AD 742_965_Software_Simulation_of_the_Minuteman_D17B_Computer_Mar72 742 965 Software Simulation Of The Minuteman D17B Computer Mar72

AD-742_965_Software_Simulation_of_the_Minuteman_D17B_Computer_Mar72 AD-742_965_Software_Simulation_of_the_Minuteman_D17B_Computer_Mar72

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AIR UNIVERSITY
UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

L

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
SNATIONAL.

TCHNICLa.
INFORMATiO SERVIC
so

0.w va

-lWUSUrl-PAMISON

=21W

AIR FORCE BASEN

...

4--AL

Oct

4L

AIR UNIVERSITY
UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
womduced by

NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
SpringftleM, Va.

WRIGHT-PATTERSON

Best Available Copy,,

22151

AIR FORCE BASE, OHI

,.

l

Unclassified

[

DCtU'1ET CONTROL OATA

Air Force frnstitutc of Tehooj(l
Weight..Patterson AM,~

ioh

-

t&I

)

Unclassified1

45lo

Soft-wae Sioulatilon of thie Xnutezzn P1?3 CoaputerJj
AFIT Shesis
Bruce Chattertom

I1j

ifparmh 19072
64A

T oa

200

T.-ioc~a

r~i.A

iree~or otI

b1;hs be-. zgprowe& for VWi~.c release

its dsiu~'nis

and =1eo

IRL

-ý%n

-z'%

=Llizeited.

F;iTI-

----A sof tiam re ge haz btaen
-wi
-hich slailates t3 fwo-ltiomns of thie r-irntte=--n D17?. C .zpte,' a-S the :-c~istE-r tZMES-1-e level.
Vie sinulation pror~zn is wi~rttem in the FC3b
Extendzd laengwage
to~ be used

system,

on thie Intercom Syctem (teleltype-)

The simulation pr-ogr-a

eighbt subrcutirnes.

of

a CO

"W0

co-qmter

co-s-Ists of a r~ain m'ogras and

A jmfrcjraring luangtag

for the D173 similationI

msc formded ulich contcAns nuambeasPrA ]-cad~ ccdezs wrdtches, an&
uiiscellaneous coimnzis.
£cc
i
r
tmruon the siziualated co2puter have been Includ-ed

D

to shosDU the tpsof

output aval(.ble.

D
4L1-

I

.

-

L'nclasiricd
4.
m
__________________________________________________________

OLC

?

a0.E

-

4

Coaputer 3izulation
Digital Caapater
SimulatioL Lges
FTAM
Pz'ogra,mg
D17B Couputer

*!

-

SOLE

--

-

-

-

-

-

-

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Unc1.ss1?j
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7-

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IIUm.A-MD173 C(XPUTM

P~sete~to tkle Facul~ty Of t~l

I

Schmf-rzt!1-ainmeizg
of -the Air Force InstItmete o.fP Tecmbology
Air rmdveSit7
in Plx-4-.

Pu,,ifllent of the

Rere.es

c,~nth~re

of

IFASzer o1f Scienice
by

Brc
m~ttertzu, B.S.LE.Z
USA)'
Captain

*~Rm

1

Graduate Electrical 2MgineerIxg

Sthis

Jzaich 1972

doctism-t bas been ap?-oved fowl pubAic

release an& sale:

it&s cdstrib-ritionIs unmliaitd

I

I

I

I

GE/EE/72-7

ultS

me contents of this thesis represent-the

of doin a softnre siu=0tion of the Minutemn D1?B
Conputer.

The D_17B compater is a general-purpose computer

which was used in the control of the

iM tema

Nissile.

Mds coppater is baing Iftased out of Air Force lnrventol7,
ani

as a result of being declared excess, It is being nde

The Air Force Lns-t-itute of Technology Electrical

tutions.

Depa

SEnginear.4ig

týý ha

dn.

c

acquired t•w of these

bas be=n started at AnIT to zake the D17B

S~Research
Compute

operational In a leboratory, nt

develop aPrpicsti-.s.

ail

to

"Mie voft-re sin-lation is a part

Of this research e-fort.

The other ar-ea being paure

at

the present tMe are the desiSn and constrction of a hardwar. control c•.sole,

the design and construction of an I/O

Interface for cmtrolling a tape rczder, tape pinch, amd
teletype, and a description of the DIRB conputer az
steps to be folloved In rai

the

it operational.

I vmnt to express zw appreciation to Dr. Frank If.
Bromn and Dr. Gary B. lan-_t for proposing the sMLa•tion
ProVMUas
8

n area of research and for their

advisors for this proJect.

Special a

prse

as

nt1ovl
is due

Bob Hitchell, a Systes vn-ineer from fiemtr Air Force
Station, Ohio, for the Lo ledge an

docu sntatlan

he has i.-rtedl to this research vroject.

11

I an also

hicdh

i

GE/EE/?2-7
-

gmteful to the other fce,

studets who me

In this area for their help in wnderstatii

doiUg research

the opgrati•a

of the D17B commtar.
DBram Chatter-nl

..

It

I

;I

ii

GE/Y4E/72-7

Preface

e

List Of Figures.

*

6

.

AhesiCt

0

.

*.

0404

0

.e .

00

..

.

. *..

. 0.

ej

040

00*0

Gemeral D173 Description

7

--

.. ..

i

Ce0

. . .

2

.

on-Go~ulte "locde Section

CoznteIBode Section

vi

-v -z ;I:

.1. ...

&

Sbrout-Imas~ ~~.*

26

SifuoutineU LW3D
Subroutin.-e ia-Gsro

a**~*
..

Subroutine DISTFIA.

*.

27
28

*

*.*V

0

***2

Sifartoyjti'oa
nraee

31

Awibiem. znd~ Load. Cod"8*...
Sui~teles
a .
&04
0
0

39

606

pwalite
O1ca
nssitch
Cold-Storagee Write Sb-.Itch

S

M~Iiscefl~mamao

.

.126.

.

.njt*e
.

.

.

.

**as15

0...
.

.

"~Cecution specification:

C 'tins
Fipvo

43

6
*,,

iiipvzs anCO3aS
PA

Di~screte
Miode Traclrg
..

0'1

42

Discrete .i-dtch .**..6 . .
flochp*nica I=z-t swuitch ....
*1

4

0
.

.

.

.

.

.

.

4?

.9

50

GE/Eg/72am7

S

ftM*l

oga

*fibýa

4

Ekrammle PreExa~Pie
ojra-z

. . . o ..

3
Ntber1
Is'-mbar 2

a.

.

.

*

:0

o.. .
.
.

. .

Rrcanile ir-r~aa I'iz-bar 5I -o o e. o. o.

66-

66

.

81

a

.8

g
93

Rmazle Progr

A

~V1.

Conclusion~f

.a

0

.*a

a

a

o... e-.:&.

Reo~~e~at-1ons for PutI-,e, Study
.

ftl~iogz'ahy

Appendix A:

..

Irrfltont

a

os
of

94a*
aa

.aaaa

Simulatico11 ro

A-ia

ad Codes

B-I

*

Dlscr'et~,

..

C: Pi-

96

0 0

-am

andL DI
P173
ApPendir B: DIP~ I~t-.,t~cn
for Imt-er-araty,
App~~ixC: ? ,as
App=Af

a 0 *

...

Appendix D): Iimatrumtdiom- far-, UZIM- t~he simiaution
VI

aa

a

a. 0

0

a

a

0

0

A

0

Op-

9

GE/Eg/72-7
US

.

S.srctos

2

3

4
5-'

*

-i

6

7
8

RE

00

000

00

0s

Veitcha Diagrc-s of~Chame1 Addresses and P~ag
ftoi'e and Lo4ad Codes *
* * *
* * * *

e

1

.

1it

Correlaticm bat~ieen )iiamtellan and F(QIMh
d~eig..
mtIon for Sactor Track and fluti-vord Loops.
~D17? Co~pater Siuulatiou ftmgrm_ Flow
.
.
=ee1n
T~ranslationi Sectca Flowchart

Sm~ch Interpretation Fo~hr-~
....
Ii200llaIeu Inpuat and. Co.-m-n Flowebart
fian-Con-mte flode Section Flowchar't
*
0
*
0

10 P"ýs Co~eho~e
12

Discrete tp

13

B

tpus..

loachart

13
14

...

16

..

1
18

:H3:::::::

sj:9m7

*

0

*

a

21

22
2

6

*

*

1PWe
Outputs***

14'-IeeO t ACI m.....

*.*

C-iL
C-2

-

Abstract
A software program has been uritten wh

-timulates

the functiona of the linutemn Di173 copuater at-he register
transfer level.
PO
%I'

The siulation rmo-raa is written In the

U Extended lapsrage to be used on the Intercom System

(teletype) of a C.W 6600 copter system.

t.

4

The sim:

ation

proram of the D17B computer ims developed at the Air Force
Institute of Technology as pert cf a research effort In
aking a D1)1r oapeaUonal

in a

albor-atory enviro.m

sizulation pmogras has pro-ten itelf

It

2he

useful as a teachig

aid sad can be used for er-ror check1in
run on the D173 computer.

t.

pnra

tapes to be

can also be used as a standard

for the hardvare version of t.e cm--;tepr.

The situlation

Sprogran

contists of a =in po-ram- z=1 eight subroutines.
The min proq--r
consists of a reading and translation section i•hch reads and interprets in-_t data, a nonconpute
mode section -ich iup

1

ts the loading and Interaction

functions, and a coupute Eode section which 1ple~ents the
search, read and write =zxnry, and execute fmotions.

A

pAinv lan-uae for the D1I75 sialatlon program was
formed ihich contains nudbers and load codes, switches, and
miscellaneous cowz.

The rdsceml3ansus conds; include

such functions as register display, ne-ory display, mode
tracing, and setting of flipflops.

Example program rim

on the sinulated computer bave been included to show the
types of output available.
•

Tt1

SOFWARE SIMLATION
fOF

THEUTTMAND17B CMUE

!,

IoIn~.~t•_on
The Purpose of this thesis Is to describe the software
simulation program of the iinutemn Dl7B computer that has
been developed,

Az software siculatior of the D17B computer

was developed as part of a research- effort at the Air Force
Institute of Technology. T-is ras-arch effort was concerned
witth finding useful aplcations foT

the D17B coqputer.

There are several reasons Vhy a simulation of the D17D
computer was written.

(--

T-bils prog•--n can be used In teaching

the operation of the D17B conlrater.

It can also be used

as backup capability for ru-mzug DI?B Programs td= the
actual computer is not available. T.-e most important reason,
hower, is that the simUation program can provide error
checks for the D7

promgmms

hich it executes.

The .iard-

ware version of the D17B co-Iputer has no error checking
caimbllity.
The simulation program was written to si-ulate the
D17B computer at the register ftansfer level.

A register

transfer approach was used because It alowed the D17B
couputcr to be sim-ulated at the intforation and data transfer level.

Thus it was not necessary to sinulate the logic
equations required to clear and set each flipflop. Using
th,.

register transfer approach also allou's for the tracing
1

11 li I•1 -1.. . i.... H I
•".......ii
I . ......
II iII....
•11

l .7

1A

GE/EIE/7-2-7
flow In the simflated computer as data
of the information1

0

Vith this inforatIon

Is loaded and propmus executed.

tracIng capability, the simflatiom program can be used as

i

a teachIMg aid.
Generl PUB DescripIon..
syncbronous,

The D17B coputer is a small,

serial, general-purpose diggital computer.

It

as design•d to be used in airborne catrol applications
and was used In controllizig the guidance and operatic. of
XizLnute=n
Nissil•.

chactrstics

This copiter has severalT

of uhich the ollong are

uderstandin- of the sinulation propa.
1.

Whcm the D173 ocipar is eecut,

operations re controlled by a

or

;in -tant

t to an

(Ref 6:5-6)
all

computer

intcrmny stored program

This stored proo=- can bs entered by eternal iput duvices
(tape reader, teletype, control console switches. etc.).
2.
The word length for this computer Is 27 bits, of

which 24 are used In cowupuatation.

The resianing9 3 bits are

bits and thus we
spare and sys %croizing
simulation progrea.

not needed in the

For this reason the word lengh is

treated as 24 bits throughout the remander of this thesis.
3.
rpm

The uea=7 storage capability consists of a 6000

agn•tic disk with a stoe-nge capacity of 2985 words of

tehich 2728 are addressable.

The contents of nemoy inclde

20 cold-storage channels of 128 sectors (words) each, a hot.storage channel of 128 sectors, four rapid access loops (U,F,
E,H,) of 1, 4, 8, a=d 16 wmords respectively, four 1-word

C:

al-arithoetic loops (A-,L, ,J,),

•
a!A two '-word-

nput buffer

2

CE/EE/72-7
loops (V,R).

Stions

Cold-storage channels are those maeory locam-

which allow data to -e stored only when they are

enabled by an extermal switch.
from Cum at all

tin-es.

However, data can be read

Hot-storage channels can be used

for storing and rweding of data withwut an enabl

switch.

A loop cnsists of a word or group of uords which are coitlnusllY read ana stored on the disk as it

turns.

loop would be read and stored each vordtze.

A 1-word

For a 4-word

loop, each word is read and stored In four wordtiaes, an
8-word loop is read end storea in eight -voidties.---A wordtine is the asount of tlxe require& to serially read and
store the 24 bits oX a word.

All portions of meior

described

here have been imn-eued in the simlation proo-aa.
4.

The D173 computer parlorios ce-puta-tiLons using the

binary mnt,-sr zyste!- •ith nz
-- ative nunberz b•iJr
in two's co-plenent form (Sig

represented

plus two's coaplee-_ant).

5. l-e instruction set for this coaputer consists of
39 instrwctions.

The m

tewnic
and octal coding for each

astruation is given in Appendix B.
instruction set is

Also included with the

the number of wordtims required for the

ezecutimn phase of ezch instaruticn.

6.

The input capability of the DiT73 compter includes

acceptance of detector, discrete, increiemtel, and character
inputs.

The detector input sets the DR (detector reset)

flipflop to "1" whn a true level is put on the detector
Input 11--e.

Discrete inputs are trut or false Levels un

the d1scr~te iup!ut lines.

Increzental inputs a"

3

sampled

GE/EE/72-7
inputs that are incrementally a4dde to the input buffer

C

loops (V,R).

Character inputs are five bit codes generated

by a teletype or tape reaer and transferred to the D17B
on the character input lines.
7.

The out-its that can be realized from the D17B

cmputer am bi.ary, discrete, single character, ilase
register so-,atus, telemeetr7, emd voltsage outputs.

Binay

outputa are coputer generated levels of +1 or -1 available
on Ate binary outpat hlnes.

A discrete output is a true

level which is put on one of 28 discre-e-output lines.only
one discrete output line en be at the true level at a tine.
Single characeter Is a ccm-_vter generated f ive bit code of
the 4 most signiflcant bits of the accaalator plus a parity
bit.

!he character ouleqat Is nade a;•,-,.ble on output lines

for drivlcode

a elet-pe,

out,=.t device.

ate

p
ch,
orsome other character
F-w-se res-ister status Is the condition

of the paeregister flipf lops which is available for mont toring an outpuJt lines.

Telemetry output Is the bit config-

mration of registers or voltage signals availabea
put 1

for trnsmission to telemetry equipment.

ouVoltage

output Is a cosputer generated analog voltage corresponding
to portions of the accuoulator contents which is made available an output lines.
8.

Special featcrs of the D17B coa'mter inillde

flag store, split--word arith=-etic, and zininized access

(

tning.

Flag store provides the capability of storing the

present contents of the accumwlator

thile executing th-

GE/EE/722-7
next Instruction. Split-word arithmetic Is used in perarttbtetio operations on both halves of a split

0forming

word at the same tize.
of 11 bitso

A split word on the D17B consists

K2ninized access tining is the placing of

Instructions and data in awwry so that they are avaliable
with u1inum

delay from the disk

emwry.

In order to have the DI7B coiwter simalation program
simulate the actual co-pu-er as closely as possible, all of

the foregoing characteristics have been Included-

As a

result of this sinilarity, the. siminulaXI&Firon shows
promise for usefulness as a standard for an operational
D17B computer.

By comparing the results of a test program

provided as input to both the 1---auare and softwam versions,
register 2nd ins trtion
execution rlfunetions in the
hardmare ver.icn can b- detected.
The D17B computer can be loaded
frou punched tapes.

uith progra

and data

Ehe proran and data are plmched onto

the tape by a tape punch and a tape reader la used to
enter tYts info-=tion into the D17B computer.

The sIzu-

lation pogra- is extre- ly helpful In the preparation of
these program tapes vhich are to be read into the DITB
computer.

Mie simulation progras has the capability of

reading the sane Pumched tapes for input data as are used
In loading the D17P coaptcr.

The slnnulation program tells

In the prepaation of progrzm tapes by detecting and loca"

ting Invalid symbol.Piunched on the tape and by deusoda

the pro,7an Instructions.

To~e sioulaticri progran

als

s

a

GE/Eg/7Z2w7
the caphbllity to detect addresses
tht,

Infeaz7)
incalw

ame out of raaro of the Present pm'grm bigriM,

These capabilitiez Lhave saimo~

the D173B capputer alauation
-

Prograa to be very useful.
Thesis RN-1-ins.

Chapter II or this thesis owatains a de-s-.

cription of the strucur

aM oirganiiticm ot the sizua~tion

Progmam.

fte funictions per-Po1=id b'y the min proman and
~subroutines are dice =csed and a description of the 7ariables

*

I

used 1n mriting the simlwaaioa pro
III~ contain

a dewcriptioxl

rm 3gi.-PApe

the sulwAstion laingume iutach

0f

Is used as input data for tie s9usto

1rogr=a.

Methods

for crest~ng reogras to bs ran an the sirmlated, compiter

*

ars gi.-va Emd a M~tb%-,* for creat-ing a shortened vwer.ion of

-

the blimi-ation 1-N%-muag

is prescnted., Chapte-r IV conita~32s

~a listing of the error statenents provided by the simulation

-

PrOgram.

CL'pter V acostains exam~ple progmas %Mhch ftve

been ruM an the

I

is'ula ted. coptr

Several proSS=m axe

liUsted which show the types of output that are available from
the sinuuition progran.
ter aund oota~nau re~

Chapte-- VI Is the coamiuluiing chapw
ations for additions to the siuu-

latiou Promrm to enlarge its capabilities,.
Four appendixes are inclizkA with this the,3is to
provide additional inormation and clarification r& the DinB
COM2Nte10 SiLI~uation description. Appendix A contain %

J
I

listing of the simulation progaa.

-

-

Appsndix B "La a can.

Pilation. of the D17-R Ir..tructicai set, and &. liat11t3 =A
description of the D17B load codes.

6

Apppndiz C contaiin

figurea. for.aterprevin2g the simulation prOgrau output

results for bfr.-y, discree, and voltage outputs.

Appezdix

D supplies Information for using the D17B simalation program

at AfIT.
of the
t

Also inoluded in Aunendix D is a c

en-e

listing

l• •iaaticin lnguagge.

The descrint-on of the D1?B con-puter simaulatin progpram

presented in this thesis assumes the reader has a basic Imowling

ledge of the DI7B conputer and the procedures for
lt.---No attempt is

mae to describe the DIB computer or to

describe D1173B p1ogrzasmn

neethods.

FoG-nLermation Voncem-

ing thtse areas, t-he reader should refer to references I and
References 4,

-

-

5, 7, and S are the rm

information u!ze-' in iiia;the
erencc 4 is a tr-xainir

'n-a1
-

sources of

si-mlattion prograz2.

lefý-

for the D1? co=. ter UihIch

describes the i motons and operations of the computer.
Reference 5 is a collection of figures which show pictor!I

•ally the D173 fumnt.ons end operations.

Reference 7 is

an engineering rarial with a function breakdown of the

logic eqmtions end timinog diagrams of the computer
operations.
contairnin

computer.

. 1.
IL

Reference 8 is
all

an Air Force Tecbnical Manual

the logic. equations iplemented on the DIB

GE/FS/72-7

This chapter describes the organzatias•-strcture
of the D17B computer simulation program.

In writing the

simulation yogram, tbhe plan *was to simulate the actual
computer as closely zs possible.
between the actual
makes it

This close correlation

cr-uter and the simulat•

prograu

possible for a user to use both the computer and

simulation program using only one set of progrma
niques.

ng tech-

Hocever, there are several- areas in the siuxzition

progrm
nhers

a quasi-Mimlation approach uas used.

The

quasi.-sm!ulation approach uses the same register Inputs
and generates the sa-e re.sats, bat the methods of obtainr g the results diffcr.

C

In p-e-nr.•.ng to irite

the sl-,laticn program, several

computer sinulation Ig,&,ges were sti-Aied,

the predominant

one being the Cox-•ute.- Design Lanwp.e (CDL) developed at
the University of

•aryln-d.

This lansLuge consists of

coOPUter elem-ets (register,
is

described in the first

•EAory,

coumters, etc.) and

five chapters of reference 2.

Portions of the DI3 coGpiter simiuation program Vere
ten in COL, but becauie of the

xnavailablI.ty of a CDL

cowAler, a transfor.ation to the FVTM
The siw-0ation progran is

rLit-

langug

um mde.

mritten in the FoRTmN

fttended Language to te run on the Intercom System (teletype) of a CDC 6600 Cosputer syst4m.
the simidation prqo~aa at AFI'I

Instruotios for us-rg

are contained in Appe:iUx D.

Appendix A is a listing of the similation procram.

8

GE/EE/72-7
The DIT3 computer has several. codes and addresscs
wbich it decokcs. and uses i.n locdiner Pnd exe.,citthn

a program.

harnatijh 'Napo (icitch diiagrranis) of' the op3ration -codes,
flair store eodle-;, lotcld codc's, anft chs~nnol ad~dreS.Ses are
sho-*m in Fijzc.

1 anOd 2.

'A2hcsc codes and addresses appear
T~ho oparation code is a

in thc com-puteor in bina~ry formi.

f'our bit codo v~oO to db termrine the11.
ex:ccutcd.

1111

instruction to be

flcag- ztoirc code is a three bit code which

dctmad~ncT, .Ihere flerg st-ore wi-li t-.te olace.
codes are five bit codes usea in
co~mptter.

d~a~-itthe

The load.
--

An instru~ction nd1drcss is a Oevean bit code
thic sector location of the next instruc-

whfich

ctr~:

tion.

¶iho instx-uction ch;annel adress can o-nly bc channged

usjin- a `UrCM'c-for

(by

ins'truction.

is a t2.ebit1 ccde i~hicw'

A nvsbor adareoss

consists of' a. five bit channel

des ignatlon, v&ia a neven bit sector location.
1?OrL~~inSt-rUctions

clo not oyperate on bintary data, a cor-

relation bot-.7ean the oper'ation code,
coile,

flag store code, load

instruction nddress, ancl nu-mber address of' the D17B

comput'Cer aned a nu-Irber~ in the FC')Rl'PAA
made.

Because

prog.ram had to be

This rolationship vwas rade by tntking each, codeo or

address Cand oh ingin- the binary representation to its
equivralent doecirIVO. i'eprosanta'ti.on.

The deciimaIl represent-

ation 'vCas thon usocl vts t~ha dcsl griition f'or the code or
acidra:.!,P in tho
in

XAiy

'ow;ram.

Includled, on the cliarranis

'IU,;.-. I aI-'1; P. Mr0 the 1iAMrWy M'cnrostationq the
cjua~.-oc~ ~'c'rc: t~io

ind. the 1-'GRTIC.d

desigmation.

GVE//72-7
Operation Codes

(C.;)

(111

0%

Y-S~~~!

SAD

O9661- octal Cod*

US

FM
JOftTfAi
besigniletm

!

OIl 1::

MP y
W.

MPM

SMIA

ADD

SUE1

SSu

Oi~uol
S

!W
'(

:

04 X-r-Pec

0;A STO

-R

C

X-Special Instructions
iO
U

(ý:: 1

DOC'

0'):j!
(C."

C

0(

0(1t!
%I
($)

riot 01U
()M )

001

BOB

BOA

VOB

VOA

' , '...HPRI
F

Rso

DOA:

voc

12

IIFC

EFC

-

N
I7

I
t

jLPR

LPR1

C0,1

C3,

I C,

*

LPR

LPR

VI1
IA

DID

0101

0CCo

C

Y-Special Instructions
ONco C C,cý:: j. ýOo!

1:t I
tý

I C c0-¶o) 0011:i

ON-.

--

SAL

ALS

I1

C.

~

SIL

SIR

i~r'

t~j
0"iI"tl1

10

SRfl

C..'

4IS,

SAR

1t?

I

GE/ EE/72-7

Channel Addresses
C3

0C Ocro

L, 02

00
1

0:! 0
20
)

110'.'0
(6&)
U
2

" 17
40

I

02

06

2
c.c'o,)

ci10;1 t

22

26

lizcO.01i
(,2)

Ic(66)

A
2-6
1010 1C0,.,"
42

04

4

C.:

24

0

46"

44
•")

tl

00i 00

16

12

10

Oii

N'IItI

34

16

MUlt
(76)
•E

-

PC
I¢l01

0ttO 10111

(1 )

-..,'.)
,
H
2•

o0 0

oo1

32
30
1
!4
I(72)
1t*1 I . (70)
MOO

35

15

(76.)
(6C.).11":0 Vitio
L
27
I110
IOh
I(oCo0

010101

14

ioioC

N
2-

00111,

?7

3

22

10

I
C2 ttjC

0
O

£U.c:1

(52)
F
:2

E'"
2%

"V
-29- 10100

(5.)
.50
•

C2

Flag Store

Idle

|2

E

i

.v (4.-.....

-C13
.
I

•

e•aucede
leCode
OU81 0.4*t~ai1

F

50

JTeienetr,

L

U

H

SBa

Load Codes
C,

SC.,
S(03)
Ha•i

it
QI:•. 00 (c,'/)
Location

ICO

o,'
W~

Comrput

Enter

J' ( 10
o

0

f .'.,

Verif.y

Fill

.)
D00101

Cleor

Cp,

SFig.

2.

~

tVech Di•ra,'*.w of Ciawnal AddrocsseG and Flag
Storo and Load Codes

j

GE/AE/72-7
A quasi-octal representation of the codes and addresses
can be ria-de by

'

cona'--;"'snd°
Waing the binary reprq,eue,,-.ntion.
I
-.

verting to octal.

is necessary to a.ssume pseudo-zero

It

The quasi-octal represenbits in slpecific aoo.ztiona.
tation is discusscd. in the Dl7fl Computer Programning
was a~so:
Manual (Ief 1:8). '2The samo type of corr.tion

'

used in doei natin- a sector location in thq FOI,_YRA1.i program.

Fig.

sheui,

the corrcl.'ation that- wias made between

the -- loop, .- loop, U-loop, B-loop, H-loop and a spctor

location.--

I

I

The concept; usd in writirqg the simulation program was,
Provide: the same Idata to the

to have the person using it
program as he would if
in the lA-.boratory.

using thý actual! computer

he wcr

The switches must bo turnod to thc

loading

proper positions to a,-,,pi•1

anct

con.butgIg.

The

clata must bc error' free to successfully execute a program.
The type of display (register or memory) is speciflqd by
the user.

The D173 computer simulation program consists of a
The .rniil program is 'a

main program and eight subroutines.

comipilation of thrce distincý "sections each of which ýerforms a major function.

These three sectioAs are the

roading atnd translation cction, the nonco:nputo mod• co4 hows the proL
4.,..
tion, and the co:mip'te node v01tion.
,,ran: flow botwoenl rhone -OCt~iou- of thr, iftai• program and,
tho sitbroutines. ....
'J'ho oi

n~rnz.Iioui

'

,

II

,

nd. ,:lAructure of .•)-ch o01

12I
12

tho.C;

.

6w
ne

'1

GE/EE/72..7

..

.1

,V-LOOP

.

L LOOi

SSCTR"

.

'1 0

001
002
003
0

0

I4. TfAN

1

0

1

0

1

2,

1'
2

2

2

3

1
2

4

1

4

3

4

5
6

4
5

5
6

7

6

7

3

3

1.
1-

4
5

ORT AN

3

o04
005,

5
6

9
1

u006

7

2;

007

8

3

010
011

9

10

0
1

1
2

0
1

1
2

10
11i

1012

11

2

3

2

3

12

-11

,12
13
,14.,

3

• 4'
1
2

3
4
5

4
5
16

13
14
15

12
13

15
• 16:

2

3

,6

7

16

15

4

7

17

17

0

18
,19
20'
21

1
;2
3
0

2

0
1

16
1

1

013
014
""(0 '
"016

017
020
021
022

5

1
2,

2
3

4"

,,'1

i . ". ORTRA,•';
1•14.•d FQ•
)
000

-LOOP

E-LOOP

023
o024

1

2.
"3

::6;

7.
7 "

0
V05

'1

"

1:....8-

•

9
10

14

*2
3
4
5

2
3
4

2
3
4
5

3
4

2
3
*4

0

1

0

1

10

9

I
I

.

170

(1,

,121.

171

122

1

2

1

2

11

10

2

3

2

3

12

it

173

11't2
123
1524,

3

1 4

3

13

.12

174

125

0

1

4

5

14

13

,4

175

'126

1

2

5,

6

15

14

176
17

1.7'
'128

2
3

3
1.'

6
7,

7

16
17

15
16

"•'• , .

3t

'
;
fc.,r
~natioin

O

8

3 .; a.,•lo'.',..l
ndl lhAAW.-Word I,0oo1)11

V0,I

13

GE/EE/72-7

00

00

c

-~I-

E

CL

EE

no-

o

10

Ae

oo

0

-J

000

93

4

~

a.
0
I-I

~
0

J2&
.;

11fe

422-0**

0

GE/ES/72-?
of the main progran win be discussed along with the f

Stiouons

p

orzmed by each of the subroutinen..

-

The v•arlables

used in creatfrg the simulaticn program are also listed with
a sbort desciption of how each is

Readinif, azA T

nSeetci

The reading a-ad trazz-

the tr•n•ls-ter

end Interpreter portion

~

lation section is

used.

of the si=0lation Irogran.

All Input data is red,

inter-

iwetedq. and traslated in this portion of the =In program.
A tranf

er of opmtion to the n-oncowate node or one of

the subrout4bies is

vad

to utilize this data.

The pro-

ra~3ing language accepted as valid 6ata by the stmlation
progran is described in detail

chapter III of this

thesis zAd ivill not be discraced. in tha following, descrimtion of the rc-1ndrt

trcrlaio

section.

The reading and translation section is
located at the t

nn•in

of
th

]-ysically

e sion. ateion prstoua.

When

the sin•nation program is lad-ed for execution, execution

begins *-t the start of this section.

The first output

produced by this section is a headikn

containg the

•

name of the simulation progr=,

the dae, and the tine

at

The remainder of the reed-

the begining o,'voexecuticn.

inga•

trand slation section is

Interpreting, and translatin

responsible for the reading.
of input data.

Input data

Is read as alpabetic or ni-eric characters (]bllerith).
This data is

then interpreted as octal or binary data, a

load code, a switch detigration (set-ing), or a niscellaneous
K

S!

~input or oo=-armd.
E15

The miscellanieous inputs or co=;nds ame

•

G~E/RE72..?

I

F

ILI

GEA/EBI2-7

F

a-as,

Mot

OE

LOn

Q-1-

Fe..

Pi.6

Sic

ntep-avo

l

J-cal

GE/if?2-7

I
--

~

L--z

-1

4T

_________

I

I
I

-.--

____

J"

GVU/E72-7
responsible for a variety or timations whiich Incilue the

0

following:

register and rje=1ory display, discrete data,,

IncreentI data,, setting of flipflops, and mode tracing.
If data is interpreteia as oct-al data,, binary data, or
a load code, a tranhslatioA is r=ade from t~he holler-11h
reekesefltatio!1 tc binary integer data c~msistimE or I's
end 0O--.

Thils binary iterdalan

Is then supplied to the

noracorwiite mode of th-- sirlud-tatiol projzren where it is
utilized.

A switch designation re.~uits In a switch varia1 .ie

bein~g loadad with the designation.

8731-fcellareolr

inpait or

conaand data re~buits In either the sto-I-ng- of input data or
the flazzinrs (settin!: to 1 or 0) ar varizblez iuhich control
progreu flow.
F

harlt

the ora~io

Vie readlmL and t
thru 7.

an& ~.sttm-.ýuO

l~~ser-tioa are sh-s;.n in 71irs.5

Fig. 5 s~xwis the interaction amd in'terpretative

ca~blyox" the sinulatian ppraorap-:
extensions of the flowchart. zls-oio

Figs. 6 *An

in Yi.5

? alre

2nd shoir the

results of Interpretation of switch dasi,-atins eaid Ixter.pretatior- ol' niscellavneot=

inputs an-zi co.-ms

No-Con'.orzte 21,01

This SectiOii of Wse siwiiatinn

1aec-tin'i.

program zi=Lada-tese the nt~ncanrpite zzole of the 017B co~putar.
The nonemoipute raode can bp divided into tvuo cate-c'ries each2
performain-s a m-jor functior.

Theos

coapute load and n4.nco=zrut-a nanload.
fimeat ion corqrisze
'snc bit

one

th
11"

tU-o c:-ýter~oriez are non771e non-cormpute nonload

fol Xo.iirr ncakc.:
;sT-c tit
i9

2;rze:.ýre to operate',

cw~tr2,~laia

at

CE/EHg/r2-7
and gprogrsa haltm.

C

control

Iii the prepare-to-orperate mode, mode

Mlpflops ear~ initialized.

i)uringr syna, -bit counter

1 anCi 2 modes, a synchmnoitzlng be'te-een the clock track bit
counter and the bits of a uord Is z.a-de.

Trhe cmuul halt

sol2e is used Ai\r idling, p-zeparing to load, and preparing to
compute.

The proaram halt mode is entered b7 execution

of~ a progran halt 1-siusrution.

Tin

no-nconpute load JOfunction
aIt 2 , eprepeve to

Is nade up of'
ALthe folla~irz modes:
senpe',

samie codew,

8 I~rity

3 and. Oprocxess code'.
check%

.7%e w~ait rwde is used for idlivdata.

kic

-fa-inu

The prerere to sanple mode is centered when data is

detected on the inwt lines.

In thespe

code aode the

Input data is read.

;.:7e par-it7 chcl =ode Is used. for
t-e tC.-e
T.
c~eclinz the hinz,,ut data for ode- pai-

ý Ac-~

node the input data -i: dccded ani proJ-ýzzed zccordinL to
the deciphered code.
Pini-. 8 Is a flow-h-art of Ithe

,eibich
tczae

showj the pro.-r-an flow- betixen t~m~ze r_-des.

This flowcimrt

uass ured In writing this 1-rt of t~he simulation prqZra=.
Kg.8is dre--m as a_ reitch d'Aai3-ar with t-he node control
Mlpflov ztzt~eu as tliu~
trac~~

hroh

var'Lz%-b~cz.

the nonce:;pute Z~Oi5

-P an aS." in

zection of thee sirni-l~ati~rn

progran, tUse modc- control flipflopz hvve been inclu~ied as

bein- set to r 1 l or ',00.
~iplom~e1~ ~iia1yset,
in. 'Ue C-imlIdatlen

Fnrl.-

In the D~?3 cc rt-,ter Ithese
hcn.,evcr, they war
~1

20

not needed

osf the5 rcq1u1ýst!

tl

GR/AE/72-7

w 4w
0

4___

_

'2

cc

I_
&4c

g

a

at

C.

r

II

00

FI.

a.

2.fI

0

20z

*'

Lcd

21

Flowj

-et-o

;

ON/EE/72-.7

H eA~
PREPARE TO COMPUTE
owedI

SUBKODE

ID=Oc

I

104J

I

o

ws~m

maw

I

j

I0I

£

0

C~O
2 OIDE~

mawK
;oBý"ur4.

-REPAR

TO

LOA
I

S-,~v

S~nw

Kal

Nod
9

FniCh
1

IPROCESSI
CODE

I

OCTAL Data

LOATO

vERIFse S

PassRA

HALT~V

DELETE

'ocs

as"

It-re

~

Jcc

E3

~~cir

that occurs in a W4Rrea'lN yaroj-aa.

TWo adltic~iam

f I.ures,

PigS. 9 mA~ 10 havc been included Yaicn give a -further
bremkdo--m of the rroguy-an flm, in the ~Rnual halt* mods
of nonco-Lpute nonicad and In the 0%rocess core* wede of
noncompute load.
go~t Fcde Seqtjioix.
IW-cgraza siwdaite

tvAc sect'.on of the siumilation

thc ca=-it-- mode of the 1)17B ca=- uter.

The com~pute node consists of moles viblc~ perform fivre
major functions:

snum-ber search-,

Int;9er read",g

"Instruetion-sea~rcn', winstruction reaV,

"-l "executem.

The mnriber search, number read,, instruction sea-ir., arad
Instructio~n read nod-e.s are eq7%xivalent to the "etch cyce-r
associated u-ith otr~her cc-puTLc~rs.

ralent

to th~e ex-ecute cycle.

The execut-e 3ode is equivi

-'uber search

2An

Instunction

search 1ox-tz Vie Eiz t-- =ýz in
Uo~
hj le =-~bar read
and instrumction reazi uodth~e locatca word fr03 memory
into a re~ister.

~Rxcute res-u1ts in the execution of one

of the 39 instruct1.ions In the Instructicn set of the D)175oonputer.
Zrea-

The ccmp~itc uroZ. secition of the siclaltion pr~o-

sas usri tteni usluZ ase a~bove functions.

uAhich shthi

tUe

A flowschart

fr~a
l.= in thne eowxite mode section

is given in ?i-. 11.
S~Oit1~~.

ie sub-outines as-seci'--ted with th.e 017B

compputcr sizmulat o1.

g-ram were -,dofor v1iree purposcs:

Thoze fimctioais i

throu7-.h the po

ui~
ere- ieeded several tints

r~i ere craat'd az stforautines.

)up

RUWLER
S EARCHI

j

READ

It

*

Sr7

:1 1MCT

*mKE

-%I

w KALIH

It
waIe

leLscinFoc-r

OREtfj?2-7

£

Subroutines falling into this category are Subzroutine MOAD,
arid Spubroutine DsPIAY.
subroutine liD
-4-

~2.

£

Those functions uhich are only jalle4 from3 one
wht
dich ars or su~ch importanace

place in the ='An progzram,

and imagnitude that a setmarte lo6ation is beneficial in the
o1¶ganiration of the simulation progran.- Subroutines in this
category are SubroutL.ne STORE., SV..outii~e A'AGS703* and
I

1~7~Y

~~:ubroutlne

-3
qn~ently'.

iTose functions 'Which- ~i.not

be u~sed very fre-

Therefore thn'y could bx-reoe

dX4qtw -sbU-t

program If It *.asdeiterziaedý that t~hey :wvre not really needed.
This wculd res-ult. in z~decreazed nmeory core siize needed fbrexecution of the sioliation, pmZranr.
to Utilize

all201

the i

catez-ory ame Suk.imn
A -ftsori!)t~ica

subroutlmor v&i'1

11-o01ever, to be able

iconZeat Of the

M.:ým

Dip,7 c~tiputler a~d

?nd Subrioutine !;--

of the 1Tunetioni _erfored by

be jiven.

t

ft--

The ordier of exuylzamtioc1 is

the

order of appearance on the progream ]listbig located in

(.&TO) inztý,.uctiors rhich L.tares the UonteinLs of the accxu.ilztor i!.: Zh

n_%i-vy a~dr-ess

the in-.7tritetion re:'isc~e'.

;if en !-n "AtS 12 thiru~l of

A rnor--'sl loaiin;: of m&zory ils

pazrfriaeii for till cN-,an-c1 iacrai 7_-.!onz e±icejit the sir-Lie
ut>rdwr=ezC.Ca1CLnpid
Aell
chames
25I

S

GE/E/72.-7
72;R-lop)
o loopus.

Th

stry-instruction cann~ot stolpe in single

Storage, in ch1,Anels- 70 a~nd 72 provides th~e

D1L7B with real tire control.

*

Storage in chnannel 72 results

in a iiho-le vtord addition -of the accum-ulatow' contents. to
the ad~d essed word of tie: u-Ioop if
flipflop

(FO)~Is 101 Set.

takes pla7,ce.

the fine countdoimn

If F~is 01

set, a nnrmzl store

Stopa-:e in~ cbhannel'.72 resullts in a Ppliz word

addition of the acb.,mThtor contlents to t,-he addressed word
of the H-loop i f i C i s ::0 setr,
it

allozzed."

if PC Is 712 set n.a store

T'hi!;s -broutifie ca:n deteat-errneGUS -vrudh

settins r:hich ter.-Ainate

:ibro'i-.
Ae

the,-ýMpanrt~nt

T-his

r)

~in

the main

P rovides the fun "Aon

of lo"4ainv the cbntecnts' o1r t:ia 6.cuna-or in..o addressed
menor.7 locatio-s,
by

'the area-- or;,ýsnryi tlat can bee loaded

Mhe subrautinne a-ra:

20 cold-s tora~e r-ezory emaxmels

(channels 0-0 thmru 4i.
thostrge
e
e.-017 comp-nel (chan-: nel -50)2 clmn-nel 2(!-o)
cihrannel 54i (F;-loop), channel

56 (F.-boop), am-d chznncrl 60 (U-loop).

7'his subroutime can

also datecit erronieo-tz, s-.idtch settin~;;v:iichq will ter-.minate
the progrnm mim. A~ call Is =-dt t~hissurtiefm
both the non-ou-te --de SectLion and the compute mode section
of the m~in ywo~zra-.
*

j~brranltbieoi'7

This s'wrouin

prraform-s Uthe fumc-

iion of unlbnadin:: zn* ad-essed w-rd of mermory In to the
-

S

-re~as ter.

Te innonm~a ion zun~-.2deAd is' th.en- ved either

*

2?

~

,,.4ct~.,&

-

-

-X

GE/Eg/72-7
as an ins hr!ctlor. or an operard number.

This subroutine

can unload data from all z.Adressable memiory chazzinels

*

Data

unload~ed from c~hainels 7C and 72 is incremenotal data used
*for

real time cont11rol.

if the channmel designation is

either 70 (vI-looP) Or 72 C"'-loop), one of tw:o possible actions
can take p'lFace.

Pcr. ti-e I-loop, if VK (incremental iniput

flipriopl is 102 set then nor-nal un-loading- occurs, houever,
if 4K is *I' set thlen the one's co~plezment of the V7-loop
is iloAded.

The same conditions apply to the Il-loop and

the settings of -_1K (5incre-mntal input 4i

oYThib

-sub-

routine cain*detect out, of range co-nait-ions- for thle coldstore-Sc and hot'--s toraý;c z'erory cliannels.
.ubroutiine ?
tion. of decJip)-,ri=n*

2r.This

subroustine pe:!rfornns the11
fn-

flavr sst-ore location~ bit- (bits 17, 1Sq 19)

of the L-tstructicmrc.ittn and. sterinX Ithe contents of thia..cu~ib-at~or in t~he dci-ohir-ed cba-inmel at tkhe sector addre~s
associatcd -An-the excciti-Aon of the present, instructionz.
The fl.ý. store codes pr~
channels:

efor storinS in tVic

uori

hotU-s tora~e raenory c1-±aniicP~l (channel 50), chrannel

52 (-*--loop),, chv'-anel 54 (!i-loor.). cia-_el 56 (E-loop),
channel 60 (V1

.nd chwirral 6'*. (I-regis ier).

i'Mie

-emainrz tz~o flag stoure possibilities are flag store
tele.-kr;-r

sioal an~d _Clag, store idle.

Stih'wt~i.le DiJVi:ýY.

Cubfroutine2 DI.S.PL*Y provides the

simuPlation pro7ram with the cnapability of displa.7ins the
binn-ry co--rAen2Ls ofl all ra-ist~rz nnd loops.

28

Thnis -jubrow'.'11ne

iGE/EE/72-7,
has wo entry points, 111THY RM1 and EiTRY PRM2.

Entry point

liU1 is called from the readiL: and translation'section of
the main program and performs the function of interpreting
the argments given with the register command.

An argrment

consists of a register designation enclosed in parenthesis
iMlediatelyv followbnrg a register coup~hd.

ment exists) the

If

a valid arg-

a-•lable llegistr is set to one.

Registr

being one set allows the min program to denote a register

or loop to be dizplayed.- A call to entry point REG2 is then
Mads to deerveine if
should be displayed.

the contents of -that,,-rA=

jter--or loop

REn-try point Ri-2 checks to see if

the

register or loop was specified in the register command arg-et,
-

-

if not a return_ is made to the

was specifica thuen its

c~rteni.f3 -ill

in

prcfTm.

if

it

be displayed as outz-ut.

SbotL'~
':~.This
subroutine pro'ides the c&eability of dispilaynr'; tl.e contents. of ne-ry (0hann-=!s 0
thr-u 30) ubenever the

cr"ycoz---n

is specified.

Ro

entry into this subroutine a check is mAde of the memory

cov

ar-d
•

t

OCV1l Or biu~ry.

to determine ii

the display should be in

~aienmory co=-n-& argumen-t consists of"

either BI"-.RY or !.'XL balng enalosee in
iately follo-in,

a m•eory coaAnd.

If

,arentt.es., vie-

no argunent %as

spezified, the default condition of OCML is used.

In

dir"playinlg the contents of Denor-y, only those portions of
iemorY

Vlit have been written into since =caory was last

initialized -ill be zsho.n in

the out-ut listing.

i.ezory is

initialized by .m'.itin:; t-n deciml 9's into each word of
29

C-E/EE/72-7
t-emo!y.
Crcontents

'This ccondi tio'n is then ch'-,cked to &eA-ruine If the
have c'han'-ed, and if

they have, the cchtezits of that

location are Printe,& as output.
Žb2;;

)3~3*This

subotn

provdes the cap-

abili tyof ene
ingdi~screte date and storing it for use
in a Proranr uzinr thne discrete input Instructions (DIA or
Dfl3).

uotieDIZSCSM-!Z has two entry points, r"I'TY DISC

and MITRY D-1~

En try po-int DISX is called~ to interpret

and tr~iislate- X-.r-is crete i--u s and -s tore them 1for use
daiap~ro_-r,input.

A ~aimmr

mu:.

19 13its make up each -X-discrete

of- twn X-dilseratee input requests 13 allo-wed,

because t"Im stomrages rea data array in the ?F3~iRIRAU
iz; dizen.ic.'-e-d for 10.
Fntr~y

pi-n±i

;r:;i c-Iled to interpret and tran-s-

late!-ci~c~teinput1s
consis ts of 2, hi ts.
r&ques ts is a-DLO-,
In the

Ti

ZZIr,am~.

the stsrasge are-a C-Pta aarmy

proj;,:crrim izs dinensioned. for 10.
-fhis .ubroutine prLovides the cap-

Ability for ei.t-crin..

lincrerental data into the fotmr wcrdis

r t!he_ four words of the 11.-loop.

I~G-~2~~ icas ti;o en try poxbit
Satr-.

Pol~t- __;

:cach Y-discreta irnvit

m*- uz of ten Y-discreete inpuat
boc0r

~

of the '-lo

program

L~inaT~

Ir.C3

ejd

Subroutime

Z7TT2Y IIX";.

is czJle-1 to Inter~rm-t m%- translate

30

H

GEEE/ 72-7
causes -lord 0 of the R-loop to be loaded with the new data.
I•.)

Additional Inputz fill

!data.

Nord 1.

ot 29

and word: 3 withne

This sequence can cmntinue indefinitely.
Entry IC-1 is called to intnrpret and translate V-Increvental inputs and store in V-loop.
input request is composed of 24 bits.

Each V-incremental
Four V-Increwmtal

input requests f1121 the foiw words of the V-loop and
additloi"ri

input requests cycle through the four words

agpin fillivn

then with-ne-- data silar

31-mu1atio!I Kmr- Vari.ables.

to the R-Ioop.

This section contains a

compIation =1 -descr!iption of the varWables used. In the
D17B ce.-nutr si.nL-ation progr.

A conplete alv1betica1

listr-! is r•-rde of the variables ulth desci-iptions of their
am r-n uses -.IthinV.
te pogra.
Several of the variables bhave
*

been used for nore Utm cue Iimction.

as baying no rizzr

ge.

Fort these

They are described

artticular variables

and several other., the reader should refer to the computer
printout and note the use rm
they lave been uscd.

of them in each Instance

The variables dhat ere in this categor

are distcsced at t,e end of this section.
*

Each of the -ariailes in the simulation prog=an are
Integer variab•les or1 have been declared as such in an
PIT-Br-

stateLemn,

except the variables "Volts' and

"Voltage" t•-3iih are real variables.
The

ast•r.
nd description of the variables Is a•

follous:
-"

A(24)

- Acc-'--l-tor, consists of 24 bits.

3

GE/EE/ 72-7
'borrow flipf lop.

-Carry,

B~li~IY

inaxy=-O represents octal desisnation.
2_n~Iry=1 rep-resents 'bi7]ifijý-esi~gnation.

-

C(5)

-radchannel

CD( 5)

-

regi-ster, c6nbists o-. 5

Cýpammd channel buffer register, consists
o1f 5 flipOflops, copies thie 5 least sigizificznt bits of instraction register,

f~or 71'special
Contains

_C
2

ins t-.Utions.

channel designation.

22iT

Us-v& ranilY for

-

-U

-

rrd iou code

dzsigat-ion.

Cc';;-24~C2,2)

rz~istcrs used for storage and
r-~'~ti~nof inro.-mation in1 Prozra:'.

-Cozacm.

T?5

c~;~lre_-ister, consists

7-Lhs~cion

Di):'crete otutru';%nazistmer, consists of"

D(5)~

5 f Ub

qpz~.

i)i~cate _-Itch.

-

DI:;Z;^-

&t to '? :-uh-n out-pt u7lU be disp~ed
to hia speed printer; set to "lo other-

D2-(eeto-raa

i-loopccnsist
?-Loot&, conz-ists of a. iords*

-

FM

nit

-

-

.lvstomre
-

~~

ot.o:

uords.l

eettor desi--=tor.

z~~a hl

32

rode to F_; or L~

(3B/Ec/72-7
switches to amnual halt mode.

Ci

GO3)

Binary outmat regi!ter, consists of
3 '*Ii--flo

-

*

-O

consists of 16 words., ;

H1(16)

-

H-low,

IH*LTj

-

Data word cantaining, hollerith
charactews rAAALUT.

HC.D3(03)

-

Data array which contains hexidecimal
c~,de 1'or nizaers 8 thru 15.

1(2'J)

-

Inmstr z.'Ion rjteconsists
2-4 nlipr'l-ps.

-.

I~iL. ~

C- tabn.cl-a~

iii
Iii~Z

-Set

t

.-

of
z72L1')!desiZ~aiou

FeCharical in-mat s-.itch.

in
S'nitch, to -miul

maiihl
ode to flag 11N
nlt

Sav%- to Cas-lZmae nemory data to be-

un!,ade into !ns truc t&io'z- re-sister
rather tiL-m m~Z-.ber r~zir
Is ~

-Cont-ins

for

trw-snission lines, caiitcins the
lj bits of imror-s-tion arA a parity bit
which mkae up the input data foa' ctal
ana lead cedes.

Ii~(In-oinut

Conpute mole saiitch..

-

thre-e*%sition

Set to 1 by an UPY! bisracticm,

used in
prox-3an cont-ro-1 after an Hi~ii instructlon
has bz-e.'i e:,eclitA-.

H- I i-

-

"433

calculated e.AiL!-H desi~rition.,
smtr'uic-tionm sector.

.et to I b.7 -- H."-a instruct'on, use~d to
fl~-M:
switch. to zX05mran imlt L-Zd!

GE/EE/72-7
Set to 1 in im.nul halt mode to fliag X

K-Ai~f-

Q

suitch or 7 sigm: to mawial halt mode.
L(24)

_iuztr
onsiTe

-Lo-wer

-

-

o'f 24 bits.

ontains nmb~er of executIoiis specified,.
has a default of 50.
omt±x Uthe mizber of exzecutiomi in
co:.qpt;e6_ ýodaa and cow!mres with t&m
rn'vbg~r specified.

;emory storag;-e arrmy, con:sists of 268-3
;"Ahich inclrdes cold-storage and
~sores
hot-ztoivý--e mzx~ry.

T;(12892!)
--

DIst.a
crrvy ~-aith X'ZISC1-.coda design~ation
for load codes.
to be in
-codv; set- t,- 2 viihn :--SCiI:-code
s~et to 3 ~ithn
raa,6 frt32
coic S.s to be rea~d from Tape_-;
too0 tt en!d of 1-ce
:-et to I1.-IneCn irim.A is

_Ve

44~~

2 ZCII.'

is

to be-

~~

re-set

(;;mz-ntpar7 on

-S-z.;c'Ch

::umber

yt)

ra.-isto', ecnsists, of 24 'bits.

r.iv!%I ew~.
otzdinimr hollerith

-

desivp4ion

Zii~d;;c~lcv"atedi~h

for cj-raiqd chzxrlel.
at ccom
DaThta w;ord

of 73.
c

ii~

S et to 1Lin a -ii-pp
-

~'r~

t~a~~hen Iattal error

rra te.r--ir.-ates rw
h-.- been.~
ujxan ret~rn to t,:zin r~ri

GE/EC/72-7
VIN1ES

Qinitialize

Data vo-id containing 9999999999, used to

-

memory -and detect out of
range conditions.

HLIST,

Nix'aiz2
i~RE(1O)
-

-

-

-

Integers
Data array containng declivuothru 9, used in detecting valijd
avrgumient In execute command.

-

D)ata wiord containing~ hollerith
terr
(2.
CIMM
itra z~rray contahnin- hollerith
ckmracters of the registers and loops,,
In di-splay-Ing the contents of loops

-

-uzed

and regis ters.

Data wordl cor tainiin
.
cracter

MP.7133-

A

1IS3G

---

--

hollerituh

Co-atairas calculatcd,?~3~

~for

desi-f3nation

opera'id sector.
ini saverl dii'remr~t a~iair

V-sUa

Vu*1;-hout

Wi(27)

-kt

~~~)72)

OM

-

a
y f or L-t er pre t I
a~r-. u:s:cd ~in
4r-ta, ma".tch settIng-Ss, and eow-na-jds
A

ara
s-ed to store 72 ciparacters
ofintiut data1 -shich ame to be intervprateil.

Ci r~tion-coc1e -.Wrage regi-ster,, cons~ists
of l4 fliicpslz-'.

Data iz-ord contairnZ7 holl-crith
chF-ncters %
-Data worod conttaullz;: Octza±
i(3)-irer:ier

Ona.

con'sistzs of 3 fii~s

35

GE/WS72-7
thirough prozrazm.

0PR1

Power or-/of f switchl.

-

2-loop, 3ineremental inp~ut loop

P.(4)-

conlsisting o-1 4j to-rds.BEGUiO)

RMEIST

.~ryw-1Aic Is set by register coZrmn21d
to display those reAisters and loops
kiven as arigtmen-ts.

-

-

RI

Va-riable ui'hich contains the code of the
register or loop that has juist changed
Comt-- mrini r ofiremetlios
R2-looP, reset to 1 at coimt of 5

Ri:
RUM

SO(O)

to

incramenta'1 fi ipx' op, can be set
to 1 or 0 by prZ~s input.

-R-loop

~- Data tzr

-

c~ofntgaimn5 hollerith

merrster, corsists of
3'3a- co-dz br~
3 fip~~piued, in cawacatirZ locazticn
to -;±-ich
oeull Ai~ take place.
lsed imirP-1

'ECT~~

to contain FOHr2A43

sector

desi~tallion.
SIGNAL

-.

SIR3La

iaLeset oy s~rsal coiw-,nd, if' set
to 1, inodess of operation will be traced.
D-Data word cont-a-imirr bollrith.

C-hamacters WSfl--IS1.
T

Tii=-nz-,sgnl

TRAS

-Set

TZICý

-

(zonentary on).

to 1 b-y TAinsatrction, used In
controllinm
,ror operation after a
.- A iciar'i
oa has been executed.
et,

I. in *.:,it m~de, used to flaL

36

GE/tE/?2-7
U

lpconsists

--

;--loop,

or 1 word.

bicrermental input loop which

conzists of 4j uords*.
Counits niribei' of incrementaf biputs to
~-lopreset to 1 at count of 5.

71

-Toop
l
increnantal fliptlop,, can be set
tcD 1 or 0 by p~rogram~ input.
oittprat regi~ster., consists of
8
£~2Ons.

!c()

-Voltaire

-

arizable ussed imn calculating

namlog
voltn.- _ desiirnated by ccnent- o
armay -LAich contains nm~berrs iz.ed

-DMitt

i-riable -..hicb is set to the num~ber of

~I2-

t,....r ;se recv -red for e~e='&Ao..

i

Z(1,0).-

-

Xl-

rrv- -L-ichi stores _:.-disCreta
e

C'L

nvut; ;L

Co-mat.Z number of X-discrate inp~uts,
rsaximm of" 10 is a~lloed.

xi

-

CoIMts Pn=be-r of -X-discrete in=-ts -iised
in ror-0-ain rhe
-ater than ;U it
assiz:.* ralue of -,I.

y(Pi4vio)

-

Skri-w

imich Ztoras Y-c-iscrete input, data

to

used in pragram rt m.

Y-1

Y1

~

-

Comits, ninbeer of Y-discretee inpaits,
a;'~iof 10 iro allod.

-

Comulitz: ntz-b.-r. of

Y-dizscrete inq-ts- rzsed

in

GreateOr thsn YI it

prOFI-rms uh-C

3?

GE/JZ/7.a- 7
ZERO-

De!t-

mr0d contalunhi,

o:t&IL zero.

The Liajor portion of the variatles-imcludA'in this
listin~g bave the same neam as ipsed ift the 1)17?Boýditer
literatmw6.

?ort

co.-arison puarposes, tha reader Is referred

to the doci--enitz

-.-rtzULa.g to the D)173 coaputer listed In

the G&Ylicgrsr21y.

Ozer 6:110-Il1;4)

The follavisg variables. some of whick appear In the
above list.Ir-S. have, been =iz2d Ia. several different apiplication3 In the siraulati"on program:
UN~

Ia

a

a

a

yr.

and 11 61

n!ess

;ocie' 9o

W.

Se~tI

.0

-

RC?7',
-

ifKera*3

variables have been pointed out

for those interestea in wadifyiwz; tie alwalation progrew
or for those Intp-restrc4 in ithti~Uo

sim1Iatloa

projram an a diffei-ant c~trsysteis.
A descript;ion. of tbie or Zaization eid structure of the
D173 ~optr
chipter.

~

~

or-mg

h-t

bceen gived In this

Vie naxt iarza to be covered Is the sinulaticn,

language accepted by thie sizmulation Jprqggram.

GEAEE,'72-7

Ill.

ADM~

=,e~2i LJ-S=Ja

QcmuVg!ýr

This chapter describes the sivjation-!3vi-tv~ undere Mr-M-4 coitcr*k

by
stood43 and acceptea&t

sxmUatiort Prop'ua.

"mhsiulaust-on Ung-unge- Is tl1,, input iata to the siprnlaz.&-z
progra~z.

the --imiiated wmm-t sd ar,%

.Fe-t--oi for

disciassed aoIi-.- rdith a smeL~t1 far' ci'estJ!- a sbortene&
verolsn of the gsiEz~d;Lz.m '2=~-3a. Error detectira capIV.

axie prsented in chapter

ro~~

abilities of Me

Chaloter V wil Vr*:se.t so

exrezples of pmrzar~s that

hava becen run almr, uat± the t-pcts of otzt~t that. are availFor parposes of prese-at-ationk, the sir'iitioa progmen
lazig-

a: Is divIdL4 I~nt- tý-.e foloA.In

an&. lozA~ Cv)¶irZ, w3tehfYXv ez1commmrs.

categgorleu:

ibr

±'-o¶ i mputs andJ

A Cssempt-icn of ths cemants ofP Use slundation

22r=-~ein eachl ol- %l!ese cate-Zories wIll be F,-.ven along uliih
gtideli-,ez for uisln! eaich.
ie!_*

Rimbers and 7,2ý

v~oeptsl by t

simizlatiom pro:-,'-a~ ame:

Octal. ac-ibers

-0,

-

It

2, 3P 4,

5S

6, 71

0, 1

Binszyrn2er
Lo--vd Cv-les

Te 3rkbesr sys tes mA~ loat coddes

CeXPiag
RAIM, WLo.TIO2S-2 FMLL V3IER,
A,j C1&I D2!.ST' (L descxrjtric- of
"'h

i/oad. Cocz:: Is givieu !.u Ji-pexndi. h)

nI
'Three differenit representziiZ1lons of Ulm nwubersa~r

OC-TAL, dg Y or
coler can be specia"lic'. By ,ifin
lwU~ ani ootal repz-ýsrntat~on. a %1iLm" -.pr.en1taltiomt or
35F

cd

GE/EE/72'-7

an ASCII representatior. of the numb~ers and load codes Ican
be used.

T'he representat.ion of te

numbers pzi4qG1ca

codies

in the three specifical.1ows are as foUotws:
Octal

-

-ýepre-eritatlwio

R
3

Ruibert-

C

10000

2

00010:

5

101011

6

10110

7

001117

HEid-

Zcdodes-

7-Lw

Binary
sDen!tation-

C-:.
T

ASCII
"ipeetat
on
0

-2

01000

8

11001

9

11010

<

01h11
-.

WhenEz

C-ý!sisL

pecif''ed

Az~Cl :~aret~t1.

4.0

uj-,3

?.z

.qw--bers
and load codees
n

ust
-b

bn
h

ba-eas to ba runi on thne D)173

:~caitr ire in t~he ASCII representation.

The defaul~t

specificaktion 5s CCTAL.
*To

terminante ani octal or !binary representation, aUl

that is i'equireii is to zspiebify. another- representation.

ant A';CII representation renuires that the letter

ter;inat

be supplied after the last

8H

'TO

5C1inputsmbl

Doing

this w~ill cause the pro!;M!.- to rtv.ert to the octal represientatioci or binary representation -Aichit had before

The default srecification is as~d4.a.
in~ pr`Qgrra!Z

ter=r2'mat'_Gn, ,if

or if
Swi

ro'results

the p-azcr swit-a is turned off,

is svecifi ed.
c

8With. th-e sirlulatiolk lngmge in this Category it

is n ossible - to sneciIr

-itohle- and designate a setting, or
p~~.

code_ MeSmuto.

nain

A-ii~i

i-2 accept~s these s-;-itch desig-

and Provides -this i~iforP--vion to prog-am variable:,

associatved '-'ith the sw:itcher.
TIAle form for spe~cifyir

-

sithe

is as followas:

where s-dlitc~h is the desifxated cwritch iLnemonic nane, and. iirr
is the e-.itch settin4 or Lxxe position 'of the switch.
-

Te switth'es ad.1 allc,ýed. sett!YLZs are as follows:
______h

TiigT

Switch

( ON(i'?

'~I'enon1ic Zz Settir=-

-

GE/EE/ 72-7
M aster Reset Switch

0

Cold-Storage Write Switch

&I(OiN),
I

Discrete Switch

DD(01),

Mechanical Input S-Aitch

I:(Q.)

Compute Vrode Switch

gu(hA7), K(SIGLE), K(Rbi)

-Tinbf Siz__l.

W(OFF)
DD(OFP)

The timir-3 signal is produced auto-

matically for the octal and ASCII representations.

There-

fore T(C0N) need be used crly after each binary representation
of a number or Ic•d code.

?c~er L/MOff

teh.

The ti.-mng sigr-al Is-tned

off

The powier switch z•at be turned

on after eacha loadinng of the bina'y deck, end this must
be done before tŽhe rast~r reset switch is
vent an s•mor
is

tlrned on, it

pro,-grar

! pogram terz•--_

tion.

remains on until it

is

turned off or the

default condition for the power -aitch ir
S.r-_tch.

':rc-

Gnce the povar switch

is halted and %ZcZDi
OF 1r2C*RAiiL' is

Initiate L-oadin

turned on tc

printed.

Zhe

CITF.

9"iis switch is

turned on to

initiate loading a-rA vuts the simulation program in the
wait mc.de of nonconpute.
and is

It

is a mommentary on type switch

turned off by the program.

Cold-Ston---e lrite Si'itch.

The cold-storage urite

switch is en on/off type switch that allows writing on the
cold-Stora.e channels (cha-anels 00 thru 46) of memory when

(

turncd on.

ibo-n the suitich is off, no .Tritin; is allowea

142

GE/EE/72.s7

and aniy attempt to write will cause an 3-bnoormia3. PJwo,!am

termkI'ation.

G-nce i(C)has

been specified this condition

will remain until it is 'Aturned off or until the programz is
halted and

2)CY

Y1

is Printed.

Ime default con-

dition for the cod-stor.a;e write, 3witch Is GET7.
r~iser

$Sidtch. The master reset switch is

turned

on to Pin tiv-1-ize cartain flipflops, syvncrhronirze Use bit
counter and sector track, lead Vine instructtion. register with

atran--sfer C-2,1)
noneo=-pte.

jYh

The 7-tps ter rs-:zet switch is a nonmentary on type

ty

ith
(ctane

~allcz

5)

turned on.

SuItch is

i'iscre-'

..

V

to chainel 00, sector 000, and

linstruct-i"

d ~z3n
'ejh-er

;ri

an O'u/off,

niz th-2 hot-s tcra~e chrnnel
allm.- discrete outeus
-e

this swit-chl is o---? no .mriting- is allowed

on c5v-nnel 50 ana any at-tmp

to

i-ri te will, cause an

ab-nor.-al -Droz;r,-v ternia-1a-on. Al~so -0hen Lhis suitch is off
no discrete c!;trsuts c-n- aR*,e-r which will be refliscted in the
outputl.

Once

is tir;

'by the jprintin.- of

Dc:)has

until it

bmenn specified, this ccndition .All rema-in

1s t=u-ný, ofI" or x-int.1
c~i
?~.:

fhollouwinZ; statement:

m'is

Dr-rrtcdi.

the r~a
S'le

is halt-ed ant,

deýault co-ardition of the

i:e~nical In~ut 3.:iý.ich.

71he mechanical Input suitcsh

is used, for vuttl-nt- the com-Dutter Ln the wait moae of nonco-rputa from' the idle s-tboade of mnual halt.

Uhenevei' IiM(oii

is s!Zeckfled ito vus2-t be folio-wed. by an 2(i)to
comuputer in V'q

iFailixe to do tPic causes an

~--ai t ;xe

~eMerain
mr-Ccnanicall input switch

abnorireal pz-oi-rzwill be i:;:ed --;ery infý,avuz.;tly.

is a snomentar-=. on

S'tc;*

position s:a'hthat

Lf-mcwt-ionr
K

h- cG-xz:-zr-e rnodie swiitch is a threa

-i-i tinc

tlhe 51ilae

alt

~h

=nl

is

If th-e

to0 t7e ...-~:,

omput-r goes thrna twhe program

c-.i ty~v-pa

=-Itil -.n i~
tn~
io.-r

C=,nue

the proz.ran returns zhe

the Compu7,te node s-ditch

it--m.~

cet. I.o the ii;JiN pOsi tion, cont

izco~eiio

set to th-z

-he SI:,*,%;*LE Position of' the ccm-prte

is nznentaii'

thce cO~n-,re-A,3 .

;ithis

ha~lt riode to imit for furth~er suitch.

sc~tzt-ni;;s or ccziii

ISwitch

Settin!:;

instructiLon is exe''--Ue iTA the co=-..ý6
r'c&: is st~red in the inctructdcn

rei~zte.- zm

St.i-itc

pasi-ticn # only

or ~U-3ro-iti-ons allw~zs the c-e
zc

'Yhe nexti.
zoe to

!L-1LT

or ii&iŽ

ntrd%-e can- be pe.-fo.rIn.

~i~~stC7,--r2

made

J-iK~2,
-

t.
V1hSsk,-I-Ch set- ate the

to enter thB cc~t

"I

tur-ned of.&Pf by the

c'-- be set at.

~~the s.idt'Ci at Via ~L

rcodle.

'The r-echa!Iical input Cswi:tch

an!e:ic
d is

~2~te ~

Positic'ns.

put the

ousDr oparation occurs in

h~tand- Procced) instructicr.

is abno.-n-lly t-rairatea.

co-dit-1n O

44A

The

"G"qiE/72-7
,:iscellane%.,* Inputs and Con_ _r._
The simulation language
in this category pro ides -,an:I functions that are unrelated

but were not o; sueh
tinortance to warrant being in a category of thei-. cn. The fm-ctians that uill be described
in this catezory area -isted as follows:
Hel.iste-r and rie•ory Diiplay
Incre-:rental in"u-"
Discrete inputs
N-ode

rc-'g

Execution

ecificatons--

----------

-

Settinr- c£ iwlipflops
Ini tialization
[iste.adr--1
ani

'

play_-.

eof tVe ree7isters (iJi,:)

be displayred by use o- t,co•-rA h-zs the £ol

where Ar, is a list

-hi.e bin-aary contents of

or loops (iFiGi,•,)
regis.ter conn.The

can

res-Izte.-

:!rz forn-:

orfhe rZist-ers and/or loops to be

The ra-ister comnd can contain from zero to
ten

specificva-tieos in the ar-urceft listing.

A valid spec-

ification is one of the follo.•in.r, letters which when

:]•

specified w.ill display thqe contents of the loop or reZ-

iter

associ--ýted u:ith it uheneoer the contents of that

register or loop cn-an-e in a proý,aa run:

•# I

5

GE/EE/72-?
Sreciffcaticmi

Re-ser or !L-PDisipl--ed
i

I

ccumdator~

Instruction Zlesister
Dxwer Accpimulator

L

Ii

iwm~ber Riegister
UI- 1 001) (l-word loopD)

F-loop i4-iword loop)

F

S-loopD ([8-vord loop)
H

--

wi-~ord loop)

H&-loop

7-~loop ~1 -od~~tio~

V

R-looz (1 i-wc~rd input loop)

ER

Thýe argu-men-s o" th:3 re--is ter co=-Pnd can be setr-ratedi
by com

__

or ble-riks vr the:,

Exanplez:

ba
re placed one after anctoter.

iT&(.i!.

ildiplay

contcn1cm~s Of

ýp-loopg ;-l-oop and accu--

"ISTg..

be displayed.
The default, con-lition for thie register commnd Is
BEUsT)

.

The default conmiition is assume--d each ti-,

progiran run is tter-mL-ated

a

=adr~re input, data is supplied.

Therefore if register display is iuanted, a re~istcr command

nLSt -0e US-d

eac.

tirS &.ta iS

rentCre-4

T~o display Lt.~e contents of cold-storage and hot-stora!;e
'~n1-(cOni
is Used.

The

P~O
thru SO~) of ;neeory,, a r-emory co=and
~~

ha-zs thbe follctiiin; fora:

1*6

I-I

I

i

,

-.

i

-

-

GE/ER/7-7

whel'f Arg is

the typ, of display requested, either BIM3I

or OCTAL.
If

the ar-g=-unt is not int-7uded or incorrectly specThe memory comIazd

ifled, the 4efault for Ar-g is CACML.

can be used anyzhere bithin the program.
Examples:

hi.-),X(ML!RY)

Hiemory display will be in binary.
Hemory display will be in octal,

Incr.ý-ental lrM-zts.

Ae-cause the sirnilatio-n- -'ograý-

wrot have real time control camability,

provisions were made

fer e-teri-ng eata in the V-lcop a•d i-.'-p.
could then be used in t-he proCri

does

c
•ing

Tni. data
e siated

c0n-

puter as thcu-2i J 6 hp-d bree:z: s-4p!!ied uncren-_ritally durinrSIreal

ti-ze prcs

aSIL.

The frnof

h.i -aru--st

for enterfrg Incremental data

is:

£

Loop(Arj 1
were Loop is either V or Ri a-For Arg to fill
it

Arg is

the whole ,,crd of the "-loop or il-loop,

should ccr•ain 24 or mrz bits.

1inored.

An

24 bits.

Any bits above 24 are

bits less t~han 2-'. results in the least sig-

nificant bits revaiaiT.Lg inchan;ed.

Stovzage starts with bit

24 and continues to~rds bit 1 until data is exhausted.
Invalid bits are assu-ne.
and a ressa!:e is

output to this effect.

tal inazt request sto-r-K

-"

it-loop (D;hic'er

by the pro-ra.

to be zero

T.e first

incremen-

deta in .-.ord 0 of the %i-loorpor

is bin.: fillcd).
4?

The zecond request in

GRlE/W72.-7

word 1, the third request in word 2. the fourtn request in
-_.

moi4' -. 0 and
;dditional requests start over wV-h
..
..

word
.
3.

more dati., the I-ro- _7,

again.

prcgram terminates for

tul, -r.- t

Sa*

repeat the cycle.

is

initialized to start

no data in the ar~um-ent

I t !s possibIt; by ic:b

uif;h.ut c1"_-fljZ the -previously stored data.

to skip numme.-s

For readability tlan.

in the •rxwacnt portion

.nored
a
are

The data can there-.eore- b%- arranged in an-,'

of the re4qu.-st.

r-roupings desired.

B-amlea:

with word 0

-

'MaTls reauest
--AMOO 0131 C•O Oil 100. ''(1 iT"f
fills w-or' G of the 1 -lxLp . ;!tn thia bi•Lm y da-ta
given in ar-went.
70 (,C.-3O01ll,1 03
40) ,11 .1)
. w-z-s
ords 0. 1,, a..
r-uest
,

"

Dascre~

A..

"..

etinputs

Su•I~ly data fcr u

i

,

Z

are
-n

e•cs4er

to

(u)iscrete Input

a

%3
.nructic-ns.

and biscrete intut
The fc rn

.---

-

mi-S
0 11111i)
to
2 of the 7-3o1c
wit"
we
e..13

tf the i-.,,trest f o- enterln= di"crete Input is:

where Type is the tyArc is 19 ba-ts fr

of ci:.crate ir-p.iS, either X or Y, and

X-dlscr-te iap-uts an-. 24 bits for' Y-dis-

crete input.r.
For

4C-:bc v,-ild .it wast c.ont-ain the num-er of bits
to

required for the in--.t type.

It car contain rcre bits thr.n

required, because exccf~i-ve bitLamavoe tho~se zr"U~ired areji-mored.
lrrorxam rill

I1' not entuh bits are szipplidi,

uze

tVm- dat.

L-cyc-na

4s

the

roie.t

how-ever, the
until the proper

77T7-

-

Q-_

->-

-!*E---

CE/Eg/ 2-7

count is reached.
Invalid bits are assu-ied .Ly tCe program to be zero and
a message is output to this effect.
crete init

A mximum of ten X-cis-

requests and ten Y-discrete input reques-ts is

Additional

allowe6 bafor- the stora:e area is filled.
l!

requests are i.-no,•d,
array in

the s tc

s.'ues
t fill

ut r

requeent-a" or-Ger "irox 1 to 10.

ge

Provisions for

refilling the disce'te storage array once all ten storage
areas have bten filled

is

.;i-wen in

th.e initialization

tion of this section.

-

------

por.

"in uslhn- the sto3-ed discrete_ inputs, they are used from

1 to t~he hic-hest ninber stored.
the highest n

er zxesuits in tVhe proZ-ra-

=umber stored an

Uever

-A.ddit-ional requests beyond

--

using the hiZhest

sss-~e is or-ýZtp'A to this ecifects.

:e-

"t arhmoz-gZal terz~lati e1n- 010 th~e ~rr.ram- is 2-de o-r th-e
.poer switch is
inputs is

turni. offs, the counter for using, discrete

init-iali--ad to 1.

1dode tracin-r.

contnts

f a

Eode traclng is

prrar.

operation are listed

deciphering the

in the rinoco~gute n~ode, the m~odes of

as output.

Instruction bein- executed is

store is indicated if it

used in

In

the compate node,

the

lister! as output and a flag

wiaspr

The mode tracing careability i-

ed
requestel by a signal

cowmand with the followin: fore:

-"eneve,e~

is

s'_-:Ified

r=presentatirn of a variasIe fr
49

in a D.c.ra.. , it

flip the

1 to 0 or 0 to 1 depe-ndi:-g

GE/EE/72-7
upon the value it had when the signal co~mrand was given.

C

iiode tracirn- is peerformed ~rfen the sign3al -yariable is 1.
ialtenever a mrovra1_ x-in is

termna
-ted

and more input data Is

supplied, the sim-ial1 variable is initialized to 0.
siZ-alm

The

command used vrith the register coswmard will give

as outuiout a detail_=eu listinr: of the contents of a programi.
Wt~Žiictm
re are numerous oc~casions

iLxeUin

when a mao.7ra--ner will5 inad'ertently ;mrite a progr-ar

which

loops on itself resuij-1 tIMIn ezxecution Soing on -to inf inithm.
To prevent thsfrom' bappeninq In the si-mulated computer,
provisions have been rzade for counttiný the num~ber of execution cycles in Une ccte
pro!rc-r -= wkis

Ch

'-ze

zanzi ter-zinatin- the

rn;::ier Eaceedis a specified z&.ount.

The yrr:.c.~z_

if

t.he nuz~er of eaecutions rslloeed-

by an exec-u~e c....mwi.

Thbe forn

*A,

Cte f~xiecuteawr

is as follows:

where irZ is eany four' digrit" -ecis~al nt-mer from OC-00 to 999-9.
If no execute c~~.is

r'iven, the default -ralue is

"'.hrU7..(C50), lAtch ti~e the prosran termiInates for no-re
data, Vie ezxecu'ticm cycle cowinter Is initialized to zero.
HowvertU1?urbe

of execouto-Dics allowe~d is Initialized to

t~he defavlt valuze only
power s itch turn ofor

napall-inerz-al program termin t-ions,
in4taP~in
Th nero

executions specified is printed out tehen-ever an execute
co-~~~~r:I-:
iaec'

c~

GE/Eg/72-7
Setimn,

ofr iFlitlor~.t

The siwailation language described

here provides the catrabili'tty of settin~g or resetting certain
specified control flipflols uhich can change progrEau flowu
when encountered.

The flipflops that can be set are DA (de-

tector) flipflop,

("-,
(iamrentsl iniput) f lipflops and 7-K

(incremiental input) flipf I op.
Mhe status of stie "] fl-lpflop is used in the execution
of several inistriu-ctions.

it is raser. to 20' by prograrn

control iisin;- tWh, ;-?SD-

eeco-)Ltruction.
insp~

-ToLIP

set the DE. fliz-laps a co~in-ad inwith t#-~i.igfr~i
used:

Vhe ccrmzitior. of tv
-0-

tive'ILY.if .__-_

ti:ý-e~ist. in

an

'nr&al for::.

:J. flipt'icdzta is

Se'

1-f

r

.n

deti'rzina ti.e
irito Vne

j-Aj

vr-.i i

sets th~e

one's co~plen-n-nt s-%-V~e dtais,
iznlcaid in-to the i-re:gist~er.
she form, for zp!ifjyi7' the cor-dition of the * aniR
flipiflops is:

where Fipf1iDlp is eit~wr
Initial~gzition.

orLKSsvd 1rfis

or 1.

lihen the binary dack of the slzwýatiain

prograna is loaded for execution. nemory 1G initialized by
puttinzg ten. d -reinal9's in every
outputi
t-ht

-flizfolos

r

location, the bins-y

are setz to a +1 con.-dition on all three lines,

Oliscretec inutz

requezt col"nters are sell to start caou21t-

in.-: at 19 an-i the Di)

vriA flip.1iops are 101 set.

ihe

GE/EE/ 72-7

P'r`09rer~er can cause the za-Cm Initiaiz~ation to occur by
usingr the initialization

this sact.ifon &-nd t

n.A%-

nie-s
t!ýOd

s1ulti,-

r-iýz

eyar-•1ei

f'or

toz~ram.

i;anral ~iirit~tve

which -has the folj-owing

tc-zi:~e

?or a :

for tCA.e

cuz-sto- af

Cc=ýutz

4ý-*m---ty--%--

uif ebapter V do

-)173 covT~Aerl, but

)raid

the

se-se Grouws

:Ref 1)
C

-

for

--

--

a-m

5'

ar--an-i~t

a 'Lz-výt-z

-:

*

Pprxram for-. fowid. mz'95--

*

~~visualize a brir~a-are

cont c.- u

an ','he ccn--soli,.

e

verszon ni- thIn

rr

for each swi~l~

"T.-OS

arity beetween the sL.!2Thtian

for

oetitasitle

reauire:; that-~

'Mimaatio, 3.Un;U-:e Caa

'iai-lu
to write a
rite, doirn th--

that he .wood P--Sh

b-z:iri~~eamite

c

c1'

the sirdzi-

n- l *Ch- hard-omre

co-=--zt-C--.

vwriLin.- a

Win be

labs the author is 'to

each- elem-ent of the
proemra- ten

fp.- i~h4jc'

r-----i

sma-~e

-~~

L_

co0aPaters the Progrmc~r Is not restricted to emy Inpuzt
fornat. fte in-mut Is format free an&L can be entered 72
dharacterS Pew, line.

*

e~~mtinluous pragr-a

=ds allms the wg

wuith each mrom~ of the siimlation language

soParateft bY r- dzliziit-r.
fi~e

theend.o~'

required. Is

lamgvags.

Drto rite a

sI

i delivit~ar !z a character whiich

i~.

bguage worud.

Mme deji-&ter

me~ blzmk benthreen each Y.-mi~ of the alimuIaion

Mcce-ptio'mi

to the use of a deliniter are that

octa-l data can bo groWuad and. -no deliAin!

is needed for

the ASCII reresent&ioz,,J
Ihere vare tbr-eo wrord-d in thez simiaiblaom language that
nmst beegin Lmi coliui one.
129Th

Miese vo.-3are
&I(-,'

tmt iords i2{OF?) enid GO signify that tUe input data

is Ces:P-1tc a

re--'

Md~tmi boirz t=-ný

to b3 read.- Lnfti

is intcaer-rVts1.

1i'-iVg ý- In cclu-" 1.

characters

im

r

e

off at tbe em-A z. tns rum.

calrses the simiulation pwczrai&% to m'tzn'
wh~en it

C-G,and

by ",, siju-,

Baterlr

GSO

for rare inp.ut data

A coomzet 3.irne is created by sp=c-

7-9 Pmrogm i

ýs the 71 re=1minfg

that line.

Whienever the slimulation

zj~m;-

tion, P3(011) %=ut be spe-.,fiea. be-fc.e

iz *-t~aaed fci cxecu..
the

I(Aionce

pomer switch )'z-s been tumrea ca it remaim1
tuornd off' or --ntLl -4-V- yprogramm is Ll91ed1.

on iuntil it is
zv1(Ga)

am& DD(C-21

wli3- also rez-ain on until t.n-,ed. o4,,f or -;imfl thp pOrftue
Is h&1ted1.
A typica)

jr~to

The rum ncte

53

Aco.-puter

rE,,/72:/

will contain switch designations, octal or binary data and

C>

load codes, and commnds.
and load codes,

To enter octal iw biniary data

the simulated computer -musto be in the wait

mode of noncomputte.

One of several ways that ttis

can be

accomplished is wdit-l the followiAng suitch ~dsignat~ions:

The power switch ta-s now been tuxnkd on, the master
reset switch has been depressed putting the compmu cer throuji
the sprejpire to operatee

node,2'ync bit -cmante--~

mode'

where the ins truiction register I s loaded, with a transfer 62-20
the

instruction to cimrnel 00, sector 000, ana into the

halt node.

The initdate leadihio

the comwter i-o

the iait

storage
oadcodnels Qhe si-ary

in,* progrnn is a sample
octal numhbers (1i4 and 2)

the

resewit

.94

e'm.
. Ton
otanable
n• a•llou

trr-ekry

2i

puttia

on coldto be' filled

17B comsuter pro!t;art to add tbo
n4 outpat a teletehtry signal of

nsoawer:
4M01201 Ei-'ZTE

-

switch was pusheo

1inal

h

C-020202 l-417-fI 4I2:-2200O B.i~E CLE-0. 201

I&rl

CeeAeks
O 2 i,;i-

G!lE/72-7
The addiition tpro--rani arid data have been entered into
memory.

TOO put - te

sirzulated com~puter into the-coripute rode

Aiequiress the followint- switch designations:
-a

iAR.

The eo-naute s~ic.has been set at the .111 pos4t~
and. Une LmastAer reset -switeh Is depressed again puttinz~ the
computer
vw-nul

ha~lt :ce

go t

h

Vite cr7trw

is reached
aMAU

cmue

The conplet-e y-:;a-i woi-ad. loo-r as

The above

f

t~he

hr~o-u~d, the =cces described earlier. .n

sc

-r

C:zrsistz

uDO e-e,3Mn:-

ietý ai

o1L

el:

24*bits (00TO~ C'-- Z Z;OZ0v

010300O).
Ente'-in;

or C-3 Pro-zides a readyr si z.-aI

i=r-(Z2

toý the simult-lic

_To-7an.

the execution of t.Z.-e i~fi

FR41,F

i as

To co'itir--.u'ar-:r

..

A

iT~s

si::r.:u. res-z.tz in.

rea__

datza splidby

th~en. -24 Vhe cn4

--

re~r~~

0o

teuser.1'

of' executW!. an

rc -c2ta

r:

the

- E/B/l?2-7
user to (ENT•T

P11CGa.A1).

At this point the user would

enter more programs or sore data.
If

GO has be-en specified then at

the co.mpletion of the

p•roram run the system would re--iporA with the message to
(CaNTIiiUE PRUC-Ai•.:).

The user can now execute the same

program over again with the sa-me data or new data can be
entered.

The pro-ram written onto the memory will remain

there until ov'eruritten or

mntil initialization

occurs.

To execute the same p-ro•r•m aain would require the
folloiring:

GO

./'o execute the same pzo.-.ora-. a~ain .it!) new data, (20
12) ,would req uire the rollow.-_,:
a(Z;•() N

S(-)

CL3 1; 12 R;iEi

FILL CL:i:-i 201 P '"""
K(A1.)

CLEAR 20 •"2'

":•(Ži)

Go
"Overwritin.ng te

previous prof-ra

with a

rogram to

multiply two numbers (+.0,003000 and. +.30000000) could be

accoi,?lished as follos:
I::(3*i)

,j(Ci, FILL Cl..-,P 1 Lc--

CT.:-•2 20! LC•.TI::" 02000100

"This pro-r-n
!
"not eit•*.cr-

24.020202 U4777E-

Vri•-c
LO00•CCO•DET-

o-.1d prrodce no results because it

into týie con-rata moae.
56

was

-o ezccite it wou'Ld

GR/EE/72-7
require:

iExecultio'
of the an-swer.

of th. r-~rozram j~rodluces a te1eieraetry signal
For -- rzre cop-preiIlrmsive listinag of the
the signal and register

comput~e noa-3 -p-rtieai of tl2)o~
Covsrammds Can be used.

ha

sr

commndns in the co.--ute =--*d

the signal anad, register

for t~he first fewi times, the

mumbar of e~tecuitions afllom:ed. shioult-.b 4oe'

1

- This- is

done to rpreyent lar.-e a7,00rnts air o~i ut-U19 in ca-se the po~e
nal and register co-'-and_ would~

so,

is

re

ros.-ible t-o -Awn a pro-ram endinng with- an

instruction-

(stuch.

k

as Vie mm.:viotus r-iito1L1or -ti

po

grams) several tincs ushif-. t-.;o dir1f~eremnt numnbers each time.
To do Chis requires spe-cifyii,

j

K~li*ff) wheen thle simulated

co-mmuter is in the proý=m lial t mzrle amd to foilow t'his by
C.

~~~

th

V ~)pt

-ciyn
~
~
ana h2

rxc

iy~

lated co-:ntcr ~nth'e
co--m-mi~d

.- I

~ns

br~al

Specified b-afoi-ce
mode zzit'- mil

wcd

-- sitzulatped* commnuter .Ln
he

=;:!ao~.

pxuts the sirrmi-

~ci

If a s iz-:ial or re-rister

rm~()
ould be-

t2zaen -1S>!*".;

nto2ri:S-'

nore

C,, ta.

ic3i

in

this prevents

the rsw e.ata is

GE/EE-/72-7

*

being, loaded into the cOmz_=uter.

The signal and register

ccz=-tnd.o- musto, be resmeeafiei -bef-Ore MROVZOI) s stecifie.d to
allao.z. m~ode tzracimn; and register display in the compute mode.
Tile new data van -be entz.rad b- s-oecif Ins a fil"'l load code
and folloeing this -ri th the ne-data.*Th
cn
mrxi nor.b rou- Imc:: into ~

;;(aUN~)

follm~d by

sbuAztion pro-

computee imde by specifyrin-g

-(*''
nis cy-io can be repeated as

vany tim~es av desirsed.

fTe~
0 oir

this rith t-.-o

sets-of data t.-ould laokz as Vfollows:

-12 z

7-he pxra-zio;ýs

ha-n.ize

results in. a transfear toc

n

00030 LO2COO;R

xencn~t'.red. into the c02:ute
GO)

secto

0

starting

exeCUtion- at' th~at ic-ca4%tio..
rpoggran =r. be execulted at
any st~artoimw
loca-tion b
ieiinq
500-rx
Lr-'J--J:A-.-..
C:..7z-'

izz~s the

zLIA.;-.ss anzd

location of

oect-or

the firzt*bstrictlion. t*:, It-

Jty rho

transfer- insltrmct.1 on ~~:w

Puts tile co:'.e

nt

thee.~

z~-

oeVrcontiiuaous rurz.
shr-Jl

hal

3ar

eit

~~to

en

wtha

GIR/EE/72-7
the computer into the Progra~n halt mode.

If an Hi'Pi instruc-

tion is not used, the prorraim will contirnue in the com~pute
mode until an error occurs w-eich will .,eriainate the run or
the numaber of executions exceeads the nuimber specified.
Shortened Vez'sicn~ of

I

iimualai-jin Laiz~ge

The fol.loiiin:-

descrip'tion of" a rmth-odl for creating shortened versions
of the simulation la.ng:,age dcoes not apyt
ca
aa

switches (exceft, cormpute =ode s,.itch". or flipf loD settins

~

These parts off the languagce h-,%--

:at been inclu.aed in the

discussion.

---

Ashortened version of thie in-pat

--

nguage can be

created byf the -user. To do thnis reauiares - ~ing those
lettterz of a sir-mullatian 3.aY~--.e &-am.1 vlhich are used by the

F~
~

iil~o ~
~ or~ ~ ntni ~~
as the iLput fo~r tkhe .'-Cad.

-

etrscnbade
&-'tiý:l

to build a s-temo-nic for.- of
in;1

L; anE~ using those le*tters

~rd i~c
woe

desired.

The fol-ow-

is a listi~ng of tho~se woro;s i~n the sif~i.lationn lan~-a-e

which can be- shorzened, a list&-inf of the portions of the

wcaNt whicb are used in inter-,re-tinE
a shortened version ofl thae

words W'hich era.- b-_
ftzchorten-'tc
CTLU?

rILT

it,

anta an ez-xazpl~e of

o:

In tverrzretin,-

'!-!

L;MnP-le of- a

2-hortanced -.'ersien'

GE/EFW72-7
CCnPiJI

oENTER
*CLEAR

CO

COil

EN

EN'

CL

CL

DELETE

DEDEL

OC'"PAL

0

OCT

BIMPIHY

B

BIN

S=i~LE

SSI,

BEIS~i(Arg)

MJ CUORIO

BB(Arg)-- --- ='BGAg

AL)

SiGnSML

M(EO)

FEM~O)

S

SXG

EX(Arg)

M~C(Arg)

Mie six= using com~dtions ar-ply to the abbreviated
version of the l.mmanguag

as apply to the fulI-uord version.

iARgaeecp
b3an is needed!ca
as a delimiter
a.
nptaaisetrd
betreen each worl ofit the
free format.

A1. 72 colu~s can be used for enterin-; input

data, however, no lanamgue eleamet can be divided. be-tueen
two linse3.

If a urordJ will not fit on a line, leave the

re~i~erof the line blank ana put the word at the first
of the next lI'm.
A description of the simulztion has been given In this

(

cLapter.

This Ilam.gae cc-,i-.tz

&vsit-c")i,

andi~

ce~n~

axT z!'--ber-.

coir.~s.
60

and load cod1es,

Ahlzo dizctissod wws

GA/ES/f-?
the method for creating progrms to be executed by the stmAlation program. M.e chepter was o
li
ed ith a metbod for
creatiag a shortened version of the simulation 2age.
The folloiungchapt-ers ii

give a listing of the erorr

detection ckpabillty of the
sent examples of

itton

pro

and wi

tro=r&•
a t have been run an the sLam-

Iated compater.

61

pr-

GE/EE/7IV.

Err-or Dcteetina

Error dete--tion is one of the outatand-i-ng- fIsatures of
the D1P,3 computer sir'ation progra2.

With this capa.bility

the prograim ta-.s can be error chnecked by the zinn1 - t.-ed Com-puter before tne--y are rim on the D17B cor-pater.

To succe-es-

on- the D17i3 co-,zrter tn-e

fully load arz-d execute a pro-7-ai
program bas to be error fre~e,

At the present tine t~here &.re

no error r~heaks rade b7 the D)173; --

pt

exceptl. for parity

and verifying- tt:9 contents or rezorY.
The error dete~ticn prciide'i 7-y Ib -siriui31.on pyroý-r;m
goes beyond cb'ecking- ju.?! porp.-Yan tapes.
checked~ for validilty by coroparir. ,
aý7.inst the siz

m

h

y7bl

atfton iarý-.:ae ~yl~.

i=ade, by the sl~jlaiton

i~~~are also

to~ deteat Anra'"I~ t!

:-etAn-s,5 addresses tht are outr
end 3L va'ic-ty

J-l1 Input duta is

of con~tiontso

ol

r'

;

ofA

t-*e-

b

1-ojz

tinst ýPrz nct allocm:e-i by th-e D17B

computer.
A istinz of the error stt~nsthat

z.re -rovw.&'ed by

with each state-,*1.' a'-e possible causes of the- &r-ror or aj

3t~t~/Cz

of E~rrorz.

ztantamct-itz provii'1eiý b'ý the

13

Alistinz 04th'eerror
sdaic

rra

is as clcs
~F'~KJiZ

X-DT-%" IS i~?
r

-i)

62

(Invailc

a-

GE/EE/72-7
"LOAD CODES J1UST BE 12i BINABI WHEN BIMlR

(

IS SPECIFIED

Adifferent representation for a load code was used when
the binary relpresentation was specified.-

ITHE

yoIA•DLN•
P J

!'PUT DAT'.

IS IW.i; -D:

(Invalid Data)

Portions of tin Input ;#-ord were interpreted but an improper
sy•ibol ias encointered disallowing any further interpre-

taticn.
COhTUT_3 IS .'NiT I1 WhI¶C iXDE - DATA CANNOT BE EUTEM
The pro--ram =t

-

be in the wi-t mile of noncompute for data

to ba entered.

-- -----

IN 4AiT ZKDE - D-.;•. IG/N02:_0
Ir Wi(3N) is specifiel-, the only tray to put the co-]puter in
th.e w ait mode is to specify ?S(0.').

i:A::::c::::::o
•

r

::

usda

zl

___--kcn

for the com-

puree s• teh.

Synbol)

Iii
----

Lemn•hJ
2

1Fs been s paified,, i--It data r-ost, be. In the

ASCII repr•esentaticn.
&WMEGi

"-SS"E•)

B;!2

SP~CIFI_ --D 1IC31=231-C-Y

The argaient of Ute execute co

-

DM?.'UL?
rxALmUz

OF 50

rAn muist contain four deciml

digits to be valid.
"0nV Vi 9: or C(IF can be.- used as the settings for the coldstorage memory write sw-itch.
DISCHS SWITCij PZFEiiLDIGZ'L
-4Cny
-1 or ;DjF can bee used as the settir-s for the discrete
switch.

I6

GE/EF/72-7

Pc00Pa ONA/C-?P k7TA IS Ii:CC=-r.T
Only UN Lr OIR can be used, as
~s ettings for the power
CHAC:IL SPE"1IZD CA-;:%': -":?'

3A~ T~IAT

f

Only channels 00 thru e56 can be Iceaded by an enter load
code.
PiO;6) must te S-i-e

t

'(

c%)

An Plmi instruction
tutstŽe Con
r into thfe Prog1n halfo-tbe
-u~T)mst be scij1tot__i--Of
imod-e ar-d

Charm'els 6lt, 70, and 72 can-o, t a us=-d T;itha-,Trnfr

11ot all

-Ossirbilft-es for ;--zliSrto-shave

wired into the cz:tr

:~

iidceOf

beemthese

diagma.
STC~LGZCA~O
T: ?LC3 ~-~-~T~GE C~i2JJSIF C-LD
SC?-?~; 125ZC ~~~~~~~~~a.11
2:IATED
E~i~:m)r~ut be Speci-&icd eoc
rtn
ca-n take Place on
cold-s torasge r~z,-Ory chz-rel s.

The S`T- (So_

ntrci

SW~c::;

13 Cj i'

-i

b;2!'

.. :

cno,

'CH:
.CK

~.,

store in sicr-wor~v01d
5

~DJiT

SUITCHi

GE/EE/ 72-.?
channel 50 (hot-storage ax-emory channel).
CO0W-STOP.AGE B7--IORIY CAINNiOTI BE !LCAD~iD IF COLD-ZTO3AGr
SWITCH is 0FF - F
fl;Afr.-)

WRITE

EEM(01 must be specified before wrltint, can takeo place on.
cold-storage vem-ary chann~els.
H~~TC~L:Gj&iir~ A~7 ~ Wi-Q*Di IF DIS'CREZ7" SWITCHI 15
OFF - MHGRA
1M
~
i
DD(c;:) must be specified beflore wti;centa3e place o:!
chnnel 50 (hot-s torare rry
ca=or)
FIAGS?&0-.2 IS AL
C~t INLY IN- L-Rz '.is; STO"
IS T~~~1 u
,,
-L33-rcaiI::;7
If a ST,- (Storre) instruction is to
56. a M~at store Is aflo;:uu on-1y to chlamlanel
An area of ner-ory has b-:-cnw,
sin
no data has berun loaded tbh-re.
1sTauCTcu--:

i

ziv

de:7-i~rm:.t-el

hao.tever no da~ta has been !iuord.
RMEISTM. DISKiAY ?;.:J121ET I
play Hlequiest)
Register display czaAis

~.

-

c- r
15
IiLIdD

-

operp7ad, -xut

trtir
1 --to' t.--Ja meor

nic.t

(Inalid 2'erister Dis-

missin-z a 'Lf ra-.-ntbh.siz.

(Invalid Symbol) IS ;XF11 A 7MAI)3 Fil"-ISP~a
A

52-- 54,iOor

P

is'3ŽaS",, .2

A mezzuiry word. '.-s '1k**-,n

:~3C~~

D-15PALL

. - 1.

syn-bol other than one of the ter. rei~s'lcr disp-L3a-' sytii-'lz

was used.

Trau cmapter Is con-mem'nd 't~i th Pr
rin on teD1735

-,oputer s-imiulza

TLi

e

these se-.Jen1eals

#.zcý_s in the

t

s-rctzr

t)he coin-se

r~~1yo

>

1_%the 1)173 COEi-A'.ter

st

'ai
~br

I.

In this

,,~,lios the v.87 lon& cod-.

out-.
eOf ot

~e-Ie-

im- -the noiooz.pte, ro-De Jrs ;ýho'n.

puit r£vai3a~ib

li

rctaized.

tem
Fa".le Pro-!'a!m

-

u-~iU It. prezentr.i' wi~ih

s.rj the tymes 1'f O1-t--:uZ ;;2-t z-q,~~;
0ftJ

Seven U:fer

on IPreOI3.

rcid~r~

ent e~iari

e!!-'zm-Ahgx bave beein

ani1. t:hI
e.-e %:e1

ThIA!s exam~ple
do-ta

-.my ini skticr

is loaded in-to za-ay
eitisplay in Vie n1Wc,-cmPujt-

Sigraýl tratin:j and.

af outT_.-t even f'or a sm~l

wioun'it

scm-nec 1'e'rmin- t-a o-

dts]pTLayad b&ý there Uro cc-

*oiutpji
*

L

teach~i-

*1

D'10,7

;cs-

Ulo-.ere:

for'

c=-uutcr thc

15e used as a

Aid,

A ammmury 'lispla, rie:!yst is
exape

proiran.

rtim~ of the

r~

f dae
hC

mae-anbe
ni-d ery-_7-frqwt1, bazusý

m-.ide at the en4 of this

kTe miemor3 duzza Vhat appeaz-7- oni .;he UAsti'ig has

a dslrmml and sectcer dczi-;wtiorx on the leftA.

This address

sthe miem~ory -d&r-ss of tne c-etal -worwi appe.-rinr, in the
first. coLs'k±m al that rtsiTh

scc-and colu:-m in the s&---e

rowf C')Ata?'s tne m-nory -word of tha nex:,t sector location.
fte sane, applics to all razaininý; i*or& in that row~. If a
sector lo=2.

-n in a rc' n-i

tot t-ecn 103dcC- zi"i*

fata M40

GE/EE/72-7

ap~pears on the listing as a iuor~l containming all 71?
mow in which none of the smact

7 he

locations awe lioaed with

data do not ar-i,-zar in the m~ory dmup llstlng.
The flowcbarta fo,- e:,aapie prograa no. 1 Is as foliows:
ST-42T

S2M3T
i.r-ct
:od es

7

DisDI
DDAC!%)

-c

ST-3I

67

-*.--ý-!

GE/EE/72-7

IF 0UTZ'f

1,.

W'SE TYPE~ :

:c- z Z;

1Sr

T.:F~dl

U*rtTZ=

SIM-LJ~fl;2 PR,%a2AA
01/24/-8-9
TIM=

ETPCOI,

r

CC43 '(2)2ZU)

O

i.--

PRM7SE 1- F?7LE ;z*DSSA-VLE :.

PRXES-

C:!-F1LLr
C;,--

j,~~3f

?iTP2Fa

;7ZPES 'WLL BE I!FACED

KALI.~~:~LeL

IAIT

A=~

ycd'jiz SA

g- 0!E3-

D17-1 c-ýpkl7E!

**
*5

'SIG=!. 0:

TYPE

- FILL

ja-:21:PG.

-Z

NA

19.43.00

.

GE/EE/72.JI

SA:f7i C-MEc

-:-

LC4-Izj*;:

3)

~ATZCDE

1

-- R-EARQZ T-;2r
PAP:IL

-

-- -*:Wi

*

*

L--7

*.-~..:

I~~~

zz

~

C2-)

.

-

-

-

-

GE/EE/72-7

C-ES

;D(4) "2):.1)

-T:

z!TE-F
-

-

HALT

JF -AKlk:-ý
MAL

-

LALT

OCFA03

'SECT
033
*5

I,

2123.;5S7
!JC~
Z2Y

~*a

l y;: z

77773777-o

GCRUZI

Z

77117M1

-Z~1.1--"; Fr..:.7 ---e

T

70

TC
VZ

-L
iALI

LISTED C.1-TAI-1

1MALI

*:

GE/EE/72-7
Examle -Pro

C)

Nub-ber 2.

This example consists of an add-

ition ripple progrm that has been written using the three
different representations for input data.
been loaded and execuL--.

seoarately.

Each program has

The addition ripple

program loads 1 into Vhe accumulator and keeps adding 1 to
the contents of the accumulator.
on itself,

the execute co -and,

Because this program loops
s been used to stop the

executions at a count of five.

-- The initialization and !-:enry
each representation.

iLode tracirL

comand-s are used with
and•-rei-i-er-display are

used in the con•ute .zode portion only.
The T1oi:chnrt fer exaimple plra.-om

S;

i ie..i-ory

Drm
-I-

I

Displa

irce

9i splay
(-)

.

71

'

no. 2 is as follows:

~' :."'•Fl:

•(0x)=

GE/El!j'2-7

CIA
A.-1

F-_
'er-- nat

-I

*- &

t
!y

72

-

E/=M

B!

l?

R
pis

S.-74

24/2

-=

-.

-

:c4)

-I

~

c3

;o*z

I

Z rz.

A C2

a-

~F~I~

-

177;7

*
4--

z

*

-ai

I

i-z

7)p

GE/WE72-7

BE!Bil
.
DEcic
LIZ

RIFL

-

~~K

jO

1~

C1i

S I=PE
Blr

Z?

il? C-LT

EM:z;31

.Z:,'

C33i!~C~

Z=

.1,i

?P

s'sz!!
CZ

Z

PR
?V::,

;.

-

! g;*ý

T

Z;1!
32! -cii1

=2!7 -.

3(Z!:,:
CZ3)
*.!i C.

T!

l
C;U:Izay

7-4

'F.

2.;.Z
---3

-Z:

Tl

GE/i-lr/72-7

CLEAR L A~
aiT)

~

-CC.

ji 0*3aaG
C -1;
!=

CO.: a033

0.5
-:.(7

0 tO

1 %::
--

EF*'--.-_;

02

F* ýz

(E~i£R----"'M

rz0a

£?L

C.~-

1

ZEDE-

i-

?SuiIIT

Siv

OF

-i

Z
4iO105 rs

4

(i:

P

e ýý

y.-.

-

J-i

,

:cT
003

*02

z
z~t"r

rwi,,

777777
is,

GE-/RE/72-7

EE-1-* INS :S7-C; FIi ED

=Y
IT C;~?SI:~

r-M-

CLEAR

-2 l

.

--y

s

-3

A.C24-I)

02

.W

%to

03

::

40

.........

AX) lSTEM72-

S~:A.:-E:P~A~:

IsSc
A4

E:

i--F

--

-

~iPE

IF-iLT

HALT

.2E

GE/E-3/72-7
.gaDl

T.bis examiple is an- arithmetic

Promrram- iHunfer

program thlat uses a COa'- (cha-racter oujupalp) subro'utine to
output the anns-wer as einght oc~tal digits.

2The CQOA subroutine

was developed by the S~yst~es Lalboratory Group at Tulane

"Th-

arit-hmetic tcra

consists of seven arithmetic

routines ',4th starti-ng locationas at, 'the mro5gram address

I

litedbeloii.

Each. routi-ne needs todazt-a- nuebers starting

at the data addr-esses givenn.

Progra~i

j

Chan

secti-

00000ZDDD
040NN
01C.0

-~10

-f

Iwith
Isubroutine

AdressD'ataAdrs
~.1-rn t~-l~

%Azam Se_________ct

routi."em

02

001

S U3 r :-u tiir.e

Co

001

r o ;1 vin 2

12)

0n-

14

coo

20j

ooz
-0

2-11,

000

S~~ru~e26

30

000

iihle io

331 rUtie

001

-ot-e

.i-iý

ro, t:i n e

32

001

Dach routine of the aritlmetic jpro.&ram- caml linik up

the CCA szlbrautine to; Out-DFvt the results.
is loaded in chinnel.3s 1- ard 4-06.

which wzxts thse computer -in, the~ mri-a
-In

00Os1
0-31

inst'rual.ion of~ the GOA. subrouti-ne _s
A

22

used. to ozatmulk the
disply is us-rrl-

mhe last

l'ý?R j ns truectioma

h-al'U jrcide.

this e:-xa-,.Dle a flag store televe-

L

'The GOA

sipgnal is also

Nn~r
o =ede traicincr or reg-is ter

fl~c~r
or examiple progran no. 3is as foliows:

'The

prog-rami

14.

RR
OTI
A

iD

4ee

r

-;

__answer

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-

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t
_

_

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;reý
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dat
F.-2

mu;

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G-E/EE/?2.-7

rele-mailry

cl' a-, wer
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to OutDult
-

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.

T-his exar-:ole is a- program which

shows the discrete output capabil-ty of" the sim-Waation Program.

output llsti.g,

To interpret the discrdst

shoul.d refer to Fig. 12 in Auien-i

the reader

C.

-

The flowirchart for exanrlea Progra- no. 4: is as follows:

SMART

I

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Exca'mne 'Ir

-~

a

THim-ber

Te
Vi program for this example uses

the binary outmat ins-t-ructions (BQAsBCI~vBQ9)a-p d-shwws the
binary output; capability off the simul-aItion programe

To

interpret tebinary output, listling, bhe reader should refer
to Fig. 13 in Apt-endix C.
One flwiatfor
example progrmm- no.

1:

j
-

ST~ART

I

Load

¶rzrce

MIA

Int-utm

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IF wiJPT iq

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Load

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10.he Voltage autput c-ityof
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ViZLTAGE: OUTPUT IS 20.11 LINE V01
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V1(S-1I)= OU0000100 VITAr A IVOLTAGE OUTPUT OF
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VOLTA GE: OUTPUT

0.00 V~OLTS
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MILS

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IS ON Li RE V51s Ii

90o OF EXEC'JTIONQ1 HAVjE EXiCEE-EEO W;. SPECIFIED - PROGIRMu
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j

GE/EE/72-7
gommtiae Pro~a

!~e

.Tis

pro,--=~ is an example of

a progr-am Vhich- uses all the shift instructioiis -- f the
)17Bco-rter imstru=tion -set. '.od-- trmaefg and register

display arm used im- the co-mute mode on-ly.
Mie flIOU021--t- for ex

petrozraa no. 7 is as foncus:

ZARd

!odes
M
Display

A*'-7-6003?

Id'S

thut

AP.s
S~L

.wo

3

3
3

SAR 3
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GE/EE/72-7

IF CTPUT Is 73
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GI/EE/72-7I
WI.,
A sofo'ftar
Computer

Conclusion
ID1

simuilation progrmn ofteDiia

;IaS U.-itten to sim-alate thae fun.tions-:of

e4mputer.

M!he dD~jectives

'the D17.BI

of this siirnlatilon W~ere -;o ha-ve

the sinalationi Pa'eg-r-am siiiiflate th-s aetiml com-ipater as
closely as
Mi~be."~s objective uwa rmea bea~use ir
majoritty of the D1Bfizntions have beem- included In the
Dig?~R
e loair

si1r71axtion

of the mnmn-r~pte =,4
the- -e-armbing,

ax-A intuaractidon fmactioflZ

1hare been wsed.

In the -compue zwonde,

~d~
=~~nra'iting nery-j,

md- instructio

e--ecutioa. are all, par-al of the sirnlplaticn Prograw-v zae114herer
possible, thesas

al.goritk= iiap:Le---nte& on th~e D)173 %asa

used in the simJ..ation

iCIn

soze
bynpote

Me~z 2-s
wwo~c~3rell

rincfienci-es ini the si aa~t-ic~a Proz-gamm, bew a
of uzing t'm- sae lsorit;--= i3 tha the simulaionj

porezam can b-- u.sed. asazab

i-g I for Iearin~g

the opramtioni of tbe 1)173-3 com~uter.

A.-so errmor Ie-teCtica

ums bu~ilt into th-e s3.L-7,.ation- pogvamr esn& has been very
helpfri". in creatimg Xrogmeam tapes for tlie DIB compu_.ter.
Reconm=?dation-S for g-gty
D17B commuter fim-ctlon

irh~cZ

In the simirl Itiou- prE-mi
associate-2iit

There aex

real _-

~

havre not been Inemrparated
of these fu:nctieims are

cantrol, 1rct-essing and Ancluile

the Ckwtibi]itises for i-ne-een'
74/.
ha 1)173 co-m-atr is

someI

caCale

ipn-uts amdl11-e

fdtea-S

ot

y~

-nrmtl

ad

incmremenal
trae

Unv

b!

6:

i--l

or

o

to

addingbits 61 uifolxiQeriest

c-ontol.r ~o~
dhotp'gaicuto;-As
the (enter
EC
fi2
coitd.n
at
finr-.ietc
tin

-ro

comarteros
too
1,-r-to- usede

I

-4'

d

g-rrcionare

Vi]Lore:toZ111cpcp

futonm
theare

iW m'exe~td
Mialto

finetý. count1 o-.w

oitoith
silaisn

t

-me

inot

oxe link
fHuvr
thefirn

.2-~im; n

bYtheoizeri-zA.

por~o-

Ir

zsiufl.
Llop i
theoo

ar-

of

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mot iiield
ffvr'

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wod

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th

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-

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bu-atttion.
63ae thme

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prga~pathoe

t--

ab3-e re Ure b4ovama
capabilot ines d~e&!.1crbey

o

r,--P

contro o.t-d;licalon

fo

the

orfams s-za
adbth
V-lotirrc.;onauo
a-of =crc a t art 0 theDSIB c-,,pt--r. z-,_- assomCe- tdo

Alsr oul
a
beo~tn

for toring ion

byTheasseber wnoulde a-copu
Msilai-eoni

cm
eth2

~as ~iz-*uia
mce

__iZadoa;r.to

aa 660
sjrffl
paa¶mmt o theai
a=a_

j

j~

rRII74.')

a

-,---.-.I-.

-

-

4

-

I

-

I

1

program on th

ne

This mchine

version of the progrbz.

znae

pimchc4 tape couidJ 1 then be supplied as aata

a

co'ter

to both the-

U

-

-

S

a& tba simulation program.
-

4

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a- 0-:.,~-05---)

Bruce ChsaltAterton- sms born on 31 Ilarmh 194t0;in-.Franklin,
Ida-ho.

He graduated froza h~igh school in -Preston, Idalho In

1958 and attenAiea Utah State Ijniversity for five qm-.aters.
He enllsteýd in

es of

LI~
SAP in Decem~ber 196? =-d received 36

riidn- in

ele

rodcs andeoli

to beeome- eligible for education indrthe

iation

qupmn

Airman Education

an;-' Coaission Frograj
mm3?)
He -wxas accep~ted for 1AIRCP
trainbiin in Jume 1965 an-I atiten-4ed Ohflahoza State Uni~versity
V-ere he reoeivwed the. zdegree of Bachelor of Science in

Offie

Trinn
a c~isioain

Scoo
'e

T-c2n

SAin Nove~i2[er 1967.

project officar for the

?s -t and received
He s~eL-'ed asa

PorceeirSatellite Contral Facility

In Los Angelez, Califformda.

.1.1 attemided the Air Force

Institute or Tachnology ifnare 33- received the degree of
IKaster of Science in Electri-cal Rngiveerimg in IRardh 1972,

Perzmaen:11 Addre s:

This txhesis

F.O. 'Dc 177
-rarn:3in,, -adaho V83237

ta
1yped by Bruce Catk

I?

GE/EE/?2.'7

AppwdJX A
Printout of Siiuaxtion Program

GE/.Eg/72-?

9.

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Z52 * 9CCMSIN3 v SS!G Sir
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DX?j3 iThstruction SetJ

CODE. DIESCRIPTl(X1-

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Add.-

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Accum~ulator Tef t ShullftZ

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D17B Load Coles
NALT

-

This lo•d code causes the 017B
t6E-- top

dat an.

ner th-e program halt xncd6i

halt ncde dill be ente-rel if
Is

the compute switch

code causes the con-puter to go to the mnual

,alt

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entered if

This

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be

the com_-ite s•itch is set-at the Run or

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-

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CO.!W=- - TMis

FILU

accepting

load code

-

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WRIFY•

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LJOCATE

-

load cme --IL sets the filll/verify

This c-._e eauses tne contents of the Lo-er A'calmulator to be shiftc

CLAR

-

ia.to the Tnstraction Register.

This code clears the Lom.er Accula!utor by fillirg
it

with. afl zeros.

DE MD.

- This cede causes no action.

SEI•

- The action produ-ed by this code depe-ds upon the
setting of the £illherify flipflop.
code is

first

I111!

r.

WTen this

deciphered, the contents of the

Louer AccIImElator. is

S

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tiranferred into the Acc-

Ito

13-3J

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If 0 3 is aOn setj then th~e OontentS, of
the Apqyais stored In the meuor7 locatiJon ad4ressea.
by the Instruct!ion Reagister.
If 0~is '1' set, the-n the contentsofteAc.
ultr sc-=Daaed udth -the conltents of-the MXMý1ry
location addressed by t~he Ins.trction
lRegster,
Thme last; action of this load code.
is to jb-acreametthe bist:_ucticn 2tegister by
one.

-

-

-.

--------.

GE/EE/72-7

:0

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A

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B-rj, Figts

U

:?a!sintericeting

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10.

a

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GEIFSI?2-?

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se

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F.2

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4-~-

u

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b
C-1-

S

Dsrt

---

-

en

j

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x

x

Ll

C-2i

I

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CE*1

-

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3.--iI

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r1 3

-

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-

ia

---

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3i

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i!

,.

ii.--D

-

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-

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.
I

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.

0-7

-Appemix Dj
__srution-

S~at

for -Usng
AF!T

'5--

-

Forew-or& to Appendixz Dj
A so-Lobiare suiwallion prograni has- bseeixx.ttn wbich
sinulates the functions ofthe Hiiiuteren D!.7B COmPuater.

Mihe structura anid org-aniza~bn~ of this similuation prograMi
is descrilbce- in dhia~ter 11 of tlds t-hesks1-.

lation language is p..resentieii ini ciapteer

The Dl73 siri-a

chapter I1V
contains a U.sting of Vne e=. of st-at~e~snts of the Simu1I12

lation progran, and cbapt~er V is =-de up, of example programs vI~bch were 'rim on the sizi.ated com-outerz- r1his axpend~ix coataians nfrat
for using- the Dl)73
computter s

~ai=

u~a

all APIT.

Froceddures are siven

for accessing' the sim-ulation program froma a teletjype ternThai.

V

Infrmo~tbion c

ard. e7tra

ri-n=ig tbe iuse

of progi~am talpes

iprozxam f~iles is also incluC-A..

A cmrensed

version of the DI's s5.nuiati -- luan ge is given TollowEea
by the Ii1stim-S of a sztr- for crea~ting a thoz-bened version
of the simsulzation 1xanngz~vge.

GE/EE!72-7
Procedlores for Usý the
D173
Go~er Simidation 1-0at
TheP DI 73 commater Sikulaioa,-p
rog
1
b-- used fro~m -=teletype -ter-Li-aa

a teletYpe ternini
erence H~ansa

a

AFIm

van
as - zttont

Procediures for op-eratii~t

are con-tained in teintcrcom 2 Ref-

i

(R~ef 3).

The simul.ationprra

is available on Jthe CD'%f 6,600

%Comvut-r System as a merim nent file.
perm-arent, file nae

-SIuAIiis
thie

Omly ane versioni of- tha

03oram GM4 sts

so a Cycle nmrmber need not&. b,- spacified iihen att -dh

pern-anen-t, ffile.
CY=1.

lio~-aever, the irograO

1rhe sinulation programn reqT

~

io

as

as less thanm- 4902 Of

mem~-y. to e:xecuto on 4thm oo0,60,0ri
~ogr~'s-r", on t7.-s.;--

catljogued
Ca

the

The mraority of

prog~

-aquire less tn&.an~

5 seconds of canitral prozezssertie

Or~era~iont fr~rr a Telet:m-e Tea-mrdal.

-To access the

sisnulati-do

py'ogram from thhe zeletNyve ir-- ~lrequires thle user to
LOS1.1T dl'it

the 6600 co,.mptzcns.

jare contairmeiCnian. 3, P. 3p).

Proc-eadues for doing t:-As

in the -Int-arcc,;. 2 Referimnce Fanua-l (R-ef 3:
te

log-inn has -ce-en successfully completed

the teleltype p~rints aut

Vie user i~ilrezscL-! itil

to cZake the sirA~uatimn
sysll'e-

r-slpnd-L-

aailable
-rora
for his use.
rqet

-A

The

by ty~t~he tinr-e an~d

the a&ttah rejuest. Too1o-'edby

i

T%-_ user -ml2st decide if he tmmts th,-e outputll. to be printed
atthe teletypq or if he- :-ns
tbe batuh term-aa
printed by h

ispo
-s

UiQlne prnter.

eltp

the

uptt

UP output is to be

the user z-*iould respond to Vie

coi~ancl lwith

If output. is to be diswoseZ- to-the highd spe-,-ed printer the
~-

user ehould. rcsvmd vdh--.-~

"I7-

illPS

cG2m3:,FI.i
The systen wiii

mroess t~his request and thle teletype

ium

print the fol-owi~ng:
CQIS22Tme user st±rui-d. rs-vnd uk~ah

Vaich puts One sim-ulat-ion program inio execution.

Dzuring

execution. of his daathe user zehou"Id respond. to any nes sages
that appe.aws at thle taletype.

Hhen Vh

user

iishe
ma

runnipg pro,--ms. he sliould exit Ithe simmi'1ation prog)re-n by
speifr-bu:12OF"a-.& res od to Vie inessage:

by typing

Mnesyse-mrcsDoulds

~-A-U" the nssag'o

D-

GVE/EE72-7
ýand prints the amoumt of execution tiim used.

Mhs- MMfl be

followed by
-CO; YAIDIf output .s to -De disposed to the batcdh termina line
printer, the user shoul~d respznd. with

foloued.&by the ILGGO-- mro'lures containe

in thie Inter-com

2 Reference ivianual (Ref 3:Cih-'aD; 39 P. 3-6).
If outputl Is LotzU to be

stsd

-tb4ierfer

then the user eao-ald fojllcr- th-e Droeedures for LoGoUZ.
'Usiurz Propmram Tazas5 i2rogwam tpe can s kuPply data to the
s- *-'a-4.-Qzticn
Thera.
da-ta- on these tamms is entered. by-

0the

tame reader locateed at e.ach. teletype termini-m.

mhe,

ProgramI tapes can. also be zt--id at :,:. tele-type tsrminal.
Procedures for p---ing- an-r

r.-

of program tapes Is

contained in the in~tercom 2 Reference iRaniý- (Ref 3:Ghap_-:. 2,
P.7-9).
Prograam tape-,s w1iicb wi21 also I,- nm on the D173 bomm*

~Puter Must b-- written usirag the ASCII representation describedj

In chapter InI of this thesis.

BleanRcst line feeds,, arA car-j

ri-16e retturn-s are ignored '&;, the Dl73 compubar tape reader,
so these- syzzOls ca-1n ba p-imch-ed on the tames.

This a~llws

the PrOf.ram taies: walich will be run on the D!7B- cozmlter
to also I>- execasbeil

te sizulationporm
&y

D-3

GE/EE-/72-7
Us~h~
xtern
0

l

s

TV~&

Mies can be establisbed In-the-

cDc 6600 computer vatich will suppWTl
-3

resentatimx

data In the ASCII rer-.
-!
- -to the simuliation progrem. The Mie.- must have

the n~ames of~ TAMiZ or TAPRE3.

T111ey-cau ba created at -the

teletype by eaterimg SMM? rihen the tealetyjpe prints
ýO

LIM_-

IThe-teletyp
The user responds utith
SETU1P.

will process this commav-, avd itr-int tckt

The usef- s3iOUla. iype
MIzM7EtW

or

Mae telctypz: well respond with
The user can pro-ee& to virit-e a pregrzo An 2ASCIII rejw-eseT-tation. Each'1 li~ne of tsbs ypogram-ri be proceeded b.7 a Illm'3
r 'nber. Procedia-re. for cireating prograsi
hugeacn
tained ir- t;-e UY MCCon 2 Reference Ham-iil ("Reff 3: ChaEP. 4).
The last1- srsibol suppmlied mist80 be the letter 1111u.

bol signifies the end of the program.

22is syn-

Also the SAVE direc-

tive should always b-- given- all Ube enI of a pregram.
To use the -urogrmncreated on VAJE2, or MIFAPý3 the- imer
must provide au argwu--ent to the sim-a'ation prog=a
Ji~aI.

EOAH(2

TALF-2.

will result. i.n the read-Imv. of tile da-ta enc

MaH-(3) causes the sirmulAzt.1Io

data from TA=-3.
TOMi

is

coin

progmram to read tbe

An ezarmple in -uhicih d~ata is read from

as follo iS:

(EI-R. M~GMAI)

0

~PR(O21) iMR(O2I) Ei(o-2i) ?S(-C--&)

S~im'1ati

1 a~gue

Bfrary mm-bars

IiPaM.1f2)

is as folaowss:

:L

-0,

Ifil rCT-0.1

t-oaý Codes -HA,

MILUs VE~fl?

Wheen OCCZL is specifiea, iyimb n~ust be in Gatal repraesntation.

Blm-arY rapresen-ttion.
be if--

input. r-past be in

Whllen B-1INAUY is r-;=fif ld,
'13hen MIU, is

I repatesutat5.oi.

-ma-cifiled, tupel, rist

%Delault ISC~~h

Reesntaio~

~e~asetatcn

Ih~brs-0

10000
2

-

3
4
5

00010

2

10011
00100

3
-4

~101015

6

1.0110

700111
Loe.& Codes

ASCII
e-uresantati-On
0

-HALT

PILL
VEMIDOY
caipulý-11100

?
01000

8

11010

ZI

01011
01101

D~-5

6

IE/EE/?-?
CVDAR

'0

IE,
'
Siuitediaes

01110

E11

7!:.%NaM

--

Timin~g Sirgaal

Power £¶MIOff Sni-tch
niltiatre Load Sueitch
ll.aster Reset.-Switch

T(O-H)
FR(w~)z 1'R(OFF)
PS(O5)
MH(O"J)

D~iscret~e Sw~itch

DD(ONi)s DIr(F)

(Dafaullt of thase sw tches is OPT).
Clo-=Ute Fo-62 Suiitch

K(HA~)

X&M.hGS)s

(Dea4u--%At of thiis switohas i s PIALW)
Display

*

-

A bimaz'o output listing of aniy orf the follow-;
~ reziserrs or lopps -a - be given i~ene-jer
i-t-s coiten-ts c~ass iLf itapppsaas as the
airnina~of thle RMISTz comanud:
1--zmOn1Ic
-4
I
L

Rca~ple:

C

Register or LogaD
~A C. u-l a tor
Thslax-action Register

F

Lower Acc-imulator
I~uberRegister
P-loop

R
U
17

H-loot,
U-loop
V-l0oo

lTG-ISTE-R(A3=3,L Z)

010o. of argimaat- c=i varry frrom 0 to 20 anc. izust.
~ba ona of tcegivan

above)

D-6-

-GE/M/?2-7
The cOntents of inemory uMi-- be -glien as out~lp-t
.v~ienever a M~EMORY cormA_ :is given:
RE~0R(0C2L)

?eorncY dum~p will be gi7en in
Octal:-

O3Y(BfLHAilY)

Hemnory d

ilbe

given in

Binary.
(D-efa-o13f; is OCLXL

Discrete xhp'pxts

bit-s as argu-e~nt)I

-x(19

Y(24~ bits as

Examle:
--

r-_

(ilicoo lo;-o -olll1-11lSooo)

Era01ple

00(4,110000
1

frcremental Inputs

-

loo-

V(241 bits as a--romulnet)
RI(24'bits as argiment)

E=xa-le:

SIEa

V(0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 01011
R(OOC001iI112il100001101)

c~h time SIGIULT is
re-resntl",onflo

usc-:

i

0to 1 or

f2
-

sth
to 0

"Si~IL is 0 at the beginii'-1i1,0,Of the
prozr~rim. When Sic-;-"! is 1; lie io
E~ECTExi

E=M70

mm-N.
"heComu

codncyls
Lf t --es
0-11c~ betracd. ed

"o. Ofexection cycesution

050)
2.50 executions
(Defwalt is 50 exeoutions)
E~3j1~(

D-?

GEI/EE/?2-7

k

YK(O)

-

virl f-limflop is

VKl~()

-

'VJK fl.ip.flop is 212 set.

so

set.

--

-

RK(
3Ms- flipflop is NO set.
BK~)
is in Set.

-

-BKflipflop

~Eii~iALZ~

r

-

Shpt"&
"rsono~

-

iemory is initialized, binary output
Tliýpf lops aree set to +1, and disC-rebte irn'-ut counters are set to zero.
iaton

'Tam

-a

Mue f Ooflo1dn

listinc' Contains the sim13ation languase words imhch van. be

-~

shortened, the imt-erpetingltes,

j

~a

d.cxa-I-6

shortened version~:
Simmilat~on- Lanaguage
mords -cidlaic can bIn-Dex-roreting1
ShorteSnedene --Persion
LOCAfi5IOi
FILL

L
F1

LOCFfl.&

CGIMSS.

co

COX4

CI&'Al
DEIETR
OCTAIL
BDLA~B

CL
DE
0
B

CL
DEL
OCT
MI

SUMMGL
RUNI

S
R

SPIAG
RUNl

R

-D-8

-Expapple of a

Pa
-.

'E)ME

(Arg)

REG(Arg)

lOmiX(BC-MALY

iKE(B)

J4EM(o)

SIGNAL
EW- C UEGU-(Arg)

S

sic-

EX(Arg)

U~.r-,



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