Alwac_III 3_Manual_of_Operation_1957 Alwac III 3 Manual Of Operation 1957

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alwac

corporation

manual

of

operation

alwac

ill-E

Copyright

1957

by

ALWAC

CORPORATION

13040

South

Cerise

Avenue

Hawthorne,

California

Form

10-0001-0

CONTENTS

Page

Page

GENERAL

6

INSTRUCTIONS

19

Memory

Unit

6

ADDRESS

LOCATIONS

34

Logic

Unit

6

ADDRESS

MODIFICATION

34

Power

Supply

Unit

6

Magnetic

Tape

Buffer

6

INSTRUCTION

DOUBLING

35

Magnetic

Tape

Transport

6

INSTRUCTION

TIMING

35

Card

Converter

6

COMPONENTS

37

Flexowriter

6

Flexowrite

r

37

Control

Panel

6

High-Speed

Punched

Tape

Oscilloscope

6 . C--onso

Ie

41

High-Speed

Punched

Tape

Card

Converter

42

Console

6

Magnetic

Tape

Units

46

STORAGE

7

SYMBOLIC

PROGRAMMING

49

General

Storage

Channels

9

Control

Branching

50

Working

Storage

Channels

9

Sum

of

N -

Quantities

50

WORDS

9

Floating

a

Fixed-Point

Number

51

Subroutines

52

Instructions

10

Numbers

11

APPENDIX

LOGIC

UNIT

12

A.

Binary

and

Hexadecimal

Number

Systems

53

Arithmetic

Elements

12

B.

Table

of

Powers

'of

2

56

Power

Supply

Unit

14

C.

Hexadecimal-Decimal

Integer

Conversion

Table

57

CONTROL

PANEL

16

D.

Hexadecimal-

Decimal

OSCILLOSCOPE

18

Fraction

Conversion

Table

61

E.

Operations

by

Alphabetic

Code

65

ALWAC

III-E

MAGNETIC

DRUM

DATA-PROCESSING

MACHINE

The

ALWAC

III-E

is

a

general

pur-

pose

modified

single-address,

numeri-

cal,

binary

computer.

It

is

available

in

two

models

with

memory

capacities

of

4096or8192

words

(135168

or

270336bi-

nary

bits).

This

magnetic

drum

comput-

er

offers

a

large

memory

storage

(here-

tofore

available

only

in

large

scale

elec-

tronic

machines),

ease

of

operation,

self-

checking

circuits,1

automatic

operation,

ease

of

maintenance,

and

a

very

high

component

reliability.

Its

great

flexi-

bility

and

large

memory

storage

make

it

possible

to

meet

the

needs

of

the

busi-

ness,

engineering,

scientific,

and

re-

search

organizations.

This

computer

uses

a

stored-program

to

perform

its

computations

which

per-

mits

lengthy

computations

to

be

perform-

ed

at

electronic

speeds.

A

wide

variety

of

input

-

output

equipment

is

available

which

includes

punched

tape,

magnetic

tape,

and

punched

cards.

Page

4

shows

the

ten

units

that

make

up

the

AL

WAC

III-E

Magnetic

Drum

Data

Processing

Machine:

1.

Memory

Unit

2.

Logic

Unit

3.

Power

Supply

Unit

4.

Magnetic

Tape

Buffer

5.

Magnetic

Tape

Transport

6.

Card

Converter

7.

Flexowriter

with

punched

tape

con-

trol

8.

Control

Panel

9.

Oscilloscope

10.

High-Speed

Paper

Tape

Reader

and

Punch

alwac

III-E

--~-

-'--.:......----

-~,--~

.-;

..

-

A-

U.1.

.a.M:1U.

8. IIADEI-.PU;NCH

C.

CAID

C,oIlYElt

II

D.

MEMOIY UNIT

E.

LOGIC

UNIT

F.

'OWEI

SUPPLY

UNIT

G.

MAGNEUC

TAPE

BUFFER

H.

MAGNETIC

TA.PE

T.IAJUP.O.RT

J.

FLEXOWR·ITER

K.

O'liATOR'S

CONSO.LE

L

DISPLAY

UNIT

M..

HJG:H.-5'1ID

PA'E~

tAPE

READ

AND

PUNCH

---.":"'--~-.-

6

ALWAC

III-E

Memory

Unit

The

Magnetic

Drum

and

its

associ-

ated

control

circuits

are

contained

in

this

cabinet.

The

drum

rotates

at

a

speed

of

3500

revolutions

per

minute.

Both

data

and

instructions

are

stored

in

serial

man-

ner

by

means

of

magnetized

spots

on

the

surface

of

the

drum.

Logic

Unit

The

control

logic

and

certain

parts

of

the

arithmetic

registers

are

located

in

this

cabinet.

All

electronic

parts

are

mounted

on

removable

plug-in

units

to

permit

maximum

ease

of

maintenance.

Power

Supply

Unit

This

cabinet

contains

the

power

supply

for

all

units

which

comprise

the

basic

ALWAC

III-E.

Voltmeters

for

each

of

the

various

supplies

are

mounted

on

the

front

ofthe

cabinet

with

rheostat

controls

to

permit

manual

adjustment

of

voltages.

Magnetic

Tape

Buffer

Control

for

the

magnetic

tape

trans-

ports

is

contained

in

this

cabinet.

A

maxi-

mum

of

16

magnetic

tape

transports

may

be

controlled

from

this

unit.

Magnetic

Tape

Transport

Magnetic

tape

is

used

to

extend

the

memory

capacity

of

the

basic

ALWAC

III-Efor

rapid-access,

intermediate

stor-

age

of

information

and

to

provide

a

most

efficient

means

for

input

and

output

of

large

data

files.

Card

Converter

Control

of

punched

card

reading

and

punching

equipment

and

the

automatic

conversion

of

decimal,

hexadecimal,

and

alphabetic

information

is

accomplished

with

the

electronic

equipment

contained

in

this

.

cabinet.

Flexowriter

Input

and

output

are

accomplished

through

the

Flexowriter

unit

by

means

of

the

typewriter

keyboard

or

punched

paper

tape.

A

maximum

input

or

output

rate

of

10

characters

per

second

is

possible.

Control

Panel

The

Control

Panel

contains

control

switches

and

banks

of

lites

which

display

to

the

operator

the

contents

of

the

loca-

tion,

instruction,

and

address

registers

and

the

status

of

the

overflow

indicator.

By

means

of

this

the

operator

may

con-

trol

any

ofthe

various

machine

functions

and

observe

the

contents

of

arithmetic

registers

or

word

locations.

Oscilloscope

The

contents

of

the

A,

B,

D,

and

E

Registers,

orthe

contents

ofa

word

from

one

of

the

Working

Channels,

or

General

Storage

Channels

may

be

viewed

on

the

face

of

an

oscilloscope

when

the

proper

switches

are

set

on

the

Control

Panel.

High-Speed

Punched

Tape

Console

Input

at

effective

speed

of

150

charac-

ters

per

second

and

output

at

a

speed

of

50

characters

per

second

is

accomplished

through

this

unit

by

means

of

punched

tape.

Figure

2.

STORAGE

7

Figure

3.

Magnetic

Drum

and

Read-

Write

Head

STORAGE

The

arithmetic

registers,

the

4

work-

ing

channels,

the

256

channels

of

General

Storage,

and

several

channels

used

for

internal

timing

are

stored

on

the

surface

of

the

magnetic

drum

in

the

form

of

mag-

netic

spots.

Information

stored

on

the

drum

will

remain

permanently,

or

until

erased

by

recording

another

spot

in

the

same

location.

This

memory

is

extremely

stable

and

no

danger

exists

from

loss

of

information

when

the

power

is

turned

off

completely.

Recorded

information

is

arranged

on

separate

bands

on

the

drum

which

are

known

as

channels.

By

the

geometric

location

of

the

read

and

write

heads

a-

round

the

surface

of

the

drum,

storage

line

s

of

various

lengths

are

obtained.

Placing

the

read-write

heads

closer

to:-

gethe

r

provide

s

"sho

rt"

line

s

of

rapid

access

for

use

as

arithmetic

registers.

Information

stored

in

these

rapid

access

lines

is

retained

only

as

long

as

power

is

supplied,

the

information

being

lost

when

the

power

is

turned

off.

Such

lines

are

used

for

the

A,

B,

D,

and

E

Registers

and

.

for

the

four

Working

Storage

Channels.

As

information

is

processed

in

groups

of

33

binary

digits

at

a

time,

the

basic

unit

of

storage

contains

32

bits

and

an

algebraic

sign.

Each

such

group

of

32

bits

and

a

sign

is

known

as

a

word.

Each

of

the

General

Storage

Channels

contain

32

words.

Magnetic

drums

are

provided

with

a

capacity

for

either

4096

or

8192

words

(135168

or

270336

binary

digits).

corresponding

to

128

or

256

channels.

8.

WORKING

CHANNELS

I

II

m

:Dr

WltlTE

H,ADS

B

R~·'ioI

ST.ER.

E

REGISTER

r

TRACK

-

ALWAC

III-E

o.al

CT

ION

OF

-

-.;;;.--

ROTATION

---

.--

~

~

(J

If~_'"

IF==::::::!;I

~

GJ

IT-------;JI

0

~

~O

@)

.f:) 0

~f:}

0

~~·O

e~

e~

e···~

MAGNET

Ie.

DRUM

Figure

4.

~

)

---

WORKI.NG

CHANNE

LS

II

m

Dr

READ

HEADS

A

RIGISTER

D

REGISTER

CLOCK

STORAGE

9

Figure

5.

General

Storage

Channel

GENERAL

STORAGE

CHANNELS:

General

Storage

of

the

ALWAC

III-E

computer

consists

of

128

(or

256)

chan-

nels

located

on

the

outer

surface

of

the

drum

as

shown

in

Figure

5.

Only

one

read-write

head

is

required

for

each

chan-

nel.

Matric

switching

circuits

select

a

particular

channel

and

connect

the

read

or

write

amplifier

to

a

given

read-write

head.

After

two

copy

operations,

the

mat

ric

switching

circuits

return

to

the

"Read

Channel

00"

position

and

remain

in

this

position

until

reading

or

writing

operations

are

to

be

performed

on

another

channel

of

General

Storage.

In

this

reset

position,

any

of

the

32

words

of

Channel

00

may

be

copied

into

the

A

Register.

As

a

result

of

this

action,

Channel

00

is

treated

as

a

special

channel

and

is

fre-

quently

referred

to

as

channel

"M".

The

contents

of

any

word

in

one

of

the

four

Working

Storage

channels

may

be

displayed

on

the

surface

of

the

cathocfe-

ray

oscilloscope

by

the

proper

setting

of

switches

on

the

Control

Panel.

WORKING

STORAGE

CHANNELS:

In

order

to

execute'

a'series

of

pro-

gram

instructions

it

is

necessary

to

copy

the

contents

of

a

General

Storage

channel

into

one

of

the

four

Working

Storage

Chan-

nels.

Each

of

these

four

channels

com-

prises

32

word

locations

which

are

physi-

cally

arranged

as

shown

in

Figure

6.

FLI

P-F

LOPS

\/I

F L

IP-FLOi=»S

Figure

6.

Working

Storage

Channel

Since

information

is

being

constantly

read

and

re

-

written

with

inte

rmediate

storage

in

flip-

flop

units,

information

is

not

preserved

when

power

is

turned

off.

No

such

loss

of

information

occurs

for

Gene

ral

Storage

Channels.

WORDS:

All

words

in

the

ALWAC

III-E

com-

puter

consist

of

32

binary

digits,

sign

bit

and

overflow

bit

(34

bits).

These

words

may

be

stored

in

128

distinct

word

loca-

tions

in

the

four

Working

Storage

channels

or

in

any

of

the

32

words

of

the

256

General

Storage

Channels.

The

33

bit

positions

of

a

word

are

shown

in

Figure

7

where

S

refers

to

the

sign

po-

sition,

1

refers

to

bit

position

1, 2

refers

to

bit

position

2,

and

so

forth.

IIII

IIJI

123

_-------------------------311JS

Figure

7.

10

ALWAC

III-E

When

aword

contains

numerical

data,

'and

the

sign

position

contains

a

1,

the

word

is

positive;

if

it

contains

a

0,

the

word

is

negative.

Used

as

a

binary

num-

ber

(with

algebraic

sign),

a

word

is

e-

quivalent

to

a

decimal

number

(with

al-

gebraic

sign)

of

slightly

more

thaT! 9

dig-

its.

As

four

binary

digits

are

exactly

equal

to

one

hexadecimal

digit,

a

word

consists

of

8

hexadecimal

digits

and

an

algebraic

sign.

In.structions

Two,

three,

or

four

instructions

may

be

contained

within

one

word

as

is

shown

in

Figure

8.

OPERATION

ADDRESS

OPERATION

ADDRESS

~~i-·~

II

I 1 I I I I

111

1---····-·S

9---·---·16

'17----·--"24

25------·

-32

S

Y Y

PEA

I

NSTRUCTI

ON

WOIID

OPERATION

OPERATION

OPERATION

r

.......

u

"'"

• 1

I~I--~I~II~~I~I~I--~I~II--~I~ht

1-----

--·-s

9----

·-~-16

17--

--~-

24 25

-------

-32

S

y Y

PE

C

INSTRUCTION

WORD

OPERATION

OPERATION

OPERATION

OPERATION

( •

II

..

'.

..."

'I

...

\

I

II

I I I I I I I I I

111

1----

---

-8 ,:91--

---~

-1"611--- - - -

2425

--

-.-

---32 S

'Y

Y

PE

D

INSTRUCTION

WORD

Figure

8.

Although

the

sign

bit

associated

with

an

instruction

does

not

affect

the

execution

of

the

instruction,

it

is

generally

made

positive.

From

Figure

8

it

may

be

seen

that

both

the

operation

code

and

the

ad-

dress

part

of

an

instruction

each

re'quire

8

bits.

The

operation

code

is

used

to

de

signate

the

particular

ope

ration

that

the

machine

is

to

perform

and

the

ad-

dress

part

will

have

one

of

the

follow-

ing

meaning

s :

1.

The

number

of

binary

positions

that

the

information

in

the

A

(or

A

and

B)

register(s)

is

to

be

shifted

to

the

left

or

right.

2.

Location

in

which

information

is

to

be

stored

by

the

instruction.

3.

Location

of

information

which

is

to

be

used

by

the

instruction.

4.

Number

of

characters

to

be

read

or

written

by

the

Flexowrite

r

or

High-

Speed

Tape

Unit.

5.

Specifies

the

particular

type

of

op-

eration

to

be

performed

when

using

mag-

netic

tape

or

punched

card

equipment.

6.

The

location

of

the

next

instruc-

tion

to

be

performed.

An

instruction

wordis

divided

into

four

syllables

consisting

of

eight

bits

each.

Because

of

this

four-part

division

it

be

..

comes

convenient

to

use

two

hexadecimal

digits

for

each

syllable

of

the

word.

Thus,

each

hexadecimal

digit

consists

of

four

binary

digits;

each

syllable

consists

of

two

hexadecimal

digits;

each

half-word

consists

of

two

syllables;

and

each

word

consists

of

two-half-words.

It

is

emphasized

that

the

ALWAC

III-E

operates

asa

binary

machine

and

that

the

use

of

hexadecimal

notation

in

no

way

af-

fects

this

operation.

Hexadecimal

nota-

tion

is

us·ed

by

the

programmer

as

a

con-

venient

means

to

record

long

sequence

s

of

binary

ones

and

zeros.

The

counting

system

used

for

most

of

the

arithmetic

problems

one

encounte

r s

in

everyday

life

is

the

decimal

system.

In

this

system

each

digit

position

may

assume

10

discrete'

values

after

which

the

entire

sequence

is

repeated,

num-

bers

of

larger.

value

being

indicated

by

increasing

the

next

most

significant

digit,

Thus,

one

counts

from

0

to

9

and

then

STORAGE

11

from

10

to

19,

20

to

29,

and

so

forth.

As

each

digit

position

can

assume

10

dis-

crete

values,

this

system

is

said

to

be

of

"base

10".

The

binary

system

is

of

"base

2"

and,

hence,

the

digits

a

and

1

are

the

only

dig-

its

used

in

each

position.

For

the

hexa-

decimal

system

which

is

of

"base

16"

we

use

the

symbols

0,

1,

2,

3,

4,

5,

6,

7,

8,

9,

A,

B,

C,

D,

E,

and

F

to

provide

16

discrete

values.

.

To

illustrate

the

relation

between

the

three

systems

(binary,

hexadecimal,

and

decimal)

the

following

table

is

presented:

BINARY

a

1

10

11

100

101

110

III

1000

1001

1010

1011

1100

1101

1110

1111

10000

10001

10010

HEXADECIMAL

DECIMAL

a 0

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

A

10

B 11

C

12

D

13

E

14

F

15

10

16

11

17

12 18

An

instruction

word

as

it

appears

in

the

machine

(in

binary

form)

would

resemble

the

following

example:

0110

0001010100010001000100101000

+

The

equivalent

in

hexadecimal

form

would

be

as

follows:

615

1 1 1

28+

which,

as

a

Type

A

instruction

word,

might

appear

on

a

coding

sheet

as

shown

below:

ADD

51,

TRA

28

+

Numbers

Fixed

Point.

Fixed

-

point

numbers

are

represented

with

a

magnitude

of

32

bits

and

a

sign

bit.

The

binary

point

is

as

surned

to

he

located

to

the

right

of

po-

sition

32.

Howeve

r,

the

binary

point

may

be

located

elsewhere

MAGNITUDE

au

t .

~

.~

I I I , , , I

1 2 -------------------------------3132 S

Figure

9.

by

proper

scale

-factoring.

For

example,

the

binary

number

0000

0000

0000

.••••

0000

0100

may

be

variously

used

as

the

numbe

r 4

at

a

binary

point

to

the

right

of

position

32

(B=32)

or

as

the

number

1

at

B=30.

Floating

Point.

No

machine

ope

rations

are

provided

to

handle

floating

-

point

num-

bers

automatically.

However,

several

schemes

are

available

to

the

programmer

who

may

wish

to

represent

numbers

in

this

manner.

One

such

scheme

involves

the

"packing"

of

several

quantities

into

a

single

word.

These

quantities

are

known

as

the

characteristic,

fraction,

and

sign

which

comprise

each

floating-point

num~

her.

CHARACTER

I

STIC

)11

=nIl

fRACTION

...,

SI8N

J J 1 ,

2

--------·8

910

-------'!'"-----

...

-----------3132

$

Figure

10.

A

floating-point

decimal

number

N

is

written

as

a

proper

fraction

F

(with

alge-

braic

sign)

times

some

integral

power

of

n

the

base

10,

or

as

F x

10

•

The

power

of

ten

may

be

chosen

such

that

the

decimal

point

is

located

to

the

left

of

the

most

sig-

nificant

digit

of

F.

When

the

power

of

ten

is

chosen

in

this

manner,

the

num-

ber

is

said

to

be

a

normalized

floating-

point

number;

otherwise,

an

unnormal-

ized

floating-point

number.

Examples:

12

ALWAC

III-E

+ •

124

.012

+

5.120

=

=

=

+

+

•

124

x

10

0

•

120

x

10

-1

.512

x

10+

1

A

floating-point

binary

number

N

is

written

in

a

similar

manner

with

a

prop-

er

fraction

F

(with

algebraic

sign)

times

some

integral

power

of

the

base

2,

or

as

n

F x

2.

Examples:

+ .

ioo

= + •

100

x 20

.010

= -· lOO x

2-

1

+

1.

100

= + •

110

x

2+1

10.100

=

.101

x

2+

2

In

the

AL

WAC

llI-

E,

floating

-

point

binary

numbers

are

stored

as

shown

in

Figure

10.

1.

Bit

positions

9 -

32

contain

the

mag-

nitude

of

the

fraction

F

with

the

binary

point

located

to

the

left

of

position

9.

A

normalized

floating-binary

number

will

have

a 1

in

position

9.

Thus,

the

range

for

values

of

F

is"s~en_to

be:

2.

The

sign

of

the

fraction

F

is

placed

in

the

S

position

of

the

word.

3.

Since

signed

exponents

will

occur

and

since

the

S

position

contains

the

al-

gebraic

sign

of

the

fraction,

the

chara:c-

teristic,

C,

of

the

number

is

stored

in

positions

1 - 8

instead

of

the

exponent.

This

characteris,tic

is

formed

by

adding

+

128

to

the

exponent.

Thus,

the

range

of

the

exponent

is:

-

l28.(n

~

+

127

whereas

the

range

of

the

characteristic

is:

o

~

C "

255

An

exponent

of

+

12

would

use

a

charac-

teristic

of

+

12

+

128

=

140

while

an

ex-

ponent

of

-

12

would

use

a

characteristic

of

-

12

+

128

=

116.

LOGIC

UNIT

Arithmetic

and

control

functions

are

performed

by

electronic

components

lo-

cated

in

the

Logic

Unit.

Information

pass-

e s

between

the

Memory

Unit

and

the

Logic

Unit

for

processing.

Each

machine

in-

struction

may

be

d~vided

into

three

mi-

cro-programming

operations

which

are

known

as

interpretation,

search

and

ex-

ecution

times.

During

the

interpretation

time,

the

machine

locates

the

next

in-

struction

to

be

executed

and

fills

the

Operation

andAddress

registers.

The

Op-

eration

register

is

then

examined

to

de-

termine

whether

or

not

the

given

instruc-

.

tion

requires

reference

to

the

contents

of

another

word

in

memory

and

whether

or

not

the

Address

register

is

to

be

modi-

fied.

During

search

time,

if

required,

the

machine

obtains

the

content

s

of

the

desired

word

from

memory.

(Since

some

operations

do

not

require

such

refer-

,

ence,

these

operations

do

not

have

search

times).

During

execution

time,

the

given

operation

is

performed.

The

time

re-

quired

to

complete

each

of

these

three

micro-programming

operations

is

an

in-

tegral

multiple

of

one

word-time

(0.

523

ms.

)

and

is

variable

depending

upon

the

given

instruction,

wh~the

r

or

not

a

search

is

to

be

made,

and

the

time

required

to

locate

the

given

word

in

memory.

Arithmetic

Elements

The

A

Register.

The

A

Register

is

an

accumulator

register

consisting

of

32

bits,

an

overflow

position,

and

a

sign.

See

Figure.

11.

0111

liP

Z 1 2

--

....

------------------------

3132

Figure

11.

ARITHMETIC

ELEMENTS

13

Almost

all

arithmetic

operations

make

use

of

the

A

Register.

With

some

instruc-

tions

(for

example,

addition,

subtraction)

the

content's

of

the

A.

Register

may

over-

flow

from

position

1.

When

an

overflow

occurs,

with

the

exception

of

shifting

in-

structions,

the

OVERFLOW

INDICATOR

lite

on

the

operator's

Contro-l

Panel

is

turned

on

and

will

remain

Qn

until

turned

off

by

manually

depressing

the

ALARM

SWITCH

No.

2

to

the

RESTORE

position

or

by

executing

one

of

the

instructions

COM,

COV,

or

,TOV.

It

should

be

noted

that

an

overflow

from

bit

position

1

does

not

always

result

in

causing

a 1

to

be

placed

in

the

Z

position

of

the

A

Register

(for

example,

ADB'

and

SBB)

and,that

th~

status

of

the

OVERFLOW

INDICATOR

lite

is

not

affected

by

any

subsequent

op-

eration

which

causes

a

change

in

the

Z

position.

It

must

be

borne

in

mind

that

the

OVERFLOW

INDICATOR

lite

ma'y

be

turned

on

by

both

arithmetic

and

control

instructions

and

that

any

attempt

to

exe-

cute

an"arithmetic

operation

when

the

lite

is

on

will

result

in

the

sounding

of

the

ALARM

No.2

buzzer

which

'will

prevent

the

completion

of

the

operation

until

the

OVERFLOW

INDICATOR

lite

is

turned

off.

The

B

Register.

The

B

Register

con-

sists

of

32

hits

and

a

sign

and

has

three

major

uses:

1.

The

multiplier

must'

be

placed

in

the

B

Register

prior

to

execution

of

a

multiplication

instruction.

2.

After

the

execution

of

a

division.

instruction,

the

quotient

appears

in

the

B

Register

(the

remainde

r

is

located

in

the

A

Register).

3.

After

executing

a

multiplication

instruction,

the

B

Register

contains

the

les

s

significant

part

of

the

product

and,

in

this

respect,

may

be

considered

as

an

extension

of

the

A

Register.

III

1\

P

1 2

_______________________________

·313:2.

Figure

12.

The

D

Register.

The

D

Register

con-

sists

of

32

hits

and

a

sign

and

has

the

following

major

uses:

1.

The

D

Register

is

used

to

contain

the

multiplicand

when

performing

mul-

tiplication

operations.

2.

The

mask

word

must

be

placed

in

the

D

Register

before

the

execution

of

the

EXD

ope

ration.

3.

The

D

Register

is

used

to

contain

the

divisor

during

division

operations.

4.

The

D

Register

is

used

to

count

the

number

of

shifts

which

occur

when

using

the

seT

operation.

Figure

13.

Only

the

full-word

contents

of

the

D

Register

may

be

altered

by

any

instrp.c-

tion

and

hence

this

register

performs

no

accumulating

or

shifting

fun<:tions.

The

E

Register.

The

E

Register

is

used

for

the

indexing

operations

and

to

provide

automatic

addre

s s

modification.

This

register

consists

of

only

16

bits

(without

sign)

and

is

associated

with

bits

1-16

of

the'

A

Register

and

of

words

In

memory.

NOT

AVAILABLE

TO

PROGRAMMER? S

III

II~

1 2

----·-----------·151617------------·31-32

Figure

14.

Although

a

transfer

of

information

be-

tween

the

A

and

E

Registers

occurs

only

with

the

left

half-word

of

the

A

Register,

both

the

left

and

right

address

syllables

of

instructions

stored

in

the

Working

Stor-

age

channels

maybe

automatically

modi-

fied

according

to

the

contents

of

the

E

Register.

14

ALWAC

III-E

Although

the

storage

line

on

the

drum

which

is

used

to

store

the

E

Register

con-

tains

32

bits

and

a

sign,

the

right

half

of

this

line

is

not

available

for

use

by

the

programmer

and

will,

therefore,

rarely

concern

him.

All

arithmetic

registers

are

stored

on

the

drum

as

one-word

recirculating

lines

as

shown

in

Figure

15.

WRITE

'---v----:I

FLI

P-FLOPS

Figure

15.

Since

information

is

being

constantly

read

and

re-written

and

requires

inter-

mediate

stoTage

in

flip

-

flop

units,

in-

formation

is

not

preserved

when

power

is

turned

off.

By

the

proper

setting

~f

switches

on

the

Control

Panel,

the

contents

of

any

arithmetic

register

may

be

displayed

on

the

surface

of

the

cathode-ray

oscillo-

scope.

When

two

numbe

r s

having

the

same

magnitude,

but

opposite

signs

are

added

algebraically

in

theA

(or

A

and

B)

regis-

ter(s),

the

result

maybe

either

+0

or

-0.

The

signof

the

zero

result

may

be

de-

termined

from

the

following

tabulation:

ADD

and

SCS

- -

same

as

sign

of

C (W)

SUB

and

ACS

- -

opposite

to

sign

of

C(W)

ADB

and

SBB

--

same

as

sign

of

C(B)

before

execution

of

instruction

POWER

SUPPLY

UNIT

Figure

16·

shows

the

Power

Supply

unit

which

includes

indicating

lites,

volt-

meters,

voltage

controls

and

operating

switches.

Master

Circuit

Breaker.

All

power

to

the

AL

WAC

Ill-E

is

controlled

by

this

switch.

When

turning

on

the

computer,

this

switch

mustbe

turned

on

first;

when

turning

off

the

computer,

this

switch

should

be

turned

off

last

after

all

other

activity

has

ceased

in

the

computer.

See

Figure

16.

Record

Switch.

The

Record

switch

shouldbe

placed

in

the

OFF

position

until

the

computer

has

been

allowed

to

"warm-

up"

and

voltages

have

been

adjusted

to

their

power

values.

·When

turning

off

the

computer,

this

switch

should

be.

placed

in

the

OFF

position

to

prevent

accidental

destruction

of

recorded

information

due

to

power

transients

within

the

computer.

This

switch

must

be

in

the

ON

position

when

the

computer

is

operating

to

per-

mit

information

to

be

written

in

the

gen-

eral

storage

channels

of

the

drum.

Compute-Off-Test

Switch.

This

switch

ope

rate

s

In

COrijunction

with

the

Powe

r

switch

described

below.Inpassing

through

the

OFF

position,

this

switch

causes

the

power

to

be

turned

off

and

it

becomes

nec-

essary

to

depress

the

Power

ON

switch.

Since

timing

circuits

are

activated

from

these

two

switches

a

delay

of

one

minute

will

occur

before

power

is

again

supplied

to

the

computer.

Power.

Switch.

After

the

Compute-

Off-Test

switch

has

been

set

in

the

COM-

PUTE

or

TEST

position,

the

Power

ON

switch-

may

be

depressed.

If

the

ther-

mostats

in

each

cahinet

are

below

drop-

out

temperature,

the

Power

On

neon

lite

will

light

immediately,

and

blo~ers

and

filaments

will

be

turned

on.

After

a

one

minute

delay

all

voltages

other

than

fila-

ment

voltages

will

be

turned

on.

Power

will

be

supplierl:

to

the

computer

if

the

Compute-Off-Test

switch

is

in

the

COM-

POWER

SUPPLY

UNIT

15

Figure

16.

PUTE

position,

but

will

only

be

supplied

to

the

cable

connection

for

the

tester

unit

when

this

switch

is

in

the

TEST

position.

The

Power

switch

is

also

located

on

the

operator

I s

Control

Panel

and

is

operated

in

a

similar

manner.

Operating

Procedure.

To

prepare

the

computer

for

operation

the

follow-

ing

steps

should

be

observed:

1.

The

Record

switch

should

be

turned

to

the

OFF

position.

2.

The

Master

Circuit

Breaker

should

be

turned

to

the

ON

position.

The

line

voltage

meter

will

then

rise

to

120

volts

and

return

to

zero

after

a

period

of

one

minute.

3.

The

Compute

-

Off

-

Test

switch

should

then

be

turned

to

the

COMPUTE

position.

4.

The

Power

ON

switch

should

be

depressed.

5.

The

voltage

regulators

beneath

each

voltmeter

should

be

adjusted

to

cause

the

prope

r

reading

to

be

dis

played.

The

proper

voltage

readings

are

given

beneath

each

meter.

6.

As

soon

as

voltages

are

indicated

on

the

meters

and

are

adjusted

to

the

val-

ues,

the

Record

switch

should

be

turned

to

the

ON

position.

7.

The

computer

shouldnowbe

opera-

tive.

At

this

time

a

standard

test

pro-

gram

is

usually

executed

to

insure

cor-

rect

operation

before

useful

computing

is

begun.

This

test

may

be

some

standard

production

problem

which

provide

s

an

adequate

check

of

machine

operations.

16

ALWAC

llI-E

When

turning

off

the

computer

the

follo~ing

steps

should

be

observed:

1.

The

RecQrd

switch

should

be

turn-·

ed

to

the

OFF

position.

z.

The

Power

OFF

switch

should

be

depressed.

3.

After

the

line

voltage

meter

has

dropped

to

zero,

the

Master

Circuit

Breaker

tnay

be

turned

to

the

OFF

posi-

tion.

CONTROL

PANEL

Figure

17

shows

the

operator's

Con-

trol

Panel·which

includes'indlcating

lites

and

operating

switches.

Under

normal

operating

conditions

this

console

unit

is

used

for

control

of

-all

functions

of

the

computer.

Power

Switch.

The

operation

of

this

switch

is

identical

with

the

Power

switch

locatedonthe

Power

Supply

unit

which

is

described

on

page

14.

Normal

-Test

-Clear

Switch.

When

this··

.Wltch

rs1ii

tne

NoRMAL

position,

the

computer

is

under

the

control

of

the

FlexOVlriter

and

will

not

operate

unless

the

Flexowriter

is

turned

ON

and

the

Flexowriter-Computer

switch.

is

turned

to

the

COM.PUTER

position.

In

the

TEST

position,

the

computer

will

execute

instructions

whether

or

not

the

Flexowriter

is·

turned

ON.

Upon

release

from

the

CLEAR

posi-

tion,the

contents

of

General

Storage

chan-

nel

01

replaces

the

contents

of

Working

Storage

channel

I

and

control

is

trans-

ferred

to

word

00.

.A

similar

switch

is

located

on

the·

Flexowriter.

A

program

known

as

the

Start

Routine

is

located

in

General

Storage

channel

Oland

is

u,Sed

to

cause

input

and

output

of

programs

and

to

transfer

control.to

a

given

location

in

one

of

the

Four

Working

Storage

channels.

Normal

..

Hold

-

Select

Switch.

When

this

switch

is

in

the

NORMAL

position,

the

computer

will

execute

instructions

in

their

normal

sequence.

If

in

the

HOLD

position,

the

computer.

inhibits

the

normal

sequence

and

thus

this

position

maybe

used

to

cause

the

comput-

er

to

repeat

a

giveninstructionanynum-

ber

of

times.

If

in

the

SELECT

position,

the

General

Storage

selection

relays

will

select

the

channel

which

is

indicated

by

the.

neon

display

lites

of

the

Address

register.

A

given

word

in

this

channel

may

then

be

displayed

on

the

cathode-ray

oscilloscope

by

setting

the

Instruction

Address

lites

to

the

address'

of

the

desired

word

and

setting

the

A B

DEW

M

switch

to

the

M

position.

Normal

-

Stop

-

One

Step

Switch.

.

In

the

NORMAL

position,

tliecomputer

will

execute

instructions

in

their

normal

se-

quence

at

high~speed.

In

the

STOP

position,

all

com.putation

is

suspended.

Byalternatelymoving

this

switch

from

the

ONE

STEP

to

the

STOP

position,

the

computer

can

be

made

to

execute

single

instructions

in

their

nor-

mal

sequence.

JuhP

Switches.

Two

switches

pro-

vide

t e

operator

with

manual

control

over

the

program

while

it

is

being

exe-

cuted.

At

various

points

in

the

program,

the

status

of

these

switches

maybe

test-

ed

by

the

program,

which

will

cause

the

computer

to

execute

one

of

two

branches

of

the

program.

Overflow

Indicator

Lite.

Arithmetic

operations

and

certain

control

operations

may

cause

this

lite

to

be

turned

on

and

off.

If

the

lite

is

ON,

any

attempt

to

exe-

cute

arithmetic

operations

will

result

in

the

sounding

of

ALARM

No.

2

and

will

inhibit

the

execution

of

the

operation

un-

til

corrected

manually

by

depressing

the

Overflow

OFF

button

or

by

turning

Alarm

Switch

No.

2

to

the

RESTORE

position

and

then

to

the

NORMAL

position.

CONTROL

PANEL

17

Figure

17.

Instruction

Address

Register.

This

register

indicates

the

memory

location

of

the

instruction

indicated

in

the

Opera-

tion

and

Address

registers,

except

for

instructions

calling

for

input

of

informa-

tion

in

which

case

this

register

shows

the

location

from

which

the

next

instruction

to

be

executed

will

be

obtained.

Operation

Register.

This

register

in-

dicate

s

the

instruction

which

is

about

to

be

executed.

Address

Register.

This

register

con-

tains

the

effective

address

associated

with

the

instruction

contained

in

the

Op-

eration

Register.

The

contents

of

the

addre

s s

part

of

any

instruction

before

and

after

modification

are

called

literal

and

effective

addresses

respectively.

1£

the

least

significant

bit

of

the

Operation

Reg-

ister

is

a

0,

the

contents

of

the

Address

Register

will

be

modified

by

the

contents

of

the

E

Register

before

the

instruction

is

performed.

Alarm

Switch

No.

1.

An

internal

check

is

made

to

compare,

with

the

original,

the

re

sult

of

copying

information

between

the

General

Storage

and

Working

Storage

channels.

If

this

check

fails,

either

due

to

the

Record

switch

on

the

Power

Supply

unit

being

in

the

OFF

position,

or

by

the

failure

to

copy

information

correctly,

the

status

of

Alarm

Switch

No.

1

is

test-

ed.

If

this

switch

is

in

the

SILENCE

po-

sition,

the

machine

will

continue

to

at-

te

.

mpt

the

copying

operation

until

the

in-

ternal

check

indicates

a

correct

copy

has

been

made,

after

which

the

machine

will

execute

the

next

instruction

in

normal

se-

quence

at

high-

speed.

The

alarm

buzzer

will

not

sound.

18

If

in

the

NORMAL

position,

the

buzzer

.

will

sound

and

the

machine

will

stop

until

this'

switch

is

placed

in

the

SILENCE

or

RESTORE

position.

If

in

the

RESTORE

position,

the

buz-

zer

will

not

sound,

the

internal

check

is

over-ruled

and

the

machine

continues

at

high

speed

permitting

whatever

informa-

tion

was

copied

to

remain.

~s

errone-

ous

information

could

result

under

this

condition,.

it

is

recommended

that

this

switch

not

be

permitted

to

remain

in

the

RESTORE

position.

Since

General

Storage

channel

No.

01

is

used

to

contain

the

Start

Routine

and

since

the

contents

of

this

channel

are

to

be

preservedfornormal

machine

use,

it

is

desirable

to

prevent

accidental

record-

ing

of

information

in

this

channel.

Hence,

if

an

attempt

is

made

to

record

in

Gen-

eral

Storage

channel

No.

01,

the

status

of

Alarm

Switch

No.

1

is

te

sted

and

the

machine

will

then

operate

as

described

above.

The

operator

will

seldom

have

occasion

to

place

this

switch

in

the

RE-

STORE

position.

A

special

program

to

fill

General

Storage

channel

No.

01

is

provided

and

is

known

as

the

Load

Start

Routine.

This

program

require

s

Alarm

Switch

No.

1

to

be

placed

in

the

RESTORE

position

in

orderto

copy

the

Start

Routine

into

'General

Storage

channel

No.

01.

Alarm

Switch

No.2.

If

in

the

NOR-

MAL

position,

when

arithmetic

opera-

tions

are

attempted

while

the

Ove

rflow

Indicator

Lite

is

ON,

the

buzzer

will

sound

and

the

exe

cut

ion

of

the

operation

will

be

inhibited

until

corrected

manually

by

turning

Alarm

Switch

No.

2

to

the

RE-

STORE

position

and

then

to

,the

NORMAL

position

or

by

depressing

the

Overflow

.'

OFF

button.

This

action

will

cause

the

Overflow

Indicator

Lite

and

the

buzzer

to

be

turned

OFF.

In

the

SILENCE

po

sition,

the

machine

will

pe·rform

as

for

the

NORMAL

position

except

that

the

buzze

r

will

not

sound.

If

this

switch

is

allowed

to

remain

in

the

RESTORE

position,

the

Overflow

In-

dicator

Lite

and

the

buzzer

will

be

turned

OFF

once

with

the

machine

returning

to

high-speed

operation.

However,

if

an~

other

attempt

is

made

to

execute

an

arith-

metic

operation

when

the

Overflow

Indi-

cator

Lite

is

ON,

the

machine

will

again

stop

and

the

buzzer

will

sound.

This

switch

may

then

be

returned

to

the

NOR-

MAL

position

and

the

sequence

repeated.

ABDEWM

Switch.

This

rotary

switch

controls.

the

selection

of

information

to

be

displayed

on

the

cathode-ray

oscillo-

scope.

The

A,

B,

D,

and

E

postiions

select

the

A,

B,

D,

and

E

registers

re-

spectively.

To

inspect

the

contents

of

a

word

in

one

of

the

four

Working

Storage

channels,

this

switch

is

placed

in

the

W

position,

the

Normal

-

Hold

-

Select

switch

to

the

HOLD

position,

the

Normal-

Stop

-

One

Step

switch

to

the

STOP

position,

and

the

location

of

the

desired

full-word

seton

the

Address

Register

in

neon

lites.

The

contents

of

the

desire.d

word

will

then

be

displayed

on

the

cathode-ray

oscilloscope.

To

inspect

the

contents

of

a

word

in

one

of

the

General

Storage

channels,

this

switch

is

placed

in

the

M

position,

the

Normal-

Hold

-

Select

switch

to

the

SE-

LECT

position,

the

Normal-Stop-One

Step

switch

to

the

STOP

position,

the

desired

channel

set

on

the

Address

Register

neon

lites,

and

the

desired

full-word

set

on

the

Instruction

Address

neon

lites.

The

con-

tents

of

the

desired

word

will

then

be

dis-

played

on

the

cathode-ray

oscilloscope.

OSCILLOSCOPE

Figure

18

shows

a

cathode-rayoscillo-

s

cope

on

which

the

content

s

of

a

full-word

maybe

displayed

by

setting

the

appropri-.

ate

switches

on

the

operator's

Control

Panel.

Note

that

the

scope

has

been

set

by

AL

WAC

Corporation

to

sweep

from

right

to

left.

Sweep

should

be

adjusted

to

start

at

the

far

right

of

the

scope.

OSCILLOSCO

PE

19

Figure

18.

The

display

presents

the

bits

com-

pnsmg

a

word

as

a

series

of

high

and

low

"pips"

on

the

face

of

the

tube.

The

high

pips

represent

1

bits

and

the

low

pips

represent

a

bits.

The

word

is

di-

vided

into

four

syllables

by

changing

the

horizontal

level

of

the

four

syllables

as

is

shown

in

Figure

19.

Reading

the

high

and

low

pips

from

Figure

19

yields

the

following

binary

num-

ber

(a

plus

sign

is

represented

by

a

1):

0101

10010101

10010101

10010101

1001

+

which

would

be

written

as

the

hexadeci-

mal

number:

59595959+

INSTRUCTIONS

In

this

section,

the

headin

g

for

ea

ch

instruction

gives

the

title,

th

e

number

of

milliseconds

required

for

the

execution

of

the

instruction,

the

alphabetic

code

for

the

instruction,

and

the

hexadecimal

code

for

the

instruction.

The

time

re-

quired

for

execution

for

certain

opera-

tions

is

variable

and

attention

is

directed

to

the

section

entitled

"Instruction

Tim-

ing".

If

the

instruction

requir.es

an

ad-

dress

part,

the

letter

W

is

used

to

indi-

cate

this

fact.

W

may

be

the

number

of

binary

positions

to

be

shifted,

the

loca-

tionofawordinmemory,

a

General

Stor-

age

channel

address,

or

a

special

code

for

an

input-output

operation.

The

following

definitions

apply

to

In-

formation

contained

in

this

section:

1.

C(W)

indicates

the

contents

ofloca-

tion

W,

where

W

refers

to

some

location

in

Working

Storage.

C(A)

indicates

the

contents

ofthe

A

Register,

C(B)

indicates

the

contents

of

the

B

Register,

and

so

forth.

Individual

bit

positions

of

a

word

(or

register)

are

denoted

by

subscripts.

Thus,

C(A)1_16,S

is

read

"the

contents

of

positions

1,

2,

3,

.••.

16,

S

of

the

A

Register".

When

subscripts

are

not

pres-

ent,

the

entire

word

is

indicated.

2.

When

a

register

is

cleared,

the

contents

of

the

register

are

replaced

by

a I s

and

the

sign

bit

set

positive

(a

1

is

placed

in

this

position).

3.

The

negative

of

a

number

is

the

same

number

with

its

sign

reversed.

4.

The

magnitude

of

a

number

is

the

same

number

with

its

sign

made

positive

(a

1

in

position

S

represents

a

positive

sign)

.

5.

When

the

word

"store"

is

used

in

the

title

of

an

instruction,

a

word

in

Work-

ing

Storage

is

always

one

of

the

agents.

When

the

word

"load"

is

used

in

the

title

of

an

instruction,

one

of

the

arithmetic

registers

is

always

one

of

the

agents.

zo

ALWAC

nl-E

With

both

Itstore

II

and

"load"

instruc-

tions.,

the

agent

from

which

the

informa-

tion

is

obtained

is

unaltered.

6.

In

the

three

-letter

operation

code:

a.

The

first

letter

of

all

load

in-

structions

is

L.

b.

The

first

letter

of

all

transfer

instructions

is

T.

c.

The

first

letter

of

all

exchange

instructions

is

X.

d.

The

first

letter

of

all

add,

sub-

tract,

multiply,

and

divide

operations

is

respectively,

A,

S,

M,

and

D.

Other

com-

mands,

however,

may

start

with

these

letters.

ARITHMETIC

OPERATIONS

Add

r.o

ADD

W

61

The

status

of

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON,

this

instruction

is

not

executed

and

the

machine

sounds

the

a-

larm

2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

this

operation

re-

places

the

contents

of

the

Z

position

with

a

0,

adds

algebraically

theC(W)

to

the

C(A),

and

replaces

the

C(A)

with

this

sum.

The

C(W)

are

unchanged.

Overflow

indi-

cation

is

possible

and

a

carry

from

posi-

tion.l

in

the

A

Register

will

be

placed

in

the

Z

position.

Add

and

Change

Sign

1.0

ACS W 63

The

status

of

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON,

this

instruction

is

not

executed

and

the

machine

sounds

the

a-

larm

2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

this

operation

re-

places

the

contents

of

the

Z

position

with

a

0,

adds

algebraically

the

C(W)

to

the

C(A),

reverses

the

sign

of

this

sum,

and

replace

s

the

C (A)

with

the

re

sult.

The

. C (W)

are

unchanged.

Ove

rflow

indication

is

possible

and

a

carry

from

position

1

in

the

A

Register

will

be

placed

in

the

Z

position.

Add

to

B

1. 0

ADB

W

BD

The

status

of

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON,

this

instruction

is

not

executed

and

the

machine

sounds

the

a-

larm

2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

this

operation

treats

the

C(A)1_32

and

the

C(B)1_32,

S

as

a

64-bit

augend

(with

the

sign

of

B),

replace

s

the

content

s

of

the

Z

pas

ition

with

a

0,

adds

algebraically

the

C

(W)

to

form

a

65

-

bit

sum,

and

replaces

the

C(A)Z,

1-32

and

the

C(B)1_32,

S

with

the

result.

The

sign

of

A

is

replaced

by

the

sign

.of

B.

The

C(W)

are

unchanged.

The

Overflow

Indicator

is

'not

turned

on

if

a

carry

from

position

1

in

the

A

Register

occurs

but

said

carry

does

enter

the

Z

position.

Subtract

1. 0 SUB W 67

The

status

of

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON,

this

instruction

is

not

executed

and

the

machine

sounds

the

a-

larm

2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

this

operation

re-

places

the

contents

of

the

Z

position

with

a

0,

subtracts

algebraically

the

C(W)

from

the

C(A),

and

replaces

the

C(A)

with

this

difference.

The

C(W)

are

un-

changed.

Overflow

indication

is

possi-

ble

and

a

carry

from

position

1

in

the

A

Register

will

be

placed

in

the

Z

position.

Subtract

and

Change

Sign

1. 0 SCS W 65

The

status

of

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON,

this

instruction

is

not

executed

~nd

the

machine

sounds

the

a-

larm

2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

the

operation

re-

places

the

contents

of

the

Z

position

with

a

0,

subtracts

algebraically

the

C(W)

from

the

C(A),

reverses

the

sign

of

the

difference,

and

replaces

C(A)

with

the

re-

sult.

Overflow

indication

is

possible

and

a

carry

from

position

1

in

the

A

Register

will

be

placed

in

the

Z

position.

~NSTRUCTIONS

21

Subtract

fromB

1.

" .

SSBW

·BJ'

The

status

of

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON.,

this

instruction'isnot

executed

and

the

machine

sounds

the

a-

.

larm2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

the

operation

treats

the

C(A)1~32andthe

C(~)1_32,

S

as

~

64-bit

mip.uend

(with

the

sign

of

B),

replaces

the

contents

of

the

Z

position

witha

0,

subtracts

algebraically

the

C(W)

to

forma

65

...

bit

remainder,

and

replaces

the

C(A)'Z, 1

..

32

and

theC(B)

1-32~

S

with

the

result.

The

sIgn

of

A

is

replaced

by

the

sign

of

B.

TheC(W)

are

unchanged.

The

Overflow

Indicator

is

not

turned

on

iJ' a

carry

from

position

1

in

the

A

Reg-

ister

occurs

but

said

carr·y

does

enter

the

Z

position.

MultiPil

I'.

0

PW

W

E7

The

status

of

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON,

this

inst~ction

is

not

executed

and

the

machine

Bounds

the

a-

larm

2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

the

C(D)

are

re-

placed

with

the

C(W)

and

the

C(A)

are

re-

placed

~ith

zeros.

Then,

the

C(B)

are

multiplied

by

the

C(D)

and

the

64-bit

prod-

uct

placed

in

the'

A

and

B

Registers

'with

the

most

significant

part

in

the

A

Regis-

tel".

The,

algebraic

sign

of

the

product

is

placed

in

both

the

A

and

B

Registers.

Overflow

indication

is

not

possible

on

this

instruction

and

the

Zposition

will

contain

a

zero.

MultiP~~

D

17. 0 P E5

The

status

of

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON,

this

instruction

is

;not

exe

cuted

and

the

machine

sounds

the

a-

larm

2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

the

C(A)

are

re-

placed

with

zeros,

the

C(B)

are

multi-

plied

by

the

C(D)

and

the

64-bit

product

placed

in

the

A

'and

B

Registers

with

the

most

significant

part

in

the

A

Register.

The

algebraic

sign

of

the

product

is

placed

in

both

th.e A

and

B

Registers.

Overflow

indication

is

not

possible

on

this

instruc-

tionand

the

Z

position

will

contain

a

zero.

The

address

part

of

this

instruction

is

not

examined;

thus,

this

instruction

may

be

doubled

if

de

sired.

MultiP~

and

Add

17. o

PAW

E3

The

status

of

the

Ove

rflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON,

this

instruction

is.not

executed

and

the

machine

sounds

the

a-

larm

2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

the

C(D)

are

re-

placed

with

the

C(W),

the

C(B)'

are

mul-

tiplied

by

the

C(D)

~

the

sign

of

A

is

re-

placed

by

the

sign

of

the

product,

and

the

C(A)

added

algebraically

to

the

least

sig-

nificant

half

of

the

64-

bit

product.

The

result

replaces

the

C(A)

and

C(B}

with

the

most·

significant

part

in

the

A

Register.

The

algeb

raic

sign

of

the

re

suIt

is

placed

in

both

the

A

and

B

Registers.

Overflow

indication

is

not

possible

on

this

instruc-

tion

and

the

Z

position

will

contain

a

zero

.•

MultiPifri>y

D

and

Add

17.

oX

E1

The

status

of

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON,

this

instruction

is

not

executed

and

the

machine

sounds

the

a-

larm

2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

the

C(B)

are

mul-

.

tiplied

by

the

C(D),

the

sign

of

A

is

're-

placed

by

the

sign

of

the

product,

and

the

C(A)

added

algebraically

to

the

least

sig-

nificant

half

of

the

64-bit

product.

The

result

replaces

the

C(A)

and

the

C(B)

with

the

most

significant

part

in

the

A

Register.

The

algebraic

sign

'of

the

result

is

placed

in

both

the

A

and

B

.Registers.

Overflow

indication

is

not

possible

on

this'

instruc-

tion

and

the

Z

position

will

contain

a

zero.

The

address

part

of

this

instruction

is

'

not

examined;

thus,

this

instruction

may

be

doubled

if

desired.

RQund

1.0

RND

22

The

status

of

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON,

this

instruction

is

not

executed

and

the

machine

sounds

the

a-

larm

buzzer

2;

if

OFF,

position

1

of

the

22

ALWAC

III-E

B

Register

is

tested

for

a.

1.

If

it

con-

tains

aI,

the

magnitude

of

the

C(A)

is

increased

by

1

in

position

32.

If

position

1

of

the

BRegiste

r

contains

a

zero,

the

C(A)

are

not

altered.

Overflow

indication

is

possible

and

a

carry

from

position

1

of

the

A

Register

enters

the

Z

position.

The

contents

of

the

B

Register

are

not

altered.

Divide

17.0

DVW

W

EF

The

status

of

the

Ove

rflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON,

this

instruction

is

not

executed

and

the

machine

sounds

the

a-

larm

2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

the

C-(A)

are

re-

placed

with

zeros,

the

C(D)

are

replaced

with

the

C(W),

and

the

contents

of

the

A

and

B

Registers

are

treated

as

a

64-bit

dividend(Z

position.

excluded)

with

the

sign

of

the

B

Register.

The

new

C(D)

are

examined

for

a

zero

divisor.

If

zero,

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

turned

ON

and

the

division

is

not

performed.

If

non-

zero,

the

contents

of

the

Z

position

are

replaced

with

a

0,

the

dividend

in

the

A

and

B

Registers

is

divided

algebraically

by

the

C(D),

the

quotient

(with

its

alge-

braic

sign)

placed

in

the

B

Register,

and

the

remainder

with

the

sign

of

the

divi-

dend

is

'placed

in

the

A

Register.

Over-

flow

indication

is

possible

only

if

the

D

Register

contains

a

zero

divisor.

whether

or

not

the

division

is

perform.ed,

the

di-

visor

is

left

in

the

D

Register.

Divide

by

D

17. 0

DVD

ED

The

status

of

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON,

this

instruction

is

not

executed

and

the

machine

sounds

the

a-

larm2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

the

C(A)

are

re-

placed

with

zeros,

and

the

contents

of

the

AandB

Registers

are

treated

as

a

64-bit

.

dividend

(Z

position

excluded)

with

the

sign

of

the

B

Register.

The

C{D)

are

ex-

am.ined

for

a

zero

divisor.

If

zero,

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

turned

ON

and

the

division

is

not

performed.

If

non-zero,

the

contents

of

the

Z

position

are

re-

placed

with

a

0,

the

dividend

in

the

A

and

B

Registers

is

divided

algebraically

by

the

C(D),

the

quotient

(with

its

algebraic

sign)

placed

in

the

B

Register,

and

the

remainder

with

the

sign

of

the

dividend

placed

in

the

A

Register.

Overflow

in-

dication

is

possible

only

if

the

D

Regis-

ter

contains

a

zero

divisor.

Whether

or

not

the

division

is

performed,

the

divisor

is

left

in

the

D

Register.

The

address

part

of

this

instruction

is

not

examined;

thus,

this

instruction

may

be

doubled

if

desired.

Di

vide

Doub

le

Length

17.0

nDW

W

EB

The

status

of

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON,

this

instruction

is

not

exe-

cuted

and

the

machine

sounds

the

alarm

2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

the

C(D)

are

replaced

with

the

C(W),

and

the

contents

of

the

A

and

B

Registers

are

treated

as

a

64-bit

dividend

(Z

position

excluded)

with

the

sign

of

the

B

Register.

If

I

C(A)l_

321

~

IC(D)

I

or

if

the

D

Register

contains

a

zero

divisor,

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

turned

ON

and

the

division

is

not

performed.

If

none

of

the

above

error

conditions

occur,

the

content

of

the

Z

position

is

re-

placed

with

a 0

and

the

division

is

per-

form.ed.

The

quotient

(with

its

algebra-

ic

sign)

is

placed

in

the

B

Register

and

the

remainder

with

the

sign

of

the

divi-

dend

is

placed

in

the

A

Register.

Over-

flow

indication

is

possible

under

the

con-

ditions

described

above.

Whether

or

not

the

divisioIl;

is

performed,

the

divisor

is

left

in

the

D

Register.

Divide

Double

Length

by

D

17. 0

DDD

--

E9

The

status

of

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

tested:

If

ON,

this

instruction

is

not

exe-

cuted

and

the

machine

sounds

the

alarm

2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

the

contents

of

the

A

and

B

Registers

are

treated

as

a

64-bit

divi-

dend

(Z

position

excluded)

with

the

sign

of

the

B

Register.

If

IC(A)

1-321:~

IC(D)

1-321

INSTRUCTIONS

23

or~

if

the

D

Register

contains

a

zero

divi-

sor,

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

turned

ON

and

the

division

is

not

performed.

If

none

of

the

above

error

conditions

occur,

the

content

of

the

Z

position

is

re-

placed

with

a

0,

and

the

division

is

per-

formed.

The

quotient

(with

its

algebraic

sign)

is

placed

in

the

B

Register

and

the

remainde

r

with

the,

sign

of

the

dividend

is

placed

in

the

A

Register.

Overflowindi-

cation

is

'possible

under

the

conditions

described

above.

Whether

or

not

the

di-

vision

is

performed,

the

divisor

is

left

in

the

D

Register.

The

address

part

of

this

instruction

is

not

examined;

thus,

this

instruction

may

be

doubled

if

desired.

Load

A

from

W

1. 0 LAW W

79

The

C(W)

replace

the

C(A)

and

a

zero

is

placed

in

the

Z

position.

The

C(W)

remain

unchanged.

Load

A

from

M

9.0

LAM

M

BS

The

C'(M)mod

32

replaces

the

C(A)

and

a

zero

is

placed

in

the

Z

position.

The

C(M)

remain

unchanged.

At

least

34

mil-

liseconds

(2

drum

revolutions)

must

be

allowed

between

this

instruction

and

any

preceding

Copy

instruction

except

one

which

copie

s

information

into

channel

M

(Channel

No.

00).

--

Load

A

from

B

1. 0 LAB

--

32

The

C(A)

are,

replaced

with

the

C(B)

and

a

zero

is

placed

in

the

Z

position.

The

C(B)

remain

unchanged.

The

ad-

dre

s s

part

of

this

instruction

is

not

ex-

amined,

thus,

this

instruction

may

be

doubled

if

de·sired.

Load

A

from

D

1. 0

LAD

--

38

The

C(A).

are

r'eplaced

with

the

C(D)

and

a

zero

is

placed

in

the

Z

position.

The

C (D)

remain

unchanged.

The

ad-

dress

part

of

this

instruction

is

not

ex-

amined,

thus,

this

instruction

may

be

doubled

if

desired.

Load

A

from

E

1.

0

LAE

- -

34

The

C(A)

1-16

are

replaced

with

the

C(E)

1-16.

The

C(A)

17

_

32,

S

are

left

un-

changed,

and

the

Z

position

is

filled

with

a

zero.

The

address

part

of

this

instruc-

tion

is

not

examined;

thus,

this

instruc-

tion

may

be

doubled

if

desired.

Exchange

A

and

B

1. 0 XAB

--

30

The

C(A)

and

the

C(B)

are

exchanged

and

a

zero

is

placed

in

the

Z

position.

The

address

part

of

this

instruction

is

not

examined;

thus,

this

instruction

may

be

doubled

if

desired.

ExchXll

A

and

D

1. 0 D

--

3A

The

C(A)

and

the

C(D)

are

exchanged

and

a

ze

ro

is

placed

in

the

Z

position.

,The

address

part

of

this

instruction

is

not

examined;

thus,

this

instruction

may

be

doubled

if

desired.

ExchjGle

A

and

E

1. 0 E

--

36

The

C(A)1_16

and

the

C(E)

1-16

are

exchanged.

The

C(A)

17

-32

are

left

un-

changed,

the

Z

position

is

filled

with

a

zero,

and

the

sign

of

the

A

Register

made

positive.

The

address

part

of

this

in-

struction

is

not

examined;

thus,

this

in-

struction

may

be

doubled

if

desired.

Exchange

A

and

W

1. 0

XAW

w

69

Th'e

C (A)

and

C (W)

are

exchanged

and

a

zero

is

placed

in

the

Z

position.

24

ALWAC

Ill-E

Store

A

1.0

SAW

W

49

The

G(W)

1-

32,

S

are

replaced

with

the

C(A)I_32,

S.

The

C(A)

remain

unchanged.

Place

Address

in

A

1.0

pAA

W 6D

IfW~

(7F)16'

the

C(A)9_l6are

re-

placed

with

the

C(W)9_l6;

if

W

'Q

(80)

16'

the

C

(A)

25

_

32

are

replaced

with

the

C(W)25_32.

The

remaining

bits

of

C(W)

and

G(A)

including

the

sign

-and

Z

posi-

tions

are

not

affected.

Place

Half-

Word

in

A

1.0

PHA W bF

If

W

~

(7F)

16'

the

C(A)

1-16

are

re-

placed

with

the

C(W)1_16;

ifW)

(80)16'

the

C

(A

) 1 7 _

32

are

replaced

with

the

C(W)17_32.

The

C(W)

and

the

remain-

ing

bits

of

C(A)

including

the

sign

and

Z

positions

are

not

affected.

Store

Address

from

A

1.0

SAA W

4D

If

w.(

(7F)

16'

the

C(W)9_16

are

re-

placed

with

the

C(A)9_l6;

if

W

~

(80)

16'

the

C (

W)

25

_

32

are

replaced

with

the

C(A)25_32.

The

C(A)

including

the

sign

and

Z

positions

and

the

remainlng

bits

of

C(W)

are

not

changed.

Store

Half-

Word

from

A

1.0

SHA

W

4F

If

W

~

(7F)

16'

the

C(W)

1-16

are

re-

placed

with

the

C(A)

1-16;

if

W

~

(80)

16'

the

C

(W)

1 7 _

32

are

replaced

with

the

C(A)

17

-32.

The

C(A)

including

the

sign

and

Z

positions

and

the

remaining

bits

of

Ware

not

affected.

Load

B

1. 0

LBW

41

The

G(B)

are

replaced

with

the

C(W).

The

C(W)

are

not

affected.

Store

B

1.0

SBW

C5

The

C(W)

are

replaced

with

the

C(B).

The

C(B)

are

not

affected.

Load

D

1. 0

LDW

W

5B

The

C(D)

are

replaced

with

the

C(W).

The

C(W)

are

not

affected.

Store

D

1.0

SDW

W

C7

The

C (W)

are

replaced

by

the

C

(D).

The

C(D)

are

not

affected.

Load

E

1.0

LEW

W

57

The

C

(E)

1-

16

are

replaced

with

the

C(W)I_16.

The

C(W)

are

not

affected.

Store

E

1. 0

SEW

W

C3

The

C(W)I_16

are

replaced

with

the

G(E)

1,-16.

The

remaining

bits

of

C(W)

and

the

C(E)

are

not

affected.

Clear

A

1. 0

CLA

28

The

C(A)I_32

and

the

Z

position

are

replaced

with

zeros

and

the

sign

of

the

A

Register

made

positive.

The

address

part

of

this

instruction

is

not

examined;

thus,

this

instruction

may

be

doubled

if

desired.

Chan~e

Sign

1. 0

HS

--

2E

If

the

sign

bit

of

the

A

Register

is

posi-

tive,

it

is

made

negative,

and

vice

versa.

INSTRUCTIONS

25

The

addre

s s

part

of

this

instruction

is

not

examined;

thus,

this

instruction

may

be

doubled

if

de

sired.

Set

Si~n

Plus

1. 0 S p - -

2C

The

sign

bit

of

the

A

Register

is

made

positive.

The

address

part

of

this

in-

struction

is

not

examined;

thus,

this

in-

struction

may

be

doubled

if

desired.

Complement

A

1.0

CpL

--

3E

All

zeros

are

replaced

by

ones

and

vice

versa

in

the

C(A)

1-

32,

S.

The

Z

po-

sition

is

filled

with

a

ze

ro.

The

addre

s s

p~rt

of

this

instruction

is

not

examined;

thus,

this

instruction

may

be

doubled

if

desired.

LOGICAL

AND

CONTROL

OPERATIONS

Extract

1.

0

EXT

W

75

Each

bit

of

the

C(A)

1-32,

S

is

compared

with

the

corresponding

bit

of

C(W)

1-

32,S.

When

both

bits

are

ones,

the

correspond-

ing

bit

in

the

A

Register

is

left

unaltered

(remains

a

one)~

However,

when

either

of

the

bits

compared

is

zero,

the

correa-

ponding

bit

in

the

A

Register

is

replaced

with

a

zero.

The

Z

position

is

filled

with·

a

zero.

The

C(W)

are

not

affected.

Extract

with

D

Mask

1. 0 EXD W

71

Each

bit

of

the

C(A)I_32,

S

is

compared

with

the

correspondingbit

of

C(D)

1-32,

S.

When

the

bit

in

the

D

Register

is

a

one,

the

corresponding

bit

in

the

A

Register

is

replaced

by

the

bit

in

W;

when

the

bit

in

the

D

Register

is

a

zero,

the

corres-

pondingbit

in

the

A

Register

is

not

chang-

ed.

The

Z

position

is

filled

with

a

zero.

The

C(D)

and

C(W)

are

not

affected.

Change

Overflow

Indicator

1.

OCOV

--

02

If

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

ON,

turn

it

OFF

and

vice

versa.

The

address

part

of

this

instruction

is

not

examined;

thus,

this

instruction

maybe

doubled

if

desired.

Compare

Magnitude

1. 0

COM

--

51

The

status

of

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

tested;

if

ON,

this

instruction

causes

the

machine

to

stop;

if

OFF,

the

C{A)

and

C(W)

are

compared:

If

(C(A)

1-321

< IC(W)

1-

321,

this

instruc-

tion

causes

the

Overflow

Indicator

to

be

turned

ON.

If

I

C(A)

1-

321

~IC(W)

1-

321

'

the

Overflow

Indicator

remains

OFF.

No

Operation

1. 0 NOP

--

00

The

machine

takes

the

next

instruc-

tion

in

sequence

•.

(Although

no

opera-

tion

is

performed,

the

Address

Regis-

ter

will

contain

the

effective

address;

i.

e.,

after

address

modificatIon

by

the

E

Register

has

been

performed.)

Halt

and

Transfer

1. 0

HTR

W IB

If

the

START-NORMAL

switch

on

the

Control

Panel

is

in

the

NORMAL

position,

the

machine

will

stop

until

this

switch

is

thrown

to

the

START

position,

after

which

the

machine

will

obtain

the

next

instruc-

tion

from

location

Wand

proceed

from

there.

If

this

switch

is

in

the

START

po-

sition,

the

machine

will

not

stop

but,

in-

stead,

will

obtain

the

next

instruction

from

location

Wand

proceed

from

there.

Transfer

1.0

TRA

W 11

The

machine

takes

the

next

instruction

from

location

Wandproceeds

from

there.

26

ALWAC

III-E

Transfer

on

Overflow

1.0

foV

W

IF

If

the

Overflow

Indicator

is

ON

as

the

result

of

a

previous

operation,

the

indi-

cator

is

turned

OFF

and

the

rna-chine

take

s

the

next

inst.ruction

from

location

Wand

proceeds

from

there.

If

the

indicator

is

OFF,

the

machine

takes

the

next

instruc-

tion

in-

sequence.

Transfer

on

Non-Zero

1. 0

TNZ

W

19

If

the

C(A)

1-

32

are

non-

zero,

the

ma-

chine

takes

the

next

instruction

from

lo-

cation

Wand

proceeds

from

there.

If

the

CJA)1_32

are

zero,

the

machine

takes

the

next

instruction

in

sequence.

Note

that

the

Z

and

sign

positions

are

not

ex-

amined.

Transfer

on

Less

than

Zero

1.0

TLZ

W ID

1£

the

C (A)

1-

32.,

S·

are

non

-

zero

and

negative,

the

machine

takes

the

next

in-

struction

from

location

Wand

proceeds

from

there·.

If

the

C(A)

1-~2,

S

are

zero

or

positive,

the

machine

takes

the

next

instruction

in

sequence.

Note

the

Z

po-

sition

is

not

examined.

Transfer

on

Index

1.

0 TIX W

17

The

C(E)

are

decreased

by

1

in

the

least

significant

position

and

the

result

placed

in

the

E

Register,

after

which

the

contents

of

this

register

are

tested

for

the

presence

of

a

zero

result.

If

non-

zerQ,

the

machine

takes

its

next

instruc-

tion

from

location

Wand

proceeds

from

there;

if

zero,

the

machine

takes

the

next

instructi()n

in

the

normal

sequence.

The

contents

of

the

other

arithmetic

registers

are

not

affected.

Therefore,

the

E

Regis-

ter

may

be

used

as

an

index

register.

Transfer

on

Switch

One

1. 0 TSA W 13

The

status

of

jump

switch

one

is

ex-

amined.

If

in

the

JUMP

position,

the

ma-

chine

obtains

the

next

instruction

from

lo-

cation

Wand

proceeds

from

there;

if

in

the

NORMAL

position,

the

machine

takes

the

next

instruction

in

sequence.

Transfer

on

Switch

Two

1.

O.

TSB W

15

The

status

of

jump

switch

two

is

ex-

amined.

If

in

the

JUMP

position,

the

ma-

chine

obtains

the

next

instruction

from

lo-

cation

Wand

proceeds

from

there;

if

in

the

NORMAL

position,

the

machine

takes

the

next

instruction

in

sequence.

Shifting

Instructions

Shift

instructions

are

used

to

move

the

contents

of

the

A

(or

A

and

B)

Register(s)

to

the

left

or

rightof

their

original

posi-

tions.

The

address

syllable

is

'Used

to

in-

dicate

the

number

of

positions

to

be

shift-

ed.

When

a

shift

i

ruction

is

executed,

the

positions

left

cant

in

the

registers

are

automatically

ilIed

with

zeros.

When

a

shift

instruction

is

interpreted,

the

ex-

tent

of

the

shift

is

determined

from

the

six

least

significant

bits

of

the

address

syllable.

Thesebits,

are,

therefore,in-

terpretedmodulo

64.

Multiples

of

(40)16

used

in

the

a.ddress

syllable

of

a

shift

in-

struction

produce

no

shift,

as

the

address

is

interpreted

as

zero.

Thus,

addresses

greater

than

(40)

16

will

produce

shifts

ranging

between

hexadecimal

91

and

3F.

Hence,

the

maximum

number

of

shifts

is

63

(hexadecimal

3F)

bits.

Example

1.

8

modulo

64

= 8

because

8 =

0(64)+8

Example

2.

63

modulo

64

=

63

63

=

0(64)+63

Example

3.

128

modulo

64

= 0

128

=

2(64)+0

INSTRUCTIONS

27

Example

4.

136

modulo

64

= 8

136

=

2(64)+8

Shifting

C(A),

C(B),

or

C(A

and

B)

has

the

same

effect

as

multiplying

C(A),

C(B),

or

C(A

and

B)

by

a

power

of

2

(as

long

as

no

significant

bits

are

lost).

Example

1:

Shifting

a

binary

number

in

the

B

Register

two

positions

to

the

left

has

the

same

effect

as

multiplying

that

number

by

22.

Bits

shifted

left

from

po-

sition

1.

of

the

B

Register

enter·

position

32

of

the

A

Register

on

the

LLS

opera-

tion.

Example

2:

Shifting

a

.binary

number

in

the

A

Register

30

positions

to

the

right

has

the

same

effect

as

multiplying

that

b b 2

-30

B·

I·

..

num

er

y •

Its

eavIng

POSItIon

32

of

the

A

Register

enter

position

1

of

the

B

Register

on

the

LRS

operation.

A

Ri5tt

Shift

o.

5

RS

W

AS

The

C(A)Z,

1-32

ar'e

shifted

right

W

modulo

64

positions.

Bits

shifted

past

position

32

of

the

A

Register

are

lost.

Positions

made

vacant

are

filled

with

zeros.

The

sign

position

is

not

affected.

If

W

mod

64

=

0,

the

C(A)Z,

1-32,

S

are

not

affected.

A

Left

Shift

'0.5

ALS W

A7

The

C(A)

1-32

are

shifted

left

Wmodulo

64

positions.

Bits

shifted

past

position

1

of

the

A

Register

are

lost.

There

is

no

overflow

indication

and

if

there

is

a

bit

in

the

Z

position

it

will

be

lost,

unless

W

mod

64

=

0,

in

which

case

the

contents

of

the

Z

position

are

not

affected.

Po-

sitions

made

vacant

are

filled

with

zeros.

The

sign

position

is

not

affected.

Long

Right

Shift

o.

5LRS

W

Al

The

C(A)

z,

1 _

32

and

C(B)

1-32

are

shifted

right

W

modulo

64

positions.

Bits

shifted

past

position

32

in

the

A

Register

enter

position

1

of

the

B

Register.

Bits

shifted

past

position

32

of

the

B

Register

are

lost.

The

contents

of

the

Z

position

will

be

shifted

into

position

1

in

the

A

Register

and

positions

made

vacant

(in-

cluding

the

Z

position)

are

filled

with

zeros;

however,.

if

W

mod

64

=

0,

the

C(A)Z,

1-32,

S

are

not

affected~

.

It.

REGISTER

~

•

REGISTER

P1

01

III

I

~

II

I

Z 1

2.

3

-------.---.31321

2

------------------.3132

Figure

20.

Long

Left

Shift

o.

5

LLS

W A3

•

The

C(A)

1-32

and

C(B)

1-32

are

shifted

left

W

modulo

64

positions.

Bits

shifted

past

position

1

of

the

B

Regis"ter

enter

position

32

of

the

A

Register.

Bits

shifted

past

position

1

of

the

A

Register

are

lost.

There

is

no

overflow

indication

and

if

there

is

a

bit

in

the

Z

position

it

will

be

lost

unlessW

mod

64

=

0,

in

which

case,

the

C(A)Z,

1-32,

S

are

not

affected.

Po-

sitions

made

vacant

are

filled

with

zeros.

It.

REGISTER

B •

REGISTER

M

01

1

II

,

~

I I , _

Z 1 2 3

-------

-----·3132 1 2

------------------------

31

32

•

Figure

21.

Shift

and

Count

1.

0 SeT

--

AB

If

position

1

of

the

A

Register

con-

tains

a

1,

or

if

the

C(A)I_32

and

C(B)

are

all

zeros,

a

minus

zero

replaces

the

C(D).

If

position

1

of

the

A

Register

con-

tains

a 0

but

there

is

at

least

one

non-

zero

bit

in

C(A)I_32

or

C(B),

the

A

and

B

Registers

are

shifted

left

until

a 1

bit

appears

in

position

1

of

the

A

Register

and

the

positive

value

of

the

number

of

28

ALWAC

III-E

shifts

replaces

the

C(D).

The

contents

of

the

sign

position

of

the

B

Register

re-

place

the

'contents

of

the

sign

position

of

the

A

Register.

COpy

OPERATIONS

Copy

instructions

are

used

to

copy

an

entire

channel

of

32

full~word'5

from

a

General

Sto.rage

channel

to

a

WorlP-ng

Storage

channel

or

from

a

Working

Stor-

age

channel

to

a

General

Storage

chan-

nel.

It

should

be

noted

that

it

is

possi-

ble

to

execute

the

instruction

contained

in

the

right

half

of

an

instruction

word,

when

the

left

half

contains

a

copy

instruc-

tion

to

the

same

working

channel

in

which

the

given

instruction

word

falls,

since

the

right

half

word

is

previously

placed

in

the

right

half

of

the

E

Register.

Copy

to

Workint

Storage

I

91. 0

eTA

W 1

The

contents

of

General

Storage

chan-

nel

W

replace

the

contents

of

Working

Storage

I.

The

contents

ofGeneralStor-

.

age

channel

Ware

not

changed.

Copy

to

Workinl

Storage

II

91.0

eTB

W

~

The

contents

of

General

Storage

chan-

nel

W

replace

the

content.s

of

Working

Storage

II.

The

contents

of

General

Stor-

age

channel

Ware

not

changed.

CoPl

to

workinl

Storage

III

91.·

eTC

W 5

The

contents

of

General

Storage

chan-

nel

W

replace

the

contents

of

Working

Storage

Ill.

The

contents

of

General

Stor'-

age

channel

Ware

not

changed.

Copy

to

wo.rkinl

Storage

IV

91.0

CTn

W 7

The

contents

of

General

Storage

chan-

nel

W

replace

th~

contents

of

Working

.

Storage

IV.

The

contents

of

General

Stor-

age

channel

.W

are

not

changed.

Copy

from

Working

Storage

I

107. 0

CFA

W 89

The

contents

of

Working

Storage

I

re-

place

the

contents

of

General

Storage

channel

W.

The

contents

of

Working

Stor-

age

I

are

not

changed.

CoPY

from

workill

Storage

II

107.0

CFB W 8

The

contents

of

Working

Storage

II

replace

the

contents

of

General

Storage

channel

W.

The

contents

of

Working

Stor-

age

II

are

not

changed.

Copy

from

worki~

Storage

III

107.0

eFC

W 8

The

contents

of

Working

Storage

III

replace

the

contents

of

.General

Storage

channel

W.

The

contents

of

Working

Stor-

age

III

are

not

changed.

Copy

from

workiif

Storage

IV

107. 0 CFD W 8 .

The

contents

of

Working

Storage

IV

replace

the

contents

of

General

Storage

channel

W.

The

contents

of

Working

Stor-

age

IV

are

not

changed.

INPUT-OUTPUT

OPERATIONS

The

most

significant

bit

in

the

address

part

of

the

following

Flexowrite

r

input-

output

instructions

is

used

to

designate

whether

the

high-speed

reader,

the

high-

speed

puncR,

or

the

Flexowriter

is

to

be

used

as

the

input-output

device.

If

this

bit

position

contains

a

0,

the

high-speed

reade

r

or

punch

will

be

used

if

this

unit

is

connected

to

the

computer.

If

the

most

significant

bit

of

the

address

part

is

a

1,

or,

if

the

appropriate

high-speed

unit

is

not

connected

to

the

computer,

the

com-

puter

will

use

the

Flexowriter

as

the

in-

put-output

device.

INSTRUCTIONS

Z9

Hexadecimal

(or

Decim~l)

Input

--

HXI

W

Fl

Hexadecimal

input

is

indicated

by

plac-

ing

a 0

in

the

second

most

significant

bit

position

of

the

address

part

of

this

in-

struction;

decimal

input

is

indicated

by

placing

a I

in

the

second

most

significant

bit

po

sition.This

instruction

causes

the

contents

of

the

A

Register

to

be

shifted

left

4

binary

positions

and

the

C(A)Z9_3Z

to

be

replaced

with

one

hexadecimal

char-

acter

(4

bits)

for

h'exadecimal

input;

or

to

-multiply

the

contents

of

the

A

Register

by

10

arid

to

add

the

4

least

significant

bits

of

the

character

read

to

this

prod-

uct

w)lich

then

replaces

the

contents

of

"the A

Register,

for

decimal

input.

For

both

types

of

input,

this

operation

is

re-

peateduntl1

nW-l)mod

8

+~

inputshave

been

supplied

after

which

the

Select

Lite

is

turned

OFF

and

the

machine

resumes

high-

speed

operations.

The

sign

and

Z

po-

sitions

in

the

A

Register

are

not

changed~

Hexadecimal

(or

Decimal)

Output.

--

HXO

W F5

Hexadecimal

output

is

indicated

by

placing

a 0

in

the

second

I:lost

significant

bit

position

of

the

address

part

of

this

instruction;

decimal

output

-

is

indicated

by

placing

a 1

in

the

second

most

sig-

nificant

bit

position.

This

instruction

causes

the

Flexowriter

to

print

(or

punch)

the

hexadecimal

character

located

in

the

C(A)1_4

and

to

shift

the

A

~egister

left-

4

positions

for

hexadecimal

output;

or

to

multiply

the

C(A)

1-

32

by

10,

to

print

(or

punch)

a

decimal

character

form.ed

from

the

integral

part

of

the

product,

and

to

re-

place

the

C(A)

1-

32

with

the

fractional

part

of

the

product.

For

both

types

of

output,

this

operation

is

repeated

[(W-l)mod

8

+9

times.

The

sign

and

Z

positions

in

the

A

Register

are

not

changed.

Number

Output-

NMO

--

DD

This

_instruction

causes

the

Flexo-

writer

to

print

(or

punch)

the

hexadeci-

mal

character

located

in

the

C(A)29_3Z.

The

C(A)

including

sign

and

Z

positions

are

not

changed.

The

address

part

of

this

word

is

not

examined,

and,

since

the

operation

code

is

odd,

this

instruc-

tion

may

be

doubled

only

when

used

as

the

address

part

of

a

doubled

instruction.

Sign

Input

--

SNI

--

F9

This

instruction

r~places

the

C(.A)

1-

3Z

with

zeros

and

replaces

the

sign

position

with

a 0

or

I

(minus

or

plus)

accordiJlg

to

the

character

received

from

the

Flexo--

writer.

The

space

bar

is

used

for

plus

and

the

minus

key

for

minus

indications;

however,

any

Flexowriter

character

code

which

has

a

punch

in

position

4

m~y

be

used

in

place

of

the

minus

key.

Thiif!

in-

clude.

the

characters:

abcdefjyzABCDEFJYZ89L,( -I

$.,

*6~;

abd

the

stop,lower

case,color

sh1ft,code

delete,tabulate,

carriage

return,and

back spi,ce

codes.

Any

Flexowriter

character

code

which

has

no

-

punch

in

position

4

may

be

used

in

place

of

the

space

bar.

This

includes

the

characters:

ghiklmnopqrstuvwx

GHIKIMNOPQRS'IUVWX

12345670°"+=%11)

The

Select

Lite

'on

the

Flexowriter

is

turned

ON

by

this

instruction

and

the

ma-

chine

waits

until

an

input

has

been

sup-

plied,

after

which

the

Select

Lite

is

turned

OFF

and

the

machine

resumes

high-speed

ope

rations.

Note

that

the

Z

position

of

the

A

Re

gister

is

not

changed.

Sign

Output

---SNO--

D5

If

the

sign

of

the

A

Register

is

po.itive,

a

space

code

is

transmitted

to

the

Flexo-

writeor;

if

the

sign

of

the

A

Register

is

negative,

a

minus

code

is

transmitted

to

30

ALWAC

III-E

the

Flexowriter.

The

C (A)

including

the

sign

·and

Z

positions

are

not

changed.

Alphabetic

Input

ALI W F3

This

instruction

causes

the

C(A)2_32

to

be

shifted

left

6

binary

positions

and

replaces

the

C(A)26~31

with

one

alpha-

betic

character

(6

bits),

and

causes

this

9perationtobe

repeated

RW-l)mod

8

+~

times.

Note

that

if

this

instruction

is

repeated

more

than

5

times,

all

but

the

last

5

alphabetic

characters

will

be

lost.

The

Select

Lite

on

the

Flexowriter

is

turnedONby

this

instruction

and

the

ma-

chine

waits

until

trw

-l)mod

8

+~

inputs

have

been

supplied,

after

which

the

Select

Lite

is

turned

OFF

and

the

machine

re-

sume

s

high-

speed

operation.

The

sign

and

Z

positions

are

not

changed

but

the

C(A)32

is

replaced

with

the

C(A)31

after

the

last

alphabetic

character

has

been

read.

Alphabetic

Output

ALa

W F7

This

instruction

replaces

C(A)32

with

a

zero,

causes

the

Flexowriter

to

print

(or

punch)

the

alphabetic

characte

r

lo-

cated

in

the

C(A)2

-7'

the

contents

of

the

A

Register

to

be

shifted

left

6

positions,

and

causes

this

operation

to

be

repeated

U

W

-1

)mod

8

+~

time

s.

The

bit

positions

made

vacant

are

filled

with

zeros.

The

C(A)Z,

1,

S

are

not

changed.

The

following

instructions

are

used

to

control

punching

and

typing

functions

on

the

Flexowriter

according

to

the

setting

of

the

two

switche

s

on

the

Flexowrite

r

which

are

labeled

IITYPE"

and

"PUNCH".

Two

flip-flops,

which

are

known

as

the

Type

and

Punch

flip-flops,

operate

in

conjunction

with

these

switches.

The

status

of

these

flip-flops

may

be

affected

by

executing

one

of

the

instruc-

.tions

TYP,

PNH,

BTP,

or

NTP

(9B,

9D,

9F,

or

99)

or

by

depressing

the

Clear

switch

on

the

Flexowriter

or

by

placing

the

Normal

-

Test

-

Clear

switch

on

the

Control

Panel

in

the

CLEAR

position.

Operating

either

of

these

switches

causes

the

Type

flip-flop

to

be

turned

ON,

and

the

Punch

flip-flop

to

be

turned

OFF.

Placing

the

Type

and

Punch

switches

on

the

Flexowriter

in

the

COMPUTE

po-

sition

permits

the

computer

to

select

the

desired

output

according

to

the

setting

of

the

Type

and

Punch

flip-flops

which

are

controlled

by

the

instructions

TYP,

PNH,

BTP,

and

NTP

(9B,

9D,

9F,

and

99)

which

are

described

below.

Placing

the

Type

arid

Punch

switches

on

the

Flexowriter

in

the

OFF

position

will

result

in

the

loss

of

printed

or

punched

in-

formation

transmitted

to

the

Flexowriter.

Placing

the

Type

and

Punch

switche

s

on

the

Flexowriter

in

the

TYPE

or

PUNCH

positions

will

cause

all

information

trans-

mitted

to

the

Flexowriter

to

be

typed

or

punched,

accordingly,

without

regard

to

the

setting

of

the

Type

and

Punch

flip-

flops.

Type

24. 0

TYP

--

9B

This

instruction

causes

the

Type

flip-

flop

to

be

turned

ON

and

the

Punch

flip-

flop

to

be

turned

OFF.

Punch

24. 0

PNH

--

9D

This

instruction

causes

the

Punch

flip-

flop

to

be

turned

ON

and

the

Type

flip-

flop

to

be

turned

OFF.

Both

Type

and

Punch

24.0

BTP

--

9F

This

instruction

causes

both

the

Type

and

the

Punch

flip-flops

to

be

turned

ON.

INSTRUCTIONS

31

Neither

Type

nor

Punch

24.

a

NTP

--

99

This

instruction

causes

both

the

Type

and

the

Punch

flip-flops

to

be

turned

OFF.

Punched

Cards

PCD

W

97

This

instruction

is

used

to

control

the

input

and

output

of

information

from

IBM

punched

card

equipment.

This

is

accom-

plished

by

means

of

a

"buffer

storage",

access

to

which

is

provided

from

Work-

ing

Storage

IV.

Buffer

storage

is

divided

into

two

half-

channels

of

16

words

each

which

are

called

the

CONTROL

and

IN-

FORMATION

lines,

and

refer,

respec-

tively,

to

the

first

and

second

half-chan-

nels

of

the

buffer

storage.

Either,

or

both,

of

these

lines

may

be

exchanged

with

the

first

or

second

half-

channel

of

Working

Storage

IV

by

placing

a 0

or

1

in

the

appropriate

bit

position

in

the

ad-

dress

part

of

this

instruction,

as

shown

in

Figure

22.

OPERATION

(97~6

INFORMATION

q!E~CHANGE:J

'O!NO

EXCHANGE

TYPE

OF

EXCHANGE

0'0-

NORMAL

, 1

'-INVERTED

, , 0

CONTROL

-J -

EXCHANGE

, O'-NO

EXCHANGE

ADDRESS

, ,

INPUT-OUTPUT-:O

-

READY

----I

'1'-

PUNCH

CARD

CYCLES

.!O'

PERMIT----.&

,

1'

...

SUPPRESS

Figure

22.

The

CONTROL

line

in

the

buffer

is

used

to

indicate

both

the

format

and

the

type

of

conversion

desired

(decimal,

hex-

adecimal,

or

alphabetic)

for

data

as

it

appears

in

the

INFORMATION

line

of

the

buffer.

If

the

contents

of

a

half-channel

of

Working

Storage

IV

are

to

be

exchanged

with

the

INFORMATION

or

CONTROL

lines

in

the

buffer,

a I

is

placed

in

bit

position

1

or

3

of

the

addre

s s

part

of

this

instruction

as

shown

in

Figure

22.

If

a

o

is

placed

in

these

positions,

no

ex-

change

is

made

with

the

corresponding

line

in

the

buffe

r.

A

normal

or

inverted

exchange

is

In-

dicated

by

a 0

or

1,

respectively,

in

bit

position

2

of

the

address

part

of

this

in-

struction,

the

half

-

channel(s)

affected

being

indicated

by

contents

of

bit

posi-

tions

1

and

3

of

the

address

part.

A

nor-

mal

exchange

is

one

in

which

eitherttle

first

half-channel

in

Working

Channel

IV

is

exchanged

with

the

CONT

ROL

line

in

the

buffer

or

the

second

half-channel

in

Working

Channel

IV

is

exchanged

with

the

INFORMATION

line

in

the

buffer.

An

in-

verted

exchange

is

one

in

which

either

the

second

half-channel

in

Working

Chan-

nel

IV

is

exchanged

with

the

CaNT

ROL

line

in

the

buffer

or

the

first

half-

channel

in

Working

ChannelIV

is

exchanged

with

the

INFORMATION

line

in

the

buffe

r.

If

bit

position

4

of

the

addre

s s

part

of

this

instruction

contains

a

0)

the

card

reader

is

selected;

if

this

bit

position

contains

a

1,

the

card

punch

is

selected.

Bit

position

5

of

the

addre

s s

part

of

this

instruction

is

used

to

permit

or

sup-

press

a

card

cycle

when

this

bit

position

contains

a 0

or

1,

respectively.

Thus,

the

buffer

may

be

used

as

an

additional

rapid

access

storage

channel,

whether

or

not

the

punched

card

equipment

is

con-

nected

to

the

computer.

Note

however,

that

data

placed

in

the

INFORMATION

line

will

be

converted

according

to

codes

placed

in

the

CONTROL

line.

This

per-

mits

rapid

binary

-

decimal

conversion.

Bit

positions

6, 7,

and

8

should

con-

tain

zeros.

Since

5

bit

positions

of

the

address

part

of

this

instruction

are

used

to

indi-

cate

the

variations

of

this

instruction,

a

total

of

32

different

machine

operations

rna

y

be

obtained.

32

ALWAC

III-E

It

should

be

noted

that

the

contents

of

the

indicated

half-channels

are

exchanged

before

conversion

or

card

cycles

occur.

Hence,

inforrnation

from

either

Working

Channel

IV

or

the

buffer

may

be

punched

on

the

same

card

cycle;

however,

infor-

mation

read

into

the

buffer

on

the

previ-

ous

card

cycle

appears

in

Working

Chan-

nel

IV

after

the

exchange.

In

order

to

operate

the

punched

card

equipment

at

maximum

speed,

proce

s

s-

ing

of

the·

information

placed

in

Working

Channel

IV

is

accomplished

during

the

conversion

cycle

before

the

card

reaches

the

"9-time"

position.

Since

a

change

in

format

require

s

exchange

with

the

CON-

TRoL

line,

a

blank

card

is

usually

placed

at

the

end

of

each

file

of

cards.

MAGNETIC

TAPE

OPERATIONS

The

following

instructions

are

used

for

control

of

the

magnetic

tape

buffer

and

of

individual

tape

units.

Bit

posi-

tions

1-4

of

the

address

part

of

these

in-

structions

are

used

to

indicate

the

de-

sired

sub-operation

in

accordance

with

the

hexadecimal

codes

given

in

the

de-

scription

of

the

instruction.

See

Figure

23.

When

it

is

necessary

to

specify

an

individual

tape

unit,

bit

positions

5-8

are

used

for

this

purpose.

Thus,

as

m.any

as

16

tape

units

may

be

used

which

are

num.bered,

hexadecirnally,

from.

0

to

F.

ADDRESS

t

_----------~A~--------

__

-,

_I

-,----r-I

--r-I-'r----r-I

---rl---"I

1 2 3 4

J\

5 6 7 8

v V

SUB-OPERATION

TAPE

UNIT

Figure

23.

Each

individual

tape

unit

contains

a

Comparing

Register

which

is

used

for

searching

operations.

The

C (

A)

re-

place

the

contents

of

this

register

before

searching

operations

are

started.

In

the

explanation

of

instructions

which

follows,

the

first

word

in

each

tape

record

is

in-

dicated

by

the

symbol

WI.

The

contents

of

this

word

are

com.pared

with,

the

con-

tents

of

the

Comparing

Register

during

searching

operations.

Magnetic

Tape

Status

1.

0

MTS

W

91

This

instruction

is

used

to

prepare

the

unit

to

read

or

to

write,

to

select

the

searching

mode

and

cause

searching

op-

erations

to

be

started,

to

test

for

com-

pletion

of

searching

operations,

or

to

re-

wind

a

tape

to

the

load

point.

Searching

operations

cause

the

con-

tents

of

the

A

Register

to

be

stored

in

the

CR

(Com.paring

Register)

of

the

des~

ignated

tape

unit,

after

which

the

com-'

puter

interlocks

are

released.

While

the

computer

continues

to

execute

instru:c-

tions

in

their

normal

sequence,

the

tape

m.oves

in

a

forward

direction

until

the

desired

tape

record

is

located.

In

the

following

explanation,

the

symbol

W 1

is

used

to

represent

the

first

word

in

a

given

tape

record.

Two

searching

modes

are

available:

Mode

1.

The

tape

unit

searches

for

the

tape

record

until

C(W

1)1_32:9C(CR)1_32.

Note

that

the

sign

positions

are

not

com-

pared.

Mode

2.

'Ihe

tape

unit

searches

for

the

tape

record

until

C(W

1

)29_32=C(CR)29_32.

The-

address

part

of

this

instruction

contains

the

designated

tape

unit

and

the

desired

operation

as

shown

in

Figure

23.

Bit

positions

-5-8

of

the

address

part

of

this

instruction

are

used

to

indicate

the

desired

tape

unit.

Bit

positions

1-4

of

the

address

part

of

this

instruction

are

used

to

indicate

the

_

de

sired

sub

-opera-

tion,

according

to

the

following

hexadeci-

mal

code:

INSTRUCTIONS

33

"0"

R~wind.

"1"

Set

unit

to

read

status.

"2"

Search

in

mode

1

and

set

to

read

status.

"3"

--

Search

in

mode

2

and

set

to

read

statu

s .

"4"

Test

for

completion

of

search-

ing

operation.

The

status

of

the

Ove

rflow

Indicator

lite

is

tested:

If

ON,

the

computer

sounds

the

alarm

2

buzzer;

if

OFF,

the

status

of

the

tape

unit

is

tested:

If

the

tape

unit

is

still

searching,

the

Overflow

Indicator

lite

is

turned

ON

and

the

computer

takes

the

next

in-

struction

in

sequence.

"5"

Set

unit

to

write

status.

"6"

Search

in

mode

1

and

set

to

write

status.

"7"

- -

Search

in

mode

2

and

set

to

write

status.

It

should

be

carefully

noted

that

all

the

above

codes

except

4

are

executed

im-

mediately

by

the

individual

tape

unit

and

overrule

any

previous

MTS

instruction

which

the

unit

maybe

in

proce

s s

of

exe-

cuting.

However,

this

overrule

action

will

not

interrupt

read-write

operations

being

executed;

instead,

the

computer

will

wait

until

completion

of

the

MTC

instruc-

tion

before

execution

of

a

MTS

instruc-:-

tion.

Magnetic

Tape

Copy

1.0

MTC W

93

This

instruction

causes

information

to

be

read

from

a

tape

and

copi~.d

into

the

magnetic

tape

buffer,

or

to

be

copied

from

the

buffer

and

written

on

the

tape.

Before

this

instruction

is

executed,

the

status

of

the

tape

unit

is

tested

and

com-

pared

with

the

operation

specified

in

the

address

part

of

this

instruction.

Thus,

when

reading

operations

are

attempted,

the

tape

unit

should

be

in

READ

status,

and

for

writing

operations,

the

tape

unit

should

be

in

WRITE

status.

If

the

tape

unit

is

in

the

wrong

status

for

the

given

operation,

the

given

MTC

inst.ruction

can-

not

be

executed,

the

machine

sounds

the

alarm

2

buzzer

and

stops.

If

the

alarm

switch

2

is

placed

in

the

RESTORE

po-

sition,

the

machine

will

execute

the

next

instruction

in

the

normal

sequence.

.It

should

be

noted

that

the

tape

unit

is

set

to

READ

status

after

a

rewind

operation.

This

rewind

operation

may

be

caused

by

execution

of

the

MTS

operation,

by

the

automatic

rewinding

of

the

tape

when

reaching

the

physical

end

of

the

tape,

or

by

the

manual

operation

of

the

control

switches

located

on

the

tape

transport.

Bit

positions

5-8

of

the

address

part

of

this

instruction

are

used

to

indicate

the

desired

tape

unit.

See

Figure

23.

Bit

positions

1-4

of.Jh~

..

address

part

of

this

instruction

are

used

to

indicate

the

desired

sub-operation,

according

to

the

following

hexadecimal

code:

"I"

--

Read

previous

record

into

the

buffer.

"2" - -

Read

next

record

into

the

buff-

er.

"3"

--

Read

same

record

into

the

buff-

er.

"5"

Write

previous

record

from

buffer.

Write

next

record

from

the

buffer.

"7"

Write

same

record

from

the

buffer.

Magnetic

Tape

Exchange

16. 0 MTX W 95

This

instruction

causes

the

contents

of

Working

Storage

IV

to

be

copied

into

the

magneti

c

tape

buffe

r,

0 r

the

content

s

34

ALWAC

In-E

of

the

buffer

to

be

copied

into

Working

Storage

IV,

or

causes

the

contents

of

the

buffer

and

Working

Storage

IV

to

be

ex-

changed.

Bit

positions

5-8

of

the

address

part

of

this

instruction

are

not

examined.

Bit

po

sitions

1-4

of

the

addre

s s

part

are

used

to

indicate

the

de

sired

sub

-op-

eration,

accordingto

the

following

hexa-

decimal

codes:

It

111

- -

The

content

s

of

the

buffe

r

re-

place

the

contents

of

Working

Storage

IV.

The

contents

of

the

buffer

are

not

changed.

"2

t1

--

The

contents

of

Working

Stor-

age

IV

replace

the

contents

of

the

buffer.

The

contents

of

Working

Storage

IV

are

not

changed.

113"

--

The

contents

of

Working

Stor-

age

IV

and

the

buf~er

are

ex-

changed.

ADDRESS

LOCATIONS

Each

half-word

in

the

four

Working··

.

Storage

channels

is

addressable,

the

ad-

dresses

00

to

7Fbeingused

for

left

half.:..

word

locations

and

80

to

FF

used

for

right

half-word

locations.

The

address

loca-

tions

contained

in

each

of

the

Working

Storage

channels

are

as

follows:

00

to

IF

and

80

to

9F

Working

Storage

I

20

to

3F

and

AO

to

BF

--

Working

Storage

II

40

to

5F

and

CO

to

DF

--

Working

Storage

III

60

to

7F

and

EO

to

FF

--

Working

Stoxeage

IV

Normal

sequencing

of

instructions

is

in

half-word

increments

from

the

left

to

the

right

half

of

an

instruction

word

and,

then,

to

the

left

half

of

the

next

instruc--:

tion

word.

in

sequence

as

shown

in

Figure

24

which

illustrates

the

normal

sequence

for

Working

Channel

I.

.

Note

that

the

in-

struction

which

follows

80

is

04

(not

0

I),

that

a I

follows

9C,

and

.

that

00

follows

9F.

Normal

address

sequencing

in

the

re-

maining

.

Working

Storage

channels

is

similar.

ADDRESS

MODIFICATION

Automatic

address

modification

maybe

achieved

when

using

instructions

whose

hexadeci:mal

instruction

codes

are

odd

numbers.

This

is

accomplishedby

using

a

code

obtained

by

subtracting

1

from

the

instruction

code.

When

the

instruction

is

executed,

the

literal

address

is

added

to

the

21s

complement

of

the

contents

of

theE

Register

to

determine

an

effective

address

which

is

placed

in

the

Address

Register

and

is

used

for

the

execution

of

the

instruction.

For

example,

assume

that

the

ADD

instruction

is

to

be

use.d

and

that

the

E

Register

contains

the

hexadecimal

num-

ber

0001.

The

he1adecimal

instruction

code

for

the

ADD

instruction

is

61

which

would

be

written

as

60

together

with

an

address.

Thus,

the

instruction

6024

with

the

literal

address

24

would

be

added

to

the

21s

complement

9f

the

E

Register

(which,

in

this

example,

is

FFFF),

there-

by

obtaining

the

effective.

address

23.

Hence,

when

the

E

Register

contains

0001,

the

instruction

6024

is

executed

in

the

same

manner

as

if

the

instruction

6123

had

been

given.

The

distinct

advantage

to

such"

indexing

operations

is

the

manner

in

which

ad.dre

s s

modification

rna

y

be

used

to

select

one

quantity

from

a

set,

the

elements

of

which

are

stored

in

suc-

cessive

word

locations.

An

example

of

such

usage

is

given

in

the

section

titled

"Symbolic

Programming".

ADDRESS

MODIFICATION

35

Figure-

24.

INSTRUCTION

DOUBLING

Two

instructions

may

be

doubled

to

forma

single

half-word

if

the

first

hexa-

decimal

in,struction

code

is

an

even

num-

ber.

This

is

accomplished

by

using

a

code

obtained

by

adding

1

to

the

instruc-

tion

code

and

placing

the

instruction

code

for

the

second

command

in

the

address

part

of

the

half-word.

Thus,

to

clear

the

A

Register

and

exchange

the

A

and

B

Registers

(CLA

and

XAB)

the

instruc-

tions

28

and

30

are

combined

to

form

the

half-word

2930.

Note

that

no

address

part

is

requiredforthe

first

command

of

this

doubled

instruction

and

that

if

doub-

ling

of

instructions

is

attempted

in

which

the

second

instruction

requires

an

ad~

dress,

the

execution

of

the

second

co~

mand

will

require

using

the

same

address

part

as

the

instruction

code

of

the

second

command.

Thus,

if

the

instructions

CLA

and

ADD

are

doubled

in

one

half-word,

the

machine

code

2961

is

obtained.

This

instruction,

when

executed,

would

have

the

same

effect

as

giving

the

instructions

2900

and

6161

(CLA

and

'ADD

61).

As

such

doubling

is

only

rarelyused

by

pro-

grammers,

it

is

advisable

to

avoid

such

practices;

indeed,

an

as

sembly

program

should

provide

for

detection

of

such

prac-

tices

and

indicate

such

coding

as

an

error.

TIMING

The

time

required

to

execute

instruc-

tions

is

variable

and

is

not

only

depend-

ent

on

the

specific

instruction

being

exe-

cuted,

but

may

vary

with

the

choice

of

the

address

part

of

this

instruction

(if

required

by

the

instruction).

The

follow-

ing

points

must

be

considered

in

any

dis-

cussion

of

instruction

timing:

36

ALWAC

III-E

1.

The

word

location

at

~..vhich

the

drum

is

positioned

at

the'

time

of

com-

pletion

of

the

last

instruction.

If

the

cur-

rent

instruction

is

in

the

left

side

of

an

instruction

word,

the

drum

must

turn

until

it

is

positioned

to

read

this

instruc-

tion

word.

If

the

current

instruction

is

in

the

right

side

of

an

instructio~

word,

and

such

word.is

acce

s

sible

from

the

right

side

of

the

E

Register

(as

the

result

of

execution

of

the

left

instruction

in

the

same

instruction

word),

only

one

word-

time

is

required

to

tra.nsfer

the

contents

to

the

instruction

and

address

registers.

If

the

current

instruction

is

a

right

ad-

dress

and

such

word

is

not

accessible

from

the

right

side

of

the

E

Register

(as

the

result

of

a

transfer

instruction

from

some

othe

r

word

location),

the

drum

must

turn

until

it

is

positioned

to

read

this

in-

struction

word.

In

all

of

the

above

cases,

the

mini-

,mum

access

time

will

be

O.

5

milliseconds

(one

word-time)

and

the

maxim.um,.

8.0

milliseconds

(16

word-times).

2.

If

the

instruction

requires

refer-

ence

to

the

contents

of

a

word

location

specified

in

the

address

part

of

the

in-

struction,

a

search

is

required.

This

search

starts

immediately,

and,

there-

fore,

timing

considerations

:glust

involve

the

positions

of

the

drum

at

the

time

this

action

starts

and

at

the

time

when

it

is

positioned

to

read

the

word

specified

in

the

address

part

of

the

instruction.

In

all

cases,

however,

access

time

will

vary

between

0.0

and

8.0

milliseconds.

3.

The

execution

time

required

for

an

instruction,

after

the

contents

of

the

oper-

and

address

have

been

obtained,

is

given

in

the

Description

of

Instructions.

See

pages

19

to

34.

4.

The

shifting.

instructions

require

O.

5

milliseconds

for

each

shift

(modulo

64)

specified

in

the

address

part

of

the

instruction.

The

transfer

instructions

require

vary-

ing

amounts

of

time

depending

upon

the

re-

sult

of

various

testing

operations.

Maxi-

mum

time

for

such

instruction~

is

8.0

milliseconds.

5.

Input-output

instruction

times

are'

dependent

upon

typing

skills

or

upon

the

status

of

punched

tape'

and

certain

switch-

es

and,

therefore,

only

minimum

times

may

be

specified

for

these

types

of

in-

structions.

Hence,

the

dete

rmination

of

the

amount

of

time

required

for

the

execution

of

a

set

of

instructions,

although

computable,

is

sOnlewhat

complex.

Such

computations

may

be

included

in

Symbolic

Assembly

Programs

or

similar

executive

programs

without

significant

reductions

in

the

a-

mount

of

time

required

for

other

opera-

tions

performed

by

such

programs.

How-

ever,

certain

programming

rules

·are

re

commended

'to

pe

rmit

reduction

in

the

time

required

for

the

execution

of

instruc-

tions.

These

rules

produce

near-optimum

times

for

execution

of

instructions.

1.

If

an

instruction

appears

in

the

left-

half,

of

an

in

struction

word,

the

optinlum

address

is

one

whose

last

hexadecimal

digit

is

one

greater

thaii'tlie

location

ad-

dress

of

either

the

left

or

right

half

of

the

instruction

wora..

Thus,

for

loca-

tion

05,

the

optimum

addresses

are

06,

86,

16,

96,

26,

A6,

36,

B6,

46,

C6,

56,

D6,

66,

E6,

76,

and

F6.

2.

If

an

optimum

address

is

used

for

the

left

half

instruction,

the

optimum

ad,..

dress

for

the

right

half

instruction

is

one

whose

last

hexadecima1

digit

is

three

greate

r

than

the

loca.tion

addre

s s

of

eithe

r

the

left

or

right

half

of

the

instruction

word.

3.

If

a

non-optimum

address

is

used

for

the

left

half

instruction,

the

optimum

address

for

the

right

half

instruction

is

one

whose

last

hexadecimal

digit

is

at

least

two

greater

than

the

effective~

and

address

contained

in

the

left

instruc-

tion

or

a

word

location

whose

last

hexa-

decimal

digit

is

the

same

as

this

sum.

4.

Transfer

instructions

are

excep-

tions

to

the

above

rules.

For

left

half,

COMPONENTS

37

instructions,

the

optimum

addre

s s

is

one

whose

last

hexadecimal

digit

is

three

greater

than

the

location

address

of

either

the~

left

or

right

half

of

the

instruction

word,

providing

that

the

transfer

of

con-

troloccurs.

For

right-half

instructions,

the

optimum

address

is

four

greater

than

the

effective

operand

address

contained

in

the

left

instruction

or

a

word

location

whose

last

hexadecimal

digit

is

the

same

as

this

sum,

provided

that

the

transfer

of

control

occurs.

'When

a

transfer

of

control

does

not

occur,

the

instruction

is

as

near-optimum

as

can

be

obtained.

5.

If

the

optimum

addre

s s

dete

rmined

by

rule

s 1

to

4

above

doe

s

not

yield

the

address

location

of

a

word

which

may

be

used

in

the

programming

of

the

problem,

successive

word

locations

from

the

opti-

mum

address,

may

be

used

with

the

loss

of

one

word

time

(0.

5

milliseconds)

for

each

word

after

the

optimum

location.

The

worst

possible

location

s.elected

when

time

considerations

are

paramount

is

the

word

location

which

precede

s

the

opti-

mum

location.

Selection

of

this

address

will

result

in

no

less

than

8.0

millisec-

onds

searching

time,

since

the

drum

must

make

one

half-

revolution

before

the

chos-

en

location

is

acce

s

sible.

FLEXOWRITER

The

F1exowriter

(Model

FL

with

cer-

tain

modifications)

is

the

primary

input-

output

medium

for

the

ALWAC

III-E

and

consists

of

three

main

parts:

a

keyboard,

a

paper

tape

reader,

and

a

paper

tape

punch.

This

reading

(or

punching)

of

paper

tape

operates

at

a

maximum

speed

of

10

characters

per

second

(100

milli-

seconds

per

character).

When

a

printed

copy

is

produced

by

the

Flexowriter,

a

maximum

speed

of

8

characters

per

sec-

ond

(120

milliseconds

per

character)

is

possible.

Various

switches

located

on

the

Flexowriter

permit

the

operator

to

select

the

particular

type

of

output

de-

sired.

In

addition,

certain

switch

set-

tings

permit

selection

of

printing

and

punching

operations

to

be

placed

under

program

control.

Of

the

available

51

key

lever

positions,

42

levers

are

used

for

characters,

7

lev-

ers

are

used

for

tabulation,

color

shift,

back

space,

carriage

return,

upper

case

shift,

and

space,

and

3

levers

are

used

for

the

clear,

stop,

and

delete

controls.

The

keyboard

is

similar

to

that

of

most

electric

typewriters;

however,

the

char-

acters

on

certain

keys

have

been

replaced

with

some

of

the

more

common

mathe-

matical

symbols.

The

keys

used

for

hexa-

decimal

input

are

made

of

red

plastic

for

easy

recognition.

See

Figure

25.

Figure

25.

/

38

ALWAC

III-E

Since

the

same

code

is

used

for

char-

acters

in

the

upper

and

lower

case,

a

total

of

84

distinct

printed

characters

is

available.

The

shift

controls

are

self-

locking

and

the

Flexowrite

r

will

remain

in

the

given

case

until

another

upper

or

lower

case

shift

occurs.

The

color

shift,

space,

back

space,

carriage'

return,

clear,

code

delete,

and

stop

codes

op-

erate

independently

of

the

upper

and

low-

er

case

shifts.

CONTROL

SWITCHES

Start

Read

Switch:

When

releasedafter

being

depressed,

this

momentary

contact

switch

starts

the

tape

reader

operation.

By

rapidly

depressing

and

releasing

th.is

switch,

the

tape

may

be

moved

one

code

position

at

a

time.

If

this

switch

is

op-

erated

when

no

paper

tape

is

in

the

read-

er,

the

effect

is

the

sa:me

as

pressing

the

Clear

switch

which

is

described

be-

low.

Stop

Read

Switch:

This

:momentary

contact

switch

IS

used

to

stop

tape

read-

ing

operations.

In

order

to

resume

op-

eration,

the

Start

Read

switch

must

be

depressed.

Since

it

is

difficult

to

stop

the

paper

tape

m.anually

at

a

particular

punched

code

position,

and,

since

failure

to

depress

this

switch

within

certain

crit-

ical

time

limits

can

cause

double

entry

of

the

last

character

read;

the

Start

Read

switch

is

used

to

stop

the

paper

tape

at

the

desired

code

position

and

then

the

Stop

Read

switch

is

depre

s

sed

which

will

stop

reading

operations.

Punch

On

Switch:

This

two

-

position

sWItch

controls

tape

punching

operations

and,

when

in

the

DOWN

position,

causes

each

character

typed

to

be

punched

also

until

the

switch

is

returned

to

the

UP

po-

sition.

Note

that

this

switch

controls

only

the

punching

of

information

which

is

read

from.

the

tape

read

station

or

is

entered

m.anually

on

the

keyboard

and

that

this

switch

does

not

control

the

punching

of

information

sent

from.

the

com.puter.

Clear

Switch:

This

momentary

con-

trol

switch

corre

sponds

to

the

Normal-

Test

-

Clear

switch

which

is

located

on

the

Control

Panel

and

is

described

on

page

16.

Depressing

and

releasing

the

Clear

switch

causes

the

c.ontents

of

Gen-

eral

Storage

channel

01

to

replace-

the

contents

of

Working

Storage

channel

I

and

control

to

be

transferred

to

word

00.

A

p~ogram

known

as

the

Start

Routine

is

located

in

General

Storage

channel

Oland

is

used

to

cause

input

and

output

of

pro

...

grams

and

to

transfer

control

to

a

given

location

in

one

of

the

four

Working

Stor-

age

channels.

If

the

Punch

On

switch

is

in

the

DOWN

position

when

the

Clear

switch

is.

de-

pressed,

a

special

character

code

will

be

punched

in

the

tape

which

is

known

as

a

"clear

11

punch.

If

this

character

code

is

later

read

by

the

tape

reader,

the

ef-

fect

is

the

same

as

depressing

the

Clear

switch.

Copy

Inputs

Switch:

When

this

two-

position

switch

is

in

the

DOWN

position,

each

character

read

from

the

tape

reader

will

be

typed

at

a

maximum

speed

of

.10

characters

per

second;

when

in

the

UP

position,

information

read

from

the

tape

reader

is

not

typed

and

tape

reading

o.P-

erations

can

proceed

at

a

maximum

speed

of

10

characters

per

second.

Tape

Feed

Switch:

This

momentary

contact

switch

is

used

to

feed

paper

tape

from

the

punch

station

and

to

punch

feed

holes

which

are

used

to

guide

and

position

the

punched

tape

when

placed

in

the

read

station;

Since

paper

tape

is

supplied

in

un-

punched

rolls,

it

is

necessary

to

use

this

switch

to

provide

approximately

three

inches

of

feed

holes

which

are

used

by

the

punching

station

to

pull

the

paper

tape

pa

st

the

punch

die

s.

Code

Delete

Switch:

Thism.omentary

contact

switch

cause

s a

special

charac-

ter

code

(all

six

positions)

to

be

punched

which

will

be

ignored

when

inte

rpreted

by

the

reading

station.

Thus,

this

switch

is

used

to

delete

unwanted

information

on

a

punched

tape.

COMPONENTS

39

Stop

Code

Switch:

This

momentary

contact

switch

causes

a

special

character

code

to

be

punched

which

will

have

the

same

effect

as

depressing

the

Stop

Read

switch

which

is

described

above.

How-

ever,

if

the

computer

is

asking

for

an

input

at

the

time

this

switch

is

depressed,

a

binary

code

corresponding

to

the

special

character

code

will

be

placed

in

the

ap-

propriate

bit

positions

in

the

A

Register.

Select

Lite:

The

Select

Lite

is

turned

ONwhen

the

computer

selects

the

Flexo-

writer

for

an

input

device

and

remains

ON

until

the

proper

number

of

inputs

is

supplied

from

the

keyboard

or

from

the

tape

read

station.

Computer

-

Off

-

Flexowriter

Switch:

This

switch

supplies

the

electrical

power

to

the

Flexowriter

and

determines

wheth-

er

the

Flexowriter

is

to

be

used

inde-

pendently

or

with

the

computer.

When

in

the

OFF

position,

all

electrical

.power

to

the

Flexowriter

is

turned

off

and

all

control

switches

are

inoperative.

When

in

the

COMPUTE

position,

the

Flexowriter

and

its

as

sociated

control

switches

operate

in

conjunction

with

the

computer

and

may

be

used

to

control

var-

ious

machine

functions.

When

in

the

FLEXOWRITERposition,

the

computer

and

Flexowriter

operate

independently.

Thus,

the

Flexowriter

rna

y

be

uS.ed

to

prepare

punched

tape

s

or

to

produce

a

printed

copy-of

informa-

tion

which

is

punched

on

a

tape

without

disrupting

other

computer

functions.

Punch

-

Off

-

Compute

and

Type

-

Off-

Compute

Switches:

These

two

switches

are

used

to

control

punching

and

typing

functions

on

the

Flexowriter

and

operate

in

conjunction

with

two

flip-flop.s

in

the

computer

which

are

known

as

the

Type

and

Punch

flip-flops.

Placing

either

of

these

switches

in

the

COMPUTE

position

permits

the

computer

to

select

the

de-

sired

output

according

to

the

setting

of

the

Type

and

Punch

flip-flops

which

are

controlled

by

the

instructions

TYP,

PNH,

BTP,

and

NTP

(9B,

9D,

9F,

and

99)

which

are

described

on

page

30.

Figure

26.

Placing

the

Type

and

Punch

switches

in

the

OFF

positions

will

result.

in

the

los

s

of

printed

or

punched

information

transmitted

to

the

Flexowriter.

Placing

the

Type

and

Punch

switches

in

the

TYPE

or

PUNCH

positions

will

cause

all

information

transmi'tted

to

the

Flexowrite

r

to

be

typed

or

punched,

ac-

cordingly'

without

regard

to

the

setting

of

the

Type

and

Punch

fIi

p-

flo

ps.

The

proper

feeding

alignment

of

the

paper

tape

in

the

reading

and

punching

stations

is

shown

in

Figure

26.

Note

that

small

sprock-ets

on

the

reading

and

punch-

ing

stations

are

used

to

pull

the

tape

through

the

mechanisms.

The

keyboard

will

lock,

preventing

operation,

if

any

of

the

following

condi-

tions

occur:

1.

The

tape

guide

arm

is

not

against

the

tape

at

the

reading

station.

2.

The

blank

tape

which

feeds

the

punching

station

tears,

binds,

or

runs

out.

40

ALWAcm""E

FLEXOWRlTER

AND

PUNCHED

TAPE

CODES

•••••

aA

00

1010

stop

Code

11

1100

.......

bB

00

1011

Code

Delete

10

1011

••

c C

00

1100

Clear

-------

• • •

dD

00

1101

Upper

Case

Shift

10

1001

• •

••

e E

00

1110

Lower

Case

Shift

10

1000

•••

••

t

F'

00

llll

Space

(See

note)

00

0000

• •

• -.

gG

01

'0000

Back

Space

10

1110

hH

01

0001

Color

Shift

io

1010

•••

i I

01

0010

Carriage

Return

10

1101

••• •

• • • • j J

01ll1l

Tab

10

1100

kK

10

0000

1 0

00

0001

•• • • • 1 L

10

0001

2

It

00

0010

•

•••

• mM

10

0010

3 +

00

0011

•••••

•

nN

100011

4 =

00

0100

• • o 0

10

0100

5

10

00

0101

•• •

pP

100101

6 1

00

0110

•

.-

•

•••• •

qQ

10

0110

7 t

00

0111

rR

100111

8L.

00

1000

• ••• s S

11

0010

9 (

00

1001

••••• t T

11

0011

0 )

(See

note)

11

0000

•

uU

11

0100

/t

11'0001

••

•

••

vV

II

0101

--

01

1110

wW

110110

,

*

II

1011

••••

xX

11

Olll

~$

6

II

1010

• •••

yY

11

1000

. •

111lll

.

•• ••• z Z

11

1001

, ;

11

1110

Note:

The

binary

code

000000

when

used

with

the

ALO

instruction

pro-

videa

the

space

character

and

with

t1l:e

HXO

in

stru.ction

'

provides

a 0

or

)

character.

The

binary

code

10

0001

which

is

used

for

the

land

L

character

may

be

:a.sed

as

the

nw:nber

1

when

"sed

with

the

HXl

and

HXO

instruction

••

Figure

2.1

•

COMPONENTS

41

The

punched

code

system

use

s

seven

punching

positions

(of

which

the

position

number

7

is

used

only

for

the

clear

code).

The

remaining

6

positions

provide

suit-

able

combinations

for

the

various

char-

acter

and

control

codes

which

are

shown

in

Figure

27

together

with

the

appropriate

binary

codes.

The

punching

positions

are

numbered

7-6-1-2-3-4-5

from

left

to

right

facing

the

leading

edge

of

the

tape

with

the

feed

hole

placed

between

the

num-

ber

2

and

3

holes.

An

8th

hole

position

is

available

but

is

not

used.

Either

7/8

inch

or

'I

inch

paper

tape

width

may

be

used.

HIGH-SPEED

PUNCHED

TAPE

CONSOLE

The

Punched

Tape

Console

(see

Figure

28)

is

designed

as

a

high-

speed

input-

output

device.

The

unit

operate

s

at

an

approximate

power

consumption

of

320

watts,

with

voltages

supplied

from

the

Power

Supply

unit

of

the

computer.

The

reader

employs

photo

-

cells

to

read

the

punched

characters

thus

per-

mitting

the

tape

to

move

continuously

dur-

ing

reading

operations.

The

effective

speed

of

the

paper

tape

unit

during

punch

operations

(which

in-

cludes

time

required

to

copy

information

to

and

from

General

Storage)

is

50

char-

acters

per

second

and

during

read

op-

erations

is

150

cha.racters

per

second.

Thus,

the

unit

is

capable

of

punching

the

contents

of

12

channels

of

memory

per

minute

or

the

entire

memory

(256

chan-

nels)

within

24

minutes.

It

is

possible

to

read

and

store

information

at

the

rate

of

35

channels

per

minute

or

the

entire

memory

within

8

minutes.

(These

speeds

include

the

programming

time

required

for

check

summing

and

block

transfer

instructions.

)

The

same

input

and

output

commands

are

used

with

the

High-Speed

Punched

Tape

unit

as

with

the

Flexowriter;

how-

ever,

the

most

significant

bit

position

of

the

address

part

of

the

instruction

is

examined.

If

the

bit

position

contains

a

I,

the

Flexowriter

is

selected

as

the

in-

put-output

device;

if

the

bit

is

a

0,

the

High-Speed

Punched

Tape

unit

is

selected

(providing

the

Punched

Tape

unit

is

turned

ONi

if

it

is

OFF,

then

the

Flexowriter

is

selected)

.

Figure

28.

4.2

ALWAC

III-E

CARD

CONVERTER

Punched

cards

provide

a

rapid

input-

output

:mediu:m

because

of

their

great

flexibility.

Errors

are

easily

detected

and

corrected,

data:ma

y

be

prepared

on

several

key-punches

si:multaneously,

and

the

cards

collected

before

being

pro-

cessed

by

the

computer.

Manual

access

to

files

of

punched

cards

is

particularly

desirable

since

carcis

can

easily

be

sep-

arated

or

inserted

in

the

file.

Alpha-

betic,.

deci:mal,

and

hexadeci:mal

num-

bers,

quantities

representedin

any

nu:m-

,ber

syste:m,

and

special

sy:mbols

may

be

represented

by

appropriate

co:mbinations

of

punched

holes

in

the

card.

Certain

punch

co:mbinations

are

standard

for

punched

card

processing

:machines

as

is

shown

in

Figure

29.

Either

the

IBM

Type

523

Summary

Punch

or

the

IBM

Type

514

Reproducing

Punch

machines,

with

c'ertain

modifica-

DIGITS

LETTERS

tion,

:may

be

used

for

reading

and

punch-

ing

of

cards.

The

card

feeding

should

be

12-edge

face

down

for

normal

opera-

tion.

The

cables

contained

in

the

bases

of

these

machines

are

attached

to

con-

nectors

located

on

the

Card

Converter

unit.

Plug-boards

are

available

for

each

of

these

:machines,

the

wiring

for

which

is

described

below:

Type

523

The

hubs

which

are

labeled

CaMP

MAG

or

CTR

TOT

EXIT

or

MS

OUT

pro-

vide

acce

s s

to

the

cable

connectors.

For

reading

operation,

these

hubs

are

wired

to

the

hubs

:marked

PUNCH

BRUSHES;

for

punching

operation,

these

hubs

are

wired

to

the

hubs

:marked

PUNCH

MAG-

NETS.

The

nu:mbers

which

appear

over

the

hubs

marked

PUNCH

BRUSHES

and

PUNCH

MAGNETS,

which

are

numbered

fro:m

left

to

right,

refer

to

card

columns

1

through

80.,

See

Figure

30.

SPECIAL

CHARACTERS

0,·23

561

9 , I I

"'~

.I~,

l_~

!,CI",

I

U.

• t • .

<!a'e"

,

~

II

I

~

~

,

II

I

~

~ ~

I

III.

_000000

~

~

00000000

00

00

I

~

!

~

II

I

~

0 0 00 0

.0

0 0 0 0 0

II

~I

00000

~1234567

~

1

~ ~

4 5

17

18

19

20

21

22 23 24

~

33435

~ ~

4546

~

55565758

59

60

61

6263

64

651

,16U

1 1 167118

19

80

10

11111111

11111111

~

1 1 1 1

11111111111

1 I 1 1 1 1 1

~

~2

2 2 2

2222

I

222222222~

222

I 2 2

~

22222222222

: 2 2

~

22222

3333333331

33333333331

~3333~

333

I

33333333333

1 3 3 I I

33333

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 .•

44444444444~

4444' 4

~

4444

I

44444444444

~4

~4

~

~

44444

55555555555

h

555555555555

)555555~

555551

55555555555

5 5 5

555

5

666666666666.

666666666&666

I

66666661

66666Sn

66666666666

6 6 6 S 6 6 6

7711111111711

~

177777717111111

117777111

7177111

~

11117711177

1 7 i 7 7 7 7

888888888888881

888888888888888~

888888888.

88888888.

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

1118

lila

I~

I

II

88888

Figure

29.

CARD

CONVERTER

43

Type

514

The

hubs

which

are

labeled

SELEC-

TOR

1

and

SELECTOR

2

provide

con-

nections

to

the

cable

connectors

and

are

wired

to

the

hubs

which

are

labeled

RE-

PRODUCING

BRUSHES

for

reading

op-

erations.

COMP

MAG

or

CTR

TOT

EXIT

or

MS

OUT

provide

access

to

the

cable

connectors

and

are

wired

to

the

hubs

which

al"e

labeled

PUNCH

MAGNETS

for

punching

operations.

The

numbers

which

appear

over

the

hubs

marked

PUNCH

BRUSHES,

REPRODUCING

BRUSHES

which

are

numbered

from

left

to

right,

refe

r

to

the

columns

1

through

80

on

the

card.

See

Figure

30.

Types

523

and

514

The

80

hubs

which

connect

to

the

cable

connectors

are

numbered

from

rip~t

to

left

and

correspond

to

80

hub

posltions

within

the

ca

rdconve

rte

r

which

are

called

columns

of

the

card

image

in

the

de

s-

cription

which

follows.

Two

half-channels

which

comprise

16

words

each

are

used

to

form

this

card

image.

These

half-channels

are

called

the

CONTROL

and

the

INFORMATION

lines

in

the

Card

Converter

unit.

The

CONT ROL

line

.is

used

to

indicate

both

the

card

format

and

the

type

of

conversion

desiredand

the

INFORMATION

line

con-

tains

the

data

read

from

the

card

or

to

be

punched

on

the

card.

These

half-chan-

nels

may

be

exchanged

with

either

of

the

half-channels

which

comprise

Working

Storage

IV

by

the

execution

of

the

PCD

instruction.

(See

page

31).

Upon

exe-

cution

of

this

instruction,

the

Card

Con-

verter

unit

examines

the

contents

of

the

.

CONTROL

line

and

causes

data

read

from

a

card

to

replace

the

contents

of

the

IN-

FORMATION

line,

or

data

contained

in

the

INFORMATION

line

to

be

punched

on

a

card,

according

to

the

contents

of

the

address

part

of

the

PCD

instruction.

Since

the

INFORMATION

line

may

con-

tain

binary

codes

which

represent

deci-

mal,

hexadecimal,

alphabetic,

or

special

characters,

it

is

necessary

to

specify

which

of

these

types

of

data

is

contained

in

each

of

the

16

~ords

of

the

INFORMA-

TION

line.

This

is

indicated

by

the

bi-

nary

positions

1-

2

of

the

Control

Word.

See

Figure

31.

The

number

of

columns

of

the

card

image

(not

to

exceed

8)

asso-

ciated

with

each

word

is

indicated

by

the

binary

positions

5 -

32

and

the

sign

bit

of

the

Control

Word.

Binary

position

4

of

the

Control

Word

is

used

to

indicate

a

special

timing

marker.

.5"23

~

UPlOD'U'Ci'N"G

hUSHES

15

20

OOOOOc.ooooooooooooo

o

2S

30

U

.0

o 0

'0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O'

0

AS

SO

"

'0

o 0 0 0

,~

0 0 0 0

~

0 0 0 0

~

0 0 0 0

:0

00000000000000000000

~

-0

0.

~

a

!L.

~OL~

DE~CT~ON;-!FO

C~.

LU:N-;-~~:~l;;-;SP~ITS~

00000000000000000000

'-'-GoOP.

EMITTEl-I-O

I , 3 ..

COM

7 • ,

10

00000000000000000000

~

10

2~E":oX

:~.7ol~x

~

flEPlODuCING

IItUSHU

15

:-~1C:

~r..x-~-~-:,o

~:

::

,:

::

'ute::,

MAGNETS"

:'\

I

___

~~~~~-=---~~II

(':

..

(F.A

:-:

..

,-:-->

'1::

1I,..........--------~~~~------'I1II

,r

" " "

.~"

II

..

III

111~~:-;::::~;z;*~~=~==-:iJIIII

::0 0

P~X.

~R.-~~~--;-

0 0 0

:.

So

IR~SH~-~

0 0 0

~:::

I~

5~PUHCH

UUSHES-,15

:::::

I\~;::::---

"

'-~'-COMP,t,RING

8RUSH~S-'~

SO

00000000000000000000

25

30

3~

~o

00000000000000000000

.5

50 55

40

00000000000000000000

45

70

n

80

o 0

o.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

'-~'-COMP,t,RING

BRUSHES-IS

0000000000000000000

25

30

3)

0000000000000000000

~5

SO

~5

o 0 0

o·

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

45

70

1$

o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Figure

30.

To

explain

the

use

of

these

codes

a

relation

between

words

in

the

Control

and

Information

lines

must

be

defined:

A

CONTROL

word

and

an

INFORMATION

word

are

said

to

correspond

if

the

4

least

significant

binary

positions

of

the

address

location

of

the

words

are

the

same.

See

Figure

24.

.

44

ALWAC

III-E

Thus,

word

locations

60

16

correspond

to

word

location

70

16

, 61

16

to

71

16

,

and

so

forth.

The

previous

and

succeeding

word

locations

are,

then,

the

locations

whose

addresses

are

respectively,

one

unit

greater

or

less

than

word

location

to

which

reference

is

made,

considering

each

half-channel

to

be

circular.

Thus,

word

location

60

16

precedes

61

16

and

62

16

succeeds

61

16

;

however,

word

lo-

cation

60

16

succeeds

6F

16

and

6e

16

pre-

cedes

6F

16.

To

code

the

CONTROL

line

for

a

given

card

format

the

following

rule

s

are

given:

11!l11

IIII

~3

4 ,5 '

3132

S J

I I

L:CO:L:~:M:N:A:S:S:IG:N:M~E:'T-S------------------~

SPECIAL

TIMING

MARKEl

TYPE

OF

CONVERSION';

00'·

ALPHABET1e

. . 01

-HEXADECIMAL

10-DECIMAL

Figure

31.

1.

The

following

binary

code,

which

is

determined

by

the

type

of

data

con-

tained

in

the

corresponding

INFORMA-

TION

word,

is

placed

in

bit

positions

1-2

of

the

CONTROL

word

which

precedes

the

corresponding

INFORMATION

word:

"00"

Alphabetic

code

itO

1 U

Hexadecimal

code

"10"

De

cimal

code

2.

Bit

position

3

of

the

CONTROL

word

should

contain

a

zero.

3.

If

there

are

10

or

less

decimal

type

INFORMATION

words,

a 1

maybe

placed

in

bit

position

4

of

anyone

of

the

first

10

CONTROL

words.

All

other

CONTROL

words

should

contain

a 0

in

bit

position

4.

If

there

are

between

11

and

16

decimal

type

INFORMATION

words,

the

CON-

TROL

word

which

should

have

a 1

placed

in

bit

position

4

is

located

by

applying

the

following

rule

s :

a.

Determine

the

addre

s s

location

of

the

last

decimal

type

INFOR-

MATION

word.

b.

Count

back

9

decimal

INFOR-

MATION

words

(including

the

starting

word

as

number

1

of

the

count)

and

determine

the

ad-

dress

location

of

the

word.

c.

Determine

the

corresponding

location

address

in

the

CON-

TROL

line.

d.

Count

forward

8

CONTROL

words

(including

the

starting

word

as

number

10f

the

count)

and

place

a 1

in

bit

positi'on.4.

4.

The

remaining

bit

positions

(5--32

and

the

sign)

are

used

to

indicate

the

num-

,be

r,

of

,card

columns,.as

signed

to

each

IN-'

FORMA

TION

word

and

the

location

of

data

within

the

INFORMATION

word.

To

ac-

complish

this,

a 1

bit

is

placed

in

the'

corresponding

CONTROL

word

one

bit

position

to

the

right

of

each

correspond-

ing

position

of

the

data

characters

in

the

INFORMATION

word.

Note

that

the

sign

position

appears

to

the

right

of

bit

position

32

and

that

the

plus

sign

is

represented

by

a 1

bit

in

the

sign

position.

Thus,

if

the

INFORMA-

TION

word

contains

3

hexadecim,al

char-

acters

which

are

located

at

a

binary

point

of

32,

the

seven

least

significant

hexa-

decimal

positions

in

the

corresponding

CONTROL

word

should

contain

0000088+

since

the

binary

l'

s

in

this

word

would

appear

to

the

right

of

the

3

correspond-

ing

groups

of

4

bit

positions

in

the

CON-

TROL

word.

Similarly,

if

the

INFORMA-

TION

word

contains

3

hexadecimal

char-

acters

which

are

located

at

a

binary

point

of

31,

the

code

0000

111-

would

be

placed

in

the

seven

least

significant

hexadecimal

characters

of

the

corresponding

CON-

TROL

word.

CARD

CONVERTER

Decimal

words

are

treated

in

a

simi-

lar

manner

by

making

provision

for

4

bi-

nary

positions

for

each

card

image

col-

umn

but

must

be

placed

at

a

binary

point

which

is

an

integer

multiple

of

4;

alpha-

betic

words

may

consist

of

up

to

5

groups

of

6

bit

positions

each.

Thus,

the

7

least

significant

hexa-

decimal

characte

rs

of

the

CONT

ROL

words

for

INFORMATION

words

which

contain

3

decimal

and

3

alphabetic

char-

acters

which

are

located

at

a

binary

point

of

32

are,

respectively,

0000088+

and

0000820+.

An

INFORMATION

word

con-

taining

3

alphabetic

characters

at

a

bi-

nary

point

of

31

would

require

that

the

code

000

1

041-

be

placed

in

the

seven

least

significant

hexadecimal

characters

of

the

corresponding

CONTROL

words.

It

is

important

to

note

that,

although

it

is

pos-

sible

to

locate

the

binary

points

for

al-

phabetic

characters,

all

groups

of

6

bi-

nary

characters

must

be

totally

contained

within

one

word.

By

examining

bit

positions

5 -

32

and

the

signs

of

the

16

CONTROL

words,

card

image

column

assignments

are

made

be-

ginning

with

the

last

word

of

the

CON-

TRoL

line

and

proceeding

in

the

reverse

direction

to

the

first

word

of

the

CON-

TRoL

line.

One

column

assignment

is

made

for

each

non-zero

bit

contained

in

bit

positions

5-32

and

the

sign

of

the

16

CONTROL

words.

Thus,

a

total

of

16

different

fields

of

alphabetic,

decimal,

or

hexadecimal

data

may

be

formed

in

the

card

image.

Since

the

number

of

fields

will

suffice

for

most

problems,

a

standard

plug

-

board

may

be

wired

for

the

IB

M

Type

523

and

514

machine

s

which

connects

card

image

columns

1 -

80

to

punch

brushes

or

punch

magnet

hubs

1-80.

This

results

in

a

"criss-cross"

wiring

scheme

on

the

plug-board

and

permits

program

control

of

a

wide

variety

of

card

formats.

In

connection

with

punch

pro-

gram

control

using

such

plug-board

wir-

ing,

it

should

be

noted

that

careful

at-

tention

should

be

given

to

insure

that

ex-

actly

80

non-zero

bits

appear

in

positions

5-32,

S

of

the

CONTROL

words.

Failure

to

do

so

will

re

sult

in

the

shift

(and

los

s)

of

information

which

is

punched

or

read.

If

situations

occur

in

which

more

than

16

fields

are

required,

plug-board

wiring

togethe

r

with

programming

technique

s

'which

"pack"

several

fields

in

one

IN-

FORMATION

word

maybe

usedto

elimi-

nate

such

difficulties.

Blank

columns

may

be

obtained

by

placing

zeros

in

the

INFORMATION

word

and

identifying

the

word

as

an

alphabetic

word.

It

is

emphasized

that

no

program-

ming

is

required

for

binary-decimal

con-

version

when

an

INFORMATION

word

is

identified

as

containing

decimal

infor-

mation.

Algebraic

signs

of

hexadecimal

and

decimal

words

(not

alphabetic)

are

punched

over

the

least

significant

col-

umn

of

the

field.

The

binary

code

s

used

in

conjunction

with

punched

card

equipm.ent

appear

in

Figure

32.

Char.

B~\,iOde

IBM

Codes

~

Binary

Code

IBM

Codes

0-

000

0

(with

Dec.or

L 100011

ll

.. 3

Hex.codes) M 100100

ll-4

B1ank

00000o

B.C,

N 100101

ll-$

(with

Alpha-

0 100110

ll-6

betic

codes) P 100111 11-7

Q 101000

ll-B

1

000001

1 R 101001

ll

.. 9

2

000010

2 S 110010 0..2

3

000011

3 T

1100ll

0-3

4

000100

4 U Uo100 0..4

$

000101

$ V

110101

0-$

6

000110

6 W 110110 0-6

7

000111

7 X 110111 0-7

8

001000

8 y 111000 0-8

9

001001

9 Z 111000 0 .. 9

A

010001

12-1 &

010000

12

B 010010 12-2 .

011011

12-3-8

C 010011 12-3 1:( 011000 12-4-8

D 010100 12-4 100000

II

E

010101

12-5 $ 101011 11-3-8

F

010110

12-6

-r.

..

101100 11\"4-8

G 010111 12-7 /

lloool

0-1

H

011000

12-8 ,

lUOll

0-3-8

I

011001

12-9 % 1111oo 0-4-8

J 100001 11-1 #

0010ll

3-8

K 100010 11-2

€:I

001100 4-8

Figure

32.

46

ALWAC

III-E

MAGNETIC

TAPE

UNITS

In

addition

to

magnetic

drum

storage,

sixteen

Tape

Transport

units

with

an

as-

sociated

Tape

Buffer

are

available.

Each

tape

unit

may

contain

a

half-inch

wide

oxide

coated

plastic

tape

up

to

2400

feet

long.

Information

is

stored

on

m.ag-

netic

tape

as

binary

bits

in

the

form

of

magnetized

spots.

Thus,

the

same

tape

may

be

reused

many

times.

The

reading,

writing,

and

searching

speed

of

the

tape

is

100

inches

per

sec-

ond.

The

longitudinal

density

of

the

tape

is

100

bits

per

inch

and

reading

or

writ-

ing

is

done

at

the

rate

of

10

records

(of

32

words

each)

per

second.

The

tape

can

start

and

stop

in

approximately

10

milli-

seconds

and

rewinds

at

a

speed

greater

than

500

inches

per

second.

The

Tape,

Transport

has

a

one

word

Comparing

Register,

which

may

contain

up

to

32

bits

of

information

for

compari-

son

when

locating

an

individual

record

on

the

tape.

The

Buffer

unit

controls

the

mode

s

of

operation

of

each

of

the

Tape

Transports

and

furnishes

interlock

signals

to

the

computer

for

maximum

simultaneous

uti-

lization

of

search,

rewind,

read,

and

write

times

by

the

computer

program.

ARRANGEMENT

OF

INFORMATION

Seven

bits

are

recorded

laterally

on

the

tape.

These

seven

bits

are

composed

of

four

information

bits,

one

check

bit,

one

clock

bit,

and

one

record

marker

bit

(see

Figure

27).

One

word

is

made

up

of

nine

of

these

groups

(one

group

contains

the

sign

of

the

word)

and

a

tape

record

comprises

32

words

(32

x 9 =

288

lateral

groups)

which

correspond

to

a

channel

on

the

drum.

Each

record

is

preceded

by

a

record

marker

bit

and

a

clock

bit

record

in

the

same

lateral

group.

r----------3

inch~e~s-======.='======3-

__

R£CORD

MA1UCER-+

+ 1

INFORMATION

-+

+0'

INFORMATION

-+H'

CLOCK

•

INFORMATION=:

INFORMATlON--+

tl

CHECK

BIT

--+"1:1

H1'+-ti+t+

.••

_ • . ! to't

tt

tM++++

...

H ..... t 1

++++++tt"'...

_,..·!:'~Htt+tH-ti'ttH

8

H+++<++++t:

_ _ _ _

._.

__

sS;'++-+++++++

+

ti'tt"tt't1f!~.,.___

...

___

..

H++++++++

1

H"4~".u+~

__ .. . ..

__

.+Utittttt

~

+++-I+t+++++:&

L:.....

,..

......

++t+++H-it

U.~.U.H'"

++-J+",,~..

__

.W,.HH

........

t

-.-.....f--

.......

~--~

-

......

--""'*=~~.---

REcotm

MAllKER

32l1li

WORD

l

Figure

33.

V

RECOR'D

A

tape

file

is

composed

of

any

number

of

associated

records.

A

tape

reel

can

contain

one

or

more

file

s

depending

upon

the

size

of

the

individual

files.

A

2400

foot

tape

contains

approximately

10,000

records.

SEARCH

OPERATION

The

tape

transport

searches

the

tape

for

the

desired

record

at

100

inches

of

tape

per

second.

When

a

search

order

is

given,

the

contents

of

the

A

Register

replace

the

contents

of

the

Cornparing

Register

in

the

tape

unit,

after

which

the

computer

rnay

continue

with

its

program.

The

search

order

takes

one

rnillisecond

of

machine

time

providing

it

doe

s

not

have

to

wait

ori

inte

rlocks.

The'

contents

of

the

Comparing

Register

in

the

tape

unit

are

used

for

search

comparison.

The

tape

starts

forward

and

a

comparison

of

the

first

word

of.

each

record

with

the

Com-

paring

Register

is

made.

Upon

reach-

ingthe

end

of

the

tape,

if

the

desired

rec-

ord

has

not

been

found,

the

tape

will

re-

wind

to

the

start

of

the

tape

and

continue

search

operations

until

the

de

sired

rec-

0rd

is

located

after

which

the

tape

unit

positions

the

tape

in

read

or

write

status.

SEARCH

MODES

The

tape

transport

is

able

to

search

in

two

different

modes

of

operation.

The

search

mode

desired

is

indicated

by

the

configuration

of

the

address

part

of

the

word.

During

search

mode

I

operations,

the

tape

transport

unit

will

choose

the

first

record

whose

first

word

is

greater

than

or

equal

to

the

Comparing

Register.

During

search

mode

II

operation,

the

tape

transport

unit

will

choose

the

first

rec-

0rd

which

has

the

least

significant

eight

bits

of

t.he

first

word

equal

to

the

least

significant

eight

bits

of

the

Comparing

Register.

READING

The

programming

required

to

read

a

record

from

tape

is

the

command

Mag-

netic

Tape

Copy

(MTC).

The

configura-

tion

of

the

address

part

indicates

which

one

of

three

available

records

to

read

from,

the

preceding,

the

current,

or

the

succeeding

record.

If

the

tape

unit

is

in

the

WRIT

E

status

when

the

command

is

given

to

read,.

the

computer

will

stop

and

alarm

number

2

buzze

r

.will

sound.

If

a

command

to

read

is

given

while

the

tape

unit

is

engagecrTn

a

search

and

prepare

to

read

operation

or

another

read

operation,

tli'e

command

to

read

is

lleld

up

by

interlocks·

until

the

completion

of

the

previous

instruction.

At

this

time,

the

interlocks

release

and

the

computer

takes

the

next

command

in

sequence

while

the

tape

unit

performs

the

read

operation.

If

the

tape

unit

is

engaged

in

a

write

operation

or

search

and

prepare

to

write

and

a

command

to

read

is

given,

the

com-

mand

to

read

is

heTCI"li'j)

by

interlocks

until

the

previous

command

is

completed.

At

this

time,

the

machine

will

stop

and

the

alarm

number

2

buzzer

will

sound,

indi-

cating

the

tape

unit

is

not

in

the

correct

47

status

for

the

read

operation.

WRITING

The

programming

required

to

write

a

record

onto

tape

is

the

command

Mag-

netic

Tape

Copy

(MTC).

The

configura-

tion

of

the

addre

s s

portion

indicate

s

which

one

of

three

available

records

is

to

be

written:

the

preceding,

the

current,

or

the

succeeding

record.

If

the

tape

unit

is

in

the

READ

status

when

the

command

is

given

to

WRITE,

the

computer

will

stop

and

alarm

number

2

buzze

r

will

sound.

If

a

command

to

write

is

given

whIle

the

tape

unit

is

engaged

in

a

search

and

prepare

to

write

operation

or

another

write

ope

ration,

the

command

to

write

is

held

up

by

interlocks

until

the

com-

pletion

of

the

previous

instruction.

At

this

time,

the

interlocks

release

and

the

computer

takes

the

next

command

in

se-

quence

while

the

tape

unit

performs

the

write

operation.

If

the

tape

unit

is

engaged

in

a

search

and

prepare

to

read

or

a

read

ope

ration

and

a

command

iSgIVen

to

wnre,

the

sec-

0nd

command

is

held

in

the

tape

unit

until

the

completion

of

the

first

command.

At

this

time,

the

machine

will

stop

and

the

alarm

number

2

buzzer

will

sound

indi-

cating

the

tape

unit

is

not

in

the

correct

status

to

carry

out

a

write

instruction.

If

the

tape

unit

is

engaged

in

a

rewind

operation

and

a

command

is

given

to

write,

the

write

command

is

held

in

the

tape

unit

until

the

completion

of

the

re-

wind

operation.

At

this

time

the

tape

unit

is

automatically

set

to

READ

status

and

the

command

to

write

is

released

by

the

interlocks.

The

computer

stops

and

a-

larm

number

2

buzzer

sounds

indicating

the

unit

is

not

in

the

correct

status

to

per-

form

the

write

operation.

48

ALWAC

III-E

MANUAL

OPERATION

During

normal

operation

the

compute

r

controls

the

tape

transport

through

the

buffer.

The

controls

on

the

front

panel

of

the

tape

unit

are

for

manual

operation

of

the

unit.

The

door

of

the

tpae

transport

must

be

closed

to

actuate

an

interlock

which

permits

the

unit

to

operate

from

any

con-

trol.

The

Interlock

Lite

on

the

Control

Panel

'signifies

the

door

is

open.

To

operate

the

tape

unit

manually

the

Test

Switch

must

be

ON.

The

Test

Lite

will

be

turned

ON

and

remains

ON

until

the

Te

st

Switch

is

turned

0

FF

•

With

the

Test

Switch

ON,

the

unit

may

be

run

forward,

reversed,

or

rewound

with

the

appropriate

switch.

The

Ready

Lite

is

ON

at

any

time

the

unit

has

found

a

record

commanded

by

a

search

operation

or

when

the

machine

is

reading

or

writing

under

normal

condi-

tions.

The

Stop

Lite

is

turned

ONat

anytime

the

Stop

Switch

is

ON.

The

Stop

Switch

m.ay

be

utilized

at

anytime

of

normal

op-

eration

or

manual

operation.

CALIBRATE

OPERATION

The

calibration

switch

is

for

the

pur-

pose

of

calibrating

a

new

tape

or

a

tape

that

is

suspected

of

having

bad

spots

on

it.

To

calibrate

a

tape,

load

tape

reel

and

thread

tape

to

the

start

position.

De-

press

the

Calibrate

Switch.

No

further

manual

operation

is

needed

as

the

cali-

bration

takes

place

automatic,ally.

The

tape

will

start

in

a

forward

di-

rection

and

traverse

the

entire

length

of

the

tape,

saturating

it

on

all

seven

tracks.

Upon

reaching

the

effective

end

of

the

tape,

the

unit

reverse

s

tape

direction

and

after

inspection

of

the

tape

it

records

a

record

marker

bit

and

'a

clock

bit

as

an

indicationthat

it

has

scanned

enough

con-

secutive

good

tpae

to

hold

one

record.

This

process

is

continued

to

the

beginning

of

the

tape

at

a

speed

of

125

inches

per

second.

At

this

time,

the

operation

is

complete

and

control

of

the

tape

unit

is

again

transferred

tn

the

computer.

LOAD

OPERATION

Loading

is

accomplished

by

the

follow-

ing

list

of

operations:

1.

Place

LOAD

Switch

in

ON

position.

2.

Place

loaded

tape

reel

on

lower

spindle.

End

of

tape

should

hang

from

left

side

of

reel.

,Place

empty

reel

on

upper

spindle.

Place

reel

retainer

caps

on

both

spindles.

3.

Thread

end

of

tape

over

right

hand

guide

and

through

right

vacuum

well

guide.

(Drop

c;loor

at

top

of

well

to

provide

access

to

guides).

Tape

should

loop

to

half

length

of

well.

4.

Thread

tape

over

right

capstan

and

through

read-write

mechanism.

5.

Thread

tape

through

left

vacuum

well

guides.

Tape

should

form

loop

half

the

length

of

the

well.

6.

Thread

tape

over

left

capstan.

7.

Thread

<tape

over

upper

guide

and

to

upper

reel.

Manually

turn

the

top

reel

to

take

up

loose

tape,

but

maintaining

the

tape

loops

to

approximately

one

half

the

length

of

the

vacuum

wells.

8.

Close

cover

on

read-write

mechanism

and

access

doors

on

vacuum

wells.

9.

Turn

LOAD

Switch

to

OFF

position.

10.

Close

and

secure

the

"main

door

on

the

tape

unit.

11.

With

all

switches

on

the

tape

unit

in

the

NORMAL

position,

the

unit

is

loaded

and

under

the

control

of

the

computer.

SYMBOLIC

PROGRAMMING

The

AL

WAC

III-E

can

execute

only

absolute

programs.

In

such

programs,

both

instruction

and

data

words

have

defi-

nite

storage

locations

assigned,

and

all

Rrogram

functions

which

depend

on

such

assignments

have

been

given

definite

numerical

values.

Because

intelligent

assignment

of

storage

locations

cannot

be

made

until

after

the

program

is

writ-

ten,

it

becomes

difficult

to

prepare

pro-

grams

in

this

form.

Therefore,

some

system

of

program

writing

is

used

which

permits

the

use

of

non-absolute

or

rela-

tive

locations.

The

programming

sys-

teiil

which

incorporates

this

technique

is

called

symbolic

programming.

The

program

is

first

written

in

a

sym-

bolic

form

after

which

the

prograzii'iiier

can

make

storage

assignments

of

certain

quantities.

Mter

such

assignments

are

made,

the

symbolic

quantities

can

be

translated

into

the

machine

language

and

an

ab

solute

program

prepared.

To

ac-

compllsh

this

conversion,

a

general

pro-

gram

is

written

and

is

known

as

the

As-

sembly

Program

1

(AP

1).

This

pro-

gram

accepts

either

cards

or

tape

on

which

the

symbolic

program

has

been

punched

from

information

contained

on

the

coding

form,

together

with

additional

information

regarding

storage

specifica-

tions,

and

produces

the

absolute

program

in

a

form

suitable

for

subsequent

loading

procedures,

together

with

a

printed

list-

ing

of

the

assembled

program.

The

pre-

pared

listing

may

also

contain

notations

which

indicate

detection

(by

AP

1)

of

er-

rors

in

the

symbolic

program.

Such

no-

tations

assist

the

programmer

in

the

de-

tection

and

correction

of

coding

errors.

The

AP

1

writeup

should

be

consulted

for

details.

The

following

programming

examples

appear

as

they

would

be

written

in

sym-

bolic

code

on

the

coding

form

for

assem-

bly

by

AP

1.

To

provide

a

convenient

method

fo

r

location

addre

s

sing,

two

num-

bering

schemes

are

used

to

refer

to

spe-

cific

word

locations

within

a

channel.

Thus,

each

word

location

may

be

speci-

fied

by

either

of

two

decimal

numbers

49

which

are

called

the

drum

or

instruction

locations.

The

first

two

columns

on

the

coding

form

provide

conversion

between

the

two

scheme

s .

These

columns,

which

are

labeled

DRUM

and

INSTR,

are

decimal

locations

of

half-words

within

a

channel

and

are

used,

respectively,

in

conjunction

with

the

codes

1-4

and

5-9,

in

the

column

la-

beled

REG

(Regio~).

Note

that

the

half-

words

are

numbered

sequentially

from

00

to

63

for

instructions

and

that

this

numbering

conforms

to

the

normal

se-

quence

for

execution

of

instructions;

how-

ever,

the

data

locations

are

numbered

in

such

a

manner

as

to

indicate

their

actual

sequence

in

storage.

It

is

necessary

to

specify

which

numbering

scheme

is

being

referenced

when

specifying

the

ADDRESS

part

of

an

operation

and

it

isfor

this

pur~

pose

that

the

region

column

is

provided.

The

following

code

is

used

in

this

col-

umn:

"0

"

Absolute

addresses

(e.

g.

shifting)

"1"

--

Drum

locations

Working

Storage

I

tt2"

--

Drum

locations

Working

Storage

II

"3"

--

Drum

locations

Working

Storage

III

"4"

--

Dr:um

locations

Working

Storage

IV

115"

-_

Instruction

locations

in

the

same

channel

"6"

--

Instruction

locations

Working

Storage

I

"7"

--

Instruction

locations

Working

Storage

II

"8"

--

Instruction

locations

Working

Storage

III

"9"

--

Instruction

locations

Working

Storage

IV

50

ALWAC

IlI-E

The

mnemonic

instruction'

code

may

be

placed

in

the

column

labeled

OPRN

or

fo!"

doubled

operations,

may

be

placed

in

the

column

labeled

ADDRESS.

If

automatic

addre

s s

modification

is

desired,

the

letter

E

is

placed

in

the

col-

utnn

labeled

TAG.

In

the

column

labeled

DAT

AI

REMARKS

both

data

(which

may

be

hexadecimal,

octal,

decimal,

or

alphabetic)

and

re-

marks

are

not

exatnined

by

AP

1.

Control

Branching

LOCATION

DRUM

Ns,;

_'F

000

00

R

OPRN

E

ADDRESS

G

L

A,W

S ,

,2,

(

T S

DATA~

A

~

REMARKS

G N

~

lUG

'l'O

A RlGIS'fBR

An

example

of

control

branching

is

shown

in

Figure

34

in

which

a

quantity

(called

a

"flag

ll

)

is

tested

to

determine

which

of

two

alternate

courses

of

com-

putation

is

to

be

executed.

If

the

flag

is

non

-

zero,

the

normal

instruction

se-

quence

is

interrupted

and

the

computer

takes

the

next

operation

from

the

loca-

tion

specified

in

the

address;

if

the

flag

is

a

zero,

the

normal

instruction

sequence

is

continued.

128

01

T

'I,zl~

••

1,

l '

l'lWISJBR

'l'O

I1IS1'ROOTIOlf

10

]]I'

HOlI-ZIRO

004

02

, , I , J

,~

COIl'lDflll

IF

FLlO

IS

ZIIlO

144

0,9

, , , , ,

020

I 0 , , , , ,

~

TIWISJ'Im

TO

RIm!

JRm(

'>-1

14

8 I I , I I , •

024

I 2 , I I I I

~

152

I 3 I I , , ,

02

8 I 4 I , , ,

~

I 5 6 I 5 " I I , I

001

16

I , , ,

~

I 2 9

17

, I , . ,

005

I 8 , , , , ,

~

I 3 3 I 9 ,

009

20

I,

Q P , , ,

~

PUG

I

372

I

.,

Q'f

, I , ,

FLAG

Figure

34.

The

Sum

of

N-Quantities

LOCATION R I

~

DATA~

DRUM

NS

1f

OPRN

E

ADDRESS

REMARKS

G G N

000

00

L,.W

S ,

,6,0

~

SBT

IIIIBI

TO

12

I 2 8

01

L,AW'l

, ,

,0

ADD

PIBSr-1I1IIIBR

The

algebraic

sum

of

13

quantities

is

desired

which

are

stored

in

successive

data

word

locations

00,

01,

02,

••.

12,

in

Working

Storage

channel

I.

The

coding

to

accomplish

this

computation

is

shown

in

Figure

35.

004

02

A,

QDI~

,

,1,1

B~

ADD

B!IUI1tOI.I lItIIBIRS

132

03

T,I,XS

I I

12

RlPDT

IIS!JlOOfIOlI 2 _ BI!KAIIIIIO

IlIIBIIIS

008

04

S,AtwS

,

,6,2

~

S'l'CilB

BBS'OU

I 3 6

05

, COll'lIlUE

I'IlOOIWI

021

eo

.o,P

o

,'.1.

,2

~

CO_AlIT

I 5 5 6 I If,O,P I " X

o 3 I 6 2

I,O,P

I • I

~

S'l'OlWB

JOIl

I

59

6 3

.,O,P

I "

SlII

Figure

35.

SYMBOLIC

PROGRAMMING

Floating

a

Fixed-

Point

Numbe

r

To

convert

a

fixed

-

point

number,

whose

binary

point

is

located

16

places

from

the

left

end

of

a

word,

into

a

nor-

malized

floating-point

number,

the

cod-

ing

shown

in

Figure

36

is

used.

LOCATION

R T s

. I OPRN E ADDRESS A b

DRUM

NS

T

,;

G G N

DATA/

000

o 0 L

is

I W

, J 1

S,O

~

CLEAR

B

REGISTER

REMARKS

I 2 8 0 I

L,1.

W

~

I ".2

FIXED-POINT

WORD

TO

A

REGISTER

004

o 2 S,C

IT

0 1

.1.0

VI

SHIn

LEFT

TO

NORMALIZE

51

1 3 2 o 3 X

rA

I B X

~

ID,

NORM

IlAGNITUIlE

TO

B

AND

COUNT

TO

A

REGISTER

..

_--,---_.'-,-------

,.'-'-

~

008

o 4 8

IC

• S S 1 ",4

PCRH

128-D

--~-

...

--,--.---

...

-

..

-~

....

-

I 3 6 o 5 A

aD

• D , I .S,6

ADD

BINARY

POINT

LOa.

---.--------...

..

--

..

--

.•.

-----..~-....--

0 I 2 o 6

t,R

18

0 I I

.8

~

PACK

WORD

III

B

REGISTER

,---"

..

-.-

...

----.~.-

..

-

..

-

I 4 0

07

S

~,'W

, I

1,.8

STORE

FLOATING-PCDr!'

1UMBFl!

~

-----

----

0 I 6 o 8

TIN.

Z , I

.3,2

TRANSFER

TO

ERROR

HALT

IF

OVERFLOW

.------

.~-.-

..

-.

14

4 o 9 • • 1 1 •

CONTIBUE

PROGRAH

--

007

5 0

B.o

I P 0 I I

,0

~

ZlCRO

._--_

..

_._-

1 3 5 5 I

ltO.P

0 J 1

.0

X

_.

0 I I

!5

2 •

to

I P I I •

~

S'lORJ.(JE

FOR

FIIED-POIIfl

I 3 9 5 3

If

PIP

J J I

lUMBER

015

5 4

"1

0 • P J I

,0

~

128

AT

A

BINARY

POIlI'l

I 4 3 5 5

If

,0 1 p

[1.2

18

OF

32

0 I 9 5 6

Il

PIP

J I

1°

~

-------

16

AT

B

I 4 7 5 7

Wp

,P

I

.1,6

OF

32

o 2 3 5 8

IfP.P

I I

,0

~

STORAGE

FOR

FLOATING-PODT

I

!5

I 5 9

.1'

,P

J I

.0

lfUHBER

Figure

36.

!

;

52

ALWAC

llI-E

Sub

routine

s

.

Many

routines,

such

as

square

root,

trigonometric

functions,

exponential

and

logarithmic

functions,

data

input-output,

interpolation,

and

integration,

are

used

repeatedly

in

the

execution

of

a

single

problem

or

in

different

problems.

Such

routines

are

called

subroutines

since

their

use

is

subordinate

to

the

control

of

the

main

problem

of

which

they

are

a

part.

A

set

of

such

subroutine

s

is

called

a

libr.ary

and

each

computing

installation

maintains

such

a

basic

programming

tool.

Subroutines

are

classified

as

being

an

open

or

closed

type,

accordingly,

by

the

manner

in

which

they

are

used

with

re-

gard

to

the

flow

of

control:

An

open

sub-

routine

is

incorporated

in

a

pr~graiii1)y

inserting

the

subroutine

directly

into

the

ma~n

flow

of

control.

It

is

therefore

nec-

essary

to

insert

the

subroutine

at

each

point

in

the

main

program

at

which

it

is

required.

A

closed

subroutine

is

one

which

may

be

executed

Illany

tiIlles

in

a

program,

but

the

subroutine

instructions

need

ap-

pear

only

once

in

the

prograIll.

To

trans-

fer

control

from

the

main

program

to

the

subroutine,

a

set

of

instructions

(known

as

a

calling

sequence)

is

given.

The

sub-

routine

obtains

sufficient

information

from

this

sequence

to

perform.

its

vari-

ous

functions

and

to

determine

the

re-

turn

address

to

which

control

istrans·-

ferred

after

completion

of

the

subroutine

.

co.mputations.

Calling

sequences

are

necessarily

unique

for

each

special

sub-

routine;

hence,

each

computing

installa-

tion

maintains

a'

set

of

such

calling

se-

quences

for

subroutines

in

their

library,

which

set,

together

with

selected

notes

pertinent

to

programming

standards

used

by

the

installation,

constitute

s a

text

known

as

a

coding

manual.

APPENDIX

A

BINARY

AND

HEXADECIMAL

NUMBER

SYSTEMS

In

all

systems

for

representing

num-

bers,

a

number

may

be

expressed

as

a

~um

of

terms.

Each

term

appears

as

the

product

of

an

inte

ge

r

and

some

powe

r

of

a

base

number.

Thus,

in

the'

decimal

number

system,

the

base

is

10

and

the

'integers

of

the

set

0,

1,

Z,

...

9,

are

used.

For

example:

3Z1 =

(3xlOZ)

+

(2xI01)

+

(lxlO

O)

5.93

=

(5xl0

0) +

(9xlO-

I) +

(3xl0-Z)

and,

in

the

binary

number

system:

32

1 = Z 5 6 +

64

+ 1

=

(lxZ

8) + (OxZ 7) + (

lx2

6)

+ (OxZ5) + (OxZ4) +

(OxZ

3)

+ (Ox2Z) +

(OxZl)

+

(lx2

0)

If

the

base

used

is

evident

from

the

discussion

in

which

such

numbers

appear,

it

is

unnece

s

sary

.

to

write

more

than

the

coefficients

of

the

above

series.

Thus,

3Z1

and

101'000'001

are

respectively

the

decimal

and

binary

representations

of

the

same

numerical

value.

If

confusion

may

occur

when

the

base

is

omitted,

a

con-

venient

symbol

- a

subscript

-

may

be

used

to

indicate

the

base.

In

the

above

ex-

ample,

the

numbers

32

10

and

101000001

Z

indicate

decimal

and

binary

representa-

tions

by

the

subscripts

10

and

2.

It

is

important

to

note

that

the

integers

0,

1,

Z,

..•

(n-l)

comprise

a

set

of

n

quantities

and

that

each

coefficient

of

the

series

must

consist

of

an

integer

from

this

set.

Thus,

the

integers

0,

1,

2,

3,

. • . 9

are

used

for

each

decimal

posi-

tion,

the

integers

0

and

1

each

for

bi-

nary

position,

and

the

integers

0,

1,-Z,

:-:-:

8,

9,

A,

B,

C,

..•

F,

for

each

hexadecimal

(base

16)

position.

53

There

are

but

three

rules

for

binary

addition;

the

se

are:

0+0

= 0

0+1

= 1

1 + 1 =

10

(a

0

witha

"carry"

of

1)

The

following

e~ample

illustrates

these

rules

for

the

addition

of

the

numbers

1011001

and

10111101:

carries:

11111

10111101

1011001

100010110

Four

rules

exist

for

bi~ary

subtrac-

tion

which

are:

o - 0 = 0

1-0

= 1

1 - 1 = 0

o - 1 = 1

(with

a 1

borrowed

from

the

next

rno

st

significant

position)

For'

example:

1011001

is

subtracted

from

10111101

as

follows:

borrows:

1

10111101

-1011001

1100100

For

binary

multiplication,

the

follow-

ing

four

rules

apply:

OxO=O

Ox

1 = 0

1 x 0 = 0

1 x 1 = 1

54

ALWAC

III-E

To

multiply

1011

by

1001

proceed

as

follows:

1011

1001

1011

0000

00000

1011

11.00011

To

convert

a

number

from

one

nUIn-

ber

system

to

another,

the

number

is

divided'

by

the

base

of

the

new

system

and

the

remainder

is

noted.

The

quo-

tient

obtained

is

2.

gain.

di

vided

by

the

base

and

the

remainder

again

noted;

this

pro-

cess

is

repeated

with

each

successive

quotient

until

a

zero

quotient

is

obtained.

The

sequence

of

remainder

terms

ob-

tained

provide

s

the·

coefficient

s

of

the

number

expressed

in

the

number

system

of

the

chosen

base

and

these

are

written

from

left

to

right

in

the

reverse.sequence

from

that

in.

which

.

they

are_

obtained.

Thus,

to

convert

the

decimal

number

321

to

its

binary

representation

the

following

computations

are

made:

321

-:-

2 =

160

+

remainder

of

1

160

-:-

2 =

80

+

remainder

of

0

80

-:-

2 =

40

+

remainder

of

0

40

..;.

-2

=

20

+

remainder

of

0

20

-:-

2::t

10

+

remainder

of

0

10

-:-

2 = 5 +

remainder

of

0

5

-:-

2 = 2 +

remainder

of

1

2

+2

= 1 +

remainder

of

0

1

~

2 = 0 +

remainder

of

1

..

and,

the

number

is

written

as:

(321)10

=

(101000001)2

To

convert

a

binary

number

to

its

decimal

representation

successive

divi-

sions

by

1010

(=decimal

10).

For

example:

101000001-:-1010

=

100000

with

remain-

der

of

1

100000

1010

= 11

with

remainder

of

10

11

1010

= 0

with

remainder

of

11

The

remainders

obtained

are

the

bi-

nary

numbers

11,

10,

and

1

which

repre-

sent

the

decimal

integers

3,

2,

and

1.

Hence,

(101000001)2

=

(321)10.

To

express

decimal

fractions

in

their

equivalent

binary

representations

suc-

cessive

multiplication

by

2

is

used

to

generate

the

coefficients.

The

integer

generated

(a

0

or

1)

represents

the

cor-

respondingbinary

digits.

Using

only

the

.

resulting

decimal

fraction

the

process

is

continued

to

the

number

of

positions

re-

quired

or

until

a

zero

fractional

part

is

obtained

which

indicate

s

all

furthe

r

bi-

nary

digits

should

be

zero.

Thus,

to

con-

vert

the

decimal

fraction

.

875

to

its

bi-

nary

representation,

the

following

com-

putations

a're'

performed:

.

875

x 2 =

1.

75

•

75

x 2 =

1.

5

.5

x2=1.0

and,

hence,

the

binary

representation

of

the

number

(.

875)

10

is

(.

11100

· · •

)2'

or

more

simply;

(.

111)2.

It

~aybe

necessary

to

round

the

binary

fractIon

to

the

amount

of

accuracy

desired

s.ince

not

all

terminating

decimal

frac-

tl.ons

can

b~

represented

by

terminating

bInary

fractions

..

He~Cl.de

c-ima

1

If

the

'base

sixteen

is

chosen

for

rep-

resentation

of

a

number,

it

is

said

to

be

expres'::sed

in

the

hexadecimal

number

system.

The

number

set

used

is

0,

1,

2,

:

..

9,

A,

B,

..•

F.

Thus,

the

dig-

Its

0,

1,

. • • 9,

correspond

directly

with

the

decimal

system

while

the

alpha-

betic

characters

A

through

F

correspond

with

the

decimal

characters

10

through

15

respectively.

APPENDIX

55

Thedcecimal

to

hexadecimal

conver-

sion

of

an

integral

number

can

be

effected

by

dividing

successivelyby

16

(in

the

dec

-

~imal

system)

until

a

quotient

of

0

is

ob-

tained.

The

remaInders,

expressed

in

hexadecimal

notation

and

written

in

the

r.everse

sequence

from

that

obtained,

produce

the

desired

hexadecimal

repre-

sentation.

For

example,

the

decimal

736

conversion

would

be:

736+

16 =

46

with

a

remainder

of

0

(decimal)

46";':'

16

= 2

with

a

remainder

of

14

(decimal)

2 -:-

16

= 0

with

a

remainder

of

2

(decimal)

The

remainders

when

expressed

in

hexadecimal

notation

and

arranged

in

proper

sequence

yield,

2,

E,

and

O.

Thus,

(736)

I 0 =

(2EO)

16·

The

conversion

from

hexadecimal-

to

-

binary

is

particularly

simple.

Since

(10)16

equals

24,

the

conversion

is

carried

out·

simply

by

replacing

the

hexadecimal

digits

with

their

binary

equivalents

ex-

pressed

as

four-digit

binary

numbers.

For

example,

to

convert

the

hexadeci-

mal

2EO,

replace

the

0

with

0000,

E

with

1110,

and

2

with

0010

and

obtain

101110

0000,

omitting

the

zeros

at

the

extreme

left.

Conversely,

to

convert

from

binary

to

hexadecimal,

arrange

the

binary

digits

irito

groups

of

four,

begin-

ning

at

the

binary

point.

Fill

in

any

zeros

necessary

at

the

left.

Then

replace

each

group

of

binary

digits

with

the

appropriate

hexadecimal

character.

Thus,

the

hexadecimal

numbering

sys-

tem

furnishes

a

convenient

form

for

hand-

ling

a

large

binary

representation.

Moduli

In

certain

sections

of

this

Manual

of

Operations,

reference

is

made

to

num-

bers

reduced

to

various

moduli.

To

re-

duce

a

negative

number

to

a

given

modu-

lus,

the

number

is

first

made

positive

by

successive

additions

of

the

modulus

un-

til

a

positive

integer

is

obtained,

after

which

the

computation

proceeds

as

that

for

a

positive

number.

To

reduce

a

positive

number

to

a

given

modulus,

the

number

is

divided

by

the

modulus

and

a

remainder

term

obtained.

The

number

at

the

given

modulus

is

equal

to

this

remainder.

Thus,

12

modulo

o

modulo

17

modulo

-1

modulo

10

= 2

2 = 0

16

= 1

16

=

15

modulo

16

=

15

10

or

F

16

When

evaluating

algebraic

expression

involving

moduli

reductions,

the

quanti-

ties

inside

the

parenthesis

should

be

re-

duced

to

the

indicated

modulus

before

be-

ing

combined

with

the

remaining

terms.

Thus,

the

expression

[(W

-1)mod

B + 9

which

occurs

in

several

instruction

des-

criptions

has

the

following

evaluations:

W

o

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

B

9

fW-l)mod

B +

~

B

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

B

1

TABLE

OF

POWERS

OF

2

2n n 2-n

1 0

1.0

2-

1

005

4 2 0.25

8 3 0.125

16

4 0.062

.5

32

5-

0.031

25

64

6 0.015

625

128 7 00007812 5

256

8

017003

906

25

512

9 0.001

953

125

1

024

10

0.000

976

562

.5

2

048

11

0.000

488

281

~5

4

096

l2

00

000

244

140

625

8

192

13

0.000

122

070

312

5

16

384

14

00

000 061 035

156

25

32

768

-15

0.000

030

517 578

125

65

536

16 00

000

01'5

258

789

0625

131

072

17

0.000

00.7

629

394

531

25

262

144

18

00000003

814

697

265

625

524

288

19

OoDOO

001"

907

348

632

812

5

1 048576

20

0.000 000

953

674316

406

25

2

097

152

21 0.000

000

476

837

158

203

125

4

194

304

22

OeOOO

000

238

418

579

101

562

5

8

388

608

23

00

000 000

119

209

289

550

781

25

16

777

216

24

00

000

000059

604

644

775

390

625

3.3

554

432

25

00000 000

029

802

322

387

695

312

5

67

108

864

26

0.000

000

014

901

161

193

847

656

25

134

217

728

27

0.000

000

007

450

580

596

923

828

125

268

435456

28

0.000

000

003

725

290 298

461

914

062

5

536

870

912

29

OcOOO

000

001

862

645

149

230

957

031

25

1

073

741

824

30

00

000

000 000

931

322

574

615

478

515

625

2

147

483

648

31

00

000

000 000

465

661

287

307

739

257

812

5

4

294

967

296

32

0.000

000

006

232830

643 653

869

628

906

25

8

589

934

592

33

OcOOO

000

000

116415

321

826

934

814

453

125

l7

179

869

184

34

00

000

000

000

058

207

660

913

467

401

226

562

5

34

359

738

368

35

00000

000

000

029

103

830

456

733

703

613

281

25

68

719

476

736

36

00

000

000

000

014

551

915

228

366

851

806

640

625

137

438

953

472

37

0.,000

000

000 007

275

957

614

183

425

903

320

312

5

274

877

906

944

38

00000

000

000

003

637

978

807

091

712

951

660-156

25

549

755

813

888

39

00000000

000

001

818

989403

545

856

475

830

078125

56

APPENDIX

C

HEXADECIMAL-DECIMAL

INTEGER

CONVERSION

TABLE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

'(

8 9 A B C D E F

000

0000

0001

0002

0003

0004

0005 0006

000'7

0008 0009

0010

0011

0012

OQ13

0014

0015

010

0016 0017

0018

0019

0020

0021

0022 0023

0024

0025

0026

0027

0028 0029

0030

0031

02:0

0032 0033

0034

0035

0036 0037

0038

0039

0040 0041

0042

0043 0044

00

45

0046

0047

030

0048 0049

0050

0051

0052 0053

0054

0055

0056

0057

0058 0059 0060

0061

0062

0063

040

0064

0065

0066 0067 0068

0069

0070

0071

00r(2

0073

0074

0075

0076·

0077

0078

0079

050

0080

0081

0082 0083

0084

0085

0086

'0087

0088

'0089

0090

0091

0092

0093

0094

0095

060

0096

0097 0098 0099 0100

0101

0102

0103

0104

0105

0106

0107 0108

q

10

9

0110 0111

070

0112

0113

0114

0115:

0116 0117 0118

0119

0120

0121 0122 0123

0124

0125

012(i

0127

080

0128 0129 0130 0131

0132

0133

0134

0135

0136

0137 0138 0139 0140

0141

0142

0143

090

0144

0145

0146 0147

0148

0149 0150

0151

0152

0153

015

4

0155

0156

0157

0158

0159

CAO

0160

0161

0162

0163

0164

0165 0166

0167

0168

0169 0170 0171

0172

0173

0174

01'75

OBO

0176

01T{

0178

0179 0180

0181

0182

0183

0184 0185

018

0181'

0188

0189

0190 0191

OCO

0192

0193

019

4

0195

0196 0197 0198 0199 0200 0201

0202

0203

0204

0205

0206

0207

ODO

0208

0209

02io

Q211

0212

0213

0214

0215

0216 0217 0218

6219

0220

0221

0222

0223

OEO

0224

'0225

0226

022'7

0228

0229

0230

0231

0232

0233

0234

0235

0236

0237

0238

0239

OFO

0240 0241

0242

0243

0244

0245

0246

0247

0248

0249

0250 0251

02,52

0253

0254

0255

100

0256

025'7

0258

0259

0260

0261

0262

0263

0264

0265

0266

0267

0268

0269

0270

02'71

110

0272 0273

0274

0275

0276 0277 0278

0279

0280

0281

0282

0283

0284

0285

0286

0287

120

0288

0289 0290

0291

0292

0293

0294

0295 0296

0297

0298

0299

0300 0301

0302

0303

130

0304

0305 0306 0307 0308

0309

0310

0311

0312

0313

0314

0315

0316

0317

0318

0319

140

0320 0321

0322

0323

0324 0325 0326 0327

0328 0329

0330

0331

0332

0333

0334

0335

150

0336

03J7

0338

0339

0340 0341

0342 0343

0344 0345

0346

034'7

0348

0349

0350 0351

160

0352 0353

.

0354

0355

0356

0357

0358 0359

0360

0361

0362

0363

0364

0365

0366

036"{

170

0368 0369

03'70

0371

0372

03'73

0374

0375

0376

037'7

0378

0379

0380 0381

0382

0383

180

0384

0385

0386

0387

0388

0389

0390

0391

0392

0393

0394

0395

0396 0397

0398

0399

190

0400

0401

0402

0403

0404

0405

0406

0407

0408 0409

0410

0411

0412

0413 0414

041.5

lAO

0416

0417

0418 0419

0420 0421

0422 0423

0424

0425

0426

0427

0428

0429

0430

0431

lEO

0432 0433

0434

0435

0436

0437.

0438,

0439

0440 0441

0442

0443

0444

0445

0446

0447

lCO

0448 0449

0450 0451

0452

0453-

0454

0455

0456

0457

0458 0459

0460

0461

0462

0463

IDO

0464

0465

0466

0467

0468

0469

0470

0471

0472

0473

0474

0475

0476

0477 0478 0479

lEO

0480

0481

0482

0483

0484

0485

0486

0487

0488 0489

0490

04

91

0492

0493

0494

0495

.1FO

0496

0497

0498 0499

0500

.0501

0502 0503

0504

0505

0506

0507

0508 0509

0510

0511

200

0512'

0513

0514

0515

0516 0517

0518

0519

0520

0521

0522 0523

0524

0525

0526

052r(

210

0528 0529

0530

0531

0532

0533

0534

0535

0536

0537 0538

0539

0540

05

41

0542

0543

22'0

0544

0545

0546

0547 0548

0549 0550

0551

0552

0553

0554

0555

0556

0557

9558

0559

230

0560 0561

0562

0563

0564

0565

0566

0567

0568

0569

0570

0571

0572

05

r

(3

0574

05''(5

240

0576

05'1'7

05'(8

0519 0580

0581

0582

0583

0584

0585

0586 0587 0588 0589 0590 0591

250

0592

0593

0594

0595

0596 0597

0598 0599

0600 0601

0602

0603

0604

0605

0606

0607

260

0608 0609

0610 0611 0612

0613

0614

0615

0616

0617

0618

0619

0620 0621

0622

0623

2,(0

0624

0625 0626

0627

0628

0629

'0630

0631

,0632

0633

0634

0635'

0636 0637 0638

0639

280

0640

0641

0642 0643

0644

0645 0646

0647 0648

0649

0650

0651

0652

0653

0654

0655

290

0656

0657

0658

0659 0660

0661

0662 0663

0664

0665

0666

0667 0668

0669

0670

0671

2A0

0672

0673

0674

0675

0676

0677 0678

0619

0680.

0681

0682 0683

0684

0685

0686

0687

2BO

0688 0689

0690

0691

0692

0693

0694

0695

0696 0697

0698

0699

0700

0'701

0702

0703

2CO

0704

0705

0706

0,(07

0708

0709

0710 0711

0712

0713

0714

0715

0716 0717

0718

0719

2DO

0720

0721

0722

0723

0724

0125

0726

072'7

0,(28

0729

0730

0731

0'732

0733

0734

0735

2EO

0736

0'(37

0738

0739·

0740

0'/41

0'742

0743

0744

0745

0~(46

0747

0748

0749

0750

0751

2FO

0752

0753

0754

or{55

0756

0757

0758

0'(59

0'(60

0761

0762

0763

0764 0765

0766

0767

300

0'(68

0769

OTTO

01'71

OT(2

0,{73

0774

0775

0'l'{6

0777'

OT(8

0779

0780

0781

0782

0783

310

0784

0'(85

0786

0787

0'(88

0'(89 0'(90

0791

0'(92

0'793

0'794

0795

0796

0797-

0798

0'799

320

0800

0801

0802 0803

0804

0805

0806

080'(

0808 0809

0810 0811

0812

0813

0814

0815

330

08olo

081,(

0818

0819 0820

0821

0822

0823

0824

0825

0826

0827

0828 0829 0830

0831

340

0832 0833

0834

0835

0836

083'1

0838

0839 0840

0841

0842 0843

0844

08

45

0846

0847

350

0848

084

9

0850

0851

0852

0853

0854

0855

0856 0857

0858

0859

0860

0861

0862 0863

360

0864

0805 0866

0867

0868 0869

0870

0871

0872

0873

0874

0875

0876

0877

0878

08(9

370

0880

0881

0882 0883

0884

0885

0886

088'(

0888

0889

0890 0891

08S2

0893

0894

0895

380

0896

08::17

0898 0899

0900

0901

0902 0903

0904

0905

0906

0907

0908

0909

0910 0911

390

0:112

0913

0914

0915

0916

091'(

0918

0919

0920

0921

0922 0923

0924

0925

0926

0927

JAO

0928

0929

0930

0931

0932

0933

0934

0935

0936

0937 0938

0939·

0940

09

41

0942

0943

3BO

09

44

0945

09

46

0947

0948

09

49

0950

05151

0952

0953'

0954

0955

0950

0957

0958

0959

3eo

os6u

0961

0962

0963

0964

0965

0966 0967

0968

0969

0970

09'71

0972

0973

0974

0975

3DO

0976 0977

osn8

0919

0980

0981

0982

0983

0984

0985

0986

0987

0988

098~

0990 0991

3EO

0992

0993

0994

.

0995

0996 0997

0998

0999

1000 1001

1002 1003

1004

1005

1006

100'(

31,"0

loob 100)

10.l.0

1011

.L012

1013

1014

1015

1016

1()I7

1018

1019

1020 1021

1022

1023

57

APPENDIX

C

HEXADECIM4-L-DECIMAL

INTEGER

CONVERSION

T~BLE

0 1 2 3 4 5 b

'7

8 9 A B C D E F

1~00

1021~

1025

1026

1027

1028

1029

1030

1031

1032

1033

1034

1035

1036

1037

1038

1039

lno

1040

1041

1042

1043

1044

1045

1046

1047 1048

10

49 1050'

1051

1052 1053

105

4

1055

420

lC5u

1057

1058

1059 1060

1061

1062

1063

1064

1065

1066

1067

1068

1069 1070

1071

430

1072

1073

1074

1075

1076

10T(

1078

1079 1080

1081

1082

1083

1084

1085

1086

108'7

440

1086

1089

1090

1091

1092 1093

1094

1095

1096

1097

1098 1099

1100

1101

1102

1103

1~50

1104

1105

11Ub

110'7

1108

1109

1110

1111

1112 1113

1114

1115

1116

I11T

i118

1119

460

1120

1,121

1122

1123

1124

1125

1126

1127 1128 1129 1130 1131

1132

1133

1134

1135

4'70

1136

1137

1138 1139

I1ho

llla

1142

1143 1144

1145

1146

1147

1148

1149 1150

115.1

480

1152

l153

1154

1155

1156

1157

1158

1159

1160

1161

1162

:L163

1164,

1165

1166

1167

490

I1G8

1169

1170

1171 1172

11'73

1174

1175

1176

1177

11'78

1179 1180

1181

1182

1183

4AO

1184

l1S5

1186

1187

1188

1189

1190

1191

1192 1193

1194

1195

ll96

1197

1198

1199

4BO

1.200

1201

1202 1203

1204

1205

1206

1207

1208 1209

1210

1211

1212

1213

1~14

1215

4~0

1216

12l'( 121.8

1219

1220 1221

1222

1223

1224

1225

1226

1227

1228

1229

1230 1231

4DO

1232

1233

1234

1235

1236

1237

1238 1239 1240

1241

1242

12

43

1244

1245

1246 1247

4EO

1248 1249

1250

1251

1252

1253

125

4

1255

1256

1257

1258 1259 1260

1261

1262

1263

4FO

1264

1265

1266

1267

1268

1269 1270

1271

1272

1273

1274

1275

1276

121'7

1278 1279

500

1280

1281

1..232

1283

1284

1285

1286

1287

1288

1289

1290 1291

1292

1293

129

4

1295

510

1296

129'(

1298

1299 1300 1301

1302

1303 1304

1305

1306

1307 1308 1309 1310 1311

520

1312

1313

1314

1315

1310

1317

1318

1319

1320

1321

1322

1323

1324

1325 1326

1327

530

1328 1329

1330

1331

1332

1333

1334

1335

1336

133'1

1338

1339 1340

1341

1342

1343

540

1344

1345

1346

134'(

1348

13

49

1350

1351

1352

1353

1354

1355

1356

1357

1358 1359

550

1360

1361

1362

1363'

1364

1365

1366

1367 1368 1369 1370 1371

1372

1373

1374

1375

560

13i'6

13T{

Ij'{8

1379 1380

1381 1382 1383

1384

1385

1386 1387

1388

1389

1390

1391

5'70

1392

1393

139

4

1395

1396

1397

1398

1399

1400

1401

1402 1403

1404

1405 1406 1407

580

1408

1409 1410

1411

1412

1413

1414

1415

14i6

1417 1418

1419 1420

1421

1422

1423

590

1424

1425

1426

142l

1428

1429

1430 1431

1432

1433

1434

1435

1436

1437 1438

1439

5AO

14)+0

Ih~-1

1442 1443

1444

1445

1446

144'7

1448

1449

1450

14

51

1452 1453

14

54

14

55

5.J30

1456

14

5'1'

J.

h

58

14

59

1460

1461

'1462

1463

1464

1465

1466

1467

1468

1469 1470

1471

5CO

I1H2

1473

1474

14'75

1476

1477

14'78

1479

1480 1481

i482

1483

1484

1485

1486 1487

5DO

1488

1489

1490

14

91

1492

1493

149

4

1495

i4

96

14

97

1498

'

1499

1500

1501

1502

1503

5EO

1504

1505

1506

150'7

1508

1509

1510

. 151l.

1512

1513 1514

1515

1516

1517

1518

·15:1,9

5FO

·1520

1521

1522

1523

1524

1525

15

26

152'(

1528

1529

1530

1531

1532 1533 1534 1535

DOo

1536

1537

1538

1539

1540

1541

1542

1543

1544

1545

1546

1547

1548

15

49

1550 1551

610

1552

1553

1554

1555 1556

1557

1558

1559

1560

1561

1562

1563

1564

1565 1566

1567

620

1568

1569

15'70

15'(1

1572,

15'73

1574

1575

1576

1577 1578

1579

1580

1581

1582

1583

630

1584

1585

1586

1587

1588

1589

1590

1591

1592 1593

1594

1595

1596

1597

159

8

1599

540

1600

1601

1602 1603

1604

1605

1606 1607

1608

1609

1610

1611

1612

1613

1614

1615

650

1616

161'7

1618 1619

1620

1621 1622

1623

1624

1625 1626 1627

1628

1629

1630 1631

660

l632

1633

1634

1635

1636

1637

1638 1639 1640 1641

1642

1643

1644

1645 1646 1647

670

1648

1649

1650 1651

1652

1653

1654

1655

1656

1657

1658 1659

1660

1661

.

1662

1663

680

1664

1665

1666 1667

1668

1669

1670

1671

1672 1673

1674

1675

1676

1677

1678

16'79

690

1680 1681

1682 1683

1684

1685

1686 1687 1688

1689

1690

1691

1692

1693

1694

1695

bAO

1696

1697

1698

1699 1700

1'701

1702

1703

1704

1705

1706

1707

1708

1709 1710

1711

cBO

1712

1,(13

1114

1715

1'716

1717

1718 1719

1720

1721

1722

1723

1724

1725

1726

1727

Geo

1728

1729 1730

1731

1'732 1'733

1734

1735

1736

1737

1738 1739

1740

1741

1742

1743

ODO

1744

i745

1746

1747

1748

171~9

1750

1751

1752 1753

1754

175-5

1756

1757

1758

1759

6EO

1'760

1'{61

1'762

1763

1764

1'765

1766

1767

1768

1769 1770 1771

1772 1773

1774

1775

0FO

1776

177'7

In8

1779

1780 1781

1782

1783

1784

1785 1786

1787

1788

1789 1790

1791

(00

1'{92

1'793

179

4

1795

1796

1797

1798

1799

1800

1801

1802

1~03

1804

1805

1806 1807

'710

1808

1809

1810

1811

1812

1813

1814

1815

1816

1817

1818

1819

1820

1821

1822

1823

'(20

1824 1825

1826

1827

1828

1829 1830

1831

1832

1833

1834

1835

1836

1837

1838

1839

730

1840

1841

1842

1843

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848 1849

1850

1851

1852

'1853

185

4

1855

,(40

1856

1857

1858

1!?59

1860

1861 1862

1863

1864

1865

1866 1867

1868

1869

1870 1871

750

1872

1873

18,{4

1875

1876

1877

'1878

1879

1880 1881

1882

'1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

760

1888 1889

1890

1891

1892

1893

189

4

18

95

1896

18

97

1898 1899 1900 1901

1902

1903

770

190

h

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909-

1910

1911

1912 1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

r80

1920 1921

1922

1923

1924

19

25

1926

1927 1928 1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

790

1936

1937

1938

1939 1940

19

41

1942

1943

1944

1945 1946

19

47

1948

1949 1950

1951

'fAO

1952

1953

195

4

1955

1956

1957

1958 1959 1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

7BO

19

68

1969

19,(0

1971

1972 1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

:1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

'(CO

1984

1985

19

86

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

199

4

1995

1996

1997 1998

1999

'(DO

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

200,"(

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012 2013

2014

2015

'TEO

2010

2'017

2018

2019

2020 2021

2022

2023 2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029 2030

2031

T£I'O

2032

2033 2034

2035

2036

2037

2038

2039

2040

2041-

2042

2043

2044

2045

2046 2047

58

APPENDIX

C

HEXADECIMAL-DECIMAL

INTEGER

CONVERSION

TABLE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

A,

B C D E

,F

800

2048

2049

2050 2051

2052 2053

2054

2055

.2056

2057 2058 2059

2060 2061

2062

2063

SlO

2064

2065

2066

2067

2068

2069

2070 2071

2072

2073

2014

2075

2076

2077

2078

2079

620

2080 2081

2082

2083

2084

2085

.

2086

2081

2088

2089

'2090

2091

2092

2093

2094,

2095

8301

2096

2097 2098

2099

2100

2101'

2102

2103

2104

2105

2106 2107

2108

'2109.

2110

2111

S40

2112

2113

2114

2115

2116 2111 2118 2119

2120

2121

2122

'2123

2124

2125

.

2126 2127

850

2128 2129 2130

2131

2132

2133

2134

2135

2136

2137

2138

'2139

2140 2141

2142

2143

860

2144

2145

2146

2141

2148

21

49

2150

2151

2152

2153

2154

'

2155

2156

2157,

2158

2159

870

2160 2161

2102

2163

2164

2165

2166

2161

2168 2169 2110

2111

2112

2113

2174

2175

880'

2176

217'7

21,{8

2119

2180

2181

2182

2183

2184

2;185

2186

2181

2188

2189

219.0

2191

890

2192

2193

2194

2.195

2196

2191

2198 2199

2·200

2201

2202

2203

2204

2205

2206

2201

SAo

2208

2209

2210 2211

2212

2213

2214

2215

2216

2217

2218 2219

2220

22,f1

2222

...

2223,

SBO

2224

2225

2226

222'7

2228

'

2229

.2230

2231

2232

2233

2234

2235

2236 2231

,2238,

2239

oeo

2240

2241

2242

2243

2244

2245

2246

2247

2248

22

49

2250 2251

2252 2253

2254

2255

SDO

2256

2257

2258

2259

2260 2261

2262 2263

2264

2265

2266 2261

2268 2269 2270

2271

SEO

22'72

2273

2214

2275

2216

2217

2278

2219

2280 2281

2282

2283

2284

2285.

2286

2281

8:F'0

2288

2~89

2290

2291

2292 2293

2294

2295

2296

2291 2298

2299 2300 2301

2302

2303

900

2304

2305

2306

230:7

2308 2309

2310

2311

2312

2313

2314 2315

2316

2311

2318

2319

910

2320

2321

2322

2323

2324

2325

2326

2321

2328

2329

2330

2331

2332

2333

2334

2335

920

2336

2337

2338

2339

2340 2341

2342

2343

2344

2345 2346

2-341

2348

2349 2350

2351

930

2352 2353

2354 2355

2356

2351

2358

2359

2360

2361

2362

2363

2364

2365

2366

2361

940

2368

2369

2310'

2311

2312

2313

2314

2315

2376

2311 2318 2319

2380

2381

2382

2383

950

2384

2385

2386 2381

2388

2389

2390 2391

2392 2393

2394

2395

2396 2391

2398

2399

960

2400

2401

2402

2403

2404

2405

2406 2407

2408

2409

2410 2411

2412

2413

2414

2415

c:/{O

24l.6

2417

2418 2419 2420 2421

2422

2423

2424

2425

2426

2427

2428

2429

2430 2431

~80

2432

2433

2434 2435 2436

243'7

2438

2439

2440

2441

2442

2443

2444

24

45

2446

2447

990

2448

2449

2450

2451

2452

2453

2454

2455

2456

2457

2458 2459 2460 2461

2462

2463

9AO

2464

2465

2466

246'7

2468

2469

247Q

241'1

2472

2473

2474 2475

2476

2471

2478

2419

9BO

2480

2481

2482

2483

2484

2485

2486

2487

2488

2489

2490

24

91

2492

2493

2494

2495

9CO

24

96

2491

2498

24

99

2500

2501 2502 2503

2504

2505

2506 2507

2508 2509

2510 2511

9DO

2512 2513

2514

2515

2516

2'517

2518

2519

2520

2521

2522

2523 2524

2525

2'526

2521

9EO

'

2528

2529

2530

2531

2532 2533

2534

2535

2536

2537

2538 2539

2540'

2541

25'42

2543'

9FO

2544

2545

25

46

2547

2548

25

4

9,

2550

2551

2552

,2553

2554 2555

2556

2557

2558

2559

AOO

2500

2561

2562

2563

2564

2565

2566

2567

2568

'2569

2510

2571

2572

2573

2574

2575

AI0

2576

25'1'7

2578 2579

2580

2581

2582

2583 2584

2585

2586

2587

2588.

2589 2590

2591

il.20

2592

2593

2594

2595

,2596

2597

2598 2599

2600 2601

2602

2603

'2604

2605

2606

2607

A30

2608

2609 2610

2611

2612

2613 2614 2615

2616

2617

2618

2619

2620 2621

2622

262'3

A40

2624

2625

2626 2627

2628

2629

2630 2631

2632

2'633

2634

2635

2636

2637

2638 2639

A50

2640

2641

2642

.2643

2644

2645

2646

2647

2648

26

49

2650

2651

2652

2653 2654

2655

A60

2656

2657 2658

2659

2660 2661

2662

2663

2664

2665

2666 2667

2668

2669

2670 2671

A70

26'(2

2673

26'7L~

26'75

2676 2677

2678

2679 2680

2681

2682

2683'

2684

2685

2686 2687

ABo

2688

2689 2690 2691

2692

2693

2694

2695

2696

2697

2698

2699

2700

2701

2702

2703

A90

2'l04

2705

2706

2'70':(

2'708

2709

2'710

2711

2712

2713

2714

2715

2716

2717

2718

2719

MO

2'{20

2721

2

(22

2723

2'724

2725

2726

2127

2728

2'129

2730

·2731

2732

2733

2734

2735

ABO

2736 2737

2738

2739 2740 2741

2742

2743

2744

2745

2746

2747

2"748

2749 2750

2751· '

ACO

2J52

2'(53

2'754

2755 2756

2'(57

2758

2759

2760

2'761

2762

2763

2764

2165

2766

2167

ADO

2768

2{69

2T70'

2771

277,2

2173

2174

2175

2776

2777

2178

2779

2780

2781

2782

2783

AEO

2784

2'785

2,(86

2787

2'788

2789

2790

2791

2792

2193

279

4

2795

2796 2197

2798

2799

AFO

2800

2801

2802

2803

2804

2805

2806 2807

2808

2809 2810 2811

2812 2813

2814

2815

BOO

2810

281'(

2818

2819

2820

2821

2822

2823

2824

2.825

2826

2827 2828

2829 2830 2831

BIO

2832

2833 2834 2835

2836

2837

2838

2839 2840

2841

2842

2843 2844

28

45

2846

2847

B20

2848

2849

2850

2851

2852

2853

2854

2855

2856

2857

2858

2859 2860

2861

2862

2863

B30

2864

2865

2866

286'(

2868

2869

28'(0

2871

2872 2813

2874

2875 2876 2877

2818

2879

Bho

2880

2881

2882

2883

2884

2885

2886·

2887 2888

2889

2890 2891

2892

2893

2894

2895

B50

2896

2897

2890

2899 2900

2901

2902

2903

2904

2905

2906

290'7

2908

2909 2910 2911

1360

2912

2913

2914

2915 2916

29r(

2918

2919

2920

2921

2922

2923

,2924

2925

2926

2927

B10

2:;28

2ji29

2930

2931

2932

2933 2934 2935

2936

2937

2938

2939

2940

2941

2942 2943

B80

2941J.

291~5

2914.6

2~~7

2948

2949 2950 2951

2952 2953

295

4

2955

2956

2957

2958 2959

B90

2960,

2961

2962

2::;03

2964

2965

2966

296'(

2968

2969 2970

2971

2972

2973

2974

2975

BAa

29(6 29Tr

2978

2979

2980

2981

2982

2983 2984

2985

2986 2987

2988

2989 2990

2991

BBO

2992

2.993

299

4

2995

299u

2991 2998

2999

3000

3001

3002

3003

3004 3005 3006

3007

BeO

30,.)8

3009

3010 3011

.

3012

3013

3014 3015

3016

3017

3018

3019

3020

3021

3022

3023

BOO

3024

3025

302'0

3027

3028

3029

3030

3031

3032

3033,

3034 3035

3036

3037 3038

3039

BEO

3040

3041

3042

30!}3

3044

3045

3046

3047 3048

3049

3050

3051

3052

3053

3054

3055

BFO

3056

305"(

3058

3059

3060

3061

3062

3063

3064

3065

3066

3067

3068 3069

30'70

3071

59

COO

Cl0

C20

C30

C40

C50

c60

c70

c80

C90

CAO

CBO

cco

CDO

CEO

CFO

DOO

D10

D20

D30

,

D40

D50

DoO

D70

D80

D90

DAO

DBO

DCO

DDO

DEO

DFO

EOO

E10

E20

E30

E!~O

E50

EoO

K(O

EGO

E')O

EAO

EBO

EGO

EDO

EEO

EFO

):0"00

FLO

F20

F30

F40

F50

FoO

F70

FSO

F';JO

FAO

FEO

Fca

FDa

FEO

FFO

APPENDIX

C

HEXADECIMAL-DECIMAL

INTEGER

CONVERSION

TABLE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C

'D

30,{2

3073

3074

3075

30,,(6

3077

30"(8

3079

3080

3081

3082

3083

3084

3085

3088 3089 3090

3091

3092

3093

3094

3095

3096

,3097

3098

3099

3100

3101

3104

3105

3106

3107

3108 3109

3110 3111

3112 3113

3114

3115

3116

3117

3120 3121

3122 3123

3124

3125

3J.26

3127

3128

3129

3130

3131

3132

3133

3136

31J(

3138

3139

3140

3141 3142

3143

3144

3145 3146

3147

3148

3149

3152

3153

3154

3155

3156

'3157

3158

3159 3160

3161

3162 3163

'3164

3165

3168 3109

31,{0

3171

3172 3173

3174

3175

31~(6

31T7

3178

3179

3180 3181

3184

3185

3186

3187

3188

3189

3190

3191

3192

3193

3194

3195

3196

3197

3200

,3201

3202

3203

3204

3205

3206

320'(

3208 3209 3210

3211

3212

3213

3216

3217 3218

3219 3220

3221 3222 3223

3224

3225

3226

3227

3228

3229,

3232

3233 3234

3235

3236

3237

3238

3239

'

3240

3241

3242 3243

3244

3245

3248 3249 3250 3251

3252

3253

3254

3255

'3256

3257

3258

3259 3260

3261

3204

3265

3266

32S(

3268

3269 3270

3271

3272

3273

3274

3275

3276

3277

3280 3281

3282

3283

3284

3285

3286,

3287

3288

3289

3290

3291

3292

3293

3296

329'(

3298 3299

330b 3301

3302

3303

3304

3305

3306

3307

3308 3309

3312

3313 3314 3315

3316

331'7

3318 3319

3320

3321

3322 3323

3324

3325

3328 3329

3330

3331

3332

3333

3334

3335

3336

3331

3338

3339

3340

,

3341

3344

3345

3346

334'(

3348

3349

3350

3351

3352

3353

3354

3355

3356 3357

3360

33O.L

3362

3363

3364

3365

3366

3367

3368 3369

3370

3371

3372

3373

3J(o

33(T

33'(8

3379

3380

3381

3382

3383

3384

3385

3386 3387

3388 3389

'

3392 3393

3394

3395

339

6

3397

3398

3399

31~00

3401

3402

3403

3404

3405

3408

34

09

3410 3411

3412 3413

,3

4

14

3415

3416 3417 3418

3419

3420 3421

3424

3425

3426 3427 3428

3429

3430

3431

3432

3433

3434

3435

3436

3437

3440 3441

3442

3443

3444

3411-5

3446

3447

3448

3449

34

50

34

51

34

52

3453

3450

3457

3458

3h59

3460

3461

3462

3463

3464 3465

3466

3467

3468 3469

34(2 34(3

34'('4

34'l5

3476

3l~Tr

3478

3479

3480 3481

3J.~82

3483

3484

3485

31~88

3489

3h90

34

91

3492

3!~93

3494

34

95

3496

34

97

3498

34

99

3500

3501

3504

3505

3506

350'(

3508 3509

3510

3511

3512

3513

3514

3515

3516

3517

3520

3521

3522

3523

3521~

3525

3526 3527

3528

3529 3530

3531 3532

3533

3536

353

('

3538

3539

3540 3541

3542

3543

35

44

3545

3546

3547

3548

3549

3552 3553

355

4

3555

355,-5

3557

3558

3559

3560 3561

3562

3563

3564 3565

3508

3569

35'(0

3571

3572

35'{3

3574

3575

3576 3577

3578

3579

3580

3581

3504

3585

35U6

3587

3588

3589

3590

3591

3592

3593

3594

3595

3596

3597

3600

3601

3602

3603

36Q4

3605

3606 3607

3608

3609 3610

3611

3612

3613

3616

301'{

301<3

361)

3620 3621

3622

3623

3624

3625

,3626

3627 3628

3629

3u32

3633

3034

3035

3036

363'(

3638

3639

3640 3641

3642

3643

3644

36

45

30

1

1-8

,36

49

3050

365.;.

3052

3653

3654

3655

3656

365'(

3658

3659 3660

3661

3u64

35~)5

3566

366'(

3668

3669

36(0

36,(1

3672

3673

3674

3675

3676

3677

3uGo

3681

3002

3083

3684

3685

3686

3687

3688

3689

3690

3691

3692

3693

3696

3691 3698 3699

3(00

3701

3702

3,,(03

3704

3705 3706

3707

3708 3709

3'(12

3'(13

3'714

3'(15

3{lG 3'(17

3'(18

3719 3720 3721

3722

3723

3724 3725

3(23

3{2S)

3730

3i'31

3732

3{33

3734

3735

3736

3737

3738

3739 3740

3741

3741~

3T

45 3(46 3(4'(

3'(1+8

3(49

3750

3(51

3752

1753

3754 3755 3756 3757

3(00

3761

3'(02

3753

3764

Jy65

3766 3767 3768

3769

3770

3771

3772

3773

3776

37'77

3'(78

3779 3780

3(31

3782

3783

3784

3785

3786 3787

3788 3789

3(92 3(93

3794 3795

3796

3797 3798

3799

3800

3801,

3802

3803

3804

3805

3808

3809

3810

3811

3812

3B13

3814

3815

3816

3817

3818

3819

3820 3821

3824

3825

3826

382'(

3828

3829

3830 3831 3832

3833

3834

3835

3836

3837

3840

3841

3842

38J~3

3844

3845

3846

384'(

3848

38

49

3850

3851 3852 3853

3850

3857

3858

385>

3860

3861

3862

3863

3864

3865

3866

3867

3868

3869

38'(2

38

(3

30'(4

30'(5

38'(6

33't(

3B78

38'rS)

3880

3881

3882

3883

3884 3885

3888

3889

3890

389J.

38;;2

3893

3394

3[\95

38:;6

3897

3898

3899

3900 3901

3904

3905

3900

390'(

3908

3909 3910 3911

3912

3913

3914

3915

3916

3917

392c

3921

3)22

3923

3)~~

l~

3S!25

3926

392'(

3928 3929

3930

3931

3932

3933

3936

393

r

(

3938 3939

3940

391~i.

3942

39L~3

3944

39

45

3946

3941

3948

3949

3952

3:;53

3954

3955 3;ijG

3S!5'(

3956

3959

3:)60

3901

3962 3963

3964,

3965

3')u8

3909

39'(0

3)(1 3/(2

3"1?

;;1,)

39'(11-

J";;:-

;;1,)

3)'76

3Strf

39'(8

'

3979

3980

3981

39b4

3985

3986

39D'(

3980

3;;0S;

31

)90

3;)91

39~)2

3993

3S:9

4

3995

3996

3997

4000

4()01

4002

L~003

l~()Ol1-

1~U05

l~oo6

l~OD(

4008 4009

4010

LI-Ol1

4012 4013

4016

4017

4018

40i9

1~020

40',-':i,

11022

1~0;~3

~,()<::4,

4025

4026

4027

4028

1~a29

4032 4033

4034

4035

11-036

4-u3i'

4038

4039

L~O!~O

404i

4042

4043

4044

4045

40

1

1-8

4049

LI-O)O

4051

1~052

4053

405

L1

-

h055

11-056

4057

4058

4059 4060 4061

4064

4065

4066

406'(

1

t

068

4009

1.~0(0

407i

4o{2

40'73

40,{4

4075

40'l~)

4,07'7

4080

4081

4082

4083

408

1

+

4005

1.~066

408'(

h008

11-029

h090

4091

4092

4,093

E F

3086

3087

3102 3103

3118

3119

3134

3135

3150 3151

3166

3167

'

3182

3183

3198

3199

3214

3215

3230

3231

3246

3247

3262

3263

3278

3279

3294

3295

3310

3311

3326

3327

3342

3343

3358

3359

3374

3375

3390

3391

3406

3407

3422

3423

3438

3439

3454

3455

3470 3471

3486

3487

3502

3503

3518 3519

3534

3535

3550

3551

3566

3567

3582

3583

3598 3599

3614

3615

3630

3631

.3646

3647

3662

3663

3678

3679

3694

3695

3710

3711

3726

3727

3742 3743

3758

3759

3774

3775

3790

3791

3806

3807

3822 3823

3838

3839

3854

3855

3870

3871

3886

3887

3902

3903,

3918

3919

3934

3935

3950

3951

3966 3967

3982 3983

3998

3999

4014

4015

4030

4031

4046

4047

4062

4063

40'78

40'79

4091~

4095

HEXADECIMAL-DECIMAL

FRACTION

CONVERSION

TABLE

(N'16)

(lo~3N)"

00-41\1)16

(N,.)

(io-3N)ur

(lo-6N)lf

.000

.0000

0000

.0000

0000

.0000

0000

.050

.Occc

cccc

.0003

46dc

.0000

00d6

.001

.0041

8937

.0000'10c6

.0000

0004

.002

.0083 126e

.0000

218d

.0000

0008

.051

.0dOe 5604

.0003

57a3

.0000

OOdb

.052

.od4r

df3b

:0003

6800

.0000

OOdf

.003

.00c4

9ba5

.0000

3254

.0000

,000c

.053

.Od91 6872

.0003

7931

.0000

00e3

.004

.0106

24dd

.0000

431b

.0000

0011

.054

.Odd2

fla9

.0003

89f8

.0000

00e7

~005

.0147

ae14

.0000 53e2

.0000

0015

.055

.Oe14

7ael

.0003

9abf

.0000

OOee

.006

.0189

374b

.0000

64a9

.0000

0019

.056

.Oe56 0418

.0003

ab86

.0000

Oaf a

.007

.Olca

c083

.0000

7570 .0000 001e

.057

.Oe97

8d4f

.0003

bc4d

.0000

00r4

.008

.020c

49ba

.0000

8637

.0000

0022

.058

.Oed9

1687

.0003

cdl4

.0000

001'9

.009

'

.024d

d2fl

.0000

96fe

.0000

0026

.059

.Ofla

9fbe

.0003

dddb

.0000

oord

.010

.028f

5c28

.0000

a7c5

.0000

002a

.060

.Of5e

28f5

.0003

eea2

.0000

0101

.011

.02dO e560

.0000

b88c

.0000

002f

.061

.Of9d

b22d

.0003

ff69

.0000

0105

.012

.0312 6e97

.0000

c953

.0000

0033

.062

.Ofdf

3b64

.0004

102f

.0000

OlGa

.013

.0353

f7ce

.0000

dala

.0000

0037

.063

.1020

c49b

.0004

20f6

.0000

alOe

.014

.0395

8106

.0000

eael

.0000

003c

.064

.1062

4dd2

.0004

31bd

.0000

0112

.015

.03d7

Oa3d

.0000

fba8

.0000

0040

.065

.10a3

d70a

.0004

4284

.0000

0117

.016

.0418

9374

.0001

Oc6f

.0000

0044

.066

.10e5 6041

.0004

534b

.0000

Olib

.017

.045a

lcac

.0001

1d36

.0000

0049

.067

.1l26

e978

.0004

6412

.0000

011f

.018

.049b

a5e3

.0001

2dfd

.0000

004d

.068

.1168

72bO

.0004

74d9

.0000

0124

.019

.04dd

2fla

.0001

3ec4

.0000

0051

.0.

69

.lla9

fbe7

.0004

85aO

.0000

0128

.020

.051e

b851

.0001

4f8b

.0000

0055

.070

.11eb

851e

.0004

9667

.0000

012c

.021

.0560

4189

.0001

6052

.0000

005a

.071

.122d

Oe56

.0004

a72e

.0000

0130

.022

.05al

cacO '

.0001

7119

.0000

005e

.072

.126e 978d

.0004

b7f5

.0000

0135

.023

.05e3

53f7

.0001

81eO

.0000

0062

.073

.12bO 20c4

.0004

c8bc

.0000

0139

.024

.0624

dd2f

.0001

92a7

.0000

0067

.074

.12fla9fb

.0004

d983

.0000

013d

.025

.0666

6666

.0001

a36e

.0000

006b

.075

.1333

3333

.0004

ea4a

.0000

0142

.026

.06a7

ef9d

.0001

b435

.0000

006f

.076

.137

4

be6a

.0004

fbll

.0000

0146

.027

.06e9 78d4

.0001

c4fc

.0000

0073

.077

.13b6

45al

.0005

Obd8

.0000

014a

.028

.072b

020c

.0001

d5c3

.0000

0078

.078

.13f7

ced9

.0005

1c9f

.0000

014r

.029

.076c

8b43

.0001

e68a

.0000'007c

.079

.1439

5810

.0005

2d66

.0000

0153

.030

.07ae

147a

.0001

f751

.0000

0080

.080

.147a

e147

.0005

3e2d

.0000

0157

.031

.07ef

9db2

.0002

0817

.0000

0085

.081

.14bc

6a7e

.0005

4er4

.0000

015b

.032

.0831 26e9

.0002

18de

.0000

0089

.082

.14fd

f3b6

.0005

5fbb

.0000

0160

.033

.0872

b020

.0002

298.5

.0000

008d

.083

.153f

7ced

.0005

7082

.0000

0164

.034

.08b4

3958,

.0002

3a6c

.0000

0092

.084

.1581

0624

.0005

8149

.0000

0168

.035

.08f'5

c28f

.0002

4b33

.0000

0096

.085

.15c2

Bf5c

.0005

9210

.0000

016d

.036

.0937

4bc6

.0002

5bfa

.0000

009a

.oB6

.1604

1893

.0005

a2d7

.0000

0171

.037

.0978

d4fd

.0002

6cc1

.0000

00ge.

.087

.1645

alca

.0005

b3ge

.0000

0175

.038

.09ba

5e35

.0002

7d88

.0000

00a3

.088

.1687

2b02 .0005 c465

.OOCO

0179

.039

.09fb

e76c

.0002

8e4f

.0000

00a7'

.089

.16c8

b439 •

0005:

d52c

.0000

017e

.040

.Oa3d 70a3

.0002

9f16

.0000

OOab

.090

.170a

3d70 .0005

e5f3

.0000

0182

.041

.Oa7e

f9db

.0002

afdd

.0000

OObO

.091

.174b

eCa7 .0005

f6ba

.0000

olBt::

.042

.0acO 8312 .0002 cOa4

.0000

0004

.092

.178d

4fdf

.0006 0780

.0000

018b

.043

.Ob02 Oc49 .0002

dl6b

.0000

oOb8

.093

.17ee

d916

.0006

1847

.0000

01Sf

.044

.ob43

9581

.0002

e232

.0000

OObe

,

.094

.1810

62L~d

.0006

290e

.0000 0193

.045

.ob85

1eb8

.0002

f2f9

.0000

OOe1

.095

.1851

eb85

.0006

39d5

.0000

0198

.046

.obc6

a7ef

.0003

03eO

.OOOOOOc5

.096

.1893 74be

.0006

4age

.0000

01ge

.047

.Oc08 3126

.0003

1487

.0000

00e9

.097

.18d4

fdf3

.0006

5b63

.oeoo

01aO

.048

.Oc49

ba5e

.0003

254e

.0000

OOce

.098

.1916

8720.

.0006

6e2a

.0000

01a4

.049

.Oc8b 4395

.0003

3615

.0000

00d2

.099

.1958

1062

.co06

7ef1

.oeoo

01a9

61

.100

.101

.

.102

.103

.104

.105

.106

.107

.108

.109

.110

.111

.112

.113

.114

.115

.116

.117

.118

.119

.120

.121

.122

.123

.124

.125

.126

.127

.128

.129

.130

.131

.132

.133

.134

.135

.136

.137

.138

.139

.140

.141

.142

.143

.144

.145

.146

.147

.148

.149

APPENDIX

D

HEXADECIMAL-DECIMAL

FRACTION

CONVERSION

TABLE

N'6

(IO-~N)/6

(lo-6N),.

NJf

(IO-3N)16

.1999

9999

.0006

8db8 .0000 01ad

.150

.2666

6666

.0009

d495

• 19db

22dO

.0006

ge7f

.0000

01b1

.151

• 2007

ef9d

.0009

e55e

.lale

ac08

.0006

af46

.0000 01b6

.152

.26e9

78d4

.0009

f623

.la5e

353f

.0006

eOOd

.0000

01ba

.153

.272b 020e

.000a

06e9

.la9f·be76

.0006

dOd4

.0000

01be

.154

.276e

8b43

.000a

17b0

.1ael

41ae

.0006

e19b .0000 01e2

.155

.27ae

147a

.00Da 2877

.lb22

dOe5

.0006

f262

.0000

01e7

.156

.27ef

9db2

.000a

393e

.lb64

5ale

.0007

0329

.0000

01eb

.157

.2831

26e9 .00Da 4a05

.lba5

.e353

.0007

13fO

•.

0000

01ef

.158

.2872

b020

.ooca

5aee

.lbe7

6e8b

.0007

24b7

.0000

01d4

.159

.28b4

3958

.ooaa

6b93

.lc28

f5e2

.0007

357e

.0000

01d8

.160

.28f5

e28f

.000a

7e5a

.le6a

7ef9

.0007

4645 .0000 Ol.dc

.161

.2937

4be6 .00Ca 8d21

.1eae

0831

.0007

570e

.0000

01e1

.162

.2978

d4fd

.00Da 9de8

.1ced

9168 • 0007 67d3

.0000

01e5

.163

.29ba; 5e35 .00Ga

aeaf

.ld2f

la9f

.0007

789a

.0000

01e9

.164

.29fb

e76e .0COa

bf76

.ld70

a3d7

.0007

8961

.0000

01ed

.165

.2a3d

70a3 .00Ca d03d

.ldb2

2dOe

.0007

9a28

.0000

01f2

.166

.2a7e

f9db .00Ga e104

.lM3

b645

.0007

aaef

.0000

011'6

.167

.2acO 8312 .0oCa

fleb

.le35

3f7e

.0007

bbb6

.0000

01fa

.168

.2b02

Oc49

.000b

0292

.le76 e8b4

.0007

ce7d

.0000

01ff

.169

.2b43

9581

~OOOb

1359

.leb8

51eb

.0007

o.d44

.0000

0203

.170

.2b85

leb8

.000b

2420

.lef9

db22

.0007

eeOb .0000 0207

.171

.2be6

a7ef

.000b

34

e7

.lf3b

645a

.0007

fed2

.0000 020b

.172

.2e08

3126

.000b

45ae

.lf7e

ed91

.0008

Of98

.0000

0210

.173

.2e49

ba5e

.000b

5675

.1fbe

76e8

.0008

205f

.0000

0214

.17

4

.2e8b

4395

.000b

673e

.2000

0000

.0008

3126 .0000 0218

.175

.2eee

ecce

.000b

7803

.2041

8937

.0008

41ed

..

0000 021d

.176

.2dOe 5604

.000b

88ea

.2083

126e

.0008

52b4

.0000

0221

.177

.2d4f

df'3b

.000b

9991

.·20e4.9ba5

.0008

637b

.0000

0225

.178

.•

2d91 6872

.000b

aa58

.2106

24dd

.0008

7442

.0000

022a

.179

.2dd2

fla9

.000b

bblf

.2147

ae14

.0008 8509

.0000

022e

.180

.2e14

7ael

.000b ebe6

.2189

374b

.0008

95d<J

.0000

0232

.181

.2e56

0418

.000b

dead

.21ea

c083

.0008

a697

.0000

0236

.182

.2e97

8d4f

.000b

ed74

.220e

49ba

.0008

b75e

.0000

023b

.183

.2ed9

1687

.000b

fe3b

.224d

d2f'1

.0008

c825

.0000

023f

.228f

5e28

.0008

d8ee

.0000

0243

.184

.2f1a

9fbe

.oo~e

Of 01

.185

.2f5c

28f5

.00

e

Ife8

.22dO e560

.0008

e9b3

.0000

0248

.186

.2f9d

b22d

.000e

308f

.2312'6e97

.0008

fa7a

.0000

024e

.187

.2fdf

3b64

.000e

4156

.2353

f7ee

.0009

0041

.0000

0250

.188

.-3020 e49b

.000e

521d

.2395 8106 .0009

le08

.0000

0255

.189

.3062 4dd2

.OOOe

62e4

• 23d7 Ga3d

.0009

2cef' •

.0000

0259

.190

.30a3

d70a

.000e

73ab

.2418

9374 .0009

30.96

.0000 025d

.191

.30~5

6041

.000e

8472

.245a

leae

.0009 4e5d

.0000

0261

.192

.3126 e978

.000e

9539

.249b

a5e3

.0009

5f24

.0000

0266

.193

.3168

72bO

.000e

a600

.24dd

2fla

.0009

6feb

.0000

026a

.19

4

.3la9

fbe7

.000e

b6e7

•

25le

b851 -.0009 80b2

.0000

026e

.195

.31eb

851e

.000c

e78e

.2560

4189 '.0009 9179

.0000

0273

.196

.322d

Oe56

.000e

d855

.25a1

eaeO

.0009

a240

.0000

0277

.25e3

53f7

.0009

b307 .0000 027b

.197

.326e

978d

.000e

e91e

.198

.32bO 20e4

.000e

fge3

.2624

dd2f

.0009

e3ee

.0000

027f

.199

.32f1

a9fb

.000d

Oa.aa.

62

CI

0-4N)'6

.0000

0284

.0000

0288 .

.0000

028e

.0000

0291

.0000

0295

.0000

0299

.0000

02ge

.0000

02a2

.0000

02a6

.0000

02a.a

.0000

02af

.0000

02b3

.0000

02b7 .

.0000

02be

.0000

02eO

.0000

02e4

.0000

02e8

.0000

02cd

.0000

02dl

.0000

02d5'

.0000

02da

.0000 02de

.0000

02e2

.0000

02e7

.0000

02eb

.0000

02ef

.0000

02f3

.0000

02f8

.0000

02fe

.0000

0300.

.0000 0305

.0000

0309

.0000

030d.

.0000

0311

.0000

0316

.0000

03la

.0000

031e

.0000 0323

.0000 0327

.0000

032b

.0000

0330

.0000 0334

.0000

0338

.0000

033e

.0000 0341

.0000 0345

.0000

0349

.0000

034e

.00000352

.0000

03~6

.200

.201

.202

.203

.204

.205

.206

.207

.208

.209

.210

.211

.212

.213

.214

.215

.216

.217

.218

.219

.220

.221

.222

.223

.224

.225

.226

.227

.228

.229

.230

.231

.232

.233

."234

.235

.236

.237

.238

.239

.240

.241

.242

.243

.244

.245

.246

.247

.248

."249

APPENDIX

D

HEXADECIMAL-DECIMAL

FRACTION

CONVERSION

TABLE

-

Nil

(IO-:JN)"

(10-"~N)'6

N'"

(io-6N)"

.3333 3333 .000d

1~71

.0000 035a

.3374

bc6a

.0GOd

2c38 .0000

035f

.250 .4000 0000 .0010 624d

.251

.4041 8937 .0010 7314

.33b6 45a1

.000d

3cff

.0000. 0363

.33f7" ced9 .000d 4dc6 .0000 0367 .252 .4083 126e

.0010

83db

.253

.40c4

9ba5 .0010 94a2

.3439 5810

.000d

5e8d .0000 036c

.347a

e147 .000d

61'54

.0000 0370

.34bc 6a7e " .000d 801b .0000 0374

.254

.4106 24dd .0010 a569

.255 .4147

ae14

.0010 b630

.256 .4189 374b .0010

c6f7

.341'd f3b6 .000d 90e2

.090

0 0379

.353f

7ced .000d

ala9

.0000 037d

.3581 0624

.000d

b270 ' .0000 0381

.257

.41ca

c083 .0010 d?be

.258 .420c 49ba .0010 e885

.259 .424d

d21'1

" .0010 f94c

.35c2

8f5c

.000d c337 .0000 0385

.3604 1893

.000d

d31'e

.0000 038a

.3645 a.1ca

.000d

e4c5 .0000 038e

.3687 2b02 .000d 1'58c .0000 0392

.36c8

b439

.000e

0653 .0000 0397

.370a

3d70 .000e 1719 .0000 039b

~374b

c6a7 .000e

27eO

.0000

039f

.378d

4fdf

" .000e 38a7 .0000, 03a4

.37ce

d916 .000e 496e .0000 03a8

.3810 624d .000e 5a35 .0000 03ac

.260

.428f

5c28 .0011

Oa13

.261

.42dO e560 .0011

1ada

.262 .4312 6e97

.001l2ba1

.263 .4353 1'7ce .0011 3c68

.264

.4395 8106 .0011

4d2f

.265 .43d7 0a3d .0011 5df6

.266 .4418 9374

.001l6ebd

.267

.445a

1cac

.001171'84'

.268

.449b a5e3 .0011 904b

.269 .44dd

2fla

.0011 a112

.3851 eb85 .000e

6afc

.0000

03bO

.3893 74bc .000e ?bc3 .0000 03b5

.38d4

fdf3

.000e 8c8a .0000 03b9

.3916 872b .Oooe 9d51 .0000 03bd

.3958 1062 .000e ae18 .0000 03c2

.3999 9999 .000e

bedf

.0000 03c6

.39db

22dO

.000e

cfa6

.0000 03ca

.3a1c

ac08 .000e e06d .0000 03ce

.38.5e 353f .000e f134 .0000 03d3

.3a9f" be76

.000f

01fb .0000 03d7

.270 .451e b851 .0011 b1d9

.271

.4560

4189 .0011

c2aO

.272

.45al

cacO .0011 d367

.273

.45e3

53f7

.0011

e42e

.274

.4624

dd21'

.0011 f4f'5

.275 .4666 6666 .0012 05bc

.276

.46a7

e1'9d .0012 1682

.277

.46e9

78d4 .0012 2749

.278 .472b 020c .0012 3810

.279 .476c 8b43 .0012 48d7

.3ae1

47ae

.000f

12c2 .0000 03db .280

.47ae

147a .0012 59ge

.3b22

dOe5

.000f

2389 .0000

03eO

.281

.47e1' 9db2 .0012 0065

.3b64 5a1c

.000f

3450 .0000 03e4

.3ba5 e353

.000f

4517 .0000 03e8

.3be7

6c8b

.OOOf

55de .0000 03ed

.282 .4831 26e9 .0012 7b2c

.283 .4872 b020 .0012

8b1'3

.284

.48b4 3958 .0012 9cba

.3c28

f5'c2 .0o.Of 66a5 .0000

03f1

.285 .481'5

c28f

.0012 ad81

.3c6a

7ef9

.000f

776c .0000

031'5

.286 .4937 4bc6 .0012 be48

.3cac

0831

.000f

8833 .0000

031'9

.3ced

9168

.000f

98fa

.0000

03fe

.3d2f

1a91'

.000f

a9c1 .0000 0402

.287 .4978

d41'd

.0012 ef01'

.288

.49ba

5e35 .0012

dfd6

.289

.49fb

e76c .0012

f09d

.3d70 a3d7

.000f

ba88 .0000 0406 .290

.4a3d

70a3 .0013 0164

.3db2

2dOe

.000f

cb4f

.0000 040b

.291

.4a7e

f9db .0013 122b

.3df3

b645

.000f

dc16 .0000

040f

.292 .4acO 8312 .0013

221'2

.3e35 3f7c

.000f

ecdd .0000 0413 .293 .4b02

Oc49

.0013 33b9

• 3e76

c8bl~

.000f

fda4

.0000 0417

.29

4

.4b

43 9581 .0013 4480

.3eb8 51eb .0010 Oe6a .0000 041c

.3ef9

db22 .0010 11'31 .0000 0420 .295 .4b85

leb8

.0013 5547

.296 .4bc6 a7e1' .0013 660e

.3f3b

645a .0010

21'1'8

.0000 0424

.297

.4c08 3126 .0013 76d5

.3f7c

ed91

.0010

40bf .0000 0429 .298

.4c

49 ba5e .0013 879c

.3fbe

76c8 .0010 5186 .0000 042d •

299

.4e8b 4395 .0013 9863

63

(JO-«/V)/f

.0000 0431

.0000 0436

.0000 043a

.0000 043e

.0000 0442

.0000 0447

.0000 044b

.0000

044f

.0000 0454

.0000 0458

.0000 045e

.0000 0460

.0000 0465

.0000 0469

.0000 046d

.0000 0472

.0000 0476

.0000 047a

.0000

047f

.0000 0483

.0000 0487

.0000 048b

.0000 0490

.0000 0494

.0000 6498

.0000 049d

.0000

04al

.0000 04a5

.0000 04aa

.0000 04ae

.0000 04b2

.0000 04b6

.0000 04bb

.-0000

04bf

.0000 04c3

.0000 04c8

.0000 04ce

.0000

04dO

.0000 04d4

.0000 04d9

.0000 04dd

.0000 04e1

.0000 04e6

.0000 04ea

.0000 04ee

.0000

04f3

.0000

Ol~1'7

.0000

04£'b

.0000

04ff

• 0000

0501~"

·300

·301

.302

·303

.304

.305

.306

~-307

.308

·309

·310

.311

·312

.313.

.314

-315

.316

.317

.318

.319

.320

.32J.

.322

·323

.324

.325

.326

.327

.328

.329

..•

330

.331

.332

.333

.334

.335

.336

.337

.338

.339

.340

.341

.342

.343

.344

.345

.346

.347

.348

.349

APPENDIX

D

HEXADECIMAL-DECIMAL

FRACTION

CONVERSION

TABLE

NI6

(IO-JN)/6

0O-6N)"

Nt6

"

(IO-3NJ"

.4cee

ecce .0013 a92a .0000 0508 .350 .5999

9999

.0016 fo06

.4dOe5604 .0013 b9f1 .0000 050c .351 .59db

22dO

.0017

OOcd

.4d4f

df3b .0013 cab8 .0000 0511 .352

.5ale

ac08 .0017 1194

.4d91

6872

.0013 db7f .0000

0515

.353 .5a5e 353f .0017

2250

.4dd2 f1a9 .0013 ee46 .0000 0519 .354

.5a9f

be76 .0017

3322

.4e14 7ae1 .0013

rdOd

.0000 051d .355 .5ae1 47ae .0017 43e9

.4e56 0418 .0014

Odd]

.0000 0522 .356 .5b22

dOe5

.0017

54bO

.4e97 8d4r .0014

le9a

.0000 0526 .357 .5b64

5alc

.0017

6577

.4ed9 1687 .0014 2f61 .0000 052a .358 .5ba5 e353 .0017 763e

.4r1a

9fbe .0014

4028

.0000 052f .359 .5be? 6c8b .0017

8705

.4f5c

28f5 .0014 50ef .0000 0533 .360 .5e28 f5c2 .0017 97ec

.4f9d

b22d .0014

61b6

.0000 0537 .361

.5cOO

7ef9 .0017 a893

.4fd.f

3b64

.0014 727d .0000 053c .362 .5cae 6831 .0017 b95a

.5020 c49b .0014

83

44 .0000 0540 .363

.5ced

9168

.0017 ea21

.5062

4dd2

.0014

94,Ob

.0000 0544 .364

.5d2f

la9f

.0017 dae8

.50a3 d70a .0014

a4d.2

.0000

0548

.365 .5d70 a3d7 .0017

ebaf

.50e5 6041

.001~

b599

.0000

05

4d .366 .5db2

2dOe

.0017 fc76

.5126 e978 .0014 c660 .0000 0551 .367 .5di'3 b645 .0018

Od3c

.5168

72bO

.0014

d727

.0000

0555

.368 .5e35 3f7e .0018 le03

.5la9

fbe7 .0014 e7ee .0000 055a .369 .5e76 e8b4 .0018 2eca

.51eb 851e .0014

f8b-5

.0000 055e .370 .5eb8"

51eb

.0018 3f91

.522d

Oe56

.0015 097c .0000

0562

.371

.5ef9

db22

.0018

5058

.526e 978d .0015

la43

.0000 0566 .372 .5f3b 645a .0018 611f

.52bO

20c4 .0015

2bOa

.0000

056b

.373

.5f7c

ed91 .0018 71e6

• 52f1

a9:f'b

•

0015

3bdl .0000 056f .374

.5fbe

76c8 .0018 82ad

·5333

3333

.0015 4c98 .0000 0573 •

375

•

6000

0000

.0018 9374

.5374 bc6a .0015 5d5f .0000 0578 .376 .6041 8937 .0018 a43b

.53b6

45B.l

.0015 6e26 .0000 057c .377 .6083 126e .0018 b502

.53f7

ced9 .0015 7eed .0000 0580 .378 .60c4 9ba5 .0018 c5e9

.5439

5810

.0015 8fb4_ .0000

0585

·379 .6106

24dd

.0018

d690

.547a e147 .0015 a07b .0000

0589

.54bc 6a7e .00i5

b142

.0000 058d .380

.61

47 ae14 .0018 e757

.381 .6189

374b

.0018 f81e

.54fd

f3b6 .0015

c209

.0000 0591 .382 .61ca co83 .0019 08e5

.553f

7ced .0015

d2dO

.00000596

.383 .620c 49ba .0019 19ae

.5581 0624 .0015 e397 .0000 059a .384 .624d

d2fl

.0019

2a73

.55c2 8f5e .0015 f45e .0000 05ge .385

.628f

5c28 .0019 3b3a

.5604 1893 .0016

0525

.0000 05a3 .386

.62dO

e560 .0019 4cOl

.5645 a1ea .0016 15eb .0000 05a7 .387 .6312

6e97

.0019 5cc8

.56872b02

.0016

26b2

.0000 05ab .388 " .6353 f7ce .0019 6d8f

.56c8 b439 .0016

3779

.0000 05af .389 .6395 8106 .0019 7e56

.570a

3d.70

.0016

4840

.0000 05b4 .390 .63d7 0a3d .0019

8fld

.574b c6a7 .0016

5907

.0000

0508

.391 .6418 9374 .0019 9fe4

.578d

4fdf

.0016 69ce .0000 05bc .392 .645a 1cac .0019 bGab

.57ce

d916

" .0016 7a95 .0000 05c1 .393 .649b a5e3 .0019

e172

.5810 624d .0016 8b5c .0000 05e5 .394 .64dd

2fla

.0019

d239

.5851 eb85 .0016 9c23 .0000 05c9 .395 .651e

b8.51

.0019 e300

.589374bc

.0016 acea .0000 05ce .396 .6560

4189

.0019 fJe7

.58d4

fdf3

.0016 bdbl .0000

05d2

.397

.65al

cacO

.OOla

048e

.5916

872b

.0016ce78

.0000

05d6

.398 .65e3 53f7 .OOla 1554

.5958 1062 .0016

df3f

.0000

0500

.399 .6624 dd2f .OOla

Z61b

64

o

0-6N)"

.0000

05d1'

.0000 05e3

.0000 05e7

.0000 05ee

.0000

05fO

.0000 05f4

.0000 05f9

.0000 05fd

.0000

0601

.0000

0605

.0000 060a

.0000 060e

.0000

0612

.0000

0617

.0000

061b

.0000 061f

.0000

0623

.0000

0628

.0000 062c

.0000

0630

.0000:0635

.0000

0639

.0000 063d

.0000

0642

.0000

0646

.

.0000

0648

.

.0000 064e

.0000

0653-

.0000

0657

.0000

065b

.0000

0660

.0000

0664

.0000

0668

.0000 066c

.0000

0671

.0000

0675

.0000

0679

.0000

067e

.0000

0682

.0000

0686

.0000

o6Bb

.0000

o68f

.0000

0693

.0000

0697

.0000 06ge

.0000

06aO

.0000

06a4

.0000

06a9

.0000 06ad

.0000

06bl

APPENDIX

D

HEXADECIMAL-DECIMAL

FRACTION

CONVERSION

TABLE

NI6

OO-~N)/(i

(JO-tSNJ'f

Nil

(lo-SNJ'6 (lo-6NJ'6

.400

.6666 6666

.00la

36e2 .0000 06b5 .450 .7333 3333

.00ld

7dbf .0000 078e

.4:01

.66a7

ef9d

.OOla 47a9 .0000 06ba

.402

.66e9

78d4

.00la

5870 .0000 06be

.403 .672b 020e

.00la

6937 .0000 06e2

.451

•

7371~

be6a

.001d

8e8G

.0000 0791

.452 .73b6

45al

.00ld

9f4d

.0000 0795

·.453

.73f7

eed9

.001d

b014 .0000 0799

•.

404

.676e

Bb

43 .00la.

79fe

.0000

06e7

.405

.67ae

147a

.00la

8ae5 .0000 06eb

.406

.67ef

9db2

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085f

65

66

APPENDIX

E

Alpha

Hex

Operation

Page

Code'

Code

**ACS

63

Add

and

Change

Sign

20

ADB

BD

Add

to

B

20

ADD

~6l

Add

20

,'ALI

F3

Alphabetic

Input

30

ALO'

F7

Alphabetic"

Output

30

ALS

A7

A

Left

Sliift

27

ARS

A5

A

Right

SPift

27

**BTP

9F

Both

Type

and

Punch

30

CFA

89

Copy'

from

Working

Storage

I

28

CFB

8B

Copy

from

'Working

Storage

n

28

CFC

8D

Copy

from

Working

Storage

III

28

CFD

8F

Co'py

from

Working

Storage

IV

28

*CLA

28'

Clear

A

25

*CHS

ZE

Change

Sign

25

*COV

OZ

Change

Overflow

Indicator

25

"**

COM

51

Compare

Magnitude

25

*

CPt,

3E

Complement

25

CTA

81

Copy

t,o

Working

Storage

I

28

CTB

83

Copy

to

Working

Storage

II

28

CTC

85

Copy

to

Working

Storage

m

28

'CTD

87

Copy

to

Working

Storage

IV

28

DDD

E9

Divide

Double

Length

byD

23

DDW

EB

Divide

Double

Length

22

DVD

ED

Divide

by

D

22

DVW

EF

Divide

22

EXT

75

Extract

25

EXD

7J

Extract

with

D

Mask

25

HTR

lB

Halt

and

Transfer

26

HXI

Fl

Hexadecimal

Input

29

HXO

F5

Hexadecimal

Output

29

mM

97

IBM

Tie-In,

31

*

LAB

32

Load

A

from

B

23

*

LAD

38

Load

A

from

D

23

*LAE

34

Load

A_from

E 23

LAM

B5

Load

A

from

M 23

LAW

79

Load

A 23

LBW

41

Load

B

24

LD-W

5B

LoadD

24

LEW

57

Load

E

24

LLS

A3

Long

Left

Shift

27

LRS

Al

Long

Right

Shift

27

MDA

El

Multiply

by

D'

and

Add

22

MPA

E3

Multiply

and

Add

21

APPENDIX"

E

67

Alpha

Hex

Operation

Page

Code Code

MPD

E5

Multiply

l?y D ' 21

MPW

E7

Multiply

21

MTC

93

Ma.gnetic

Tape

Copy

33

MTS

91

Magnetic

Tape

Status

32

MTX

95

Magnetic

Tape

Exchange

33

*

NOP

00

No

Operation

26

**

NMO

DD

Number

Output

29

NTP

99

Neither

Type

nor

Punch

30

PAA

6D

Place

Address

in

A

24

PHA

6F

Place

Half-word

in

A

24

**

PNH

9D

Punch

30

*

RND

22

Round

22

SAA

4D

Store

Address

from

A

24

SAW

49

Store

A

24

SBB

BF

Subtract

from

B 21

SBW

C5

Store

B

24

**

SCT

AB

Shift

and

Count

28

SDW

C7

Store

D

24

SEW

C3

Store

E

25

SHA

4F

Store

Half-word

from

A

24

**

SNI

F9

Sign

Input

29

**

SNO

D5

Sign

Output

30

*

SSP

2C

Set

Sign

Plus

25

SUB

67

Subtract

21

TIX

17

Transfer

on

Index

.26

TLZ

lD

Transfer

on

Less

Than

Zero

26

TNZ

19

Transfer

on

Non-Zero

26

TOV

IF

Transfer

on

Overflow

26

TRA

11

Transfer

26

TSA

13

Transfer

.on

Switch

One

26

TSB

15 .

Transfer

on

Switc'h

Two

26

**

TYP

9B

Type

30

*

XAB

30

Exchange

A

and

B 23

*

XAD

~'3A

Exchange

A

and

D

23

*

XAE

36

Exchange

A

and

E

24

XAW

69

Exchange

A

and

'W

24

*

Instructions

marked

with

a

single

asterisk

may

be

used

as

the

first

or

second

instruction

of

doubled

command

pair.

**

Instructions

marked

with

a

double

asterisk

require

no

address

but

have

odd

codes;

hence,

these

instructions

may

be

used

as

the

second

instruction

of

a

command

pair.

To

double

a

pair

of

instructions,

the

first

instruction

code

(which

must

be

an

even

number)

is

made

odd

by

increasing

the

value

by

1

and

placing

the

second

instruc-

tion

code

in

the

address

part

of

the

resulting

instruction.

See

page

35.

Instructions

with

odd

codes

can

use

automatic

address

modification

by

using

the

.

even

code

which

is

one

less

than

the

code

given

in

the

above

table.

See

page

34.

INSTRUCTION CODES,

MWAC

III-E

BY

GROUPS

ARITHMETIC

49

COpy A

to

W

61

Add

79

Copy

W

to

A

67

Subtract

bS

Copy

M

to

A

63

Minus

add

30

Exchange

A

and

B

65

Minus.

subtract

c5

Copy

B

to

W

bd

Long

add

41

Copy

W

to

B

bf

Long

subtract

32

Copy

B

to

A

e7

Multiply

30

Exchange

A

and

0

es

Multiply

by

0 c7

Copy

D

to

W

e3

Add

multiply

Sb

Copy

W

to

0

el

Add

multiply

by

0

38

Copy

0

to

A

ef

Divide

36

Exchange

A

and

E

ed

Divide

by

0 c3 COpy E

to

W

eb

Long

divide

57

Copy

W

to

E

e9

Long

divide

by

D

!:

~~:~

:Jdr~ss

to

W

ACCUMULATOR

4f

Copy

half

to

W

2228

Round

off

6d

Copy

Address

to

A

2c

Clear

A

6f

Copy

half

to

A

2e

Absolute

value

7751

EExxttrraacctt

(D)

Reverse A

sign

3e

Complement

A

SHIFT BLOCK COPY

al

Double

shift

right

81

Copy

to

I

a3

Double

shift

left

83

Copy

to

II

as

Shift

right

85

Copy

to

III

a7

Shift

left

87

COpy

to

IV

ab

Float

89

COpy

from

I

INPUT-OUTPUT

8b

Copy

from

II

8d

Copy

from

III

f1

Hex. in

8f

Copy

from

IV

f3

Alphabet

in

fs

Hex.

out

JUMP &

RELATED

f7

Alphabet

out

11

Jump

f9

Sign

in 13

Control

jump

1

ds

Sign

out

IS

Control

jump

2

dd

Number

out

17

Count

down

9b

Type

19

Non-zero

jump

9d

Punch

lb

Stop

9f

Both

99

Neither

ld

Less

than

zero

jump

If

Overflow

jump

COPY & EXCHANGE

51

Overflow

if A

smaller

69

Exchange

A

and

W

02

Reverse

overflow

Two instructions can

be

doubled

up

if

the

first is an

even-numbered

instruction; but

it

must

be

made

odd

by

adding

1.

The

second

can

be

any

instruction

not

requiring

an

address.

Odd

numbered instructions will

have

their

addresses

autorna

..

tically

modified

if

the

instruction

is

made

even

by

subtracting

1.