120 Years Of American Education 93442
User Manual: 120
Open the PDF directly: View PDF 
.
Page Count: 115
| Download | |
| Open PDF In Browser | View PDF |
120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait Editor Thomas D. Snyder Center for Education Statistics U.S. Department of Education Lamar Alexander Secretary Office of Educational Research and Improvement Diane Ravitch Assistant Secretary National Center for Education Statistics Emerson J. Elliott Commissioner National Center for Education Statistics ‘‘The purpose of the Center shall be to collect, analyze, and disseminate statistics and other data related to education in the United States and in other nations.’’—Section 406(b) of the General Education Provisions Act, as amended (20 U.S.C. 1221e–1). January 1993 Foreword Emerson J. Elliott Commissioner of Education Statistics NCES statistics and reports are used for myriad purposes. Congress, federal agencies, state and local officials, business leaders, scholars and researchers, the news media, and the general public use our data to formulate programs, apportion resources, monitor services, research issues, and inform and make decisions. Since 1870, the federal government has collected statistics on the condition and progress of American education. In the beginning, data were collected on very basic items, such as public elementary and secondary school enrollment, attendance, teachers and their salaries, high school graduates, and expenditures. Over the years, the level of detail has gradually increased. Today, the National Center for Education Statistics has a staff of approximately 130 who collect information through nearly 40 surveys and studies and produce more than 175 publications per year. Statistics paint a portrait of our Nation. By looking at changes in the data over time—like number of schools, participation rates, completion rates, and expenditures—we see how our Nation has progressed. But the questions, too, have changed. Illiteracy, for example, is defined differently today than it was in earlier years. While we once looked only at whether a person could read or write, today we are concerned with how well a person can function in a modern society. Recent additions to the long-term data series contain more qualitative information, especially on student performance and classroom activities. During the period in which this report was prepared, Diane Ravitch, an educational historian by profession, was Assistant Secretary for Educational Research and Improvement. Dr. Ravitch knows the importance of the record that America’s education data collections form, and it was her personal interest and initiative that prompted preparation of this report. Her support, both as Assistant Secretary and as an historian of education, has been invaluable to the production of this volume and in all other efforts of NCES. The Assistant Secretary’s Introduction to this volume states that an historical perspective is indispensable for a full understanding of American education and the changes it has undergone. Such a perspective will help supply that meaning, understanding, and judgment needed to help improve education in America. I join her in thanking Vance Grant of OERI and Tom Snyder of NCES for producing this work. We will benefit from the better understanding of our past that these education statistics bring to us. This work supplements other major compilations of education statistics, including the annual Digest and the Condition of Education reports, and reaffirms the mission of the National Center for Education Statistics to provide the Nation with data on the condition and progress of education. Our goal is to make education data accessible, useful, and meaningful to our many publics. I welcome comments for improvements to our data collections and publications. iii Acknowledgments Many people have contributed in one way or another to the development of 120 Years of American Education. Foremost among these contributors is W. Vance Grant, who has served as an education statistics expert since 1955. Thomas D. Snyder was responsible for the overall development and preparation of 120 Years of American Education, which was prepared under the general direction of Jeanne E. Griffith, Associate Commissioner for Data Development. William Sonnenberg served as a statistical consultant in all phases of 120 Years of American Education and was responsible for chapter 2, ‘‘Elementary and Secondary Education.’’ Irene Baden Harwarth developed a table on higher education enrollment and was responsible for developing charts for the report. Charlene Hoffman developed tables on degrees conferred and managed the typesetting. Carol Sue Fromboluti managed the review process of the publication. Celestine Davis provided statistical assistance. A number of people outside the Center also expended large amounts of time and effort on 120 Years of American Education. James J. Corina and Robert Craig of Pinkerton Computer Consultants, Inc., provided computer support. Louise Woerner, Barbara Robinson, Jeannette Bernardo, and Jeffrey Sisson of HCR provided research assistance. Nancy Floyd copyedited this book, and Margery Martin and Wilma Greene provided editorial assistance. Annie Lunsford designed the cover. Jerry Fairbanks and Kim Stiles of the U.S. Government Printing Office provided typesetting assistance. 120 Years of American Education has received extensive reviews by individuals within and outside the Department of Education. We wish to thank them for their time and expert advice. In the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI), Diane Ravitch, Maris Vinovskis, Mary Frase, W. Vance Grant, Fred Beamer, Frank Morgan, John Sietsema, and Irene Baden Harwarth reviewed the entire manuscript. Rosemary Clark and Dave Fleck of the Bureau of the Census also reviewed the entire document. Agency reviews were conducted by the Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, Office of Policy and Planning, Office of Private Education, and Office of Vocational and Adult Education, U.S. Department of Education. OERI Deputy Assistant Secretary Francie Alexander and NCES Chief of Staff Paul R. Hall provided leadership and gave enthusiastic support to this project. v Introduction Diane Ravitch Assistant Secretary As an historian of education, I have been a regular consumer of education statistics from the U.S. Department of Education. For many years, I kept the Department’s telephone number in my address book and computer directory. It did not take long to discover there was one person to whom I should address all my queries: Vance Grant. In my many telephone calls for information, I discovered he is the man who knows what data and statistics have been gathered over the years by the Department of Education. No matter how exotic my question, Dr. Grant could always tell me, without delay, whether the information existed; usually, he produced it himself. When I asked a statistical question, I could often hear the whir of an adding machine in the background, even after the advent of the electronic calculator. Imagine my surprise, therefore, to find myself in the position of Assistant Secretary of the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI), the very home of the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The latter agency is headed by Emerson Elliott, the first presidentially appointed Commissioner of Education Statistics. And imagine my delight when I encountered Vance Grant, face to face, for the first time. The voice on the telephone, always cheerful and confident, belonged to a man employed by the Department or Office of Education since 1955. Vance Grant, a Senior Education Program Specialist, and Tom Snyder, NCES’ Chief of the Compilations and Special Studies Branch in the Data Development Division, prepared 120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait. They did so enthusiastically, because—like me—they knew it was needed. Historians of education customarily must consult multiple, often disparate, sources to find and collect the information in this one volume. They can never be sure if the data they locate are consistent and reliable. This compilation aggregates all relevant statistics about the history of our educational system in one convenient book. It will, I believe, become a classic, an indispensable volume in every library and on every education scholar’s bookshelf, one that will be periodically updated. Vance Grant’s and Tom Snyder’s careful preparation of this report substantially enriches our knowledge of American education. But collecting these historical data in one volume not only benefits professional historians. As a Nation, we need to develop an historical perspective in analyzing change. Too often, newspapers report important political, economic, or social events without supplying the necessary historical context. We are all now accustomed to reading headlines about the latest test scores. Whether up or down, they invariably overstate the meaning of a single year’s change. And the same short-sightedness often flaws journalistic reports of other major educational trends. Historical Context One does not need to be an historian to recognize the tremendous importance of historical context. Each of us should be able to assess events, ideas, and trends with reliable knowledge of what has happened in the past. If we cannot, our ability to understand and make sense of events will be distorted. This volume would become a reference for all who wish to make informed judgments about American education. We must struggle mightily against the contemporary tendency towards presentism, the idea inspired by television journalism that today’s news has no precedent. As we struggle to preserve history, we preserve our human capacity to construct meaning and to reach independent judgment. In an age when we are awash with information and instantaneous news, it is meaning, understanding, and judgment that are in short supply. This collection of historical statistics about American education provides its readers with the perspective they need to understand how far we have come in our national commitment to education and how far we must still go in pursuit of our ideals. I especially thank Vance Grant and Tom Snyder for their untiring efforts in assembling this book. Without their dedication, and without Emerson Elliott’s support for the importance of this work, it would never have happened. vii Contents Page Foreword, by Emerson J. Elliott ............................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... v Introduction, by Diane Ravitch ................................................................................................. vii Statistics in the U.S. Department of Education: Highlights from the Past 120 Years, by W. Vance Grant. 1 Chapter 1. Education Characteristics of the Population, by Thomas D. Snyder ..................... 5 Chapter 2. Elementary and Secondary Education, by William C. Sonnenberg ...................... 25 Chapter 3. Higher Education, by Thomas D. Snyder .............................................................. 63 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 95 Figures 1. Percent of 5- to 19-year-olds enrolled in school, by race: 1850 to 1991 ...................... 6 2. Percent of 20- to 24-year-olds and 25- to 34-year-olds enrolled in school, by sex: 1940 to 1991 .............................................................................................................. 7 Percent of persons 25 years old and over completing 4 years of high school, by sex and race: 1940 to 1991 .............................................................................................. 8 Percent of persons 25 years old and over completing 4 years of college, by sex and race: 1940 to 1991 ..................................................................................................... 8 Annual average income of high school and college graduates, 25 years old and over, in constant 1991 dollars, by sex: 1959 to 1991 ................................................ 10 Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by level: 1869–70 to 1992–93 ...................................................................................................................... 26 Elementary and secondary enrollment as a percentage of 5- to 17-year-olds, by level: 1869–70 to fall 1991 ......................................................................................... 27 Average number of days per year attended by public school students: 1869–70 to 1980–81 ...................................................................................................................... 28 Pupil/teacher ratio in public elementary and secondary schools: 1869–70 to fall 1990 ............................................................................................................................ 29 Percentage of elementary and secondary school teachers, by sex: 1869–70 to fall 1990 ............................................................................................................................ 29 Number of public and private high school graduates per 100 17-year-olds: 1869–70 to 1991–92 .................................................................................................................. 31 Sources of revenues for public elementary and secondary schools: 1889–90 to 1989–90 ...................................................................................................................... 32 Current expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance, in constant 1989–90 dollars: 1919–20 to 1989–90 ...................................................................................... 33 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. ix x CONTENTS 14. Enrollment in institutions of higher education, by sex: 1869–70 to 1990–91 ................ 65 15. Percentage of students in institutions of higher education, by control, type, and attendance status: 1931–32 to 1991–92 .................................................................... 66 Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by institutions of higher education: 1869–70 to 1989–90 ................................................................................. 67 17. Bachelor’s degrees per 1,000 23-year-olds: 1889–90 to 1989–90 ............................... 68 18. Percentage of higher education degrees conferred to females, by level: 1869–70 to 1989–90 ...................................................................................................................... 69 Bachelor’s degrees per 100 high school graduates 4 years earlier and master’s degrees per 100 bachelor’s degrees 2 years earlier: 1869–70 to 1989–90 .............. 69 Sources of current-fund revenue for institutions of higher education: 1909–10 to 1989–90 ...................................................................................................................... 71 Expenditures of institutions of higher education per student in constant 1990–91 dollars: 1929–30 to 1989–90 ...................................................................................... 73 16. 19. 20. 21. Tables Education Characteristics of the Population 1. Population, by age and race, live births, and birth rate: 1790 to 1991 ......................... 11 2. School enrollment of 5- to 19-year-olds per 100 persons, by sex and race: 1850 to 1991 ............................................................................................................................ 14 3. School enrollment and school enrollment rates, by age and sex: 1940 to 1991 .......... 15 4. Years of school completed by persons 25 years old and over, by race and sex: April 1940 to March 1991 ................................................................................................... 18 Median years of school completed by persons age 25 and over and 25 to 29, by race and sex: 1910 to 1991 ....................................................................................... 21 Percentage of persons 14 years old and over who were illiterate, by race and nativity: 1870 to 1979 ................................................................................................. 21 Annual mean income of males and females 25 years old and over, by years of school completed: 1939 to 1991 ................................................................................ 22 5. 6. 7. Elementary and Secondary Education 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: 1869–70 to 1989–90 .................................................................................................................. 34 Enrollment in regular public and private elementary and secondary schools, by grade level: 1869–70 to fall 1992 ......................................................................................... 36 Enrollment in regular public elementary and secondary schools, by grade: 1910–11 to fall 1990 .................................................................................................................. 38 Enrollment in regular public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1870–71 to fall 1990 .................................................................................................................. 42 Children served in special education programs, by type of disability: 1921–22 to 1989–90 ...................................................................................................................... 44 CONTENTS 13. Public school pupils transported at public expense and current expenditures for transportation: 1929–30 to 1989–90 .......................................................................... 45 Average daily attendance, instructional staff, and teachers in public elementary and secondary schools: 1869–70 to 1990–91 .................................................................. 46 Catholic elementary and secondary enrollment, teachers, and schools, by level: 1919–20 to 1990–91 .................................................................................................. 49 16. Public school enrollment in grades 9 to 12, by subject: 1889–90 to fall 1981 ............. 50 17. Student proficiency in reading, writing, mathematics, and science, by age and race/ethnicity: 1969–70 to 1989–90 ........................................................................... 51 Percentage of students at or above selected reading, mathematics, and science proficiency levels, by age and race/ethnicity: 1970–71 to 1989–90 ............................... 52 19. High school graduates, by sex and control of institution: 1869–70 to 1991–92 ........... 55 20. Public school districts and public and private elementary and secondary schools: 1929–30 to 1990–91 .................................................................................................. 56 Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds: 1889–90 to 1989–90 .................................................................................................. 57 Total and current expenditures and expenditure per pupil in public elementary and secondary schools, by purpose: 1869–70 to 1989–90 .............................................. 59 14. 15. 18. 21. 22. Higher Education 23. Historical summary of higher education statistics: 1869–70 to 1989–90 ...................... 75 24. Enrollment in institutions of higher education, by sex, attendance status, and type and control of institution: 1869–70 to fall 1991 .......................................................... 76 25. Enrollment in institutions of higher education, by state: 1869–70 to fall 1990 .............. 78 26. Number and professional employees of institutions of higher education: 1869–70 to 1991–92 ...................................................................................................................... 80 Number of permanent colleges and universities founded before 1860, by decade of founding and by state ................................................................................................. 81 Degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by sex and level: 1869–70 to 1989–90 ...................................................................................................................... 82 Bachelor’s degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by field of study: 1959–60 to 1989–90 .................................................................................................. 85 Master’s degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by field of study: 1959–60 to 1989–90 .................................................................................................. 86 Doctor’s degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by field of study: 1959–60 to 1989–90 .................................................................................................. 87 First-professional degrees conferred by institutions of higher education in dentistry, medicine, and law, by sex: 1949–50 to 1989–90 ...................................................... 88 Current-fund revenue of institutions of higher education, by source of funds: 1889–90 to 1989–90 .................................................................................................. 89 Current-fund expenditures and educational and general expenditures per student of institutions of higher education, by function: 1929–30 to 1989–90 ........................... 90 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. xi xii CONTENTS 35. Value of property and endowment, and liabilities of institutions of higher education: 1899–1900 to 1989–90 .............................................................................................. 92 Appendix 36. 37. Gross domestic product, state and local expenditures, personal income, disposable personal income, and median family income: 1940 to 1991 ..................................... 93 Gross domestic product deflator, Consumer Price Index, education price indexes, and federal budget composite deflator: 1919 to 1992 ............................................... 94 Statistics in the U.S. Department of Education: Highlights from the Past 120 Years W. Vance Grant In 1867, the Congress of the United States passed legislation providing ‘‘That there shall be established at the City of Washington, a department of education, for the purpose of collecting such statistics and facts as shall show the condition and progress of education in the several States and Territories, and of diffusing such information respecting the organization and management of schools and school systems, and methods of teaching, as shall aid the people of the United States in the establishment and maintenance of efficient school systems, and otherwise promote the cause of education throughout the country.’’ The department was to be headed by a Commissioner of Education. The Commissioner was to be paid a salary of $4,000 a year, and he was authorized to appoint three clerks, at annual salaries of $2,000, $1,800, and $1,600, to help him carry out his duties. Two years later, the name of the new department was changed to the Office of Education, its budget was cut back, and the Commissioner’s support staff was reduced from three to two clerks. The Office of Education became one of the constituent agencies within the Department of the Interior in 1869, and it remained there for 70 years. During most of those years, it was known as the Bureau of Education, but in 1929 its name was restored to the Office of Education. In 1939, it became part of the Federal Security Agency, and in 1953, it was assigned to the newly established Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. In 1980, education was separated from health and welfare, and a new cabinet-level Department of Education came into existence. Early in its history, the federal education agency moved to fulfill its mandate to ‘‘collect’’ and ‘‘diffuse’’ statistics on education in the United States. The development of a statistical program proved to be a formidable task. The country was large, its educational system was decentralized, and the staff available to collect statistics was almost nonexistent. In the beginning, no effort was made to estimate for nonresponding institutions (probably because there were no bench marks from which to make reasonable estimates). There were also some inconsist- encies in the data obtained from the states and territories and from the various colleges and universities. Early on, the compilers of education statistics learned to look to the decennial censuses of population to fill some of the gaps in the data reported to this office. Some of the problems faced by the new agency, along with some of the progress made in the early years, are evident in a quotation from Commissioner John Eaton, who wrote in the Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1875: ‘‘When the work of collecting educational statistics was begun by the Office, it was found that there was no authentic list of the colleges in the United States, or of academies, or normal schools, or schools of science, law, or medicine, or of any other class of educational institutions. The lists of nearly all grades of schools are now nearly complete. Information on all other matters relating to educational systems was equally incomplete and difficult of access.’’ The statistical surveys of what is now the National Center for Education Statistics 1 date from 1870. The first statistics were apparently the responsibility of the chief clerk, but in 1872, Congress authorized the agency to hire its first statistician at a salary of $1,800 a year. In the beginning, data were collected on basic items, such as public elementary and secondary school enrollment, attendance, teachers and their salaries, high school graduates, and expenditures. At the higher education level, the data in the early years included the number of colleges and universities, enrollment, faculty, and bachelor’s and higher degrees conferred. The level of detail obtained in the surveys of this office gradually increased. By 1890, the data collection program had been expanded to include private 1 The statistical component of the Department of Education has had many names. A staff member who joined this office in 1955 recalls that in the past 37 years it has been called the Research and Statistical Services Branch, the Educational Statistics Branch, the Division of Educational Statistics, the National Center for Educational Statistics, the National Center for Education Statistics, the Center for Statistics, the Center for Education Statistics, and, once again, the National Center for Education Statistics. For convenience it will be referred to in this paper as the National Center for Education Statistics or simply National Center. 1 2 Highlights from the Past 120 Years elementary and secondary school enrollment, teachers, and graduates; enrollment by subject field in public high schools; public school revenue receipts by source; and income and value of physical plants of institutions of higher education. By 1920, the statistical program included a detailed breakdown of public school expenditures by purpose and of higher education income by source of funds. The statistical program of the National Center for Education Statistics took a major step forward in 1923 when it was authorized to hire four new ‘‘Principal Statistical Assistants.’’ A major responsibility of these new employees was to make visits ‘‘to the field’’ every two years. During these field visits, they worked with the state departments of education and with the institutions of higher education that had not responded fully to the Center’s requests for statistical information. The field staff brought back a great deal of information that would not have been available otherwise, thus enabling the Center to report national totals that were virtually 100 percent complete. These field visits were made biennially for many years. The last extensive use of a field staff was made in 1962 when representatives of the National Center visited every state department of education in connection with the National Inventory of School Facilities and Personnel. By 1930, the education data collected included the number of public elementary and secondary schools, the approximate number of private elementary and secondary schools, the endowments of institutions of higher education, and a breakdown of the expenditures of colleges and universities by purpose. The collection of education statistics was curtailed during the early and middle 1940s, as the office assumed various responsibilities related to the war effort. Following the end of World War II, there was a further expansion in the statistical information collected by this office. College enrollment increased as many war veterans took advantage of the G.I. Bill of Rights to attend the Nation’s institutions of higher education. The office responded with an annual survey of fall enrollment in colleges and universities. 2 While there have been some modifications in the coverage and in the amount of detail requested over time, this survey continues in an unbroken series 47 years later. A survey of earned degrees conferred by major field of study was initiated in 1948, and it continues today to provide annual data on the supply of trained personnel coming out of colleges and universities with bachelor’s, master’s, doctor’s, and first-professional degrees. This survey was extended to include associate degrees and other awards below the baccalaureate in 1966. Data by sex have been collected 2 Earlier, surveys of enrollment in the ‘‘third week of fall term’’ had been conducted biennially. in the fall enrollment and earned degree surveys for many years. Beginning in 1976, both surveys were expanded to include the race/ethnicity of the students and degree recipients. Statistics on the number of foreign (nonresident alien) students and degree recipients have also been collected periodically since 1976. An annual survey of public school enrollment, teachers, and schoolhousing was begun in 1954. This survey has continued through the years, but the amount of information collected has increased substantially over time. Today, it is our primary source of state and national data on the enrollment, staff, graduates, and finances of public elementary and secondary schools. The professional and clerical staff of the National Center had grown gradually from 16 in 1948 to 26 in 1956. A major expansion of its staff and responsibilities occurred in fiscal year 1957 when the Center was authorized to increase its personnel to 76, including 32 statisticians and education specialists. The increase in staff enabled the Center to collect more statistical information and to process it more expeditiously. The period from the late 1950s through the early 1960s was a productive time for the Center. The quantity and quality of the statistical publications coming out of the Center in those years were quite high. In the mid-1960s, the National Center’s education statistics were put to a new use—that of supporting the education proposals that were making their way through the legislative process on Capitol Hill. It is no exaggeration to say that the Center’s statistics played an indispensable role in the passage of a number of acts of Congress which provided support to elementary, secondary, and higher education. For those staff members of the Center who were involved in preparing testimony and in supplying statistical analyses to Capitol Hill for legislative purposes, it was a very exciting time indeed. For many years, the National Center for Education Statistics has prepared a directory of public school districts in the United States. Recent editions of this directory provide the name, address, and telephone number, as well as statistics on the number of schools, enrollment, teachers, high school graduates, and grade span of each public school district. In 1967, the Center assumed the responsibility for the preparation of a directory of institutions of higher education. Today, this publication has evolved into a two-volume Directory of Postsecondary Institutions: Volume 1 provides data on 4-year and 2-year institutions (primarily colleges and universities); Volume 2 contains information about institutions that offer less than 2 years of postsecondary education (mainly vocational schools). Highlights from the Past 120 Years Traditionally the information collected by the National Center for Education Statistics emphasized inputs rather than outcomes. Recognizing the need to provide data on the quality of education as well, the Center in 1969 launched the National Assessment of Educational Progress. For the past two decades, the National Assessment surveys have measured the achievement of a nationwide sample of students aged 9, 13, and 17 in reading, writing, mathematics, and science. Surveys of civics, history, and geography achievement also have been conducted on a periodic basis. The Center also has participated in several international studies which provide comparative data on student achievement in mathematics, science, and reading. The longitudinal surveys of the National Center for Education Statistics date from 1972. In these surveys, a nationwide sample of students is tracked over a period of years. Their educational and occupational experiences are recorded, and some information is collected on their family lives and other experiences and on their goals in life. The first series began with a group of high school seniors in 1972, and the second longitudinal series began with both high school sophomores and seniors in 1980. A third longitudinal study of students who were in the eighth grade in the spring of 1988 will contribute to our knowledge of when and why students drop out of high school. Future longitudinal studies based on other student levels are planned. Among the new surveys added to the National Center’s statistical program in recent years are the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, the National Survey of Postsecondary Faculty, the Schools and Staffing Survey, and the National Household Education Survey. The Student Aid Study, first conducted in 1986–87, provides data on the proportion of postsecondary students who obtain financial assistance, the kinds and sources of assistance they receive, and the average amounts of aid awarded. The National Survey of Postsecondary Faculty, first conducted in 1987–88, collected information about the characteristics of academic departments and college faculty members. The Schools and Staffing Survey, first conducted in 1987–88, provides a wealth of information on elementary and secondary school teachers, including their personal characteristics, their teaching assignments, and their attitudes toward the teaching profession. The data on teacher turnover and teacher characteristics, which are derived from this study, make possible a variety of analyses, such as a projection of the number of teachers that will be needed in the years ahead. The National Household Education Survey, first conducted in 1991, is used to collect data that are difficult to obtain through surveys of institutions. For example, this system was used to collect information about the 3 day-care experiences and preparation of children for elementary school. In addition to completely new survey systems, other existing survey systems have been expanded during the 1980s. For example, the new Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) was designed to include all postsecondary education providers, rather than just colleges and universities. A review of the statistical program of the Department of Education would not be complete without mentioning a few of the major publications that cover the field of education from a broad perspective. From 1870 through 1917, the statistics collected by this office appeared in the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education. These impressive volumes, produced by a small but dedicated staff, provide the framework for much of the National Center’s statistical program today. From 1918 through 1958, the major surveys of this office were collected and published as chapters in the Biennial Survey of Education in the United States. The Biennial Survey usually contained chapters on state school systems, city school systems, and institutions of higher education, and a summary chapter covering all levels of education. From time to time, there were additional chapters covering a variety of subjects, including offerings and enrollments in high school subjects, statistics of public secondary schools, special education for exceptional children, statistics of private elementary and secondary schools, and library statistics. After the demise of the Biennial Survey, a need was felt for a publication that would bring together in one convenient volume a summary of the different kinds of data being collected by the National Center. To fulfill this objective, the first Digest of Education Statistics 3 was prepared and published in 1962. Thirty years later, a greatly expanded Digest continues to meet the needs of thousands of users of education statistics each year by providing numerous trend tables as well as the latest survey data. In 1964, the National Center initiated a series entitled Projections of Education Statistics. 4 This report, which is now prepared annually, provides projections for each of the next 10 years of many key data items collected by the National Center, including enrollment, instructional staff, high school and college graduates, and educational finances. In recent years, the report has been expanded to include some forecasts at the state level. Responding to a congressional mandate expressed in the Education Amendments of 1974, the National Center has prepared a report on the ‘‘condi3 Early editions of the Digest of Education Statistics were called Digest of Educational Statistics. 4 Early editions of the Projections of Education Statistics were called Projections of Educational Statistics. 4 Highlights from the Past 120 Years tion of education’’ each year since 1975. The Condition of Education provides timely data on the status and progress of education in this country. It uses an ‘‘indicators’’ approach to highlight specific issues with relevant information. Recent editions of this report have added a new dimension by comparing the educational attainment, achievement, and expenditures in the United States with those in other countries. From humble beginnings 120 years ago, the National Center for Education Statistics has emerged as one of the major statistical agencies of the federal government. Today, it is headed by a Commissioner of Education Statistics and has a staff of approximately 130 people. It issues approximately 175 publications a year. These documents include early releases, bulletins, statistical reports, directories, and handbooks of standard terminology. Electronic formats, including data tapes, diskettes, CD-ROMs, and bulletin boards, are also used to make data available to the public. The demand for the National Center’s products continues to grow. The number of requests for education statistics and related information directed to the information office now averages close to 1,000 a week. The requests come from a variety of sources, including Members of Congress and congressional committees, government agencies, state and local school officials, institutions of higher education, organizations representing the education community, the news media, business organizations, students, and the general public. As the 21st century approaches, the National Center will be looking for additional ways to serve its wide audience of users of education statistics. Bibliography Annual Reports of the Commissioner of Education, 1870 to 1917. Bureau of Education, Washington, D.C.: various years. Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1916–18 to 1956–58. Office of Education, Washington, D.C.: various years. Blauch, Lloyd E. To Promote the Cause of Education, A Review of Historic Background of Today’s Office of Education. Office of Education, Washington, D.C.: 1953. Grant, W. Vance. Specialist in Education Statistics, personal reminiscences. Kappel, Joseph W. (1957) and Henry G. Badger (1962), unpublished staff papers. Lykes, Richard Wayne. Higher Education and the United States Office of Education (1867–1953). Office of Education, Washington, D.C.: 1975. Smith, Darrell Hevenor. The Bureau of Education, Its History, Activities, and Organization. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore: 1923. Sniegoski, Stephen J. The Department of Education. Chelsea House Publishers, New York: 1988. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.: 1960. Chapter 1 Education Characteristics of the Population ‘‘. . . [I]t is believed that the most effectual means of preventing [tyranny] would be, to illuminate, as far as practicable, the minds of the people at large, and more especially to give them knowledge of those facts, which history exhibiteth, that . . . they may be enabled to know . . .’’ Thomas Jefferson’s ‘‘Bill for the more general diffusion of knowledge’’ (1779). ‘‘By the year 2000: . . . Every adult American will be literate and will possess the knowledge and skills necessary to compete in a global economy and exercise the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. . . .’’ Goal #5, The National Education Goals (1990). We are unable to know the level of enthusiasm that the founding fathers actually had for public education. But it is clear that many Americans have shared Mr. Jefferson’s vision of the need to have an educated population in order to ‘‘exercise the rights and responsibilities of citizenship.’’ Thus, even as early as the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the federal government set aside resources for education. The creation of the federal Department of Education in 1867, while not a cabinet level position, did reinforce the importance of education. The Act of 1867 directed the Department of Education to collect and report the ‘‘condition and progress of education’’ in annual reports to Congress. In the first report of 1870, the Commissioner proudly reported that nearly 7 million children were enrolled in elementary schools and 80,000 were enrolled in secondary schools. Also, some 9,000 college degrees had been awarded. This contrasts with 1990, when 30 million were enrolled in public elementary schools and 11 million were enrolled in secondary schools. Over 1.5 million bachelor’s and higher degrees were awarded. What path has American education taken from such modest beginnings to such an impressive present? These and other questions prompted the Office of Educational Research and Improvement to review historical data and report on historical education statistics. This publication presents information from the first Office of Education report for 1869–70 to current studies. It charts the development of the U.S. education enterprise from its past to the present, pointing toward its future. One of the important determinants of the scope of an education system is the size of the population base. Changes in the birth rate and consequential shifts in population profoundly influence society for decades as larger or smaller groups (birth cohorts) move through school, adulthood, work force, and finally into retirement. Larger birth cohorts can cause pressure for building schools, hiring more teachers, and expanding medical services; reduced cohorts can have the opposite effect. During the historical period covered by this publication, there have been several of these population expansions and contractions that have impacted on public school systems. The early years of the United States were marked by very rapid population growth. Between 1790 and 1860, the U.S. population grew by about a third each decade. This rate of growth is more than three times the population growth that has occurred in the past decade. These rises occurred despite the decline in the birth rate during the 19th century. Increases in immigration and in the number of women of childbearing age apparently compensated for the birthrate decline (table 1). In the last decade of the 19th century, the population growth rate fell to 22 percent and the drops continued into the first two decades of the 20th century. The 1920s marked a period of shifts in the population outlook. The birth rate continued to fall, dropping from 118 per 1,000 women 15 to 44 years old in 1920 to 89 in 1930. Also, the actual number of births fell by 11 percent during the 1920s, marking a divergence from the relative stability of the teens. The decline in the birth rate stabilized during the 1930s, and then rose dramatically following World War II, reaching a peak of 123 births per 1,000 women in 1957. This post-war birth rate was nearly as high as those registered in the early teens. After this peak of the ‘‘baby boom,’’ the birth rate resumed its historical decline. The low points in birth rates so far this century were in 1984 and in 1986, when there were 65 births per 1,000 women. The United States is now experiencing a surge in the number of births caused by the large number of ‘‘baby boomers’’ at child-bearing age. The 4.1 million births 5 6 Education Characteristics of the Population in 1991 is nearly as high as the peak of 4.3 million in 1957. The number of births and the population size are important determinants of the scope of the school system. But the relative size of the school-age population is also an important consideration when examining the impact of the cost of education on the adult population. In 1870, about 35 percent of the population was 5 to 17 years old. This proportion fell rapidly to 28 percent at the turn of the century, but further changes in the beginning of the century were very small. In the 1930s, the percentage of 5– to 17years-olds in the population began to decline, reaching a low point of 20 percent in 1947. During the late 1960s, the proportion of 5– to 17-year-olds rose to 26 percent. However, this proportion has fallen in recent years, hitting 18 percent in 1991. Thus, the proportion of the population requiring elementary and secondary school services is at or near a record low level. Given the recent rises in births, significant decreases in this proportion are not anticipated for the near future. century. Although enrollment rates fluctuated, roughly half of all 5- to 19-year-olds were enrolled in school (table 2). Rates for males and females were roughly similar throughout the period, but rates for blacks were much lower than for whites. Prior to the emancipation of Southern blacks, school enrollment for blacks largely was limited to only a small number in Northern states. Following the Civil War, the enrollment rate for blacks rose rapidly from 10 percent in 1870 to 34 percent in 1880. However, in the ensuing 20 years there was essentially no change in the enrollment rate for blacks and the rate for whites actually fell. The beginning of the 20th century brought sustained increases in enrollment rates for both white and minority children. The overall enrollment rates for 5- to 19-year-olds rose from 51 percent in 1900 to 75 percent in 1940. The difference in the white and black enrollment rates narrowed from 23 points in 1900 to 7 points in 1940. Enrollment rates continued to rise in the post-war period for all race groups. By the early 1970s, enrollment rates for both whites and blacks had risen to about 90 percent, and these rates since have remained relatively stable. In the most recent 1991 data, the enrollment rate for 5- to 19-year-olds was 93 percent for blacks, whites, males, and females. Enrollment Rates The proportion of young people enrolled in school remained relatively low in the last half of the 19th Figure 1.-- Percent of 5- to 19-year-olds enrolled in school, by race: 1850 to 1991 Percent enrolled 100 90 80 White 70 60 50 Black and other races 40 30 20 10 0 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1991 Year SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and Current Population Reports, Series P-20, School Enrollment - Social and Economic Characteristics of Students, various issues. Education Characteristics of the Population 7 Figure 2.--Percent of 20- to 24-year-olds and 25- to 34-year-olds enrolled in school, by sex: 1940 to 1991 Percent enrolled 34 Males, 20 to 24 32 30 Females, 20 to 24 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 Males, 25 to 34 10 8 6 4 Females, 25 to 34 2 0 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1991 Year SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and Current Population Reports, Series P-20, School Enrollment - Social and Economic Characteristics of Students, various issues. While the enrollment rates for children of elementary school age have not shown major changes during the past 20 years, there have been some increases for younger students as well as for those persons attending high school and college (table 3). The enrollment rate for 7- to 13-year-olds has been 99 percent or better since the late 1940s, but the rate for the 14- to 17-year-olds has exhibited significant increases since that period. During the 1950s, the enrollment rate of 14- to 17-year-olds rose from 83 percent to 90 percent. Further increases during the 1960s and 1980s brought the enrollment rate to a high of 96 percent by the late 1980s. The rates for 5- and 6-year-olds also rose, from 58 percent in 1950 to 95 percent in 1991. Rates for those of college-age doubled or tripled throughout the 1950 to 1991 period, with much of the increase occurring during the 1980s. In 1950, only 30 percent of 18and 19-year-olds were enrolled in school, compared to 60 percent in 1991. The rate for 20- to 24-yearolds rose from 9 percent in 1950 to 30 percent in 1990. Educational Attainment The increasing rates of school attendance have been reflected in rising proportions of adults complet- ing high school and college. Progressively fewer adults have limited their education to completion of the eighth grade which was typical in the early part of the century. In 1940, more than half of the U.S. population had completed no more than an eighthgrade education. Only 6 percent of males and 4 percent of females had completed 4 years of college (table 4). The median years of school attained by the adult population, 25 years old and over, had registered only a scant rise from 8.1 to 8.6 years over a 30-year period from 1910 to 1940 (table 5). During the 1940s and 1950s, the more highly educated younger cohorts began to make their mark on the average for the entire adult population. More than half of the young adults of the 1940s and 1950s completed high school, and the median educational attainment of 25- to 29-year-olds rose to 12.3 years. By 1960, 42 percent of males, 25 years old and over, still had completed no more than the eighth grade, but 40 percent had completed high school and 10 percent had completed 4 years of college. The corresponding proportion for women completing high school was about the same, but the proportion completing college was somewhat lower (table 4). 8 Education Characteristics of the Population Figure 3.--Percent of persons 25 years old and over completing 4 years of high school, by sex and race: 1940 to 1991 Percent 100 90 80 70 60 Black and other races, females 50 White, females 40 White, males 30 20 Black and other races, males 10 0 1940 1960 1980 1950 1970 1991 Year SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and Current Population Reports, Series P-20, Educational Attainment in the United States, various issues. Figure 4.--Percent of persons 25 years old and over completing 4 years of college, by sex and race: 1940 to 1991 Percent 40 35 30 White, males 25 White, females 20 Black and other races, males 15 Black and other races, females 10 5 0 1940 1950 1960 Year 1970 1980 1991 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and Current Population Reports, Series P-20, Educational Attainment in the United States, various years. Education Characteristics of the Population During the 1960s, there was a rise in the educational attainment of young adults, particularly for blacks. Between 1960 and 1970, the median years of school completed by black males, 25 to 29 years old, rose from 10.5 to 12.2. From the middle 1970s to 1991, the educational attainment for all young adults remained very stable, with virtually no change among whites, blacks, males or females. The average educational attainment for the entire population continued to rise as the more highly educated younger cohorts replaced older Americans who had fewer educational opportunities. In 1991, about 70 percent of black males 1 and 69 percent of black females 1 had completed high school. This is lower than the corresponding figures for white males and females (80 percent). However, the differences in these percentages have narrowed appreciably in recent years. Other data corroborate the rapid increase in the education level of the minority population. The proportion of black males 1 with 4 or more years of college rose from 12 percent in 1980 to 18 percent in 1991, with a similar rise for black females. 1 Illiteracy Illiteracy statistics also give an important indication of the education level of the adult population. Today, illiteracy is a different issue than in earlier years. The more recent focus on illiteracy has centered on functional literacy, which addresses the issue of whether a person’s reading and writing levels are sufficient to function in a modern society. The earlier surveys of illiteracy examined a very fundamental level of reading and writing. (See Methodology for additional detail.) The percent of illiteracy, according to earlier measurement methods, was less than 1 percent of persons 14 years old and over in 1979 (table 6). Modern measurements have suggested somewhat higher levels of functional illiteracy. For the major part of this century, the illiteracy rates have been relatively low, registering only about 4 percent as early as 1930. However, in the late 19th century and early 20th century, illiteracy was very common. In 1870, 20 percent of the entire adult population was illiterate, and 80 percent of the black population was illiterate. By 1900, the situation had improved somewhat, but still 44 percent of blacks remained illiterate. The statistical data show significant improvements for black and other races in the early portion of the 20th century, as the former slaves who had no educational opportunities in their youth were replaced by younger individuals who grew up in the 1 Includes other races. 9 post-Civil War period and often had some chance to obtain a basic education. The gap in illiteracy between white and black adults continued to narrow through the 20th century, and in 1979 the rates were about the same. Income Education is generally considered important to individuals to help them obtain good jobs with relatively high pay. More highly educated individuals are paid more, on average, than less well educated persons. The historical changes that have occurred in the relative incomes for different levels of education are less well known. Most of the increases in incomes for males over the past three decades may be attributed solely to inflation. After adjusting for inflation, incomes for males at all education levels rose rapidly during the 1950s and 1960s (table 7). Incomes for males with lower levels of education maintained pace with those with higher levels of education. Between 1961 and 1971, the incomes for males who had only 1 to 3 years of high school rose by 14 percent after adjustment for inflation, while incomes for those who completed high school rose by 16 percent. For males who had 4 years of college, the increase was only 8 percent. After peaking in the early 1970s, incomes for males of all education levels suffered during the rest of the decade, especially during 1974 and 1975. Between 1971 and 1981, incomes for males who had not finished high school fell by 24 percent, while incomes for those who had completed high school fell by 16 percent. Incomes for males who had completed 4 years of college fell by 20 percent during the same period. The 1980s showed some recovery in income for more educated groups; however, those with lower levels of education continued to suffer. For males with 1 to 3 years of high school, the average income fell by 13 percent between 1981 and 1991, after adjustment for inflation. The incomes for those who had completed only high school fell by 6 percent. In contrast, the average income for males with 4 years of college rose by 11 percent and the income of those with 5 or more years of college rose by 20 percent. Thus, in the 1980s there was a widening of the income gap between those with less education compared to those with more education. From an historical perspective over these three decades of changes, the income gap between males with 4 years of college and those with 4 years of high school has widened only slightly. 10 Education Characteristics of the Population Figure 5.--Annual average income of high school and college graduates, 25 years old and over, in constant 1991 dollars, by sex: 1959 to 1991 Income $60,000 50,000 Males, 4 years of college 40,000 30,000 Male high school graduates 20,000 Females, 4 years of college 10,000 Female high school graduates 0 1959 1979 1969 1989 1991 Year SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and Current Population Reports, Money Income of Families and Persons in the United States; unpublished data. The patterns in salary increases for females have been somewhat similar to those for males. However, the incomes for females continued to rise during the 1970s. For example, between 1971 and 1981, the average income for females with a high school diploma rose by 19 percent compared to the 16 percent decline for males. The incomes for women with 4 or more years of college increased by 6 percent during the period. During the 1980s, the growth in incomes for females continued to outpace those for males. The incomes for women with less than 4 years of high school increased by 17 percent and the incomes for women completing 4 years of high school rose by 27 percent. Incomes for women with 4 years of college rose by 45 percent. Despite very large increases for females, salaries for males continue to be significantly higher than those for females with equivalent levels of education. For example, the salary for males with 4 years of college is 86 percent higher than that for women with equivalent education, and the salary for males with 4 years of high school is nearly double that of women with a similar level of education. More detailed statistics for specific age groups, and controlled for fulltime year-round workers, generally show smaller income gaps, but substantial differences remain.2 The historical data show large increases in enrollment ratios and rates over the past 140 years, with some significant rises even in more recent years. The higher levels of education attained by young adults in the most recent decades suggest that the overall education level of the population will continue to rise slowly into at least the early 21st century. 2 For example, see Youth Indicators, 1991. The 1989 income for male full-time year-round workers, 15 to 24 years of age was 13 percent higher than for females. Additional material appears in Digest of Education Statistics, 1992 and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families and Persons in the United States. Table 1.—Population, by age and race, live births, and birth rate: 1790 to 1991 [Population and births in thousands] Population, by race 1 Population, by age Year 1 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 Total Under 5 5 to 13 14 to 17 18 and 19 20 to 24 25 to 29 30 to 34 35 to 39 40 to 49 50 to 59 60 and over Total White Black Other races 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 3,929 5,308 7,240 9,638 12,866 — — — — — 1840 ..................................... 1850 4 ................................... 1860 4 ................................... 1870 4 ................................... 1880 ..................................... 17,069 23,192 31,443 38,558 50,156 — 3,498 4,842 5,515 6,915 1890 12 ................................. 1900 ..................................... 1901 ..................................... 1902 ..................................... 1903 ..................................... 62,622 76,094 77,584 79,163 80,632 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ( 7) ( 7) ( 7) (7) — — 5 6,132 6 2,530 5 7,892 6 3,361 — — — — — — — — — — — 3,748 5,088 — ( 9) ( 9) 3,075 4,081 8 4,277 8 5,726 Birth rate 2 18 19 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3,929 5,308 7,240 9,638 12,866 3,172 4,306 5,862 7,867 10,537 757 1,002 1,378 1,772 2,329 — — — — — — — — — — — 2,563 3,369 — (11) 11 ( ) 2,315 3,000 — 1,847 2,614 3,519 4,558 — 1,110 1,586 2,245 3,111 — 959 1,348 1,933 2,828 17,069 23,192 31,443 38,558 50,156 14,196 19,553 26,923 33,589 43,403 2,874 3,639 4,442 4,880 6,581 — — 79 89 172 — — — — — 10 2,826 10 4,021 — 3 278.0 3 274.0 3 260.0 3 240.0 3 222.0 3194.0 3 184.0 5 9,601 6 4,041 5 12,195 6 5,011 3 167.0 7,635 9,181 9,336 9,502 9,645 5 14,608 6 6,558 6,132 6,228 6,333 6,433 (7) 3,000 3,056 3,119 3,180 6,197 7,383 7,544 7,713 7,876 5,228 6,572 6,729 6,890 7,048 4,579 5,589 5,713 5,847 5,971 3,866 4,996 5,126 5,261 5,394 5,917 7,752 7,939 8,138 8,324 3,999 5,186 5,324 5,472 5,610 3,875 4,901 5,017 5,138 5,258 62,622 75,995 — — — 54,984 66,809 — — — 7,470 8,834 — — — 168 351 — — — — — — — — 3 137.0 15,402 15,572 15,750 15,893 82,166 83,822 85,450 87,008 88,710 9,791 9,944 10,092 10,220 10,364 16,044 16,210 16,365 16,513 16,687 6,539 6,654 6,769 6,878 6,999 3,245 3,313 3,383 3,448 3,516 8,047 8,237 8,414 8,584 8,764 7,210 7,382 7,553 7,715 7,888 6,105 6,249 6,399 6,542 6,697 5,530 5,677 5,823 5,967 6,121 8,518 8,724 8,925 9,124 9,343 5,757 5,914 6,069 6,224 6,388 5,380 5,518 5,658 5,793 5,943 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 90,490 92,407 93,863 95,335 97,225 10,509 10,671 10,796 10,915 11,082 16,888 17,138 17,379 17,645 18,016 7,123 7,252 7,319 7,388 7,477 3,587 3,655 3,679 3,698 3,727 8,943 9,117 9,192 9,249 9,333 8,063 8,243 8,371 8,491 8,634 6,860 7,031 7,159 7,281 7,436 6,281 6,453 6,598 6,742 6,920 9,571 9,822 10,038 10,272 10,555 6,564 6,751 6,904 7,063 7,262 6,101 6,274 6,428 6,591 6,783 — 91,972 — — — — 81,732 — — — — 9,828 — — — — 413 — — — 2,718 2,777 2,809 2,840 2,869 126.8 126.8 126.3 125.8 124.7 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 99,111 100,546 101,961 103,268 103,208 11,244 11,347 11,442 11,527 11,606 18,397 18,717 19,043 19,380 19,716 7,563 7,619 7,665 7,715 7,794 3,748 3,752 3,749 3,740 3,651 9,404 9,416 9,423 9,370 8,642 8,779 8,873 8,959 8,997 8,573 7,591 7,707 7,817 7,916 7,872 7,097 7,241 7,383 7,526 7,648 10,851 11,098 11,355 11,609 11,859 7,452 7,615 7,784 7,957 8,123 6,985 7,161 7,341 7,531 7,724 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,966 2,965 2,964 2,944 2,948 126.6 125.0 123.4 121.0 119.8 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 104,514 106,461 108,538 110,049 111,947 11,536 11,631 11,879 12,031 12,119 19,834 20,122 20,426 20,656 20,913 7,737 7,869 8,079 8,260 8,454 3,672 3,749 3,827 3,901 3,996 9,071 9,239 9,323 9,373 9,524 8,918 9,321 9,505 9,502 9,458 7,994 8,095 8,242 8,422 8,773 7,715 7,843 7,942 7,914 7,929 11,997 12,232 12,492 12,738 13,078 8,208 8,408 8,662 8,927 9,172 7,832 7,952 8,161 8,325 8,531 — 105,711 — — — — 94,821 — — — — 10,463 — — — — 427 — — — 2,740 2,950 3,055 2,882 2,910 111.2 117.9 119.8 111.2 110.5 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 114,109 115,829 117,397 119,035 120,509 12,269 12,316 12,189 12,111 11,978 21,136 21,364 21,633 21,853 21,995 8,669 8,825 8,956 9,093 9,213 4,116 4,209 4,290 4,378 4,451 9,751 9,907 10,064 10,258 10,472 9,415 9,350 9,387 9,473 9,584 9,142 9,370 9,480 9,475 9,369 7,992 8,076 8,195 8,424 8,732 13,456 13,804 14,118 14,397 14,643 9,388 9,579 9,793 9,997 10,195 8,775 9,029 9,292 9,576 9,877 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,979 2,909 2,839 2,802 2,674 110.9 106.6 102.6 99.8 93.8 3 155.0 3 130.0 — — — Education Characteristics of the Population ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... Live births 11 12 Table 1.—Population, by age and race, live births, and birth rate: 1790 to 1991—Continued Population, by race 1 Population, by age Year 1 Total Under 5 5 to 13 14 to 17 18 and 19 20 to 24 25 to 29 30 to 34 35 to 39 40 to 49 50 to 59 60 and over Total White Black Other races 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Live births Birth rate 2 18 19 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 121,767 123,077 124,040 124,840 125,579 11,734 11,372 11,179 10,903 10,612 22,131 22,266 22,263 22,238 22,129 9,283 9,370 9,389 9,404 9,445 4,513 4,567 4,592 4,611 4,625 10,694 10,915 11,003 11,077 11,152 9,729 9,894 10,051 10,195 10,326 9,212 9,145 9,191 9,289 9,424 9,032 9,218 9,170 9,069 8,974 14,865 15,128 15,402 15,689 15,969 10,410 10,718 11,006 11,267 11,504 10,164 10,484 10,793 11,099 11,418 — 122,775 — — — — 110,287 — — — — 11,891 — — — — 597 — — — 2,582 2,618 2,506 2,440 2,307 89.3 89.2 84.6 81.7 76.3 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 126,374 127,250 128,053 128,825 129,825 10,331 10,170 10,044 10,009 10,176 21,964 21,730 21,434 21,082 20,668 9,526 9,652 9,784 9,858 9,908 4,637 4,643 4,659 4,701 4,772 11,238 11,317 11,375 11,411 11,453 10,448 10,558 10,660 10,768 10,892 9,574 9,717 9,845 9,955 10,061 8,941 8,973 9,051 9,164 9,306 16,228 16,437 16,596 16,714 16,828 11,729 11,941 12,148 12,366 12,622 11,759 12,112 12,459 12,797 13,140 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,396 2,377 2,355 2,413 2,496 78.5 77.2 75.8 77.1 79.1 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 130,880 132,122 133,412 134,865 136,755 10,418 10,580 10,851 11,300 12,020 20,253 19,942 19,697 19,460 19,378 9,898 9,846 9,753 9,618 9,477 4,850 4,916 4,909 4,883 4,850 11,519 11,689 11,810 11,953 12,065 11,013 11,157 11,280 11,374 11,511 10,163 10,290 10,413 10,536 10,684 9,446 9,597 9,741 9,869 10,012 16,944 17,097 17,326 17,562 17,806 12,903 13,182 13,425 13,668 13,902 13,472 13,826 14,207 14,642 15,050 — 131,669 — — — — 118,215 — — — — 12,866 — — — — 589 — — — 2,466 2,559 2,703 2,989 3,104 77.6 79.9 83.4 91.5 94.3 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 138,398 139,924 141,392 144,122 146,634 12,525 12,979 13,246 14,405 14,919 19,302 19,378 19,664 20,094 20,949 9,361 9,133 8,915 8,868 8,705 4,846 4,754 4,645 4,604 4,510 12,061 12,036 12,003 11,812 11,795 11,670 11,796 11,893 12,038 12,156 10,838 10,938 11,060 11,193 11,336 10,157 10,312 10,459 10,657 10,873 18,049 18,282 18,509 18,714 18,920 14,134 14,376 14,600 14,846 15,089 15,455 15,940 16,398 16,891 17,382 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,939 2,858 3,411 3,817 3,637 88.8 85.9 101.9 113.3 107.3 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 149,199 151,689 154,283 156,947 159,559 15,609 16,328 17,248 17,211 17,528 21,631 22,266 22,786 24,279 25,452 8,592 8,445 8,521 8,723 8,864 4,420 4,392 4,247 4,154 4,216 11,700 11,614 11,462 11,266 11,005 12,254 12,314 12,284 12,184 12,023 11,475 11,614 11,788 12,006 12,212 11,099 11,301 11,397 11,434 11,456 19,141 19,385 19,773 20,173 20,566 15,361 15,597 15,806 15,993 16,183 17,917 18,435 18,975 19,522 20,057 — 150,697 — — — — 134,942 — — — — 15,042 — — — — 713 — — — 3,649 3,632 3,823 3,913 3,965 107.1 106.2 111.5 113.9 115.2 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 162,388 165,276 168,225 171,278 174,154 17,941 18,448 18,869 19,362 19,745 26,645 27,716 28,776 29,539 30,559 8,993 9,221 9,526 10,148 10,606 4,315 4,333 4,430 4,564 4,597 10,762 10,633 10,558 10,554 10,698 11,870 11,728 11,603 11,434 11,209 12,368 12,434 12,427 12,344 12,205 11,524 11,648 11,829 12,056 12,274 20,944 21,281 21,582 21,838 22,055 16,396 16,629 16,886 17,155 17,430 20,627 21,202 21,739 22,287 22,775 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4,078 4,104 4,218 4,308 4,255 118.1 118.5 121.2 122.9 120.2 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 177,080 179,979 182,992 185,771 188,483 20,031 20,341 20,522 20,469 20,342 31,683 32,965 33,217 33,897 34,578 10,951 11,211 12,046 12,751 13,492 4,695 4,886 5,411 5,617 5,461 10,921 10,868 11,222 11,653 12,397 11,001 10,823 10,756 10,740 10,848 12,064 11,905 11,738 11,547 11,348 12,433 12,481 12,481 12,413 12,294 22,273 22,539 22,792 23,053 23,322 17,737 18,130 18,518 18,915 19,295 23,291 23,828 24,290 24,717 25,108 — 179,979 182,992 185,771 188,483 — 159,381 161,891 164,185 166,413 — 18,960 19,385 19,792 20,194 — 1,638 1,716 1,795 1,876 4,245 4,258 4,268 4,167 4,098 118.8 118.0 117.1 112.0 108.3 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 191,141 193,526 195,576 197,457 199,399 20,165 19,824 19,208 18,563 17,913 35,244 35,754 36,283 36,629 36,804 14,265 14,145 14,398 14,729 15,170 5,429 6,450 7,183 6,928 6,988 12,941 13,404 13,615 14,566 15,054 11,051 11,226 11,521 11,943 12,624 11,144 11,040 10,962 10,953 11,076 12,133 11,952 11,763 11,569 11,356 23,562 23,751 23,909 24,061 24,144 19,648 19,957 20,226 20,458 20,667 25,560 26,023 26,510 27,058 27,602 191,141 193,526 195,576 197,457 199,399 168,577 170,499 172,111 173,562 175,096 20,610 20,999 21,346 21,671 21,983 1,954 2,028 2,119 2,224 2,318 4,027 3,760 3,606 3,521 3,502 104.7 96.3 90.8 87.2 85.2 Education Characteristics of the Population [Population and births in thousands] Table 1.—Population, by age and race, live births, and birth rate: 1790 to 1991—Continued [Population and births in thousands] Population, by race 1 Population, by age Year 1 Total Under 5 2 3 5 to 13 14 to 17 18 and 19 20 to 24 25 to 29 4 5 6 7 8 Live births Birth rate 2 17 18 19 30 to 34 35 to 39 40 to 49 50 to 59 60 and over Total White Black Other races 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 201,385 203,984 206,827 209,284 211,357 17,376 17,166 17,244 17,101 16,851 36,836 36,672 36,236 35,679 35,046 15,550 15,921 16,326 16,637 16,864 7,119 7,410 7,644 7,854 8,044 15,767 16,579 17,703 17,865 18,273 13,119 13,604 13,927 15,142 15,694 11,287 11,505 11,842 12,321 13,094 11,155 11,079 11,052 11,105 11,222 24,141 24,099 23,957 23,700 23,472 20,888 21,167 21,461 21,803 22,074 28,147 28,783 29,433 30,077 30,724 201,385 203,984 206,827 209,284 211,357 176,641 178,703 180,938 182,799 184,316 22,301 22,687 23,143 23,572 23,954 2,443 2,593 2,746 2,913 3,088 3,600 3,731 3,556 3,258 3,137 86.1 87.9 81.6 73.1 68.8 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 213,342 215,465 217,563 219,760 222,095 16,487 16,121 15,617 15,564 15,735 34,465 33,919 33,516 32,855 32,094 17,033 17,125 17,117 17,042 16,944 8,196 8,418 8,604 8,613 8,617 18,758 19,317 19,794 20,311 20,748 16,428 17,183 18,177 18,180 18,585 13,644 14,131 14,428 15,661 16,218 11,400 11,585 11,883 12,310 13,052 23,197 22,953 22,793 22,685 22,673 22,344 22,617 22,853 23,059 23,239 31,388 32,095 32,780 33,480 34,189 213,342 215,465 217,563 219,760 222,095 185,745 187,216 188,693 190,271 191,960 24,326 24,696 25,079 25,472 25,886 3,271 3,553 3,791 4,017 4,249 3,160 3,144 3,168 3,327 3,333 67.8 66.0 65.0 66.8 65.5 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 224,567 227,255 229,637 231,996 234,284 16,063 16,458 16,931 17,298 17,651 31,431 31,095 30,754 30,614 30,410 16,610 16,140 15,598 15,041 14,720 8,698 8,713 8,553 8,425 8,204 21,096 21,380 21,614 21,587 21,489 19,077 19,697 20,200 20,753 21,202 16,961 17,754 18,786 18,808 19,211 13,592 14,080 14,381 15,599 16,165 22,734 22,774 23,011 23,478 24,361 23,306 23,314 23,195 22,965 22,741 35,000 35,849 36,611 37,429 38,131 224,567 227,255 229,637 231,996 234,284 193,736 195,208 196,774 198,321 199,849 26,310 26,784 27,207 27,636 28,056 4,521 5,263 5,656 6,039 6,379 3,494 3,612 3,629 3,681 3,639 67.2 68.4 67.4 67.3 65.8 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 236,477 238,736 241,107 243,419 245,807 17,830 18,004 18,154 18,276 18,456 30,238 30,110 30,351 30,824 31,406 14,704 14,865 14,797 14,467 13,982 7,818 7,500 7,322 7,315 7,480 21,328 21,000 20,411 19,791 19,184 21,535 21,758 22,005 21,979 21,877 19,696 20,269 20,773 21,333 21,798 16,932 17,708 18,722 18,737 19,140 25,077 25,701 26,274 27,919 29,150 22,476 22,286 22,162 22,051 22,033 38,843 39,535 40,136 40,727 41,301 236,477 238,736 241,107 243,419 245,807 201,290 202,769 204,326 205,827 207,377 28,457 28,870 29,303 29,748 30,202 6,730 7,097 7,478 7,845 8,228 3,669 3,761 3,757 3,809 3,910 65.4 66.2 65.4 65.7 67.3 1989 ..................................... 1990 ..................................... 1991 ..................................... 248,239 249,415 252,177 18,752 18,874 19,222 31,834 32,000 32,500 13,496 13,312 13,423 7,644 7,697 7,191 18,702 19,131 19,194 21,699 21,229 20,718 22,135 21,907 22,159 19,621 19,976 20,518 30,403 31,608 32,848 22,101 21,840 22,068 41,851 41,842 42,336 248,239 — — 208,961 — — 30,660 — — 8,618 — — 4,021 4,179 4,111 68.8 — — NOTE.—Population data for 1790 through 1959 include U.S. population overseas; data for later years are for U.S. resident population only. Population data for 1790 through 1890 are from decennial censuses. Age data for later years are estimates of population for July 1, but race data are from decennial censuses through 1950. Population data for 1990 and 1991 are consistent with the 1990 Census, as enumerated. Data for early years are for continental population. Excludes Indians living in Indian Territory or reservations until 1890. Beginning in 1960, data include Alaska and Hawaii. Beginning in 1959, birth data include Alaska. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-25, United States Population Estimates, various years, and unpublished data; Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, Monthly Vital Statistics Report, various years. (This table was prepared October 1992.) Education Characteristics of the Population 1 Data for 1790 through 1950 are from the decennial Census. These figures differ from the age data tabulated from 1900 to 1950 because of data calculation and timing differences. 2 Number of live births per 1,000 women, 15 to 44 years old. 3 Data are for white women only. 4 Total includes persons not identified by age. 5 Data for persons 5 to 14 years old. 6 Data for persons 15 to 19 years old. 7 Data included column in 5. 8 Includes persons 25 to 29 years old. 9 Data included in column 7. 10 Includes persons 35 to 39 years old. 11 Data included in column 9. 12 Excludes population (325,464) in the Indian Territory and on Indian reservations. —Data not available. 13 14 Education Characteristics of the Population Table 2.—School enrollment of 5– to 19–year-olds per 100 persons, by sex and race: 1850 to 1991 Both sexes Year 1 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 Male Total White Black and other races 1 2 3 4 Total 5 Female White Black and other races 1 Total White Black and other races 1 6 7 8 9 10 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 47.2 50.6 48.4 57.8 54.3 56.2 59.6 54.4 62.0 57.9 1.8 1.9 9.9 33.8 32.9 49.6 52.6 49.8 59.2 54.7 59.0 62.0 56.0 63.5 58.5 2.0 1.9 9.6 34.1 31.8 44.8 48.5 46.9 56.5 53.8 53.3 57.2 52.7 60.5 57.2 1.8 1.8 10.0 33.5 33.9 1900 2 ........................ 1910 2 ........................ 1920 2 ........................ 1930 2,3 ...................... 1940 .......................... 1950 .......................... 50.5 59.2 64.3 69.9 74.8 78.7 53.6 61.3 65.7 71.2 75.6 79.3 31.1 44.8 53.5 60.3 68.4 74.8 50.1 59.1 64.1 70.2 74.9 79.1 53.4 61.4 65.6 71.4 75.9 79.7 29.4 43.1 52.5 59.7 67.5 74.7 50.9 59.4 64.5 69.7 74.7 78.4 53.9 61.3 65.8 70.9 75.4 78.9 32.8 46.6 54.5 60.8 69.2 74.9 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 86.2 86.5 87.2 87.8 88.4 88.5 87.0 87.0 87.8 88.2 88.9 88.8 80.8 82.9 83.6 85.3 85.1 85.9 87.5 88.4 88.6 89.4 90.1 89.7 88.4 88.9 89.4 90.0 90.5 90.2 80.9 84.6 83.6 85.6 87.2 86.8 84.8 84.5 85.8 86.2 86.7 87.1 85.4 85.0 86.1 86.4 87.2 87.5 80.7 81.2 83.5 85.0 82.9 85.0 1960 4 ........................ 1961 .......................... 1962 .......................... 1963 .......................... 1964 .......................... 88.6 88.5 89.1 89.6 89.6 89.0 88.9 89.6 89.8 89.8 86.1 86.3 86.3 88.0 88.4 90.0 90.2 90.8 91.1 91.1 90.6 90.5 91.3 91.5 91.4 86.6 87.7 87.6 88.7 89.2 87.1 86.9 87.4 88.0 88.1 87.3 87.2 87.8 88.1 88.2 85.7 84.9 85.0 87.3 87.6 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 89.6 89.7 90.5 90.8 90.9 89.8 89.9 90.8 91.0 91.1 88.5 88.5 88.6 89.4 89.5 91.0 91.2 91.9 92.2 92.1 91.2 91.5 92.2 92.5 92.5 89.8 89.9 89.8 90.5 90.0 88.3 88.2 89.0 89.3 89.5 88.5 88.4 89.3 89.5 89.7 87.2 87.2 87.4 88.4 88.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 90.6 90.9 90.0 89.3 89.4 90.8 90.9 90.0 89.4 89.2 89.4 90.8 90.1 88.9 90.1 91.6 91.9 91.0 90.3 90.1 91.9 92.0 91.0 90.4 89.9 89.6 91.3 90.9 90.1 90.9 89.6 89.9 89.0 88.2 88.6 89.7 89.8 89.0 88.3 88.5 89.1 90.3 89.3 87.7 89.3 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 89.9 89.6 89.6 89.2 89.0 89.8 89.4 89.3 89.0 88.8 90.4 90.8 91.1 90.6 90.2 90.7 90.4 90.3 89.8 89.7 90.6 90.1 89.9 89.5 89.4 91.1 91.9 91.9 91.6 91.5 89.1 88.9 89.0 88.6 88.3 89.0 88.7 88.8 88.4 88.1 89.6 89.6 90.2 89.7 88.8 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 89.1 89.6 89.6 90.3 90.3 88.9 89.4 89.5 90.3 90.3 90.4 90.5 90.0 90.3 90.2 89.5 90.0 90.0 90.4 90.7 89.3 89.8 89.9 90.3 90.6 90.4 91.4 90.6 90.8 90.9 88.8 89.2 89.1 90.2 89.9 88.4 89.1 89.1 90.2 90.0 90.4 89.7 89.4 89.8 89.5 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 91.0 91.4 91.7 91.8 91.8 91.1 91.3 91.5 91.7 91.7 90.7 91.6 92.3 92.2 92.1 91.2 92.0 92.4 92.1 92.1 91.2 91.8 92.2 91.6 92.1 91.4 92.6 93.2 94.5 92.2 90.7 90.8 90.9 91.5 91.5 90.9 90.8 90.8 91.4 91.3 89.9 90.7 91.4 91.9 92.0 1990 .......................... 1991 .......................... 92.6 93.1 92.5 93.1 92.8 93.2 92.9 93.4 92.6 93.1 93.8 94.2 92.2 92.8 92.3 93.0 91.8 92.2 1 For 1971 to 1990, black and other races is calculated by subtracting whites from total. 2 Enrollment rates are for 5– to 20–year-olds. 3 Revised to include Mexicans as white persons. 4 Denotes first year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. NOTE.—Data for 1850 through 1950 are based on April 1 counts. Data for 1954 to 1991 are based on October counts. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and Current Population Reports, Series P-20, School Enrollment - Social and Economic Characteristics of Students, various years. (This table was prepared September 1992.) Table 3.—School enrollment and school enrollment rates, by age and sex: 1940 to 1991 Males and females, by age Males, by age Females, by age Year Total, 5 to 34 1 5 and 6 7 to 13 14 to 17 18 and 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 Total, 5 to 34 1 5 and 6 7 to 13 14 to 17 18 and 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 Total, 5 to 34 1 5 and 6 7 to 13 14 to 17 18 and 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Enrollment, in thousands 1940 2 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 ......... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 26,759 25,515 26,924 27,746 28,390 29,283 1,805 2,833 3,030 3,069 3,237 3,487 15,035 14,747 14,966 15,302 15,688 16,374 7,709 6,956 6,900 6,737 6,824 6,778 1,449 668 884 1,007 1,134 1,028 761 311 1,144 1,183 1,103 1,041 — — — 448 405 576 13,615 12,660 13,941 14,635 14,991 15,489 901 1,423 1,514 1,549 1,628 1,807 7,607 7,456 7,585 7,781 7,990 8,330 3,870 3,475 3,435 3,364 3,436 3,447 770 192 469 587 682 593 467 114 938 947 898 827 — — — 407 358 487 13,145 12,855 12,983 13,111 13,399 13,794 904 1,410 1,516 1,520 1,608 1,679 7,428 7,291 7,381 7,521 7,698 8,045 3,840 3,481 3,465 3,373 3,388 3,331 680 476 415 420 452 435 294 197 206 236 206 215 — — — 41 48 89 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 30,073 30,466 31,980 32,796 36,083 3,304 3,196 3,732 4,038 5,443 17,222 17,946 18,414 18,525 19,952 6,988 7,216 7,440 7,538 7,784 1,199 974 1,062 1,180 1,268 1,001 846 904 981 999 3 360 1,649 1,648 1,912 2,035 2,746 8,773 9,148 9,382 9,405 10,138 3,568 3,614 3,758 3,844 4,002 680 534 612 642 730 733 602 630 636 677 3 333 350 414 465 14,337 14,692 15,336 15,822 17,324 1,655 1,548 1,820 2,003 2,697 8,449 8,798 9,032 9,120 9,813 3,420 3,602 3,682 3,695 3,782 519 440 450 538 538 268 244 274 346 322 3 27 428 534 635 15,736 15,774 16,644 16,974 18,759 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 37,426 39,353 41,166 42,900 44,370 5,520 5,597 5,829 6,101 6,222 21,028 21,946 22,705 23,623 24,626 7,970 8,413 9,067 9,446 9,839 1,232 1,407 1,409 1,564 1,601 1,010 1,192 1,336 1,307 1,283 667 798 820 858 799 19,573 20,522 21,509 22,497 23,192 2,821 2,839 2,963 3,123 3,158 10,725 11,179 11,584 12,059 12,556 4,096 4,275 4,646 4,854 5,041 752 809 780 898 918 686 830 897 915 892 494 620 639 648 627 17,853 18,801 19,657 20,404 21,178 2,700 2,758 2,866 2,978 3,064 10,304 10,767 11,121 11,564 12,070 3,873 4,138 4,421 4,591 4,798 480 598 629 667 683 324 362 439 393 391 173 178 181 211 172 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 46,259 47,708 48,704 50,356 51,660 6,438 6,638 6,651 6,768 6,842 25,621 25,801 25,634 26,203 26,725 10,240 11,163 11,740 12,517 13,014 1,817 1,952 2,144 2,061 2,196 1,350 1,468 1,725 2,014 2,048 792 686 810 793 835 24,234 24,944 25,452 26,243 26,851 3,292 3,402 3,399 3,440 3,478 13,074 13,167 13,003 13,280 13,548 5,247 5,705 6,032 6,402 6,658 1,063 1,170 1,212 1,180 1,238 936 989 1,177 1,365 1,332 621 511 629 576 597 22,025 22,764 23,252 24,113 24,809 3,146 3,236 3,252 3,328 3,364 12,547 12,634 12,631 12,923 13,177 4,993 5,458 5,708 6,115 6,356 754 782 932 881 958 414 479 548 649 716 171 175 181 217 238 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 53,769 55,070 56,511 57,564 58,718 6,995 7,156 7,352 7,241 7,155 27,450 27,895 28,286 28,620 28,844 13,033 13,293 13,638 14,118 14,452 2,930 3,176 3,026 3,317 3,351 2,360 2,547 3,002 2,988 3,380 1,001 1,003 1,207 1,280 1,536 28,059 28,733 29,368 30,051 30,583 3,555 3,619 3,719 3,683 3,623 13,932 14,139 14,342 14,513 14,620 6,613 6,770 6,975 7,199 7,374 1,689 1,841 1,637 1,892 1,886 1,559 1,667 1,862 1,867 2,070 711 697 832 897 1,011 25,710 26,337 27,144 27,513 28,135 3,440 3,537 3,632 3,558 3,532 13,518 13,756 13,944 14,106 14,223 6,420 6,523 6,662 6,919 7,078 1,241 1,335 1,390 1,425 1,465 801 880 1,139 1,121 1,310 290 306 375 383 526 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 58,896 59,630 58,486 57,703 58,252 7,000 6,818 6,340 6,228 6,421 28,943 28,823 27,907 27,289 26,833 14,796 15,144 15,267 15,354 15,529 3,322 3,557 3,458 3,284 3,375 3,359 3,606 3,692 3,659 3,816 1,477 1,682 1,822 1,889 2,278 30,642 31,114 30,505 30,012 30,178 3,545 3,450 3,220 3,162 3,280 14,688 14,633 14,195 13,884 13,650 7,531 7,720 7,795 7,845 7,906 1,821 1,939 1,857 1,783 1,731 2,062 2,217 2,243 2,118 2,202 996 1,155 1,195 1,220 1,409 28,254 28,515 27,980 27,689 28,075 3,455 3,368 3,120 3,066 3,140 14,255 14,190 13,712 13,405 13,183 7,265 7,424 7,471 7,509 7,624 1,501 1,617 1,601 1,500 1,644 1,297 1,389 1,449 1,540 1,615 480 527 627 669 869 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 58,867 58,533 58,078 56,544 55,717 6,590 6,701 6,433 5,997 5,846 26,104 25,455 25,052 24,597 24,145 15,698 15,649 15,529 15,356 14,970 3,765 3,768 3,762 3,700 3,693 4,121 4,379 4,390 4,245 4,290 2,589 2,581 2,912 2,649 2,773 30,502 30,209 29,831 29,002 28,459 3,346 3,422 3,246 3,054 3,003 13,267 12,951 12,751 12,514 12,285 8,042 8,014 7,934 7,814 7,680 1,940 1,907 1,919 1,902 1,874 2,334 2,358 2,401 2,290 2,229 1,573 1,557 1,580 1,428 1,388 28,365 28,323 28,246 27,544 27,258 3,244 3,279 3,187 2,944 2,843 12,837 12,503 12,301 12,083 11,860 7,657 7,634 7,594 7,542 7,290 1,825 1,861 1,844 1,798 1,819 1,786 2,021 1,988 1,955 2,061 1,016 1,025 1,332 1,222 1,385 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 55,068 56,057 55,483 55,120 54,704 5,853 5,955 6,070 6,214 6,332 23,751 24,025 23,654 23,278 22,854 14,411 14,373 13,928 13,791 13,793 3,788 3,976 3,837 3,938 3,724 4,446 4,700 4,897 4,720 4,886 2,819 3,028 3,097 3,179 3,115 27,952 28,577 28,255 28,230 28,013 2,971 3,051 3,093 3,166 3,220 12,110 12,253 12,075 11,887 11,665 7,321 7,309 7,108 7,021 7,018 1,879 2,018 1,937 1,956 1,924 2,299 2,467 2,534 2,582 2,651 1,372 1,479 1,508 1,618 1,535 27,115 27,482 27,227 26,891 26,690 2,882 2,904 2,977 3,048 3,112 11,641 11,771 11,579 11,391 11,190 7,089 7,065 6,820 6,770 6,774 1,910 1,958 1,899 1,983 1,800 2,147 2,234 2,363 2,138 2,235 1,446 1,550 1,589 1,561 1,579 3 288 3 228 3 60 78 120 171 Education Characteristics of the Population 15 16 Table 3.—School enrollment and school enrollment rates, by age and sex: 1940 to 1991—Continued Males, by age Females, by age Total, 5 to 34 1 5 and 6 7 to 13 14 to 17 18 and 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 Total, 5 to 34 1 5 and 6 7 to 13 14 to 17 18 and 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 Total, 5 to 34 1 5 and 6 7 to 13 14 to 17 18 and 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 55,214 55,340 55,943 56,049 56,338 6,697 6,917 6,956 7,044 6,990 22,849 22,987 23,521 24,044 24,431 14,016 13,868 13,532 13,042 12,747 3,716 3,872 3,982 4,059 4,125 4,776 4,584 4,792 4,816 4,837 3,160 3,112 3,160 3,044 3,208 28,087 28,262 28,547 28,483 28,539 3,422 3,544 3,580 3,573 3,551 11,666 11,768 12,057 12,329 12,509 7,186 7,095 6,928 6,679 6,583 1,852 1,998 2,047 2,032 2,061 2,467 2,305 2,469 2,448 2,339 1,494 1,552 1,466 1,422 1,496 27,125 27,079 27,396 27,565 27,798 3,274 3,373 3,376 3,471 3,439 11,182 11,221 11,463 11,714 11,922 6,830 6,772 6,603 6,363 6,164 1,864 1,874 1,936 2,028 2,063 2,309 2,279 2,324 2,367 2,498 1,666 1,560 1,694 1,622 1,712 1990 ........... 1991 ........... 57,297 58,208 7,207 7,178 25,016 25,445 12,653 12,789 4,044 3,969 5,083 5,406 3,294 3,422 29,077 29,612 3,705 3,655 12,832 13,033 6,491 6,584 2,038 1,976 2,552 2,710 1,459 1,653 28,222 28,596 3,502 3,522 12,184 12,412 6,163 6,205 2,006 1,993 2,532 2,695 1,835 1,769 — — — 0.3 0.4 0.7 Percent of population enrolled 1940 2 ......... 1945 ........... 1946 ........... 1947 ........... 1948 ........... 1949 ........... 57.7 64.0 61.1 41.1 41.5 42.4 43.0 60.4 62.0 58.0 56.0 59.3 95.0 98.1 98.3 98.5 98.1 98.6 79.3 78.4 79.6 79.3 81.8 81.6 28.9 20.7 22.5 24.3 26.9 25.3 6.6 3.9 10.1 10.2 9.7 9.2 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 51.6 52.8 45.4 46.4 50.0 58.2 54.5 54.7 55.7 77.3 98.7 99.1 98.8 99.4 99.4 83.4 85.2 85.2 85.9 87.1 29.7 26.2 28.8 31.2 32.4 9.2 8.6 9.7 11.1 11.2 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 50.8 52.3 53.6 54.8 55.5 78.1 77.6 78.6 80.4 80.0 99.2 99.3 99.5 99.5 99.4 86.9 88.2 89.5 89.2 90.2 31.5 35.4 34.9 37.6 36.8 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 56.4 56.8 57.8 58.5 58.7 80.7 81.7 82.2 82.7 83.3 99.5 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.0 90.3 91.4 92.0 92.9 93.1 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 59.7 60.0 60.2 60.1 60.1 84.4 85.1 87.4 87.6 88.4 99.4 99.3 99.3 99.1 99.1 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 59.0 58.6 56.9 55.4 55.3 89.5 91.6 91.9 92.5 94.2 99.2 99.1 99.2 99.2 99.3 — — — 2.0 1.8 2.5 58.6 72.7 64.9 44.3 44.8 45.8 42.3 59.6 60.8 57.4 55.1 60.2 94.8 97.7 98.0 98.6 98.3 98.5 78.9 78.0 79.2 78.9 81.9 82.5 30.8 21.6 29.0 31.4 34.3 31.6 8.2 5.6 17.7 17.0 16.5 15.4 — — — 3.8 3.3 4.5 56.9 57.3 57.5 38.0 38.4 39.2 43.7 61.3 63.3 58.7 56.8 58.4 95.2 98.4 98.5 98.5 98.0 98.7 79.7 78.7 80.1 79.8 81.7 80.7 26.9 20.3 18.0 18.5 20.3 19.9 5.0 3.3 3.4 3.9 3.4 3.7 3 3.0 54.8 56.8 49.4 50.2 54.0 56.8 55.1 54.8 55.0 76.3 98.7 99.1 98.7 99.2 99.2 84.4 85.2 85.4 86.8 88.7 35.7 32.4 37.2 37.7 40.6 14.3 14.3 16.9 18.5 19.1 3 5.9 2.5 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.2 48.4 49.1 41.9 43.0 46.3 59.5 54.0 54.6 56.6 78.3 98.7 99.1 98.9 99.6 99.6 82.3 85.2 85.0 85.0 85.4 24.3 21.3 22.1 25.9 25.4 4.6 4.3 4.9 6.4 6.0 11.1 12.8 14.0 13.4 12.7 2.9 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.8 54.9 56.3 57.5 58.7 59.1 78.1 77.1 78.3 80.6 79.5 99.2 99.1 99.5 99.5 99.3 88.6 89.1 91.1 90.7 91.4 42.5 45.1 43.3 47.5 45.6 18.1 20.6 21.3 21.0 19.6 4.5 5.7 5.9 6.0 5.9 47.0 48.7 50.0 51.0 52.0 78.1 78.2 79.0 80.2 80.5 99.1 99.4 99.5 99.4 99.6 85.2 87.3 87.8 87.6 89.0 22.5 27.4 28.1 29.4 29.2 6.1 6.8 8.2 7.3 7.1 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.5 38.4 38.0 41.8 40.9 41.6 13.1 13.7 15.6 17.3 16.8 3.6 3.2 3.8 3.7 3.9 60.0 60.4 61.7 62.3 62.3 80.8 82.0 82.6 82.7 83.4 99.5 99.3 99.2 99.1 98.8 91.3 92.2 93.7 94.2 94.4 47.8 48.6 51.2 51.0 50.9 19.9 20.2 23.4 25.6 23.8 5.9 4.9 6.2 5.7 5.9 52.8 53.4 54.0 54.9 55.3 80.6 81.4 81.7 82.6 83.2 99.6 99.3 99.4 99.6 99.2 89.2 90.5 90.3 91.6 91.8 30.0 28.6 33.7 32.3 33.7 7.4 8.3 9.1 10.3 10.9 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.1 93.2 93.7 93.7 94.2 94.0 46.3 47.2 47.6 50.4 50.2 19.0 19.9 22.0 21.4 23.0 4.7 4.6 5.4 5.5 6.4 63.5 64.1 64.1 64.3 64.1 84.4 84.5 86.6 87.3 87.7 99.3 99.2 99.1 98.9 98.9 93.6 94.4 94.7 95.0 95.0 55.6 57.8 56.3 60.4 59.4 27.6 29.2 30.6 30.5 32.0 7.0 6.8 7.8 8.1 8.9 56.0 56.1 56.5 56.1 56.3 84.4 85.7 88.2 88.0 89.1 99.4 99.5 99.4 99.3 99.5 92.8 92.9 92.6 93.4 93.1 37.7 37.7 40.3 41.3 41.8 11.8 12.4 15.1 14.3 16.0 2.6 2.7 3.2 3.2 4.2 94.1 94.5 93.3 92.9 92.9 47.7 49.2 46.3 42.9 43.1 21.5 21.9 21.6 20.8 21.4 6.0 6.6 6.8 6.7 7.8 62.6 62.1 60.1 58.3 57.9 88.9 90.9 91.7 92.2 94.4 99.0 98.9 99.1 99.2 99.2 94.8 95.3 94.0 93.7 93.3 54.4 55.4 51.2 47.9 45.8 29.3 29.2 27.8 25.2 25.8 8.4 9.4 9.2 9.0 10.0 55.5 55.2 53.8 52.6 52.7 90.2 92.3 92.2 92.9 93.9 99.4 99.4 99.3 99.3 99.5 93.4 93.7 92.6 92.1 92.5 41.6 43.4 41.8 38.2 40.7 15.2 15.7 16.0 16.7 17.3 3.8 4.0 4.5 4.6 5.8 3 3 4.2 3 0.4 3 1.0 0.6 0.9 1.4 Education Characteristics of the Population Males and females, by age Year Table 3.—School enrollment and school enrollment rates, by age and sex: 1940 to 1991—Continued Males and females, by age Males, by age Females, by age Year Total, 5 to 34 1 5 and 6 7 to 13 14 to 17 18 and 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 Total, 5 to 34 1 5 and 6 7 to 13 14 to 17 18 and 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 Total, 5 to 34 1 5 and 6 7 to 13 14 to 17 18 and 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 55.1 54.3 53.6 52.2 51.2 94.7 95.6 95.8 95.3 95.8 99.3 99.2 99.4 99.1 99.2 93.6 93.7 93.6 93.7 93.6 46.9 46.2 46.2 45.4 45.0 22.4 23.3 22.9 21.8 21.7 8.5 8.2 9.0 8.0 8.1 57.7 56.6 55.6 54.0 52.8 94.4 95.6 94.7 95.1 96.3 99.0 99.0 99.3 99.0 99.0 94.6 94.6 94.3 93.9 94.5 49.9 48.2 48.4 47.8 46.6 26.4 26.0 25.9 24.3 23.3 10.7 10.2 10.0 8.8 8.3 52.6 52.1 51.7 50.4 49.7 95.1 95.5 96.9 95.5 95.2 99.6 99.3 99.5 99.3 99.4 92.6 92.8 93.0 93.5 92.6 44.2 44.4 44.0 43.0 43.4 18.7 20.8 20.0 19.4 20.2 6.5 6.3 8.0 7.1 7.8 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 50.4 49.7 49.3 49.0 48.6 95.7 94.0 95.0 95.5 94.5 99.3 99.2 99.0 99.2 99.2 93.4 94.1 94.4 95.0 94.7 46.4 49.0 47.8 50.4 50.1 22.3 22.5 23.5 22.7 23.7 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.1 7.7 51.6 51.0 50.5 50.4 50.0 95.0 94.2 94.7 95.1 94.0 99.2 99.1 99.1 99.1 99.1 93.7 94.3 94.9 95.1 94.7 47.1 50.5 48.9 50.5 52.4 23.8 24.4 25.0 25.5 26.3 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.4 7.8 49.2 48.4 48.1 47.6 47.3 96.4 93.8 95.3 95.8 95.1 99.3 99.4 99.3 99.3 99.4 93.1 93.9 94.0 94.9 94.7 45.8 47.5 46.8 50.3 47.9 20.8 20.8 22.1 20.1 21.2 7.9 8.0 8.0 7.8 7.7 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 48.9 48.8 49.3 49.3 49.7 96.1 95.3 95.2 96.0 95.2 99.2 99.2 99.5 99.7 99.3 94.9 94.9 95.0 95.1 95.7 51.6 54.6 55.6 55.6 56.0 24.0 23.6 25.5 26.1 27.0 7.7 7.4 7.5 7.1 7.5 50.1 50.0 50.5 50.4 50.4 95.3 96.0 95.7 95.9 95.1 99.2 99.1 99.7 99.7 99.2 95.4 94.9 95.3 95.4 96.1 52.2 57.1 57.9 56.2 56.6 25.6 24.5 27.2 27.6 26.9 7.5 7.5 7.0 6.8 7.1 47.8 47.6 48.1 48.3 48.9 97.0 94.6 94.6 96.0 95.2 99.3 94.5 99.4 99.7 99.4 94.5 90.6 94.5 94.8 95.3 51.0 53.5 53.4 55.2 55.4 22.5 24.2 24.0 24.7 27.1 8.0 7.6 7.9 7.5 7.9 1990 ........... 1991 ........... 50.6 51.4 96.5 95.4 99.6 99.6 95.8 96.0 57.2 59.6 28.6 30.2 7.7 8.1 51.4 52.3 96.5 95.0 99.6 99.8 95.9 96.4 58.2 59.8 29.6 31.0 6.9 7.9 49.8 50.5 96.4 95.8 99.7 99.5 95.7 95.6 56.3 59.4 27.7 29.4 8.5 8.3 1 Data for 1940 through 1946 are for ages 5–24. Data for 1950 and 1951 are for ages 5–29. of April 1. to 29 years old. —Data not available. 2 As 3 25 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and Current Population Reports, Series P-20, School Enrollment - Social and Economic Characteristics of Students, various years. (This table was prepared September 1992.) NOTE.—Unless otherwise noted, data are for October. Education Characteristics of the Population 17 18 Table 4.—Years of school completed by persons 25 years old and over, by race and sex: April 1940 to March 1991 Elementary school Year 1 and race 1 Total 1940 2,3 ........................... 1950 2,3 ........................... 1960 3 ............................. 0–4 years 5–7 years 2 3 4 years 1–3 years 4 years or more Median school years completed, males 6 7 8 9 High school 8 years 1–3 years 4 5 College Percent of female population completing — Elementary school 0–4 years 5–7 years 10 11 4 years 1–3 years 4 years or more Median school years completed, females 14 15 16 17 High school 8 years 1–3 years 12 13 College 15.1 12.2 9.4 19.0 16.9 14.6 28.8 21.4 17.8 14.5 16.9 18.7 12.2 18.2 21.2 4.9 7.0 8.6 5.5 7.3 9.7 8.6 9.0 10.3 12.4 10.0 7.4 18.0 15.8 13.1 27.5 20.3 17.3 15.9 17.9 19.7 16.4 23.2 27.8 6.1 7.7 9.0 3.8 5.2 5.8 8.7 9.6 10.7 1962 1964 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 8.7 8.1 7.3 6.8 6.5 6.1 5.9 12.2 11.4 10.7 10.5 10.3 9.9 9.5 16.7 16.1 15.6 15.1 14.3 14.0 13.6 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.0 16.9 16.4 16.1 24.7 26.3 27.7 28.2 28.9 29.7 30.1 8.9 9.0 8.8 9.6 9.8 10.3 10.8 11.4 11.7 12.5 12.8 13.3 13.5 14.1 11.1 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.1 12.1 12.2 6.9 6.3 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.1 4.7 11.2 10.8 10.2 9.8 9.4 9.0 8.7 16.5 15.6 14.6 14.5 13.9 13.5 13.1 17.9 18.5 18.8 18.5 18.1 17.9 17.9 31.6 33.4 34.4 34.8 35.7 36.9 37.5 9.3 8.8 9.0 9.4 9.5 9.4 9.7 6.7 6.8 7.4 7.6 8.0 8.2 8.2 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.0 12.1 12.1 12.1 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 5.6 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.7 8.9 8.6 8.2 7.7 7.5 13.4 12.1 11.5 11.1 10.2 15.8 16.1 15.3 14.7 14.5 30.6 31.4 32.1 32.3 32.3 11.1 11.4 12.0 12.5 13.2 14.6 15.4 16.0 16.9 17.6 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.4 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.8 8.5 8.1 7.7 7.4 7.2 12.7 11.8 11.3 10.7 10.4 17.7 17.8 17.2 16.9 16.6 37.8 38.7 39.2 39.4 39.7 10.3 10.5 10.8 11.4 11.7 8.5 9.0 9.6 10.1 10.6 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.3 12.3 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 7.4 7.0 6.9 6.3 6.0 9.5 9.4 9.0 8.6 8.1 14.2 14.0 13.5 12.9 13.1 32.3 32.1 32.1 32.6 32.7 13.8 14.2 14.9 15.4 15.6 18.6 19.2 19.7 20.4 20.9 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.2 6.8 6.8 6.5 6.1 6.0 9.8 9.2 9.1 8.6 8.2 16.3 16.2 15.9 15.0 14.5 39.9 39.6 39.6 40.2 40.4 12.4 12.7 13.4 14.0 14.2 11.3 12.0 12.2 12.9 13.6 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 3.4 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.9 5.8 5.6 5.2 5.1 5.0 7.5 6.9 6.7 6.5 6.3 12.9 12.5 12.1 11.8 11.5 33.6 34.1 33.9 34.6 34.8 15.6 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.5 21.1 21.9 23.0 22.9 23.1 12.6 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.7 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.5 5.8 5.5 5.3 4.9 4.5 7.8 7.3 7.0 6.6 6.5 14.1 14.0 13.4 12.9 12.9 41.1 41.4 41.1 41.8 41.3 14.6 14.9 15.4 15.6 16.2 13.4 14.0 15.1 15.7 16.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.6 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.2 3.9 6.0 5.7 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.5 11.3 11.2 11.5 11.0 10.7 10.4 34.9 35.4 35.7 35.4 35.5 36.0 17.1 17.1 16.8 17.4 17.8 18.2 23.2 23.6 24.0 24.5 24.4 24.3 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.8 12.8 12.8 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.1 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.7 6.0 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.4 12.5 12.1 12.0 11.9 11.5 11.4 41.6 41.6 41.8 41.3 41.0 41.0 16.7 17.1 17.2 17.2 18.0 18.6 16.1 16.5 17.0 18.1 18.4 18.8 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.7 12.7 White 1940 2,3 ........................... 1950 2,3 ........................... 1960 3 ............................. 1962 ................................ 1964 ................................ 1965 ................................ 12.0 9.8 7.4 6.9 6.5 6.1 18.1 15.9 13.7 11.4 10.5 10.3 30.5 22.4 18.4 17.0 16.5 16.4 15.1 17.4 18.9 17.3 17.1 17.0 13.0 19.3 22.2 25.8 27.6 28.2 5.3 7.4 9.1 9.4 9.4 9.3 5.9 7.9 10.3 12.2 12.3 12.7 8.7 9.3 10.6 11.6 11.9 12.0 9.8 8.1 6.0 5.6 5.2 4.9 16.7 14.4 11.9 10.3 9.7 9.3 29.0 21.1 17.8 16.8 15.9 15.4 16.5 18.2 19.6 17.4 18.1 18.2 17.5 24.6 29.2 33.1 34.8 35.6 6.5 8.1 9.5 9.9 9.2 9.3 4.0 5.4 6.0 7.0 7.1 7.3 8.8 10.0 11.0 12.0 12.0 12.1 5.7 5.3 4.9 4.8 4.5 10.1 9.7 9.5 9.1 8.8 15.8 15.4 14.7 14.3 13.9 17.1 16.8 16.6 16.1 15.6 28.8 29.1 29.9 30.6 30.9 9.2 10.0 10.3 10.8 11.3 13.3 13.7 14.1 14.3 15.0 12.0 12.1 12.1 12.2 12.2 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.2 3.9 9.1 8.8 8.5 8.1 7.8 14.9 14.9 14.1 13.7 13.4 18.2 18.0 17.7 17.3 17.3 35.9 36.2 37.2 38.5 39.0 9.4 9.7 9.9 9.8 10.1 7.7 7.9 8.2 8.4 8.6 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.2 12.2 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ Education Characteristics of the Population Percent of male population completing — Table 4.—Years of school completed by persons 25 years old and over, by race and sex: April 1940 to March 1991—Continued Percent of male population completing — Elementary school Year 1 and race 1 0–4 years 5–7 years 2 3 4 years 1–3 years 4 years or more Median school years completed, males 6 7 8 9 High school 8 years 1–3 years 4 5 College Percent of female population completing — Elementary school 0–4 years 5–7 years 10 11 4 years 1–3 years 4 years or more Median school years completed, females 14 15 16 17 High school 8 years 1–3 years 12 13 College 4.4 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.6 8.1 7.8 7.5 7.0 6.8 13.7 12.4 11.7 11.3 10.5 15.3 15.6 14.8 14.3 14.0 31.3 32.2 32.8 33.0 33.1 11.6 12.0 12.5 12.9 13.6 15.5 16.2 16.8 17.7 18.4 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.5 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.0 7.5 7.1 6.9 6.6 6.4 12.9 12.0 11.5 11.0 10.6 17.0 17.0 16.5 16.1 15.9 39.2 40.2 40.7 40.8 41.1 10.7 10.9 11.1 11.7 12.1 8.9 9.4 9.9 10.6 11.0 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 6.6 6.3 6.2 5.7 5.5 9.7 9.6 9.2 8.7 8.3 13.8 13.5 13.0 12.4 12.5 32.9 32.7 32.7 33.1 33.1 14.2 14.6 15.2 15.8 15.8 19.6 20.2 20.7 21.4 22.1 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.6 12.6 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.5 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.5 5.3 9.8 9.3 9.2 8.6 8.4 15.6 15.3 15.0 14.1 13.7 41.2 40.9 40.9 41.6 41.6 12.8 13.2 13.7 14.3 14.5 11.6 12.4 12.6 13.3 14.0 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.5 12.5 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.3 5.3 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.6 7.7 7.1 6.8 6.6 6.3 12.3 11.9 11.5 11.1 10.8 34.1 34.5 34.3 35.1 35.3 15.7 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.7 22.2 23.0 24.0 23.9 24.0 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.4 4.1 8.1 7.4 7.1 6.6 6.6 13.3 13.1 12.7 12.2 12.1 42.4 42.7 42.2 42.8 42.4 14.9 15.2 15.7 15.8 16.4 13.8 14.4 15.4 16.0 16.3 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.6 12.6 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.6 6.1 5.8 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.5 10.8 10.6 10.9 10.4 10.1 9.9 35.2 35.6 35.9 35.7 35.7 36.1 17.3 17.2 16.9 17.6 18.0 18.4 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.4 25.3 25.4 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.3 6.1 6.0 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.5 11.8 11.4 11.2 11.2 10.8 10.5 42.5 42.6 42.8 42.3 41.9 41.8 16.9 17.3 17.6 17.4 18.1 18.8 16.4 16.9 17.3 18.5 19.0 19.3 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.7 Black and other races 1940 2,3 ........................... 1950 2,3 ........................... 1960 3 ............................. 1962 ................................ 1964 ................................ 46.2 36.9 27.7 26.1 22.2 28.1 27.1 23.0 19.3 19.7 11.4 11.3 12.3 13.2 12.2 7.4 12.1 17.0 18.2 20.1 3.8 7.5 12.1 14.5 15.3 1.7 2.9 4.4 4.8 4.9 1.4 2.1 3.5 4.0 5.6 5.4 6.4 7.9 8.3 8.7 37.5 28.6 19.7 18.5 15.4 31.8 29.3 23.7 19.3 20.7 12.4 12.5 13.3 13.9 12.9 9.9 14.8 20.2 22.1 22.0 5.1 9.2 15.2 18.2 20.2 2.1 3.2 4.4 4.0 4.9 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.0 3.7 6.1 7.2 8.5 8.9 9.1 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 22.5 21.2 20.4 17.5 17.9 16.6 18.2 17.3 17.5 15.3 13.1 12.0 10.6 10.8 10.9 20.1 18.9 20.2 19.8 20.6 17.4 19.3 20.3 21.8 22.4 5.3 5.2 5.6 6.0 6.2 5.0 5.2 5.7 6.7 6.8 8.8 8.9 9.2 9.7 9.9 14.0 14.1 14.6 13.3 11.9 19.4 18.5 17.5 17.4 16.7 11.5 11.7 12.6 11.8 11.3 24.0 22.7 22.0 23.0 23.5 21.2 22.3 22.5 23.5 24.6 5.4 6.1 5.3 5.6 6.4 4.4 4.8 5.3 5.5 5.6 9.6 9.8 9.7 10.0 10.3 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 16.3 15.3 13.8 14.6 14.1 16.3 15.9 14.3 14.0 13.4 10.3 9.4 9.7 8.8 7.4 20.2 20.6 20.0 18.2 18.6 23.8 24.3 25.3 25.9 25.5 6.3 6.5 7.9 9.1 10.2 6.8 8.0 9.0 9.4 10.7 10.2 10.3 10.7 11.0 11.3 10.7 10.8 10.5 10.1 9.7 16.7 15.9 14.0 13.8 13.1 10.8 9.5 9.3 8.2 8.6 24.1 24.4 23.4 23.8 22.2 25.9 26.5 27.4 28.7 29.3 6.3 6.9 8.2 8.7 9.0 5.5 6.0 7.3 6.8 8.0 10.4 10.6 11.0 11.1 11.5 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 13.1 11.4 11.3 11.0 10.3 13.8 13.0 12.4 11.7 9.7 8.1 7.9 7.1 7.1 6.8 17.6 18.4 17.7 17.1 17.9 27.1 27.2 27.7 28.8 29.3 9.9 11.5 12.7 12.4 14.1 10.3 10.5 11.0 12.0 11.9 11.5 11.9 12.1 12.1 12.2 8.7 8.2 8.2 7.8 7.6 11.9 12.4 11.0 10.2 11.0 9.6 8.7 8.4 8.3 6.9 21.7 22.8 22.5 21.7 20.4 30.0 29.6 29.8 30.4 31.6 9.1 9.3 10.9 11.9 12.1 9.0 9.0 9.2 9.7 10.4 11.7 11.7 12.0 12.1 12.1 19 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ Education Characteristics of the Population 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 20 Table 4.—Years of school completed by persons 25 years old and over, by race and sex: April 1940 to March 1991—Continued Elementary school Year 1 and race 1 0–4 years 5–7 years 2 3 4 years 1–3 years 4 years or more Median school years completed, males 6 7 8 9 High school 8 years 1–3 years 4 5 College Percent of female population completing — Elementary school 0–4 years 5–7 years 10 11 4 years 1–3 years 4 years or more Median school years completed, females 14 15 16 17 High school 8 years 1–3 years 12 13 College 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 8.9 8.5 7.9 7.8 6.9 9.5 9.3 8.6 8.1 8.0 6.4 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.7 18.0 16.6 16.8 16.8 16.3 30.0 31.0 30.9 31.2 30.9 14.4 15.0 14.3 14.2 15.1 12.8 13.7 15.6 15.6 17.0 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.4 7.4 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.3 11.0 9.9 8.8 8.1 7.6 6.1 6.8 6.5 6.4 6.0 20.2 19.9 18.5 17.4 17.8 31.9 32.5 34.1 35.0 34.6 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.9 14.5 10.8 11.3 12.8 13.4 14.2 12.2 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.4 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 6.0 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.9 6.0 8.1 7.6 7.4 6.7 6.2 5.6 5.1 4.7 4.3 5.0 4.0 4.0 15.2 14.9 15.1 14.9 14.8 14.3 33.1 33.8 34.0 33.5 34.1 35.7 15.6 16.2 16.0 16.0 16.7 16.6 16.9 17.2 17.7 18.3 18.3 17.8 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.6 5.1 4.8 4.8 5.4 5.0 4.1 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.8 6.3 6.4 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.6 4.3 3.7 16.7 16.8 17.0 16.3 16.0 16.7 35.7 35.9 35.8 35.3 35.9 35.9 15.6 16.0 15.1 15.9 17.4 17.4 13.8 14.4 15.1 15.7 15.1 15.8 12.4 12.5 12.4 12.5 12.5 12.5 1 Unless otherwise indicated, surveys were conducted in March of the years shown. population for whom school years were not reported. of April. 2 Excludes 3 As —Data not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and Current Population Reports, Series P-20, Educational Attainment in the United States, various years. (This table was prepared October 1992.) Education Characteristics of the Population Percent of male population completing — Education Characteristics of the Population 21 Table 5.—Median years of school completed by persons age 25 and over and 25 to 29, by race and sex: 1910 to 1991 Age 25 and over Year 25 to 29 years old Male Female Male Total 1 Female Total White Black 1 White Black 1 3 4 5 6 2 7 White Black 1 White Black 1 8 9 10 11 1910 2 ........................ 1920 2 ........................ 1930 2 ........................ 8.1 8.2 8.4 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1940 .......................... 1950 .......................... 1960 3 ........................ 1969 .......................... 8.6 9.3 10.5 12.1 8.7 9.3 10.6 12.2 5.4 6.4 7.9 9.4 8.8 10.0 11.0 12.2 6.1 7.2 8.5 9.9 10.3 12.1 12.3 12.6 10.5 12.4 12.4 12.7 6.5 7.4 10.5 12.2 10.9 12.2 12.3 12.5 7.5 8.9 11.1 12.1 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.4 9.6 9.9 10.1 10.3 10.5 12.2 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.3 10.2 10.3 10.5 10.8 10.9 12.6 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.8 12.7 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.9 12.1 12.1 12.3 12.3 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.7 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.4 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.6 10.7 10.8 11.3 11.7 11.9 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.5 11.1 11.4 11.4 11.7 11.9 12.8 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 13.0 13.2 13.2 13.3 13.2 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.9 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.6 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.6 12.0 12.1 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.9 12.8 12.8 12.9 12.8 13.0 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.6 12.6 12.7 12.6 12.6 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.9 12.6 12.6 12.7 12.6 12.7 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 12.6 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.3 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.7 12.3 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.6 12.7 1990 .......................... 1991 .......................... 12.7 12.7 12.8 12.8 12.4 12.4 12.7 12.7 12.4 12.5 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.7 12.7 12.9 12.9 12.7 12.7 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; Current Population Series, P-20, Educational Attainment of the United States Population, various years; and ‘‘Education of the American Population,’’ by John K. Folger and Charles B. Nam. (This table was prepared February 1998.) 1 Data for years 1940 through 1960 include persons of ‘‘other’’ races. based on retrojection, by the Bureau of the Census, of 1940 census data on education by age. 3 Denotes first year in which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. —Data not available. 2 Estimates NOTE.—Data for 1940, 1950, and 1960 are for April 1. Data for later years are as of March. Table 6.—Percentage of persons 14 years old and over who were illiterate, 1 by race and nativity: 1870 to 1979 White Year 1 Total Black and other 2 Total Native Foreign born 3 4 5 6 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 .............................. .............................. .............................. .............................. .............................. 20.0 17.0 13.3 10.7 7.7 11.5 9.4 7.7 6.2 5.0 — 8.7 6.2 4.6 3.0 — 12.0 13.1 12.9 12.7 79.9 70.0 56.8 44.5 30.5 1920 1930 1940 1947 1950 .............................. .............................. .............................. .............................. .............................. 6.0 4.3 2.9 2.7 3.2 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.8 — 2.0 1.6 1.1 — — 13.1 10.8 9.0 — — 23.0 16.4 11.5 11.0 — 1952 1959 1969 1979 .............................. .............................. .............................. .............................. 2.5 2.2 1.0 0.6 1.8 1.6 0.7 0.4 — — — — — — — — 10.2 7.5 2 3.6 2 1.6 1 Persons are counted as illiterate if they cannot read or write in any language. on black population only. —Data not available. 2 Based SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and Current Population Reports, Series P-23, Ancestry and Language in the United States: November 1979. (This table was prepared September 1992.) 22 Education Characteristics of the Population Table 7.—Annual mean income of males and females 25 years old and over, by years of school completed: 1939 to 1991 Males Year 1 Elementary school High school College Less than 8 years 8 years 1 to 3 years 4 years 1 to 3 years 4 or more years 4 years only 5 or more years 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Current dollars 1939 1946 1949 1956 1958 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... — $1,738 2,062 2,574 2,530 — $2,327 2,829 3,631 3,677 $1,379 2,449 3,226 4,367 4,452 $1,661 2,939 3,784 5,183 5,257 $1,931 3,654 4,423 5,997 6,272 $2,607 4,527 6,179 7,877 8,643 — — — — $7,565 — — — — $9,178 1961 1963 1964 1966 1967 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 2,998 3,078 3,298 3,520 3,540 4,206 4,410 4,520 4,867 5,002 5,161 5,348 5,653 6,294 6,258 5,946 6,557 6,738 7,494 7,515 7,348 7,633 7,907 8,783 8,713 9,817 9,811 10,284 11,739 11,753 9,342 9,392 9,757 11,135 11,022 9,987 10,353 11,004 12,563 12,639 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 4,135 4,679 4,948 5,175 5,436 5,689 6,170 6,674 6,901 7,088 6,454 7,063 7,575 7,941 8,273 7,688 8,313 8,998 9,321 9,741 8,890 9,553 10,554 10,942 11,205 11,851 12,644 14,018 14,563 15,017 11,086 12,111 13,434 13,634 14,192 12,794 13,274 14,727 15,687 15,983 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 6,101 6,422 6,581 6,673 7,306 7,729 8,559 8,604 8,957 9,679 8,755 9,526 10,019 9,920 10,690 10,591 11,408 11,983 12,559 13,334 11,934 12,640 13,317 14,104 14,674 15,993 16,769 16,996 18,750 20,114 15,189 15,859 16,194 17,599 18,857 16,966 17,817 17,912 20,141 21,553 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 7,841 8,347 8,757 9,263 10,151 10,131 10,991 12,050 12,350 13,214 11,400 12,361 12,956 13,578 14,362 14,312 15,440 16,657 17,496 18,468 15,728 16,781 18,232 19,362 20,889 21,464 22,922 24,417 25,816 28,896 20,056 21,669 22,949 24,545 26,612 23,103 24,343 26,065 27,313 31,434 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 9,593 9,944 10,832 10,401 11,078 13,124 13,451 14,049 14,193 14,756 14,131 14,529 15,479 15,722 16,606 18,750 19,289 20,763 21,265 21,848 21,212 22,219 23,334 25,046 26,197 30,489 31,969 34,992 36,883 38,627 28,058 29,530 32,266 33,793 35,454 33,240 34,731 38,211 40,732 42,414 1988 1989 1990 1991 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 12,184 12,063 12,446 12,582 14,787 16,017 15,754 15,525 17,350 17,191 17,331 17,702 22,747 23,855 24,940 24,737 27,383 28,050 29,792 30,650 39,241 41,484 44,257 44,485 35,800 37,648 40,384 40,750 43,487 46,189 49,085 49,259 Constant 1991 dollars 1939 1946 1949 1956 1958 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... — $12,139 11,800 12,889 11,923 — $16,253 16,189 18,182 17,329 $13,512 17,105 18,461 21,867 20,981 $16,275 20,528 21,655 25,953 24,775 $18,921 25,522 25,311 30,029 29,559 $25,545 31,619 35,360 39,443 40,733 — — — — $35,652 — — — — $43,254 1961 1963 1964 1966 1967 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 13,656 13,700 14,490 14,797 14,436 19,159 19,629 19,859 20,459 20,397 23,509 23,804 24,837 26,458 25,519 27,085 29,185 29,604 31,503 30,645 33,471 33,974 34,740 36,921 35,530 44,718 43,669 45,183 49,347 47,927 42,555 41,804 42,868 46,808 44,946 45,493 46,081 48,347 52,811 51,540 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 16,184 17,365 17,369 17,403 17,713 22,266 22,898 23,428 23,208 23,095 25,260 26,212 26,591 26,705 26,957 30,089 30,851 31,586 31,346 31,740 34,794 35,453 37,048 36,798 36,510 46,382 46,924 49,208 48,975 48,931 43,388 44,946 47,157 45,851 46,243 50,073 49,262 51,696 52,755 52,079 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 18,715 17,742 16,660 15,973 16,420 23,709 23,646 21,782 21,440 21,754 26,857 26,317 25,364 23,745 24,026 32,489 31,517 30,336 30,062 29,968 36,608 34,920 33,713 33,760 32,980 49,060 46,327 43,027 44,881 45,207 46,593 43,813 40,997 42,126 42,382 52,044 49,223 45,346 48,211 48,441 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 16,380 15,659 14,475 13,879 14,327 21,163 20,619 19,918 18,505 18,650 23,814 23,190 21,415 20,345 20,271 29,897 28,966 27,533 26,215 26,066 32,855 31,482 30,136 29,011 29,483 44,837 43,002 40,359 38,681 40,784 41,896 40,652 37,933 36,777 37,560 48,261 45,668 43,083 40,924 44,366 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 13,118 13,035 13,711 12,925 13,282 17,947 17,633 17,783 17,638 17,692 19,324 19,046 19,593 19,538 19,910 25,640 25,285 26,282 26,426 26,195 29,007 29,126 29,536 31,125 31,409 41,693 41,907 44,293 45,835 46,312 38,368 38,710 40,842 41,995 42,507 45,455 45,528 48,367 50,618 50,852 1988 1989 1990 1991 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 14,028 13,250 12,970 12,582 17,024 17,593 16,417 15,525 19,975 18,882 18,060 17,702 26,189 26,202 25,990 24,737 31,526 30,810 31,046 30,650 45,179 45,565 46,119 44,485 41,217 41,352 42,083 40,750 50,067 50,733 51,151 49,259 Education Characteristics of the Population 23 Table 7.—Annual mean income of males and females 25 years old and over, by years of school completed: 1939 to 1991—Continued Females Year 1 Elementary school High school College Less than 8 years 8 years 1 to 3 years 4 years 1 to 3 years 4 or more years 4 years only 5 or more years 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Current dollars 1939 1946 1949 1956 1958 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1961 1963 1964 1966 1967 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... $1,039 1,205 1,274 1,406 1,458 $1,323 1,515 1,621 1,731 1,766 $1,550 1,701 1,825 1,905 2,075 $1,879 2,099 2,280 2,452 2,577 $2,297 2,468 2,753 3,006 3,087 $3,862 4,063 4,610 5,056 5,310 $3,210 3,266 3,824 4,241 4,450 $5,667 5,977 6,479 6,900 7,250 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 1,559 1,792 1,999 2,054 2,225 1,916 2,058 2,315 2,456 2,725 2,219 2,395 2,709 2,835 3,057 2,819 3,026 3,314 3,611 4,044 3,285 3,761 4,133 4,548 4,858 5,502 5,807 6,313 7,213 7,616 4,587 4,909 5,371 6,086 6,449 7,544 7,682 8,175 9,381 9,894 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 2,448 2,840 2,926 3,314 3,650 3,082 3,250 3,639 4,025 4,554 3,330 3,718 4,228 4,562 4,848 4,455 5,063 5,844 6,535 7,119 5,514 6,181 7,325 8,389 9,055 8,114 9,007 10,305 11,500 12,673 6,834 7,601 8,848 10,066 10,912 10,412 11,389 12,798 14,013 15,543 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 3,610 3,876 4,278 4,230 4,526 4,662 4,991 5,408 5,314 5,268 5,090 5,400 5,991 6,129 6,380 7,682 8,122 8,788 9,333 9,751 9,707 10,440 11,394 12,212 12,746 14,113 15,372 16,743 17,979 19,365 12,243 13,237 14,517 15,739 17,197 17,061 18,813 20,366 21,721 22,939 1988 1989 1990 1991 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 4,685 5,026 5,224 5,583 5,727 5,577 6,201 6,298 6,749 6,952 7,575 7,987 10,419 11,114 11,791 12,429 14,021 15,159 15,681 16,310 20,375 21,827 23,478 24,684 17,982 19,570 20,837 21,859 24,237 25,462 27,843 29,466 Constant 1991 dollars 1939 1946 1949 1956 1958 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1961 1963 1964 1966 1967 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... $4,066 4,472 4,472 4,728 4,751 $5,178 5,622 5,690 5,821 5,754 $6,066 6,313 6,406 6,406 6,761 $7,354 7,790 8,004 8,246 8,397 $8,990 9,159 9,664 10,109 10,059 $15,115 15,078 16,183 17,003 17,302 $12,563 12,121 13,423 14,262 14,500 $22,179 22,182 22,743 23,204 23,623 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 4,782 4,951 5,061 4,917 5,001 5,877 5,686 5,861 5,879 6,125 6,807 6,617 6,858 6,786 6,871 8,647 8,360 8,390 8,644 9,089 10,077 10,390 10,463 10,886 10,918 16,878 16,043 15,982 17,266 17,117 14,071 13,562 13,597 14,568 14,494 23,142 21,223 20,696 22,455 22,237 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 5,114 5,328 4,836 4,966 5,152 6,438 6,097 6,015 6,031 6,428 6,956 6,975 6,989 6,835 6,842 9,306 9,498 9,660 9,792 10,048 11,519 11,596 12,108 12,570 12,780 16,950 16,897 17,033 17,231 17,887 14,276 14,260 14,625 15,082 15,401 21,750 21,366 21,154 20,996 21,937 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 4,937 5,081 5,415 5,257 5,426 6,375 6,543 6,845 6,604 6,316 6,960 7,079 7,583 7,617 7,649 10,505 10,647 11,124 11,598 11,691 13,274 13,686 14,423 15,176 15,282 19,299 20,151 21,193 22,343 23,218 16,742 17,352 18,376 19,559 20,618 23,330 24,662 25,779 26,993 27,503 1988 1989 1990 1991 ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... 5,394 5,520 5,444 5,583 6,594 6,126 6,462 6,298 7,770 7,636 7,894 7,987 11,996 12,207 12,287 12,429 16,143 16,650 16,341 16,310 23,458 23,974 24,466 24,684 20,703 21,495 21,714 21,859 27,904 27,967 29,015 29,466 —Data not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; Current Population Reports, Money Income of Families and Persons in the United States, and unpublished data. (This table was prepared September 1992.) Chapter 2 Elementary and Secondary Education William C. Sonnenberg Several cities in the colonies, particularly in Massachusetts, set up a variety of elementary schools. These efforts were often modest, taught by housewives, clergy, or missionaries in their spare time, with sparse resources. Boston, and several other large cities, did provide some structure and some resources for their schools. But no colony centralized control of education. As towns prospered, the need for public education standards became a concern of colonial governments. Thus, in 1642, the General Court of Massachusetts enacted into law a condemnation of parents and masters who did not take steps to guarantee that their children could ‘‘read & understand the principles of religion & the capitall lawes of this country.’’ It is important to note that the responsibility for providing education was placed on parents rather than borne by the government. Perhaps in response to a lack of direction in the above legislation, albeit a clear expression of concern, Massachusetts enacted provisions in 1647 for the creation of grammar schools in any town which attained a population level of 100 families or households. The stated aim of these schools was to ‘‘instruct youth so farr as they shall be fited for y university Harvard.’’ These Massachusetts laws served as models for other colonies. Boston also took the lead in establishing the first public secondary school, Latin Grammar School, in 1635. This institution focused primarily on college preparatory studies, such as mathematics and ancient languages. In subsequent years, the concept spread throughout the Massachusetts colony, especially with the acts of the legislature in 1647. The Northwest Ordinances of 1787 represent a significant federal step in providing education. This legislation authorized grants of land for the establishment of educational institutions. The Continental Congress stated, ‘‘Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.’’ Other governmental efforts also followed independence, as many local legislatures moved to establish the concept of a uniform public system of elementary education. This was necessary to guarantee such essentials as a common language and technical and agricultural training. In 1805, New York City adopted a concept known as monitorial schools which were designed to provide mass education to large numbers of children. However, success was limited when teachers had to try to teach hundreds of children at once using better students as helpers. But the stage was set for what has been termed the ‘‘educational awakening,’’ a movement strongly influenced by Horace Mann. As Secretary of the State Board of Education of Massachusetts, he presided over the enactment of the first compulsory elementary school attendance law in 1852. Although significant progress was made in providing formal education to residents in some states, such as Massachusetts, there were wide variations in the availability of education services. From colonial times, America has recognized the value, both individually and collectively, of a basic education. By the time of the first national surveys of education statistics in 1869–70, millions of young people were enrolled in public elementary schools. Statistical Trends Enrollment The most fundamental measure of the scope of an education system is a measure of enrollment. Over the period covered in this report, total enrollment in U.S. public elementary and secondary schools rose from 7.6 million in 1870–71 to 41.2 million in 1990– 91. This increase may be attributed to growth in the population, as well as to increases in the proportion of young people attending school. Detailed information on the increases in the enrollment rates can be found in chapter 1. The pattern of the rise in public school enrollment has not been consistent. Enrollment increases have occurred at different rates, and there have been two periods of enrollment declines: the first, from the mid-1930s to the mid-1940s; and the second, from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s (table 9). Public school enrollment expanded rapidly during the late 19th century, with a particularly large increase of 44 percent during the 1870s. The increases of the 1870s and 1880s were fueled by increases in the school-age population and increases 25 26 Elementary and Secondary Education in the enrollment ratios. Some of the apparent increase, particularly during the 1870s, may be due to improvements in the relatively primitive data collection systems. Enrollment growth continued in the 1890s and the early 20th century, primarily driven by population increases. Between 1889–90 and 1909– 10, the ratio of enrollment to the number of 5- to 17year-olds rose only slightly, from 77 percent to 81 percent. Enrollment growth accelerated again between 1909–10 and 1919–20, especially at the secondary level. Between 1909–10 and 1919–20, the ratio of high school enrollment to the 14- to 17-yearold population rose from 14 percent to 31 percent. The enrollment ratio for the younger 5- to 13-year-old children was over 100 percent, indicating both the high enrollment rate for the age group and the number of older students attending below ninth grade. Enrollment growth continued during the 1920s aided by further increases in the high school enrollment ratios. During the mid 1930s, changes in enrollment ratios moderated and enrollments began to decline as the number of 5- to 13-year-olds declined. Between 1933–34 and 1944–45, public school enrollment fell by 12 percent. After World War II, public school enrollment began increasing again. The 1950s were a period of dynamic growth, with public school enrollment jumping by 44 percent. The enrollment increase was driven by the entry of the ‘‘baby boomers’’ into elementary schools, as well as by the increase in the high school enrollment ratio of 14- to 17-year-olds. During the rush to accommodate the growing numbers of students during this period, school buildings were constructed in expanding suburban areas, and teacher demand rose dramatically. Enrollment increases continued through the 1960s and until 1971. Since 1971, enrollment ratios have been relatively stable, showing an increase only at the elementary level in the 1980s. The enrollment declines after 1971 were due to a decline in births following the end of the ‘‘baby boom.’’ Between 1971 and 1984, public school enrollment declined by 15 percent. The increase in enrollment from 1985 to 1992 has been driven by increases in population and, to a smaller extent, by rises in the enrollment rate of prekindergarten and kindergarten pupils. Figure 6.--Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by level: 1869-70 to 1992-93 Millions 50 40 Total 30 Elementary 20 10 Secondary 0 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1993 Year ending Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues. Elementary and Secondary Education 27 Figure 7.--Elementary and secondary enrollment as a percentage of 5- to 17-year-olds, by level: 1869-70 to fall 1991 Percent Elementary enrollment/5- to 13-year-olds 110 100 90 Elementary and secondary enrollment/ 5- to 17-year-olds 80 70 60 50 Secondary enrollment/ 14- to 17-year olds 40 30 20 10 0 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1992 Year ending Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues. School Attendance Enrollment figures show the progress made in encouraging students to participate at the secondary education level, but they do not fully illustrate the progress that has been made in the amount of education provided to students. The average number of days that students attended school increased substantially during the late 19th century and early 20th century (table 14). In 1869–70, the school year was only about 132 days long compared to about 180 today. Not only was the year much shorter, but the attendance rate of 59 percent was much lower than the 90 percent figure calculated for 1979–80. The net result of these factors is that students in 1869–70 attended school for an average of only 78 days compared to 161 days in 1979–80. In the early years, students were likely to take time off to help with harvests or other farm work. Also, the less advanced state of medicine and hygiene left students more susceptible to longterm illnesses that prevented school attendance. The length of the school year and the average number of days attended rose slowly during the late 19th century, but rapid increases did not occur until the 1920s. Between 1919–20 and 1929–30, the average number of days attended rose from 121 to 143. During the 1930s, the average number of days attended increased to 152, and the school year lengthened to 175 days, almost as long as today. Since then the changes have been relatively small. The increase in the number of school days for the average student during the early 20th century meant that a more extensive instructional program could be provided. 28 Elementary and Secondary Education Number of days per year 180 Figure 8.--Average number of days per year attended by public school students: 1869-70 to 1980-81 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1981 Year ending Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues. Pupil/Teacher Ratios As might be expected, the increases in enrollment were mirrored by rises in the number of teachers employed in public school systems. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the number of teachers rose at almost exactly the same rate as enrollment (table 14). A steady pupil/teacher ratio of about 34 to 37 resulted. During the mid 1920s, a long-term pattern developed of a slowly falling pupil/teacher ratio. This slow movement picked up in the 1960s, when the pupil/teacher ratio fell from 27 to 23. During the 1970s, the number of teachers remained relatively steady during the enrollment decline, causing the pupil/teacher ratio to drop to 18 in 1984-85. By 1990, 2.4 million Americans, an all-time high, were elementary-secondary teachers (nearly one percent of the population). More complex and diverse school offerings, including special education and enrichment programs, required increasing numbers of specialized teachers. Over the past 120 years, there have been several shifts in the proportion of female teachers. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the proportion of female teachers increased steadily, from 57 percent in 1879–80 to 86 percent in 1919–20. This shift in the composition of the teacher force was brought about by the extensive hiring of women teachers to provide instruction for the rising enrollment and the 22 percent decline in the number of male teachers. During the 1920s and 1930s, the proportion of female teachers dipped to a slightly lower level, before returning to the 85 percent level during World War II, when many young men left their positions to enter the military. After the war, the proportion of female teachers began falling, as the number of male teachers increased more rapidly than the number of female teachers. In 1959–60, about 71 percent of the teachers were women. After dipping to a slightly lower proportion during the late 1960s and 1970s, the proportion of women returned to the 1959–60 level during the late 1980s (table 14). Elementary and Secondary Education Figure 9.--Pupil/teacher ratio in public elementary and secondary schools: 1869-70 to fall 1990 Pupil/teacher ratio 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1991 Year ending Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues. Figure 10.--Percentage of elementary and secondary school teachers, by sex: 1869-70 to fall 1990 Percent 100 90 Female 80 70 60 50 40 30 Male 20 10 0 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1991 Year ending Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues. 29 30 Elementary and Secondary Education Student Assessment The overall trends in science, mathematics, and reading suggest few changes in levels of educational achievement across the two decades covered by the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). Although students appear to be mastering the lower-level skills and virtually all students appear to have grasped mathematics, science, and reading fundamentals, few demonstrate competency with more sophisticated materials and tasks. In 1990, science achievement was no better at ages 9 and 13 and somewhat worse at age 17 than in 1969–70 (table 17). At all three ages, across the 20-year span, performance declined significantly in the 1970s, but improved significantly during the 1980s. At ages 9 and 13, these recent gains returned performance to levels observed two decades earlier. However, at age 17, average proficiency in 1990 remained significantly below that in 1969. In addition, science proficiency did not improve during the 1980s for the lower-performing 25 percent of the 17-year-olds. Average mathematics proficiency improved between 1973 and 1990 at ages 9 and 13. For 17-yearolds, statistically significant declines in performance between 1973 and 1982 were followed by recovery during the 1980s to the original level of performance. At all three ages, students’ average proficiency was significantly higher in 1990 than in 1978. The reading achievement of 9- and 13-year-olds in 1990 was unchanged from 1971, but 17-year-olds were reading better. However, the pattern at age 9 is the reverse of that found for science and for mathematics at age 17. Significant improvement during the 1970s has been all but eradicated by commensurate declines during the 1980s. Little change occurred for 13-year-olds. Seventeen-year-olds showed relatively steady progress across the assessments. The call for improved education and equal opportunity for all students is at the heart of many education reform recommendations. Across the NAEP assessments, both black and Hispanic students have, on average, demonstrated significantly lower proficiency than white students. The 1990 results show that white students consistently had higher average achievement than their black and Hispanic counterparts at all three ages in all three curriculum areas. The trends, however, do indicate a lessening of the achievement gap. For example, between 1969–70 and 1990, science proficiency has remained stable for white 9- and 13year-olds but decreased at age 17. In contrast, black and Hispanic students showed gains at ages 9 and 13, and these students maintained their initial levels of achievement at age 17. In mathematics, the only significant progress by white students since 1973 was at age 9. In comparison, black students showed significant improvements at all three ages, as did Hispanic students at ages 9 and 13. The reading results show a similar pattern. Although the proficiency of white 17-year-olds has improved significantly since 1971, 9- and 13-yearolds were reading at about the same level in 1990 as nearly two decades ago. Black students, however, demonstrated significantly higher proficiency in 1990 at all three ages. Hispanic students also showed gains at age 17, yet their reading performance did not change significantly at the younger ages. High School Graduates The large enrollment in high schools is one of the many success stories of American education during the 20th century. Not surprisingly, the high enrollment ratios have resulted in the growth in the number of high school graduates. An indicator of high school graduation success can be measured by comparing the number of high school graduates to the 17-year-old population. This measurement does not account for students receiving their diplomas through GED programs, night schools, or other special programs; however, this ratio does allow rough historical comparisons to be made over the past 120 years. In 1869–70, there were only about two persons receiving high school diplomas per 100 17-year-olds (table 19). While this ratio increased to 9 per 100 during the ensuing 40 years, high school graduation remained an atypical occurrence, at least in most areas of the country. It should be noted that graduation ratios for females have consistently been higher than those for males. In 1909–10, about 60 percent of the graduates were women. During the 1910s, the 1920s, and the 1930s, the graduation ratios increased rapidly. In 1939–40, the ratio rose above 50 percent for the first time. In that year, about 53 percent of the graduates were females. During World War II, the graduation ratio dipped as some young men left school to join the armed forces. Immediately after the war, the graduation ratio resumed its upward trend, reaching 70 percent in 1959–60. A peak ratio of 77 percent was attained at the end of the 1960s. After falling to around 71 percent in 1979–80, the ratio has returned to about the same level as the late 1960s. More students now obtain diplomas through non-traditional programs than in the earlier years. If these graduates were included, the total graduation ratio for young adults might now be higher than ever. Elementary and Secondary Education 31 Figure 11.--Number of public and private high school graduates per 100 17-year-olds: 1869-70 to 1991-92 Graduates per 100 17-year-olds 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1992 Year ending SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and Current Population Reports, Series P-25; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues. Public Elementary and Secondary School Revenues Today, public schools derive most of their funds from state and local governments. Smaller amounts of federal funds are directed to specific programs, such as those for disabled or educationally disadvantaged children. Prior to the Great Depression of the 1930s, most of the funding came from local (county and city) sources. From 1889–90 until the mid 1930s, local governments provided over three-quarters of financial support for elementary and secondary education. In 1935–36, local governments provided 70 percent of the revenues for public schools and 29 percent came from state governments (table 21). The federal government provided less than 1 percent. During the post-war period, the proportions from state and federal governments began to rise, while the local proportion declined. By the early 1970s, the federal government proportion had risen to 9 percent, and it remained around this level until the early 1980s. The state proportion continued to rise in the 1970s and, in 1978–79, exceeded the local proportion for the first time. During the 1980s, the proportion from the federal government declined, while the proportion from state governments continued to increase, reaching a high of 50 percent in 1986–87. During the late 1980s, the local proportion began growing again, while the state proportions dipped slightly. 32 Elementary and Secondary Education Figure 12.--Sources of revenues for public elementary and secondary schools: 1889-90 to 1989-90 Percent 100 90 80 70 Local 60 50 40 State 30 20 Federal 10 0 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year ending SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education; Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; Statistics of State School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education; and Common Core of Data survey. Public Elementary and Secondary School Expenditures Current expenditures are those costs associated with providing educational services to children (e.g., instruction, transportation, and administration). Two of the most important factors that affect school costs are the relative number and pay of teachers. If there is a drop in the pupil/teacher ratio, school expenditures per student will rise if other factors are held constant. Consistent price indexes to adjust older historical education finance data are not available. However, an examination of the 1869–70 to 1909–10 data indicates an increase in per student funding. The total expenditure (including current expenditures, plus capital outlay and interest on school debt) per student rose from $16 to $33 during the 40-year pe- riod (table 22). This increase in spending would not indicate a real increase if even very modest levels of inflation occurred during the 40 years. Also, the stable pupil/teacher ratio during this period suggests that little additional resources on a per student basis were devoted to education. In 1919–20, current expenditure per student in average daily attendance stood at about $53, or about $355 after adjusting to 1989–90 dollars. The expenditure per student jumped 81 percent in the 1920s, after adjusting for inflation. The real value of teacher salaries rose by 82 percent during this economic boom period, while pupil/teacher ratios changed little (table 14). During the Depression of the 1930s, expenditures per student continued to increase, registering a rise of 24 percent by the end of the decade. Elementary and Secondary Education 33 Figure 13.--Current expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance, in constant 1989-90 dollars: 1919-20 to 1989-90 Expenditure per pupil $6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year ending SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various years. Large rises in current expenditure per pupil have occurred in every decade since World War II, even after adjusting for inflation. The 45 percent boost in the 1950s and the 69 percent jump in the 1960s are particularly impressive considering the rapidly rising enrollment that occurred during these decades. During the 1970s and 1980s, the rate of increase in expenditures per student slowed to a more moderate rate of 35 percent and 33 percent, respectively. The steady increase in expenditure per pupil has been interrupted only twice during the past 70 years, during the periods 1931–32 to 1933–34 and 1978–79 to 1980–81. In each case, the Nation was experiencing economic difficulties. In 1989–90, the current expenditure per student in the public schools was nearly $5,000. These historical elementary and secondary education statistics depict a great achievement during the first half of the 20th century in the development of high schools. Enrollment in high school, once limited to the elite, is now an opportunity that is shared by nearly all America’s young people. A higher proportion of students are graduating than ever, and education funding and teacher salaries are at historic highs. 34 Table 8.—Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: 1869–70 to 1989–90 1 1869–70 1879–80 1889–90 2 3 4 1899–1900 5 1909–10 1919–20 1929–30 1939–40 1949–50 1959–60 1969–70 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1979–80 1988–89 1989–90 13 14 15 224,567 48,041 21.4 245,807 45,388 18.5 248,239 45,330 18.3 Population, pupils, and instructional staff Total population, 1 in thousands .................................... Population aged 5–17 years, 1 in thousands ................. Percent of total population 5–17 .................................... 38,558 11,683 30.3 Total enrollment in elementary and secondary schools, in thousands 2 .............................................. 3 7,562 3 7,481 62,622 18,473 29.5 75,995 21,573 28.4 9,868 12,723 3 80 9,757 110 12,520 203 Enrollment as a percent of total population ................... Enrollment as a percent of 5– to 17–year-olds ............. Percent of total enrollment in high schools (grades 9– 12 and postgraduate) .................................................. High school graduates, in thousands ............................ 17.8 57.0 19.7 65.5 1.2 — Average daily attendance, in thousands ....................... Total number of days attended by pupils enrolled, in millions ......................................................................... Percent of enrolled pupils attending daily ..................... Average length of school term, in days ......................... Average number of days attended per pupil ................. 4,077 539 59.3 132.2 78.4 801 62.3 130.3 81.1 1,098 64.1 134.7 86.3 1,535 68.6 144.3 99.0 2,011 72.0 156.8 112.9 2,615 74.8 161.9 121.2 3,673 82.8 172.7 143.0 3,858 86.7 175.0 151.7 3,964 88.7 177.9 157.9 Total instructional staff, in thousands ............................ Supervisors, in thousands .......................................... Principals, in thousands ............................................. Teachers, librarians, and other nonsupervisory instructional staff, 5 in thousands ................................ Men, in thousands ................................................ Women, in thousands .......................................... Percent men ......................................................... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 700 7 14 892 7 31 912 5 32 201 78 123 38.7 287 123 164 42.8 364 126 238 34.5 423 127 296 29.9 523 110 413 21.1 680 96 584 14.1 854 142 712 16.6 875 195 681 22.2 Kindergarten and grades 1–8, in thousands2 ........ Grades 9–12 and postgraduate, in thousands 2 ..... 50,156 15,066 30.0 90,490 24,011 26.5 104,514 27,571 26.4 15,503 17,814 21,578 14,984 519 16,899 915 19,378 2,200 20.3 68.9 20.4 71.9 19.7 74.2 20.6 78.3 1.1 — 1.6 22 3.3 62 5.1 111 6,144 8,154 10,633 12,827 121,767 31,414 25.8 130,880 30,151 23.0 149,199 30,223 20.3 177,080 42,634 24.1 201,385 52,386 26.0 25,678 25,434 21,279 4,399 18,832 6,601 25,111 36,087 45,550 41,651 40,189 40,543 19,387 5,725 27,602 8,485 32,513 13,037 28,034 13,616 28,499 11,690 29,152 11,390 21.1 81.7 19.4 84.4 16.8 83.1 20.4 84.6 22.6 87.0 18.5 86.7 16.3 88.5 16.3 89.4 10.2 231 17.1 592 26.0 1,143 22.8 1,063 23.5 1,627 28.6 2,589 32.7 2,748 29.1 2,459 28.1 2,320 16,150 21,265 22,042 22,284 32,477 41,934 38,289 37,268 37,779 5,782 90.0 178.0 160.2 7,501 90.4 178.9 161.7 4 6,835 4 160.8 — — — — — — — — 962 9 39 1,464 14 64 2,253 32 91 2,441 435 106 — — — — — — 914 195 719 21.3 1,387 4 402 4 985 4 29.0 2,131 4 691 4 1,440 4 32.4 2,300 4 782 4 1,518 4 34.0 2,447 — — — 2,528 — — — 4 90.1 4 178.5 Amounts in millions of current dollars Finance Total revenue receipts ................................................... Federal government ................................................... State governments ..................................................... Local sources, including intermediate ........................ Percent of revenue receipts from Federal government ................................................... State governments ..................................................... Local sources, including intermediate ........................ Total expenditures for public schools ............................ Current expenditures 6 ................................................ Capital outlay 9 ........................................................... Interest on school debt ............................................... Other expenditures 10 ................................................. Percent of total expenditures devoted to Current expenditures 6 ................................................ Capital outlay 8 ........................................................... Interest on school debt ............................................... Other expenditures 10 ................................................. — — — — — — — — $143 — — — $220 — — — $433 — — — $970 2 160 808 $2,089 7 354 1,728 $2,261 40 684 1,536 $5,437 156 2,166 3,116 $14,747 652 5,768 8,327 $40,267 3,220 16,063 20,985 $96,881 9,504 45,349 42,029 $192,016 11,902 91,769 88,345 $207,584 12,751 98,060 96,774 — — — $63 — — — — — — — $78 — — — — — — — $141 7 114 26 — — — — — $215 7 180 35 — — — — — $426 7 356 70 — — 0.3 16.5 83.2 $1,036 861 154 18 3 0.4 16.9 82.7 $2,317 1,844 371 93 10 1.8 30.3 68.0 $2,344 1,942 258 131 13 2.9 39.8 57.3 $5,838 4,687 1,014 101 36 4.4 39.1 56.5 $15,613 8 12,329 2,662 490 133 8.0 39.9 52.1 $40,683 8 34,218 4,659 1,171 636 9.8 46.8 43.4 $95,962 8 86,984 6,506 1,874 11 598 6.2 47.8 46.0 $192,977 8 173,099 14,101 3,213 11 2,564 6.1 47.2 46.6 $211,731 8 187,384 17,685 3,693 11 2,969 — — — — — — — — 7 81.3 7 83.5 7 83.6 82.8 11.0 5.6 0.6 80.3 17.4 1.7 0.6 9 90.6 9 89.7 9 88.5 16.4 — — 79.6 16.0 4.0 0.4 9 84.1 16.5 — — 83.1 14.8 1.8 0.3 9 79.0 18.7 — — 17.0 3.1 0.8 11.5 2.9 1.6 6.8 2.0 11 0.6 7.3 1.7 11 1.3 8.4 1.7 11 1.4 Elementary and Secondary Education Item Table 8.—Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: 1869–70 to 1989–90—Continued Item 1 1869–70 1879–80 1889–90 2 3 4 1899–1900 5 1909–10 1919–20 1929–30 1939–40 1949–50 1959–60 1969–70 6 7 8 9 1979–80 1988–89 1989–90 13 14 15 10 11 12 $3,010 3,400 39 1,520 209 259 10,312 1.17 1.46 $5,174 5,413 88 2,272 375 472 12,547 2.11 2.65 $8,840 8,750 202 3,829 816 955 18,656 4.56 5.34 13 $16,715 13 $30,969 13 $32,723 19,087 427 9,117 2,272 2,491 53,470 12.73 13.95 33,036 785 16,284 4,645 5,109 107,400 — — 34,886 853 17,099 4,960 5,526 112,358 — — $22,359 23,392 381 9,818 1,621 2,040 54,220 9.12 11.45 $29,714 29,412 679 12,871 2,743 3,210 62,709 15.33 17.95 13 $27,339 13 $32,447 13 $32,723 31,218 699 14,911 3,716 4,074 87,454 20.82 22.82 34,612 823 17,061 4,866 5,353 112,525 — — 34,886 853 17,099 4,960 5,526 112,358 — — Amounts staff 12 Annual salary of instructional .............................. Personal income per member of labor force 1 ............... Total school expenditures per capita of total population National income 1 per capita .......................................... Current expenditure 14 per pupil in A.D.A. 15 ................. Total expenditure 16 per pupil in A.D.A. ......................... National income per pupil in A.D.A. .............................. Current expenditure per day 17 per pupil in A.D.A. ....... Total expenditure per day per pupil in A.D.A. ............... $189 — 1.59 — — 15.55 — — 0.12 $195 — 1.56 — — 12.71 — — 0.10 $252 — 2.23 — 7 13.99 17.23 — 7 0.10 0.13 $325 — 2.83 — 7 16.67 20.21 — 7 0.12 0.14 $485 — 4.71 — 7 27.85 33.23 — 7 0.18 0.21 $871 — 9.91 — 53.32 64.16 — 0.33 0.40 $1,420 1,634 19.03 667 86.70 108.49 3,845 0.50 0.63 $1,441 1,356 17.91 587 88.09 105.74 3,502 0.50 0.60 Amounts in constant 1989–90 dollars staff 12 Annual salary of instructional ............................. Personal income per member of labor force 1 ............... Total school expenditures per capita of total population National income 1 per capita .......................................... Current expenditure 14 per pupil in A.D.A. 15 ................. Total expenditure 16 per pupil in A.D.A. ......................... National income per pupil in A.D.A. .............................. Current expenditure per day 17 per pupil in A.D.A. ....... Total expenditure per day per pupil in A.D.A. ............... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $5,803 — 66 — 355 427 — 2.20 2.67 $10,534 12,121 141 4,948 643 805 28,522 3.71 4.67 $13,093 12,320 163 5,333 800 961 31,819 4.54 5.45 $16,138 18,229 210 8,149 1,120 1,388 55,287 6.27 7.83 13 Estimated by the National Education Association. current expenditures not allocable to pupil costs. 15 ‘‘A.D.A.’’ means average daily attendance in elementary and secondary schools. 16 The expenditure figure used here is the sum of current expenditures allocable to pupil costs, capital outlay, and interest on school debt. 17 Per-day rates derived by dividing annual rates by average length of term. —Data not collected. 14 Excludes NOTE.—Kindergarten enrollment includes a relatively small number of nursery school pupils. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Beginning in 1959– 60, data include Alaska and Hawaii. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, FY 1980; Common Core of Data survey; Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Indicators; and National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics (copyright by the National Education Association.) (This table was prepared October 1992.) Elementary and Secondary Education 1 Data on population and labor force are from the Bureau of the Census, and data on personal income and national income are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. Population data through 1900 are based on total population from the decennial census. From 1909–10 to 1959–60, population data are total population, including armed forces overseas, as of July 1. Data for later years are for resident population, excluding armed forces overseas. 2 Data for 1869–70 through 1959–60 are school year enrollment. Data for later years are fall enrollment. 3 Data for 1870–71. 4 Estimated by the National Center for Education Statistics. 5 Prior to 1919–20, data are for the number of different persons employed rather than number of positions. 6 Prior to 1919–20, includes expenditures for interest. 7 Includes interest on school debt. 8 Because of the modification of the scope of ‘‘current expenditures for elementary and secondary schools,’’ data for 1959–60 and later years are not entirely comparable with prior years. 9 Beginning in 1969–70, includes capital outlay by state and local school building authorities. 10 Includes summer schools, community colleges, and adult education. Beginning in 1959–60, also includes community services, formerly classified with ‘‘current expenditures for elementary and secondary schools.’’ 11 Excludes community colleges and adult education. 12 Average includes supervisors, principals, teachers, and other nonsupervisory instructional staff. — — — — — — — — — 35 36 Elementary and Secondary Education Table 9.—Enrollment in regular public and private elementary and secondary schools, by grade level: 1869–70 to fall 1992 [Enrollment in thousands] All schools Year 1 Private schools 1 Public schools Total Kindergarten to grade 8 Grades 9 to 12 2 3 4 Total Kindergarten to grade 8 Grades 9 to 12 5 6 7 All public and private schools Total Kindergarten to grade 8 Grades 9 to 12 Ratio of kindergarten to grade 12 enrollment to 5– to 17-yearolds 8 9 10 11 Ratio of kindergarten to grade 8 enrollment to 5– to 13-yearolds Ratio of grades 9 to 12 enrollment to 14– to 17year-olds 12 13 1869–70 1870–71 1871–72 1872–73 1873–74 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 6,872 7,562 7,815 8,004 8,444 — 7,481 — — — — 80 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 57.0 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1874–75 1875–76 1876–77 1877–78 1878–79 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8,786 8,869 8,965 9,439 9,504 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1879–80 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 9,868 10,001 10,212 10,652 10,982 9,757 — — — — 110 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 65.5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1884–85 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... — — — — 13,661 — — — — — — — — — — 11,398 11,664 11,885 12,183 12,392 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,269 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 14,334 14,541 14,556 14,826 15,314 14,036 14,231 14,215 14,470 14,906 298 310 340 356 408 12,723 13,050 13,256 13,483 13,995 12,520 12,839 13,016 13,229 13,706 203 212 240 254 289 1,611 1,491 1,300 1,343 1,319 1,516 1,392 1,199 1,240 1,200 95 98 101 102 119 77.3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 15,455 15,834 16,140 16,459 16,474 14,987 15,347 15,623 15,904 15,894 468 487 517 555 580 14,244 14,499 14,823 15,104 15,176 13,894 14,118 14,414 14,654 14,700 350 380 409 450 476 1,211 1,335 1,317 1,355 1,298 1,093 1,228 1,209 1,250 1,194 118 107 108 105 104 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1899–1900 ................. 1900–01 ..................... 1901–02 ..................... 1902–03 ..................... 1903–04 ..................... 16,855 17,072 17,126 17,205 17,560 16,225 16,422 16,471 16,511 16,821 630 650 655 694 739 15,503 15,703 15,917 16,009 16,256 14,984 15,161 15,367 15,417 15,620 519 542 551 592 636 1,352 1,370 1,209 1,196 1,304 1,241 1,262 1,104 1,094 1,201 111 108 105 102 103 78.1 79.3 78.6 77.9 78.7 — 106.6 105.8 104.8 105.8 — 10.6 10.5 11.0 11.5 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 17,806 18,056 18,292 18,537 18,917 17,019 17,231 17,444 17,675 17,982 787 824 848 862 935 16,468 16,642 16,891 17,062 17,506 15,789 15,919 16,140 16,292 16,665 680 723 751 770 841 1,338 1,414 1,402 1,475 1,411 1,231 1,312 1,305 1,383 1,317 107 102 97 92 94 78.8 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.9 106.1 106.3 106.6 107.0 107.8 12.0 12.4 12.5 12.5 13.4 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 19,372 19,636 19,830 20,348 20,935 18,340 18,349 18,488 18,866 19,348 1,032 1,288 1,342 1,482 1,587 17,814 18,035 18,183 18,609 19,154 16,899 16,878 16,982 17,276 17,722 915 1,157 1,201 1,333 1,432 1,558 1,601 1,647 1,739 1,781 1,441 1,471 1,506 1,591 1,626 117 131 141 148 155 80.7 80.5 80.3 81.3 82.1 108.6 107.1 106.4 106.9 107.4 14.5 17.8 18.3 20.1 21.2 1914–15 ..................... 1915–16 ..................... 1916–17 3 .................. 1917–18 ..................... 1918–19 3 .................. 21,474 22,172 22,344 22,516 22,897 19,758 20,306 20,392 20,423 20,643 1,717 1,866 1,952 2,093 2,253 19,704 20,352 20,603 20,854 21,216 18,143 18,641 18,808 18,920 19,149 1,562 1,711 1,795 1,934 2,067 1,770 1,820 1,741 1,662 1,681 1,615 1,665 1,584 1,504 1,495 155 155 157 159 186 82.7 84.2 83.7 83.1 83.2 107.4 108.5 107.1 105.4 104.7 22.7 24.5 25.5 27.1 28.9 1919–20 ..................... 1920–21 3 .................. 1921–22 ..................... 1922–23 3 .................. 1923–24 ..................... 23,278 24,049 24,820 25,418 26,016 20,863 21,292 21,721 22,047 22,372 2,414 2,757 3,099 3,371 3,644 21,578 22,409 23,239 23,764 24,289 19,378 19,872 20,366 20,633 20,899 2,200 2,537 2,873 3,131 3,390 1,699 1,640 1,581 1,654 1,727 1,486 1,420 1,355 1,414 1,473 214 220 226 240 254 84.4 85.9 87.1 87.9 88.6 105.2 105.8 106.3 106.7 107.0 31.2 35.0 38.4 40.8 43.1 1924–25 3 .................. 1925–26 ..................... 1926–27 3 .................. 1927–28 ..................... 1928–29 3 .................. 26,733 27,180 27,495 27,810 28,070 22,807 23,127 23,342 23,558 23,573 3,926 4,053 4,153 4,252 4,497 24,650 24,741 24,961 25,180 25,429 20,999 20,984 21,126 21,268 21,274 3,651 3,757 3,834 3,911 4,155 2,083 2,439 2,535 2,631 2,641 1,808 2,143 2,216 2,289 2,300 275 296 318 341 341 89.7 90.0 89.9 89.9 89.9 107.9 108.3 107.9 107.8 107.2 45.3 45.9 46.4 46.8 48.8 1929–30 ..................... 1930–31 3 .................. 1931–32 ..................... 1932–33 3 .................. 1933–34 ..................... 28,329 28,695 29,061 29,112 29,163 23,588 23,553 23,518 23,326 23,133 4,741 5,142 5,543 5,786 6,029 25,678 25,977 26,275 26,355 26,434 21,279 21,207 21,135 20,950 20,765 4,399 4,770 5,140 5,405 5,669 2,651 2,719 2,786 2,757 2,729 2,310 2,346 2,383 2,375 2,368 341 372 403 382 360 90.2 90.7 91.8 92.0 92.4 106.6 105.8 105.6 104.9 104.5 51.1 54.9 59.0 61.5 63.8 1934–35 3 .................. 1935–36 ..................... 1936–37 3 .................. 1937–38 ..................... 1938–39 3 .................. 29,084 29,006 28,834 28,663 28,354 22,889 22,644 22,316 21,989 21,487 6,196 6,362 6,518 6,674 6,866 26,401 26,367 26,171 25,975 25,704 20,579 20,393 20,070 19,748 19,290 5,822 5,975 6,101 6,227 6,414 2,684 2,639 2,663 2,687 2,649 2,310 2,251 2,246 2,241 2,197 374 387 417 447 452 92.4 92.4 92.4 92.6 92.7 104.2 104.2 104.1 104.3 104.0 65.0 65.9 66.6 67.7 69.3 Elementary and Secondary Education 37 Table 9.—Enrollment in regular public and private elementary and secondary schools, by grade level: 1869–70 to fall 1992—Continued [Enrollment in thousands] All schools Year Private schools 1 Public schools Total Kindergarten to grade 8 Grades 9 to 12 2 3 4 1939–40 ..................... 1940–41 3 .................. 1941–42 ..................... 1942–43 3 .................. 1943–44 ..................... 28,045 27,910 27,179 26,709 25,758 20,985 20,726 20,308 20,135 19,783 1944–45 3 .................. 1945–46 ..................... 1946–47 3 .................. 1947–48 ..................... 1948–49 3 .................. 25,884 26,124 26,598 26,998 27,694 1949–50 ..................... 1950–51 3 .................. 1951–52 ..................... 1952–53 3 .................. 1953–54 ..................... All public and private schools Total Kindergarten to grade 8 Grades 9 to 12 Ratio of kindergarten to grade 12 enrollment to 5– to 17-yearolds 8 9 10 11 Ratio of kindergarten to grade 8 enrollment to 5– to 13-yearolds Ratio of grades 9 to 12 enrollment to 14– to 17year-olds 12 13 Total Kindergarten to grade 8 Grades 9 to 12 5 6 7 7,059 7,184 6,871 6,574 5,974 25,434 25,296 24,562 24,155 23,267 18,832 18,582 18,175 18,033 17,713 6,601 6,714 6,388 6,122 5,554 2,611 2,614 2,617 2,554 2,491 2,153 2,143 2,133 2,102 2,070 458 470 483 452 421 93.0 93.7 92.3 91.9 89.3 103.6 103.9 103.1 103.5 102.1 71.3 73.0 70.5 68.4 63.0 19,830 19,937 20,177 20,743 21,398 6,053 6,187 6,421 6,256 6,296 23,226 23,300 23,659 23,945 24,477 17,666 17,678 17,821 18,291 18,818 5,560 5,622 5,838 5,653 5,658 2,658 2,825 2,939 3,054 3,217 2,165 2,259 2,355 2,451 2,580 493 565 584 602 637 90.3 91.6 93.1 93.2 93.4 102.7 102.9 102.6 103.2 102.1 64.7 67.7 72.0 70.5 72.3 28,492 29,301 30,372 31,581 33,175 22,095 22,831 23,834 24,997 26,138 6,397 6,470 6,538 6,584 7,038 25,111 25,706 26,563 27,507 28,836 19,387 19,900 20,681 21,625 22,546 5,725 5,806 5,882 5,882 6,290 3,380 3,595 3,809 4,074 4,339 2,708 2,931 3,154 3,373 3,592 672 664 656 702 747 94.3 95.4 97.0 95.7 96.7 102.1 102.5 104.6 103.0 102.7 74.5 76.6 76.7 75.5 79.4 1954–55 3 .................. 1955–56 ..................... 1956–57 ..................... 1957–58 ..................... 1958–59 ..................... 34,569 35,872 37,303 38,756 40,290 27,210 28,177 29,107 29,966 31,040 7,359 7,696 8,195 8,790 9,250 30,045 31,163 32,334 33,529 34,839 23,471 24,290 25,016 25,669 26,581 6,574 6,873 7,318 7,860 8,258 4,524 4,709 4,968 5,227 5,451 3,739 3,886 4,092 4,297 4,459 785 823 877 931 993 97.0 97.1 97.4 97.7 97.9 102.1 101.7 101.2 101.4 101.6 81.8 83.5 86.0 86.6 87.2 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 41,762 43,070 44,146 45,798 47,199 32,242 33,191 33,451 34,224 34,825 9,520 9,879 10,694 11,574 12,375 36,087 37,260 38,253 39,746 41,025 27,602 28,439 28,686 29,374 29,915 8,485 8,821 9,566 10,372 11,110 5,675 5,810 5,893 6,052 6,174 4,640 4,752 4,765 4,850 4,910 1,035 1,058 1,128 1,202 1,265 98.0 97.5 97.5 98.2 98.2 101.8 100.4 100.7 101.0 100.7 86.9 89.0 88.8 90.8 91.7 1964–65 ..................... Fall 1965 .................... Fall 1966 .................... Fall 1967 .................... Fall 1968 .................... 48,580 48,368 49,242 49,890 50,703 35,652 35,366 35,962 36,243 36,581 12,928 13,002 13,280 13,647 14,123 42,280 42,068 43,042 43,890 44,903 30,652 30,466 31,162 31,643 32,181 11,628 11,602 11,880 12,247 12,723 6,300 6,300 6,200 6,000 5,800 5,000 4,900 4,800 4,600 4,400 1,300 1,400 1,400 1,400 1,400 98.1 96.9 97.2 97.1 97.6 101.2 98.9 99.1 98.9 99.4 90.6 91.9 92.2 92.7 93.1 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 51,050 51,257 51,271 50,726 50,445 36,713 36,610 36,218 35,579 35,101 14,337 14,647 15,053 15,148 15,344 45,550 45,894 46,071 45,726 45,445 32,513 32,558 32,318 31,879 31,401 13,037 13,336 13,753 13,848 14,044 5,500 5,363 5,200 5,000 5,000 4,200 4,052 3,900 3,700 3,700 1,300 1,311 1,300 1,300 1,300 97.5 97.5 97.5 97.0 97.2 99.7 99.8 100.0 99.7 100.2 92.2 92.0 92.2 91.0 91.0 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 50,073 49,819 49,478 48,717 47,637 34,671 34,215 33,822 33,172 32,195 15,403 15,604 15,656 15,546 15,441 45,073 44,819 44,311 43,577 42,551 30,971 30,515 29,997 29,375 28,463 14,103 14,304 14,314 14,203 14,088 5,000 5,000 5,167 5,140 5,086 3,700 3,700 3,825 3,797 3,732 1,300 1,300 1,342 1,343 1,353 97.2 97.6 97.7 97.6 97.1 100.6 100.9 100.9 101.0 100.3 90.4 91.1 91.5 91.2 91.1 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 46,651 46,208 45,544 45,166 44,967 31,734 31,639 31,380 31,361 31,296 14,916 14,570 14,164 13,805 13,671 41,651 40,877 40,044 39,566 39,252 28,034 27,647 27,280 27,161 26,981 13,616 13,231 12,764 12,405 12,271 5,000 5,331 5,500 5,600 5,715 3,700 3,992 4,100 4,200 4,315 1,300 1,339 1,400 1,400 1,400 97.1 97.8 98.3 98.9 99.6 101.0 101.7 102.0 102.4 102.9 89.8 90.3 90.8 91.8 92.9 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 44,908 44,979 45,205 45,486 45,430 31,205 31,229 31,536 32,162 32,535 13,704 13,750 13,669 13,324 12,896 39,208 39,422 39,753 40,007 40,189 26,905 27,034 27,420 27,930 28,499 12,304 12,388 12,333 12,077 11,690 5,700 5,557 5,452 5,479 5,241 4,300 4,195 4,116 4,232 4,036 1,400 1,362 1,336 1,247 1,206 99.9 100.0 100.1 100.4 100.1 103.2 103.7 103.9 104.3 103.6 93.2 92.5 92.4 92.1 92.2 Fall Fall Fall Fall 1989 .................... 1990 .................... 1991 3 ................. 1992 3 ................. 45,898 46,450 47,032 47,601 33,314 33,978 34,447 34,855 12,583 12,472 12,585 12,746 40,543 41,224 41,839 42,250 29,152 29,888 30,378 30,663 11,390 11,336 11,461 11,587 5,355 5,226 5,193 5,351 4,162 4,090 4,069 4,192 1,193 1,136 1,124 1,159 101.3 102.5 102.4 — 104.6 106.2 106.0 — 93.2 93.7 93.8 — 1 1 For 1958–59 and 1960–61 through 1963–64, numbers were estimated using linear interpolation. Data for most years are at least partially estimated. 2 Data are for public elementary and secondary schools only. 3 Estimated. —Data not available. graduate students. Population data for 1870 through 1961 include U.S. population overseas; data for later years are for U.S. resident population only. Population data for 1870 to 1890 are from the decennial census. Data for later years are based on counts of population for July 1 preceding the school year. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. NOTE.—Prior to 1965, enrollment data include students who enrolled at any time during the school year. Enrollment ratios based on cumulative enrollment figures tend to be approximately 1 to 2 percentage points higher than counts based on fall enrollment. In later years, data for grades kindergarten through 8 include a relatively small number of prekindergarten students. Data for grades 9 to 12 contain a small number of post- SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; Statistics of State School Systems; Digest of Education Statistics; and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P20, and unpublished data. (This table was prepared September 1992.) 38 Elementary and Secondary Education Table 10.—Enrollment in regular public elementary and secondary schools, by grade: 1910–11 to fall 1990 Kindergarten through grade 8 Year 1 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 Total 2 Total Kindergarten 1 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 18,035,118 18,182,937 18,609,040 19,153,786 19,704,209 16,878,123 16,982,139 17,275,684 17,721,691 18,142,653 326,883 348,303 369,723 391,143 409,083 3,889,542 3,875,684 3,922,183 3,986,026 4,043,254 2,449,584 2,445,174 2,468,270 2,495,599 2,535,900 2,300,622 2,295,469 2,316,117 2,374,285 2,411,766 2,201,315 2,212,300 2,248,493 2,287,632 2,340,831 1,870,290 1,879,624 1,910,374 1,975,683 2,021,627 1,522,714 1,546,947 1,589,160 1,663,733 1,720,156 1915–16 .......... 1916–17 3 ........ 1917–18 .......... 1918–19 3 ........ 1919–20 .......... 20,351,687 20,602,602 20,853,516 21,215,916 21,578,316 18,640,815 18,807,710 18,919,695 19,148,811 19,377,927 434,022 433,700 433,377 457,322 481,266 4,114,735 4,224,907 4,323,170 4,321,996 4,320,823 2,585,365 2,600,418 2,607,727 2,622,775 2,637,822 2,476,124 2,503,813 2,524,215 2,510,915 2,497,615 2,403,297 2,425,708 2,440,871 2,498,633 2,556,395 2,075,574 2,104,986 2,128,086 2,140,588 2,153,091 1,784,266 1,814,236 1,838,770 1,864,631 1,890,492 1920–21 3 ........ 1921–22 .......... 1922–23 3 ........ 1923–24 .......... 1924–25 3 ........ 22,408,773 23,239,227 23,764,017 24,288,808 24,650,291 19,872,124 20,366,218 20,632,624 20,898,930 20,999,078 505,252 529,235 569,447 609,659 599,684 4,248,745 4,176,567 4,180,450 4,184,232 4,048,598 2,743,417 2,849,013 2,831,210 2,813,409 2,799,520 2,606,922 2,716,229 2,755,947 2,795,665 2,730,383 2,558,036 2,559,677 2,634,084 2,708,491 2,696,479 2,221,331 2,289,571 2,365,065 2,440,558 2,514,493 1,974,256 2,058,019 2,089,418 2,120,817 2,186,346 1925–26 .......... 1926–27 3 ........ 1927–28 .......... 1928–29 3 ........ 1929–30 .......... 24,741,468 24,960,582 25,179,696 25,428,856 25,678,015 20,984,002 21,126,210 21,268,417 21,273,505 21,278,593 673,231 684,360 695,490 709,467 723,443 3,976,750 4,073,894 4,171,037 4,160,978 4,150,919 2,819,896 2,818,218 2,816,540 2,809,727 2,802,914 2,729,252 2,695,615 2,661,977 2,697,108 2,732,239 2,662,205 2,647,339 2,632,474 2,615,851 2,599,229 2,473,053 2,454,260 2,435,466 2,408,979 2,382,491 2,234,246 2,238,844 2,243,443 2,249,846 2,256,249 1930–31 3 ........ 1931–32 .......... 1932–33 3 ........ 1933–34 .......... 1934–35 3 ........ 25,976,728 26,275,441 26,354,817 26,434,193 26,400,646 21,207,007 21,135,420 20,950,229 20,765,037 20,578,799 712,423 701,403 649,001 601,775 604,264 4,040,558 3,930,196 3,826,112 3,716,852 3,623,589 2,789,646 2,776,378 2,704,053 2,631,728 2,594,659 2,697,881 2,663,524 2,637,885 2,612,246 2,568,491 2,594,164 2,589,098 2,581,054 2,573,010 2,535,875 2,422,527 2,462,563 2,448,002 2,433,441 2,433,216 2,267,081 2,277,913 2,282,982 2,288,051 2,303,760 1935–36 .......... 1936–37 3 ........ 1937–38 .......... 1938–39 3 ........ 1939–40 .......... 26,367,098 26,171,103 25,975,108 25,704,325 25,433,542 20,392,561 20,070,368 19,748,174 19,290,136 18,832,098 606,753 606,893 607,034 600,841 594,647 3,530,325 3,423,735 3,317,144 3,167,803 3,018,463 2,557,589 2,522,070 2,486,550 2,409,813 2,333,076 2,524,736 2,484,558 2,444,381 2,387,970 2,331,559 2,498,741 2,450,679 2,402,617 2,362,242 2,321,867 2,432,991 2,387,710 2,342,428 2,295,060 2,247,692 2,319,470 2,286,096 2,252,722 2,214,428 2,176,133 1940–41 3 ........ 1941–42 .......... 1942–43 3 ........ 1943–44 .......... 1944–45 3 ........ 25,296,138 24,562,473 24,155,146 23,266,616 23,225,784 18,582,225 18,174,668 18,033,080 17,713,096 17,665,594 613,213 625,783 664,915 697,468 733,974 2,991,738 2,930,762 2,919,242 2,878,843 2,881,849 2,285,614 2,215,100 2,228,945 2,220,739 2,265,796 2,263,315 2,175,245 2,179,843 2,162,878 2,173,078 2,270,749 2,196,732 2,148,889 2,079,788 2,083,552 2,211,285 2,166,018 2,101,723 2,016,635 2,007,988 2,155,538 2,124,494 2,071,396 1,997,806 1,950,624 1945–46 .......... 1946–47 3 ........ 1947–48 .......... 1948–49 3 ........ 1949–50 .......... 23,299,941 23,659,158 23,944,532 24,476,658 25,111,427 17,677,744 17,821,481 18,291,227 18,818,254 19,386,806 772,957 872,835 988,680 1,016,186 1,034,203 2,894,588 2,896,451 2,951,300 3,067,375 3,170,343 2,318,502 2,319,772 2,363,477 2,502,828 2,644,707 2,190,617 2,204,573 2,258,858 2,314,645 2,395,904 2,094,352 2,119,377 2,183,171 2,220,554 2,254,028 2,006,120 2,012,212 2,055,115 2,088,826 2,150,678 1,910,028 1,907,319 1,939,500 1,994,735 2,055,741 1950–51 3 ........ 1951–52 .......... 1952–53 3 ........ 1953–54 .......... 1954–55 3 ........ 25,706,000 26,562,664 27,506,630 28,836,052 30,045,000 19,900,000 20,680,867 21,624,682 22,545,807 23,471,000 941,138 1,272,127 1,399,064 1,474,007 1,415,000 3,052,806 2,957,485 3,357,598 3,666,466 3,518,000 2,739,176 2,670,162 2,638,816 2,940,285 3,391,000 2,600,440 2,717,947 2,633,457 2,569,243 2,896,000 2,357,752 2,559,115 2,684,145 2,565,345 2,535,000 2,211,306 2,320,132 2,520,163 2,606,983 2,523,000 2,117,360 2,165,741 2,275,680 2,449,174 2,584,000 Elementary and Secondary Education 39 Table 10.—Enrollment in regular public elementary and secondary schools, by grade: 1910–11 to fall 1990—Continued Kindergarten through grade 8 Year 1 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 Grades 9 through 12 and postgraduate Grade 7 Grade 8 Elementary unclassified 2 11 12 13 Total Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12 Postgraduate Secondary unclassified 2 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 1,257,894 1,280,805 1,318,665 1,369,113 1,418,686 1,059,279 1,097,833 1,132,699 1,178,477 1,241,350 — — — — — 1,156,995 1,200,798 1,333,356 1,432,095 1,561,556 495,194 500,733 546,676 584,295 638,677 308,918 325,416 358,673 383,801 416,935 208,259 218,545 248,004 266,370 287,326 144,624 156,104 180,003 197,629 218,618 — — — — — — — — — — 1915–16 .......... 1916–17 3 ........ 1917–18 .......... 1918–19 3 ........ 1919–20 .......... 1,474,750 1,481,027 1,482,675 1,537,385 1,592,095 1,292,682 1,218,915 1,140,804 1,194,566 1,248,328 — — — — — 1,710,872 1,794,892 1,933,821 2,067,105 2,200,389 692,903 743,064 816,396 866,519 916,642 460,225 476,406 506,974 541,462 575,950 316,511 324,163 341,534 368,888 396,242 241,233 251,259 268,917 290,236 311,555 — — — — — — — — — — 1920–21 3 ........ 1921–22 .......... 1922–23 3 ........ 1923–24 .......... 1924–25 3 ........ 1,668,158 1,744,222 1,795,314 1,846,407 1,930,732 1,346,007 1,443,685 1,411,689 1,379,692 1,492,843 — — — — — 2,536,649 2,873,009 3,131,393 3,389,878 3,651,213 1,065,177 1,213,713 1,271,062 1,328,412 1,424,304 678,752 781,553 850,766 919,979 970,415 455,842 515,542 583,386 651,329 715,978 336,878 362,201 426,179 490,158 540,516 — — — — — — — — — — 1925–26 .......... 1926–27 3 ........ 1927–28 .......... 1928–29 3 ........ 1929–30 .......... 1,927,265 1,974,451 2,021,636 2,025,686 2,029,736 1,488,104 1,539,229 1,590,354 1,595,863 1,601,373 — — — — — 3,757,466 3,834,372 3,911,279 4,155,351 4,399,422 1,425,204 1,450,564 1,475,924 1,551,374 1,626,823 1,004,503 1,025,030 1,045,558 1,118,871 1,192,185 736,254 751,980 767,706 823,616 879,525 591,505 606,798 622,091 661,490 700,889 — — — — — — — — — — 1930–31 3 ........ 1931–32 .......... 1932–33 3 ........ 1933–34 .......... 1934–35 3 ........ 2,041,280 2,052,825 2,119,972 2,187,119 2,184,553 1,641,447 1,681,520 1,701,168 1,720,815 1,730,392 — — — — — 4,769,721 5,140,021 5,404,588 5,669,156 5,821,847 1,702,216 1,777,608 1,816,317 1,855,026 1,912,549 1,289,758 1,387,331 1,463,793 1,540,254 1,580,058 973,140 1,066,755 1,137,967 1,209,180 1,229,295 786,337 871,786 938,580 1,005,375 1,034,922 18,270 36,541 47,931 59,321 65,023 — — — — — 1935–36 .......... 1936–37 3 ........ 1937–38 .......... 1938–39 3 ........ 1939–40 .......... 2,181,987 2,177,580 2,173,173 2,140,420 2,107,667 1,739,969 1,731,047 1,722,125 1,711,559 1,700,994 — — — — — 5,974,537 6,100,735 6,226,934 6,414,189 6,601,444 1,970,072 1,974,726 1,979,379 1,995,360 2,011,341 1,619,862 1,644,571 1,669,281 1,718,297 1,767,312 1,249,409 1,314,404 1,379,398 1,432,500 1,485,603 1,064,469 1,107,487 1,150,506 1,216,121 1,281,735 70,725 59,547 48,370 51,911 55,453 — — — — — 1940–41 3 ........ 1941–42 .......... 1942–43 3 ........ 1943–44 .......... 1944–45 3 ........ 2,049,791 2,060,752 2,022,880 1,964,997 1,897,743 1,690,982 1,679,782 1,695,247 1,693,942 1,670,990 — — — — — 6,713,913 6,387,805 6,122,066 5,553,520 5,560,190 2,034,316 1,927,040 1,897,750 1,774,593 1,742,873 1,792,615 1,705,746 1,653,586 1,519,638 1,529,857 1,517,344 1,450,788 1,374,470 1,230,168 1,236,883 1,322,641 1,273,141 1,170,319 1,009,611 1,015,959 46,997 31,090 25,941 19,510 34,618 — — — — — 1945–46 .......... 1946–47 3 ........ 1947–48 .......... 1948–49 3 ........ 1949–50 .......... 1,836,897 1,850,394 1,897,740 1,919,462 1,947,227 1,653,683 1,638,548 1,653,386 1,693,643 1,733,975 — — — — — 5,622,197 5,837,677 5,653,305 5,658,404 5,724,621 1,728,499 1,761,020 1,672,920 1,708,838 1,760,740 1,555,302 1,583,245 1,502,743 1,499,477 1,513,086 1,255,907 1,308,592 1,271,645 1,267,483 1,275,295 1,032,420 1,119,968 1,130,805 1,126,022 1,133,673 50,069 64,852 75,192 56,584 41,827 — — — — — 1950–51 3 ........ 1951–52 .......... 1952–53 3 ........ 1953–54 .......... 1954–55 3 ........ 1,995,238 2,082,533 2,143,106 2,242,116 2,432,000 1,884,784 1,935,625 1,972,653 2,032,188 2,177,000 — — — — — 5,806,000 5,881,797 5,881,948 6,290,245 6,574,000 1,780,738 1,819,732 1,861,411 1,944,357 2,028,000 1,547,895 1,582,142 1,579,177 1,716,758 1,765,000 1,313,207 1,337,930 1,306,615 1,411,722 1,520,000 1,127,527 1,110,638 1,107,884 1,190,138 1,246,000 36,633 31,355 26,861 27,270 15,000 — — — — — 40 Elementary and Secondary Education Table 10.—Enrollment in regular public elementary and secondary schools, by grade: 1910–11 to fall 1990—Continued Kindergarten through grade 8 Year Total 1 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 2 Total Kindergarten 1 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 31,162,843 32,334,333 33,528,591 34,838,641 36,086,771 24,290,257 25,015,873 25,668,820 26,580,774 27,601,902 1,564,396 1,675,373 1,771,753 1,834,014 1,922,712 3,494,997 3,491,387 3,586,683 3,678,772 3,732,924 3,242,407 3,240,771 3,213,900 3,345,722 3,436,173 3,290,740 3,183,406 3,175,704 3,179,087 3,302,366 2,847,741 3,237,852 3,127,702 3,141,825 3,146,168 2,481,210 2,808,290 3,180,952 3,099,426 3,117,885 2,470,310 2,442,701 2,758,859 3,135,641 3,069,692 1960–61 3 ........ 1961–62 .......... 1962–63 3 ........ 1963–64 3 ........ 1964–65 3 ........ 37,260,000 38,252,673 39,746,000 41,025,000 42,280,000 28,439,000 28,686,420 29,374,000 29,915,000 30,652,000 2,000,000 2,064,852 2,162,000 2,177,000 2,250,000 3,822,000 3,857,075 3,928,000 4,023,000 4,014,000 3,502,000 3,567,852 3,630,000 3,705,000 3,800,000 3,405,000 3,428,206 3,518,000 3,560,000 3,662,000 3,278,000 3,342,980 3,391,000 3,467,000 3,523,000 3,131,000 3,218,277 3,332,000 3,366,000 3,465,000 3,095,000 3,064,577 3,190,000 3,299,000 3,362,000 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 42,068,117 43,042,127 43,889,800 44,903,166 45,550,284 30,465,838 31,162,189 31,643,017 32,180,510 32,513,403 2,259,978 2,370,462 2,420,163 2,510,856 2,544,675 3,914,890 3,954,328 3,979,641 3,926,204 3,868,874 3,644,283 3,696,457 3,722,925 3,758,260 3,715,875 3,595,485 3,615,340 3,658,900 3,692,353 3,720,273 3,475,718 3,580,280 3,579,595 3,628,751 3,660,367 3,376,965 3,462,525 3,562,040 3,572,609 3,621,198 3,311,608 3,369,162 3,449,982 3,555,465 3,568,291 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 45,893,960 46,071,327 45,726,408 45,444,787 45,073,441 32,558,308 32,318,229 31,878,600 31,400,809 30,970,723 2,563,579 2,483,175 2,503,475 2,654,770 2,800,625 3,816,598 3,569,907 3,351,551 3,239,246 3,198,255 3,654,267 3,586,811 3,381,182 3,191,806 3,106,126 3,662,935 3,611,940 3,532,508 3,335,705 3,169,434 3,675,187 3,623,135 3,553,633 3,505,015 3,344,721 3,635,354 3,662,163 3,596,637 3,538,470 3,510,207 3,597,730 3,622,049 3,638,617 3,592,162 3,558,679 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 44,819,327 44,310,966 43,577,373 42,550,893 41,650,712 30,515,131 29,996,835 29,374,503 28,463,348 28,034,345 2,971,538 2,918,189 2,741,820 2,652,467 2,674,708 3,238,299 3,332,225 3,294,755 3,062,180 2,936,788 3,027,189 3,086,214 3,199,609 3,148,000 2,908,724 3,038,127 2,986,432 3,059,474 3,158,000 3,119,639 3,112,233 3,024,788 2,979,007 3,046,000 3,147,912 3,281,102 3,116,272 3,018,803 2,980,000 3,054,764 3,476,322 3,298,200 3,111,480 3,036,000 2,999,408 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 40,877,481 40,044,093 39,565,610 39,252,308 39,208,252 27,646,536 27,280,220 27,160,518 26,980,962 26,904,517 2,689,243 2,687,151 2,845,402 2,858,783 3,009,630 2,894,473 2,950,609 2,937,054 3,079,916 3,112,800 2,799,593 2,782,406 2,790,497 2,781,355 2,904,385 2,893,007 2,806,394 2,763,006 2,772,025 2,764,966 3,107,126 2,917,954 2,797,859 2,758,011 2,771,972 3,129,864 3,126,877 2,911,721 2,797,905 2,760,549 3,037,601 3,180,311 3,141,580 2,928,288 2,830,629 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 39,421,961 39,753,172 40,007,022 40,188,690 40,542,707 41,223,804 27,034,244 27,420,063 27,930,296 28,499,136 29,152,224 29,887,650 3,192,406 3,309,782 3,387,202 3,433,124 3,486,358 3,611,561 3,238,855 3,357,949 3,407,072 3,460,049 3,484,789 3,499,091 2,940,995 3,054,039 3,172,777 3,223,428 3,289,081 3,328,109 2,894,524 2,933,018 3,046,374 3,167,036 3,234,961 3,298,633 2,771,015 2,895,932 2,937,636 3,050,506 3,182,098 3,249,437 2,776,402 2,774,856 2,900,558 2,945,065 3,066,633 3,197,495 2,788,817 2,805,770 2,811,047 2,936,696 2,987,333 3,111,713 Elementary and Secondary Education 41 Table 10.—Enrollment in regular public elementary and secondary schools, by grade: 1910–11 to fall 1990—Continued Kindergarten through grade 8 Year 1 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 Grades 9 through 12 and postgraduate Grade 7 Grade 8 Elementary unclassified 2 11 12 13 Total Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12 Postgraduate Secondary unclassified 2 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 2,541,719 2,475,610 2,457,872 2,785,211 3,172,798 2,356,737 2,460,483 2,395,395 2,381,076 2,701,184 — — — — — 6,872,586 7,318,460 7,859,771 8,257,867 8,484,869 2,142,573 2,367,969 2,479,588 2,412,495 2,412,413 1,848,570 1,973,829 2,193,739 2,317,913 2,258,010 1,542,646 1,614,593 1,736,180 1,954,578 2,063,322 1,325,726 1,349,315 1,431,302 1,537,872 1,747,311 13,071 12,754 18,962 35,009 3,813 — — — — — 1960–61 3 ........ 1961–62 .......... 1962–63 3 ........ 1963–64 3 ........ 1964–65 3 ........ 3,123,000 3,121,946 3,140,000 3,241,000 3,363,000 3,083,000 3,020,655 3,083,000 3,077,000 3,212,000 — — — — — 8,821,000 9,566,253 10,372,000 11,110,000 11,628,000 2,750,000 3,155,544 3,172,000 3,190,000 3,198,000 2,252,000 2,594,694 2,981,000 3,006,000 3,085,000 1,997,000 2,017,988 2,348,000 2,747,000 2,778,000 1,820,000 1,790,759 1,866,000 2,160,000 2,560,000 2,000 7,268 5,000 6,000 7,000 — — — — — Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 3,296,830 3,408,884 3,454,124 3,552,276 3,666,623 3,185,613 3,271,929 3,356,821 3,423,191 3,519,625 404,468 432,822 458,826 560,545 627,602 11,602,279 11,879,938 12,246,783 12,722,656 13,036,881 3,215,090 3,318,359 3,395,030 3,508,374 3,567,783 2,993,191 3,110,920 3,221,364 3,310,258 3,404,835 2,740,889 2,755,522 2,879,107 2,986,249 3,047,342 2,477,142 2,507,943 2,525,408 2,650,172 2,731,777 6,563 8,117 16,266 16,701 20,680 169,404 179,077 209,608 250,902 264,464 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 3,661,771 3,710,030 3,713,030 3,741,103 3,711,508 3,601,368 3,635,020 3,648,987 3,675,682 3,708,183 689,519 813,999 958,980 926,850 862,985 13,335,652 13,753,098 13,847,808 14,043,978 14,102,718 3,653,691 3,781,001 3,779,014 3,800,743 3,832,324 3,458,001 3,571,024 3,648,083 3,650,445 3,675,111 3,127,721 3,200,171 3,248,310 3,323,148 3,302,021 2,775,013 2,863,832 2,873,311 2,917,920 2,954,753 28,002 9,037 9,527 3,695 12,524 293,224 328,033 289,563 348,027 325,985 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 3,618,952 3,572,142 3,384,593 3,228,000 3,127,695 3,635,697 3,578,411 3,533,583 3,355,000 3,170,749 1,115,672 1,083,962 1,051,379 797,701 893,958 14,304,196 14,314,131 14,202,870 14,087,545 13,616,367 3,878,760 3,825,463 3,779,103 3,726,000 3,526,450 3,723,241 3,738,005 3,686,352 3,610,217 3,531,995 3,353,888 3,372,577 3,387,650 3,312,222 3,240,825 2,986,296 3,015,123 3,026,115 3,023,181 2,968,747 22,598 23,222 12,732 — — 339,413 339,741 310,918 415,925 348,350 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 3,085,185 3,182,613 3,287,557 3,247,425 3,035,837 3,086,215 3,058,995 3,123,326 3,222,136 3,186,075 924,229 586,910 562,516 535,118 527,674 13,230,945 12,763,873 12,405,092 12,271,346 12,303,735 3,376,921 3,286,288 3,248,270 3,330,074 3,440,090 3,367,839 3,217,564 3,137,434 3,102,912 3,145,206 3,194,840 3,038,979 2,916,632 2,860,892 2,819,417 2,925,093 2,907,276 2,787,292 2,678,093 2,599,348 — — — — — 366,252 313,766 315,464 299,375 299,674 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2,938,307 2,899,352 2,910,432 2,905,036 3,027,491 3,067,077 2,981,883 2,869,754 2,838,513 2,853,007 2,853,464 2,980,984 511,040 519,611 518,685 525,189 540,016 543,550 12,387,717 12,333,109 12,076,726 11,689,554 11,390,483 11,336,154 3,438,951 3,256,407 3,143,179 3,106,280 3,141,456 3,169,211 3,230,130 3,214,941 3,020,018 2,894,602 2,867,522 2,896,670 2,866,025 2,953,561 2,935,626 2,748,750 2,629,483 2,612,157 2,549,614 2,600,516 2,680,825 2,649,674 2,473,278 2,380,470 — — — — — — 302,997 307,684 297,078 290,248 278,744 277,646 1 In later years, data contain a relatively small number of prekindergarten students. 2 Prior to fall 1965, enrollment in ungraded and special classes was prorated among the regular grades. 3 Estimated. —Data not available. NOTE.—Prior to 1965 enrollment data include students who enrolled at any time during the school year. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; Statistics of State School Systems; and Digest of Education Statistics. (This table was prepared February 1998.) 42 Table 11.—Enrollment in regular public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1870–71 to fall 1990 1 United States 1 Fall enrollment Estimated 1870–71 1879–80 1889–90 1899–1900 1909–10 1919–20 1929–30 1939–40 1949–50 1959–60 1969 1979 1989 1990 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ................................................ 7,561,582 9,867,505 12,722,581 15,503,110 17,813,852 21,578,316 25,678,015 25,433,542 25,111,427 36,086,771 45,550,284 41,650,712 40,542,707 41,223,804 Alabama .................................................................. Alaska 1 .................................................................... Arizona .................................................................... Arkansas ................................................................. California ................................................................. 141,312 — — 69,927 91,332 179,400 — 4,212 81,972 158,765 301,615 — 7,989 223,071 221,756 376,423 — 16,504 314,662 269,736 424,611 — 31,312 395,978 368,391 569,940 3,360 76,505 483,172 696,238 622,988 3,436 103,806 456,185 1,068,683 686,767 6,312 110,205 465,339 1,189,106 680,066 13,910 139,244 407,084 1,757,424 787,269 44,450 302,672 424,206 2 3,199,455 826,237 76,828 418,069 460,115 4,597,700 754,181 88,573 509,252 453,125 4,119,511 723,743 109,280 607,615 434,960 4,771,978 721,806 113,874 639,853 436,286 4,950,474 Colorado .................................................................. Connecticut ............................................................. Delaware ................................................................. District of Columbia ................................................. Florida ..................................................................... 4,357 113,588 20,058 15,157 14,000 22,119 119,694 27,823 26,439 39,315 65,490 126,505 31,434 36,906 92,472 117,555 155,228 36,895 46,519 108,874 168,798 190,353 35,950 55,774 148,089 220,232 261,463 38,483 65,298 225,160 240,482 319,453 42,360 80,965 346,434 221,409 281,032 44,046 96,170 369,214 229,196 273,015 46,055 96,323 449,836 393,690 476,828 3 80,874 538,175 646,393 130,471 149,054 1,408,095 550,527 566,634 104,035 106,156 1,508,337 562,755 461,560 97,808 81,301 1,789,925 574,213 469,123 99,658 80,694 1,861,592 Georgia .................................................................... Hawaii 1 .................................................................... Idaho ....................................................................... Illinois ...................................................................... Indiana ..................................................................... 49,578 — 906 672,787 450,057 236,533 — 5,834 704,041 511,283 381,297 — 14,311 778,319 512,955 482,673 — 36,669 958,911 564,807 555,794 — 76,168 1,002,687 531,459 690,918 41,350 115,192 1,127,560 566,288 713,290 71,657 120,947 1,395,907 667,379 737,979 91,821 120,987 1,248,827 671,364 718,037 89,820 122,259 1,153,683 689,808 162,839 1,787,869 989,259 1,112,416 178,448 179,873 2,324,516 1,223,747 1,078,462 168,660 202,758 2,043,239 1,083,826 1,126,535 169,493 214,932 1,797,355 954,165 1,151,687 171,708 220,840 1,821,407 954,581 Iowa ......................................................................... Kansas .................................................................... Kentucky .................................................................. Louisiana ................................................................. Maine ....................................................................... 341,938 89,777 178,457 57,639 152,600 426,057 231,434 4 276,000 77,642 149,827 493,267 399,322 399,660 120,253 139,676 566,223 389,582 500,294 196,169 130,918 510,661 398,746 494,863 263,617 144,278 514,521 406,880 535,332 354,079 137,681 554,655 431,166 588,354 434,557 154,455 503,481 376,349 604,064 473,020 163,640 477,720 347,626 562,883 483,363 158,247 598,103 478,630 631,412 693,202 195,325 660,389 518,867 703,720 853,766 240,169 548,317 422,924 677,123 800,435 227,823 478,486 430,864 630,688 783,025 213,775 483,652 437,034 636,401 784,757 215,149 Maryland .................................................................. Massachusetts ........................................................ Michigan .................................................................. Minnesota ................................................................ Mississippi ............................................................... 115,683 273,661 292,466 113,983 117,000 162,431 306,777 362,556 180,248 236,654 184,251 371,492 427,032 280,960 334,158 222,373 474,891 504,985 399,207 386,507 238,393 535,869 541,501 440,083 469,137 241,618 623,586 691,674 503,597 4 412,670 277,459 759,492 970,582 551,741 595,449 287,225 700,305 970,188 512,224 594,799 335,018 632,285 1,069,435 481,612 527,440 596,375 2 1,625,247 681,938 566,421 891,981 1,147,561 2,138,979 913,915 575,284 777,725 1,035,724 1,860,498 778,056 482,039 698,806 825,588 1,576,785 739,553 502,020 715,176 834,314 1,581,925 756,374 502,417 Missouri ................................................................... Montana .................................................................. Nebraska ................................................................. Nevada .................................................................... New Hampshire ....................................................... 330,070 1,657 23,265 3,106 71,957 482,986 4,270 92,549 9,045 64,341 620,314 16,980 240,300 7,387 59,813 719,817 39,430 288,227 6,676 65,688 707,031 66,141 4 281,375 63,972 672,483 126,576 311,821 14,114 64,205 656,073 120,337 325,216 18,041 74,240 700,640 107,302 276,188 20,746 75,697 644,457 105,917 227,879 25,144 71,733 820,724 144,998 282,721 66,415 105,827 1,077,288 174,784 330,990 123,663 152,188 872,933 158,208 287,288 147,734 170,546 807,934 151,265 270,920 186,834 171,696 812,234 152,974 274,081 201,316 172,785 New Jersey ............................................................. New Mexico ............................................................. New York ................................................................. North Carolina ......................................................... North Dakota ........................................................... 169,430 1,320 1,028,110 115,000 1,660 204,961 4,755 1,031,593 252,612 13,718 234,072 18,215 1,042,160 322,533 35,543 322,575 36,735 1,209,574 400,452 77,686 429,797 56,304 1,422,969 520,404 139,802 594,780 81,399 1,719,841 691,249 168,283 792,012 102,084 2,141,479 866,939 169,277 716,527 132,589 2,227,870 886,484 140,126 674,915 148,978 1,998,129 884,733 114,661 1,051,079 231,004 2,828,853 1,105,412 136,766 1,454,378 276,286 3,442,809 1,185,592 147,782 1,287,809 275,572 2,969,216 1,150,053 117,688 1,076,005 296,057 2,565,841 1,080,744 117,816 1,089,646 301,881 2,598,337 1,086,871 117,825 Ohio ......................................................................... Oklahoma ................................................................ Oregon .................................................................... Pennsylvania ........................................................... Rhode Island ........................................................... 719,372 — 21,000 834,614 34,000 729,499 — 37,533 937,310 40,604 797,439 — 63,254 1,020,522 52,774 829,160 99,602 89,405 1,151,880 67,231 838,080 422,399 118,412 1,282,965 80,061 1,020,663 589,282 151,028 1,610,459 93,501 1,277,636 682,650 202,595 1,937,433 118,704 1,213,978 611,818 188,876 1,851,780 114,161 1,202,967 441,263 255,032 1,550,286 96,305 1,905,995 533,928 388,772 1,927,832 133,317 2,423,831 612,374 478,923 2,346,002 180,285 2,025,256 583,458 467,128 1,968,801 154,699 1,764,410 578,580 472,394 1,655,279 135,729 1,771,516 579,087 484,652 1,667,834 138,813 South Carolina ........................................................ South Dakota .......................................................... Tennessee ............................................................... Texas ....................................................................... Utah ......................................................................... 66,056 (5) 140,000 63,504 16,992 134,072 (5) 300,217 4 220,000 24,326 201,260 78,043 447,950 466,872 37,279 281,891 98,822 485,354 659,598 73,042 340,415 126,253 521,753 821,631 91,611 478,045 146,955 619,852 1,035,648 117,406 469,370 165,624 627,747 1,308,028 138,046 481,750 136,447 648,131 1,328,822 136,519 494,185 117,675 659,785 1,354,167 153,648 610,099 153,596 810,300 2,068,158 235,934 648,182 166,693 891,414 2,754,600 302,394 624,795 133,840 866,117 2,872,719 333,049 616,177 127,329 819,660 3,328,514 438,554 622,112 129,164 824,595 3,382,887 447,891 4 10,200 122,486 993,496 949,099 2 139,429 2 860,667 Elementary and Secondary Education Students enrolled at any time during the school year State Table 11.—Enrollment in regular public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1870–71 to fall 1990—Continued Students enrolled at any time during the school year State 1 Vermont ................................................................... Virginia .................................................................... Washington ............................................................. West Virginia ........................................................... Wisconsin ................................................................ Wyoming ................................................................. 1 National 1879–80 1889–90 1899–1900 1909–10 1919–20 1929–30 1939–40 1949–50 1959–60 1969 1979 1989 1990 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 94,779 985,346 810,232 327,540 782,905 97,172 95,762 998,601 839,709 322,389 797,621 98,226 65,384 131,088 5,000 76,999 265,285 450 75,328 220,736 14,780 142,850 299,457 2,907 totals include data for Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1959–60. only students enrolled on a specific date. an estimate for kindergarten. 4 Estimated. 5 Included in North Dakota. —Data not available. 2 Includes 3 Includes Fall enrollment Estimated 1870–71 65,608 342,269 55,964 193,064 351,723 7,052 65,964 370,595 115,104 232,343 445,142 14,512 66,615 402,109 215,688 276,458 464,311 24,584 61,785 505,190 291,053 346,256 465,243 43,112 65,976 562,956 344,731 395,505 564,022 54,505 64,911 568,131 331,409 452,821 535,880 56,199 61,143 597,867 400,867 438,498 493,949 59,585 2 72,822 841,574 2 609,035 460,429 2 698,509 81,431 99,957 1,076,749 820,482 401,366 980,064 86,440 98,338 1,031,403 764,879 387,966 857,855 95,422 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; Statistics of State School Systems; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary Day Schools; Digest of Education Statistics; and Historical Trends: State Education Facts, 1969 to 1989. (This table was prepared September 1992.) Elementary and Secondary Education 43 44 Elementary and Secondary Education Table 12.—Children served in special education programs, by type of disability: 1921–22 to 1989–90 [In thousands] Year Total Percent of public school enrollment 1 2 3 Learning disabled Speech impaired Mentally retarded Seriously emotionally disturbed Hardofhearing and deaf Orthopedically handicapped Other health impaired Visually handicapped Multihandicapped Deafblind Preschool handicapped Other handicapped 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1921–22 1926–27 1929–30 1931–32 1935–36 — — — 161 294 — — — 0.6 1.1 — — — — — — — — 23 117 23 52 — 75 100 — — 10 14 13 4 4 — 4 9 — — 1 32 1 40 1 48 — — — — — — 4 — 5 7 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1939–40 1947–48 1952–53 1957–58 1962–63 310 356 475 838 1,469 1.2 1.5 1.7 2.5 3.7 — — — — — 126 182 307 490 802 98 87 114 223 432 10 15 — 29 80 13 14 16 20 46 1 53 — — — — — 9 8 9 12 22 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12 22 1965–66 1969–70 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1,794 2,677 3,692 3,751 3,889 4.3 5.9 8.3 8.6 9.1 — — 796 964 1,130 990 1,237 1,302 1,223 1,214 540 830 959 933 901 88 113 283 288 300 51 78 87 85 85 87 87 70 — — 141 135 105 23 24 38 35 32 — — — — 50 — — — — 2 — — (2) (2) ( 2) 33 126 — — — 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 4,005 4,142 4,198 4,255 4,298 9.6 10.1 10.5 10.8 10.9 1,276 1,462 1,622 1,741 1,806 1,186 1,168 1,135 1,131 1,128 869 829 786 757 727 329 346 339 352 361 80 79 75 73 72 66 58 58 57 56 106 98 79 50 53 31 31 29 28 29 60 68 71 63 65 2 3 2 2 2 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) — — — — — 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 4,315 4,317 4,374 4,447 4,544 4,641 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.1 11.3 11.4 1,832 1,862 1,914 1,928 1,987 2,050 1,126 1,125 1,136 953 967 973 694 660 643 582 564 548 372 375 383 373 376 381 69 66 65 56 56 57 56 57 57 47 47 48 68 57 52 45 43 52 28 27 26 22 23 22 69 86 97 77 85 86 2 2 2 1 2 2 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 363 394 422 — — — — — — 1 Includes special health problems. to 1987–88, these students were included in the counts by handicapping condition. Beginning in 1987–88, states are no longer required to report preschool handicapped students (0 to 5 years) by handicapping condition. —Data not available. 2 Prior NOTE.—Data for years 1957–58 to 1969–70 are as of February. Data for other years are for the school year. Data for 1976–77 and later years are for children participating in federal programs. Increases since 1987–88 are due in part to new legislation enacted 1 50 1 29 1 52 1 65 1 69 1 269 fall 1986, which mandates public school special education services for all handicapped children ages 3 through 5. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; Digest of Education Statistics; Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Education of the Handicapped Act; and unpublished tabulations. (This table was prepared September 1992.) Elementary and Secondary Education 45 Table 13.—Public school pupils transported at public expense and current expenditures for transportation: 1929–30 to 1989–90 Pupils transported at public expense School year 1 Expenditures for transportation (in current dollars) Expenditures for transportation (in constant 1989–90 dollars) Average daily attendance, all students Number Percent of total Total 1 (In thousands) Average per pupil transported Total 1 (In thousands) Average per pupil transported 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1929–30 1931–32 1933–34 1935–36 1937–38 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 21,265,000 22,245,000 22,458,000 22,299,000 22,298,000 1,902,826 2,419,173 2,794,724 3,250,658 3,769,242 8.9 10.9 12.4 14.6 16.9 $54,823 58,078 53,908 62,653 75,637 $29 24 19 19 20 $406,681 511,511 516,913 578,909 670,437 $214 211 185 178 178 1939–40 1941–42 1943–44 1945–46 1947–48 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 22,042,000 21,031,000 19,603,000 19,849,000 20,910,000 4,144,161 4,503,081 4,512,412 5,056,966 5,854,041 18.8 21.4 23.0 25.5 28.0 83,283 92,922 107,754 129,756 176,265 20 21 24 26 30 756,698 756,720 785,197 903,178 960,569 183 168 174 179 164 1949–50 1951–52 1953–54 1955–56 1957–58 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 22,284,000 23,257,000 25,643,871 27,740,149 29,722,275 6,947,384 7,697,130 8,411,719 9,695,819 10,861,689 31.2 33.1 32.8 35.0 36.5 214,504 268,827 307,437 353,972 416,491 31 35 37 37 38 1,150,050 1,298,722 1,451,614 1,671,897 1,851,808 166 169 173 172 170 1959–60 1961–62 1963–64 1965–66 1967–68 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 32,477,440 34,682,340 37,405,058 39,154,497 40,827,965 12,225,142 13,222,667 14,475,778 15,536,567 17,130,873 37.6 38.1 38.7 39.7 42.0 486,338 576,361 673,845 787,358 981,006 40 44 47 51 57 2,101,650 2,434,741 2,774,187 3,133,220 3,662,763 172 184 192 202 214 1969–70 1971–72 1973–74 1975–76 1977–78 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 41,934,376 42,254,272 41,438,054 41,269,720 40,079,590 18,198,577 19,474,355 21,347,039 21,772,483 2 21,800,000 43.4 46.1 51.5 52.8 54.4 1,218,557 1,507,830 1,858,141 2,377,313 2,731,041 67 77 87 109 125 4,095,997 4,652,654 5,060,321 5,443,026 5,536,601 225 239 237 250 254 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 38,288,911 37,703,744 37,094,652 36,635,868 36,362,978 21,713,515 56.7 59.1 60.0 60.6 60.6 3,833,145 177 198 215 225 240 6,269,416 289 290 291 291 299 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 36,404,261 36,523,103 36,863,867 37,050,707 37,268,072 37,778,512 2 22,272,000 2 22,246,000 2 22,199,000 2 22,031,000 2 22,320,000 2 22,041,000 2 22,397,000 2 22,158,000 2 22,635,000 2 22,459,000 1 Excludes capital outlay for years through 1979–80. Beginning in 1980–81, total transportation figures include capital outlay. 2 Estimate based on data appearing in January issues of School Bus Fleet. NOTE.—Constant dollars are adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Price Index computed on a school year basis. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. 61.3 60.3 60.8 59.8 60.7 59.4 2 4,408,000 2 4,793,000 2 5,000,000 2 5,284,000 2 5,722,000 2 6,123,000 2 6,551,000 2 6,888,000 2 7,550,000 2 8,304,000 256 278 292 311 334 370 2 6,461,000 2 6,467,000 2 6,468,000 2 6,592,000 2 6,869,000 2 7,145,000 2 7,478,000 2 7,550,000 2 7,910,000 2 8,304,000 308 324 334 341 349 370 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, and unpublished data; and Bobbit Publishing Co., School Bus Fleet, January issues. (This table was prepared October 1992.) 46 Table 14.—Average daily attendance, instructional staff, and teachers in public elementary and secondary schools: 1869–70 to 1990–91 School year 1 Average daily attendance, in thousands 2 Instructional staff Average length of school term (days) Average number of days attended per pupil enrolled Total, in thousands 3 4 5 Principals, in thousands 6 Other supervisory staff, in thousands 7 Average annual salary of instructional staff 2 Classroom teachers, in thousands 1 Average annual salary of teachers 3 Total Male Female Pupilteacher ratio In current dollars In constant 1990–91 dollars In current dollars In constant 1990–91 dollars 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1869–70 1870–71 1871–72 1872–73 1873–74 1874–75 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 4,077 4,545 4,659 4,745 5,051 5,248 132.2 132.1 133.4 129.1 128.8 134.4 78.4 79.4 79.5 76.5 77.0 77.9 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 201 220 230 238 248 258 78 90 95 98 103 109 123 130 135 140 145 149 34.3 34.4 34.0 33.6 34.0 34.1 $189 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1875–76 1876–77 1877–78 1878–79 1879–80 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 5,291 5,427 5,783 5,876 6,144 133.1 132.1 132.0 130.2 130.3 79.4 80.0 80.9 80.5 81.1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 260 267 277 280 287 110 114 119 121 123 150 153 158 159 164 34.1 33.6 34.1 33.9 34.4 — — — — 195 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 1884–85 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 6,146 6,331 6,652 7,056 7,298 130.0 131.2 129.8 129.1 130.7 80.0 81.3 81.1 82.9 83.6 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 294 299 304 314 326 123 119 116 119 122 171 180 188 195 204 34.0 34.2 35.0 35.0 35.0 — — — — 224 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 7,526 7,682 7,907 8,006 8,154 130.4 131.3 132.3 133.7 134.7 84.1 84.9 85.9 86.4 86.3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 331 339 347 357 364 124 127 126 124 126 208 212 221 232 238 35.2 35.1 35.1 34.7 35.0 — — — — 252 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 8,329 8,561 8,856 9,188 9,549 135.7 136.9 136.3 139.5 139.5 86.6 88.4 89.6 91.6 93.5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 368 374 383 389 398 123 122 122 125 130 245 253 261 264 268 35.5 35.4 35.2 36.0 35.8 — — — — 286 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1895–96 ............ 1896–97 ............ 1897–98 ............ 1898–99 ............ 1899–1900 ........ 9,781 10,053 10,356 10,389 10,633 140.5 142.0 143.0 143.0 144.3 94.8 96.3 98.0 97.9 99.0 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 400 405 411 414 423 130 131 132 131 127 270 274 279 283 296 36.2 36.6 36.7 36.7 36.6 — — — — 325 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1900–01 1901–02 1903–03 1903–04 1904–05 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 10,716 11,064 11,055 11,318 11,482 143.7 144.7 147.2 146.7 150.9 98.0 100.6 101.7 102.1 105.2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 432 442 449 455 460 126 121 117 114 111 306 321 332 341 350 36.3 36.0 35.7 35.7 35.8 — — — — 386 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 11,712 11,926 12,154 12,685 12,827 150.6 151.8 154.1 155.3 157.5 106.0 107.3 109.8 112.6 113.0 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 466 481 495 506 523 109 104 104 108 110 357 377 391 398 413 35.7 35.1 34.5 34.6 34.0 — — — — 485 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Elementary and Secondary Education School attendance Table 14.—Average daily attendance, instructional staff, and teachers in public elementary and secondary schools: 1869–70 to 1990–91—Continued School attendance School year 1 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 Average daily attendance, in thousands 2 Instructional staff Average length of school term (days) Average number of days attended per pupil enrolled Total, in thousands 3 4 5 Principals, in thousands 6 Other supervisory staff, in thousands 7 Average annual salary of instructional staff 2 Classroom teachers, in thousands 1 Average annual salary of teachers 3 Total Male Female Pupilteacher ratio In current dollars In constant 1990–91 dollars In current dollars In constant 1990–91 dollars 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 156.8 158.8 158.1 158.7 159.4 111.8 115.6 115.6 117.8 121.2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 534 547 565 580 604 110 115 113 115 118 423 433 452 465 486 33.8 33.2 32.9 33.0 32.6 466 492 512 525 543 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1915–16 ............ 1917–18 ............ 1919–20 ............ 15,359 15,549 16,150 160.3 160.7 161.9 120.9 119.8 121.2 — — 700 — — 13.6 — — 6.6 622 651 680 123 105 96 499 546 584 32.7 32.0 31.8 563 635 871 — — $6,120 — — — — — — 1921–22 1923–24 1925–26 1927–28 1929–30 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 18,432 19,132 19,856 20,608 21,265 164.0 168.3 169.3 171.5 172.7 130.6 132.5 135.9 140.4 143.0 756 787 850 868 892 18.6 17.9 26.9 28.8 30.9 14.1 7.9 8.4 7.7 6.9 723 761 778 832 854 118 129 131 138 142 605 633 647 694 712 32.1 31.9 31.8 30.3 30.1 1,166 1,227 1,277 1,364 1,420 9,109 9,572 9,603 10,605 11,110 — — — — — — — — — — 1931–32 1933–34 1935–36 1937–38 1939–40 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 22,245 22,458 22,299 22,298 22,042 171.2 171.6 173.0 173.9 175.0 144.9 145.8 146.3 149.3 151.7 901 880 906 919 912 23.9 28.1 29.6 36.4 31.5 5.7 5.0 5.8 5.0 4.8 872 847 871 877 875 154 162 179 185 195 718 685 692 692 681 30.1 31.2 30.3 29.6 29.1 1,417 1,227 1,283 1,374 1,441 13,162 12,409 12,503 12,845 13,809 — — — — — — — — — — 1941–42 1943–44 1945–46 1947–48 1949–50 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 21,031 19,603 19,849 20,910 22,284 174.7 175.5 176.8 177.6 177.9 149.6 147.9 150.6 155.1 157.9 898 865 867 907 962 33.1 31.6 29.4 37.1 39.3 6.1 5.5 6.8 9.2 9.2 859 828 831 861 914 183 127 138 162 195 676 701 693 699 719 28.6 28.1 28.0 27.8 27.5 1,507 1,728 1,995 2,639 3,010 12,943 13,280 14,646 15,168 17,020 — — — — — — — — — — 1951–52 ............ 1953–54 ............ 1955–56 ............ 1957–58 ............ 1959–60 4 .......... 23,257 25,644 27,740 29,722 32,477 178.2 178.6 178.0 177.6 178.0 156.0 158.9 158.5 157.4 160.2 1,012 1,098 1,213 1,333 1,464 39.7 45.7 51.0 59.0 63.6 9.8 10.3 13.3 14.0 13.8 963 1,032 1,149 1,238 1,355 235 254 299 332 393 728 779 850 906 962 27.6 27.9 27.1 27.1 26.6 3,450 3,825 4,156 4,702 5,174 17,578 19,048 20,703 22,049 23,581 — — $4,000 4,520 4,995 — — $19,926 21,196 22,765 1961–62 1963–64 1965–66 1967–68 1969–70 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 34,682 37,405 39,154 40,828 41,934 179.1 179.0 178.9 178.8 178.9 162.3 163.2 163.5 163.2 161.7 1,588 1,717 1,885 2,071 2,253 67.2 72.6 77.3 85.5 90.6 16.2 18.7 21.6 29.0 31.5 1,458 1,568 1,711 1,864 2,023 451 488 544 584 690 1,053 1,080 1,167 1,280 1,333 26.2 26.2 24.6 23.5 22.5 5,700 6,240 6,935 7,885 8,840 25,395 27,094 29,106 31,050 31,339 5,515 5,995 6,485 7,423 8,626 24,571 26,030 27,217 29,230 30,580 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 42,428 42,254 42,179 41,438 41,524 — 179.3 — 178.7 — — 161.7 — 159.5 — — 2,322 — 2,338 — — — — 100.0 — — — — 38.0 — 2,059 2,070 2,106 2,136 2,165 5 676 5 1,383 5 688 5 1,382 5 703 5 1,403 22.3 22.3 21.7 21.3 20.8 9,698 10,213 10,634 11,254 12,167 32,693 33,237 33,267 32,324 31,460 9,268 9,705 10,174 10,770 11,641 31,243 31,584 31,827 30,934 30,100 5 715 5 1,421 5 727 5 1,438 47 12,872 13,302 13,614 14,216 14,986 Elementary and Secondary Education ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ School year 1 Average daily attendance, in thousands 2 Instructional staff Average length of school term (days) Average number of days attended per pupil enrolled Total, in thousands 3 4 5 6 Principals, in thousands Other supervisory staff, in thousands 7 Male Female Pupilteacher ratio In current dollars In constant 1990–91 dollars In current dollars In constant 1990–91 dollars 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 41,270 40,832 40,079 39,075 38,289 178.3 — — — 178.5 161.1 — — — 160.8 2,337 — — 2,297 2,441 104.0 — — — 106.0 35.0 — — — 35.0 2,198 2,189 2,209 2,207 2,185 5 742 5 1,456 5 734 5 1,455 5 742 5 1,467 5 735 5 1,472 5 743 5 1,442 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 37,704 37,095 36,636 36,363 36,404 178.2 — — — — 160.7 — — — — 2,452 — — — 2,692 107.0 — — — 124.5 20.6 — — — — 2,184 2,118 2,133 2,139 2,168 5 708 5 1,476 5 679 5 1,439 5 679 5 1,454 5 679 5 1,460 5 679 5 1,489 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 36,523 36,864 37,051 37,268 37,779 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,757 2,823 2,860 2,931 2,986 3,051 129.3 131.6 125.9 126.6 125.6 127.0 — — — — — — 2,206 2,244 2,279 2,323 2,357 2,397 5 669 5 1,537 5 674 5 1,570 5 665 5 1,614 5 659 5 1,664 5 658 5 1,699 5 669 5 1,728 select years prior to 1951–52, includes a small number of librarians and other non-supervisory instructional staff. to 1919–20, computed for teaching positions only; beginning 1919–20, also includes supervisors and principals. Data for 1980–81 and subsequent years are estimates from the National Education Association. 3 Data for 1970–71 and subsequent years are estimated by the National Education Association. 4 Denotes first year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. 5 Estimated. Average annual salary of teachers 3 Total 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1 For Average annual salary of instructional staff 2 Classroom teachers, in thousands 1 20.4 20.2 19.7 19.3 19.1 13,124 13,840 14,698 15,764 5 16,715 31,691 31,579 31,426 30,819 28,833 12,600 13,354 14,198 15,032 15,970 30,426 30,470 30,357 29,387 27,548 18.7 18.9 18.6 18.4 18.1 18,404 20,327 21,641 23,005 24,666 28,451 28,926 29,527 30,268 31,231 17,644 19,274 20,695 21,935 23,600 27,277 27,427 28,236 28,860 29,881 17.9 17.7 17.6 17.3 17.2 17.2 26,362 27,706 29,233 30,899 32,685 34,385 32,443 33,356 33,794 34,143 34,472 34,385 25,199 26,569 28,034 29,568 31,350 32,977 31,011 31,987 32,408 32,673 33,064 32,977 —Data not available. 2 Prior SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, Digest of Education Statistics, and unpublished data: National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics. (This table was prepared September 1992.) Elementary and Secondary Education School attendance 48 Table 14.—Average daily attendance, instructional staff, and teachers in public elementary and secondary schools: 1869–70 to 1990–91—Continued Elementary and Secondary Education 49 Table 15.—Catholic elementary and secondary enrollment, teachers, and schools, by level: 1919–20 to 1990–91 Number of schools Instructional staff 1 Enrollment Total Elementary Secondary Total Elementary Secondary Total Elementary Secondary Studentinstructional staff ratio 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 School year 1 1919–20 1929–30 1935–36 1939–40 1946–47 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 8,103 10,046 9,875 10,049 — 6,551 7,923 7,929 7,944 — 1,552 2,123 1,946 2,105 2,111 1,925,521 2,464,467 2,388,000 2,396,305 — 1,795,673 2,222,598 2,103,000 2,035,182 — 129,848 241,869 285,000 361,123 467,000 49,516 72,552 76,000 81,057 — 41,592 58,245 59,000 60,081 — 7,924 14,307 17,000 20,976 27,000 38.9 34.0 31.4 29.6 — 1947–48 1949–50 1951–52 1953–54 1955–56 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 10,435 10,778 11,060 11,575 11,926 8,285 8,589 8,880 9,279 9,615 2,150 2,189 2,180 2,296 2,311 2,788,000 3,066,387 3,391,000 3,859,000 4,276,000 2,305,000 2,560,815 2,842,000 3,235,000 3,571,000 483,000 505,572 549,000 624,000 705,000 89,000 94,295 101,000 109,000 120,000 62,000 66,525 72,000 77,000 85,000 27,000 27,770 29,000 32,000 35,000 31.3 32.5 33.6 35.4 35.6 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 12,893 13,007 13,178 13,205 13,249 10,501 10,631 10,676 10,775 10,832 2,392 2,376 2,502 2,430 2,417 5,253,791 5,383,000 5,494,000 5,590,000 5,601,000 4,373,422 4,445,000 4,485,000 4,546,000 4,534,000 880,369 938,000 1,009,000 1,044,000 1,067,000 151,902 158,000 159,000 166,000 171,000 108,169 111,000 112,000 115,000 118,000 43,733 47,000 47,000 51,000 53,000 34.6 34.1 34.6 33.7 32.8 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 13,292 13,232 12,627 12,305 11,771 10,879 10,769 10,350 10,113 9,695 2,413 2,463 2,277 2,192 2,076 5,574,000 5,485,000 5,199,000 4,941,000 4,658,098 4,492,000 4,375,000 4,106,000 3,860,000 3,607,168 1,082,000 1,110,000 1,093,000 1,081,000 1,050,930 177,000 176,000 179,000 183,000 2 195,400 120,000 120,000 124,000 126,000 2 133,200 57,000 56,000 55,000 57,000 2 62,200 31.5 31.2 29.0 27.0 23.8 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 11,350 10,841 10,504 10,297 10,127 9,370 8,982 8,761 8,569 8,437 1,980 1,859 1,743 1,728 1,690 4,363,566 4,034,785 3,790,000 3,621,000 3,504,000 3,355,478 3,075,785 2,871,000 2,714,000 2,602,000 1,008,088 959,000 919,000 907,000 902,000 166,208 159,083 155,964 153,883 150,179 112,750 106,686 105,384 102,785 100,011 53,458 52,397 50,580 51,098 50,168 26.3 25.4 24.3 23.5 23.3 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 9,993 9,904 9,797 9,723 9,640 8,340 8,281 8,204 8,159 8,100 1,653 1,623 1,593 1,564 1,540 3,415,000 3,365,000 3,289,000 3,218,000 3,139,000 2,525,000 2,483,000 2,421,000 2,365,000 2,293,000 890,000 882,000 868,000 853,000 846,000 149,276 150,610 150,648 147,948 147,294 99,319 100,016 99,739 98,539 97,724 49,957 50,594 50,909 49,409 49,570 22.9 22.3 21.8 21.8 21.3 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 9,559 9,494 9,432 9,380 9,325 8,043 7,996 7,950 7,917 7,876 1,516 1,498 1,482 1,463 1,449 3,106,000 3,094,000 3,026,000 2,969,000 2,903,000 2,269,000 2,266,000 2,225,000 2,179,000 2,119,000 837,000 828,000 801,000 790,000 784,000 145,777 146,172 146,460 146,913 149,888 96,739 96,847 97,337 98,591 99,820 49,038 49,325 49,123 48,322 50,068 21.3 21.2 20.7 20.2 19.4 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 9,220 9,102 8,992 8,867 8,719 8,587 7,790 7,693 7,601 7,505 7,395 7,291 1,430 1,409 1,391 1,362 1,324 1,296 2,821,000 2,726,000 2,623,000 2,551,000 2,499,000 2,475,439 2,061,000 1,998,000 1,942,000 1,912,000 1,894,000 1,883,906 760,000 728,000 681,000 639,000 606,000 591,533 146,594 141,930 139,887 137,700 136,900 131,198 96,741 93,554 93,199 93,154 94,197 91,039 49,853 48,376 46,688 44,546 42,703 40,159 19.2 19.2 18.8 18.5 18.3 18.9 1 Beginning in 1970–71, includes full-time teaching staff only. estimates for the nonreporting schools. —Data not available. 2 Includes NOTE.—Data reported by the National Catholic Educational Association and data reported by the National Center for Education Statistics are not directly comparable because survey procedures and definitions differ. SOURCE: National Catholic Educational Association, A Statistical Report on Catholic Elementary and Secondary Schools for the Years 1967–68 to 1969–70, as compiled from the Official Catholic Directory; United States Catholic Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1989 and 1990-91; and Franklin Press, Catholic Schools in America and United States Catholic Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1989–90 and 1990–91. (This table was prepared September 1992.) 50 Table 16.—Public school enrollment in grades 9 to 12, by subject: 1889–90 to fall 1981 1889–90 1899– 1900 1909–10 1914–15 1921–22 1927–28 1933–34 1948–49 1954–55 1958–59 1960–61 1962–63 1964–65 Fall 1972 Fall 1981 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1,562 2,873 3,911 5,669 5,658 6,574 8,258 8,821 10,372 11,628 13,848 12,764 Total, in thousands ........ 203 519 915 Percentage of students taking specific subject General science ................. Biology ................................ Chemistry ........................... Physics ............................... Physiology .......................... Earth science ..................... — — 10.1 22.8 — — — — 7.7 19.0 27.4 29.8 — 1.1 6.9 14.6 15.3 21.0 — 6.9 7.4 14.2 9.5 15.3 18.3 8.8 7.4 8.9 5.1 4.5 17.5 13.6 7.1 6.8 2.7 2.8 17.8 14.6 7.6 6.3 1.8 1.7 20.8 18.4 7.6 5.4 1.0 0.4 — 20.0 7.5 4.7 — — 19.6 20.8 8.1 4.7 — — 22.2 21.7 9.1 4.9 0.8 0.9 17.6 24.0 8.3 3.8 — — 18.7 23.2 9.3 4.5 — — 11.3 19.6 8.7 2.9 0.9 3.6 23.0 23.2 9.8 1.0 1.2 0.2 Algebra ............................... General mathematics ......... Geometry ............................ Trignometry ........................ 45.4 — 21.3 — 56.3 — 27.4 1.9 56.9 — 30.9 1.9 48.8 — 26.5 1.5 40.2 12.4 22.7 1.5 35.2 7.9 19.8 1.3 30.4 7.4 17.1 1.3 26.8 13.1 12.8 2.0 25.3 12.3 12.5 2.6 29.9 12.7 13.4 2.7 28.6 17.4 13.8 3.0 30.4 11.7 14.7 2.0 28.5 15.4 13.9 2.0 19.7 13.8 11.6 6.2 29.5 21.7 11.4 3.5 Spanish .............................. French ................................ German .............................. English ................................ Latin .................................... — 5.8 10.5 — 34.7 — 7.8 14.3 38.5 50.6 0.7 9.9 23.7 57.1 49.0 2.7 8.8 24.4 58.4 37.3 11.3 15.5 0.6 76.7 27.5 9.4 14.0 1.8 93.1 22.0 6.2 10.9 2.4 90.5 16.0 8.2 4.7 0.8 92.9 7.8 — — — — — — — — — — 9.8 8.0 1.7 94.6 7.8 — — — — — 14.5 12.4 2.7 — — 12.3 7.6 3.1 89.8 1.5 12.3 6.6 2.1 86.5 1.1 U.S. and English history 1 .... Civics and government ........ 27.3 — 38.2 21.7 55.0 15.6 50.5 15.7 18.2 19.3 18.8 20.0 17.8 16.4 22.8 8.0 — — — — 24.3 9.5 — — — — 32.3 15.2 32.5 19.7 Industrial subjects .............. Bookkeeping ....................... Typewriting ......................... Shorthand ........................... — — — — — — — — — — — — 11.2 3.4 — — 13.7 12.6 13.1 8.9 13.5 10.7 15.2 8.7 21.0 9.9 16.7 9.0 26.6 8.7 22.5 7.8 — — — — — — — — 28.0 7.7 23.1 6.7 — — — — — — — — 3.7 5.8 20.3 4.6 4.6 3.2 21.0 3.1 Home economics ............... Agriculture .......................... Physical education ............. Music .................................. Art ....................................... — — — — — — — — — — 3.8 4.7 — — — 12.9 7.2 — 31.5 22.9 14.3 5.1 5.7 25.3 14.7 16.5 3.7 15.0 26.0 11.7 16.7 3.6 50.7 25.5 8.7 24.2 6.7 69.4 30.1 9.0 — — — — — — — — — — 23.1 6.2 73.7 28.0 19.3 — — — — — — — — — — 20.4 2.7 57.0 25.1 17.9 23.9 3.3 59.0 21.6 24.2 1 For 1914–15 and earlier years, includes ancient, medieval, and modern history. —Data not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; A Trend Study of High School Offerings and Enrollments: 1972–73 and 1981–82; and Digest of Education Statistics. (This table was prepared October 1992.) Elementary and Secondary Education Subject Table 17.—Student proficiency in reading, writing, mathematics, and science, by age and race/ethnicity: 1969–70 to 1989–90 Reading Writing Mathematics Science Year and race/ethnicity 9-year-olds 13-year-olds 17-year-olds Grade 4 Grade 8 Grade 11 9-year-olds 13-year-olds 17-year-olds 9-year-olds 13-year-olds 17-year-olds 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total 1969–70 1970–71 1972–73 1974–75 1976–77 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. — 208 — 210 — — 255 — 256 — — 285 — 286 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 219 — — — — 266 — — — — 304 — — 225 — 220 — 220 255 — 250 — 247 305 — 296 — 290 1977–78 1979–80 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. — 215 — 211 — — 259 — 257 — — 286 — 289 — — — — 179 — — — — 206 — — — — 212 — 219 — 219 — 222 264 — 269 — 269 300 — 299 — 302 — — 221 — 224 — — 250 — 251 — — 283 — 289 1987–88 .................. 1989–90 .................. 212 209 258 257 290 290 186 183 203 198 214 212 — 230 — 270 — 305 — 229 — 255 — 290 White 1969–70 1 ................ 1970–71 1 ................ 1972–73 .................. 1974–75 .................. 1976–77 .................. — 214 — 217 — — 261 — 262 — — 291 — 293 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 225 — — — — 274 — — — — 310 — — 236 — 231 — 230 263 — 259 — 256 312 — 304 — 298 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. — 221 — 218 — — 264 — 263 — — 293 — 295 — — — — 186 — — — — 210 — — — — 218 — 224 — 224 — 227 272 — 274 — 274 306 — 304 — 308 — — 229 — 232 — — 257 — 259 — — 293 — 298 1987–88 .................. 1989–90 .................. 218 217 261 262 295 297 193 191 207 202 219 217 — 235 — 276 — 310 — 238 — 264 — 301 1977–78 1979–80 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. — 170 — 181 — — 222 — 226 — — 239 — 241 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 190 — — — — 228 — — — — 270 — — 179 — 177 — 175 215 — 205 — 208 258 — 250 — 240 1977–78 1979–80 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. — 189 — 186 — — 233 — 236 — — 243 — 264 — — — — 154 — — — — 190 — — — — 195 — 192 — 195 — 202 230 — 240 — 249 268 — 272 — 279 — — 187 — 196 — — 217 — 222 — — 235 — 253 1987–88 .................. 1989–90 .................. 189 182 243 242 274 267 154 155 190 182 200 194 — 208 — 249 — 289 — 196 — 226 — 253 Hispanic 1972–73 .................. 1974–75 .................. 1976–77 .................. — 183 — — 233 — — 252 — — — — — — — — — — 202 — — 239 — — 277 — — — — 192 — — 213 — — 262 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. — 190 — 187 — — 237 — 240 — — 261 — 268 — — — — 163 — — — — 191 — — — — 188 — 203 — 204 — 205 238 — 252 — 254 276 — 277 — 283 — — 189 — 199 — — 226 — 226 — — 249 — 259 1987–88 .................. 1989–90 .................. 194 189 240 238 271 275 169 168 188 189 199 198 — 214 — 255 — 284 — 206 — 232 — 262 1977–78 1979–80 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 1 Includes persons of Hispanic origin. —Data not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress, Trends in Academic Progress, November 1991. (This table was prepared December 1992.) Elementary and Secondary Education Black 1969–70 1970–71 1972–73 1974–75 1976–77 51 52 Reading Mathematics Age, year and race/ethnicity Level 150 1 Level 200 2 Level 250 3 Level 300 4 Level 350 5 Level 150 6 Level 200 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Science Level 250 8 Level 300 9 Level 350 10 Level 150 11 Level 200 12 Level 250 13 Level 300 14 Level 350 15 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9-year-olds 16 Total 1970–71 1974–75 1976–77 1977–78 1979–80 ........................ ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ 90.6 93.1 — — 94.6 58.7 62.1 — — 67.7 15.6 14.6 — — 17.7 0.9 0.6 — — 0.6 0.0 0.0 — — 0.0 — — — 96.7 — — — — 70.4 — — — — 19.6 — — — — 0.8 — — — — 0.0 — — — 93.5 — — — — 68.0 — — — — 25.7 — — — — 3.2 — — — — 0.1 — — 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 1987–88 1989–90 ....................... ....................... ....................... ........................ ........................ — 92.3 — 92.7 90.1 — 61.5 — 62.6 58.9 — 17.2 — 17.5 18.4 — 1.0 — 1.4 1.7 — 0.0 — 0.0 0.0 97.1 — 97.9 — 99.1 71.4 — 74.1 — 81.5 18.8 — 20.7 — 27.7 0.6 — 0.6 — 1.2 0.0 — 0.0 — 0.0 95.2 — 96.2 — 97.0 70.7 — 72.0 — 76.4 24.3 — 27.5 — 31.1 2.3 — 3.0 — 3.1 0.0 — 0.1 — 0.1 White 1970–71 17 ..................... 1974–75 ........................ 1976–77 ........................ 1977–78 ........................ 1979–80 ........................ 94.0 96.0 — — 97.1 65.0 69.0 — — 74.2 18.0 17.4 — — 21.0 1.1 0.7 — — 0.8 0.0 0.0 — — 0.0 — — — 98.3 — — — — 76.3 — — — — 22.9 — — — — 0.9 — — — — 0.0 — — — 97.7 — — — — 76.8 — — — — 30.8 — — — — 3.9 — — — — 0.1 — — 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 1987–88 1989–90 ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ — 95.4 — 95.1 93.5 — 68.6 — 68.4 66.0 — 20.9 — 20.3 22.6 — 1.2 — 1.6 2.2 — 0.0 — 0.0 0.0 98.5 — 98.8 — 99.6 76.8 — 79.6 — 86.9 21.8 — 24.6 — 32.7 0.6 — 0.8 — 1.5 0.0 — 0.0 — 0.0 98.3 — 98.2 — 99.2 78.4 — 78.9 — 84.4 29.4 — 32.7 — 37.5 2.9 — 3.8 — 3.9 0.1 — 0.1 — 0.1 Black 1970–71 1974–75 1976–77 1977–78 1979–80 ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ 69.7 80.7 — — 84.9 22.0 31.6 — — 41.3 1.6 2.0 — — 4.1 0.0 0.0 — — 0.0 0.0 0.0 — — 0.0 — — — 88.4 — — — — 42.0 — — — — 4.1 — — — — 0.0 — — — — 0.0 — — — 72.4 — — — — 27.2 — — — — 3.5 — — — — 0.2 — — — — 0.0 — — 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 1987–88 1989–90 ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ — 81.3 — 83.2 76.9 — 36.6 — 39.4 33.9 — 4.5 — 5.6 5.2 — 0.1 — 0.2 0.3 — 0.0 — 0.0 0.0 90.2 — 93.9 — 96.9 46.1 — 53.4 — 60.0 4.4 — 5.6 — 9.4 0.0 — 0.1 — 0.1 0.0 — 0.0 — 0.0 82.1 — 88.6 — 88.0 38.9 — 46.2 — 46.4 3.9 — 8.3 — 8.5 0.1 — 0.3 — 0.1 0.0 — 0.0 — 0.0 Hispanic 1974–75 1976–77 1977–78 1979–80 ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ 80.8 — — 84.5 34.6 — — 41.6 2.6 — — 5.0 0.0 — — 0.0 0.0 — — 0.0 — — 93.0 — — — 54.2 — — — 9.2 — — — 0.2 — — — 0.0 — — 84.6 — — — 42.0 — — — 8.8 — — — 0.3 — — — 0.0 — — 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 1987–88 1989–90 ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ — 82.0 — 85.6 83.7 — 39.6 — 45.9 40.9 — 4.3 — 8.6 5.8 — 0.1 — 0.4 0.2 — 0.0 — 0.0 0.0 94.3 — 96.4 — 98.0 55.7 — 57.6 — 68.4 7.8 — 7.3 — 11.3 0.0 — 0.1 — 0.2 0.0 — 0.0 — 0.0 85.1 — 89.6 — 93.6 40.2 — 50.1 — 56.3 4.2 — 10.7 — 11.6 0.0 — 0.2 — 0.4 0.0 — 0.0 — 0.0 — — — 18.0 — — — — 1.0 — — — 98.5 — — — — 86.0 — — — — 48.8 — — — — 11.1 — — — — 0.7 — — 13-year-olds 16 Total 1970–71 1974–75 1976–77 1977–78 1979–80 ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ 99.8 99.7 — — 99.9 93.0 93.2 — — 94.8 57.8 58.6 — — 60.7 9.8 10.2 — — 11.3 0.1 0.2 — — 0.2 — — — 99.8 — — — — 94.6 — — — — 64.9 — Elementary and Secondary Education Table 18.—Percentage of students at or above selected reading, mathematics, and science proficiency levels, by age and race/ethnicity: 1970–71 to 1989–90 Table 18.—Percentage of students at or above selected reading, mathematics, and science proficiency levels, by age and race/ethnicity: 1970–71 to 1989–90—Continued Reading Mathematics Science Age, year and race/ethnicity Level 150 1 Level 200 2 Level 250 3 Level 300 4 Level 350 5 Level 150 6 Level 200 7 Level 250 8 Level 300 9 Level 350 10 Level 150 11 Level 200 12 Level 250 13 Level 300 14 Level 350 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 1987–88 1989–90 ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ — 99.8 — 99.9 99.8 — 93.9 — 94.9 93.8 — 59.0 — 58.7 58.7 — 11.0 — 10.9 11.0 — 0.3 — 0.2 0.4 100.0 — 100.0 — 100.0 97.7 — 98.6 — 98.5 71.4 — 73.3 — 74.7 17.4 — 15.8 — 17.3 0.5 — 0.4 — 0.4 99.5 — 99.7 — 99.7 89.8 — 91.6 — 92.3 50.9 — 52.5 — 56.5 9.6 — 9.1 — 11.2 0.4 — 0.2 — 0.4 White 1970–71 17 .................... 1974–75 ........................ 1976–77 ........................ 1977–78 ........................ 1979–80 ........................ 99.9 99.9 — — 100.0 96.2 96.4 — — 97.1 64.2 65.5 — — 67.8 11.3 12.1 — — 13.6 0.2 0.3 — — 0.3 — — — 100.0 — — — — 97.6 — — — — 72.9 — — — — 21.4 — — — — 1.2 — — — 99.6 — — — — 92.2 — — — — 56.5 — — — — 13.4 — — — — 0.8 — — ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ — 99.9 — 99.9 99.9 — 96.2 — 96.0 96.0 — 65.3 — 63.7 64.8 — 13.1 — 12.4 13.3 — 0.4 — 0.3 0.5 100.0 — 100.0 — 100.0 99.1 — 99.3 — 99.4 78.3 — 78.9 — 82.0 20.5 — 18.6 — 21.0 0.6 — 0.4 — 0.4 99.9 — 99.9 — 100.0 94.4 — 96.1 — 96.9 58.3 — 61.0 — 66.5 11.5 — 11.3 — 14.2 0.4 — 0.3 — 0.5 Black 1970–71 1974–75 1976–77 1977–78 1979–80 ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ 98.6 98.4 — — 99.3 74.2 76.9 — — 84.1 21.1 24.8 — — 30.1 0.8 1.5 — — 1.8 0.0 0.0 — — 0.0 — — — 98.6 — — — — 79.7 — — — — 28.7 — — — — 2.3 — — — — 0.0 — — — 93.1 — — — — 57.3 — — — — 14.9 — — — — 1.2 — — — — 0.0 — — 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 1987–88 1989–90 ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ — 99.4 — 99.8 99.4 — 85.5 — 91.3 87.7 — 34.6 — 40.2 41.7 — 2.8 — 4.6 4.6 — 0.0 — 0.1 0.1 99.8 — 100.0 — 100.0 90.2 — 95.4 — 95.4 37.9 — 49.0 — 48.7 2.9 — 4.0 — 3.9 0.0 — 0.1 — 0.1 97.5 — 99.0 — 98.8 68.6 — 73.6 — 77.6 17.1 — 19.6 — 24.3 0.8 — 1.1 — 1.5 0.0 — 0.0 — 0.1 Hispanic 1974–75 1976–77 1977–78 1979–80 ....................... ....................... ........................ ........................ 99.6 — — 99.7 81.3 — — 86.8 32.0 — — 35.4 2.2 — — 2.3 0.0 — — 0.0 — — 99.6 — — — 86.4 — — — 36.0 — — — 4.0 — — — 0.1 — — 94.3 — — — 62.2 — — — 18.1 — — — 1.8 — — — 0.0 — — 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 1987–88 1989–90 ........................ ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ — 99.5 — 99.2 99.1 — 86.7 — 87.4 85.8 — 39.0 — 38.0 37.2 — 4.1 — 4.4 3.9 — 0.1 — 0.0 0.1 99.9 — 100.0 — 99.9 95.9 — 96.9 — 96.8 52.2 — 56.0 — 56.7 6.3 — 5.5 — 6.4 0.0 — 0.2 — 0.1 98.0 — 99.0 — 98.9 75.5 — 76.7 — 80.2 24.1 — 24.9 — 30.0 2.4 — 1.5 — 3.3 0.0 — 0.0 — 0.1 17-year-olds 16 ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ 99.6 99.7 — — 99.9 96.0 96.4 — — 97.2 78.6 80.1 — — 80.7 39.0 38.7 — — 37.8 6.8 6.2 — — 5.3 — — — 100.0 — — — — 99.8 — — — — 92.0 — — — — 51.5 — — — — 7.3 — — — 99.8 — — — — 97.1 — — — — 81.6 — — — — 41.7 — — — — 8.5 — — 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 1987–88 1989–90 ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ — 100.0 — 100.0 99.9 — 98.3 — 98.9 98.1 — 83.1 — 85.7 84.1 — 40.3 — 40.9 41.4 — 5.7 — 4.6 7.0 100.0 — 100.0 — 100.0 99.9 — 99.9 — 100.0 93.0 — 95.6 — 96.0 48.5 — 51.7 — 56.1 5.5 — 6.5 — 7.2 99.7 — 99.9 — 99.9 95.7 — 97.1 — 96.7 76.6 — 80.7 — 81.2 37.3 — 41.3 — 43.3 7.1 — 7.9 — 9.2 White 1970–71 17 .................... 1974–75 ....................... 1976–77 ........................ 1977–78 ........................ 99.9 99.9 — — 97.9 98.6 — — 83.7 86.2 — — 43.2 43.9 — — 7.7 7.2 — — — — — 100.0 — — — 100.0 — — — 95.6 — — — 57.6 — — — 8.5 — — 100.0 — — — 99.2 — — — 88.2 — — — 47.5 — — — 10.0 — 53 Total 1970–71 1974–75 1976–77 1977–78 1979–80 Elementary and Secondary Education 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 1987–88 1989–90 54 Reading Mathematics Science Age, year and race/ethnicity Level 150 1 Level 200 2 Level 250 3 Level 300 4 Level 350 5 Level 150 6 Level 200 7 Level 250 8 Level 300 9 Level 350 10 Level 150 11 Level 200 12 Level 250 13 Level 300 14 Level 350 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1979–80 ........................ 100.0 99.1 86.9 43.3 6.2 — — — — — — — — — — 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 1987–88 1989–90 ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ — 100.0 — 100.0 100.0 — 99.0 — 99.3 98.8 — 88.0 — 88.7 88.3 — 46.3 — 45.4 47.5 — 6.9 — 5.5 8.7 100.0 — 100.0 — 100.0 100.0 — 100.0 — 100.0 96.2 — 98.0 — 97.6 54.7 — 59.1 — 63.2 6.4 — 7.9 — 8.3 100.0 — 100.0 — 100.0 98.6 — 98.8 — 99.0 84.9 — 87.8 — 89.6 43.9 — 48.7 — 51.2 8.6 — 9.6 — 11.4 Black 1970–71 1974–75 1976–77 1977–78 1979–80 ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ 97.6 97.7 — — 99.0 81.9 82.0 — — 85.6 40.1 43.0 — — 44.0 7.7 8.1 — — 7.1 0.4 0.4 — — 0.2 — — — 100.0 — — — — 98.8 — — — — 70.7 — — — — 16.8 — — — — 0.5 — — — 98.5 — — — — 83.6 — — — — 40.5 — — — — 7.7 — — — — 0.4 — — 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 1987–88 1989–90 ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ — 99.9 — 100.0 99.6 — 95.9 — 98.0 95.7 — 65.7 — 75.8 69.1 — 16.2 — 24.9 19.7 — 0.9 — 1.4 1.5 100.0 — 100.0 — 100.0 99.7 — 100.0 — 99.9 76.4 — 85.6 — 92.4 17.1 — 20.8 — 32.8 0.5 — 0.2 — 2.0 97.9 — 99.7 — 99.4 79.7 — 90.9 — 88.3 35.0 — 52.2 — 51.4 6.5 — 12.5 — 15.7 0.2 — 0.9 — 1.5 Hispanic 1974–75 1976–77 1977–78 1979–80 ....................... ........................ ........................ ........................ 99.3 — — 99.8 88.7 — — 93.3 52.9 — — 62.2 12.6 — — 16.5 1.2 — — 1.3 — — 100.0 — — — 99.3 — — — 78.3 — — — 23.4 — — — 1.4 — — 99.7 — — — 93.1 — — — 61.5 — — — 18.5 — — — 1.8 — — 1981–82 1983–84 1985–86 1987–88 1989–90 ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ....................... — 99.8 — 99.9 99.7 — 95.6 — 96.3 95.9 — 68.3 — 71.5 75.2 — 21.2 — 23.3 27.1 — 2.0 — 1.3 2.4 100.0 — 100.0 — 100.0 99.8 — 99.4 — 99.6 81.4 — 89.3 — 85.8 21.6 — 26.5 — 30.1 0.7 — 1.1 — 1.9 98.9 — 99.8 — 99.6 86.9 — 93.3 — 91.9 48.0 — 60.0 — 59.9 11.1 — 14.8 — 21.1 1.4 — 1.1 — 2.1 1 Able to follow brief written directions and select phrases to describe pictures. to understand combined ideas and make references based on short uncomplicated passages about specific or sequentially related information. 3 Able to search for specific information, interrelate ideas, and make generalizations about literature, science, and social studies materials. 4 Able to find, understand, summarize, and explain relatively complicated literary and informational material. 5 Able to understand the links between ideas even when those links are not explicitly stated and to make appropriate generalizations even when the text lacks clear introductions or explanations. 6 Able to perform elementary addition and subtraction. 7 Able to perform simple additive reasoning and problem solving. 8 Able to perform simple multiplicative reasoning and 2–step problem solving. 9 Able to perform reasoning and problem solving involving fractions, decimals, percents, elementary geometry, and simple algebra. 10 Able to perform reasoning and problem solving involving geometry, algebra, and beginning statistics and probability. 11 Exhibit knowledge of some general scientific facts of the type that could be learned from everyday experiences. 12 Developing some understanding of simple scientific principles, particularly in the life sciences. 2 Able 13 Able to interpret data from simple tables and make inferences about the outcomes of experimental procedures. Exhibit knowledge and understanding of the life sciences, and also demonstrate some knowledge of basic information from the physical sciences. 14 Able to evaluate the appropriateness of the design of an experiment and have the skill to apply scientific knowledge in interpreting information from text and graphs. Exhibit a growing understanding of principles from the physical sciences. 15 Able to infer relationships and draw conclusions using detailed scientific knowledge from the physical sciences, particularly chemistry. Able to apply basic principles of genetics and interpret the societal implications of research in this field. 16 All participants of this age were in school. 17 Includes persons of Hispanic origin. —Data not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress, Trends in Academic Progress, November 1991. (This table was prepared December 1992.) Elementary and Secondary Education Table 18.—Percentage of students at or above selected reading, mathematics, and science proficiency levels, by age and race/ethnicity: 1970–71 to 1989–90—Continued Elementary and Secondary Education 55 Table 19.—High school graduates, by sex and control of institution: 1869–70 to 1991–92 [Numbers in thousands] High school graduates School year 1 Population 17 years old 1 2 Sex Graduates per 100 17-year-olds Control Total 3 Male Female Public 2 Private 3 4 5 6 7 8 1869–70 ........................................ 1879–80 ........................................ 1889–90 ........................................ 1899–1900 .................................... 1909–10 ........................................ 815 946 1,259 1,489 1,786 16 24 44 95 156 7 11 19 38 64 9 13 25 57 93 — — 22 62 111 — — 22 33 45 2.0 2.5 3.5 6.4 8.8 1919–20 ........................................ 1929–30 ........................................ 1,855 2,296 311 667 124 300 188 367 231 592 80 75 16.8 29.0 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ 2,327 2,330 2,335 2,334 2,348 2,377 2,416 2,456 747 827 871 915 965 1,015 1,068 1,120 337 375 403 432 459 486 505 524 409 452 468 483 506 530 563 596 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 32.1 35.5 37.3 39.2 41.1 42.7 44.2 45.6 1939–40 1941–42 1943–44 1945–46 1947–48 1949–50 ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ 2,403 2,421 2,386 2,278 2,261 2,034 1,221 1,242 1,019 1,080 1,190 1,200 579 577 424 467 563 571 643 666 595 613 627 629 1,143 — — — 1,073 1,063 78 — — — 117 136 50.8 51.3 42.7 47.4 52.6 59.0 1951–52 1953–54 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ 2,086 2,135 2,242 2,272 2,325 2,458 1,197 1,276 1,415 1,434 1,506 1,627 569 613 680 690 725 784 627 664 735 744 781 843 1,056 1,129 1,252 1,270 1,332 1,435 141 147 163 164 174 192 57.4 59.8 63.1 63.1 64.8 66.2 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ 2,672 2,892 2,768 2,740 2,978 1,858 1,964 1,918 1,943 2,283 895 955 938 956 1,120 963 1,009 980 987 1,163 1,627 1,725 1,678 1,710 2,008 231 239 240 233 275 69.5 67.9 69.3 70.9 76.7 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ 2,684 3,489 3,500 3,532 3,659 2,658 2,665 2,672 2,695 2,822 1,311 1,323 1,328 1,338 1,399 1,347 1,342 1,344 1,357 1,423 2,360 2,367 2,374 2,395 2,522 298 298 298 300 300 72.1 76.4 76.3 76.3 77.1 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ 3,757 3,872 3,973 4,049 4,132 2,889 2,937 3,001 3,036 3,073 1,430 1,454 1,487 1,500 1,512 1,459 1,483 1,514 1,536 1,561 2,589 2,637 2,699 2,730 2,763 300 300 302 306 310 76.9 75.9 75.5 75.0 74.4 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ 4,256 4,272 4,272 4,286 4,327 3,133 3,148 3,155 3,127 3,117 1,542 1,552 1,548 1,531 1,523 1,591 1,596 1,607 1,596 1,594 2,823 2,837 2,840 2,825 2,817 310 311 315 302 300 73.6 73.7 73.9 73.0 72.0 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ 4,262 4,207 4,121 3,939 3,753 3,043 3,020 2,995 2,888 2,767 1,491 1,483 1,471 1,437 4 1,313 1,552 1,537 1,524 1,451 4 1,454 2,748 2,725 2,705 2,598 2,495 295 295 290 290 272 71.4 71.8 72.7 73.3 73.7 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ ........................................ 3,658 3,621 3,697 3,781 3,761 2,677 2,643 2,694 2,773 2,727 4 1,291 4 1,386 4 1,263 4 1,380 4 1,301 4 1,393 4 1,384 4 1,389 4 1,343 4 1,384 2,414 2,383 2,429 2,500 2,459 263 260 265 273 268 73.2 73.0 72.9 73.4 72.5 1989–90 ........................................ 1990–91 5 ...................................... 1991–92 5 ...................................... 3,485 3,325 3,286 2,587 2,511 2,485 4 1,285 4 1,302 4 1,257 4 1,254 — — 2,320 2,263 2,251 268 247 234 74.2 75.5 75.6 1 Population as of July 1, derived from Current Population Reports, Series P-25. Adjusted to reflect October 17–year-old population. 2 Data for 1929–30 and preceding years are from Statistics of Public High Schools and exclude graduates of high schools which failed to report to the Office of Education. 3 For most years, private school data have been estimated based on periodic private school surveys. For years through 1957–58, private includes data for subcollegiate departments of institutions of higher education and residential schools for exceptional children. 4 Estimates based on data published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. high school graduates based on state estimates. —Data not available. 5 Public SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; Current Population Reports, Series P-25: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various years. (This table was prepared September 1992.) 56 Elementary and Secondary Education Table 20.—Public school districts and public and private elementary and secondary schools: 1929–30 to 1990–91 Public schools 2 School year 1 Public school districts 1 2 Private schools 2,3 Total, all schools 4 Total, regular schools 5 Elementary Secondary One-teacher Secondary schools Total 4 Total Elementary schools 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1929–30 1937–38 1939–40 1945–46 1947–48 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... — 119,001 117,108 101,382 94,926 — — — — — — — — — — 238,306 221,660 — 160,227 146,760 149,282 121,178 113,600 86,563 75,096 23,930 25,467 — 24,314 25,484 — — — — — 9,275 9,992 11,306 9,863 10,071 3,258 3,327 3,568 3,294 3,292 1949–50 1951–52 1953–54 1955–56 1957–58 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 83,718 71,094 63,057 54,859 47,594 — — — — — — — — — — 128,225 123,763 110,875 104,427 95,446 59,652 50,742 42,865 34,964 25,341 24,542 23,746 25,637 26,046 25,507 — — — — — 10,375 10,666 11,739 12,372 13,065 3,331 3,322 3,913 3,887 3,994 1959–60 1961–62 1963–64 1965–66 1967–68 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 40,520 35,676 31,705 26,983 22,010 — — — — — — — — — 94,197 91,853 81,910 77,584 73,216 70,879 20,213 13,333 9,895 6,491 4,146 25,784 25,350 26,431 26,597 27,011 — — — 17,849 — 13,574 14,762 — 15,340 — 4,061 4,129 4,451 4,606 — 1970–71 1973–74 1975–76 1976–77 1978–79 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 17,995 16,730 16,376 16,271 16,014 — — 88,597 — — 89,372 88,655 87,034 86,501 84,816 65,800 65,070 63,242 62,644 61,982 1,815 1,365 1,166 1,111 1,056 25,352 25,906 25,330 25,378 24,504 — — — 19,910 19,489 14,372 — — 16,385 16,097 3,770 — — 5,904 5,766 1980–81 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 15,912 15,824 15,747 — — 85,982 84,740 84,178 84,007 — 83,688 82,039 81,418 81,147 — 61,069 59,656 59,082 58,827 — 921 798 838 825 — 24,362 23,988 23,947 23,916 — 20,764 — 16,792 — 5,678 — 6 27,694 6 20,872 6 7,862 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 7 15,713 83,455 83,248 83,165 83,425 84,538 82,190 82,248 82,081 82,396 81,746 60,784 61,490 61,531 62,037 61,340 763 729 583 630 617 23,389 22,937 22,785 22,639 22,731 7 15,577 7 15,376 7 15,367 7 15,358 1 Includes operating and nonoperating districts. 2 Schools with both elementary and secondary programs are included under elementary schools and also under secondary schools. 3 Data for most years are partly estimated. 4 Includes regular schools and special schools not classified by grade span. 5 Includes elementary, secondary, and combined elementary/secondary schools. 6 These data are from sample surveys and should not be compared directly with the data for earlier years. 7 Because of expanded survey coverage, data are not directly comparable with figures for earlier years. — — — 6 25,616 6 20,252 6 7,387 — — — 6 26,807 6 22,959 6 8,418 — — — — — — — — — —Data not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems; Statistics of Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Schools; Private Schools in American Education; and Common Core of Data surveys. (This table was prepared April 1992.) Elementary and Secondary Education 57 Table 21.—Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds: 1889–90 to 1989–90 In thousands Percentage distribution School year 1 Total Federal State 1 Local (including intermediate) 2 Total Federal State 1 Local (including intermediate) 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1889–90 3 1890–91 3 1891–92 3 1892–93 3 1893–94 3 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... $143,195 147,915 157,175 165,023 170,404 — — — — — $26,345 27,632 29,908 33,695 32,750 $97,222 100,359 105,630 108,425 112,785 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 — — — — — 21.3 21.6 22.1 23.7 22.5 78.7 78.4 77.9 76.3 77.5 1894–95 3 1895–96 3 1896–97 3 1897–98 3 1898–99 3 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 176,565 182,480 191,959 199,833 203,337 — — — — — 34,638 35,032 33,942 35,122 35,341 118,915 124,880 130,318 135,516 144,898 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 — — — — — 22.6 21.9 20.7 20.6 19.6 77.4 78.1 79.3 79.4 80.4 1899–1900 3 ... 1900–01 3 ....... 1901–02 3 ....... 1902–03 3 ....... 1903–04 3 ....... 219,766 235,339 245,498 251,637 279,134 — — — — — 37,887 36,281 39,216 40,456 42,553 149,487 163,897 173,151 173,731 193,216 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 — — — — — 20.2 18.1 18.5 18.9 18.0 79.8 81.9 81.5 81.1 82.0 1904–05 3 1905–06 3 1906–07 3 1907–08 3 1908–09 3 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 301,819 322,106 355,016 381,920 403,647 — — — — — 44,349 47,943 44,706 58,097 63,547 210,168 223,491 231,738 259,341 288,643 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 — — — — — 17.4 17.7 16.2 18.3 18.0 82.6 82.3 83.8 81.7 82.0 1909–10 3 1910–11 3 1911–12 3 1912–13 3 1913–14 3 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 433,064 451,151 469,111 507,227 561,743 — — — — — 64,605 69,071 75,814 78,376 87,895 312,222 333,832 346,898 375,582 425,457 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 — — — — — 17.1 17.1 17.9 17.3 17.1 82.9 82.9 82.1 82.7 82.9 1914–15 3 ....... 1915–16 3 ....... 1917–18 ......... 1919–20 ......... 589,652 633,901 736,876 970,121 — — $1,669 2,475 91,104 95,278 122,256 160,085 456,956 488,120 612,951 807,561 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 — — 0.2 0.3 16.6 16.3 16.6 16.5 83.4 83.7 83.2 83.2 1921–22 3 ....... 1923–24 3 ....... 1925–26 ......... 1927–28 ......... 1929–30 ......... 1,444,242 1,618,438 1,830,017 2,025,750 2,088,557 2,891 3,986 5,552 6,174 7,334 230,517 261,997 284,569 333,279 353,670 1,184,530 1,290,239 1,539,896 1,686,297 1,727,553 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 16.3 16.8 15.6 16.5 16.9 83.5 82.9 84.1 83.2 82.7 1931–32 1933–34 1935–36 1937–38 1939–40 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2,068,029 1,810,652 4 1,971,402 2,222,885 2,260,527 8,262 21,548 4 9,850 26,535 39,810 410,550 423,178 578,369 655,996 684,354 1,649,218 1,365,926 1,383,184 1,540,353 1,536,363 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.4 1.2 0.5 1.2 1.8 19.9 23.4 29.3 29.5 30.3 79.7 75.4 70.2 69.3 68.0 1941–42 1943–44 1945–46 1947–48 1949–50 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2,416,580 2,604,322 3,059,845 4,311,534 5,437,044 34,305 35,886 41,378 120,270 155,848 759,993 859,183 1,062,057 1,676,362 2,165,689 1,622,281 1,709,253 1,956,409 2,514,902 3,115,507 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.8 2.9 31.4 33.0 34.7 38.9 39.8 67.1 65.6 63.9 58.3 57.3 1951–52 1953–54 1955–56 1957–58 1959–60 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 6,423,816 7,866,852 9,686,677 12,181,513 14,746,618 227,711 355,237 441,442 486,484 651,639 2,478,596 2,944,103 3,828,886 4,800,368 5,768,047 3,717,507 4,567,512 5,416,350 6,894,661 8,326,932 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.5 4.5 4.6 4.0 4.4 38.6 37.4 39.5 39.4 39.1 57.9 58.1 55.9 56.6 56.5 1961–62 1963–64 1965–66 1967–68 1969–70 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 17,527,707 20,544,182 25,356,858 31,903,064 40,266,923 760,975 896,956 1,996,954 2,806,469 3,219,557 6,789,190 8,078,014 9,920,219 12,275,536 16,062,776 9,977,542 11,569,213 13,439,686 16,821,063 20,984,589 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.3 4.4 7.9 8.8 8.0 38.7 39.3 39.1 38.5 39.9 56.9 56.3 53.0 52.7 52.1 58 Elementary and Secondary Education Table 21.—Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds: 1889–90 to 1989–90—Continued In thousands School year 1 Percentage distribution Total Federal State 1 Local (including intermediate) 2 Total Federal State 1 Local (including intermediate) 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 44,511,292 50,003,645 52,117,930 58,230,892 64,445,239 3,753,461 4,467,969 4,525,000 4,930,351 5,811,595 17,409,086 19,133,256 20,843,520 24,113,409 27,211,116 23,348,745 26,402,420 26,749,412 29,187,132 31,422,528 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 8.4 8.9 8.7 8.5 9.0 39.1 38.3 40.0 41.4 42.2 52.5 52.8 51.3 50.1 48.8 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 71,206,073 75,322,532 81,443,160 87,994,143 96,881,165 6,318,345 6,629,498 7,694,194 8,600,116 9,503,537 31,776,101 32,688,903 35,013,266 40,132,136 45,348,814 33,111,627 36,004,134 38,735,700 39,261,891 42,028,813 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 8.9 8.8 9.4 9.8 9.8 44.6 43.4 43.0 45.6 46.8 46.5 47.8 47.6 44.6 43.4 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 105,949,087 110,191,257 117,497,502 126,055,419 137,294,678 9,768,262 8,186,466 8,339,990 8,576,547 9,105,569 50,182,659 52,436,435 56,282,157 60,232,981 67,168,684 45,998,166 49,568,356 52,875,354 57,245,892 61,020,425 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 9.2 7.4 7.1 6.8 6.6 47.4 47.6 47.9 47.8 48.9 43.4 45.0 45.0 45.4 44.4 1985–86 ......... 1986–87 ......... 1987–88 2 ....... 1988–89 ......... 1989–90 ......... 149,127,779 158,523,693 169,561,974 192,016,374 207,583,910 9,975,622 10,146,013 10,716,687 11,902,001 12,750,530 73,619,575 78,830,437 84,004,415 91,768,911 98,059,659 65,532,582 69,547,243 74,840,873 88,345,462 96,773,720 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.7 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 49.4 49.7 49.5 47.8 47.2 43.9 43.9 44.1 46.0 46.6 1 Prior to 1917–18, excludes receipts other than state taxes and appropriations. 2 Includes a relatively small amount from nongovernmental sources (gifts and tuition and transportation fees from patrons). These sources accounted for 0.4 percent of total revenues in 1967–68. Prior to 1917–18, excludes receipts from sources other than local taxes and appropriations. 3 Total includes receipts not distributed by source. Percents based on funds reported by source. 4 Excludes federal funds other than aid for vocational education. —Data not available. NOTE.—Beginning in 1980–81, revenues for state education agencies are excluded. Data for 1988–89 reflect new survey collection procedures and may not be entirely comparable to figures for earlier years. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1890 to 1917; Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1916–18 to 1956–58; Statistics of State School Systems, 1959–60 to 1969–70; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education; and Common Core of Data survey. (This table was prepared September 1992.) Table 22.—Total and current expenditures and expenditure per pupil in public elementary and secondary schools, by purpose: 1869–70 to 1989–90 Current expenditures, day schools (in millions) Expenditures in current dollars Total School year 1 Total expenditures, in millions Total 1 Administration 2 3 4 Instruction 2 Plant operation and maintenance 5 6 Other 3 Capital outlay, 4 in millions Interest on school debt, in millions Other expenditures, 5 in millions 7 8 9 10 Per capita Per pupil enrolled Per pupil in average daily attendance 11 12 13 Expenditures in constant 1989–90 dollars Current, per pupil in average daily attendance 14 Total Per capita Per pupil enrolled Per pupil in average daily attendance 15 16 17 Current per pupil in average daily attendance 18 $63 69 74 76 80 84 — — — — — — — — — — — — $38 43 46 48 51 55 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $2 — — — — — $9 9 9 10 9 10 $16 15 16 16 16 16 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1875–76 1876–77 1877–78 1878–79 1879–80 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 83 79 79 76 78 — — — — — — — — — — 55 55 56 55 56 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 9 9 8 8 8 16 15 14 13 13 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 1884–85 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 84 89 97 103 110 — — — — — — — — — — 58 61 65 68 73 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 9 9 9 10 14 14 15 15 15 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 113 116 124 133 141 — — — $109 114 — — — — — 76 79 83 88 92 — — — — — — — — $22 22 — — — $23 26 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 10 10 10 11 11 15 15 16 17 17 — — — $14 14 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 147 156 164 173 176 121 126 134 142 146 — — — — — 96 100 105 109 114 — — — — — 25 26 29 33 33 26 29 30 30 29 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 11 12 12 12 12 18 18 19 19 18 15 15 15 16 15 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1895–96 .............. 1896–97 .............. 1897–98 .............. 1898–99 .............. 1899–1900 .......... 183 188 194 200 215 151 155 163 169 180 — — — — — 117 119 124 129 138 — — — — — 34 36 39 40 42 33 32 31 31 35 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 13 13 13 13 14 19 19 19 19 20 15 15 16 16 17 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 228 238 251 273 292 188 198 205 224 235 — — — — — 143 151 157 168 177 — — — — — 44 47 48 56 58 40 40 46 49 56 — — — — — — — — — — 3 3 3 3 4 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 — 23 24 18 18 — 19 20 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 308 337 371 401 426 247 272 298 320 356 — — — — $7 186 202 220 237 260 — — — — — 61 70 78 83 89 61 65 74 82 70 — — — — — — — — — — 4 4 4 5 5 18 20 22 23 24 26 28 31 32 33 21 23 24 25 28 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 59 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. Elementary and Secondary Education 1869–70 1870–71 1871–72 1872–73 1873–74 1874–75 60 Current expenditures, day schools (in millions) Expenditures in current dollars Total School year 1 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 Total expenditures, in millions Total 1 Administration 2 3 4 Instruction 2 Plant operation and maintenance 5 6 Other 3 Capital outlay, 4 in millions Interest on school debt, in millions Other expenditures, 5 in millions 7 8 9 10 Per capita Per pupil enrolled Per pupil in average daily attendance 11 12 13 Expenditures in constant 1989–90 dollars Current, per pupil in average daily attendance 14 Total Per capita Per pupil enrolled Per pupil in average daily attendance 15 16 17 Current per pupil in average daily attendance 18 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 447 483 522 555 605 371 405 438 463 503 6 9 10 12 13 273 295 316 335 358 — — — — — 91 101 112 116 131 76 78 84 92 103 — — — — — — — — — — 5 5 5 6 6 25 27 28 29 31 35 36 38 39 40 29 30 32 33 34 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1915–16 .............. 1917–18 .............. 1919–20 .............. 641 764 1,036 537 629 861 15 25 37 378 444 633 — $133 146 144 27 46 104 119 154 — $15 18 — — $3 6 7 10 31 37 48 42 49 64 35 40 53 — — $66 — — $320 — — $427 — — $355 1921–22 1923–24 1925–26 1927–28 1929–30 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,581 1,821 2,026 2,184 2,317 1,235 1,369 1,538 1,706 1,844 51 55 68 77 79 903 1,001 1,127 1,220 1,318 203 221 244 278 295 69 92 99 130 152 306 388 411 383 371 36 59 72 92 93 4 5 5 4 10 15 16 17 18 19 68 75 82 87 90 86 95 102 106 108 67 72 77 83 87 108 120 125 135 141 504 555 585 641 668 635 704 727 781 805 496 529 552 610 643 1931–32 1933–34 1935–36 1937–38 1939–40 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 2,175 1,720 1,969 2,233 2,344 1,810 1,516 1,657 1,870 1,942 75 64 67 86 92 1,333 1,121 1,214 1,360 1,403 257 203 233 260 268 144 127 142 164 179 211 59 171 239 258 140 137 133 114 131 13 8 8 10 13 18 14 15 17 18 83 65 75 86 92 98 76 88 100 106 81 67 74 84 88 154 131 143 154 163 731 623 693 762 836 861 731 816 884 961 717 647 687 743 800 1941–42 1943–44 1945–46 1947–48 1949–50 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 2,323 2,453 2,907 4,311 5,838 2,068 2,293 2,707 3,795 4,687 101 111 133 170 220 1,458 1,591 1,854 2,572 3,112 289 316 372 526 642 220 276 349 527 713 138 54 111 412 1,014 109 97 77 76 101 9 9 11 28 36 17 18 21 30 39 95 105 125 180 232 110 125 145 203 259 98 117 136 179 209 142 131 145 163 210 774 765 870 981 1,244 900 908 1,007 1,105 1,388 801 852 949 978 1,120 1951–52 .............. 1953–54 .............. 1955–56 .............. 1957–58 .............. 1959–60 6 ............ 7,344 9,092 10,955 13,569 15,613 5,722 6,791 8,251 10,252 12,329 266 311 373 443 528 3,782 4,552 5,502 6,901 8,351 757 908 1,072 1,302 1,508 917 1,020 1,304 1,605 1,943 1,477 2,055 2,387 2,853 2,662 114 154 216 342 490 30 92 101 123 133 48 57 66 79 88 276 315 352 405 433 313 351 388 449 472 244 265 294 341 375 230 269 313 352 381 1,333 1,487 1,663 1,801 1,871 1,511 1,657 1,833 1,995 2,040 1,180 1,250 1,390 1,517 1,621 1961–62 1963–64 1965–66 1967–68 1969–70 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 18,373 21,325 26,248 32,977 40,683 14,729 17,218 21,053 26,877 34,218 648 745 938 1,249 1,607 10,016 11,750 14,445 18,376 23,270 1,760 1,985 2,386 2,864 3,512 2,304 2,738 3,284 4,388 5,829 2,862 2,978 3,755 4,256 4,659 588 701 792 978 1,171 194 428 648 866 636 100 113 136 167 202 480 519 613 737 877 530 559 654 786 955 419 460 537 658 816 424 466 540 624 679 2,028 2,137 2,439 2,752 2,948 2,238 2,300 2,602 2,936 3,210 1,770 1,895 2,138 2,458 2,743 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 45,500 48,050 51,852 56,970 64,846 39,630 41,818 46,213 50,025 57,363 1,789 1,876 2,018 2,276 2,670 26,224 28,148 30,119 32,609 36,482 3,960 4,325 4,677 5,291 6,136 7,657 7,469 9,399 9,849 12,075 4,552 4,459 4,091 4,978 5,746 1,318 1,378 1,547 1,514 1,737 973 396 1,698 453 702 223 232 248 270 304 970 1,034 1,116 1,244 1,424 1,049 1,128 1,211 1,364 1,545 911 990 1,077 1,207 1,365 713 717 735 734 745 3,100 3,191 3,310 3,388 3,491 3,353 3,481 3,592 3,715 3,788 2,912 3,055 3,195 3,287 3,346 Elementary and Secondary Education Table 22.—Total and current expenditures and expenditure per pupil in public elementary and secondary schools, by purpose: 1869–70 to 1989–90—Continued Table 22.—Total and current expenditures and expenditure per pupil in public elementary and secondary schools, by purpose: 1869–70 to 1989–90—Continued Current expenditures, day schools (in millions) Expenditures in current dollars Total School year 1 Total expenditures, in millions Total 1 Administration 2 3 4 Instruction 2 Plant operation and maintenance 5 6 Other 3 Capital outlay, 4 in millions Interest on school debt, in millions Other expenditures, 5 in millions 7 8 9 10 Current, per pupil in average daily attendance Per capita Per pupil enrolled Per pupil in average daily attendance 11 12 13 14 1,697 1,816 2,002 2,210 2,491 1,504 1,638 1,823 2,020 2,272 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 70,601 74,194 80,844 86,712 95,962 62,054 66,864 73,058 78,951 86,984 2,808 3,273 3,867 3,896 4,264 39,687 41,869 45,024 48,403 53,258 6,675 7,331 8,096 8,565 9,745 12,884 14,391 16,071 18,087 — 6,146 5,344 5,245 5,448 6,506 1,846 1,953 1,952 1,955 1,874 553 853 589 357 598 328 341 368 390 427 1,564 1,673 1,842 2,029 2,290 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 104,125 111,186 118,425 127,500 137,000 94,321 101,109 108,268 115,392 126,337 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 7 458 7 2,529 7 2,742 7 484 7 2,754 7 2,973 7 510 7 2,966 7 3,203 7 544 7 3,216 7 3,471 7 579 7 3,456 7 3,722 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 148,600 160,900 172,400 192,977 211,731 137,165 146,365 157,098 173,099 187,384 — — — — — 83,463 89,559 96,967 101,016 108,964 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 14,101 17,685 — — — 3,213 3,693 — — — 2,564 2,969 7 622 7 3,724 7 4,020 7 667 7 3,995 7 4,308 7 708 7 4,310 7 4,654 785 853 4,738 5,149 5,109 5,526 1 Prior 6 Denotes 2 Prior 7 Estimated. 3 Prior —Data not available. to 1917–18, includes expenditures for interest. to 1909–10, includes only expenditures for salaries of teachers and superintendents. to 1917–18, includes plant operation and maintenance; prior to 1909–10, includes all current expenditures except salaries of teachers and superintendents. 4 Beginning in 1965–66, includes capital outlay by state and local school building authorities. 5 Beginning in 1953–54, includes expenditures for community services, previously included in ‘‘current expenditures, day schools.’’ Expenditures in constant 1989–90 dollars Total Current per pupil in average daily attendance Per capita Per pupil enrolled Per pupil in average daily attendance 15 16 17 18 750 738 746 724 699 3,581 3,619 3,734 3,761 3,745 3,885 3,929 4,059 4,097 4,074 3,444 3,544 3,696 3,744 3,716 2,502 2,726 2,955 3,173 3,470 7 672 7 3,707 7 4,019 7 653 7 3,716 7 4,011 7 660 7 3,837 7 4,144 7 679 7 4,012 7 4,330 7 696 7 4,149 7 4,468 3,667 3,678 3,823 3,958 4,166 3,756 3,970 4,240 4,645 4,960 7 726 7 4,345 7 4,691 7 762 7 4,560 7 4,918 7 776 7 4,724 7 5,101 823 853 4,964 5,149 5,353 5,526 4,383 4,532 4,647 4,866 4,960 first year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics; and unpublished data. (This table was prepared September 1992.) Elementary and Secondary Education 61 Chapter 3 Higher Education Development of American institutions of higher education began early in the colonial period. Many of the first European colonists left their homelands to avoid religious persecution and were particularly interested in literacy, as well as more advanced scholarship, to facilitate religious instruction. Thus, one of the most important missions of colonial colleges was to prepare men to be ministers or priests. The first colonial college, now Harvard University, was founded in 1636 to prepare ministers. The profusion of small theological and religious colleges served the expanding frontier by providing ministers to serve local communities. The religious zeal which became more pronounced after 1800 played an important role in stimulating the growth of educational enterprises. Prior to the Civil War, it has been estimated that perhaps one-fourth of all college graduates became ministers. 1 Besides meeting the demand for religious leaders, these religiously affiliated colleges assisted in the general diffusion of knowledge. Public colleges also expanded westward across the United States as states made higher education available to their citizens. Benjamin Franklin was among the first prominent Americans to advocate higher education without religious control. After the Revolutionary War, considerable discussion was devoted to the thought of establishing a national or federal university. 2 Although all six of the first U.S. presidents supported the concept of a national university, such an institution was never approved by Congress. 3 Despite Thomas Jefferson’s lack of success with the national university concept, he was influential in the founding of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1802. Another major development of the early 19th century was the creation of normal schools. These institutions were designed to help prepare teachers for the expanding school systems. The first of the normal schools was founded in 1823. Later in 1839, G. Tewksbury, The Founding of American Colleges and Universities, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1932; reprint ed., New York: Archon Books, 1965), 90–91. 2 Adolphe E. Meyer, Grandmasters of Educational Thought (New York: McGraw Hill, 1975), 146. 3 Richard Hofstadter and Wilson Smith, ed., American Higher Education, A Documentary History, Vol. I (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), 157. 1 Donald Horace Mann established the first public normal school in Massachusetts. These schools typically offered a 2-year program. Although national education statistics were not collected prior to 1869-70, some inferences about the number of colleges can be made by examining the current colleges that have founding dates during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Some 37 of today’s colleges were founded prior to 1800 (table 27). Only four of these colleges were founded as public institutions. The evidence suggests that the first of the public colleges to obtain a charter was the University of Georgia, though the University of North Carolina was the first to open. 4 Most of these 37 colleges had their beginning in the last two decades of the 18th century. The growth of colleges accelerated during the 19th century. During the first two decades of the 1800s, 31 more colleges were founded, of which 5 were publicly controlled (6, if the federally controlled West Point is included). The next two decades brought 102 more colleges that still exist today, and between 1840 and 1859, an additional 210 colleges were founded. Whether college enrollments kept pace with the rise in population from 3.9 million in 1790 to 31.5 million in 1860 is unknown, but at least the increase in the number of colleges suggests sharp rises in enrollment. 5 Public colleges also expanded in the first half of the 19th century, and by 1860, there were 21 state colleges in 20 different states. 6 Today, many of the 380 colleges founded prior to 1860 are independent or public, but most were originally controlled by religious groups. 7 Public higher education was assisted through such programs as the First Morrill Act in 1862, which provided land grants for the creation and maintenance of agricultural and mechanical colleges. 4 Tewksbury, The Founding of American Colleges and Universities, 167. 5 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, 2 vols. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973), 1:8. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, ‘‘Institutional Characteristics, 1980–81,’’ unpublished data. 6 Tewksbury, The Founding of American Colleges and Universities, 169. 7 Raphael M. Huber, The Part Played by Religion in the History of Education in the United States of America (Trenton: MacCrillish & Quigley & Co., 1951), 27. 63 64 Higher Education Higher education in the early 19th century was characterized by heavy emphasis on the classics. Higher education often began at 14 to 16 years of age, though 17 to 20 was more common. Generally, prospective students were expected to have an understanding of Greek and Latin and were frequently tested on these before being allowed entrance. Some knowledge of basic mathematics, such as algebra, was assumed. The college curriculum generally comprised four years of study, and the typical core of this instruction was equal parts of mathematics, Greek, and Latin. Sometimes these were the sole elements of freshman and sophomore education. At more progressive and prestigious colleges, juniors and seniors might delve into a variety of scientific topics, perhaps including some medical lectures, though physical sciences were more common. Other common subjects for upperclassmen included rhetoric, philosophy, and Christian studies. 8 Thomas Jefferson in his founding of the University of Virginia designed what was considered a progressive institution that provided electives for students to choose particular courses of study. The courses of study at the university included medicine, ancient and modern languages, mathematics, philosophy, and sciences. 9 During the 1820s and 1830s, developments at other colleges such as Harvard and Brown, reflected more interest in science and mathematics instruction at the expense of ancient studies. 10 Colleges reacted to the changing times. The first exclusively scientific institution, Renssalaer Polytechnic University, opened in 1824. 11 Higher education continued to maintain a strong attachment to traditional studies through much of the 19th century. In 1886–87, 62 percent of college students were enrolled in classical courses. 12 In 1878, more than 10 percent of those students wishing to enter colleges where entrance examinations were given were rejected only because of their lack of proficiency with the Greek language. Altogether, about one fourth of students were rejected because of defi- 8 For examples, see (Exposition of the System of Instruction and Discipline Pursued in the University of Vermont by the Faculty [Burlington: University of Vermont, 1829], 30) and (Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University in Cambridge, October 1825 [Cambridge: University Press, 1825], 19. These standards remained in effect at many campuses well after the Civil War (Catalogue of the University of North Carolina, 1866–67 [Raleigh: Nichols, Gorman & Neathery Printers, 1867], 15.) 9 Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Virginia, Session of 1839–40 (Charlottesville: Robert Noel, 1840), 1. and N.J. Cabell, ed., Early History of the University of Virginia, as Contained in the Letters of Thomas Jefferson and Joseph C. Cabell (Richmond: J.W. Randolph, 1856), 142–143. 10 Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Brown University, March 1824 (Providence: Carlile & Co., 1824), 5; Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Brown University, 1827–28 (Providence: Carlile & Co., 1828), 13; Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the Univer- ciencies in Latin, Greek, or sometimes mathematics. 13 Enrollment Higher education enrollment in the colonies was largely limited to the well-to-do. This situation prevailed through the late 19th and early 20th century. When the federal Office of Education began collecting education data in 1869–70, only 63,000 students were attending higher education institutions throughout the country, which amounted to only about 1 percent of the 18- to 24-year-old population. This small number of students was divided among 563 campuses, giving an average enrollment size of only 112 students. About 21 percent of students were female. Today, there are over 14,000,000 students in the U.S. attending some 3,600 institutions, for an average enrollment of 3,931 students. More than half of college students are women (table 23). About 33 percent of all 18- to 24-year-olds are enrolled in college today. Not only are many more students involved in higher education today, but the system itself has shown dynamic change over the past century, evolving from small institutions serving a relatively restricted student body with instruction focussing on instruction in the classics and mathematics into today’s large enterprises offering a vast array of courses. During the latter part of the 1800s, enrollment grew rapidly in higher education institutions, but much of this growth was due to increases in the population. Enrollment grew by 278 percent between 1869–70 and 1899–1900, but students as a percent of 18- to 24-year-olds rose from 1 percent to 2 percent. The proportion of women students in colleges grew significantly from 21 percent in 1869–70 to 36 percent in 1899–1900. While the number of colleges grew during this period, it did not rise as fast as the number of students. As a result, the average size of colleges grew as well, reaching 243 in 1899–1900 (table 24). sity in Cambridge, October 1820 (Cambridge: University Press, 1820); and Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Harvard University for the Academical Year 1827–28 (Cambridge: University Press, 1827). 11 This excludes the military science academy at West Point. Nicholas Butler, gen. ed., Education in the United States, Monographs on Education in the United States (New York: Arno Press & The New York Times, 1969), ‘‘Scientific, Technical, and Engineering Education,’’ by T.C. Mendenhall, 555. 12 U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1890, 5 vols., (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1893), Part 2, 5:772–773. 13 U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education, Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1878 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880), XCIV. Higher Education 65 Figure 14.--Enrollment in institutions of higher education, by sex: 1869-70 to 1990-91 Millions 15 14 13 12 Total 11 10 9 Female 8 7 6 Male 5 4 3 2 1 0 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1991 Year ending Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues. Enrollment growth accelerated in the first 30 years of the 20th century, driven by population growth and continuing rises in participation rates. Between 1899– 1900 and 1909–10, enrollment rose by 50 percent. In the following decade, enrollment rose by 68 percent, and between 1919–20 and 1929–30, enrollment rose by 84 percent. During these 30 years, the ratio of college students to 18- to 24-year-olds rose from 2 to 7 per 100. However, the proportion of women students in higher education dropped during the 1920s from 47 percent to 44 percent. The depression of the 1930s may have contributed to slower growth in college enrollment and participation. By the end of the decade, college enrollment had reached 1.5 million with 9 college students per 100 18- to 24-year-olds. The total was still 36 percent higher than 1929–30, but the proportion of women students had fallen to 40 percent. By this time, enrollment in public colleges had risen to the point where more than half of college students were enrolled in public institutions. During the early 1940s, the enrollment of males dropped precipitously as large numbers of young men went to fight World War II. In 1943–44, about half of the students in colleges were women. By the end of the 1940s, college enrollment was surging. Large numbers of World War II veterans entered colleges assisted by such programs as the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act which provided education benefits. In fall 1949, about 2.4 million students enrolled in colleges, or about 15 per 100 18- to 24year-olds. The proportion of women on campus dropped to 30 percent. The proportion of students enrolled in public colleges was about half, the same as in the 1929–30. Enrollment was still concentrated at 4-year colleges, with less than 10 percent of students at 2-year colleges. 66 Higher Education Figure 15.--Percentage of students in institutions of higher education, by control, type, and attendance status: Percent 1931-32 to 1991-92 of enroll- 100 ment 90 Public 80 70 60 50 Part-time 40 2-year 30 20 10 0 1932 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1992 Year ending Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues. The 1950s and 1960s marked two major developments. First, large numbers of young people entered college and second, public colleges expanded dramatically to meet the demand. College enrollment rose by 49 percent in the 1950s, partly because of the rise in the enrollment/population ratio from 15 percent to 24 percent. During the 1960s, enrollment rose by 120 percent. By 1969, college enrollment was as large as 35 percent of the 18- to 24-year-old population. About 41 percent of the college students were women. Public institutions accounted for 74 percent of enrollment, and about one-fourth of all students were enrolled at 2-year colleges. The 1970s were a period of slower growth in college enrollment despite record numbers of young people of college age and increasing participation of older adults in college. During the 1970s, enrollment rose by 45 percent, somewhat slower than the 1960s, but about the same as the 1950s. The proportion of part-time students also increased, from 31 percent in 1969 to 41 percent in 1979. This rise was partly due to increased participation rates of older students and the expansion of 2-year college systems, whose enrollment more than doubled. By 1979, women constituted the majority on college campuses. Enrollment growth slowed substantially during the 1980s, with only a 17 percent increase between 1979 and 1989. Incremental increases have continued during the early 1990s. The proportion of part-time students has increased only slightly during the 1980s as participation rates for older age groups have remained stable. In contrast, enrollment rates for younger, traditional college-age people rose significantly, and college enrollment showed increases during the 1980s, despite drops in the college-age population. Institutions and Professional Staff Historical trends in numbers of institutions reflect steady growth over the past 120 years, but the rate of growth has been substantially slower than the rise in enrollment. The result of these differing rates of increase has been that the average size of colleges has steadily increased. The average size of colleges rose from only 112 students in 1869–70 to 243 at the turn of the century. By 1929–30, average size had risen to 781, and it more than doubled by 1960. In 1989–90, the average size of colleges was 3,830 students (table 23). Higher Education The growth in the number of professional staff employed by colleges and universities has closely paralleled the rise in enrollment. The ratio of students to staff has remained remarkably stable for more than 100 years. In 1869–70, there were 11 students for every professional, and in 1989–90, there were 9 students for every professional (table 26). Although the measure fluctuated somewhat over the time period, the changes have not been dramatic, and some of them are due to changes in survey procedures and definitions. Full-time-equivalent data which might be used to make more precise measurements of staff resources are not available for the entire time period. Degrees Conferred The number of bachelor’s degrees conferred exhibited substantial increases during the 20th century. The periods of most rapid growth were the 1920s, the 1940s, and the 1960s (table 28). The increase in the 1920s corresponds to rising proportions of young people completing high school and consequently be- coming eligible for college admission. The 1940s surge was partly a result of the federal financial aid program for veterans which encouraged huge numbers of returning servicemen to enter higher education programs. In the 1960s, the ‘‘baby boom’’ generation entered college, and their large numbers resulted in substantial increases in bachelor’s degrees conferred. An additional factor in the increase in the number of students and degrees was that over time a higher proportion of young people sought access to higher education. During the 1970s, interest in higher education remained relatively steady, but the number of bachelor’s degree recipients in relation to the 23year-old population was somewhat lower than the peaks attained during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The number of bachelor’s degrees continued to grow during the 1980s, despite declines in the traditional college-age population. This may be partly attributed to rising proportions of high school graduates attending college as well as to the graduation of older students. Figure 16.--Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by institutions of higher education: 1869-70 to 1989-90 Number 1,100,000 Bachelor’s 1,000,000 900,000 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 Master’s 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 Doctor’s 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 67 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year ending Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues. 68 Higher Education The proportion of women earning bachelor’s degrees rose slowly during the latter part of the 19th and early 20th century. Between 1869–70 and 1909– 10, the proportion of bachelor’s degrees earned by women rose from 15 percent to 23 percent. During the teens and the twenties, the proportion received by women grew more rapidly, reaching 40 percent in 1929–30. The proportion remained about the same during the 1930s, but rose dramatically during the early 1940s as large numbers of men left home to fight in World War II. During some of the war years, women constituted the majority of graduates. Following the war, the number of male graduates surged as large numbers of former soldiers took advantage of financial assistance to complete their studies. In 1949–50, only 24 percent of the graduates were women, but subsequently the proportion of women began to grow again, reaching 43 percent in 1970. By the early 1980s, the majority of bachelor’s degree recipients were women, and in 1989–90, women earned 53 percent of all bachelor’s degrees. Figure 17.--Bachelor’s degrees per 1,000 23-year-olds: 1889-90 to 1989-90 Number per 1,000 500 23-year-olds 400 300 200 100 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year ending SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; Current Population Reports, Population Estimates and Projections; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1992. Higher Education Figure 18.--Percentage of higher education degrees conferred to females, by level: 1869-70 to 1989-90 Percentage 80 70 60 50 Master’s 40 30 Bachelor’s 20 Doctor’s 10 First-professional 0 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year ending SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; Earned Degrees Conferred; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) "Completions" survey. Figure 19.--Bachelor’s degrees per 100 high school graduates 4 years earlier and master’s degrees per 100 bachelor’s degrees 2 years earlier: 1869-70 to 1989-90 Number of degrees 80 70 60 50 Bachelor’s per 100 high school graduates 40 30 20 Master’s per 100 bachelor’s 10 0 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year ending SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; Current Population Reports, Population Estimates and Projections, various years; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various years. 69 70 Higher Education Master’s Degrees The pattern of growth in the number of master’s degrees conferred is similar to that displayed by bachelor’s degrees. The number of master’s degrees grew between 1871–72 and 1899–1900, but the rate was erratic with year-to-year fluctuations, some of which may have been caused by survey anomalies. Still the number of master’s degrees per 100 bachelor’s degrees remained steady, generally remaining between 6 and 8. This pattern shifted upward during the 1920s as more bachelor’s degree recipients sought master’s degrees, and the ratio rose to 16 in 1931–32. The ratio rose rapidly immediately after World War II, especially compared to the relatively small number of bachelor’s degrees awarded during the war years. The rise in master’s degrees probably was influenced by veterans returning to college to complete their studies. The next period of dramatic growth began in the early 1960s when both the number of bachelor’s degree recipients and the ratio of master’s degrees per 100 bachelor’s degrees began to rise. In 1969–70, there were 33 master’s degrees per 100 bachelor’s degrees awarded 2 years earlier. This ratio has remained fairly stable since that time period. The number of master’s degrees reached a peak of 317,000 in 1976–77 and then declined for several years. The former 1976–77 peak finally was exceeded in 1989–90 when 324,000 degrees were awarded. The proportion of master’s degrees awarded to women rose significantly after the turn of the century, reaching 26 percent in 1909–10. The proportion continued to increase during the teens and twenties, like the bachelor’s degrees. However, there was little rise in the proportion of women receiving master’s degrees during the 1930s. The proportion of degrees awarded to women fell during the 1940s, and by 1949–50, the proportion had fallen to 29 percent, partly as a result of the influx of veterans. Not until 1969–70 did the proportion of women reach 40 percent again, about the same as 1929–30. During the 1970s and 1980s, the proportion of degrees awarded to women continued to rise, reaching 53 percent in 1989–90. Doctor’s Degrees The number of doctor’s degrees conferred by U.S. colleges remained very small until the 1920s. While the number of doctor’s degrees in relation to the number of bachelor’s degrees rose somewhat during the late 1880s and 1890s, the doctor’s degrees grew at a slower rate in the later years of the 19th century. During the 1920s, the number of doctor’s degrees per 1,000 bachelor’s degrees rose indicating that more people were pursuing advanced degrees after their bachelor’s degrees. Also, more people were receiving bachelor’s degrees which increased the size of the pool for potential graduate school students. As a function of these shifts, the number of doctor’s degrees conferred in 1929–30 showed an increase of 274 percent compared to 1919–20. During the 1930s, the number of doctor’s degrees continued to rise, but at a slower rate. The ratio of doctor’s to bachelor’s degrees fell significantly during the 1930s and continued to fall during World War II. The lapse in time from bachelor’s to doctor’s degree also lengthened significantly during the postwar years, suggesting that many young people took time from their studies to serve during the war. The number of doctor’s degrees continued to rise through the 1950s, but at much slower rate than the 1920s or 1940s. Also, the ratio of doctor’s degrees to bachelor’s degrees rose and then fell sharply. As in the lower levels of degrees, the 1960s brought a surge of interest in doctor’s degrees. Not only did the absolute number of degrees rise by 204 percent between 1959–60 and 1969–70, but the ratio of doctor’s degrees to 1,000 bachelor’s degrees rose from 23 to 78. Also, the time-lapse from bachelor’s degree to doctor’s degree hit a low of 7.9 years, as short as any period measured except in 1919–20. Through the 1970s, the number of doctor’s degrees conferred fluctuated within a narrow range. The ratio of doctor’s degrees per 1,000 bachelor’s degrees fell sharply, and the average length of time to obtain the degree began to rise. The 1980s saw the average time to complete the doctor’s degree lengthen to a record 10.5 years in 1987–88, 1988– 89, and 1989–90. The number of these degrees per 1,000 bachelor’s degrees held steady during the 1980s and actually rose slightly at the end of the decade. Because of the increases in the pool of graduate students, the number of doctor’s degrees rose somewhat during the 1980s from 32,600 in 1979–80 to 38,200 in 1989–90. Women generally have obtained a lower proportion of doctor’s degrees than master’s or bachelor’s. Only a small number of doctor’s degrees were awarded to women in the last 30 years of the 19th century, perhaps fewer than might be awarded by a large university in a single year today. The proportion of doctor’s degrees awarded to women rose at an irregular rate between 1899–1900 and 1939–40, from 6 percent to 13 percent. After the war years, the proportion awarded to women fell. By 1970 the proportion of doctor’s degrees awarded to women had reached 13 percent again. During the 1970s, more women began graduating from doctor’s degree programs, and the proportion reached 30 percent by 1979-80. In 198990, about 36 percent of all doctor’s degrees were earned by women. Higher Education First-Professional Degrees Prior to 1960–61, separate figures on first-professional degrees did not exist because these programs were tabulated with the bachelor’s degrees. In the late 18th and early 19th century, professional degrees frequently did not require attainment of a bachelor’s degree before entrance into the programs. Since 1960–61, first professional degrees, such as degrees in law, medicine, and dentistry, have risen in a different pattern than other types of degrees (table 31). For example, first-professional degrees grew more rapidly during the 1970s than in the 1960s. In contrast to the increases of bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees, the number of first-professional degrees fell during the latter half of the 1980s. Over the past 30 years, the number of degrees awarded in law has grown much more rapidly than degrees conferred in medicine or dentistry. However, the number of degrees conferred in each of the three areas is down from peaks reached during the mid1980s. The number of degrees in dentistry grew by 72 percent between 1959–60 and 1982–83, before falling dramatically by 27 percent between 1982–83 and 1989–90. The number of medical degrees rose by 128 percent between 1959–60 and 1984–85, and then fell 6 percent by 1989-90. The number of degrees conferred in law rose the most rapidly with an increase of 306 percent between 1959–60 and 1984–85, but since then the number of law degrees has fluctuated at a slightly lower level. One of the most significant trends in first-professional degrees has been the dramatic increase in the portion of degrees earned by women. In 1959–60, women received 1 percent of the dentistry degrees, 6 percent of the medical degrees, and only 2 percent of the law degrees. The number of women earning degrees in these fields rose rapidly, particularly during the 1970s. In 1989–90 women accounted for 31 percent of the dentistry degrees, 34 percent of the degrees in medicine, and 42 percent of the degrees in law. Revenues for Higher Education Although there have been huge increases in the total revenues for higher education during the 20th century, the sources of the funds have shown relatively stable patterns. For example, the proportion of revenues from tuition and fees was 24 percent in 1909–10 and in 1989–90. However, there have been some significant shifts through the period, notably during World War II (table 33). Figure 20.--Sources of current-fund revenue for institutions of higher education: 1909-10 to 1989-90 Percent 60 50 40 Other 30 State Tuition 20 10 0 Federal 1910 1920 1930 1940 71 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year ending SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Report of the Commissioner; Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education; Digest of Education Statistics, 1992; and unpublished data. 72 Higher Education From 1909–10 to 1939–40, revenue sources evolved slowly. The proportion of revenues from tuition dropped slightly during the teens and then rose to 26 percent in 1929–30 and 28 percent in 1939– 40. The proportion from federal sources fluctuated between 4 and 7 percent during this 30-year period. The proportion of revenues from state sources fluctuated around 30 percent between 1909–10 and 1931–32, and then fell significantly during the Great Depression of the 1930s. By the early 1940s, only 21 percent of revenues came from the state governments. The proportion of revenues from endowments fell from 16 percent in 1909–10 to 10 percent in 1939–40. Part of this drop may have been due to the rapidly rising number of institutions. The new schools usually did not have the resources of some of the older, well-established institutions. Also the stock market crash of 1929 and the ensuing depression dampened revenues from endowments. One significant rise during the early part of the century was in income from auxiliary enterprises, which rose from 12 percent of all revenues in 1909–10 to 20 percent of all revenues in 1939–40. The war years were marked by an increase in federal funding of higher education. Some of this funding was earmarked for research, and some was for training programs specifically contracted by the federal government. After the war, the proportion of revenues coming from the federal government began to decline, dipping to 14 percent in 1955–56. After some rises during the early 1960s, the proportion of revenues from the federal government began a long, slow slide to 10 percent in 1989–90. In contrast, the proportion of revenues from state sources increased in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, but dipped slightly in the 1980s. The percent of revenues from local government has fluctuated between 2 and 4 percent since World War II. Similarly, the proportions of revenues from endowments and from private gifts, grants, and contracts have shown only small fluctuations during the postwar period. One significant shift in college finances of the postwar period has been the steady increase in revenues from university hospitals. Between 1949–50 and 1989–90, the proportion of revenues rose from 5 percent in 1949–50 to 9 percent in 1989–90. This increase occurred during the 1970s and 1980s, after falling in the early part of the postwar period. Expenditures In the 60-year period between 1929–30 and 1989– 90, there were several significant developments in the expenditure patterns of colleges and universities. Although changes in definitions and data collection procedures sometimes hamper direct comparisons, there appears to have been some increase in the proportion of expenditures for administration, research, and university hospitals, and a decline in the proportion of expenditures for instruction, auxiliary enterprises, and plant operation and maintenance. However, these shifts have not been consistent over the 60-year period (table 24). Administrative and general expenditures as a percent of current-fund expenditures rose slowly throughout the 1929–30 to 1989–90 period. In 1929– 30, administrative expenditures accounted for about 8 percent of college budgets, but they increased to 10 percent in 1959–60 and 14 percent in 1989–90. The administrative costs rose most rapidly in the 1960s while changes in most of the other decades amounted to about 1 percentage point or less. One of the most rapidly growing areas of college budgets in recent years has been university hospitals. When data were first tabulated separately in 1966–67, university hospitals accounted for 2 percent of the budget. Hospitals accounted for 8 percent of the budget in 1979–80 and 9 percent in 1989–90. The proportion of college budgets for instruction is lower now than in 1929–30, but most of the change occurred during the 1930s and 1940s. Between 1929–30 and 1949–50, the share of college budgets for instruction fell from 44 percent to 35 percent. In the following 40 years, the proportion dipped slightly, reaching 31 percent in 1989–90. Although there have been significant fluctuations, the proportion of college budgets spent on plant operation and maintenance has fallen over the 60-year period. The share of college budgets for plant operation and maintenance fell from 12 percent in 1929– 30 to 10 percent in 1939–40. Between 1939–40 and 1943–44, there was a further drop to 8 percent, likely caused by conservation policies prompted by the war. After jumping to 10 percent again after the war, the proportion of funds for plant operation and maintenance fell to 7 percent through the late 1960s. In the early 1970s, partly due to the sharply higher costs of energy, the plant operation share returned to 8 percent. In the latter part of the 1980s, the proportion fell to 7 percent. The part of the college budget that goes to auxiliary enterprises such as residence halls, food service, and sports arenas has fallen through much of the 60-year period. These auxiliary enterprises rose from 17 percent of the budget in 1931–32 to 23 percent in 1947–48. But during the 1950s and the 1960s, the proportion fell steadily. After stabilizing in the 1970s, the proportion dipped slightly again to about 10 percent in 1989–90. At least part of this shift may be attributed to the increased popularity of 2-year colleges, which have lower spending on auxiliary enterprises compared to 4-year colleges with larger numbers of students living on campus. Higher Education 73 Figure 21.--Expenditures of institutions of higher education per student in constant 1990-91 dollars: 1929-30 to 1989-90 Expenditure per $10,000 student 9,000 8,000 Total educational and general 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 Instruction 3,000 2,000 Research 1,000 Plant operation 0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year ending SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Report of the Commissioner; Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) "Finance" survey. Another way of examining college and university expenditures is to look at per student spending. After adjustment for inflation, expenditures per student have risen in nearly every decade since 1929–30. Because consistent data on full-time-equivalent enrollment were not available for this historical analysis, data on total head-count enrollment were used instead. Because of the rising proportion of students attending college part-time, the use of total enrollment makes the expenditure per student percentage changes lower than they would have been if more precise FTE enrollment data had been used. Educational and general spending on a per student basis held up remarkably well during the Great Depression of the 1930s, even registering a 25 percent increase. Per student expenditures rose a further 18 percent during the 1940s. The 1950s saw the most rapid growth. The large 49 percent increase in expenditures per student may be partly attributed to the enrollment drop during the early part of the decade when the high expenditures of the immediate postwar years remained steady. Expenditures per student rose a further 27 percent during the 1960s, but dropped 11 percent in the 1970s. The drops were particularly notable during the years with the highest inflation rates. During the 1980s, the expenditures per student rose a further 24 percent reaching an all time record of $7,799 per student in 1989–90. Endowment and Physical Plant Endowment funds and physical plant value are long-term assets that can be used to analyze institutional resources. Physical plant value measures the book value of land, buildings, and equipment owned by colleges and universities. Endowment funds are economic resources that are acquired by colleges through donations or deliberate transfers from current operating funds. The principal of the endowment is maintained in investments while the interest is diverted to fund special programs, such as faculty members in specific disciplines, or student aid, or scholarships for particular categories of students. Endowments at colleges represent a sizeable economic resource amounting to $68 billion in 1989–90. Endowment funds are deposited in a variety of investments, including relatively volatile ones like stocks. Thus, their value tends to fluctuate more over time than other types of higher education finances. When examined on a per student basis, there was a drop in the book value of the endowments per student between the mid-1930s and the early 1950s. A more reliable indicator of market value of endowment became available in the mid-1960s. Market value of 74 Higher Education endowment takes into account unrealized losses and gains in the value of the investments. The market value data indicate a continuing drop in value per student through the early 1980s. Some of this may be attributed to the rapid growth of new public colleges, especially 2-year colleges, which generally have either no or small endowments. During the 1980s, the market value of endowment per student rose a dramatic 71 percent. Some of this may be due to favorable stock market performances, as well as to institutional drives to boost endowments even at public colleges. The plant value data must be interpreted with caution since the book value of buildings or land may differ considerably from their replacement value. After adjustment for student enrollment and inflation, it appears that plant fund value per student generally is lower now than in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Some of this may be attributed to the growth in the enrollment of 2-year colleges which accounted for 38 percent of students in 1989 compared to 26 percent of students in 1969. Two-year colleges generally have lower physical plant value per student than 4year colleges because relatively few students live on campus, and equipment and land holdings are generally less extensive. Property value per student remained stable during the 1980s after adjustment for student enrollment and inflation. Like other expenditure-per-student measures, the use of total enrollment rather than FTE enrollment tends to depress percentage changes. The 20th century has been a period of dynamic growth for higher education institutions. Colleges have evolved from institutions largely limited to the social elite to much more egalitarian institutions attended today by nearly two out of three high school graduates. Colleges showed particularly strong growth during the late teens and in the twenties, fifties, sixties and eighties. The missions of colleges have evolved with the times as has the student composition. College enrollments, degrees, and finances are now at record highs. Table 23.—Historical summary of higher education statistics: 1869–70 to 1989–90 Item 1869–70 1879–80 1889–90 1899–1900 1909–10 1919–20 1929–30 1939–40 1949–50 1959–60 1969–70 1979–80 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Total institutions 1 .............................. 563 811 998 Professional staff 2 ................................ 3 5,553 3 11,522 Male .................................................. Female .............................................. 3 4,887 3 7,328 3 666 3 4,194 Instructional staff 4 ................................ — — Total fall enrollment 5 ........................... 977 951 1,041 1,409 1,708 1,851 2,004 2,525 3,152 3,587 3,565 3,535 3 15,809 23,868 36,480 48,615 3 12,704 3 3,105 19,151 4,717 29,132 7,348 35,807 12,808 — 146,929 246,722 380,554 — — 1,437,975 — 1,531,071 — — 106,328 40,601 186,189 60,533 296,773 83,781 — — — — 850,451 587,524 — — 880,766 650,305 — — — — 82,386 110,885 190,353 281,506 551,000 — 954,534 — 987,518 62,839 115,850 156,756 237,592 355,430 597,880 1,100,737 1,494,203 2,444,900 3,639,847 8,004,660 11,569,899 12,766,642 13,055,337 13,538,560 3 49,467 3 77,994 3 100,453 3 214,779 3 13,372 3 37,856 3 56,303 152,254 85,338 3 140,651 314,938 282,942 619,935 480,802 893,250 600,953 1,721,572 723,328 2,332,617 1,307,230 4,746,201 3,258,459 5,682,877 5,887,022 5,932,056 6,834,586 6,001,896 7,053,441 6,190,015 7,348,545 Earned degrees conferred Associate, total ................................ — — — — — — — — — — 206,023 400,910 435,085 436,764 6 454,679 Male .............................................. Female ......................................... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 117,432 88,591 183,737 217,173 190,047 245,038 186,316 250,448 6 191,072 Bachelor’s, 7 total ............................. 9,371 12,896 15,539 27,410 37,199 48,622 122,484 186,500 432,058 392,440 792,317 929,417 994,829 1,018,755 6 1,049,657 Male .............................................. Female ......................................... 7,993 1,378 10,411 2,485 12,857 2,682 22,173 5,237 28,762 8,437 31,980 16,642 73,615 48,869 109,546 76,954 328,841 103,217 254,063 138,377 451,097 341,220 473,611 455,806 477,203 517,626 483,346 535,409 6 491,488 Master’s, 8 total ................................ — 879 1,015 1,583 2,113 4,279 14,969 26,731 58,183 74,435 208,291 298,081 299,317 310,621 6 323,844 Male .............................................. Female ......................................... — — 868 11 821 194 1,280 303 1,555 558 2,985 1,294 8,925 6,044 16,508 10,223 41,220 16,963 50,898 23,537 125,624 82,667 150,749 147,332 145,163 154,154 149,354 161,267 6 170,201 First-professional, 7 total .................. (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) 34,578 70,131 70,735 70,856 6 70,980 Male .............................................. Female ......................................... (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) (7) 32,794 1,784 52,716 17,415 45,484 25,251 45,046 25,810 6 44,002 Doctor’s, total ................................... 1 54 149 382 443 615 2,299 3,290 6,420 9,829 29,912 32,615 34,870 35,720 6 38,238 Male .............................................. Female ......................................... 1 0 51 3 147 2 359 23 399 44 522 93 1,946 353 2,861 429 5,804 616 8,801 1,028 25,890 4,022 22,943 9,672 22,615 12,255 22,648 13,072 6 13,867 — — — — $76,883 $199,922 $554,511 $715,211 $2,374,645 $5,785,537 $21,515,242 $58,519,982 $117,340,109 $128,501,638 6 139,635,477 — — — — $21,464 — $35,084 — 67,917 — 172,929 — 494,092 507,142 538,511 674,688 1,751,393 2,245,661 4,593,485 5,601,376 17,144,194 21,043,110 46,534,023 56,913,588 91,863,743 113,786,476 100,598,033 123,867,184 6 109,241,902 — — — — — — — 95,426 78,788 — 253,599 194,998 — 457,954 323,661 — 747,333 569,071 377,903 2,065,049 1,372,068 521,990 2,753,780 1,706,444 4,799,964 2,601,223 4,685,258 13,548,548 16,845,210 42,093,580 44,542,843 83,733,387 10 5,322,080 10 10,837,343 10 18,561,472 89,157,430 133,228,717 — 96,803,377 142,425,392 — 6 105,585,076 10 1,686,283 Male ................................................. Female .............................................. Finances, in thousands Current-fund revenue 8 .................... Educational and general income ....................................... Current-fund expenditures 8 ............. Educational and general expenditures .............................. Value of physical property ............... Endowment funds 9 .......................... 1 Prior 6 558,169 6 153,643 6 26,978 6 24,371 6 134,655,571 155,401,508 — —Data not available. 2 Total NOTE.—Beginning in 1959–60, includes Alaska and Hawaii. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; Education Directory, Colleges and Universities; Faculty and Other Professional Staff in Institutions of Higher Education; Fall Enrollment in Colleges and Universities; Earned Degrees Conferred; Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education; and ‘‘Fall Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education,’’ ‘‘Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred,’’ and ‘‘Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education’’ surveys; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), ‘‘Fall Enrollment,’’ ‘‘Completions,’’ and ‘‘Finance’’ surveys. (This table was prepared November 1992.) Higher Education 75 to 1979–80, excludes branch campuses. number of different individuals (not reduced to full-time equivalent). Beginning in 1959–60, data are for the first term of the academic year. 3 Estimated. 4 Includes all faculty, instructors and above, and research assistants. 5 Data for 1869–70 to 1939–40 are for resident degree-credit students who enrolled at any time during the academic year. 6 Preliminary data. 7 From 1869–70 to 1959–60, first-professional degrees included under bachelor’s degrees. 8 Figures for years prior to 1969–70 are not precisely comparable with later data. 9 Book value. Includes annuity funds. 10 Endowment funds only. 6 263,607 76 [In thousands] Year 1 Total enrollment Enrollment as a percent of 18– to 24–year-old population 1 Male 2 3 4 Public institutions Female 5 Full-time 6 Part-time 4-year 7 Private institutions 2-year 8 9 Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year 10 11 12 13 14 15 1869–70 .............. 1879–80 .............. 1889–90 .............. 1899–1900 .......... 1904–05 .............. 1909–10 .............. 63 116 157 238 264 355 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.3 2.3 2.8 49 78 100 152 — 215 13 38 56 85 — 141 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 354 356 361 379 404 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1915–16 .............. 1917–18 .............. 1919–20 .............. 441 441 598 3.3 3.4 4.7 — — 315 — — 283 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1 3 — — — — — — — 3 5 681 — — — — 620 — — — — 481 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 531 — — — — — 5 9 14 28 37 — — — — 591 — — — — — 7 11 13 16 19 1921–22 1923–24 1925–26 1927–28 1929–30 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 941 1,054 1,101 5.2 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.2 1931–32 1933–34 1935–36 1937–38 1939–40 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1,154 1,055 1,208 1,351 1,494 7.4 6.7 7.6 8.4 9.1 667 616 710 804 893 487 440 499 547 601 — — — — — — — — — — 1,069 977 1,106 1,229 1,344 85 78 102 122 150 582 530 614 689 797 523 474 544 607 689 59 56 71 82 108 572 525 594 661 698 546 503 562 622 655 26 23 32 39 42 1941–42 .............. 1943–44 .............. 1945–46 .............. 1,404 1,155 1,677 8.4 6.8 10.0 819 579 928 585 576 749 — — — — — — 1,263 1,066 1,520 141 89 156 732 571 834 631 511 724 101 61 110 672 584 843 631 556 796 40 28 47 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 2,078 2,338 2,403 2,445 2,281 12.5 14.2 14.7 15.2 14.3 1,418 1,659 1,709 1,722 1,560 661 679 694 723 721 — — — — — — — — — — — 2,116 2,192 2,216 2,064 — 222 211 229 217 — 1,152 1,186 1,207 1,140 — 989 1,032 1,036 972 — 163 154 171 168 — 1,186 1,218 1,238 1,142 — 1,127 1,161 1,179 1,092 — 59 57 58 50 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 2,102 2,134 2,231 2,447 2,653 13.4 13.8 14.7 16.2 17.7 1,391 1,380 1,423 1,563 1,733 711 754 808 883 920 — — — — — — — — — — 1,902 1,896 1,973 2,164 2,345 200 238 258 282 308 1,038 1,101 1,186 1,354 1,476 882 910 976 1,112 1,211 156 192 210 241 265 1,064 1,033 1,045 1,093 1,177 1,020 986 997 1,052 1,134 44 47 48 41 43 Fall Fall Fall Fall 1956 1957 1959 1961 ............. ............. ............. ............. 2,918 3,324 3,640 4,145 19.5 22.0 23.8 23.6 1,911 2,171 2,333 2,586 1,007 1,153 1,307 1,559 — — — — — — — — 2,571 — — — 347 — — — 1,656 1,973 2,181 2,561 1,359 — — — 298 — — — 1,262 1,351 1,459 1,584 1,212 — — — 50 — — — 2 823 Higher Education Table 24.—Enrollment in institutions of higher education, by sex, attendance status, and type and control of institution: 1869–70 to fall 1991 Table 24.—Enrollment in institutions of higher education, by sex, attendance status, and type and control of institution:—Continued 1869–70 to fall 1991 [In thousands] Year 1 Public institutions Total enrollment Enrollment as a percent of 18– to 24–year-old population 1 Male 2 3 4 Female Full-time 5 6 Part-time 4-year 7 8 Private institutions 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Fall 1963 ............. Fall 1964 ............. Fall 1965 ............. 4,780 5,280 5,921 27.7 28.7 29.8 2,962 3,249 3,630 1,818 2,031 2,291 3,184 3,573 4,096 1,596 1,707 1,825 3,929 4,291 4,748 850 989 1,173 3,081 3,468 3,970 2,341 2,593 2,928 740 875 1,041 1,698 1,812 1,951 1,588 1,698 1,820 111 114 132 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 6,390 6,912 7,513 8,005 8,581 30.7 32.2 34.1 35.0 35.8 3,856 4,133 4,478 4,746 5,044 2,534 2,779 3,035 3,258 3,537 4,439 4,793 5,210 5,499 5,816 1,951 2,119 2,303 2,506 2,765 5,064 5,399 5,721 5,937 6,262 1,326 1,513 1,792 2,068 2,319 4,349 4,816 5,431 5,897 6,428 3,160 3,444 3,784 3,963 4,233 1,189 1,372 1,646 1,934 2,195 2,041 2,096 2,082 2,108 2,153 1,904 1,955 1,937 1,975 2,029 137 141 146 133 124 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 8,949 9,215 9,602 10,224 11,185 35.3 35.8 36.5 37.9 40.3 5,207 5,239 5,371 5,622 6,149 3,742 3,976 4,231 4,601 5,036 6,077 6,072 6,189 6,370 6,841 2,871 3,142 3,413 3,853 4,344 6,369 6,459 6,590 6,820 7,215 2,579 2,756 3,012 3,404 3,970 6,804 7,071 7,420 7,989 8,835 4,347 4,430 4,530 4,703 4,998 2,457 2,641 2,890 3,285 3,836 2,144 2,144 2,183 2,235 2,350 2,022 2,029 2,060 2,117 2,217 122 115 122 119 134 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 11,012 11,286 11,260 11,570 12,097 38.8 39.0 38.3 38.8 40.2 5,811 5,789 5,641 5,683 5,874 5,201 5,497 5,619 5,887 6,223 6,717 6,793 6,668 6,794 7,098 4,295 4,493 4,592 4,776 4,999 7,129 7,243 7,232 7,353 7,571 3,883 4,043 4,028 4,217 4,526 8,653 8,847 8,786 9,037 9,457 4,902 4,945 4,912 4,980 5,129 3,752 3,902 3,874 4,057 4,329 2,359 2,439 2,474 2,533 2,640 2,227 2,298 2,319 2,373 2,442 132 141 155 160 3 198 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 12,372 12,426 12,465 12,242 12,247 41.0 41.4 42.0 42.0 43.0 5,975 6,031 6,024 5,864 5,818 6,397 6,394 6,441 6,378 6,429 7,181 7,221 7,261 7,098 7,075 5,190 5,205 5,204 5,144 5,172 7,655 7,654 7,741 7,711 7,716 4,716 4,772 4,723 4,531 4,531 9,647 9,696 9,683 9,477 9,479 5,166 5,176 5,223 5,198 5,210 4,481 4,520 4,459 4,279 4,270 2,725 2,730 2,782 2,765 2,768 2,489 2,478 2,518 2,513 2,506 3 236 Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall 1986 ............. 1987 ............. 1988 ............. 1989 ............. 1990 5 ........... 1991 6 ........... 12,504 12,767 13,055 13,539 13,710 14,157 45.1 47.1 49.0 51.4 51.1 53.7 5,885 5,932 6,002 6,190 6,239 6,405 6,619 6,835 7,053 7,349 7,472 7,752 7,120 7,231 7,437 7,661 7,780 8,031 5,384 5,536 5,619 5,878 5,930 6,126 7,824 7,990 8,180 8,388 8,529 — 4,680 4,776 4,875 5,151 5,181 — 9,714 9,973 10,161 10,578 10,741 11,174 5,300 5,432 5,546 5,694 5,803 — 4,414 4,541 4,615 4,884 4,938 — 2,790 2,793 2,894 2,961 2,970 2,983 2,524 2,558 2,634 2,693 2,726 — 4 266 4 235 260 267 243 — —Data not available. NOTE.—Prior to 1970, data for 2–year branch campuses of 4–year institutions are included with the 4–year institutions. Data for 1869–70 through fall 1956 are degree-credit enrollment. Data for later years include degree-credit and non-degree-credit enrollment. Data for 1869–70 through 1945–46 are cumulative enrollment for the entire academic year. Beginning in fall 1960, data include Alaska and Hawaii. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics. (This table was prepared September 1992.) Higher Education 1 Population ratio data are based on persons 18 to 24 years old, as of July 1 prior to the opening of school, except for 1899–1900 which is based on July 1 population after the closing of school in June. Population data through 1959 are total population, including armed forces overseas. Data for 1960 to 1991 are resident population. Many students are over age 24, particularly in the later years. In fall 1990, about 44 percent of college students were over age 24. 2 Data for 1923–24 and previous years based on U.S. Office of Education, Education for Victory, vol. 3, no. 6, 1944. 3 Large increases are due to the addition of schools accredited by the National Association of Trade and Technical Schools in 1980 and 1981. 4 Because of imputation techniques, data are not consistent with figures for other years. 5 Preliminary data. 6 Preliminary estimate. 252 264 252 261 77 78 Table 25.—Enrollment in institutions of higher education, by state: 1869–70 to fall 1990 Total enrollment 1 United States ......... 1869–70 1879–80 1889–90 1899–1900 1909–10 1919–20 1929–30 1939–40 1949–50 Fall 1959 Fall 1969 Fall 1979 Fall 1989 Fall 1990 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 62,839 115,850 156,756 237,592 355,430 597,880 1,100,737 1,494,203 2,444,900 3,639,847 8,004,660 11,569,899 13,538,560 13,710,150 Alabama ........................ Alaska ............................ Arizona .......................... Arkansas ....................... California ....................... 560 0 0 80 1,790 2,250 0 0 709 2,155 3,003 0 31 454 3,209 — — — — — 4,802 0 407 2,343 11,394 6,421 0 1,357 2,900 24,257 15,290 86 3,742 6,445 69,087 19,987 268 5,969 10,928 120,290 31,760 328 13,144 19,445 200,447 46,397 3,074 33,121 24,371 507,302 97,816 7,514 97,692 51,530 1,149,148 159,784 20,052 188,976 74,453 1,698,788 208,562 28,627 252,625 88,572 1,802,884 217,550 29,833 264,735 90,425 1,769,997 Colorado ........................ Connecticut ................... Delaware ....................... District of Columbia ....... Florida ........................... 0 1,173 188 1,587 238 195 1,775 96 920 39 402 2,688 169 2,536 185 — — — — — 4,601 4,917 225 4,710 650 6,050 5,403 498 9,564 1,794 11,290 9,183 711 15,944 5,857 17,376 12,860 1,118 22,319 11,473 35,063 32,105 3,441 37,454 36,093 45,745 49,082 6,783 49,518 70,788 111,893 114,419 23,012 77,886 218,303 156,100 156,067 32,308 87,855 395,233 201,114 169,438 40,562 79,800 578,123 227,131 168,530 42,004 80,669 538,389 Georgia .......................... Hawaii ............................ Idaho ............................. Illinois ............................ Indiana ........................... 957 0 0 3,992 3,367 2,990 0 0 7,075 5,812 3,366 0 0 11,512 7,652 — — — — — 6,283 0 724 29,069 16,477 9,442 198 2,322 48,649 20,044 15,838 1,005 3,812 81,701 26,118 23,229 2,730 6,615 107,074 37,065 39,094 4,822 8,266 151,622 70,363 49,054 9,769 12,579 193,680 93,549 117,198 33,586 31,450 425,002 185,290 178,017 48,994 40,661 613,874 228,397 242,289 54,188 48,969 709,952 275,821 251,810 53,772 51,881 729,246 283,015 Iowa ............................... Kansas .......................... Kentucky ........................ Louisiana ....................... Maine ............................. 1,644 466 2,097 1,097 957 3,269 952 3,945 851 1,556 4,863 2,723 4,779 2,389 1,554 — — — — — 11,146 9,409 7,061 3,883 2,994 19,994 16,437 7,048 4,829 3,221 23,688 21,326 16,877 11,180 4,659 29,753 27,244 22,414 25,996 6,092 44,045 37,061 32,455 35,641 9,507 54,253 50,775 45,360 54,958 12,320 106,063 104,568 97,243 114,995 30,498 132,599 133,360 135,179 153,812 42,912 169,901 158,497 166,014 180,202 58,230 170,515 163,375 177,852 186,599 57,186 Maryland ........................ Massachusetts .............. Michigan ........................ Minnesota ...................... Mississippi ..................... 1,715 3,007 2,445 675 251 3,601 6,256 2,812 1,170 1,527 3,162 10,255 6,039 2,787 1,989 — — — — — 5,211 19,792 14,967 9,724 3,298 7,430 33,138 21,833 18,102 4,521 13,084 54,424 44,144 24,884 10,070 18,557 57,772 60,961 34,647 14,019 36,570 102,351 101,390 50,709 19,695 59,267 134,589 160,313 73,013 34,501 135,712 285,709 366,568 158,359 68,594 218,447 396,267 503,839 193,830 100,272 254,533 426,476 560,320 253,097 116,370 259,700 418,874 569,803 253,789 122,883 Missouri ......................... Montana ........................ Nebraska ....................... Nevada .......................... New Hampshire ............. 2,668 0 102 0 491 5,657 0 411 35 655 7,606 37 1,305 52 651 — — — — — 14,844 612 7,630 235 1,713 21,031 2,048 10,565 430 3,505 31,458 3,897 15,685 1,046 4,846 40,393 6,685 16,579 1,267 5,897 65,183 8,622 22,024 1,775 9,069 80,564 12,408 31,776 3,964 12,624 174,486 28,868 65,239 12,746 28,114 221,088 31,906 86,446 35,935 42,112 278,505 37,660 108,844 56,471 59,081 289,407 35,876 112,831 61,728 59,510 New Jersey ................... New Mexico ................... New York ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota ................. 1,449 0 7,869 885 0 1,711 0 16,767 2,396 0 2,314 22 19,482 2,311 60 — — — — — 4,731 342 31,482 6,898 1,382 5,596 2,562 64,727 9,109 4,161 14,662 2,635 156,730 18,901 6,891 20,515 4,950 195,596 32,118 8,332 45,562 9,592 312,971 45,195 8,673 84,579 17,125 376,508 68,500 14,448 188,810 41,478 728,379 161,038 29,830 312,460 56,487 970,286 269,065 31,904 314,091 81,350 1,029,518 345,502 40,404 323,947 85,596 1,035,323 351,990 37,878 Ohio ............................... Oklahoma ...................... Oregon .......................... Pennsylvania ................. Rhode Island ................. 5,207 0 368 8,085 217 8,796 0 768 12,845 392 9,965 0 849 15,562 500 — — — — — 17,584 4,942 2,920 32,813 1,604 36,779 11,671 7,929 44,098 2,189 66,985 22,770 11,796 78,086 4,262 84,367 32,908 16,141 83,401 5,425 137,743 45,401 25,588 151,218 13,841 169,762 57,836 41,630 193,967 19,915 358,892 106,269 110,780 393,518 42,788 463,310 152,683 154,597 481,347 64,435 550,720 175,855 161,822 610,479 76,503 554,787 173,221 166,641 604,060 78,273 Higher Education Academic year degree-credit enrollment State Table 25.—Enrollment in institutions of higher education, by state: 1869–70 to fall 1990—Continued Academic year degree-credit enrollment Total enrollment State 1869–70 1879–80 1889–90 1899–1900 1909–10 1919–20 1929–30 1939–40 1949–50 Fall 1959 Fall 1969 Fall 1979 Fall 1989 Fall 1990 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 South Carolina .............. South Dakota ................ Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................. Utah ............................... 381 0 1,663 421 296 1,069 0 4,872 1,929 55 1,774 677 5,531 2,441 141 — — — — — 5,152 1,763 8,134 8,344 1,102 5,246 4,676 9,219 23,490 2,313 10,666 6,113 20,496 46,703 7,127 15,914 6,583 25,253 74,552 13,043 23,038 8,157 39,748 129,477 22,380 30,875 14,621 59,887 185,518 34,903 62,320 30,908 127,568 407,918 81,540 131,459 31,294 199,902 676,047 88,608 145,730 32,666 218,866 879,335 114,815 159,302 34,208 226,238 901,437 121,303 Vermont ......................... Virginia .......................... Washington ................... West Virginia ................. Wisconsin ...................... Wyoming ....................... 759 2,408 0 325 1,255 0 782 3,178 138 973 2,659 0 896 4,273 84 1,174 3,293 9 — — — — — — 1,245 6,540 4,524 2,708 10,763 125 1,813 10,738 10,675 4,334 20,159 375 2,442 19,316 17,903 11,632 23,758 1,177 3,975 26,156 26,226 14,444 33,135 2,264 7,767 37,393 43,093 22,834 49,678 3,817 9,571 57,511 65,018 28,838 73,556 6,371 21,964 138,561 170,107 62,052 190,496 14,115 29,550 270,599 303,469 81,335 255,907 19,490 35,946 344,284 255,760 82,455 291,966 29,159 36,398 353,442 263,278 84,790 299,774 31,326 U.S. Service Schools .... — — — — 1,211 2,990 3,400 4,326 7,340 13,411 15,828 18,102 55,607 48,023 1 —Data not available. NOTE.—National totals exclude data for Utah in 1869–70 and 1879–80, and Washington in 1879–80. Beginning in 1959–60, data include Alaska and Hawaii. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Report of the Commissioner of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; Total Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education, First Term, 1959–60; Fall Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, ‘‘Fall Enrollment’’ survey. (This table was prepared September 1992.) Higher Education 79 80 Higher Education Table 26.—Number and professional employees of institutions of higher education: 1869–70 to 1991–92 Number of institutions 1 Year 4-year colleges Total 1 1869–70 .................................. 1879–80 .................................. 1889–90 .................................. 1899–1900 .............................. 1909–10 .................................. 1915–16 .................................. 1917–18 .................................. 1919–20 .................................. 1921–22 .................................. 1923–24 .................................. 1925–26 .................................. 1927–28 .................................. 1929–30 .................................. 1931–32 .................................. 1933–34 .................................. 1935–36 .................................. 1937–38 .................................. 1939–40 .................................. 1941–42 .................................. 1943–44 .................................. 1945–46 .................................. 1947–48 .................................. 1949–50 .................................. 1950–51 .................................. 1951–52 .................................. 1952–53 .................................. 1953–54 .................................. 1954–55 .................................. 1955–56 .................................. 1956–57 .................................. 1957–58 .................................. 1958–59 .................................. 1959–60 .................................. 1960–61 .................................. 1961–62 .................................. 1962–63 .................................. 1963–64 .................................. 1964–65 .................................. 1965–66 .................................. 1966–67 .................................. 1967–68 .................................. 1968–69 .................................. 1969–70 .................................. 1970–71 .................................. 1971–72 .................................. 1972–73 .................................. 1973–74 .................................. 2 563 811 998 977 951 — 980 1,041 1,162 1,295 1,377 1,410 1,409 1,478 1,418 1,628 1,690 1,708 1,769 1,650 1,768 1,788 1,851 1,852 1,832 1,882 1,863 1,849 1,850 1,878 1,930 1,947 2,004 2,021 2,033 2,093 2,132 2,175 2,230 2,329 2,374 2,483 2,525 2,556 2,606 2,665 2,720 Number Number of of medical dental 2 2 Private schools schools Professional staff Total Male Female Instructional staff 3 11 12 13 14 2-year colleges Total Public Private Total Public 3 4 5 6 7 8 — — — — — — 14 10 17 39 47 114 129 159 152 187 209 217 231 210 242 242 297 295 291 290 293 295 290 297 300 307 328 332 344 364 374 406 420 477 520 594 634 654 697 733 760 — — — — — — 32 42 63 93 106 134 148 183 170 228 244 239 230 203 222 230 227 245 215 237 225 221 213 226 240 246 254 258 246 261 259 248 259 275 266 270 252 237 234 231 243 75 100 133 160 131 95 90 85 81 79 79 80 76 76 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 72 72 72 72 73 72 73 75 75 76 79 79 81 81 82 81 84 83 85 84 86 89 92 97 99 10 14 31 57 54 49 46 46 45 43 44 40 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 41 41 42 42 42 43 43 43 45 46 46 46 46 45 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 51 52 5,553 11,522 15,809 23,868 36,480 — — 48,615 — — — — — 100,789 108,873 121,036 135,989 146,929 151,066 150,980 165,324 223,660 246,722 — 244,488 — 265,911 — 298,910 — 344,525 — 380,554 — 424,862 — 494,514 — — 646,264 709,811 — — — — 881,665 — 4,887 7,328 12,704 19,151 29,132 — — 35,807 — — — — — 71,680 78,369 86,567 97,362 106,328 109,309 106,254 116,134 164,616 186,189 — 187,136 — 204,871 — 230,342 — 267,482 — 296,773 — 332,006 — 385,405 — — — — — — — — 639,251 — 666 4,194 3,105 4,717 7,348 — — 12,808 — — — — — 29,109 30,504 34,469 38,627 40,601 41,757 44,726 49,190 59,044 60,533 — 57,352 — 61,040 — 68,568 — 77,043 — 83,781 — 92,856 — 109,109 — — — — — — — — 242,414 — — — — — — — — — 56,486 63,999 70,674 76,080 82,386 88,172 86,914 92,580 102,895 110,885 114,693 105,841 125,811 174,204 190,353 — 183,758 — 207,365 — 228,188 — 258,184 — 281,506 — 310,772 — 355,542 — — 445,484 484,387 — 551,000 574,592 — 652,517 — 896 897 905 921 924 926 945 940 933 916 935 932 960 992 984 968 972 999 242 231 228 236 269 269 329 334 363 355 371 379 376 460 452 440 446 445 104 107 109 109 109 112 116 119 118 119 120 120 122 122 124 124 — — 52 — 56 — 57 1,073,119 57 — 58 — 58 — 58 — 59 — 59 — 60 — 59 — 59 — 58 — 57 1,437,975 58 — 57 1,531,071 — — — — — — 729,169 — — — — — — — — — — 850,451 — 880,766 — — — — 343,950 — — — — — — — — — — 587,524 — 650,305 — — — — 793,296 — — — — — — — — — — 954,534 — 987,518 — — — — — — — — 934 989 1,082 1,163 1,224 1,162 1,132 1,136 1,096 1,213 1,237 1,252 1,308 1,237 1,304 1,316 1,327 1,312 1,326 1,355 1,345 1,333 1,347 1,355 1,390 1,394 1,422 1,431 1,443 1,468 1,499 1,521 1,551 1,577 1,588 1,619 1,639 1,665 1,675 1,701 1,717 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 344 341 350 349 369 353 360 359 366 366 367 368 374 376 386 393 401 403 414 417 426 435 440 449 440 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 983 971 976 1,006 976 980 987 996 1,024 1,028 1,055 1,063 1,069 1,092 1,113 1,128 1,150 1,174 1,174 1,202 1,213 1,230 1,235 1,252 1,277 — — — — — — 46 52 80 132 153 248 277 342 322 415 453 456 461 413 464 472 524 540 506 527 518 516 503 523 540 553 582 590 590 625 633 654 679 752 786 864 886 891 931 964 1,003 9 10 Including branch campuses 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. 3,004 3,026 3,046 3,095 3,134 3,152 3,231 3,253 3,280 3,284 3,331 3,340 3,406 3,587 3,565 3,535 3,559 3,601 1,866 1,898 1,913 1,938 1,941 1,957 1,957 1,979 1,984 2,013 2,025 2,029 2,070 2,135 2,129 2,127 2,141 2,157 537 545 550 552 550 549 552 558 560 565 566 566 573 599 598 595 595 599 1,329 1,353 1,363 1,386 1,391 1,408 1,405 1,421 1,424 1,448 1,459 1,463 1,497 1,536 1,531 1,532 1,546 1,558 1,138 1,128 1,133 1,157 1,193 1,195 1,274 1,274 1,296 1,271 1,306 1,311 1,336 1,452 1,436 1,408 1,418 1,444 1 Data for 1869–70 through 1973–74 include main campuses only and exclude branch campuses. Data for later years include both main and branch campuses. 2 Medical and dental schools are included, as appropriate, in columns 2 through 5. 3 Includes regular faculty, junior faculty, and research assistants. —Data not available. NOTE.—Beginning in 1959–60, data include Alaska and Hawaii. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Report of the Commissioner; Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; Numbers and Characteristics of Employees in Institutions of Higher Education; and Digest of Education Statistics. (This table was prepared October 1992.) Higher Education 81 Table 27.—Number of permanent colleges and universities founded before 1860, by decade of founding and by state State Total before 1860 Before 1769 1770 to 1779 1780 to 1789 1790 to 1799 1800 to 1809 1810 to 1819 1820 to 1829 1830 to 1839 1840 to 1849 1850 to 1859 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States .... 381 11 4 14 9 10 21 36 66 79 131 Alabama ................... Alaska ...................... Arizona ..................... Arkansas .................. California .................. 10 (1 ) ( 1) 1 6 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1 — — — — 4 — — 1 — 2 — — — — 3 — — — 6 Colorado .................. Connecticut .............. Delaware .................. District of Columbia Florida ...................... (1 ) 5 1 3 2 — 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1 — 1 — — 3 1 — — — — — — — — — — 1 2 Georgia .................... Hawaii ...................... Idaho ........................ Illinois ....................... Indiana ..................... 10 (1 ) (1 ) 21 17 — — — — — — — — — — 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1 — — — — 1 2 — — 3 2 5 — — 1 3 1 — — 5 5 1 — — 12 5 Iowa ......................... Kansas ..................... Kentucky .................. Louisiana ................. Maine ....................... 13 3 9 3 4 — — — — — — — — — — — — 1 — — — — 1 — 1 — — — — — — — 2 — 2 — — 1 1 — 1 — — 1 1 4 — 1 — — 8 3 3 1 — Maryland .................. Massachusetts ......... Michigan .................. Minnesota ................ Mississippi ............... 11 18 8 4 2 — 1 — — — — — — — — 2 1 — — — 1 1 — — — 2 2 — — — — — 1 — — 1 2 — — 1 1 4 2 — — 1 2 3 — 1 3 5 2 4 — Missouri ................... Montana ................... Nebraska ................. Nevada .................... New Hampshire ....... 15 (1 ) ( 1) (1 ) 2 — — — — 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 — — — — 1 — — — — 3 — — — 1 2 — — — — 7 — — — — New Jersey .............. New Mexico ............. New York ................. North Carolina ......... North Dakota ........... 8 ( 1) 39 16 (1 ) 2 — 1 — — — — — 1 — 1 — 1 2 — — — 1 — — — — 1 — — 1 — 5 — — — — 5 — — — — 5 5 — — — 7 2 — 4 — 13 6 — Ohio ......................... Oklahoma ................ Oregon ..................... Pennsylvania ........... Rhode Island ........... 30 1 5 44 2 — — — 2 1 — — — 1 — — — — 3 — — — — 1 — 2 — — — — 1 — — 3 — 3 — — 6 — 6 — — 6 — 8 — 3 9 — 10 1 2 13 1 South Carolina ......... South Dakota ........... Tennessee ............... Texas ....................... Utah ......................... 11 1 12 5 1 — — — — — 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 2 — — 1 — — — — — — — — — 2 — 1 — — 2 — — — — 2 — 6 4 — 3 1 3 1 1 Vermont ................... Virginia ..................... Washington .............. West Virginia ........... Wisconsin ................ Wyoming .................. 7 16 1 3 11 ( 1) — 2 — — — — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — — 1 — — — — — 1 — — — — — 1 2 — — — — 1 1 — — — — 2 6 — 2 — — — 3 — 1 7 — — 1 1 — 4 — 1 No permanent colleges founded prior to 1860. —No permanent colleges reported. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, ‘‘Institutional Characteristics of Colleges and Universities, 1980–81,’’ and unpublished data. (This table was prepared November 1992.) 82 Table 28.—Degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by sex and level: 1869–70 to 1989–90 Total Male Female Per 1,000 persons 23 years old 2 3 4 5 2 9,371 2 7,993 2 1,378 2 12,357 2 10,484 2 1,873 Year 1 1869–70 1870–71 1871–72 1872–73 1873–74 1874–75 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 1875–76 1876–77 1877–78 1878–79 1879–80 Master’s degrees (includes secondprofessional for years prior to 1959–60) First-professional degrees Per 100 high school graduates 4 years earlier Total Male Female Per 100 bachelor’s degrees 2 years earlier 6 7 8 9 10 Doctor’s degrees Total Male Female Total Male Female Total lapse time in years, bachelor’s to doctor’s 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Per 1,000 bachelor’s degrees x-years earlier 1 18 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 794 890 860 661 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 7 11 6 ( 3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) ( 3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) ( 3) 1 13 14 26 13 23 1 — — — — — 0 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 835 731 816 919 879 — — — — 868 — — — — 11 7 6 7 9 8 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) 31 39 32 36 54 — — — — 51 — — — — 3 — — — — — — — 3.4 2.9 5.7 — — — — — — — — 53 59 922 884 863 901 1,071 — — — — — — — — — — 8 7 6 6 7 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) ( 3) (3) (3) (3) ( 3) (3) 37 46 50 66 77 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3.7 3.7 4.2 3.8 5.8 — — — — — 48 48 49 47 47 859 923 987 1,161 1,015 — — — — 821 — — — — 194 7 6 8 9 7 (3) (3) (3) (3) ( 3) (3) (3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) ( 3) 84 77 140 124 149 — — — — 147 — — — — 2 — — — — — 2.9 6.4 6.1 8.1 9.0 — — — — — 53 51 49 50 56 776 730 1,104 1,223 1,334 — — — 1,013 1,124 — — — 210 210 5 5 7 7 7 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) 187 190 218 279 272 — — — 261 247 — — — 18 25 — — — — — 9.2 13.0 13.2 18.5 18.3 46 43 37 36 2 36 1,478 1,413 1,440 1,542 1,583 1,213 1,163 1,188 1,275 1,280 265 250 252 267 303 7 6 6 6 6 (3) (3) (3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) 271 319 324 345 382 236 299 285 327 359 35 20 39 18 23 — — — — — 16.0 19.8 15.2 13.3 14.2 1,744 1,858 1,718 1,679 1,925 1,405 1,464 1,385 1,340 1,538 339 394 333 339 387 7 7 6 6 6 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 365 293 337 334 369 334 264 302 302 341 31 29 35 32 28 — — — — — 13.7 10.2 11.2 11.8 12.9 1,787 1,619 1,971 2,188 2,113 1,366 1,215 1,511 1,713 1,555 421 404 460 475 558 6 5 6 7 6 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 383 349 391 451 443 358 320 339 397 399 25 29 52 54 44 — — — — — 13.0 12.6 13.8 13.6 12.5 2 7,852 2 6,626 2 1,226 2 10,807 2 9,070 2 1,737 2 11,493 2 9,593 2 1,900 2 11,932 2 9,905 2 2,027 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 12,005 2 9,911 2 2,094 2 10,145 2 8,329 2 1,816 2 11,533 2 9,416 2 2,117 2 12,081 2 9,808 2 2,273 2 12,896 2 10,411 2 2,485 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 1884–85 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 14,871 2 12,035 2 2,836 2 14,998 2 12,168 2 2,830 2 15,116 2 12,294 2 2,822 2 12,765 2 10,408 2 2,357 2 14,734 2 12,043 2 2,691 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 13,097 2 10,731 2 2,366 2 13,402 2 11,008 2 2,394 2 15,256 2 12,562 2 2,694 2 15,020 2 12,397 2 2,623 2 15,539 2 12,857 2 2,682 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 16,840 2 13,902 2 2,938 2 16,802 2 13,840 2 2,962 2 18,667 2 15,342 2 3,325 2 21,850 2 17,917 2 3,933 2 24,106 2 19,723 2 4,383 1895–96 ......... 1896–97 ......... 1897–98 ......... 1898–99 ......... 1899–1900 ..... 2 24,593 2 20,076 2 4,517 2 25,231 2 20,550 2 4,681 2 25,052 2 20,358 2 4,694 2 25,980 2 21,064 2 4,916 2 27,410 2 22,173 2 5,237 — — — — 2 19 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 28,681 2 23,099 2 5,582 2 19 2 36 2 28,966 2 23,225 2 5,741 2 19 2 34 2 29,907 2 23,872 2 6,035 2 19 2 33 2 30,501 2 24,237 2 6,264 2 19 2 32 2 31,519 2 24,934 2 6,585 2 19 2 32 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 32,019 2 25,215 2 6,804 2 19 2 32 2 32,234 2 25,269 2 6,965 2 19 2 31 2 33,800 2 26,376 2 7,424 2 19 2 30 2 37,892 2 29,433 2 8,459 2 21 2 32 2 37,199 2 28,762 2 8,437 2 20 2 30 Higher Education Bachelor’s degrees Table 28.—Degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by sex and level: 1869–70 to 1989–90—Continued Bachelor’s degrees Total Male Female Per 1,000 persons 23 years old 2 3 4 5 Year 1 Master’s degrees (includes secondprofessional for years prior to 1959–60) Per 100 high school graduates 4 years earlier Total Male Female Per 100 bachelor’s degrees 2 years earlier 6 7 8 9 10 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 37,481 2 28,547 2 8,934 2 20 2 30 2 39,408 2 29,560 2 9,848 2 21 2 30 2 42,396 2 31,312 2 11,084 2 23 2 30 2 44,268 2 32,183 2 12,085 2 24 2 28 2 43,912 2 31,417 2 12,495 2 23 2 26 1915–16 ......... 1917–18 ......... 1919–20 ......... 2 45,250 2 31,852 2 13,398 2 24 2 25 2 38,585 2 26,269 2 12,316 2 22 2 18 2 48,622 2 31,980 2 16,642 2 26 2 19 1921–22 1923–24 1925–26 1927–28 1929–30 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 61,668 2 41,306 2 20,362 2 33 2 22 2 82,783 2 54,908 2 27,875 2 43 2 27 1931–32 1933–34 1935–36 1937–38 1939–40 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 Total Male Female Total Male Female Total lapse time in years, bachelor’s to doctor’s 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Per 1,000 bachelor’s degrees x-years earlier 1 18 6 8 8 8 8 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) (3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 497 500 538 559 611 449 436 481 486 549 48 64 57 73 62 — — — — — 14.9 15.9 14.9 15.7 17.2 3,906 2,900 4,279 2,934 1,806 2,985 972 1,094 1,294 9 6 11 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) (3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) 667 556 615 586 491 522 81 65 93 — — 7.7 18.1 15.0 15.6 5,984 8,216 9,735 12,387 14,969 4,304 5,515 6,202 7,727 8,925 1,680 2,701 3,533 4,660 6,044 12 13 12 13 13 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 836 1,098 1,409 1,447 2,299 708 939 1,216 1,249 1,946 128 159 193 198 353 7.8 8.4 8.6 8.4 8.7 18.9 24.3 33.6 29.8 41.7 19,367 18,293 18,302 21,628 26,731 12,210 11,516 11,503 13,400 16,508 7,157 6,777 6,799 8,228 10,223 16 13 13 15 16 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) 2,654 2,830 2,770 2,932 3,290 2,247 2,456 2,370 2,502 2,861 407 374 400 430 429 9.1 8.5 9.2 9.5 9.4 36.7 29.1 26.6 26.4 25.3 24,648 13,414 19,209 42,432 50,741 58,183 14,179 5,711 9,484 28,931 35,212 41,220 10,469 7,703 9,725 13,501 15,529 16,963 13 7 15 31 25 21 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) ( 3) (3) ( 3) (3) (3) 3,497 2,305 1,966 3,989 5,049 6,420 3,036 1,880 1,580 3,496 4,527 5,804 461 425 386 493 522 616 8.8 9.4 11.0 10.8 10.2 10.2 25.5 16.5 14.1 25.9 28.7 34.4 65,077 63,534 60,959 56,823 58,200 46,196 43,557 40,946 38,147 38,739 18,881 19,977 20,013 18,676 19,461 18 15 16 17 19 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 7,337 7,683 8,307 8,996 8,840 6,663 6,969 7,515 8,181 8,014 674 714 792 815 826 9.8 9.8 9.7 9.7 9.9 39.5 41.5 53.4 71.5 67.5 39,393 41,329 44,229 48,360 50,898 19,888 20,611 21,357 24,172 23,537 20 22 21 21 20 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 8,903 8,756 8,942 9,360 9,829 8,018 7,817 7,978 8,371 8,801 885 939 964 989 1,028 10.3 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.4 65.4 43.0 33.0 25.6 22.7 57,830 62,603 67,302 73,850 81,319 26,779 28,815 31,382 35,333 39,848 22 23 27 28 29 25,253 25,607 26,590 27,209 28,290 24,577 24,836 25,753 26,357 27,283 676 771 837 852 1,007 10,575 11,622 12,822 14,490 16,467 9,463 10,377 11,448 12,955 14,692 1,112 1,245 1,374 1,535 1,775 10.3 10.2 10.2 10.0 10.0 27.6 35.2 42.3 49.7 57.6 2 62,218 2 35,045 2 49 2 27 2 67,659 2 43,502 2 55 2 22 2 122,484 2 73,615 2 48,869 2 57 2 22 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 138,063 2 83,271 2 54,792 2 63 2 23 2 136,156 2 82,341 2 53,815 2 61 2 20 2 143,125 2 86,067 2 57,058 2 63 2 17 2 164,943 2 97,678 2 67,265 2 72 2 18 2 186,500 2 109,546 2 76,954 2 81 2 18 1941–42 1943–44 1945–46 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 185,346 2 103,889 2 81,457 2 78 2 16 2 125,863 2 55,865 2 69,998 2 52 2 10 2 136,174 2 58,664 2 77,510 2 56 2 11 2 271,186 2 175,615 2 95,571 2 113 2 27 2 365,492 2 263,608 2 101,884 2 154 2 36 2 432,058 2 328,841 2 103,217 2 182 2 40 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 382,546 2 278,240 2 104,306 2 161 2 35 2 329,986 2 225,981 2 104,005 2 143 2 28 2 303,049 2 199,793 2 103,256 2 132 2 25 2 291,508 2 186,884 2 104,624 2 129 2 24 2 285,841 2 182,839 2 103,002 2 151 2 24 1955–56 ......... 1956–57 ......... 1957–58 ......... 1958–59 ......... 1959–60 4 ....... 2 309,514 2 198,615 2 110,899 2 147 2 26 2 338,436 2 221,650 2 116,786 2 163 2 28 2 363,502 2 241,560 2 121,942 2 167 2 28 2 379,931 2 252,517 2 127,414 2 178 2 28 2 392,440 2 254,063 2 138,377 2 182 2 27 59,281 61,940 65,586 72,532 74,435 365,174 383,961 411,420 461,266 493,757 224,538 230,456 241,309 265,349 282,173 140,636 153,505 170,111 195,917 211,584 165 173 181 192 194 25 25 25 25 25 84,609 91,418 98,684 109,183 121,167 83 635 820 1,004 1,014 939 Higher Education 1,821 2,215 2,021 2,256 2,638 2 97,263 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... Doctor’s degrees 2,456 3,035 3,025 3,270 3,577 2 111,161 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 First-professional degrees 84 Table 28.—Degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by sex and level: 1869–70 to 1989–90—Continued Total Male Female Per 1,000 persons 23 years old 2 3 4 5 Year 1 Master’s degrees (includes secondprofessional for years prior to 1959–60) Per 100 high school graduates 4 years earlier Total Male 6 7 8 First-professional degrees Doctor’s degrees Female Per 100 bachelor’s degrees 2 years earlier Total Male Female Total Male 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Female Total lapse time in years, bachelor’s to doctor’s Per 1,000 bachelor’s degrees x-years earlier 1 16 17 18 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 520,115 558,534 632,289 728,845 792,317 299,287 322,711 357,682 410,595 451,097 220,828 235,823 274,607 318,250 341,220 181 208 238 278 218 27 29 28 27 30 140,602 157,726 176,749 193,756 208,291 93,081 103,109 113,552 121,531 125,624 47,521 54,617 63,197 72,225 82,667 30 32 34 35 33 30,124 31,695 33,939 35,114 34,578 28,982 30,401 32,402 33,595 32,794 1,142 1,294 1,537 1,519 1,784 18,237 20,617 23,089 26,158 29,912 16,121 18,163 20,183 22,722 25,890 2,116 2,454 2,906 3,436 4,022 10.0 8.1 8.1 8.0 7.9 58.9 54.3 58.8 71.6 77.9 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 839,730 887,273 922,362 945,776 922,933 475,594 500,590 518,191 527,313 504,841 364,136 386,683 404,171 418,463 418,092 247 258 267 262 249 31 33 33 33 31 230,509 251,633 263,371 277,033 292,450 138,146 149,550 154,468 157,842 161,570 92,363 102,083 108,903 119,191 130,880 32 32 31 31 32 37,946 43,411 50,018 53,816 55,916 35,544 40,723 46,489 48,530 48,956 2,402 2,688 3,529 5,286 6,960 32,107 33,363 34,777 33,816 34,083 27,530 28,090 28,571 27,365 26,817 4,577 5,273 6,206 6,451 7,266 7.9 8.2 8.4 8.5 8.6 78.0 72.3 70.4 65.0 65.5 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 925,746 919,549 921,204 921,390 929,417 504,925 495,545 487,347 477,344 473,611 420,821 424,004 433,857 444,046 455,806 242 234 229 225 218 31 30 30 29 30 311,771 317,164 311,620 301,079 298,081 167,248 167,783 161,212 153,370 150,749 144,523 149,381 150,408 147,709 147,332 33 34 34 33 32 62,649 64,359 66,581 68,848 70,131 52,892 52,374 52,270 52,652 52,716 9,757 11,985 14,311 16,196 17,415 34,064 33,232 32,131 32,730 32,615 26,267 25,142 23,658 23,541 22,943 7,797 8,090 8,473 9,189 9,672 8.6 8.7 8.9 9.0 9.3 61.0 52.6 44.1 41.3 38.8 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 935,140 952,998 969,510 974,309 979,477 469,883 473,364 479,140 482,319 482,528 465,257 479,634 490,370 491,990 496,949 218 222 227 225 230 30 30 31 32 32 295,739 295,546 289,921 284,263 286,251 147,043 145,532 144,697 143,595 143,390 148,696 150,014 145,224 140,668 142,861 32 32 31 30 30 71,956 72,032 73,136 74,407 75,063 52,792 52,223 51,310 51,334 50,455 19,164 19,809 21,826 23,073 24,608 32,958 32,707 32,775 33,209 32,943 22,711 22,224 21,902 22,064 21,700 10,247 10,483 10,873 11,145 11,243 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 37.1 36.9 35.5 35.1 35.7 1985–86 ......... 1986–87 ......... 1987–88 ......... 1988–89 ......... 1989–90 5 ....... 987,823 991,339 994,829 1,018,755 1,049,657 485,923 480,854 477,203 483,346 491,488 501,900 510,485 517,626 535,409 558,169 236 241 252 272 282 33 34 36 38 40 288,567 289,557 299,317 310,621 323,844 143,508 141,363 145,163 149,354 153,643 145,059 148,194 154,154 161,267 170,201 30 30 30 31 33 73,910 72,750 70,735 70,856 70,980 49,261 47,460 45,484 45,046 44,002 24,649 25,290 25,251 25,810 26,978 33,653 34,120 34,870 35,720 38,238 21,819 22,099 22,615 22,648 24,371 11,834 12,021 12,255 13,072 13,867 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.5 36.4 37.1 37.9 38.8 41.1 1 Represents the number of years from the receipt of the bachelor’s degree to the receipt of the doctorate degree. See column 17. 2 Includes first-professional degrees. 3 First-professional degrees included with bachelor’s degrees. 4 Denotes the first year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. 5 Preliminary data. —Data not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; Current Population Reports, Series P-25, Population Estimates and Projectons; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics; and National Academy of Sciences, Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities. (This table was prepared November 1992.) Higher Education Bachelor’s degrees Table 29.—Bachelor’s degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by field of study: 1959–60 to 1989–90 Year Total 1 2 1959–60 2 Computer Agriculture Architecture and Business Comand and and environ- manage- muniinformanatural mental cations tion resources ment design sciences 3 4 5 6 7 EngiEducation neering 8 9 Foreign Health Library Life Mathe- Physical Psylan- sciences Letters sciences sciences matics sciences chology guages 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Visual and Public Social per- Other 1 affairs sciences forming arts 18 19 20 21 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 ........... ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 392,440 365,174 383,961 411,420 461,266 493,757 6,241 5,649 5,841 6,013 6,169 6,734 1,801 1,674 1,774 2,028 2,059 2,333 51,076 48,074 49,017 50,639 55,474 59,288 1,548 1,830 1,519 1,687 2,001 1,928 0 0 0 0 0 87 89,002 91,028 96,280 101,338 111,215 117,137 37,679 35,698 34,735 33,458 35,226 36,795 5,405 6,364 7,906 9,707 12,160 13,859 24,455 11,314 11,366 11,854 11,527 11,611 22,457 24,003 26,609 30,225 35,146 38,836 1,938 439 423 462 510 623 15,576 16,060 16,915 19,114 22,723 25,166 11,399 13,097 14,570 16,078 18,624 19,460 16,007 15,452 15,851 16,215 17,456 17,861 8,061 8,460 9,578 10,993 13,258 14,626 3,714 1,688 1,560 1,957 2,032 2,320 48,002 50,221 55,296 63,104 74,729 81,919 13,163 12,942 13,609 14,518 16,159 17,391 34,916 21,181 21,112 22,030 24,798 25,783 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 520,115 558,534 632,289 728,845 792,317 7,178 7,866 8,308 9,965 11,321 2,663 2,937 3,057 3,477 4,105 62,721 69,032 79,074 93,094 104,706 2,357 2,741 3,173 4,269 5,199 89 222 459 933 1,544 116,448 118,955 133,965 150,985 164,080 35,615 35,954 37,368 41,248 44,479 15,186 16,706 19,128 21,493 20,895 14,965 15,908 17,429 19,825 21,674 42,262 45,900 52,467 59,674 62,583 619 701 814 1,000 1,054 26,916 28,849 31,826 35,308 37,389 19,977 21,207 23,513 27,209 27,442 17,129 17,739 19,380 21,480 21,439 16,897 19,364 23,819 29,332 33,606 2,960 3,242 4,912 5,282 5,762 90,632 101,550 117,093 137,517 150,331 18,679 21,548 25,521 31,588 35,901 26,822 28,113 30,983 35,166 38,807 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 839,730 887,273 922,362 945,776 922,933 12,672 13,516 14,756 16,253 17,528 5,570 6,440 6,962 7,822 8,226 114,865 121,360 126,263 131,766 133,010 10,802 12,340 14,317 17,096 19,248 2,388 3,402 4,304 4,756 5,033 176,614 191,220 194,229 185,225 167,015 50,046 51,164 51,265 50,286 46,852 19,945 18,849 18,964 18,840 17,606 25,190 28,570 33,523 41,394 48,858 64,933 64,670 61,799 55,469 48,534 1,013 989 1,159 1,164 1,069 35,743 37,293 42,233 48,340 51,741 24,801 23,713 23,067 21,635 18,181 21,412 20,745 20,696 21,178 20,778 37,880 43,093 47,695 51,821 50,988 6,252 8,221 11,346 12,671 14,730 155,236 158,037 155,922 150,298 135,165 30,394 33,831 36,017 39,730 40,782 43,974 49,820 57,845 70,032 77,589 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 925,746 919,549 921,204 921,390 929,417 19,402 21,467 22,650 23,134 22,802 9,146 9,222 9,250 9,273 9,132 142,379 150,964 160,187 171,764 185,361 21,282 23,214 25,400 26,457 28,616 5,652 6,407 7,201 8,719 11,154 154,807 143,722 136,141 126,109 118,169 46,331 49,283 55,654 62,375 68,893 15,471 13,944 12,730 11,825 11,133 53,813 57,122 59,168 61,819 63,607 43,019 38,849 36,365 34,557 33,497 843 781 693 558 398 54,275 53,605 51,502 48,846 46,370 15,984 14,196 12,569 11,806 11,378 21,465 22,497 22,986 23,207 23,410 49,908 47,373 44,559 42,461 41,962 16,751 17,627 18,078 18,882 18,422 126,287 116,879 112,827 107,922 103,519 42,138 41,793 40,951 40,969 40,892 86,793 90,604 92,293 90,707 90,702 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 935,140 952,998 969,510 974,309 979,477 21,886 21,029 20,909 19,317 18,107 9,455 9,728 9,823 9,186 9,325 199,338 214,001 226,893 230,031 233,351 31,282 34,222 38,602 40,165 42,083 15,121 20,267 24,510 32,172 38,878 108,309 101,113 97,991 92,382 88,161 75,000 80,005 89,270 94,444 96,105 10,319 9,841 9,685 9,479 9,954 63,348 63,385 64,614 64,338 64,513 33,208 34,334 32,743 33,739 34,091 375 307 258 255 202 43,216 41,639 39,982 38,640 38,445 11,078 11,599 12,453 13,211 15,146 23,952 24,052 23,405 23,671 23,732 40,833 41,031 40,364 39,872 39,811 18,714 18,739 16,290 14,396 13,838 100,345 99,545 95,088 93,212 91,461 40,479 40,422 39,469 39,833 37,936 88,882 87,739 87,161 85,966 84,338 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 ............. 987,823 ............. 991,339 ............. 994,829 ............. 1,018,755 ............. 1,049,657 16,823 14,991 14,222 13,492 13,070 9,119 8,922 8,603 9,150 9,261 238,160 241,156 243,725 247,175 249,081 43,091 45,408 46,726 48,645 51,283 41,889 39,664 34,523 30,454 27,434 87,221 87,115 91,287 97,082 104,715 95,953 93,074 88,706 85,225 82,110 10,102 10,184 10,045 10,780 11,326 64,535 63,206 60,754 59,138 58,816 35,434 37,133 39,551 43,387 48,075 157 139 123 122 84 38,524 38,114 36,755 36,059 37,170 16,306 16,489 15,904 15,218 14,597 21,731 19,974 17,806 17,186 16,131 40,521 42,868 45,003 48,737 53,586 13,878 14,161 14,294 15,270 16,241 93,703 96,185 100,288 107,914 116,925 36,949 83,727 36,223 86,333 36,638 89,876 37,925 95,796 39,695 100,057 1 ‘‘Other’’ includes degrees in area and ethnic studies, home economics, law, liberal/general studies, military sciences, multi/interdisciplinary studies, parks and recreation, philosophy and religion, protective services, theology, and degrees not classified by field of study. 2 All of the first-professional degrees and some master degrees are included. The degrees that are affected are business and management, education, health sciences, letters, library sciences, public affairs, and other categories. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred and ‘‘Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred’’ surveys; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), ‘‘Completions’’ surveys. Higher Education 85 86 Table 30.—Master’s degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by field of study: 1959–60 to 1989–90 Total 1 2 1959–60 2 3 4 5 6 7 EngiEducation neering 8 9 Foreign Health Library Life Mathe- Physical Psylan- sciences Letters sciences sciences matics sciences chology guages 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Visual and Public Social per- Other 1 affairs sciences forming arts 17 18 19 20 21 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 ........... ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 74,435 84,609 91,420 98,684 109,183 121,167 1,203 1,241 1,357 1,261 1,344 1,366 319 378 311 356 383 373 4,643 6,723 7,691 8,334 9,251 10,602 0 37 44 32 32 38 0 0 0 0 0 146 33,433 34,368 36,182 37,878 41,091 44,314 7,159 8,178 8,909 9,635 10,827 12,055 1,055 1,274 1,480 1,849 2,196 2,690 1,838 1,632 1,632 2,011 2,279 2,493 3,262 3,556 3,947 4,490 5,006 5,745 305 1,931 2,140 2,363 2,717 3,211 2,154 2,358 2,642 2,921 3,296 3,598 1,757 2,231 2,680 3,313 3,597 4,141 3,376 3,790 3,925 4,123 4,561 4,914 1,406 1,719 1,832 1,918 2,059 2,241 568 2,706 2,841 3,180 3,651 4,085 5,448 5,825 6,678 7,637 8,493 9,565 2,892 2,910 3,151 3,363 3,673 4,244 3,617 3,752 3,978 4,020 4,727 5,346 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 140,602 157,726 176,749 193,756 208,291 1,661 1,750 1,797 2,070 1,793 702 812 1,021 1,143 1,427 12,959 14,892 17,795 19,281 21,287 44 107 65 129 130 238 449 548 1,012 1,459 50,397 55,760 63,399 70,967 79,293 13,675 13,880 15,182 15,240 15,593 3,393 4,017 4,511 4,691 4,803 2,833 3,398 3,677 4,067 4,488 7,033 8,231 9,021 9,684 9,713 3,939 4,489 5,165 5,932 6,511 4,232 4,996 5,506 5,743 5,800 4,769 5,278 5,527 5,713 5,636 4,987 5,405 5,499 5,895 5,935 2,530 3,138 3,479 4,011 4,111 4,769 5,087 5,858 6,318 7,067 11,477 13,460 14,539 16,068 16,281 5,019 5,812 6,563 7,413 7,849 5,945 6,765 7,597 8,379 9,115 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 230,509 251,633 263,371 277,033 292,450 2,457 2,680 2,807 2,928 3,067 1,705 1,899 2,307 2,702 2,938 26,481 30,367 31,007 32,644 36,247 1,856 2,200 2,406 2,640 2,794 1,588 1,977 2,113 2,276 2,299 88,952 98,143 105,565 112,610 120,169 16,443 16,960 16,619 15,379 15,348 4,755 4,616 4,289 3,964 3,807 5,445 6,875 7,879 9,090 9,901 11,148 11,074 10,808 10,384 10,068 7,001 7,383 7,696 8,134 8,091 5,728 6,101 6,263 6,552 6,550 5,191 5,198 5,028 4,834 4,327 6,367 6,287 6,257 6,062 5,807 4,431 5,289 5,831 6,588 7,066 8,215 9,183 10,899 12,077 14,610 16,476 17,416 17,288 17,249 16,892 6,675 7,537 7,254 8,001 8,362 9,595 10,448 11,055 12,919 14,107 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 311,771 317,164 311,620 301,079 298,081 3,340 3,724 4,023 3,994 3,976 3,215 3,213 3,115 3,113 3,139 42,512 46,420 48,326 50,372 55,006 3,126 3,091 3,296 2,882 3,082 2,603 2,798 3,038 3,055 3,647 128,417 126,825 119,038 111,995 103,951 16,342 16,245 16,398 15,495 16,243 3,531 3,147 2,726 2,426 2,236 11,885 12,323 13,619 14,781 15,068 9,468 8,701 8,306 7,289 6,807 8,037 7,572 6,914 5,906 5,374 6,582 7,114 6,806 6,831 6,510 3,857 3,695 3,373 3,036 2,860 5,466 5,331 5,561 5,451 5,219 7,811 8,301 8,160 8,003 7,806 16,117 17,917 18,341 18,300 18,413 15,824 15,395 14,578 12,807 12,101 8,817 8,636 9,036 8,524 8,708 14,821 16,716 16,966 16,819 17,935 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 295,739 295,546 289,921 284,263 286,251 4,003 4,163 4,254 4,178 3,928 3,153 3,327 3,357 3,223 3,275 57,898 61,299 65,319 66,653 67,527 3,105 3,327 3,604 3,656 3,669 4,218 4,935 5,321 6,190 7,101 98,938 93,757 84,853 77,187 76,137 16,709 17,939 19,350 20,661 21,557 2,104 2,008 1,759 1,773 1,724 16,004 15,942 17,068 17,443 17,383 6,515 6,421 5,767 5,818 5,934 4,859 4,506 3,979 3,805 3,893 5,978 5,874 5,696 5,406 5,059 2,567 2,727 2,837 2,741 2,882 5,284 5,514 5,290 5,576 5,796 7,998 7,791 8,378 8,002 8,408 18,524 18,216 16,245 15,373 16,045 11,855 11,892 11,112 10,465 10,380 8,629 8,746 8,742 8,520 8,714 17,398 17,162 16,990 17,593 16,839 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 288,567 289,557 299,317 310,621 323,844 3,801 3,523 3,479 3,245 3,373 3,260 3,142 3,159 3,383 3,492 67,137 67,496 69,655 73,521 77,203 3,823 3,937 3,925 4,257 4,369 8,070 8,491 9,197 9,414 9,643 76,353 75,501 77,867 82,533 86,057 21,661 22,693 23,388 24,572 24,848 1,721 1,746 1,844 1,898 1,995 18,624 18,426 18,665 19,293 20,354 6,291 6,123 6,194 6,676 7,223 3,626 3,815 3,713 3,953 4,349 5,013 4,954 4,784 4,961 4,861 3,159 3,321 3,442 3,447 3,677 5,902 5,652 5,733 5,723 5,447 8,293 8,204 7,872 8,552 9,231 16,300 17,032 17,290 17,918 17,993 10,428 10,397 10,294 10,867 11,419 8,416 8,506 7,937 8,265 8,546 16,689 16,598 20,879 18,143 19,764 1 ‘‘Other’’ includes degrees in area and ethnic studies, home economics, law, liberal/general studies, military sciences, multi/interdisciplinary studies, parks and recreation, philosophy and religion, protective services, theology, and degrees not classified by field of study. 2 Some master degrees are included in bachelor’s degrees. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred and ‘‘Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred’’ surveys; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), ‘‘Completions’’ surveys. Higher Education Year Computer Agriculture Architecture and Business Comand and and environ- manage- muniinformanatural mental cations tion resources ment design sciences Table 31.—Doctor’s degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by field of study: 1959–60 to 1989–90 Year Total 1 2 Computer Agriculture Architecture and Business Comand and and environ- manage- muniinformanatural mental cations tion resources ment design sciences 3 4 5 6 7 EngiEducation neering 8 9 Foreign Health Library Life Mathe- Physical Psylan- sciences Letters sciences sciences matics sciences chology guages 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Visual and Public Social per- Other 1 affairs sciences forming arts 18 19 20 21 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 9,829 10,575 11,622 12,822 14,490 16,467 440 450 465 449 555 529 17 3 1 3 3 10 135 172 226 250 275 321 0 16 9 7 12 9 0 0 0 0 0 6 1,591 1,742 1,898 2,075 2,348 2,705 786 943 1,207 1,378 1,693 2,124 203 232 228 237 326 376 107 133 148 157 192 173 431 439 526 565 618 766 19 14 10 17 13 12 1,205 1,193 1,338 1,455 1,625 1,928 303 344 396 490 596 682 1,838 1,991 2,122 2,380 2,455 2,829 641 703 781 844 939 847 43 66 67 77 72 87 1,211 1,302 1,309 1,461 1,719 1,913 292 303 311 379 422 428 567 529 580 598 627 722 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 18,237 20,617 23,089 26,158 29,866 588 637 648 699 823 12 18 15 32 35 387 437 441 530 601 11 5 1 14 10 19 38 36 64 107 3,065 3,529 4,078 4,830 5,895 2,304 2,614 2,932 3,377 3,681 426 478 610 659 760 251 250 243 283 357 801 972 1,116 1,275 1,339 19 16 22 17 40 2,097 2,255 2,784 3,051 3,289 782 832 947 1,097 1,236 3,045 3,462 3,593 3,859 4,312 1,046 1,231 1,268 1,551 1,668 108 123 129 137 152 2,033 2,388 2,684 3,016 3,638 476 504 528 684 734 767 828 1,014 983 1,189 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 32,107 33,363 34,777 33,816 34,083 1,086 971 1,059 930 991 36 50 58 69 69 807 896 923 981 1,009 145 111 139 175 165 128 167 196 198 213 6,403 7,044 7,318 7,293 7,446 3,638 3,671 3,492 3,312 3,108 781 841 991 923 857 459 425 643 568 609 1,857 2,023 2,170 2,076 1,951 39 64 102 60 56 3,645 3,653 3,636 3,439 3,384 1,199 1,128 1,068 1,031 975 4,390 4,103 4,006 3,626 3,626 1,782 1,881 2,089 2,336 2,442 185 219 214 214 271 3,659 4,078 4,230 4,123 4,209 621 572 616 585 649 1,247 1,466 1,827 1,877 2,053 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 34,064 33,232 32,131 32,730 32,615 928 893 971 950 991 82 73 73 96 79 953 863 866 860 792 204 171 191 192 193 244 216 196 236 240 7,778 7,963 7,595 7,736 7,941 2,821 2,586 2,440 2,506 2,507 864 752 649 641 549 577 538 638 705 771 1,884 1,723 1,616 1,504 1,500 71 75 67 70 73 3,392 3,397 3,309 3,542 3,636 856 823 805 730 724 3,431 3,341 3,133 3,102 3,089 2,581 2,761 2,587 2,662 2,768 298 316 385 344 372 4,154 3,784 3,583 3,358 3,219 620 662 708 700 655 2,326 2,295 2,319 2,796 2,516 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 32,958 32,707 32,775 33,209 32,943 1,067 1,079 1,149 1,172 1,213 93 80 97 84 89 842 855 809 977 866 182 200 214 219 234 252 251 262 251 248 7,900 7,680 7,551 7,473 7,151 2,561 2,636 2,831 2,981 3,230 588 536 488 462 437 827 910 1,155 1,163 1,199 1,380 1,313 1,176 1,215 1,239 71 84 52 74 87 3,718 3,743 3,341 3,437 3,432 728 681 698 695 699 3,141 3,286 3,269 3,306 3,403 2,955 2,780 3,108 2,973 2,908 388 389 347 421 431 3,114 3,061 2,931 2,911 2,851 654 670 692 728 693 2,497 2,473 2,605 2,667 2,533 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 33,653 34,120 34,870 35,720 38,238 1,158 1,049 1,142 1,183 1,272 73 92 98 86 97 969 1,098 1,109 1,149 1,142 223 275 234 253 269 344 374 428 551 623 7,110 6,909 6,553 6,800 6,922 3,410 3,820 4,191 4,523 4,965 448 441 411 420 512 1,241 1,213 1,261 1,436 1,543 1,215 1,181 1,172 1,234 1,266 62 57 46 61 41 3,358 3,423 3,629 3,520 3,844 742 725 750 866 915 3,551 3,672 3,809 3,858 4,168 3,088 3,123 2,987 3,222 3,353 385 398 470 429 495 2,955 2,916 2,781 2,885 3,023 722 792 725 752 842 2,599 2,562 3,074 2,492 2,946 1 ‘‘Other’’ includes degrees in area and ethnic studies, home economics, law, liberal/general studies, military sciences, multi/interdisciplinary studies, parks and recreation, philosophy and religion, protective services, theology, and degrees not classified by field of study. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Earned Degrees Conferred and ‘‘Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred’’ surveys; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), ‘‘Completions’’ surveys. Higher Education 87 88 Higher Education Table 32.—First-professional degrees conferred by institutions of higher education in dentistry, medicine, and law, by sex: 1949–50 to 1989–90 Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.) Year 1 Number of institutions conferring degrees Total Male 2 3 4 Medicine (M.D.) Female Number of institutions conferring degrees Total Male 5 6 7 8 Degrees conferred Law (LL.B. or J.D.) Female Number of institutions conferring degrees Total Male Female 9 10 11 12 13 Degrees conferred Degrees conferred 1949–50 1951–52 1953–54 1955–56 1957–58 .... .... .... .... .... 40 41 42 42 43 2,579 2,918 3,102 3,009 3,065 2,561 2,895 3,063 2,975 3,031 18 23 39 34 34 72 72 73 73 75 5,612 6,201 6,712 6,810 6,816 5,028 5,871 6,377 6,464 6,469 584 330 335 346 347 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 131 131 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 8,262 9,394 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 7,974 9,122 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 288 272 1959–60 1961–62 1963–64 1965–66 1967–68 .... .... .... .... .... 45 46 46 47 48 3,247 3,183 3,180 3,178 3,422 3,221 3,166 3,168 3,146 3,375 26 17 12 32 47 79 81 82 84 85 7,032 7,138 7,303 7,673 7,944 6,645 6,749 6,878 7,170 7,318 387 389 425 503 626 134 134 133 136 138 9,240 9,364 10,679 13,246 16,454 9,010 9,091 10,372 12,776 15,805 230 273 307 470 649 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 .... .... .... .... .... 48 48 48 51 52 3,718 3,745 3,862 4,047 4,440 3,684 3,703 3,819 3,992 4,355 34 42 43 55 85 86 89 92 97 99 8,314 8,919 9,253 10,307 11,356 7,615 8,110 8,423 9,388 10,093 699 809 830 919 1,263 145 147 147 152 151 14,916 17,421 21,764 27,205 29,326 14,115 16,181 20,266 25,037 25,986 801 1,240 1,498 2,168 3,340 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 .... .... .... .... .... 52 56 57 57 58 4,773 5,425 5,138 5,189 5,434 4,627 5,187 4,764 4,623 4,794 146 238 374 566 640 104 107 109 109 109 12,447 13,426 13,461 14,279 14,786 10,818 11,252 10,891 11,210 11,381 1,629 2,174 2,570 3,069 3,405 154 166 169 169 175 29,296 32,293 34,104 34,402 35,206 24,881 26,085 26,447 25,457 25,180 4,415 6,208 7,657 8,945 10,026 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 .... .... .... .... .... 58 58 59 59 60 5,258 5,460 5,282 5,585 5,353 4,558 4,672 4,467 4,631 4,302 700 788 815 954 1,051 112 116 119 118 119 14,902 15,505 15,814 15,484 15,813 11,416 11,672 11,867 11,350 11,359 3,486 3,833 3,947 4,134 4,454 179 176 180 177 179 35,647 36,331 35,991 36,853 37,012 24,893 24,563 23,965 23,550 23,382 10,754 11,768 12,026 13,303 13,630 1984–85 .... 1985–86 .... 1986–87 .... 1987–88 .... 1988–89 2 .. 1989–90 3 .. 59 59 58 57 58 57 5,339 5,046 4,741 4,477 4,265 4,093 4,233 3,907 3,603 3,300 3,124 2,830 1,106 1,139 1,138 1,177 1,141 1,263 120 120 122 122 124 124 16,041 15,938 15,620 15,358 15,460 15,115 11,167 11,022 10,566 10,278 10,310 9,977 4,874 4,916 5,054 5,080 5,150 5,138 181 181 180 180 182 182 37,491 35,844 36,172 35,397 35,634 36,437 23,070 21,874 21,643 21,067 21,069 21,059 14,421 13,970 14,529 14,330 14,565 15,378 1 Data prior to 1955–56 are not shown because they lack comparability with the figures for subsequent years. 2 Revised from previously published data. 3 Preliminary data. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, ‘‘Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred’’ surveys, and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), ‘‘Completions’’ surveys. (This table was prepared November 1991.) Table 33.—Current-fund revenue of institutions of higher education, by source of funds: 1889–90 to 1989–90 [In thousands] Educational and general revenue Year 1 Total current-fund revenue Total Government Student tuition and fees Federal 1 State Local 5 6 7 Other revenue Endowment income Private gifts and grants Organized activities related to educational departments 8 9 10 Sales and services of educational activities Student aid Other Hospitals Independent operations 2 Auxiliary enterprises 11 12 13 14 15 16 2 3 4 1889–90 ........ 1899–1900 .... 1909–10 ........ 1919–20 ........ — — $76,883 199,922 $21,464 35,084 67,917 172,929 — — $18,463 42,254 — — $4,607 3 12,783 — — $20,937 61,690 — — — (4) — — $12,584 26,482 — — $3,551 7,584 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $7,775 22,135 1929–30 1931–32 1933–34 1935–36 1937–38 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 554,511 566,264 486,362 597,585 652,631 494,092 441,987 380,620 466,163 494,161 144,126 150,649 138,257 158,134 178,996 20,658 (4) 19,827 43,234 29,345 150,847 174,663 117,551 119,585 140,959 (4) (4) (4) $21,050 22,091 68,605 60,903 55,534 60,090 70,654 26,172 29,948 27,468 37,115 36,908 — — — — — — — — — — $11,027 10,998 9,653 — — 72,657 14,826 12,330 26,955 15,208 1939–40 1941–42 1943–44 1945–46 1947–48 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 715,211 783,720 1,047,298 1,169,394 2,027,051 538,511 585,988 810,077 857,874 1,469,172 200,897 201,365 154,485 214,345 304,601 38,860 58,232 308,162 197,250 526,476 151,222 166,532 175,169 225,161 352,281 24,392 27,057 26,449 31,005 47,521 71,304 74,075 75,196 89,763 86,680 40,453 45,916 50,449 77,572 91,468 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 23,821 11,383 12,811 20,167 22,779 36,324 5 32,777 1949–50 1951–52 1953–54 1955–56 1957–58 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 2,374,645 2,562,451 2,945,550 3,603,370 4,641,387 1,751,393 1,916,463 2,205,901 2,719,804 3,650,492 394,610 446,591 551,424 722,215 934,203 524,319 451,011 417,097 489,800 707,048 491,958 611,302 740,043 878,349 1,138,454 61,378 72,013 88,198 106,857 129,324 96,341 112,859 127,475 145,000 181,585 118,627 149,826 190,899 245,085 324,426 — — — — $46,877 — — — — $47,302 29,535 32,027 32,212 52,364 70,058 34,625 40,834 58,553 80,133 71,214 5 111,987 1959–60 1961–62 1963–64 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 5,785,537 7,429,379 9,543,514 12,734,225 14,561,039 16,825,199 18,874,602 4,593,485 5,919,927 7,642,763 10,345,108 11,111,063 13,288,034 14,901,466 1,157,481 1,499,924 1,892,839 2,640,641 2,972,050 3,380,294 3,814,160 1,036,988 1,537,697 2,160,889 2,587,893 2,200,276 2,695,681 2,924,547 1,374,476 1,668,289 2,110,981 2,894,893 3,371,986 4,181,070 4,812,482 151,715 191,188 239,851 303,401 405,561 503,661 614,462 206,619 232,289 266,157 288,833 328,068 363,990 413,276 382,570 450,145 550,684 613,718 765,927 848,450 915,909 57,102 65,533 69,443 373,573 317,627 399,821 421,301 45,423 52,252 64,742 34,680 116,862 118,618 127,461 92,902 118,073 148,093 309,855 394,386 497,930 571,536 88,208 104,537 139,082 297,621 238,320 298,519 286,332 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 21,515,242 23,879,188 26,234,258 28,606,217 31,712,452 17,144,194 19,101,148 20,964,859 22,927,142 25,510,428 4,419,845 5,021,211 5,594,095 6,010,926 6,500,101 3,146,869 3,359,027 3,659,506 3,994,490 4,176,226 5,787,910 6,502,813 7,120,982 7,917,825 9,182,189 774,803 907,274 991,034 1,143,529 1,263,145 447,275 470,655 480,806 515,041 576,915 1,001,454 1,091,654 1,208,070 1,300,343 1,430,982 484,977 524,697 590,448 610,342 7 611,678 127,800 137,775 148,711 163,482 222,382 658,016 709,101 764,590 800,075 882,585 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 35,686,902 39,703,166 43,436,827 47,034,032 51,837,789 28,373,036 31,597,873 34,218,636 37,581,559 41,325,437 7,232,908 8,171,942 9,024,932 9,855,270 10,704,171 4,990,969 5,413,847 5,729,818 6,112,805 6,843,736 10,857,376 12,260,885 13,285,684 14,746,166 16,363,784 1,424,392 1,616,975 1,626,908 1,744,230 1,573,018 717,915 687,470 764,788 832,286 985,242 1,744,967 1,917,036 2,105,070 2,320,368 2,489,366 — — — — — 554,882 645,420 779,058 882,715 1,037,130 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ 58,519,982 65,584,789 72,190,856 77,595,726 84,417,287 46,534,023 52,048,276 56,958,692 60,844,948 66,296,893 11,930,340 13,773,259 15,774,038 17,776,041 19,714,884 7,771,726 8,478,709 8,319,817 8,181,402 8,782,803 18,378,299 20,106,222 21,848,791 23,065,636 24,706,990 1,587,552 1,790,740 1,937,669 2,031,353 2,192,275 1,176,627 1,364,443 1,596,813 1,720,677 1,873,945 2,808,075 3,176,670 3,563,558 4,052,649 4,415,275 — — — — — 1984–85 ........ 1985–86 ........ 1986–87 ........ 1987–88 ........ 1988–89 ........ 1989–90 10 .... 92,472,694 100,437,616 108,809,827 117,340,109 128,501,638 139,635,477 73,003,805 79,298,586 85,488,436 91,863,743 100,598,033 109,241,902 21,283,329 23,116,605 25,705,827 27,836,781 30,806,566 33,926,060 9,615,221 10,466,491 11,224,680 11,869,932 12,837,218 14,016,432 27,583,011 29,911,500 31,309,303 33,517,166 36,031,208 38,349,239 2,387,212 2,544,506 2,799,321 3,006,263 3,363,676 3,639,902 2,096,298 2,275,898 2,377,958 2,586,441 2,914,396 3,143,696 4,896,325 5,410,905 5,952,682 6,359,282 7,060,730 7,781,422 — — — — — — — — $8,966 26,993 — — — — — — 60,419 103,269 87,983 106,479 130,523 — — — — — 143,923 157,424 183,644 244,436 465,154 152,078 — — — — — 511,265 509,546 574,769 691,737 838,817 187,769 238,567 293,777 6 250,000 253,790 290,000 497,280 — — — — $951,668 765,495 708,542 1,004,283 1,270,885 1,606,974 2,139,117 2,244,518 2,481,670 2,767,314 295,245 376,941 406,616 471,090 664,227 619,578 821,478 1,006,865 1,181,390 1,436,481 768,498 831,324 953,577 1,030,751 1,031,314 2,982,973 3,125,238 3,308,957 3,466,934 3,734,229 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 849,625 884,298 902,377 1,087,719 1,328,991 2,152,079 2,494,340 2,859,376 3,268,956 3,763,453 1,081,585 1,063,331 1,439,213 9 855,696 1,007,590 4,080,202 4,547,622 4,919,602 5,327,821 5,741,309 1,239,439 1,409,730 1,582,922 1,723,484 1,970,747 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 1,641,965 1,948,503 2,335,084 2,293,706 2,639,973 4,373,384 4,980,346 5,838,565 6,531,562 7,040,662 1,131,117 1,268,877 1,271,988 1,449,695 1,623,363 6,481,458 7,287,290 8,121,611 8,769,521 9,456,369 2,126,927 2,373,494 2,641,906 2,918,090 3,315,620 3,632,100 (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) 3,015,483 3,199,186 3,476,760 3,769,787 4,268,618 4,753,051 7,474,575 8,226,635 9,277,834 10,626,566 11,991,265 13,216,664 1,893,904 2,238,259 2,679,369 2,902,022 3,056,760 3,238,442 10,100,410 10,674,136 11,364,188 11,947,778 12,855,580 13,938,469 5 $21,008 5 17,759 5 24,943 5 27,947 5 40,308 5 53,577 5 67,084 5 92,725 5 136,442 5 164,880 5 191,829 10 Preliminary data. —Data not available. NOTE.—Beginning in 1959–60, data include Alaska and Hawaii. Because of changes in data collection instruments and definitions, a number of data comparability problems exist in this table. See methodology for more details. Data for years prior to 1929–30 give only a rough indication of the scope of the higher education enterprise at that time. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Report of the Commissioner; Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education; Digest of Education Statistics; and unpublished data. (This table was prepared September 1992.) 89 federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) from 1966–67 to 1989–90. limited to federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs). Where separate data are not shown, they are included under federal. 3 Universities, colleges, and professional schools only; teachers and normal colleges included under state. 4 Included under state governments. 5 Includes organized activities related to educational departments. 6 Estimated. 7 In later years, data are included primarily under sales and services and hospitals. 8 Data are included under source of student aid money. 9 Drop from previous year caused by a change in jurisdiction of one of the centers. 2 Primarily — — — — Higher Education 1 Excludes — — — — 90 Higher Education Table 34.—Current-fund expenditures and educational and general expenditure per student of institutions of higher education, by function: 1929–30 to 1989–90 [In thousands] Educational and general expenditures Year 1 Current-fund expenditures Total Administration and general expense 2 3 4 Instruction and departmental research Organized research 5 6 1929–30 1931–32 1933–34 1935–36 1937–38 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... $507,142 536,523 469,329 541,391 614,385 $377,903 420,633 369,661 419,883 475,191 $42,633 47,232 43,155 48,069 56,406 $221,598 232,645 203,332 225,143 253,006 5 $18,007 1939–40 1941–42 1943–44 1945–46 1947–48 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 674,688 738,169 974,118 1,088,422 1,883,269 521,990 572,465 753,846 820,326 1,391,594 62,827 66,968 69,668 104,808 171,829 280,248 298,558 334,189 375,122 657,945 5 27,266 1949–50 1951–52 1953–54 1955–56 1957–58 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 2,245,661 2,471,008 2,882,864 3,499,463 4,509,666 1,706,444 1,960,481 2,345,331 2,861,858 3,734,350 213,070 233,844 288,147 355,207 473,945 780,994 823,117 960,556 1,140,655 1,465,603 5 225,341 1959–60 1961–62 1963–64 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 5,601,376 7,154,526 9,177,677 12,509,489 14,230,341 16,480,786 4,685,258 5,997,007 7,725,433 10,376,630 10,724,974 12,847,350 583,224 730,429 957,512 1,251,107 1,445,074 1,738,946 1,793,320 2,202,443 2,801,707 3,756,175 4,356,413 5,139,179 5 1,022,353 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 18,481,583 21,043,110 23,375,197 25,559,560 27,955,624 14,718,140 16,845,210 18,714,642 20,441,878 22,400,379 2,277,585 2,627,993 2,983,911 3,344,215 3,713,068 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 30,713,581 35,057,563 38,903,177 42,599,816 45,970,790 24,653,849 27,547,620 30,598,685 33,151,681 36,256,604 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 50,720,984 56,913,588 64,052,938 70,339,448 75,935,749 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 1988–89 .................... 1989–90 10 ................. Libraries Plant operation and maintenance Organized activities related to instructional departments Other sponsored programs 1 7 8 9 10 ( 6) $9,622 11,379 13,387 15,531 17,588 $61,061 56,797 51,046 56,802 62,738 19,487 19,763 20,452 26,560 44,208 69,612 72,594 81,201 110,947 201,996 56,147 60,612 72,944 85,563 109,715 225,110 240,446 277,874 324,229 406,226 7 119,108 469,943 564,225 686,054 844,506 969,275 1,127,290 7 294,255 1,565,102 1,933,473 135,384 177,362 236,718 346,248 415,903 493,266 591,848 350,711 — — — 155,202 350,950 514,294 5,941,972 6,883,844 7,804,410 8,443,261 9,243,641 2,034,074 2,144,076 2,209,338 2,265,282 2,394,261 571,572 652,596 716,212 764,481 840,727 1,337,903 1,541,698 1,730,664 1,927,553 2,141,162 535,269 648,089 693,011 779,728 791,290 668,483 769,253 890,507 1,059,989 1,284,085 4,200,955 4,495,391 5,240,066 5,590,669 6,177,029 10,219,118 11,797,823 13,094,943 14,031,145 15,336,229 2,480,450 3,132,132 3,287,364 3,600,067 3,919,830 939,023 1,001,868 1,223,723 1,250,314 1,348,747 2,494,057 2,786,768 3,082,959 3,436,705 3,795,043 838,170 1,253,824 1,248,670 1,544,646 1,781,160 1,355,027 — — — — 39,833,116 44,542,843 50,073,805 54,848,752 58,929,218 6,832,004 7,621,143 8,681,513 9,648,069 10,412,233 16,662,820 18,496,717 20,733,166 22,962,527 24,673,293 4,447,760 5,099,151 5,657,719 5,929,894 6,265,280 1,426,614 1,623,811 1,759,784 1,922,416 2,039,671 4,178,574 4,700,070 5,350,310 5,979,281 6,391,596 2,044,386 2,252,577 2,513,502 2,734,038 3,047,220 — — — — — 81,993,360 89,951,263 97,535,742 105,763,557 113,786,476 63,741,276 70,061,324 76,127,965 82,955,555 89,157,430 11,561,260 12,765,452 13,913,724 15,060,576 16,171,015 26,436,308 28,777,183 31,032,099 33,711,146 35,833,563 6,723,534 7,551,892 8,437,367 9,352,309 10,350,931 2,231,149 2,361,793 2,551,331 2,441,184 2,836,498 6,729,825 7,345,482 7,605,226 7,819,032 8,230,986 3,300,003 3,712,460 4,116,061 5,134,267 5,305,083 — — — — — 123,867,184 134,655,571 96,803,377 105,585,076 17,309,956 19,062,179 38,812,690 42,145,987 11,432,170 12,505,961 3,009,870 3,254,239 8,739,895 9,458,262 5,894,409 6,183,405 — — 5 21,978 5 17,064 5 22,091 5 25,213 5 34,287 5 58,456 5 86,812 5 159,090 5 317,928 5 372,643 5 500,793 5 727,776 5 1,474,406 5 1,973,383 5 2,448,300 7 $21,297 7 14,155 7 20,241 7 24,031 7 27,225 — — — — — 7 37,771 — — 7 48,415 8 $97,044 7 60,604 — — 7 85,346 7 147,854 7 186,905 7 222,007 7 238,455 7 375,040 7 458,507 7 558,170 — — — — — Higher Education 91 Table 34.—Current-fund expenditures and educational and general expenditure per student of institutions of higher education, by function: 1929–30 to 1989–90—Continued [In thousands] Educational and general expenditures Other current expenditures Extension and public service Scholarships and fellowships Other general expenditures Auxiliary enterprises 1 11 12 13 14 1929–30 1931–32 1933–34 1935–36 1937–38 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... $24,982 24,066 20,020 29,426 34,189 ( 6) ( 6) ( 6) ( 6) ( 6) — $5,239 7,502 2,580 2,020 $3,127 90,897 78,730 95,332 115,620 (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) ( 7) (7) ( 7) ( 7) (7) $126,112 24,993 20,938 26,176 23,574 343 364 350 348 352 2,547 3,210 3,359 3,211 3,118 1939–40 1941–42 1943–44 1945–46 1947–48 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 35,325 42,525 44,421 55,473 71,180 ( 6) ( 6) ( 6) ( 6) ( 6) — — — — — 124,184 137,328 199,344 242,028 438,988 (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) ( 7) ( 7) ( 7) ( 7) ( 7) 28,514 28,375 20,928 26,068 52,687 349 408 653 489 595 3,174 3,320 4,755 3,405 3,243 1949–50 1951–52 1953–54 1955–56 1957–58 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 86,674 97,408 112,227 137,914 175,256 ( 6) $39,272 74,035 95,490 129,935 — — — — 7,439 476,401 477,672 537,533 637,605 775,316 (5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 7) (7) (7) (7) (7) 62,816 32,855 — — — 698 933 1,051 1,079 1,124 3,742 4,506 4,964 5,095 4,995 1959–60 1961–62 1963–64 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 205,595 244,337 297,350 438,385 226,566 597,544 172,050 228,765 300,370 425,524 583,390 712,425 9,134 — 13,832 153,013 220,453 240,222 916,117 1,157,517 1,452,244 1,887,744 2,060,130 2,302,419 ( 5) ( 5) (5) (5) $951,668 765,495 (7) ( 7) (7) ( 7) $253,790 290,000 — — — 9 245,115 9 239,780 9 275,523 1,287 1,447 1,616 1,753 1,678 1,859 5,563 6,112 6,654 6,974 6,474 6,940 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 536,527 593,067 588,390 615,997 669,735 814,755 984,594 1,098,198 1,241,372 1,322,411 — — — — — 2,539,183 2,769,276 2,988,407 3,178,272 3,337,789 697,317 757,388 829,596 940,825 1,033,746 526,943 671,236 842,552 998,585 1,183,709 — — — — — 1,959 2,104 2,181 2,284 2,431 6,974 7,074 6,971 7,049 7,210 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 730,560 1,097,788 1,238,603 1,343,404 1,425,294 1,396,488 1,449,542 1,635,859 1,770,214 1,839,298 — 532,485 546,498 584,515 633,973 3,613,256 4,073,590 4,476,841 4,858,328 5,261,477 1,014,872 1,085,590 1,132,016 1,434,738 855,054 1,431,604 2,350,763 2,695,635 3,155,069 3,597,655 — — — — — 2,568 2,694 2,736 3,010 3,213 6,992 6,606 6,264 6,513 6,513 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 1,593,097 1,816,521 2,057,770 2,203,726 2,320,478 1,944,599 2,200,468 2,504,525 2,684,945 2,922,897 703,262 732,385 815,516 783,854 856,548 5,749,974 6,485,608 7,288,089 7,997,632 8,614,316 1,007,119 1,127,728 1,257,934 1,258,777 1,406,126 4,130,775 4,757,409 5,433,111 6,234,287 6,986,089 — — — — — 3,538 3,850 4,139 4,433 4,742 6,557 6,297 6,068 5,982 6,135 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... 2,499,203 2,861,095 3,119,533 3,448,453 3,786,362 3,301,673 3,670,355 4,160,174 4,776,100 5,325,358 958,321 1,015,613 1,192,449 1,212,488 1,317,633 9,250,196 10,012,248 10,528,303 11,037,333 11,399,953 1,622,233 1,867,550 2,187,361 2,597,655 2,822,632 7,379,654 8,010,141 8,692,113 9,173,014 10,406,461 — — — — — 5,114 5,723 6,216 6,635 6,984 6,379 6,871 7,253 7,574 7,655 1988–89 .................... 1989–90 10 ................. 4,227,323 4,689,758 5,918,666 6,655,544 1,458,397 1,629,742 12,280,063 13,203,984 2,958,962 3,187,224 11,824,782 12,679,286 — — 7,415 7,799 7,769 7,799 Year 1 Includes all separately budgeted programs, other than research, which are supported by sponsors outside the institution. Examples are training programs, workshops, and training and instructional institutes. For years not shown, most expenditures for these programs are included under ‘‘Extension and public service.’’ 2 Generally includes only those expenditures associated with federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs). 3 Data for 1929–30 to 1945–56 are based on school year enrollment. 4 Data adjusted by the Consumer Price Index computed on a school year basis. 5 Expenditures for federally funded research and development centers are included under ‘‘Research.’’ 6 Included under ‘‘Other current expenditures.’’ 7 Expenditures for hospitals and independent operations included under ‘‘Organized activities related to instructional departments.’’ 8 Expenditures were for federal contract courses. 9 Includes current expenditures for physical plant assets. In later years, the educational and general expenditures for physical plant assets are included under ‘‘Other educational and general expenditures.’’ Independent operations 2 Educational and general expenditures per student in fall enrollment 3 Hospitals 15 16 17 Current dollars Constant 1989–90 dollars 4 18 19 10 Preliminary data. —Data not available. NOTE.—The data in this table reflect limitations of data availability and comparability. Major changes in data collection forms in 1965–66 and 1974–75 cause significant data comparability problems among the three mostly consistent time periods, 1929–30 to 1963–64, 1965–66 to 1973–74, and 1974–75 to 1989–90. The largest problems affect Hospitals, Independent operations, Organized research, Other sponsored programs, Extension and public service, and Scholarships and fellowships. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, ‘‘Finance’’ survey. (This table was prepared September 1992.) 92 Higher Education Table 35.—Value of property and endowment, and liabilities of institutions of higher education: 1899–1900 to 1989–90 [In thousands] Property value at end of year Physical plant value Year Total Land Buildings Equipment Endowment (book value) 1 3 4 5 6 7 Total 1 2 1899–1900 ............... 1909–10 ................... 1919–20 ................... 1929–30 ................... 1935–36 ................... $448,597 781,255 1,316,404 3,437,117 3,913,028 $253,599 457,594 747,333 2,065,049 2,359,418 — $92,359 128,922 304,114 334,085 — $297,153 495,920 1,490,014 1,636,722 — $68,082 122,491 270,921 388,611 1937–38 1939–40 1941–42 1947–48 1949–50 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 4,208,695 4,440,063 4,525,925 6,076,212 7,401,187 2,556,075 2,753,780 2,759,261 3,691,725 4,799,964 313,665 — — — — 1,811,309 — — — — 1951–52 1953–54 1955–56 1957–58 1959–60 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 9,241,725 10,717,082 12,561,046 15,770,197 18,870,628 6,373,195 7,523,193 8,858,907 11,124,489 13,548,548 — — 624,467 733,182 842,664 1961–62 1963–64 1965–66 1967–68 1969–70 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 22,761,193 28,232,362 35,274,597 — 52,930,923 16,681,844 21,279,346 26,851,273 34,506,348 42,093,580 1,009,294 1,292,691 1,758,901 2,062,545 3,076,751 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 57,394,951 62,136,459 66,814,103 71,305,817 75,585,674 46,053,585 50,153,251 53,814,596 58,002,777 62,183,078 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 80,300,595 85,486,550 90,337,044 95,442,468 102,294,859 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... 1 Includes Endowment (end of year market value) 1 Liabilities of plant funds 8 9 2 $194,998 2 1,553,610 — — — — — — — — — — 431,101 — — — — 1,652,620 1,686,283 2 1,766,664 2,384,487 2 2,601,223 — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 6,697,648 3 8,540,429 3 10,472,478 — — 1,536,792 1,850,878 2,233,407 2,868,530 3,193,889 3,702,139 4,645,708 5,322,080 — — — — — — — $894,383 1,444,602 1,964,306 3 12,900,093 31,865,179 2,772,457 3,525,788 4,439,344 5,769,977 7,151,649 6,079,349 6,953,016 8,423,324 — 10,837,343 — — $11,126,831 — 11,206,632 2,806,868 4,190,189 6,071,750 — 9,384,731 3,117,895 3,287,326 3,492,611 3,888,372 4,210,901 35,042,590 38,131,339 40,808,481 43,701,491 46,453,642 7,893,100 8,734,586 9,513,503 10,412,914 11,518,536 11,341,366 11,983,208 12,999,507 13,303,040 13,402,596 13,714,330 15,180,934 15,099,840 13,168,076 14,364,545 9,786,240 10,291,095 10,823,595 11,400,916 12,413,420 66,348,304 70,739,427 74,770,804 78,637,991 83,733,387 4,345,232 4,444,927 4,621,071 4,824,250 5,037,172 49,349,224 52,384,393 55,188,603 57,563,005 60,847,097 12,653,847 13,910,107 14,961,131 16,250,737 17,849,119 13,952,291 14,747,123 15,566,240 16,804,477 18,561,472 15,488,265 16,304,553 16,840,129 18,158,634 20,743,045 12,687,015 13,068,341 13,437,861 13,712,648 14,181,991 109,701,242 117,601,954 127,345,302 137,141,741 148,163,096 88,760,567 94,516,512 100,992,841 107,640,113 114,763,986 5,212,453 5,402,339 5,889,080 6,109,746 6,236,159 64,158,017 67,794,877 71,519,718 75,220,765 79,133,998 19,390,097 21,319,297 23,584,042 26,309,602 29,393,829 20,940,675 23,085,442 26,352,461 29,501,629 33,399,110 23,465,001 24,415,245 32,691,133 32,975,610 39,916,361 14,794,669 15,487,618 16,749,900 18,277,315 22,105,712 160,959,517 — — — — 122,261,355 126,996,079 133,228,717 142,425,392 155,401,508 6,573,923 7,220,353 7,827,226 8,403,922 8,969,805 82,886,012 85,176,226 88,356,303 93,983,463 101,909,833 32,801,419 34,599,500 37,045,188 40,038,007 44,521,870 38,698,162 — — — — 50,280,775 56,470,724 57,338,768 64,096,719 67,927,188 25,699,408 — — — — funds functioning as endowment. annuity funds. improvements to land and equipment. These funds are included under appropriate categories after 1967–68. —Data not available. 3 16,460,867 3 20,653,028 3 26,673,826 2 323,661 2 569,071 2 1,372,068 NOTE.—Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. 2 Includes 3 Includes SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; and Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education survey. (This table was prepared September 1992.) Appendix 93 Table 36.—Gross domestic product, state and local expenditures, personal income, disposable personal income, and median family income: 1940 to 1991 Gross domestic product, in billions State and local expenditures, 1 in millions Year 1 Current dollars Constant 1987 dollars All general expenditures Education expenditures 2 3 4 5 Personal income, in billions Disposable personal income, in billions of 1987 dollars 6 7 Disposable personal income per capita Current dollars Constant 1987 dollars 8 9 Median family income 10 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... — — — — — — — — — — — — $9,229 — 9,190 — 8,863 — $2,638 — 2,586 — 2,793 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... — — — — — — — — — — 11,028 — 17,684 — 22,787 3,356 — 5,379 — 7,177 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $3,031 3,187 3,107 3,319 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... — — — — — — — — — — — 26,098 27,910 30,701 33,724 — 8,318 9,390 10,557 11,907 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3,709 3,890 4,242 4,167 4,418 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... — — — $494.2 513.4 — — — $1,931.3 1,973.2 36,711 40,375 44,851 48,887 51,876 13,220 14,134 15,919 17,283 18,719 — — — $391.2 409.2 — — — $1,284.9 1,313.0 — — — $1,958 1,994 — — — $7,256 7,264 4,780 4,966 5,087 5,417 5,620 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 531.8 571.6 603.1 648.0 702.7 2,025.6 2,129.8 2,218.0 2,343.3 2,473.5 56,201 60,206 63,977 69,302 74,678 20,574 22,216 23,729 26,286 28,563 426.5 453.4 476.4 510.7 552.9 1,356.4 1,414.8 1,461.1 1,562.2 1,653.5 2,048 2,137 2,210 2,369 2,527 7,382 7,583 7,718 8,140 8,508 5,735 5,956 6,249 6,569 6,957 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 769.8 814.3 889.3 959.5 1,010.7 2,622.3 2,690.3 2,801.0 2,877.1 2,875.8 82,843 93,350 102,411 116,728 131,332 33,287 37,919 41,158 47,238 52,718 601.7 646.5 709.9 773.7 831.0 1,734.3 1,811.4 1,886.8 1,947.4 2,025.3 2,699 2,861 3,077 3,274 3,521 8,822 9,114 9,399 9,606 9,875 7,532 7,933 8,632 9,433 9,867 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 1,097.2 1,207.0 1,349.6 1,458.6 1,585.9 2,965.1 3,107.1 3,268.6 3,248.1 3,221.7 150,674 168,550 181,357 198,959 230,721 59,413 65,814 69,714 75,833 87,858 893.5 980.5 1,098.7 1,205.7 1,307.3 2,099.9 2,186.2 2,334.1 2,317.0 2,355.4 3,779 4,042 4,521 4,893 5,329 10,111 10,414 11,013 10,832 10,906 10,285 11,116 12,051 12,902 13,719 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 1,768.4 1,974.1 2,232.7 2,488.6 2,708.0 3,380.8 3,533.2 3,703.5 3,796.8 3,776.3 256,731 274,215 296,983 327,517 369,086 97,216 102,780 110,758 119,448 133,211 1,446.3 1,601.3 1,807.9 2,033.1 2,265.4 2,440.9 2,512.6 2,638.4 2,710.1 2,733.6 5,796 6,316 7,042 7,787 8,576 11,192 11,406 11,851 12,039 12,005 14,958 16,009 17,640 19,587 21,023 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 3,030.6 3,149.6 3,405.0 3,777.2 4,038.7 3,843.1 3,760.3 3,906.6 4,148.5 4,279.8 407,449 436,896 466,421 505,008 553,899 145,784 154,282 163,876 176,108 192,686 2,534.7 2,690.9 2,862.5 3,154.6 3,379.8 2,795.8 2,820.4 2,893.6 3,080.1 3,162.1 9,455 9,989 10,642 11,673 12,339 12,156 12,146 12,349 13,029 13,258 22,388 23,433 24,674 26,433 27,735 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... 4,268.6 4,539.9 4,900.4 5,244.0 5,513.8 5,671.8 4,404.5 4,540.0 4,718.6 4,836.9 4,884.9 4,848.4 605,623 657,134 704,921 762,360 834,786 — 210,819 226,619 242,683 263,898 288,148 — 3,590.4 3,802.0 4,075.9 4,380.2 4,679.8 4,833.9 3,261.9 3,289.6 3,404.3 3,471.2 3,538.3 3,534.1 13,010 13,545 14,477 15,313 16,236 16,693 13,552 13,545 13,890 14,030 14,154 13,987 1 Data for years prior to 1963 include expenditures for government fiscal years ending during that particular calendar year. Data for 1963 and later years are the aggregations of expenditures for government fiscal years which ended on June 30 of the stated year. General expenditures exclude expenditures of publicly owned utilities and liquor stores, and of insurance-trust activities. Intergovernmental payments between state and local governments are excluded. Payments to the federal government are included. 2 Revised methodology. —Data not available. 29,458 2 30,970 2 32,191 2 34,213 2 35,353 — NOTE.—Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data are adjusted by the GDP implicit price deflator. Personal income data are adjusted by the personal consumption deflator. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. SOURCE: Executive Office of the President, Economic Report of the President, February 1992: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Consumer Income, Series P-60, No. 174: U.S. Census Bureau, news release, December 30, 1991. (This table was prepared May 1992.) 94 Appendix Table 37.—Gross domestic product deflator, Consumer Price Index, education price indexes, and federal budget composite deflator: 1919 to 1992 Calendar year School year Federal fiscal year Year Gross domestic product deflator Consumer Price Index 1 Year Consumer Price Index 2 Elementary/ Secondary Price Index Higher Education Price Index Year Federal budget composite deflator 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1919 1929 1934 1939 1940 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... — — — — — 17.3 17.1 13.4 13.9 14.0 1919–20 1929–30 1934–35 1939–40 1940–41 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 19.1 17.1 13.6 14.0 14.2 — — — — — — — — — — 1919 1929 1934 1939 1940 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... — — — — 0.0988 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... — — — — — 14.7 16.3 17.3 17.6 18.0 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 15.6 16.9 17.4 17.8 18.2 — — — — — — — — — — 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 0.1036 0.1136 0.1234 0.1198 0.1157 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... — — — — — 19.5 22.3 24.1 23.8 24.1 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 21.2 23.3 24.1 23.7 25.1 — — — — — — — — — — 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 0.1129 0.1419 0.1637 0.1701 0.1702 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... — — — — — 26.0 26.5 26.7 26.9 26.8 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 26.3 26.7 26.9 26.8 26.9 — — — — — — — — — — 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 0.1597 0.1683 0.1787 0.1835 0.1897 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... — — — 25.6 26.0 27.2 28.1 28.9 29.1 29.6 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 27.7 28.6 29.0 29.4 29.8 — — — — — — — — — 25.1 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 0.1995 0.2081 0.2205 0.2317 0.2367 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 26.3 26.8 27.2 27.7 28.4 29.9 30.2 30.6 31.0 31.5 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 30.1 30.4 30.8 31.2 31.9 — — — — — 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.3 30.8 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 0.2392 0.2435 0.2539 0.2586 0.2641 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 29.4 30.3 31.7 33.3 35.1 32.4 33.4 34.8 36.7 38.8 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 32.9 34.0 35.7 37.8 39.7 — — — — — 32.4 34.3 36.7 39.2 41.6 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 0.2705 0.2780 0.2903 0.3086 0.3273 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 37.0 38.8 41.3 44.9 49.2 40.5 41.8 44.4 49.3 53.8 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 41.2 42.8 46.6 51.8 55.5 — — — 52.7 57.1 44.0 46.3 49.6 53.8 57.9 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 0.3497 0.3731 0.3961 0.4307 0.4758 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 52.3 55.9 60.3 65.5 71.7 56.9 60.6 65.2 72.6 82.4 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 58.7 62.6 68.5 77.6 86.6 60.8 64.6 70.3 76.5 85.7 61.7 65.8 70.6 77.5 85.9 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 0.5098 0.5623 0.5928 0.6441 0.7102 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 78.9 83.8 87.2 91.0 94.4 90.9 96.5 99.6 103.9 107.6 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 94.1 98.2 101.8 105.8 108.8 93.7 100.0 105.6 112.6 119.6 94.0 100.0 104.7 110.5 115.6 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 0.7817 0.8369 0.8776 0.9125 0.9452 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... 96.9 100.0 103.9 108.4 112.9 109.6 113.6 118.3 124.0 130.7 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 111.2 115.8 121.2 127.0 133.9 125.7 132.7 139.7 147.6 — 120.3 125.8 133.1 140.8 — 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... 0.9735 1.0000 1.0361 1.0815 1.1283 1991 ..................................... 1992 ..................................... 117.0 — 136.2 — 1991–92 ..... 1992–93 ..... 138.2 — — — — — 1991 ........... 1992 ........... 1.1782 1.2147 1 Index for urban wage earners and clerical workers through 1977; 1978 and later figures are for all urban consumers. 2 Consumer Price Index adjusted to a school-year basis (July through June). —Data not available. NOTE.—Some data have been revised from previously published figures. SOURCE: Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Indicators, February 1991, and Economic Report of the President, February 1992; U.S. Department of Education, National Institute of Education, Inflation Measures for Schools and Colleges; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index; Research Associates of Washington, ‘‘Inflation Measures for Schools and Colleges, 1990 Update;’’ U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 1993. (This table was prepared July 1992.) Methodology General Note Nationwide statistics on education have been collected and published primarily by the U.S. Department of Education (formerly the Office of Education) and the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Data on education have also been collected and published by other federal, state and local governmental agencies, and by independent research organizations. The Department of Education obtained the data for this publication from reports of state and local school systems and institutions of higher education. These data relate to school enrollment and attendance, graduates, instructional staff, curricula, school district organization, and receipts and expenditures for elementary and secondary schools, and enrollment, faculty, degrees conferred, income, expenditures, property, and plant fund operations for institutions of higher education. Data in this report from the Bureau of the Census were obtained from households in the decennial censuses and monthly sample surveys, and relate primarily to school enrollment, literacy, and educational attainment of the general population. The Department of Education has issued statistical reports on elementary, secondary, and higher education since 1870. From 1869–70 to 1916–17, statistics were included as part of the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education. From 1917–18 to 1957–58, a report was issued for each even-numbered school year under the title, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States. Chapter 1 of the Biennial Survey, ‘‘Statistical Summary of Education,’’ and chapter 2, ‘‘Statistics of State School Systems,’’ are primary sources for some derived measures relating to education. Beginning with 1940–41 and ending with 1950–51, chapter 2 was supplemented by an abridged report issued as a circular for each oddnumbered school year. Biennial survey data were based on report forms completed by state departments of education (a copy of the report form appears in the Biennial Survey of 1951–52 and 1953– 54). Beginning with the Biennial Survey of 1951–52 and 1953–54, these forms have been completed by education officials in accordance with detailed instructions contained in the Office of Education, Handbook I, the Common Core of State Educational Information. Prior to that date, the forms were completed in accordance with various circulars of information distributed by the Office of Education. Since 1962, the annual publication, Digest of Education Statistics, has provided an abstract of statistical information covering the broad field of American education from kindergarten through graduate school. The Digest utilizes materials from numerous sources, including the statistical surveys and estimates of the Department of Education and other appropriate agencies, both governmental and nongovernmental. It is divided into seven chapters: (1) all levels of education; (2) elementary and secondary education; (3) postsecondary education; (4) federal programs for education; (5) outcomes of education; (6) international comparisons of education; and (7) learning resources and technology. A major issue in presenting accurate statistical data on a national basis is the uniformity with which all recording units use standard terms, definitions, and procedures. Prior to 1908–09, this was controlled only by definitions on the questionnaires requesting information. Since 1908–09, the Office of Education in cooperation with other national and state organizations has improved uniform recording and reporting through the means of national committees, publications, and national and regional conferences. A major problem in the collection and processing of comprehensive nationwide school statistics is getting all the schools to respond within reasonable time limits. School authorities are not compelled to report to the Department of Education. There is some evidence that the proportion of schools reporting has increased through the years. This increase is most evident in the data for secondary schools. Prior to 1929–30, a complete list of public secondary day schools had not been compiled, and consequently there is no way to measure the degree of response in the earlier years. Since there was no attempt to estimate data for the nonrespondents in the early years, the secondary school data are undercounted. This was especially problematic for high school enrollment and graduate data of the 1870s and 1880s. In 1929–30, there were 23,930 public secondary day schools on file, and reports were received from 22,237. In 1937–38, the number of schools on file increased to 35,308, and the number reporting was 95 96 Methodology 25,091. In 1951–52, there were 23,757 schools, and replies were received from all but 12 schools. The data for the missing schools were estimated, and the published totals for 1951–52 cover all public secondary day schools. Since 1869–70, there have been both major and minor changes in the collection patterns with changes in the administration of the program. Some patterns lasted for many years. With voluntary response and no field service (until 1924), response rates varied in their completeness for both reporting in general and for specific items. The completeness of the coverage is not always made evident in the publications. For example, field service supplemented returns by mail for the 1923–24 biennial chapters. From 1923 to 1963, visits were made to state departments of education and colleges and universities to complete the coverage from basic or secondary records available in the state departments of education or at individual schools and institutions. The introduction of sampling in recent years has also insured adequate coverage. The data in these historical tables will not always agree with similar data in the publications cited as sources for a specific year because tabulations were ‘‘kept open’’ for many years, and as data came in, they were added and reflected in future historical tables. In addition, when feasible, missing data have been imputed to produce consistent national information. Table 1.—Population, by age and race, live births, and birth rate: 1970 to 1991 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P25, and unpublished data; Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, Monthly Vital Statistics Report, various issues. The annual population estimates are as of July 1 and, thus, differ from decennial census population estimates. Annual estimates prior to 1900 are based on linear interpolation between decennial years. Estimates between 1900 and 1919 are based on interpolation applied to decennial age data. Subsequent data are based on decennial data augmented by information on births, deaths, and international migration. Population data for the period from 1980 to 1989 are likely to be revised when they are controlled to the 1990 census. However, experience from past decennial census changes indicates that these changes will be small. Births and deaths are classified in the category of information known as vital statistics. These data are compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics (originally by the National Office of Vital Statistics). Since 1900, these have been collected by the Bureau of the Census from various state offices. Since 1951, birth statistics have been estimated based on a 50 percent sample of all registered births. Data on death registrations are compiled in a similar manner. However, each of these relies on the purported reliability of registrations at state and local levels. Table 2.—School enrollment of 5- to 19-yearolds per 100 persons, by sex and race: 1850 to 1991 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Decennial data, 1850 to 1930, Fifteenth Census Reports, Population, vol. II; 1940 to 1950, U.S. Census of Population: 1950, vol. II, part 1; U.S. Census of Population: 1960, PC(1)-ID. Other data, Current Population Reports, series P-20, Nos. 54, 66, 74, 80, 93, 101, 110, 117, 126, 129, 148, 162, 167, 206, and 222; 1970 to 1991, Current Population Survey, survey data files. For decennial census years, the statistics refer to the total population within the specified age group; figures from the Current Population Survey (CPS) refer to the civilian noninstitutional population. Persons not covered in the CPS (Armed Forces and institutional population) are known to have low enrollment rates. In the Census of Population for 1940 and 1950, and in the CPS, 1954 to 1991, enrollment was defined as enrollment in ‘‘regular’’ schools only—that is, schools where enrollment may lead toward an elementary or high school diploma, or to a college, university, or professional school degree. Such schools included public and private nursery schools, kindergartens, elementary and secondary schools, colleges, universities, and professional schools. Enrollment could be either full-time or part-time, day or night. If a person was receiving regular instruction at home from a tutor and if the instruction was considered comparable to that of a regular school or college, the person was counted as enrolled. Enrollment in a correspondence course was counted only if the person received credit in the regular school system. Enrollments in business and trade schools at the postsecondary level were excluded if the coursework did not lead to a degree. Children enrolled in kindergarten were included in the ‘‘regular’’ school enrollment figures in the Current Population Survey beginning in 1950; children enrolled in nursery school were included beginning in 1967. Children enrolled in kindergarten were not included in the ‘‘regular’’ school enrollment figures in the 1950 Census of Population; however, they have been included here to make the data comparable Methodology with earlier years and with current practice. In censuses prior to 1950, no attempt was made to exclude children in kindergarten so that the statistics for those years include varying proportions attending kindergarten. Also, in censuses prior to 1940, the data were not restricted as to type of school or college the person was attending. In addition to differences in definitions of school enrollment and in population coverage, the enrollment data for different years may differ because of variations in the dates when the questions were asked and the time periods to which enrollment referred. Data from the Current Population Survey were obtained in October and refer to enrollment in the current school term. In 1940, 1950, and 1960, the censuses were taken as of April 1, but enrollment related to any time after March 1 in 1940 and any time after February 1 in 1950 and 1960. The corresponding question in the censuses from 1850 to 1930 applied to a somewhat longer period: in 1850 to 1900, to the 12 months preceding the census date; and in 1910, 1920, and 1930, to the period between the preceding September 1 and the census date (April 15 in 1910, January 1 in 1920, and April 1 in 1930). Information on school enrollment is also collected and published by the Department of Education. These data are obtained from reports of school surveys and censuses. They are, however, only roughly comparable with data collected by the Bureau of the Census from households, because of differences in definitions, time references, population coverage, and enumeration methods. Table 3.—School enrollment and school enrollment rates, by age and sex: 1940 to 1991 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1940, U.S. Census of Population: 1950, vol. II, part 1; 1945 to 1969, Current Population Reports, series P-20, Nos. 19, 24, 30, 34, 45, 52, 54, 66, 74, 80, 93, 101, 110, 117, 126, 129, 148, 162, 167, 190, 206, and 222; 1970 to 1991, Current Population Survey, survey data files. The estimates are based on data obtained in October in the Current Population Survey of the Bureau of the Census, except that data shown for 1940 are based on complete enumeration of the population and were published in volume II of the 1950 census reports on population. Except for 1940, data are for the civilian population excluding the relatively small number in institutions. Data shown for 1940 relate to the total population, including those in institutions and all members of the Armed Forces (about 267,000) enumerated on April 1. The school enrollment statistics from the Current Population Survey are based on replies to the enu- 97 merator’s inquiry as to whether the person was enrolled in school. See description of CPS procedures under previous table. Table 4.—Years of school completed by persons 25 years old and over, by race and sex: April 1940 to March 1991 Table 5.—Median years of school completed by persons age 25 and over and 25 to 29, by race and sex: 1910 to 1991 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1940 and 1950, U.S. Census of Population, 1950, vol. II; 1960, U.S. Census of Population: 1960, series PC-l; 1970 to 1991, Current Population Survey, survey data files. The median years of school completed is defined as the value which divides the population into two equal parts—one-half having completed more and the other half less schooling than the median. The median was computed after the statistics on years of school completed had been converted to a continuous series of numbers (e.g., completion of the 1st year of high school was treated as completion of the 9th year and completion of the 1st year of college as completion of the 13th year). The persons completing a given school year were assumed to be distributed evenly within the interval from .0 to .9 of the year (e.g., persons completing the 12th year were assumed to be distributed evenly between 12.0 and 12.9). The effect of the assumption is to place the median for younger persons slightly below, and for older persons slightly above, the true median. Because of the inexact assumption as to the distribution within an interval, this median is more appropriately used for comparing groups and the same group at different dates than as an absolute measure of educational attainment. The data for 1940, 1950, and 1960 are based on the decennial censuses: complete count in 1940, 20 percent sample in 1950, and 25 percent sample in 1960. The data for 1970 through 1991 are based on the March Current Population Survey and may differ from decennial census data for the following reasons: (1) only those members of the Armed Forces in the United States living off post or with their families on post are included in the CPS whereas all members of the Armed Forces in the United States are included in the census data and (2) there are differences between the CPS and the censuses in coverage, enumeration techniques, and methods of allocating responses. The procedure used both in 1940 and 1950 for calculating the median years of school completed made allowance for the fact that many persons reported as having completed a given full school year had also completed a part of the next higher grade. Thus, it 98 Methodology is assumed that persons who reported 12 full years of school completed had actually completed 12.5 years, on the average. Although the statistics on median years of school completed have been available only since 1940, the data by age give further indication of time trends. The 1910 to 1930 data cited in the table are based on a retrojection of educational attainment of older age groups. Differences in the quality of education data for the three censuses may have resulted in part from changes in the way the information was requested. In 1940, a single question was asked on highest grade of school completed. In the 1950 and 1960 censuses and the various CPS surveys, data on years of school completed were obtained from a combination of responses to two questions, one asking for the highest grade of school attended and another whether that grade was finished. Analysis of data from the 1940 census returns and from surveys conducted by the Bureau of the Census based on the same question wording as in 1940 indicated that respondents frequently reported the year or grade they had last attended, instead of the one completed. There is evidence that, as a result of the change in the questions in 1950, there was relatively less exaggeration in reporting educational attainment than in 1940. Hence, the indicated increases in attainment between 1940 and 1950 tend slightly to understate the true increase. The 1970 to 1991 data are based on sample surveys and relate to the resident population, including inmates of institutions and members of the Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post; all other members of the Armed Forces are excluded. Except for 1940, the data were derived from the combination of answers to two questions: (a) ‘‘What is the highest grade of school he has ever attended?’’ and (b) ‘‘Did he finish the grade?’’ In 1940, a single question was asked on highest grade of school completed. The questions on educational attainment apply only to progress in ‘‘regular’’ schools. Table 6.—Percentage of persons 14 years old and over who are illiterate, by race and nativity: 1870 to 1979 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1870 to 1930, Fifteenth Census Reports, Population, vol. II; 1940 to 1979, Current Population Reports, series P-20, Nos. 20, 45, and 217; and series P-23, No. 116. Persons were regarded as illiterate if they could not read and write, either in English or some other language. Information on illiteracy of the population was obtained from direct questions in the censuses of 1870 to 1930. The data for 1947, 1952, 1959, 1969, and 1979 were obtained from sample surveys; they exclude the Armed Forces and inmates of institutions. The statistics for the census years 1940 and 1950 were derived by estimating procedures. In 1947, the literacy question was asked only of persons who had completed less than 5 years of school; in 1952, 1959, 1969, and 1979, the same general procedure was used, but the question was asked of those who had completed less than 6 years of school. These surveys examined a very fundamental level of reading and writing. More recent studies on this issue have analyzed functional illiteracy. Functional illiteracy indicates a lack of ability to function effectively in a modern society. These functional illiteracy percentages are substantially higher than earlier studies based on fundamental illiteracy. Some variation has existed over the years in the way the question on illiteracy was asked. Since 1930, reference has been made as to whether or not the person was able to read and write. In the censuses of 1870 to 1930, two questions were asked; one on whether the person was able to read and one on whether he could write. Illiteracy was defined as inability to write ‘‘regardless of ability to read.’’ Since the data showed that nearly all persons who were able to write could also read, the earlier statistics should be generally comparable with data obtained through the consolidated question used in later years. Ability to read and write cannot be defined so precisely in a census to cover all cases with certainty. No specific test of ability to read and write was used, but enumerators were instructed not to classify a person as literate simply because he was able to write his name. Analysts of earlier census data assumed that the illiterate population comprised only those persons who had no education whatever. Information on the educational attainment of illiterates obtained in recent sample surveys indicates, however, that some persons cannot read and write even though they have had some formal schooling. For example, data from the Current Population Survey of October 1952 show that among persons 14 years old and over the proportion reported as illiterate ranged from 77.8 percent of those who had not completed a year of school to 1.3 percent of those who had completed 5 years. Comparable figures from the November 1969 survey were 57.4 percent and 2.3 percent, respectively. Data on illiteracy were also collected in the censuses of 1840, 1850, and 1860, but are not included here because they are not comparable with statistics for subsequent years and because of limitations in the quality of data for those early years. In 1840, the head of the family was asked for the total number of illiterates in each family, a method which undoubtedly led to some understatement. Beginning with 1850, Methodology the individual entry system was used, the question being asked regarding each member of the family. By 1870, another change in census methods was introduced, separate questions being asked on ability to read and ability to write. In addition to changes in the form of the inquiry, the statistics on illiteracy for 1840, 1850, and 1860 related to the population 20 years old and over, whereas in the 1870 and later censuses, they referred to the population 10 years old and over. The percentages of illiterates in the total population 20 years old and over, as recorded in those earlier censuses, were as follows: 1840, 22.0 percent; 1850, 22.6 percent; and 1860, 19.7 percent. The comparable percentages for the white population 20 years old and over in those years were 9.0, 10.7 and 8.9 percent, respectively. The apparent increases in illiteracy of white persons in 1850 and 1870 may be due, in part, to the large influx of immigrants during those periods, many of whom could not read and write in any language. It is more likely, however, that the apparent increases resulted from improvements in the way the information was obtained at those census dates. Table 7.—Annual mean income of males and females 25 years old and over, by years of school completed: 1939 to 1991 Source: 1939 to 1949, Herman P. Miller, ‘‘Annual and Lifetime Income in Relation to Education’’; 1939 to 1959, American Economic Association, The American Economic Review, December 1960 (copyright); 1956 to 1969, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, series P-60, No. 74; and 1970 to 1991, Current Population Survey, survey data files. Data for 1939 were derived from 1940 Census of Population, Education: Educational Attainment by Economic Characteristics and Marital Status; for 1946, from Current Population Reports, series P-60, No. 5; and for 1949, from 1950 Census of Population, series P-E, No. 5B, Education. For details of methodology, see the source. Neither the income concept nor the universe covered is directly comparable for all years shown. Most of the differences, however, are relatively small and are not believed to seriously distort the relationships. The figures for 1939 are based on the 1940 census and are restricted to males 25 to 64 years of age with $1 or more of wage or salary income and less than $50 of nonwage income. For this group the averages represent total money income; however, this group includes only about three-fifths of all men 25 to 64 years old in 1940. The effects of this restriction cannot be measured, but it is undoubtedly more important than restrictions cited for other years. It is also possible that this restriction affects college grad- 99 uates more than persons with less schooling and for them tends to create a biased sample since college graduates are more likely to have income other than earnings. The 1946 figures are based on the Current Population Survey and represent the total money earnings (not total income) of the civilian noninstitutional male population 25 years old and over. Although the conceptual differences between income and earnings are substantial, the actual differences in the averages are quite small, primarily because the amount of nonearned income is small relative to the total, and this type of income tends to be seriously underreported in household surveys of income. The 1949 figures are based on the 1950 census and also represent the total money income of all males 25 years old and over, including a relatively small number of institutional inmates. The 1956 to 1991 figures are entirely comparable since they are based on the Current Population Survey and represent the total money income of the civilian noninstitutional population of the United States and members of the Armed Forces in the United States living off post or with their families on post, but excluding all other members of the Armed Forces. For each person in the sample, 14 years old and over, questions were asked on the amount of money income received during the preceding calendar year from each of the following sources: (1) money wages or salary; (2) net income from nonfarm self-employment; (3) net income from farm self-employment; (4) social security; (5) dividends, interest (on savings or bonds), income from estates or trusts or net rental income; (6) public assistance or welfare payments; (7) unemployment compensation, government employee pensions, or veterans’ payments; (8) private pensions, annuities, alimony, regular contributions from persons not living in this household, royalties, and other periodic income. The amounts received represent income before deductions for personal taxes, social security, bonds, etc. Table 8.—Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: 1869–70 to 1989–90 Table 9.—Enrollment in regular public and private elementary and secondary schools, by grade level: 1869–70 to fall 1992 Table 10.—Enrollment in regular public elementary and secondary schools, by grade: 1910–11 to fall 1990 Table 11.—Enrollment in regular public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1870–71 to fall 1990 100 Methodology Source: U.S. Department of Education (Office of Education), 1869–70 to 1915–16, Annual Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, various issues; 1916–17 to 1955–56, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, Statistics of State School Systems, various issues; 1957–58 to 1991– 92, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues, and unpublished tabulations. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. A school is defined as a division of the school system consisting of a group of pupils composed of one or more grade groups, organized as one unit with one or more teachers to give instruction of a defined type and housed in a school plant of one or more buildings. More than one school may be housed in one school plant, as is the case when the elementary and secondary programs are housed in the same school plant. The actual operation of public schools is generally the sole responsibility of local school systems in the various states. The local basic administrative unit or school district is an area organized as a quasi-corporation under the jurisdiction of a board of education responsible for the administration of all public schools in the area. School districts provide the machinery through which local control of schools is exercised and are largely responsible for the location and size of schools, the types of educational programs and services offered, and the amount of financial support to be provided locally. A public school is defined as one operated by publicly elected or appointed school officials in which the program and activities are under the control of these officials and which is supported by public funds. Enrollment and other figures prior to 1959–60 for public elementary and secondary day schools only include the coterminous United States. Excluded are public schools in the outlying areas of the United States, public schools operated directly by the federal government on military reservations and schools for Indians, public residential schools for exceptional children, and subcollegiate departments of institutions of higher education. Only regular day school pupils are included; pupils enrolled in night schools and summer schools are excluded. Private schools, while subject to certain regulatory controls of the state, are under the operational control of private individuals or religiously affiliated or nonsectarian institutions. Whether operated on a profit or nonprofit basis, private schools are generally supported by private funds as distinguished from public funds. Private school figures are not strictly comparable. For example, in some of the earlier years, the figures include enrollment of secondary pupils in subcolle- giate departments of institutions of higher education, normal schools, etc. Enrollment figures prior to 1976 do not include private schools for exceptional children or private vocational or trade schools. They cover only regular day school pupils. Summer school pupils are excluded in all years. It should be noted that the annual public enrollment information such as that tabulated in the Biennial Survey of Education was collected on a state-bystate basis and represented a cumulative count of the total number of different pupils registered at any time during the school year in each state. Pupils enrolled in two or more states at any time during the school year are, therefore, counted more than once, resulting in a tendency to increase the total enrollment figure for the Nation. The number of pupils per classroom teacher, otherwise known as the ‘‘pupil/teacher ratio,’’ has often been used as a measure of teacher workload. For years prior to the 1940s, the available figures on ‘‘teachers’’ sometimes included librarians and guidance and psychological personnel as well as classroom teachers. Table 12.—Children served in special education programs, by type of disability: 1921–22 to 1989– 90 Source: U.S. Department of Education (Office of Education), 1921–22 to 1947–48, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States; 1951–52 and 1952– 53, Statistics of Special Schools and Classes for Exceptional Children; and 1957–58 to 1989–90, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues. Children served in these programs include ‘‘exceptional children’’ in years prior to 1970. This term applies to pupils who need additional education services, referred to as ‘‘special education,’’ because of their physical, intellectual, or personal-social differences from other children. Included are the unusually bright or gifted children; the mentally retarded; the disabled, including the physically handicapped, learning disabled, and cerebral-palsied; those with special health problems such as cardiac involvement, epilepsy, and other debilitating conditions; the blind and partially seeing; the deaf and hard-of-hearing; those with speech impairments; and the emotionally disturbed. Pupils are reported according to the major type of exceptionality for which they were receiving special education. Data for years after 1970 are based on counts of students participating in PL 94–142, Education of the Handicapped Act, and the successor, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) programs. Methodology 101 Table 13.—Public school pupils transported at public expense and current expenditures for transportation: 1929–30 to 1989–90 Source: 1929–30 to 1989–90, U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1992. 1979–80 to 1989–90, Bobbit Publishing Co., School Bus Fleet, January issues. More than half of U.S. public school children ride buses to school, frequently because walking to school would be inconvenient or unsafe. Pupil transportation services may also be provided as a result of state or local legislation for reorganizing school systems, consolidating widely scattered school attendance areas, or achieving equalization of educational opportunity. Expenditures of public funds for transportation include salaries, vehicle replacement, supplies and maintenance for vehicles and garages, transportation insurance, contracted services, fares for public transportation, and payments in lieu of transportation. Data through 1979–80 are based on reports by state education agencies to the National Center for Education Statistics. Data for later years are estimates based on data reported by School Bus Fleet. Table 14.—Average daily attendance, instructional staff, and teachers in public elementary and secondary schools: 1869–70 to 1990–91 Source: U.S. Department of Education (Office of Education), 1869–70 to 1915–16, Annual Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, various issues; 1917–18 to 1957–58, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, various issues; 1959–60 to 1989–90, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues. 1969–70 to 1980–91, National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics, various issues. Figures for average daily attendance in public schools were computed by dividing the total number of days attended by all pupils enrolled by the number of days school was actually in session. Only days when the pupils were under the guidance and direction of teachers are considered as days in session. ‘‘Instructional staff’’ refers to personnel who render direct and personal services which are in the nature of teaching or the improvement of the teacher-learning situation. Included, therefore, are supervisors of instruction, principals, teachers, guidance personnel, librarians, and psychological personnel. The duty of supervisors of instruction, including consultants, is to assist teachers in improving the learning situation and instructional methods at a particular level or in a particular subject. Principals are the administrative heads of schools. They usually administer a building or a group of buildings with or without the aid of supervisors. The term ‘‘teacher’’ is defined as a person employed to instruct pupils or students. At the elementary and secondary levels, it does not include supervisors and principals, or librarians and guidance and psychological personnel when separately reported. Beginning with 1919–20, the Department of Education has collected data on salaries of total instructional staff (supervisors, principals, teachers, librarians, and guidance and psychological personnel). Salary information for prior years is available for teachers only. Average annual salaries of instructional staff members were obtained by dividing total expenditures for salaries by the number of such personnel. Table 15.—Catholic elementary and secondary enrollment, teachers, and schools, by level: 1919–20 to 1990–91 Source: National Catholic Educational Association, A Statistical Report on Catholic Elementary and Secondary Schools for the Years 1967–68 and 1969–70, as compiled from the Official Catholic Directory, and United States Catholic Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1989–90 and 1990–91. Franklin Press, Catholic Schools in America (1978 edition). U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1919–20 to 1959–60, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. The elementary division of the Catholic school system includes five types of schools: (1) parochial schools are operated in connection with parishes; (2) inter-parochial schools are under the administrative control of two or more parishes; (3) archdiocesan or diocesan schools are under the direct administration of an ordinary and serve the parishes designated by him; (4) private schools are conducted independently of parishes by religious communities; and (5) institutional schools include industrial schools; schools for blind, deaf, delinquent, or other disadvantaged children; and schools conducted in orphanages. In Catholic secondary education, there are, broadly, three types of administrative control, defined generally as for the elementary above: (1) central or diocesan; (2) parochial; and (3) private. However, many parochial and private schools really function as diocesan schools. The data for elementary school teachers exclude priests serving as part-time teachers of religion. Table 16.—Public school enrollment in grades 9 to 12, by subject: 1889–90 to fall 1981 Source: U.S. Department of Education (Office of Education), 1889–90 to 1948–49, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1947–48 to 1949–50; 1954–55 to 1964–65, National Center for Education 102 Methodology Statistics, Digest of Educational Statistics; fall 1972 and fall 1981, A Trend Study of High School Offerings and Enrollments; and unpublished data. For 1919–10 to 1933–34, the percentages are based on the number of pupils enrolled in the last 4 years of all schools that returned usable questionnaires. For 1889–90, 1899–1900, and 1948–49 to 1964–65, the figures are based on the total number of pupils enrolled in the last 4 years of all schools. The source for 1889–90 to 1948–49 states that ‘‘when necessary, the subjects reported in previous surveys were analyzed, and appropriate components were either recombined, separately listed, or eliminated (with corresponding changes in the number and percentage enrolled) in a manner to yield as close comparability as possible with the data in the current (1948–49) survey.’’ Table 17.—Student proficiency in reading, writing, mathematics, and science, by age and race/ ethnicity: 1969–70 to 1989–90 Table 18.—Percentage of students at or above selected reading, mathematics, and science proficiency levels, by age and race/ethnicity: 1970– 71 to 1989–90 Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress, Trends in Academic Progress. The idea of an indicator of student achievement at the national level first emerged in 1963 when then Commissioner of Education Frank Keppel decided to collect information on how well the Nation’s schools were doing. In 1969, a National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) was designed as a voluntary, cooperative program to monitor the scholastic achievement of our Nation’s 9-, 13-, and 17-yearolds. NAEP is a congressionally mandated project of the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics. Over the past 20 years, NAEP has generated more than 200 reports spanning 11 instructional areas. Commonly known as the ‘‘Nation’s report card,’’ it is the only ongoing, comparable, and representative assessment of what U.S. students know and can do. The NAEP trend data in this report are based on four science assessments (1976–77, 1981–82, 1985–86, and 1989–90), four mathematics assessments (1977–78, 1981–82, 1985–86, and 1989–90), and six reading assessments (1970–71, 1974–75, 1979–80, 1983–84, 1987–88, and 1989– 90). Students are randomly selected based on a stratified, three-stage sampling plan designed to yield nationally representative results as well as results for particular subpopulations of students, as defined by sex, race/ethnicity, region of the country, and size/ type of community. NAEP samples about 40,000 students per subject, per assessment. For the trend assessments, NAEP assesses 9-, 13-, and 17-year-old students. To reduce the burden for students, NAEP uses a variant of matrix sampling called FocusedBalanced Incomplete Block (BIB) Spiraling. Thus, not all students are asked to answer all questions. This system provides broad coverage of the subject being assessed while minimizing the classroom time required of any one student. Table 19.—High school graduates, by sex and control of institution: 1869–70 to 1991–92 Source: U.S. Department of Education (Office of Education), 1869–70 to 1937–38, Statistical Summary of Education, 1937–38; 1939–40 to 1951–52, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, various issues; 1953–54 to 1991–92, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1992. Seventeen-year-olds computed on the basis of U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, series P-25, Nos. 310, 311, and 511, and unpublished tabulations. Figures for high school graduates include graduates from public and private schools and exclude persons granted equivalency certificates. Table 20.—Public school districts and public and private elementary and secondary schools: 1929–30 to 1990–91 Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1992. These data are fall counts of local education agencies and public schools. Since schools are organizational units and not counts of physical plants, there may be more schools than school buildings (see additional notes for tables 9, 10, and 11). In addition, school districts include various entities which provide specialized instruction and administrative and other student-related assistance to schools. These entities include various kinds of units such as vocational and special education districts and supervisory unions. Counts of private schools are estimated from various sources. Specifically, key elements of the private school universe, such as the Catholic schools and other private schools, are located with the assistance of private school associations. In addition, sampling techniques are used to discover the existence of other religious and non-affiliated schools. After 1980, estimates of the number of these schools and other data were obtained from sample surveys. Methodology 103 Table 21.—Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds: 1889–90 to 1989–90 Source: U.S. Department of Education (Office of Education), 1889–90 to 1915–16, Annual Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, various issues; 1917–18 to 1957–58, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, various issues; 1959–60 to 1989–90, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1992. Revenue receipts represent additions to assets (cash) from taxes, appropriations, and other funds which do not incur an obligation that must be met at some future date and do not represent exchanges of property for money. Receipts from county and other intermediate sources are included with local receipts. Other sources of revenue include gifts, tuition, and transportation fees from patrons. Nonrevenue receipts represent amounts which either incur an obligation that must be met at some future date or change the form of an asset from property to cash and therefore decrease the amount and the value of school property. Money received from loans, sale of bonds, sale of property purchased from capital funds, and proceeds from insurance adjustments constitute most of the nonrevenue receipts. Nonrevenue receipts are not included in the table. Table 22.—Total and current expenditures and expenditure per pupil in public elementary and secondary schools, by purpose: 1869–70 to 1989–90 Source: U.S. Department of Education (Office of Education), 1869–70 to 1915–16, Annual Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, various issues; 1917–18 to 1955–56, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, various issues; 1957–58 to 1989–90, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues. Expenditures for administration include those for the central office staff for administrative functions and all general control which is system wide and not confined to one school, subject, or narrow phase of school services. Instruction expenditures include salaries of instructional staff and clerical assistants, expenditures for free textbooks, school library books, supplies, and other expenditures for instruction. Plant operation and maintenance expenditures include salaries of custodians, engineers, carpenters, painters, etc.; fuel, light, water, and power; and supplies, expenses, and contractual service. Other current expenditures include those for fixed charges and for attendance, health, transportation, food, and miscellaneous services. Capital outlay includes expenditures for the acquisition of fixed assets or additions to fixed assets (such as land or existing buildings, improvement of grounds, construction of buildings, additions to buildings, remodeling of buildings, and initial or additional equipment). Interest includes interest payments on short-term and current loans from current funds and on bonds from current and sinking funds. Other expenditures include those separately reported for summer schools, community colleges, and adult education. Table 23.—Historical summary of higher education statistics: 1869–70 to 1989–90 Source: U.S. Department of Education (Office of Education), 1869–70 to 1915–16, Annual Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, various issues; 1917–18 to 1955–56, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, various issues; 1957–58 to 1979–80, National Center for Education Statistics, Education Directory, Colleges and Universities; Faculty and Other Professional Staff in Institutions of Higher Education; Fall Enrollment in Colleges and Universities; Earned Degrees Conferred; Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education; and ‘‘Fall Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education,’’ ‘‘Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred,’’ and ‘‘Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education’’ surveys; and 1989–90, Digest of Education Statistics, 1992. The Office of Education has issued statistical reports on higher education on a periodic basis since 1869–70. Until 1915–16, these statistics appeared in the Annual Report of the United States Commissioner of Education. For 1917–18 through 1957–58, statistical reports were issued biennially, as chapters of the Biennial Survey of Education in the United States. Since 1962, data have appeared in the annual Digest of Education Statistics. In addition, an annual report on conferral of earned degrees has been issued since 1948 and one on fall enrollments since 1946. An annual report on current income and expenditures and other finance items was also issued from 1933 to 1940, first under the title The Economic Outlook in Higher Education and later under the title College Income and Expenditures. Among the major problems involved in the collecting and processing of nationwide statistics of higher education have been those of uniformity and promptness of reporting and completeness of coverage of the field. The problem of uniformity of reporting was attacked in 1930 with the formation of the National Committee on Standard Reports for Institutions of Higher Education; this committee was disbanded in 1935. Its successor, the Financial Advisory Service of the American Council on Education, carried on the 104 Methodology work until 1940, when it, too, was discontinued. These two organizations, voluntary in character and operating with no official status, did much to conventionalize finance accounting and reporting procedures in universities and colleges. The problems of promptness of reporting and completeness of coverage stem from the fact that only the land-grant institutions (fewer than 4 percent of all the institutions in the Nation) are under legal obligation to submit financial or statistical reports to the Office of Education. The percent of institutions supplying usable reports within a reasonable time, however, has increased materially in the last two or three decades, in spite of the fact that inquiries emanating from the Office of Education have increased in number and scope. Since 1966, data have been collected from individual colleges and universities by the Higher Education General Information Survey and the successor, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. These survey systems allow for extensive data checks and imputations for nonrespondents. Response rates are generally quite high, over 90 percent, for most survey components. All of the data in this report are for institutions of higher education only. Institutions which do not offer a program creditable towards an associate or higher level degree are excluded. Another problem in the compilation of historical statistics of higher education is the double counting of data for some institutions. Until 1916, the tabulations of the Office of Education were built largely around the various professional curricula, with the result that in many instances the data of a professional school within a university were included both in the overall tabulations of universities and colleges and in those of the profession involved. With the inception of the Biennial Survey of Education in 1918, the emphasis in tabulation was shifted to the administrative organization, and the data relating to certain professional schools were so tabulated that any possible duplication was identifiable without too much difficulty. Since 1932, the Office of Education has maintained a master list of all institutions in the Nation; thus, the problem of duplicate tabulation is no longer important. Institutions reporting include universities, colleges, professional schools, junior colleges, teachers colleges, and normal schools, both privately and publicly controlled, regular session. The figures for institutions represent administrative organizations rather than individual campuses, i.e., a university operating one or more branches away from the main campus is counted as one institution. Beginning in 1969–70, or as noted, figures for institutions represent individual campuses. The branch campuses are counted as individual units according to their length of program. There is some (undeterminable) underreporting in the earlier years. Since 1946, this underreporting has been corrected by the use of estimated reports prepared from secondary sources for nonrespondent institutions. The term ‘‘junior college’’ is used comprehensively to designate all institutions, of whatever curricular organization, which offer at least 2 but fewer than 4 years of college-level work immediately beyond high school. Faculty figures include full-time and part-time faculty members. No attempt has been made to systematically evaluate these services on a full-time equivalent basis. Faculty figures also include the administrative, instructional, research, and other professional personnel. Resident instructional staff, however, excluded administrative and other professional personnel not engaged in instructional activities. Table 24.—Enrollment in institutions of higher education, by sex, attendance status, and type and control of institution: 1869–70 to fall 1991 Table 25.—Enrollment in institutions of higher education, by state: 1869–70 to fall 1990 Source: U.S. Department of Education (Office of Education), 1869–70 to 1915–16, Annual Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, various issues; 1917–18 to 1945–46, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, various issues; and Fall 1946 to 1990, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various editions. The term ‘‘degree-credit enrollment’’ refers to students whose current program in an institution of higher education consisted wholly or principally of work which was creditable toward a bachelor’s or higher degree, either in the student’s own institution or by transfer to another institution. Table 26.—Number and professional employees of institutions of higher education: 1869–70 to 1991–92 Source: U.S. Department of Education (Office of Education), 1869–70 to 1915–16, Annual Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, various issues; 1917–18 to 1943–44, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, various issues; and 1961–62 to 1990, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various editions. An institution of higher education is authorized and currently offering either a 2-year or 4-year degree or credit transferable to such an institution leading to such a degree. In addition, such an institution must be accredited by an agency recognized as a valid accrediting agency by the Secretary of Education. Methodology 105 Table 27.—Number of permanent colleges and universities founded before 1860, by decade of founding and by state Source: U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), ‘‘Institutional Characteristics of Colleges and Universities,’’ unpublished tabulation. The Department of Education has maintained a data file on the characteristics of colleges and universities, which includes a founding date for each higher education institution in the country. An analysis was conducted based on the 1980–81 data file to find the number of colleges founded prior to the Civil War. According to the tabulation, some 381 of today’s colleges existed prior to 1860; however, some were probably not providing college-level education during that time period. This estimate seems to give a reasonable measure of the number of institutions that existed prior to 1860. The 1860 census reported that there were 467 colleges which, after allowing for closures gives some credibility to the figure of 381 permanent colleges. Table 28.—Degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by sex and level: 1869–70 to 1989–90 Table 29.—Bachelor’s degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by field of study: 1959–60 to 1989–90 Table 30.—Master’s degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by field of study: 1959–60 to 1989–90 Table 31.—Doctor’s degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by field of study: 1959–60 to 1989–90 Table 32.—First-professional degrees conferred by institutions of higher education in dentistry, medicine, and law, by sex: 1949–50 to 1989–90 Source: U.S. Department of Education (Office of Education), 1869–70 to 1952–53, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, Statistics of Higher Education, biennial issues, and unpublished data; 1953–54 to 1989–90, Digest of Education Statistics, annual issues. National Research Council, Commission on Human Resources, Washington, D.C., Doctorate Records File. The first-level degree (designated as ‘‘bachelor’s or first professional’’) is defined as the first degree granted upon completion of a course of study in a given academic field. The degree must be based on at least 4 years of college work or the equivalent thereof. The same classification (namely, ‘‘first level’’) is given to a degree, e.g., LL.B., regardless of whether the degree is based on 7 years’ preparation or less; and regardless of whether the student had previously earned a degree in another field. The firstlevel degree is ordinarily a bachelor’s degree, but important exceptions occur in certain of the professional fields. The second-level degree is a degree beyond the first level but below the doctorate; ordinarily, a master’s degree. The doctorate (the highest level of earned degrees) includes such advanced degrees as Ph.D., Ed.D., D.Eng., and Dr. P.H.; it includes only earned degrees, not honorary. Although the first medical school in the United States was established in 1765, the accuracy of data recorded for years prior to 1900 is questionable. Inspection and classification of medical schools was initiated by the American Medical Association Council on Medical Education in 1904; by 1929, there was only one unapproved school. As far as the data permit, only approved medical and basic science schools are included. Before the founding of the first dental school in 1840, dental work was done by medical doctors or by persons who were self-taught or apprentice-trained. By 1880, most states required dental practitioners to be dental school graduates. The Doctorate Records File is a virtually complete source of data about persons receiving doctorates since 1920. This survey was used as a source of data on the average length of time required to earn a doctor’s degree. The doctoral degrees reported are those earned at regionally accredited U.S. universities and include such degree titles as Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.), etc. Professional degrees such as Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.), and Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.) are excluded. Table 33.—Current-fund revenue of institutions of higher education, by source of funds: 1889–90 to 1989–90 Source: U.S. Department of Education (Office of Education), 1889–90 to 1919–10, Annual Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, various issues; 1919–20 to 1959–60, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, various issues; 1961–62 to 1963–64, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education Finances, and unpublished data; 1965–66 to 1979–80, Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education, various issues; and 1980–81 to 1989–90, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues. Total current-fund revenue represents funds accruing to, or received by, higher education institutions, usable for their recurring day-to-day activities. Educational and general revenue are those available for the regular or customary activities of an institution which are part of, contributory to, or necessary 106 Methodology to its instructional or research program. These include salaries and travel of faculty and administrative or other employees; purchase of supplies or materials for current use in classrooms, libraries, laboratories, or offices; and operation and maintenance of the educational plant. Income from students’ tuition and fees represents funds (matriculation, tuition, laboratory, library, health, and other fees, but not charges for rooms or meals) regularly paid by students themselves or for them by their relatives or philanthropic groups. Endowment income is derived from invested funds. Only the income of the endowment funds is to be used for the current purposes of the institution. If funds are merely temporarily placed in the endowment fund, the right to withdraw them being reserved by the donor or the governing board of the institution concerned, they are known as ‘‘funds functioning as endowment’’ and are not subject to the principal of ‘‘once endowment, always endowment.’’ Private gifts and grants are voluntary contributions from philanthropically minded individuals and organizations to the various institutions of higher education. Sales and services of educational activities and of organized activities related to them are frequently referred to briefly as ‘‘related activities.’’ The term includes all the incidental earnings of an institution, such as sales of livestock or dairy products of an agricultural school; tuition and other income of a laboratory school, a demonstration school, or a museum; fees for care at a medical or dental clinic; and other income of this nature derived from services directly connected with the instructional program of the institution. Student-aid funds are funds having to do with the provision of scholarships, fellowships, prizes, and student-financed aid of any type not involving employment by or repayment to the institution. Studentaid funds may be lent to students to help them defray their expenses while in school. Other sources of income include annuity and plant funds. Annuity funds are funds acquired subject to the condition that the recipient institution pay a stipulated sum of money annually or at other regular intervals to a designated beneficiary or beneficiaries, not necessarily the same person as the donor. These payments continue until the death of the beneficiary (the last beneficiary, if more than one), at which time the principal of the fund becomes the property of the institution. Plant funds are funds which have been or are to be invested in buildings, grounds, furniture, scientific equipment, or other permanent physical property of the institution. Real estate held for direct educational or auxiliary use by the institution is thus part of the plant-fund group. Income from auxiliary enterprises and activities includes income of dormitories, dining halls, cafeterias, union buildings, college bookstores, university presses, student hospitals, faculty housing, intercollegiate athletic programs, concerts, industrial plants operated on a student self-help basis, and other enterprises conducted primarily for students and staff and intended to be self-supporting without competing with the industries of the community in which the institution is located. The other account of an institution of higher education includes income which is either so incidental in its nature, so irregular in its frequency, or so minor in its amount as to make its classification difficult or impractical. The most common types of other income are probably (1) interest on current funds; (2) rent of institutional property for noninstitutional purposes; (3) transcript fees of students; (4) library fines; and possibly other minor items. Table 34.—Current-fund expenditures and educational and general expenditure per student of institutions of higher education, by function: 1929–30 to 1989–90 Source: U.S. Department of Education (Office of Education), 1929–30 to 1959–60, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, various issues; 1961–62 to 1963–64, Higher Education Finances, and unpublished tabulations; 1965–66 to 1989–90, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, various issues. Expenditure data were not tabulated for all institutions of higher education until 1930. Prior to that time, they were collected from land-grant institutions and teacher-education institutions only. Other professional schools and non-land-grant institutions were omitted from the surveys. Organized research expenditures cover research programs of sufficient magnitude to warrant carrying them separately in the finance budget. Plant operation and maintenance expenditures include wages of janitors and other caretakers; cost of fuel, light, trucking of materials about the campuses, and repairs to buildings; and other costs connected with keeping the physical plant in good order. Expenditures for conducting laboratory or demonstration schools, medical-school hospitals, dental clinics, home-economics cafeterias, agricultural-college creameries, college-operated industries, and other activities closely connected with the instructional program but not actually integral parts of it are frequently referred to briefly as ‘‘related activities.’’ Extension and public service expenditures cover correspondence courses, radio and television courses, adult study courses and other non-degreecredit courses, institutes, public lectures, cooperative extension in land-grant institutions, radio and television stations, and similar media for carrying the Methodology 107 work of an institution beyond its traditional and customary campus activities. Table 35.—Value of property and endowment, and liabilities of institutions of higher education: 1899–1900 to 1989–90 Source: U.S. Department of Education (Office of Education), 1919–20 to 1957–58, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, various issues; 1959–60, Statistics of Higher Education-Receipts, Expenditures, and Property, 1959-60; 1961–62 to 1963–64, Higher Education Finances; 1965–66 to 1985–86, Digest of Education Statistics, 1992; and 1986–87 to 1989–90, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), ‘‘Finance’’ survey, survey data files. Data represent moneys received and spent by higher education institutions for expanding their physical holdings (land, buildings, equipment of various sorts) held or utilized primarily for instructional, recreational, or student residence purposes. Real estate held and operated for investment purposes is not included. Property data represent value of all permanent or quasi-permanent assets which include lands, buildings, and equipment; funds held for investment purposes only (the income from such funds being available for current use); funds subject to annuity or living trust agreements; and funds the principal of which may be lent to students to help defray their liv- ing expenses or tuition bills. The term ‘‘fund’’ is used in its accounting sense of cash or other valuable assets (real estate, bonds, stock certificates, and other evidences of ownership or equity). Table 36.—Gross domestic product, state and local expenditures, personal income, disposable personal income, and median family income: 1940 to 1991 Source: Gross domestic product, state and local expenditures, personal income and disposable personal income, 1940 to 1991, Executive Office of the President, Economic Report of the President, February 1992. Median family income, 1947 to 1989, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, series P-60, No. 174; and 1990, Bureau of the Census, News Release, December 30, 1991. Table 37.—Gross domestic product deflator, Consumer Price Index, education price indexes, and federal budget composite deflator: 1919 to 1992 Source: Gross domestic product deflator, Consumer Price Index, and federal budget composite deflator, 1919 to 1992, Executive Office of the President, Economic Report of the President, February 1992. Education price indexes, Research Associates of Washington, Inflation Measures for Schools and Colleges, various issues.
Source Exif Data:
File Type : PDF File Type Extension : pdf MIME Type : application/pdf PDF Version : 1.2 Linearized : Yes Create Date : 1998:02:17 12:41:41 Producer : Acrobat Distiller 2.0 for Windows Modify Date : 1998:02:18 09:16:15 Title : 120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait Author : National Center for Education Statistics Page Count : 115 Page Mode : UseOutlinesEXIF Metadata provided by EXIF.tools