

provocateur

for

ten

years

who

broke

his

cover and

talked

in

1971

Evelle

YOUNGER

-

California

State

Attorney

General

allegedly

directing

Squad

19

Bibliography

1. James

W.

McCord,

Jr.,

May

18

and 22, 1973, Hear-

ings

before

the

Select

Committee

on

Presidential

Campaign

Activities

of

the

United

States

Senate,

Phase

I:

Watergate

Investigation,

Book

1, pp.

180 and

200

2. Gerald Alch, as quoted

by

Walter Rugaber, "The

New

York

Times," January 17, 1973

3.

John

Kifner,

"The

New

York

Times," August 9, 1973

4.

Rob

Elder,

"Miami

Herald,"

June 13, 1973

5.

Unpublished commentary

by

Donald

C.

Donner

on

the

June, 1972,

interview

of WHliam

Lemmer

6.

Transcript

of unpublished

interview

with William

Lemmer

conducted June 3 and 4,

1972

7. Richard

E.

Sprague, "The June 1972 Raid

on

Demo-

cratic

Party

Headquarters (The Watergate

Incident)

--

Part

2,

"Computers and Automation," October,

1972, pp. 24-25

8.

Interview

with William

Lemmer

9.

Rob

Elder,

"Miami

Herald,"

May

26,

1973

10.

Rob

Elder,

"Miami

Herald,"

May

23, 1973

11. Unpublished

statement

given

by

Angelica

Rohan

to

U.S.

District

Judge

W.O.

Mehrtens

on

May

23,

1973

12. Statement

of

Angelica

Rohan

13.

Rob

Elder,

"Miami

Herald,"

May

23,

1973

14. Dennis Holder,

"Miami

Herald,"

June 8,

1973

15. John

Kifner,

"The

New

York

Times:' August 8,

1973

16. Unpublished

affidavit

submitted

by

Barbara

Stock-

ing

on

July

9, 1972

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December.

1974

e

17.

Interview

of William

Lemmer

10.

Jeb

Stuart

Magruder,

June

14, 1973,

Hearings

be-

fore

the

Select

Committee, Phase

I,

Book

2, pp.

707-788

19. John

W.

Dean,

3rd,

June 25, 1973,

Hearings

be-

fore

the

Select

Committee, Phase

I,

Book

3,

p.

929

20.

Citizens

Research and

Investigation

Committee

and Loui s

E.

Tackwood, "The

Glass

House

Tapes,"

Avon,

New

York, 1973,

p.

171

0

Imberman

-Continued

from

page

14

of

course

--

and

was

responsible

for

the

union

ac-

tivity.

The

consultant

recommended a system

of

baffles

~e

installed

to

cut

the

noise

in

the

department,

ahd

In

the

nearby

area.

In

addition,

he

suggested

piped-

in

music which (by

contrast)

seemed

to

diminish

the

racket.

Having music

in

the

plant

was

so novel

that

it

went

far

to

eliminate

the

basic

complaint.

In

ad-

dition,

improvements were

made

in

the

physical

work-

ing

condi

tions

that

had been mentioned

by

many

employ-

ees.

The company

won

the

second

election

2-to-l.

Most

often,

our

research

indicates,

worker

dis-

satisfaction

does

not

seek

outlet

along

union

lines.

Such

dissatisfaction

is

simply

channelled

in

that

direction

by

organizers

who

know

how

to

take

advan-

tage

of

discontent.

Recognize

Discontent

It

is

therefore

vital

for

management

to

discover

what

is

breeding

worker

discontent.

Some

trivial

things

such as

inadequate

lighting,

poor

circula-

tion

of

heat

in

a

department,

wet

or

dirty

floors,

leaky

restrooms,

or

begrimed windows

may

be

the

cause

and

very

often

is

the

cause

--

if

employers

had a good upward communications system

to

bring

those

matters

to

the

surface

quickly.

A more im-

portant

matter

such

as

heavy-handed foremen

may

cause

worker

revolt

despite

the

fact

that

they

have

borne

that

burden

for

years.

This

latter

is

common

but

most

executives

never

recognize

it.

Or

finally:

the

demand

for

cost-of-living

increases

--

far

ex-

ceeding

guidelines

--

crops

up,

with

employees

ig-

norant

of

what such

cost

increases

might

do

to

the

company's

competitive

position

AND

EMPLOYEE

JOBS.

Understanding Employees

It

takes

a

great

deal

of

time,

effort

and

skill

to

listen

to

employees and

to

understand

them.

This

important

chore

is

part

of

sophisticated

foremen

training,

and

is

not

too

common.

In

this

connec-

tion,

I have been

through

288

NLRB

elections

win-

ning

9~.4

~er

cent

just

by

inaugurating

a

tw~-way

commUnICatIons system and foremen

training.

Most

of

the

losses

were

the

result

of

being

called

in

when

the

fire

was

already

up

to

the

attic.

Given

time,

techniques

employed

by

such

experts

can be

learned

by company

personnel.

Employee Goodwill

Such

techniques

work

splendidly,

not

to

under-

mine union

sentiment

particularly,

but

more impor-

tantly

to

win employee

goodwill

for

management

--

even where

unions

exist.

Then

production

and

sales

may

go

on

uninterruptedly,

enabling

both

management

and

labor

to

earn

larger

returns.

For management and

labor

each

to

earn

its

fair

share,

it

becomes

important

to

listen

with

a

trained

"third

ear"

and

to

train

supervisors

and

top

manage-

ment

how

to

do

so

--

if

the

number

of

NLRB

elections

in

this

industry

is

to

be

reduced

and

not

extended.

0

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

Antley

-Continued

from

page 17

We

can

predict

the

need

for

physicians

who

can

di-

r~c~

the

advancing

technology

of

medicine,

and phy-

SICIans

who

can

interpret

the

knowledge

made

possible

through

technology

to

the

patients.

But

because

of

~he.rapid

chan~es

in

medicine

which

are

occurring,

It

IS

not

possIble

to

foresee

all

of

the

specific

a7e~s

that

w~ll

demand

new

skills.

A

formal

recog-

nItIon

of

thIS

state

of

rapid

change

should

be

ac-

knowledged, however.

It

should

be

taken

into

con-

sideration

in

a

reorganization

of

medical

education,

so

that

new

physicians

will

be

educated

with

the

skill

to

recognize

and

adapt

to

new

situations.

The

Super-Technologist

Indeed,

perhaps

the

greatest

significance

to

be

gained

from

predicting

the

role

of

the

physician

in

the

near

future

is

in

the

adaptation

of

medical

edu-

cation

today.

Obviously

two

different

areas

need

to

receive

serious

consideration

in

an

evolving

cur-

riculum.

The

first

would be

concerned

with

training

the

super-technologist.

The

emphasis

on

this

train-

ing

should

be towards

proficiency

in

theoretical

mathematics,

statistics,

physics,

computers and

electronics.

However,

the

fact

that

it

may

be

nec-

essary

for

a

man

to

retrain

himself

several

times

in

his

career

should

be

stressed,

and

adaptive

skills

for

this

should

be

developed.

This

is

not

a

simple

task.

Its

requirements

infer

that

the

trainee

needs

to

have

the

most

current

technical

information

either

~ithout

having

his

identity

strongly

associated

with

Its

content

or

that

he have

the

capacity

to

take

a

new

identity

with

each

retraining.

The

Really Effective Counselor

A second

area

of

emphasis

in

medical

education

should be

on

helping

the

physician

to

become an

ef-

fective

counselor.

There

are

several

approaches

to

this

problem.

Educational

programs

for

clinical

psychologists

and

psychiatrists

have

already

devel-

oped methods

of

training

aspirants

in

communicative

and

facilitory

skills.

These

techniques

are

avail-

able

to

the

aspiring

physician-counselor

and

should

be

uti

Ii

zed.

Techniques,

however.

are

not

in

themselves

solu-

tions

to

educating

counselors.

The

ability

to

em-

pathize

with

patients,

to

accept

each

one

as

an

in-

dividual.

and

to

respect

his

value

system and

life-

style

is

not

~cquired

through

skill

courses.

It

may

be

developed

In

part

through

the

study

of

sociology

and

anthropology,

but

philosophical

knowledge does

not

equal

compassion and

sensitivity.

To

develop

these

paramount

qualities

of

a

counselor

some

work

in

personal

growth,

either

in

group

or

i~dividual

therapy

is

probably

required.

Group

work

described

by Cadden

et

a1

7 and Kubler-Ross8

with

severely

ill

pati~n~s.suggests

effective

methods

for

developing

sensItIVIty.

Thus.

technology

continues

to

shape

the

direction

of

medical

practice

through

its

increasing

incorpora-

tion

into

diagnosis

and

treatment.

The

development

of

new

skills

by

physicians

in

response

to

technical

adv~nce~ent

w~

11

be

necessary;

while

appropriate

edu-

catIon

In

medIcal

school

should

facilitate

this

adap-

tive

development.

References

1.

Postman N ••

Weingartner

C.:

Teaching

as

a

sub-

versive

activity.

Dell

Publishing

Co.,

Inc.,

1969

(please

turn

to

page

34)

25

The

Assassination of the Reverend

Martin

Luther

King,

Jr.,

and

Possible

Links

With the Kennedy Murders

Wayne Chastain, Jr.

810

Washington Ave.,

Apt.

408

Memphis, Tenn.

38105

Was

the

murder

of

the Reverend

Martin

Luther

King, Jr.,

the result

of

a conspiracy? Previous installments

of

this

series described the "eggs

and

sausage" man, later given the

code name

of

Jack Armstrong, who appeared

on

the scene

the

day

of

the murder.

Also

appearing on the scene were

Tony'Benavides

and

J.

Christ Bonnevecche who claimed

to

have

information

and

understanding

of

Dr. King's

and

John

F.

Kennedy's assassinations.

Are

these

two

men

to

be believed?

Are

they

one

and

the

same

person -possibly

aliases

for

Jack Armstrong?

Is

there a relationship between these assassinations? a

con-

spiracy

at

work

by

an organization

or

several individuals?

or

are these murders more

simply

vendettas? Mr. Chastain

con-

tinues

to

seek the answer to these questions

and

to

the

mur-

ders

of

Dr.

King

and

the Kennedys.

Charlie

Q.

Stephens

Neither

Atty.

Gen.

Phil

Canale

nor

his

team

of

prosecutors

ever

summoned

Jones

or

myself

to

testify.

No

doubt,

Jones'

credibility

would have been

attacked

by

prosecutors

if

the

defense

had

attempted

to

put

Jones

on

the

stand.

Jones

has a

criminal

record

because

of

felony

convictions

for

theft

by

check.

On

the

other

hand,

Canale

and

his

prosecutors

had

no

qualms

about

constructing

their

entire

case

on

the

testimony

of

Charlie

Q.

Stephens,

a

man

with

155

arrests

on

his

record,

including

an

assault

to

mur-

der

with

firearms.

Why

would

Stephens

be deemed by

the

prosecution

as

a more

reliable

witness

than

Jones,

despite

154

more

arrests

than

Jones?

Jones

is

black

and

Stephens

is

white.

As

stated

in

Part

9,

Stevens

said

he

saw

the

man

who

ran

out

of

the

bathroom and

that

he was

"nig-

ger".

Stephens

made

this

statement

to

this

reporter,

both

on

the

night

of

the

slaying

and

the

On

the

night

of

the

slaying,

Mrs. Brewer and Mrs.

Walden,

who

were

both

sober,

told

me

to

ignore

Ste-

phens

because

he was

"falling

down

drunk"

at

the

time

of

King's

slaying.

A

third

witness,

Charles

McGraw,

the

cab

driver,

would

later

inform

me

also

that

Ste-

phens

was

intoxicated

at

the

time.

Police

and

FBI

agents

ignored

Stephens'

state-

ments

for

several

weeks

after

King's

death.

Then,

Stephens

changed

his

story

and

his

credibility

is

seemingly enhanced.

Stephens

came

forth

and

said

he

saw

a

white

man

come

out

of

the

bathroom and

that

Ray

was

the

man.

26

-

Part

11

(Conclusion)

The metamorphosis

of

memory

evolved

along

a

tor-

tuous

route,

climaxed

with

the

transformation

of

a

drunken

derelict

into

a

reliable

witness,

and

the

degredation

of

a

reliable

witness

--

Mrs. Walden

--

into

a supposed

psychotic.

Could

the

discrediting

of

Mrs. Walden have been

the

result

of

her

earlier

state-

ment

that

she had

heard

the

shot

fired

from

outside

the

rooming house

--

a

statement

that

confirms

Jones'

contention

that

he

saw

the

man

outside

the

rooming

house and

in

the

bushes

--

and

that

the

man

she

saw

coming

out

of

the

bedroom

was

neither

Ray

nor

the

man

described

by Mrs. Brewer

as

John

Willard?

Stephens'

belated

recall

came

after

a

drinking

session

with

a

British

newspaper man.

Ray

had

just

been apprehended

in

London.

The

British

newspaper

man

gratuitously

provided

Stephens

with

a

fifth

of

whisky and

at

least

$30

in

cash.

Wayne

Chastain

of

Memphis,

Tenn.,

is

a

veteran

newspaper

reporter

and

Southern

j

ournali

st

wi

th

experience

on

several

metropoli

tan

dailies

in

Texas,

including

EI Paso, Houston,

Dallas

and San

Antonio, as

well

as

on

the

St.

Louis Globe-Demo-

crat

and a

Memphis

daily.

He

had

traveled

with

Dr.

King's

entourage

on

and

off

for

two

years

prior

to

the

assassination.

He

had

spent

the

last

two

days

of

King's

life

covering

hi

s

speeches

in

Memphi

s

pri

or

to

the

shooting.

He

was

on

the

mur-

der

scene

wi

thin

10

minutes

after

Dr. King

was

shot.

He

interviewed

eyewitnesses

for

one

of

the

fi

rst

comprehensive

news

accounts

to

the

nati

on

of

Dr.

King's

death.

A

native

Texan and a

graduate

of

the

Uni

versi

ty

of

Texas

wi

th

a

bachelor's

de-

gree

in

hi

story

and

poli

tical

science.

Mr.

Chas-

tain

also

spent

several

months

in

early

1964

in-

vestigating

and

researching

the

assassination

of

President

Kennedy,

Jack

Ruby's

link

with

Lee

Har-

vey Oswald and a group

of

pro-Cuban arms

runners,

and

other

activities

Kennedy's

death.

Months

before

The

Warren Commission's

report,

which

was

published

in

the

fall

of

1964,

Mr.

Chas-

tain

--

after

exhaustive

interviews

with

hundreds

of

witnesses

--

had

reached

the

conclusion

that

President

Kennedy's

death

was

the

result

of

a

plot

involving

paramilitary

professionals

financed

by

a group

of

weal

thy,

right-wing

Texans

wi

th

strong

connections

wi

th

former

high

officials

with

the

Central

Intelligence

Agency

as

well

as lower

echelon

CIA

personnel

still

assigned

to

the

bu-

reau.

The

present

installment

is

an

excerpt

from

a

forthcoming

book

enti

tIed:

Who

Really

Ki

lIed

Dr. King

--

And

the

Kennedys? A

Disturbing

View

of

Political

Assassinations

In America.

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

...

,

The

the

newspaperman's

byline,

Stephens

is

quoted

as

saying

he

recognized

Ray

from

newspaper

photographs

as

the

man

whom

he had seen

running

out

of

the

bathroom.

FBI

and

Police Disbelieve

Stephens

FBI

and

Memphis

police

assiduously

avoided

Ste-

phens

--

especially

after

his

as-

serti

ons

that

it

was

a

"nigger"

--

as

early

as

the

morning

after

the

slaying,

after

Mrs. Brewer and

Mrs. Walden had

described

his

condition

of

the

night

before

to

them.

Suddenly,

Stephens'

recuperative

recall

powers

re-awakened

the

interest

of

the

FBI.

Inspector

N.

E. Zachary,

although

a

fervent

believer

in

the

lone

assassin

theory,

never

did

attach

any

credence

to

Stephens'

statements

--

even

after

the

elaborate

rehabilitation

of

Stephens

by

the

FBI.

Zachary

accounts

for

the

transformation

of

Ste-

phens

into

a

credible

witness

as

a

"bureacratic

blun-

der."

An

FBI

agent

in

Washington, D.C., happened

to

read

the

story

by

the

British

newspaper

writer

quoting

Ste-

phens.

There

was

nothing

in

the

investigative

reports

coming

to

Washington

about

a

witness

named

Stephens.

(He

was

deemed so

lacking

in

credibility

that

the

field

agents

did

not

even mention him

in

their

reports.)

So,

the

Washington

agent

clipped

the

British

article

and

sent

an immediate

bulletin

to

the

~lemphis

office

of

the

FBI

to

pick

up

Stephens.

The

FBI

notified

the

police

dispatcher

to

have

Stephens

picked

up.

Stephens

was

a well-known

police

character,

and

his

early

morning

hang-outs

were

well

known

to

the

police

dispatcher,

who

immediately

sent

a

patrol

car

to

a downtown park

to

have

Ste-

phens

picked

up.

After

Stephens

was

picked

up,

the

patroman

called

the

dispatcher

back and asked where

to

take

him.

The

dispatcher,

knowing Zachary

as

the

inspector

in

charge

of

the

Memphis

police

department

investigation

of

the

King

slaying,

told

the

patrolman

to

take

Stephens

to

Zachary's

office,

temporarily

forgetting

that

the

request

came

from

the

FBI.

The

patrolman

delivered

Stephens

to

Zachary's

office.

Zachary

was

on

the

phone, so

the

patrolman

left

Stephens

with

another

officer

outside

Zachary's

office.

When

Zachary's

call

was

finished,

the

offi-

cer

outside

said

Stephens

was

there.

Zachary,

familiar

with

the

statements

by Mrs.

Brewer, Mrs. Walden, and

others

in

the

rooming house,

said:

"What do I want

with

him

.•.

let

him

go."

Later

in

the

day

when

the

FBI

called

again

and

asked

if

Stephens

had been

picked

up,

the

search

for

Stephens

was

launched

again

and he

was

located.

"lie

was

strictly

an FBI

witness

•••

not

ours,"

Zachary

later

said.

Iluring

the

extradition

hearings,

FBI

agents

took

Stephens

into

protective

custody,

kept

him

in

posh

motels,

and

provided

him

with

money

and

liquor

--

and

away

from

the

press.

Mrs. Walden Disappears

Meanwhile, Mrs. Walden

mysteriously

disappeared.

Tlli s

reporter

spent

three

days

looking

for

Mrs. Wal-

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

den

after

the

State

Department

said

Stephens'

state-

ment

identifying

Ray

as

the

man

Stephens

saw

come

out

of

the

bathroom

was

introduced

into

evidence

during

the

extradition

hearing

in

London.

Later,

I

learned

she had been committed

to

the

West Tennessee

Psychiatric

Hospital

in

Bolivar,

about

60

miles

from Memphis,

on

the

same

day

that

the

FBI

finally

got

custody

of

Stephens

as

a

material

witness.

The

procedures

used

to

commit Mrs. Walden were

not

only

unorthodox,

but

illegal,

as

a

subsequent

hearing

three

years

later

confirmed.

Staff

physicians

at

the

institution

said

Mrs. Walden

should

never

have

been committed,

but

with

her

common-law husband

in

protective

custody

by

the

FBI,

there

were

no

family

members

that

could

obtain

her

release

or

protest

the

commi

ttment.

In

January

1969, a month

before

the

trial

of James

Earl

Ray, a

staff

psychiatrist

at

the

hospital

recom-

mended Mrs. Walden be

immediately

discharged

and

noted

in

his

record

that

her

committment had

violated

the

procedures

set

forth

in

the

Tennessee

mental

health

committment

statute

--

a modern law

based

on

model codes

prescribed

by

both

legal

and

medical

associations.

In

his

report,

the

psychiatrist

said

Mrs. Walden

had

never

had a

psychiatric

history;

at

the

time

of

her

committment, she

did

not

exhibit

any symptoms

of

psychosis

serious

enough

to

warrant

her

committment

to

Western

State.

This

institution

usually

becomes

the

repository

of

mental

patients

who

have

failed

to

respond

to

rehabilitative

therapy

at

the

Tennessee

Psychiatric

Hospital

in

Memphis.

Someone

in

the

City

of

Memphis

government

first

had Mrs. Walden committed

in

the

City

of

Memphis

Hospital's

psychiatric

ward which

is

under

the

con-

trol

of

the

Memphis

police

department.

At

that

facility,

patients

undergo

only

brief

therapy,

and

are

either

discharged

or

committed

for

short

'range

therapy

--

sometimes

lasting

less

than

a

week

and

sometimes

lasting

three

months

--

at

the

Tennessee

Psychiatric

Hospital

three

blocks

away

in

Memphis.

Charles

Murphy, a

Memphis

attorney

who

later

was

retained

to

represent

Mrs. Walden, was

eventually

successful

in

gaining

an

adjudication

that

Mrs. Wal-

den

was

illegally

committed.

Murphy

said

when

Mrs. Walden

was

rushed

from

the

rooming house

to

the

City

of

Memphis

Hospital's

psychiatric

ward,

she

had been

recovering

from an

operation

for

a

rare

skin

disease.

She

had been an

alcoholic

and had been

rehabilitated

under an

AA

program

that

met

at

the

Tennessee

Psychiatric

Hos-

pital.

"She had been

sober

for

a month

before

King's

death,

and

she

had been

sober

for

a month

after-

wards,

right

up

until

the

time

of

her

committment,"

Murphy

said.

The

normal

procedure

would have been

to

have

turned

Mrs. Walden

over

to

a

clinical

psychiatrist

at

the

Tennessee

Psychiatric

Ilospital

for

an

evalu-

ation

and

for

a

short-range

commitment

at

the

Mem-

phis

institution

before

she would be

sent

to

West-

ern

State.

"They

bypassed

the

entire

procedure,"

Murphy

said.

"She

was

in

the

City

psychiatric

ward

less

than

a

day

before

she

was

transferred

to

Western

State,

60

miles

away."

(more)

27

Murphy

cites

Mrs. Walden

as

the

source

of

the

report

that

Stephens,

her

common-law husband,

was

induced

to

change

his

story

by

the

blandishments

of

the

British

newspaper

man.

"They had

to

get

rid

of

me

to

make

Charlie's

story

stand

up

in

court,"

Murphy

quoted Mrs.

Walden

as

say-

ing.

Meanwhile,

while

Charlie

Stephens

was

in

the

pro-

tective

custody

of

the

FBI,

another

frequent

female

companion

of

Stephens met an

unfortunate

fate

--

one

more

fatal

than

Mrs. Walden.

Mrs. Walden Illegally

Committed

"She

was

found

beaten

to

death

in

a

vacant

lot,"

Murphy

said.

Murphy,

in

a

brief

filed

in

the

Circuit

Court

in

Hardeman County,

Tenn.,

where Western

State

Hospi-

tal

is

located,

charged

that

members

of

the

Shelby

County

Attorney

General's

office,

the

FBI, and

the

Memphis

police

department

illegally

conspired

to

commit Mrs. Walden

to

a

psychiatric

institution

for

two

reasons:

First,

to

destroy

her

credibility

as

a

witness

in

case

she gave

testimony

that

conflicted

with

Stephens

at

Ray's

trial;

and,

Second,

to

get

her

out

of

Memphis

and

away

from

newsmen

who

might

tell

her

version

of

the

events

that

occurred

in

the

~ooming

house

on

the

night

Dr.

King

was

slain.

Aftermath

of

King's Assassination

Dr. Martin

Luther

King

Jr.,

Nobel Peace

Prize

recipient,

preached

non-violence,

but

on

April

4,

1968, Dr. King became a

victim

of

the

very

virulence

he preached

against.

A

sniper

killed

him

with

a

rifle

as

he

stood

on

a

Memphis

motel

balcony.

Less

than

two

hours

later,

the

shot

had echoed

around

the

world.

Guerilla

warfare

erupted

in

the

largest

cities

of

the

nation

--

a

pattern

of

vio-

lence

unfolded

in

a manner

not

entirely

unlike

the

hi

t and run

tactics

of

the

Viet

Cong

in

South Vietnam.

Less

than

a

week

before,

President

Lyndon Johnson

had

virtually

abdicated

by

announcing he would

not

run

for

a second

elected

term, and

that

he

was

going

to

wind

down

the

Vietnam

War

--

a

sharp

and

surpris-

ing

reversal

of

the

escalation

policies

he had

forced

on

the

nation

for

the

past

three

years.

The

more

despairing

right-wing

columnists

seethed.

They lamented

that

President

Johnson

--

once

the

hawk's

hawk

--

had

capitulated

to

the

subversive

forces

both

domestically

and

abroad.

The

monolithic

forces

of

international

Communism

had

not

only

pene-

trated

the

perimeter

of

domestic U.S.

security,

but

had deployed

its

insurgent

forces

in

our

city

to

break

down

law and

order.

Only

with

this

background

in

mind, can one

effec-

tively

evaluate

the

meaning and

significance

of

Dr.

King's

death.

Also,

the

perspective

would

not

be complete

unless

one

recalls

that

Dr. King

at

this

point

of

his

career

had amassed a

formidable

coalition

of

blacks,

Chica-

nos,Indians

and poor

whites

for

his

Poor

People's

March

on

Washington, D.C.

It

would

begin

in

June

--

less

than

two

months away.

It

would

begin

its

long,

hard

trek

in

Memphis

and

points

in

North

Mississippi.

28

This

would be

during

the

first

hot

month

of

what

many

urbanologists

predicted

would be

another

vola-

tile

and

violent

summer. Shock

tremors

were

still

in

the

air

from

the

summer

before

when

racial

vio-

lence

rocked

Newark

and

Patterson,

N.J.,

and

Detroit,

Mich.

King's Killer a Racist

Dr. King had done more

than

any

other

man

to

break

down

the

barriers

of

governmentally

sanctioned

segregation

in

the

south.

He

had

just

then

began

to

expand

his

civil

rights

movement and

mobilize

the

strength

of

his

supporters

in

the

Southern

Christian

Leadership

Conference

to

uproot

other

social,

eco-

nomic and

international

injustices.

But

it

was

his

effectiveness

as a

civil

rights

leader

breaking

down

the

segregation

barriers

that

made

most

persons

--

including

intellectuals

on

the

right

and

the

left

--

assume

that

a

conspiracy,

if

it

did

exist,

must have been

rooted

in

racism.

Thus, Dr.

King's

killer

had

to

be a

racist.

l

After

all,

why

was

King

in

Memphis

at

the

time he

was

killed?

This

was

the

question

most

often

asked

by

those

who

suspected

that

racism

alone

provides

the

clues

to

explaining

King's

death.

These

people

would

argue

that

a

two

month

old

sanitation

strike

by

black

workers

against

the

City

of

Memphis

had

released

a

latent

racism

among

city

political

leaders

--

a

racism

that

had been assumed

by

more

enlightened

citizens

to

have been

sublimated,

if

not

extirpated

by

its

roots,

by

a

prior

liberal

city

administration

that

had

integrated

schools,

restaurants,

public

parks

and had

prevented

violence

in

the

tense

summer

of

the

year

before.

However,

those

who

suspect

racism

alone

provides

an

entire

explanation

as

to

why

King

was

killed

failed

to

perceive

the

more

variegated

social

back-

ground upon which

King's

assassination

had impinged.

By

early

1968, Dr. Martin

Luther

King had

evolved

into

something more

than

a

black

civil

rights

leader.

He

led

one

of

the

most dynamic

coalitions

in

the

nation

--

a

coalition

that

could

bring

its

influence

to

bear

on

international

as

well

as domestic

issues.

The

"paranoid

patriots,"

a term used

by

Rev.

James Lawson, had begun

to

think

of

King

as

a

"national

security

threat."

Yet

King's

organization

and

other

protest

groups had

just

succeeded

in

"turn-

ing

President

Johnson around

on

the

Vietnam War".

A Grave Domestic

Situation

If

those

who

espoused

the

hard-line,

cold

war men-

tality

could

regard

a

civil

war

in

an underdeveloped

Southeast

Asian

nation

less

than

20,000

miles

away

as

an

immediate and

direct

threat

to

America's

national

security,

imagine

how

these

cold

warriers

would

evaluate

the

gravity

of

a domestic

crisis.

They would

claim

it

was

caused

by

the

confrontation

of

protest

groups,

which had

just

turned

a hawkish

President

around

on

the

Vietnam

War,

marching

to

the

nation's

capital

and demanding

reform

legislation

from

Congress.

Assembled

in

the

nation's

capital

city,

could

not

such a

formidable

group

force

Con-

gress

into

shifting

its

priorities

from needs of

national

defense

to

domestic

reforms?

If

one

put

himself

in

the

mind of one of

the

"pnr-

anoid

patriots",

could

not

the

Poor

People's

March

in

June 1968 be viewed as

critical

as

the

urban

con-

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

frontation

in

Moscow

in

1917?

If

the

domino

theory

haunted

these

so-called

paranoid

patriots,

think

what

terror

may

have

flashed

across

their

minds

when

they

pondered

the

domestic

effects

of

the

Poor

People's

March

and

their

demands

on

the

U.S. Govern-

ment

in

the

nation's

capital?

Could

not

this

be

deemed a

surgical

thrust

at

the

nation's

jugular

vein'?

As

Sen.

Ervin's

subcommittee would

reveal

two

years

later,

the

military

reflected

this

frenetic

fear

and

pathological

preoccupation

with

the

threat

of

domestic

subversion

when

it

launched

its

massive

surveillance

program

against

the

civilian

population

of

America.

Conducted

by

the

Army

military

intelligence,

the

program

assigned

military

counter-intelligence

agents

to

spy

on

civilians,

to

compile

exhaustive

dossiers

on

leading

liberal

leaders

in

Congress, prominent

judges,

and

active

civil

rights

workers.

The

purpose

of

these

investigations,

according

to

the

defenders

of

the

system,

was

to

produce

intelligence

needed

in

the

event

that

disruptive,

crippling,

urban

gue-

rilla

warfare

did

break

out

in

America.

This

cold

war atmosphere

characterized

by

the

"enemy

within"

syndrome -had

reached

its

apogee

in

the

months

shortly

before

King's

death.

Footnote

1. Huie and Frank

both

strongly

contend

that

Ray

killed

King because he

was

a

racist.

Relatives

and

acquaintenances

who

knew

Ray

when

he

was

grow-

ing

up

in

East

St.

Louis,

and

Alton,

Ill.,

said

they

never

heard

him

express

any

racial

animosity.

Dr.

McCarthy DeMere, a prominent

physician

who

is

also

a

licensed

attorney

and

professor

of

forensic

law

and

medicine,

spent

almost

six

months

with

Ray

at

the

Shelby County

jail.

DeMere

said

he

never

heard

Ray

express

any

hostility

toward

blacks.

An

Establish-

ment

figure,

DeMere

is

a

reserve

deputy

sheriff

and

a

friend

of

the

then

sheriff,

Bill

Morris,

who

asked

him

to

leave

his

medical

practice

and

take

on

an

assignment

of

protecting

Ray's

health

on

a

daily

basis,

up

to

the

time

of

the

trial.

Dr.

DeMere

and

Sheriff

Morris,

unlike

most

members

of

the

Memphis

establishment,

have

expressed

on

occasions

doubts

that

Ray

acted

alone

in

the

King

slaying.

Also,

probably

no

other

two

men

spent

as

much

time

with

Ray

as

DeMere

and

Morris.

D

Editorial

Note:

As

is

clear

from

the

articles

which

we

have

published,

the

"true"

story

of

the

assassination

of

Martin

Luther

King

and

any

conspiracy

behind

it,

is

not

complete.

.

So

these

articles should

be

looked

on

as a

preliminary

report.

For

information

in

regard

to

the

book

on

this

subject

by

Wayne Chastain, please

write

to

him.

Corrections:

On page 5

of

the

July,

August,

September,

October,

and

November issues

of

Computers

and

People, change

the

author's

name

"Wayne

C.

Chastain"

to

"Wayne

Chastain".

In Part

8,

page

27,

left

column,

line

10

from

the

top,

change

"definitely

the

man"

to

read

"definitely

not

the

man".

In Part 9, page

26,

left

column,

line 5

from

the

top,

and

same page, right

column,

line 7

from

the

bottom,

change

"Willie O.

Stephens"

to

"Charles

O.

Stephens".

In Part 10, first paragraph,.

delete

the

final

remark

in

parentheses.

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

MACDONALD -Continued

from

page

11

Motor

Vehicles.

Take a look

at

your Blue Cross

card

•••

chances

are

you'll

find

the

same

number.

In

the

computer age,

the

details

of

your

personal

life

have become so

accessible

as

to

seriously

threa-

ten the

entire

idea

of

privacy.

AND

THERE

IS

NO

PO-

LITICAL

FREEDOM

WITHOUT

PRIVACY

I

Today,

the

"Social

Security"

number has been

transformed

into

a

Universal

Identifier.

Linked

by

computer

tape

from one

data

bank

to

another,

it

po-

tentially

allows

anyone

who

has

it

to

obtain

infor-

mation about you from anyone

else

who

has

it.

Consider

just

a few examples

of

how

your

life

is

recorded:

-

The

US

Treasury

Department

now

requires

banks

to

keep a

microfilm

record

of

every

sizable

check you

write.

Most

banks simply

record

all

your

checks.

Government

agencies

may

then

in-

spect

these

records

without

your knowledge

or

permission.

Your

banking

transactions

are

a

mirror

of

your

entire

life

••.

the

groups you

join,

the

doctors

you

consult,

the

causes

you

support.

-

Private

dossier

companies,

called

credit

bureaus,

maintain

secret

files

on

over 50

million

Ameri-

cans,

containing

information

not

only

on

your

finances,

but

personal

information

such

as

who

your

friends

are,

what your

habits

are,

what

your

neighbors

or

co-workers

think

of

you.

These

credit

bureaus

are

protected

by

federal

law from your

efforts

to

see

your

own

file

or

adequately

challenge

its

accuracy.

Next time

you

are

mysteriously

denied

insurance,

or

cre-

dit,

or

a

job,

the

chances

are

it's

because

of

what's

in

your

file.

-

In

Massachusetts,

whenever you

receive

in-pa-

tient

psychiatric

treatment,

your

name,

Social

Security

number,

diagnosis

and

course

of

treat-

ment

are

reported

to

the

Department

of

Mental

Health.

Among

the

recipients

of

this

informa-

tion

are

insurance

companies,

chiefs

of

police,

the

Registry

of

Motor

Vehicles,

and

all

other

licensing

authorities.

The

Department has

plans

for

extending

this

data

bank

to

people

getting

out-patient

services

as

well.

WHAT

CAN

YOU

DO?

By

yourself,

not

much. But you

can

join

forces

with

275,000

other

Americans

(9,000

in

Massachusetts)

who

are

defending

their

rights

through

membership

in

the

American

Civil

Liberties

Union. Right

now

the

ACLU

and

its

affiliate,

the

Civil

Liberties

Union

of

Massachusetts

are

pressing

for

urgently

needed

legislation

that

will

help

con-

trol

government

access

to

the

intimate

details

of

your

life.

Even

more

important,

the

ACLU

can be

counted

on

to

fight

back whenever

individual

rights

are

threat-

ened by abuses

of

government power.

If

these

rights

are

to

be

preserved,

and government

is

to

be

the

servant

rather

than

the

master

of

its

people,

a

strong

Civil

Liberties

presence

must be

maintained

from

the

smallest

hamlet,

through

state

government,

to

Washington, D.C.

Be

a

part

of

that

presence.

Join

the

one

organi-

zation

whose

sole

purpose

is

to

assure

that

our

government does

not

exceed

its

authority

in

the

ex-

ercise

of

its

power.

29

GAMES

AND

PUZZLES

for

Nimble

Minds

and

Computers

It

is

fun to use one's mind, and it

is

fun

to

use the

artificial mind

of

a computer.

We

publish here a variety

of

puzzles and problems, related in one way or another to

computer game playing and computer puzzle solving, or

SIXWORDO

In this puzzle, the problem

is

to paraphrase a passage (a

series

of

connected sentences) making every new sentence

no longer than six words, the meaning to be just the same.

According

to

the dictionary,

to

paraphrase means

to

re-

state a text or passage

giving

the meaning in another form;

in this case there

is

no requirement

to

change or alter any

word -only the requirement

of

producing sentences no

longer than six words.

This puzzle has a serious purpose. Its purpose

is

to

test

the following argument:

1.

A computer

is

to

be programmed

to

understand ordi-

nary language.

2. Suppose an agreement

is

made that no sentence shall

be longer than n words.

3. Then it should be much easier to program the

computer.

4.

n should be chosen

so

that it

is

not very difficult for

human beings

to

paraphrase passages into sentences

of

not more than n words.

5. A reasonable value for n

is

6.

Note that it may well be that n should be 7 or 8; and

if

it

should stay

as

small

as

6, then possibly the human para-

phraser should have the option

of

defining terms about

which assertions are being made (which

is

a common option

in all

of

mathematics).

SIXWORDO PUZZLE 7412

Problem: Compare the following passage a (SIXWORDO

PUZZLE 7411) and a proposed SIXWORDO solution,

b.

What ideas does the paraphrase b miss? Can you improve

the paraphrase still keeping

to

sentences

of

not

more than

6 words? Any comments?

a Consider the machines, equipment, and supplies -the

technology -for informing people in general about what

is

going

on

in the world. That technology becomes more

and more expensive, more and more powerful. Along the

road

of

development and progress

of

that technology, there

is

a place where all that technology has become

so

expen-

sive

and

so

powerful that it

is

monopolized and controlled

by the establishment. When that place

is

reached, it pro-

duces the predictable end

of

the rights

of

an ordinary

citizen to be informed,

to

know the truth,

to

hear con-

flicting sides to the news and to arguments. (Hint: One

solution contains

17

sentences.)

30

Neil Macdonald

Assistant Editor

to

the programming

of

a computer

to

understand and

use free and unconstrained natural language.

We

hope these puzzles will entertain and challenge

the readers

of

Computers and People.

b Technology consists

of

machines, equipment, supplies.

Consider technology for informing people generally. The

information deals with news, happenings. The information

deals with the world. The technology becomes ever more

expensive. The technology becomes ever more powerful.

The technology steadily develops and progresses. Finally

it becomes extremely expensive. And extremely powerful.

So

the establishment monopolizes it. And the establishment

controls it. Ordinary citizens are no longer informed. They

no longer hear arguments. They no longer hear conflicting

versions. They no longer know the truth. Citizens' rights

to know cease. This

is

a predictable end result.

NAYMANDIJ

In this kind

of

puzzle an array

of

random or pseudoran-

dom digits ("produced by Nature") has been subjected

to

a

"definite systematic operation" (chosen

by

Nature") and

the problem ("which

Man

is

'faced with")

is

to

figure

out

what was Nature's operation.

A "definite systematic operation" meets the following

requirements: the operation must be performed on all the

digits

of

a definite class which can be designated; the result

displays some kind

of

evident, systematic, rational order and

completely removes some kind

of

randomness; the operation

must be expressible in not more than four English words.

(But

Man

can

l,lse

more words to express it and still win.)

NAYMANDIJ PUZZLE 7412

6 7 8 8 1 0 1 0 0 9 0 0 4

364

6 4 2 9

640

604

0 8 8 6

804

886

6

2 4 8

384

0 6 9

741

444

901

5 8

5 4 9 5

270

3 2 2 7 3 6 8 8 2

267

3

6 7 3 8 7

554

7 7

347

899

8 7 6 0

9 1 3 5 5 9 1

001

454

869

2 5 7 0

2 9 3

601

154

1 8 1 6

823

2 3 9 9

3 7 9 7 3

664

259

1

000

334

8 8

2 9 9 7 6 1 4 8

854

9 5 7 7

225

5 7

2 2 6 0

495

566

1 0 8

448

794

6

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

e

'S

.S

1m

:;

NUMBLES

A "numble"

is

an arithmetical problem in which: digits

have been replaced

by

capitallettersj and there are two

messages, one which can be read right away and a second

one

in

the digit cipher. The problem

is

to solve for the

digits. Each capital letter in the arithmetical problem

stands for just one digit 0 to 9. A digit may be repre-

sented by more than one letter. The second message,

which

is

expressed in numerical digits,

is

to be translated

(using the same key) into letters

sO

that it may be read;

but the spelling uses puns, or deliberate (but evident) mis-

spellings, or is otherwise irregular,

to

discourage cryptana-

lytic methods

of

deciphering.

NUMBLE 7412

T H E

x H E A R T

R I L S

E T S R

OONT

A

ATI

= E

100

L L R S

49190 16395 1

MAXIMDIJ

In this kind

of

p~zzle,

a maxim (common saying, prov-

erb, some good advice, etc.) using 14 or fewer different

letters

is

enciphered (using a simple substitution cipher) in-

to the 10 decimal digits or equivalent signs for them. To

compress any extra letters into the 10 digits, the encipherer

may

use

puns, minor misspellings, equivalents like CSor

KS

for X or

'vice

versa, etc.

But

the spaces between words are

kept.

MAXIMDIJ

PUZZLE 7412

*7*1:j

#1:)*+$

+0Q6)

~(j*

ax

o*'*

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December.

1974

GIZZMO

The problem

is

to

grasp relations between things

that

ar~

not identified in the usual way -their names cannot be

looked up in the dictionary -and then solve a problem

involving them.

GIZZMO 7412

GONDS may be roughly divided into those that are based

on ongoing ALUNS and those that are founded

on

some ma-

terial ENGADS. There are

of

course other ways in which

GONDS

may be classified: some are about devices

to

pre-

vent bad luck; others are about devices

to

produce good

luck. Each class

of

GOND may be divided into those that

are generally believed, and those that are private and indi-

vidual. The second class

is

more interesting and includes

GONDS

that are due in general to no outside influence;

they come into the mind privately, and hold a place there

that

is

usually unknown

to

anyone else. These originate

from some experience; reasoning backwards, the individual

tries

to

find some ALUN or ENGAD which he thinks

is

responsible for his bad luck or good luck.

What

is

a GOND? an ALUN?an ENGAD?

0* 8 <) ";] *

t.>

0 >

0*

X e X 0 if-

·l-

008)(*

EX

,

-,.

0¢X

<:)

EI

-I-

We

invite our readers to send us solutions. Usually

the (or

"a")

solution

is

published in the next issue.

SOLUTIONS

MAXIMDIJ

7411: Work

is

the key

to

rest.

NUMBLE 7411: Money steals the soul.

NAYMANDIJ 7411: Sequence column 12.

0 7 8 7 9 4 1 5 7 0 3 1 8 7 9 2 2 0 4

4·

8 3 4 7 0 8 4 4 9 2 0 2 0 1 6 9 3 6 5 4

6 1 2 4 3 5 0 8 6 3 5 3 4 3 8 8 7 2 2 3

9 0 4 7 5 3 0 7 6 4 5 3 0 2 7 5 9 1 2 3

8 6 0 0 2 0 2 1 2 5 3 3 6 6 7 2 5 0 8 8

5 6 3 7 8 5 5 4 7 6 5 4 1 1 7 5 3 7 1 1

8 7 8 7 1 6 4 1 1 9 2 5 4 5 5 0 6 3 6 1

0 3 9 5 5 7 4 5 9 5 9 5 2 9 8 1 5 8 7 5

9 9 2 0 6 7 8 1 6 1 5 7 1 7 6 8 7 9 4 0

8 0 0 4 9 9 8 3 0 4 8 8 3 5 8 1 6 2 4 9

Our thanks

to

the following individuals for sending

us

their .solutions to -NA YMANDIJ 749: John Waters, At-

lanta, Ga. -NUMBLE 7410: Maj.

G.

A. Strassburger,

Ft. Meade,

Md.

31

Computing

and

Data

Processing

Newsletter

COMPUTER GIVES NEW MEXICO MUSEUM

FULL

ACCESS TO ITS

MINERAL

COLLECTION

Jack

B.

Pearce

New Mexico Institute

of

Mining and Technology

Socorro,

NM

87801

The

prospector

of

years

past

learned

to

identify

rocks

and

minerals

by

sight

as

he probed

for

gold

and

silver

in

the

rocky

deserts

of

the

Southwest.

Today

these

same

minerals

are

on

display

in

a

mu-

seum

in

Socorro,

New

Mexico -and a computer

iden-

tifies

each one

by

X-ray

analysis.

In

addition,

the

computer keeps a complete

record

of

each

of

the

9,200

sepcimens

at

the

New

Mexico

Bureau

of

Mines

Mineralogical

Museum.

The

collec-

tion,

while

emphasizing

southwestern

minerals,

also

displays

other

geological

and

mineral

specimens

from around

the

world.

--

Halite,

crystallized

on

this

bush from

Cal-

ifornia's

Salton

Sea,

gets

a

careful

dusting

from

Charles

Grigsby,

assistant

curator

of

the

New

Mexico Bureau

of

Mines

Mineralogical

Museum.

The

museum

was

begun

in

the

early

1900's.

It

was

maintained

by

the

Institute

of

Mining and Technology

until

1964,

when

it

was

turned

over

to

the

Bureau

of

Mines.

"Much

of

the

material

had

never

been

classi-

fied,"

explained

Dr.

Jacques

Renault,

a

geologist

who

also

teaches

at

the

New

Mexico

Institute

of

Min-

ing

and Technology.

"Some

of

it

was

in

cardboard

boxes and

desk

drawers.

Several

people

tackled

the

job,

but

it

was

an

immense

task.

"Finally

we

decided

a computer

could

handle

it

better

than

any team

of

individuals

possibly

could

because

of

the

tremendous amount

of

statistical

work

involved.

So

in

1969

we

began working

up

a computer

file

that

recorded

various

information

about each

specimen."

Mineralogists

punched computer

cards

that

cata-

logued

the

various

minerals

in

each

item,

other

ge-

ological

details,

its

donor

or

source,

when

acquired

and

its

location

in

the

museum.

Later

they

began

using

the

computer

to

analyze

the

mineral

content

of

each sample.

32

"X-ray

analysis

enables

us

to

identify

any un-

known

minerals

or

chemical

compositions

in

the

spe-

cimen, as

well

as any

crystalline

structure,"

Dr.

Renault

said.

"It's

very

much

like

a

fingerprint."

--

This

delicate

mineral

specimen

containing

goethite

and

psilomelane

was

found

in

Socorro,

N.M.

It

and

9,200

other

samples from around

the

world have been

catalogued

and X-ray

an-

alyzed

by

computer.

Every

mineral

diffracts

X-rays

in

a

characteris-

tic

pattern

because

of

the

atomic

spacing

in

the

crystal.

It

is

relatively

simple

to

determine

the

diffraction

patterns

for

all

minerals

commonly

found

in

the

Southwest and reduce

these

data

to

mathematical

tables.

Then,

by

comparing

the

results

of

any

diffraction

test

with

these

standard

tables,

experts

can

identify

the

minerals

present

in

the

sample.

"As

a

result

we

have

everything

at

our

finger-

tips,"

Dr. RenaUlt

said.

"When

we

want a

list

of

every

sample

of

--

for

instance

--

cerussite

in

the

museum,

we

can

get

it

back from

the

computer

in

just

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

'ion

-

.,

a

few

seconds.

Equally

important,

we

can

find

it

immediately because

the

printout

gives

each

sample's

exact

location."

Similar

speedy computer

search

techniques

can

turn

up

all

minerals

from any

geographic

area

or

from

anyone

donor.

The

computer

is

an

IBM

Sys-

tem/360-44.

"Research

is

the

reason

for

our

existence,"

Dr.

Renault

said.

"The computer

helps

make

this

museum

a

living

research

facility."

COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR A RACING YACHT

THAT

WON

Bob Palmer

Data General Corporation

Southboro, MA 01772

In

September 1974,

the

winner

of

the

America Cup,

the

yacht

Courageous,

carried

a minicomputer aboard

for

navigational

and

tactical

calculations.

The

computer

was

the

heart

of

a

special

system

devel-

oped and

built

by

Dick McCurdy, a

consultant

to

the

Courageous

Syndicate.

Halsey

Herreshoff,

navigator,

used

the

system

during

the

trials

this

summer

and

during

the

final

four

victories

over

the

Australian

challenger,

Southern

Cross.

After

the

races,

McCurdy

stated:

"Overall,

the

computer system exceeded

my

expec-

tations.

In

spite

of

the

rough

conditions,

the

com-

puter

was

operational

over

eighty

percent

of

the

time.

It

did

everything

we

wanted

it

to,

and

more

it

was

a

great

success.

"The most

important

task

done

by

the

computer

was

to

predict

the

apparent

wind

in

the

of

the

race.

This

information

allowed Courageous

to

select

the

right

spinnaker

every

single

time."

The

Navigator,

Herreshoff,

commented:

"The computer

was

a

big

help

to

us.

It

has added

a

new

dimension

to

sailing

by

giving

us

information

never

before

available,

like

the

predictions

of

ap-

parent

wind.

Especially

valuable

was

the

constant

and

rapid

updating

of

information

by

the

computer.

For

instance,

when

there

was

a wind change as

we

approached

the

weather

mark,

we

immediately

knew

what

our

revised

apparent

wind would be

on

the

We

were

able

to

change

our

choice

of

spinnaker

at

the

last

minute,

which

was

a

real

advantage."

The

computer supplements

the

expertise

of

the

skipper

and crew

by

doing

navigation

calculations

that

are

needed

to

obtain

the

best

speed from

the

craft.

There

is

not

time

available

in

a

race

to

do

all

of

the

calculations

manually.

Most

of

the

yacht's

instruments

are

connected

to

the

computer;

they

supply

signals

representing

apparent

wind speed

and

direction,

boat

speed,

heel

angle,

compass

course

and

other

variables.

At

any

time,

the

navigator

can

"ask"

the

computer

to

display

the

true

wind speed and

direction,

which

are

updated

four

times

a second. Because

true

wind

speed and

direction

cannot be measured

directly

on

a moving

vessel

--

they

can

only

be

calculated

from

instrument

readings

-

this

is

an

ideal

computer

task.

Knowing

true

wind speed and

direction

enables

the

navigator

and

tactician

to

make

decisions

on

how

to

race

the

course.

Among

the

other

tasks

of

the

computer

is

the

cal-

culation

of

a

quantity

called

"speed

made

good

to

windward."

This

indicates

actual

forward

progress

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December.

1974

in

a

tacking

situation.

Tacking

is

the

technique

of

sailing

into

the

wind

by

a back and

forth

course,

making

some

forward

progress

each

time.

The

comput-

er

can

calculate

this

forward

progress

from

the

in-

strument

inputs.

The

computer can

also

compare

tacking

patterns

and

help

establish

the

most

effi-

cient

system

of

tacking.

While

these

calculations

may

seem

routine,

the

computer's

location

certainly

is

not.

The

yacht's

cockpit

is

open

to

the

sea

and

air,

and

there

is

no

110-volt

power

available.

There

is

just

enough

room

for

the

11

crewmen

to

move

around.

The

computer

chosen

was

small and

light

and

the

power supply

per-

mitted

an

easy

conversion

to

36-volt

dc

operation.

Three automobile

batteries

would keep

the

system

running

for

10

to

12

hours,

and

they

could

be

re-

charged each

night.

The

computer

was

housed

in

a

suitcase-sized,

weatherproof

metal box

that

hung

beneath

the

cockpit

sole.

The

computer and

the

box weighed

less

than

70

pounds.

The

computer

was

cooled

by

a

battery-

powered

circulation

system, and

coolant

was

bilge

water.

The

computer

was

a

NOVA

1200 computer

sup-

plied

by

Data

General.

Communication between

the

navigator

and

the

com-

puter

system

was

handled

by

a compact

station

mount-

ed

at

the

chart

table

the

helm. A

32-channel

scheme produced a

four-digit-plus-sign

display.

Manual

inputs

and

commands

were

entered

with

a

touch-

pad;

the

desired

display

is

selected

with

a

series

of

switches.

All

this

takes

but

a

few

seconds,

and

the

calculation

result

appears

almost

immediately.

CAMERAS AND COMPUTERS COMBINE

TO

ANALYZE

ROCKET FLIGHTS

Kent Roberts

New Mexico State University

Box

3548

Las

Cruces,

NM

88001

Rockets

streaking

across

the

skies

at

more

than

four

times

the

speed

of

sound

are

being

studied

every

second

of

the

way

by

scientists

at

the

Physi-

cal

Science

Laboratory,

at

New

Mexico

State

Univ.

Using a computer and

high-speed

cameras,

the

scien-

tists

collect

and

analyze

information

on

rockets,

missiles,

and

other

aircraft

tested

at

White Sands

Missile

Range

near

here.

The

computer

is

used

in

many

areas

where

precise

measurements and

calculations

are

necessary

includ-

ing:

determining

where

to

put

cameras

to

obtain

the

best

filming

angles;

analyzing

measurements from

thousands

of

feet

of

film

taken

during

flights;

and

compiling

reports

on

flight

performance.

"The computer

reports

enable

engineers

to

deter-

mine

if

aircraft

performed

the

way

they

were

de-

signed

to,"

said

Keith

Hennigh,

data

processing

division

manager

of

the

laboratory.

"If

the

flight

didn't

conform

to

plans

or

if

a

malfunction

occurred,

the

computer

analysis

points

out

what went wrong.

Modifications

and

design

changes

are

made

accordingly."

Using

information

such

as

estimated

speed and

intended

path

of

the

aircraft,

the

computer

calcu-

lates

ideal

camera

locations.

As

many

as

20 cam-

eras,

some

capable

of

taking

5,000

frames a second,

can be used

during

tests.

Following

the

flight,

the

film

is

processed

and frames

not

measurement

data

are

edited

out.

33

Film

readers

connected

to

a

projector

measure

the

position

of

the

aircraft

on

each

film

frame.

Reference

points

such as surveyed

targets,

poles

or

stars

are

used

to

determine

camera

orientation

and

to

calibrate

the

camera

lens.

When

no

reference

points

are

in

the

field

of

view, cameras

with

pre-

calibrated

lenses

are

used.

As

each frame

is

measured,

information

enters

a

Serial

Encoded Data Exchange

(SENDEX),

a

device

de-

signed

and

developed

by

PSL

employees

to

convert

measurements

into

computer

readable

form.

A second computer

arranges

film

frames from each

camera

in

their

proper

sequence.

It

is

also

pro-

grammed

to

analyze

trends

in

the

measurement

read-

ings

before

it

transfers

the

information

to

the

first

computer.

The

computer combines

film

measurements

with

in-

formation

collected

by

electronic

equipment aboard

the

aircraft

to

provide

a

highly

detailed

analysis

of

a

flight.

--

Flight

patterns

of

rockets,

such

as

the

one

being

launched

above,

are

being

studied

by

sci-

entists

at

New

Mexico

State

University

using

cameras and a computer.

The

system

is

programmed

to

take

into

considera-

tion

any

factors

which

may

affect

the

flight

in-

cluding

wind and

atmospheric

conditions,

and

en-

ables

engineers

to

study

and

analyze

the

flight

from

the

instant

it

begins

to

completion.

The

com-

puter

report

provides

information

on

a

variety

of

34

flight

parameters

including

position,

velocity,

ac-

celeration,

object

attitude,

roll

rate,

and

other

requested

information.

An

entire

flight

mission

can be

analyzed

in

24

hours

using

the

computer.

"Before

the

computer system

was

installed,

many

of

our

calculations

would have

taken

weeks, "

Mr.

Hennigh

said.

The

laboratory

employs

almost

200

New

Mexico

State

students

in

its

various

~rojects.

Many

of

them

are

involved

in

a

variety

of

highly

skilled

jobs

as

film

readers,

computer

operators,

program-

mers, and keypunch

operators.

The

Physical

Science

Laboratory

is

a

non-profit

organization

providing

support

for

military

and

federal

agencies.

The

two

computers

are

an

IBM

System/370,

Model

135, and an

IBM

System

7.

Antley

-Continued

from

page

25

2.

Slack

W.V.,

VanCura L.

J.:

Computer-based

Patient

Interviewi

ng.

Post-graduate

Med

43

:68-76, 115-120,

1968

3.

Grossman

J.

M.,

Barnett

G.

0.,

McGuire

M.

T.,

et

al:

Evaluation

of

computer-acquired

patient

his-

tories.

JAMA

215:1286-1291, 1971

4.

Mayne

J.

G.,

Weksel

W.,

Shol

tz

P.

N.: Toward

automating

the

medi

cal

hi

story.

Mayo

Cli

n Proc 43:

1-25,

1968

5.

Kanner

I.F.:

The

programmed

physical

examination

wi

th

orwi

thout

a computer.

JAMA

215:1281-1291,1971

6.

Diebold

J.:

"Man

and

the

Computer,"

Avon

Books,

New

York

City,

p.

161-2,

1969

7. Cadden J.

J.,:

Flach

F.

F.,

Blakelee

S.

and

Carl

ton

R.:

Growth

in

medical

students

through

group

process.

Amer

J.

Psychiat

126:862-868, 1969

8.

Kubler-Ross

E.:

"On

Death and Dying," The

Mac-

Millan

Company,

New

York

City,

1969

U nsettl i ng, Disturbi ng, Critica I

Compu

ters

and

People

(formerly

Computers and

Automation),

establi

shed 1951 and

therefore

the

oldest

magazine

in

the

field

of

computers and

data

processing,

believes

that

the

profession.of

infor-

mation

engineer

includes

not

only

competence

in

handling

information

using

computers and

other

means,

but

also

a broad

responsibiiity,

in

a

pro-

fessional

and

engineering

sense,

for:

The

reliability

and

social

significance

of

pertinent

input

data;

The

social

value

and

truth

of

the

output

results.

In

the

same

way, a

bridge

engineer

takes

a

pro-

fessional

responsibi

li

ty

for

the

reliabi

li

ty

and

significance

of

the

data

he

uses,

and

the

safety

and

efficiency

of

the

bridge

he

builds,

for

human

beings

to

risk

their

lives

on.

Accordingly,

Computers and

People

publishes

from

time

to

time

articles

and

other

information

socially

useful

input

and

output

of

data

systems

in

a broad

sense.

To

this

end

we

seek

to

publish

what

is

unsettling,

disturbing,

critical

--

but

producti

ve

of

thought

and an improved and

safer

"house"

for

all

humanity, an

earth

in

which our

children

and

later

generations

may

have a

future,

instead

of

facing

extinction.

The

professional

information

engineer

needs

to

relate

his

engineering

to

the

most

important

and

most

serious

problems

in

the

world

today:

war,

nuclear

weapons,

pollution,

the

population

explo-

sion,

and

many

more.

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

A fabulous

gift:

18

illustrations

in

pen

and

ink

"RIDE

THE

EAST

WIND:

Parables

of

Yesterday

and

Today"

by

Edmund

C.

Berkeley,

Author

and

Anthologist

Published

by

Quadrangle/The New

York

Times

Book Co., 1974, 224 pp, $6.95

Table of Contents

Part 1.

The

Condition

of

Man

Pandora and the Mysterious Box / H.

A.

Guerber

The Garden

of

Parad

ise

* / Hans Christian Andersen

*to

which

the

King's son was

transported

by

the

East Wind

The

History

of

the

Doasyoulikes / Charles Kingsley

The Locksmith and the Stranger / Edmund

C.

Berkeley (B)

The Elephant and

the

Donkey / James Reston

Where

that

Superhighway Runs, There

Used

to

be

a

Cornfield / Robert Redfield

The Fire Squirrels / B

Part 2.

On

Flattery

and

Persuasion

The

Crow

and the

Fox

/ Jean

de

La

Fontaine

The

Visitor

who

Got

a

Lot

for

Three Dollars /

George Ade

The Cuckoo and

the

Eagle / Ivan

A.

Kriloff

The Wind and

the

Sun / Aesop

The Lion in Love / Aesop

The

Crow

and

the

Mussel/Aesop,

B

The

Two

Raccoons and the

Button

/ B

Part

3.

On

Perseverance and Resourcefulness

The Crow and the Pitcher / Aesop

Robert Bruce and the Spider / Sir Walter Scott

Hannibal Mouse and

the

Other

End

of

the

World / B

The Fly, the Spider, and

the

Hornet / B

Part 4. Behavior -Moral and Otherwise

A Small Wharf

of

Stones / Benjamin Franklin

The Three Bricklayers / Anonymous, B

The Good Samaritan / St. Luke

Much Obliged, Dear Lord /

Fulton

Oursler

The Fisherman,

the

Farmer, and

the

Peddler / B

Part

5.

The

Problem

of

Truth

On Being a Reasonable Creature / Benjamin

Franklin

The

Monkey

and the Spectacles / Ivan

A.

Kriloff

The Golden Trumpets

of

Yap Yap / Mike Quin

The Barrels and

the

Pittsburgh Manufacturer / B

The

Empty

Column / William J. Wiswesser

The Differences in

Two

Strains

of

Corn / Edgar Anderson

The Six Blind Men

of

Nepal / B

The Sighting

of

a Whale / B

The Stars and the Young Rabbit / B

The Ocean

of

Truth

/ Sir Isaac Newton

Part 6. On Common

Sense

The Lark and her Young Ones / Aesop

The Bear and the Young Dog / B

COMPUTERS

and

PEOPLE

for

December,

1974

The

Fox

of

Mt.

Etna and

the

Grapes

Once

there

was a

Fox

who

lived

on

the

lower slopes

of

Mt.

Etna,

the

great volcano in Sicily. These slopes are ex-

tremely

fertile;

the

grapes

that

grow

there

may well

be

the

most delicious in

the

world; and

of

all

the

farmers

there,

Farmer Mario was

probably

the

best.

And

this

Fox

longed

and

longed

for

some

of

Farmer

Mario's grapes.

But

they

grew very high

on

arbors,

and

all

the

arbors

were

inside a

vineyard

with

high walls,

and

the

Fox

had a

problem.

Of

course,

the

Fox

of

Mt

Etna

had

utterly

no use

for

his fam-

ous

ancestor,

who

leaping

for

grapes

that

he

could

not

reach,

called

them

sour,

and

went

away.

The

Fox

decided

that

what

he needed was Engineering

Technology.

So

he

went

to

a retired Engineer

who

lived

on

the

slopes

of

Mt.

Etna,

because he liked

the

balmy

climate

and

the

view

of

the

Mediterranean

Sea

and

the

excitement

of

watching

his

instruments

that

measured

the

degree

of

sleep-

ing

or

waking

of

Mt.

Etna.

The

Fox

put

his

problem

be-

fore

the

Engineer.

The Bear and the Young Calf / B

The Bear and the Young Beaver / B

The

Wasps

and the Honey Pot / Sir Roger l'Estrange

The Six-Day

War

and

the

Gulf

of

Dong / B

The Deceived

Eagle

/ James Northcote

Missile

Alarm

from

Grunelandt / B

The National Security

of

Adularia / B

Doomsday in St. Pierre,

Martinique

/ B

Part 7. Problem Solving

The

Wolf

and the Dog

of

Sherwood / Aesop, B

The Three Earthworms / B

The Hippopotamus and

the

Bricks / B

The Cricket

that

Made Music / Jean de

La

Fontaine, B

The

Fox

of

Mt.

Etna and

the

Grapes / B

The Mice

of

Cambridge

in

Council/Aesop,

B

Brer Badger's Old

Motor

Car

that

Wouldn't

Go / B

The First Climbing

of

the

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