Ammunition And Explosive Safety

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Department of the Army
Pamphlet 385–64

Safety

Ammunition
and Explosives
Safety
Standards

Headquarters
Department of the Army
Washington, DC
28 November 1997

Unclassified

SUMMARY of CHANGE
DA PAM 385–64
Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards
This new Department of the Army pamphlet-o

Implements and amplifies the explosives safety criteria depicted in DOD
6055.9-STD, DOD Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards (chap 1).

o

Defines general safety standards for Army operations involving ammunition
and/or explosives (chap 2).

o

Establishes management controls for fire prevention, suppression and
protection as applicable to Army ammunition and explosives (chap 3).

o

Provides an overview of the Joint Hazard Classification System (JHCS) and
establishes storage principles for the various compatibility groupings of
ammunition and explosives (chap 4).

o

Establishes quantities of explosives material and distance separation
requirements that provide defined levels of protection (chap 5).

o

Establishes requirements for the installation and use of electrical service
and equipment in Army explosives facilities (chap 6).

o

Defines regulations and guidance regarding shipment of Army explosives and
other dangerous articles (chap 7).

o

Establishes requirements and provides definitive material on the preparation
and submittal of explosives and toxic chemical site plans (chap 8).

o

Explains the purpose, denotes minimum requirements and defines
responsibilities of the Army explosives licensing program (chap 9).

o

Provides guidance on the appropriate usage of material handling equipment
(MHE) for ammunition and/or explosives operations (chap 10).

o

Establishes requirements for the movement of Army units to ports during times
of war, peace, or national emergency (chap 11).

o

Provides the minimum technical criteria for lightning protection of
explosives areas and facilities (chap 12).

o

Sets forth requirements for storage of ammunition and explosives within the
Army (chap 13).

o

Establishes peacetime operational requirements concerning CONUS and OCONUS
ammunition and explosives activities, training operations, contingency force
operations and airfields used by military aircraft in the theater of
operations (chap 14).

o

Provides guidance for the safe handling, transportation, and storage of
ammunition during wartime and contingency operations (chap 15).

o

Defines the Army criteria pertaining to the storage and handling of
commercial explosives (chap 16).

o

Provides guidance on the requirements and procedures for the disposal of
ammunition, explosives and propellants (chap 17).

o

Establishes requirements and criteria relative to operations involving
maintenance and/or the restoration of ammunition and explosives to a
serviceable condition (chap 18).

Department of the Army
Pamphlet 385–64

Headquarters
Department of the Army
Washington, DC
28 November 1997
Safety

Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards

History. The electronic version of DA Pam
385–64, dated 28 November 1997, differs
from the paper version. The electronic text
contains corrected data in tables 5–12, 5–27,
5–28, 5–29, and 5–36. This is a new
Department of the Army publication.
Summary. This pamphlet provides force
protection guidance for commanders with an
ammunition or explosives mission. It
provides procedures to protect military and
civilian Army employees, the public, and the
environment. It also sets forth procedures for

Contents

use when transporting ammunition or explosives over the public highway.
Applicability. The provisions of this pamphlet apply to all Army installations and activities, the Army National Guard (ARNG),
the U.S. Army Reserve (USAR), Government-owned, contractor-operated (GOCO) facilities, and contractor operations on
Government property. Ammunition and explosives under U.S. title, even though stored
in a host country, remain the responsibility of
the U.S. commander. Storage must conform
with Army standards for explosives safety
unless the use of other criteria (such as North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) or host
nation has been agreed to or is mandatory. A
copy of all agreement documents will be provided major Army commands (MACOMs)
involved and two will be sent to the Director,
U.S. Army Technical Center for Explosives
Safety (USATCES). A copy of all agreements will also be made a permanent part of
the real property records. Provisions of this
pamphlet apply in wartime, peacetime, and in
contingency situations.
Proponent and exception authority.
The proponent of this pamphlet is the Under
Secretary of the Army. The Under Secretary

of the Army has the authority to approve
exceptions to this pamphlet that are consistent with controlling law and regulation. The
proponent may delegate this authority, in
writing, to a division under his or her supervision or to a division chief within the proponent office who holds the grade of colonel or
the civilian equivalent.
Supplementation. Supplementation of this
pamphlet is prohibited without prior approval
from the proponent of this pamphlet.
Suggested Improvements. Users are invited to send comments and suggested improvements on DA Form 2028
(Recommended Changes to Publications and
Blank Forms) directly to Director, U.S. Army
Technical Center for Explosives Safety.
Distribution. Distribution of this publication is made in accorance with initial distribution number (IDN) 095466, for command
levels D and E for the Active Army, the
Army National Guard, and the U.S. Army
Reserve.

Public demonstrations, exhibitions, and celebrations • 2–12,
page 3
Static or public display • 2–13, page 3
Explosives training aids for military working dogs • 2–14, page 3
Hunting • 2–15, page 4

(Listed by paragraph and page number)

Chapter 1
Introduction, page 1
Purpose • 1–1, page 1
References • 1–2, page 1
Explanation of abbreviations and terms • 1–3, page 1
Implementation • 1–4, page 1
Policy on existing explosives facilities • 1–5, page 1
Chapter 2
General Safety Precautions, page 1
Hazard analysis and risk assessment • 2–1, page 1
Personnel qualifications • 2–2, page 1
Use of written standards • 2–3, page 1
Personnel and explosives limits • 2–4, page 1
Handling and movement precautions • 2–5, page 2
Housekeeping • 2–6, page 2
Testing, disassembly, and modification of explosives items • 2–7,
page 2
Explosive ordnance disposal training aids • 2–8, page 2
Field safety • 2–9, page 3
Accident reporting • 2–10, page 3
Rod and gun clubs • 2–11, page 3

Chapter 3
Fire Prevention, Protection, and Suppression, page 7
Fire prevention management • 3–1, page 7
Smoking • 3–2, page 7
Training • 3–3, page 7
Fire drills • 3–4, page 7
Fire exit drills • 3–5, page 7
Alarms • 3–6, page 7
Fire prevention requirements • 3–7, page 7
Auxiliary firefighting equipment • 3–8, page 9
Storage of water for firefighting • 3–9, page 9
Access to fire hose • 3–10, page 9
Limitation of fire areas • 3–11, page 9
Reciprocal agreements for fire fighting support • 3–12, page 9
Public withdrawal distances • 3–13, page 9
Firefighting guidance symbols • 3–14, page 10
Posting fire symbols • 3–15, page 10
Exceptions on posting fire symbols • 3–16, page 10
Posting chemical hazard symbols • 3–17, page 10

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Unclassified

i

Contents—Continued
Procedures for chemical agents and other toxic substances • 3–18,
page 10
Firefighting at railheads • 3–19, page 10
Automatic sprinkler systems • 3–20, page 11
Deluge systems for explosives operations • 3–21, page 11
Instructions for fighting fires involving ammunition or explosives
• 3–22, page 12
Chapter 4
Hazard Classification and Compatibility Groups, page 23
Explosives hazard classification procedures • 4–1, page 23
EIDS and EIDS ammunition • 4–2, page 23
Storage principles • 4–3, page 23
Mixed storage • 4–4, page 23
Storage compatibility groups • 4–5, page 23
Class 1 or 6 chemical agent hazards or combined chemical agent
and explosives hazards • 4–6, page 24
Chapter 5
Quantity-Distance, page 25
Explosives quantity-distance • 5–1, page 25
Quantity of explosives • 5–2, page 26
Measuring distance • 5–3, page 26
Q-D computations and determinations • 5–4, page 26
Fragments • 5–5, page 27
Quantity-distance: expected effects and permissible exposures
• 5–6, page 27
Facilities siting criteria • 5–7, page 30
Magazine orientation • 5–8, page 39
Quantity-distance tables • 5–9, page 40
Airfields, heliports, and seadromes • 5–10, page 41
Pier and wharf facilities • 5–11, page 41
Liquid propellants • 5–12, page 41
Underground storage • 5–13, page 43
Military working dog (MWD) explosives search training • 5–14,
page 45
Chapter 6
Electrical Hazards, page 75
Section I
Electrical Service and Equipment, page 75
Overview • 6–1, page 75
Hazardous locations • 6–2, page 75
Approved equipment • 6–3, page 76
Maintenance of electrical equipment • 6–4, page 76
Electrical service lines in explosives areas • 6–5, page 76
Electrical motors for hazardous locations • 6–6, page 76
Portable lighting systems • 6–7, page 76
Permanent lighting for storage magazines • 6–8, page 76
Flexible cords • 6–9, page 76
Section II
Static electricity, page 76
Static electricity charge dissipation subsystem • 6–10, page 76
Ordnance grounds (static grounds) • 6–11, page 79
Instrument grounds • 6–12, page 79
Section III
Grounding, page 79
Explosives facility grounding • 6–13, page 79
Earth electrode subsystem • 6–14, page 79
Section IV
Electromagnetic Radiation, page 80
Hazards of electromagnetic radiation to electro-explosive devices
(EEDs) • 6–15, page 80

ii

Chapter 7
Transportation, page 89
Section I
General requirements, page 89
General information • 7–1, page 89
Certification of personnel involved with transportation • 7–2,
page 89
Hazard classification • 7–3, page 89
Preparation for shipment • 7–4, page 89
Compatibility of explosives in transportation • 7–5, page 90
Section II
Motor Vehicles, page 90
Vehicle general safety requirements • 7–6, page 90
Inbound motor shipment of ammunition and explosives • 7–7,
page 90
Outbound motor vehicle shipments of explosives • 7–8, page 90
Safe haven for explosive shipments • 7–9, page 91
On-post explosive movements • 7–10, page 91
Passengers in or on Government vehicles transporting explosives
• 7–11, page 91
Section III
Rail, Air, and Water Transport, page 91
Railroad transportation • 7–12, page 91
Air transportation • 7–13, page 92
Water transportation • 7–14, page 93
Chapter 8
Safety Site Planning, Construction, and Utilities, page 93
Section I
Explosives/Toxic Chemical Safety Site Plans, page 93
Explosives/Toxic Chemical Safety Site Plan Submittals • 8–1,
page 93
Explosives safety site plan contents • 8–2, page 94
Review and approval of explosives safety site plans • 8–3,
page 94
Section II
Construction Considerations, page 94
Construction considerations • 8–4, page 94
Buildings • 8–5, page 94
Interior finishes and floors • 8–6, page 95
Firewalls • 8–7, page 95
Substantial dividing walls • 8–8, page 95
Building exits • 8–9, page 95
Safety chutes • 8–10, page 95
Emergency exits and fire escapes • 8–11, page 95
Stairways • 8–12, page 95
Fixed ladders • 8–13, page 95
Platforms, runways, and railings • 8–14, page 95
Passageways • 8–15, page 95
Roads, walks, and gates • 8–16, page 96
Windows and skylights • 8–17, page 96
Drains and sumps • 8–18, page 96
Hardware • 8–19, page 96
Tunnels • 8–20, page 96
Powerhouse equipment • 8–21, page 96
Refrigeration • 8–22, page 96
Laundries • 8–23, page 96
Steam for processing and heating • 8–24, page 96
Ventilation • 8–25, page 96
Electrical equipment • 8–26, page 96
Collection of explosives dusts • 8–27, page 96
Automatic sprinkler systems • 8–28, page 97

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Contents—Continued
Section III
Open Storage Modules, Barricades, and Protective Construction,
page 97
Barricaded open storage modules • 8–29, page 97
Barricades and earth cover for magazines • 8–30, page 98
Policy on protective construction • 8–31, page 98
Strengthening (hardening of buildings) • 8–32, page 98
Chapter 9
Explosives Licensing, page 104
Procedures • 9–1, page 104
Required information • 9–2, page 104
Chapter 10
Materials Handling Equipment (MHE), page 104
General requirements • 10–1, page 104
Battery-powered materials handling equipment • 10–2, page 104
Gasoline and diesel powered equipment • 10–3, page 104
LP-gas-powered equipment • 10–4, page 104
Gasoline, diesel-powered and LP-gas-powered equipment for
handling explosives materials • 10–5, page 104
Storage • 10–6, page 105
Chapter 11
Port Operations, page 105
Background information • 11–1, page 105
Loading of vehicles • 11–2, page 105
Vehicle holding site • 11–3, page 105
Railhead operations • 11–4, page 105
Road movement • 11–5, page 105
Port safety • 11–6, page 106
Chapter 12
Lightning Protection, page 110
General information • 12–1, page 110
Fundamental principles of lightning protection • 12–2, page 110
Locations requiring an LPS • 12–3, page 111
Locations not requiring lightning protection • 12–4, page 111
Requirements for lightning protection systems • 12–5, page 111
Types of lightning protection systems • 12–6, page 112
General prohibitions • 12–7, page 112
Bonding • 12–8, page 112
Lightning warning systems • 12–9, page 112
Structural grounds • 12–10, page 112
Grounding • 12–11, page 113
Surge protection • 12–12, page 113
Visual inspection requirements • 12–13, page 113
Electrical testing requirements • 12–14, page 113
Records • 12–15, page 113
Truck holding areas • 12–16, page 113
Lightning protection for empty facilities • 12–17, page 113
Chapter 13
Explosives Storage Requirements, page 115
General requirements • 13–1, page 115
Magazine storage of explosives and ammunition • 13–2, page 116
Outdoor storage • 13–3, page 117
Holding yard • 13–4, page 117
Storage of specific types of ammunition and explosives • 13–5,
page 117
Inert ammunition • 13–6, page 119
Unserviceable ammunition • 13–7, page 119
Storage of captured enemy ammunition • 13–8, page 119
Chemical munitions • 13–9, page 119
Chemical Group B agents • 13–10, page 120
Storage of Chemical Group B agent munitions • 13–11, page 120
Special protective equipment for Chemical Group B agent
munitions • 13–12, page 120

First aid for Group B chemical agents • 13–13, page 121
Leaking Chemical Group B agent munitions • 13–14, page 121
Removal of spilled Chemical Group B fillers • 13–15, page 121
Fire in Chemical Group B agent munitions magazines • 13–16,
page 121
Chemical Group C agents • 13–17, page 121
Storage for Chemical Group C munitions • 13–18, page 121
First aid and special equipment for Chemical Group C munitions
• 13–19, page 121
Leaking Group C chemical munitions • 13–20, page 121
Removal of Chemical Group C contamination • 13–21, page 122
Fire in Chemical Group C munitions magazines • 13–22,
page 122
Chemical Group D fillers • 13–23, page 122
Storage of Chemical Group D munitions • 13–24, page 122
Special protective equipment for Chemical Group D munitions
• 13–25, page 122
First aid for Chemical Group D munitions • 13–26, page 122
Leaking Chemical Group D munitions • 13–27, page 122
Fire in Chemical Group D munitions magazines • 13–28,
page 122
Chapter 14
Peacetime Operations, page 122
Applicability of provisions outside the United States • 14–1,
page 122
Basic load ammunition holding areas • 14–2, page 123
Basic load storage in other than BLAHAs • 14–3, page 123
Vehicle and equipment maintenance • 14–4, page 123
Fire prevention • 14–5, page 123
Surveillance • 14–6, page 124
Storage • 14–7, page 124
Basic load storage ammunition holding areas in the United States
• 14–8, page 124
General requirements for training operations • 14–9, page 124
Upload exercises • 14–10, page 124
Combat configured loads • 14–11, page 124
Aviation operations at BLAHAs • 14–12, page 125
Forward area rearm/refuel points (FARP) • 14–13, page 125
General requirements or airfields used only by military aircraft in
the theater of operations • 14–14, page 125
Quantity distance • 14–15, page 125
Chapter 15
Wartime Operations, page 133
General requirements • 15–1, page 133
Theater and corps ammunition storage areas • 15–2, page 134
Storage at the ASP and ATP • 15–3, page 134
Short-term ATP storage • 15–4, page 134
Field storage units • 15–5, page 134
Transportation within the theater of operations • 15–6, page 135
Modular storage • 15–7, page 135
Ammunition turn-in at the cessation of hostilities • 15–8,
page 135
Chapter 16
Storage and handling of commercial explosives, page 137
Background • 16–1, page 137
Use • 16–2, page 137
Procedures • 16–3, page 137
Commercial dynamite • 16–4, page 138
Chapter 17
Demilitarization, page 138
Demilitarization • 17–1, page 138
Methods • 17–2, page 138
Safety precautions • 17–3, page 138
Site selection for burning or demolition grounds • 17–4, page 139
Burning sites • 17–5, page 139

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

iii

Contents—Continued
New demilitarization technologies • 17–6, page 139
Chapter 18
Maintenance, page 139
General information • 18–1, page 139
Safety requirements • 18–2, page 139
Operational shields • 18–3, page 140
Equipment for shielded operations • 18–4, page 141
Tools, equipment and supplies • 18–5, page 141
Protection of primers • 18–6, page 141
Cleaning ammunition • 18–7, page 141
Spray painting • 18–8, page 141
Electrostatic paint spraying and detearing of inert items in nonhazardous locations • 18–9, page 142
Infrared ray drying • 18–10, page 142
Drying freshly painted loaded ammunition • 18–11, page 142
Heat sealing equipment • 18–12, page 143
Soldering containers • 18–13, page 143
Thread cleaning • 18–14, page 143
Inert scrap components and packaging materials • 18–15,
page 143
Sand or shotblasting operations • 18–16, page 143
Location of sand or shotblasting operations in explosives storage
areas • 18–17, page 143
Sand or shotblasting operations within a building in an operating
line • 18–18, page 144
Electrical testing of ammunition and ammunition components
• 18–19, page 144
Profile and alignment gaging operations • 18–20, page 144
Collection of explosives dusts • 18–21, page 144
Location of collection chambers • 18–22, page 144
Design and operation of collection systems • 18–23, page 145
Solid propellant collection • 18–24, page 145
Destruction of solid wastes • 18–25, page 145
Assembly and crimping of complete rounds • 18–26, page 145
Rotational speeds for equipment used in field ammunition
operations • 18–27, page 145
Machining of explosives • 18–28, page 146
Operational shields for munitions loading • 18–29, page 146
Appendixes
A.

References, page 147

B.

Earth Electrode Subsystem Test and Inspection, page 149

C.

Inspection and Test of Static Electricity Charge Dissipation
Subsystem, page 155

D.

Inspection and Test of Lightning Protection Subsystems,
page 156

E.

Field Expedient Grounding Techniques, page 158

F. Safe Conveyor Separation for Ammunition/Explosives,
page 159
G. Standard designs for explosives facilities, page 164
H.

The 100–Foot Zone of Protection, page 165

Table List
Table 3–1: Extinguishing agents for fires, page 12
Table 3–2: Fire symbol hazards and actions, page 13
Table 3–3: Chemical hazard symbols and actions, page 13
Table 3–4: Emergency withdrawal distances for nonessential
personnel, page 14
Table 3–5: Fire divisions hazards, page 14
Table 3–6: Fire division symbols, page 15
Table 3–7: Chemical agents and fillers contained in ammunition
and the chemical hazard symbols required in storage, page 15

iv

Table 4–1: EIDS and EIDS ammunition hazard divisions, page 24
Table 4–2: QD criteria for configuration of HD 1.6 components
and assemblies with other HD components, page 25
Table 4–3: Storage Compatibility Mixing Chart, page 25
Table 5–1: HD 1.1 inhabited building and public traffic route
distances, page 31
Table 5–2: Minimum primary fragment protection distance
expressed in feet for selected HD 1.1 Items, page 33
Table 5–3: HC/D 1.1 intraline distances in feet from PESs other
than earth-covered magazines3, page 34
Table 5–4: HD 1.1 intraline distances from earth-covered
magazines (type of distance protection to be provided to ES),
page 34
Table 5–5: HC/D 1.1 intermagazine hazard factors and distances,
page 35
Table 5–6: HC/D 1.1 guide for intermagazine distance table5,
page 37
Table 5–7: Personnel protection distances from aboveground
detonations, page 38
Table 5–8: Required blast overpressure protection distance in feet
for nonessential personnel at ranges used for detonating
ammunition for demilitarization, demonstration, or explosives
ordnance disposal, page 38
Table 5–9: Thermal flux calculations, page 38
Table 5–10: Impulse noise protection decision table, page 45
Table 5–11: Impulse noise zones measured in feet from intentional
detonations, page 46
Table 5–12: Impulse noise B-duration (estimated for various NEWs
and distances), page 47
Table 5–13: Impulse noise zones and required protections with
maximum permissable number of detonations per day, page 49
Table 5–14: Q-D for unprotected aboveground service tanks
supporting explosives storage or operating complexes, page 50
Table 5–15: HD 1.2 distances, page 50
Table 5–16: HD 1.3 QD, page 50
Table 5–17: HC/D 1.4 quantity-distance, page 53
Table 5–18: QD criteria for HD 1.6 ammunition, page 53
Table 5–19: HD 1.1.QD for military aircraft parking areas,
page 54
Table 5–20: Application of ammunition and explosives safety
distances between various types of facilities, page 55
Table 5–21: Liquid propellant HE (TNT) equivalents2,3,4,5,6,7,
page 56
Table 5–22: Factors for converting gallons of propellant into
pounds1, page 56
Table 5–23: Liquid propellants hazard and compatibility groups,
page 57
Table 5–24 (PAGE 1): QD for propellants, page 58
Table 5–24 (PAGE 2): QD for propellants—Continued, page 59
Table 5–24 (PAGE 3): QD for propellants—Continued, page 60
Table 5–25: Hazard group IV separation distances, page 60
Table 5–26: Chamber separation, page 62
Table 5–27: Distance to protect against ground shock, page 62
Table 5–28: Distance to protect against hard rock debris, page 63
Table 5–29: Distance to protect against soft rock debris, page 64
Table 5–30: Functions of loading density, page 64
Table 5–31: IBD for airblast traveling through earth cover,
page 65
Table 5–32: Distance versus overpressure along the centerline,
page 66
Table 5–33: Distance versus overpressure along the centerline,
page 67
Table 5–34: Effective overpressure at the opening, page 67
Table 5–35: Allowable overpressure at IBD, page 67
Table 5–36: IBD distances to protect against airblast, page 68
Table 6–1: Grounding system inspection and test requirements,
page 82
Table 6–2: Ground rod quantity requirements, page 82

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Contents—Continued
Table 6–3: Minimum safe distance from transmitter antennas,
page 83
Table 6–4 (PAGE 1): Safe separation distance equations, page 85
Table 6–4 (PAGE 2): Safe separation distance equations, page 85
Table 8–1: Intermagazine separation for barricaded storage modules
for mass detonating explosives, page 99
Table 11–1: Mixed class/division for QD computations, page 109
Table 11–2 (PAGE 1): Quantity-distance separations for pier and
wharf facilities, page 110
Table 11–2 (PAGE 2): Quantity-distance separations for pier and
wharf facilities--Continued, page 110
Table 12–1: Lightning protection systems, page 113
Table 14–1: Quantity-distance table for basic load ammunition
holding areas, page 128
Table 14–2: HD 1.1 Quantity-distance for airfields used only by
military aircraft in theaters of operation, page 128
Table 14–3: Quantity-distance for propagation prevention at
airfields, page 130
Table 14–4: Quantity-distance for assets preservation at airfields,
page 130
Table 15–1: Wartime compatibility chart, page 136
Table 15–2: Q-D for field storage units, page 137
Table 16–1: Turning of commercial dynamite, page 138
Table B–1: Test probe C and P distances, page 151
Table F–1: Safe conveyor spacing, page 159

Figure D–1: Testing lightning protection system, page 158
Figure H–1: Zone of protection test, page 166
Figure H–2: Zone of protection for integral systems, page 167
Figure H–3: Illustrated zone of protection, page 168
Figure H–4: Zone of protection geometric concept, page 169
Figure H–5: Adequate protection not penetrating earth cover,
page 170
Figure H–6: Adequate protection penetrating earth cover, page 171
Figure H–7: Inadequate protection penetrating earth cover,
page 171
Glossary
Index

Figure List
Figure 2–1 (PAGE 1): Risk management, page 5
Figure 2–1 (PAGE 2): Risk management, page 6
Figure 3–1: Fire symbol 1 — mass detonation, page 16
Figure 3–2: Fire symbol 2 — explosion with fragments, page 17
Figure 3–3: Fire symbol 3 — mass fire, page 18
Figure 3–4: Fire symbol 4 — moderate fire, page 19
Figure 3–5: Chemical hazard symbol 1, page 20
Figure 3–6: Chemical hazard symbol 2, page 21
Figure 3–7: Chemical hazard symbol 3, page 22
Figure 5–1: Impulse noise zones for various B-durations and peak
sound pressures, page 69
Figure 5–2: Impulse noise zones from intentional detonations,
page 70
Figure 5–3: Intermagazine hazard factors, page 71
Figure 5–4: Intermagazine hazard factors, page 71
Figure 5–5: Intermagazine hazard factors, page 72
Figure 5–6: Intermagazine hazard factors, page 72
Figure 5–7: Intermagazine hazard factors, page 73
Figure 5–8: Intermagazine hazard factors, page 73
Figure 5–9: Intermagazine hazard factors, page 74
Figure 6–1: Typical Ground Rod Installation, page 85
Figure 6–2: Typical multiple ground rod installation, page 86
Figure 6–3: Typical ground loop installation, page 86
Figure 6–4: U.S. Navy designed earth electrode subsystem,
page 87
Figure 6–5: Typical grid installation, page 87
Figure 6–6: Typical radial installation, page 88
Figure 6–7: Typical buried plates or cones installation, page 89
Figure 8–1: Typical 8–cell module, page 100
Figure 8–2: Determination of barricade height, page 101
Figure 8–3: Determination of barrricade length, page 102
Figure 8–4: Barricade locations, page 103
Figure 14–1: Hardened aircraft shelter an as exposed site,
page 131
Figure 14–2: Hardened aircraft shelter as a PES, page 132
Figure 14–3: Igloo Q-D angles, page 133
Figure B–1: Measurement of soil resistivity, page 152
Figure B–2: Resistivity determination of a small site, page 153
Figure B–3: Fall of potential method for measuring the resistance
of earth electrodes, page 154
Figure B–4: Fall of potential resistance to earth test, page 155
DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

v

RESERVED

vi

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Chapter 1
Introduction
1–1. Purpose
This pamphlet explains the Army’s safety criteria and standards for
operations involving ammunition and explosives prescribed by AR
385–64, for the United States Army, GOCO facilities, and contractor operations on Government property.
1–2. References
Required and related publications are listed in appendix A.
1–3. Explanation of abbreviations and terms
Abbreviations and special terms used in this pamphlet are explained
in the glossary.
1–4. Implementation
a. This pamphlet provides the guidance to implement AR
385–64. Adhering to its procedures will ensure safe and proper
storage and handling of ammunition and explosives. Mandatory
requirements are those in which the term “shall,”“will,” or “must” is
used and no deviation is permitted without specific written authority
in the form of a waiver or exemption as detailed in AR 385–64.
Advisory provisions are those in which the term “may” or “should”
is used, and no deviation is permitted unless local waivers are
authorized in writing by local commander or his or her designee. In
new construction or building modification, advisory standards be
come mandatory.
b. Some of the procedures used in carrying out the U.S. Army
Explosives Safety Program are outlined in publications that are not
published by the Army and are not available through standard supply channels. For example, several are published by the National
Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and some by the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI).
1–5. Policy on existing explosives facilities
A program should be locally developed to correct deficiencies if
such deficiencies exist where previously constructed explosives facilities do not comply with current safety standards. The program
priority items should be based on a hazard analysis and risk assessment of each violation.

Chapter 2
General Safety Precautions
2–1. Hazard analysis and risk assessment
All operations involving ammunition and explosives will be reviewed to identify and manage the risk associated with the operation
(see fig 2–1).
a. A risk assessment shall be performed on all new or modified
industrial operations and facilities involving ammunition and explosives. Based upon this assessment, engineering design criteria for
the facility and/or operation will be developed to select appropriate
equipment, shielding, engineering controls, and protective clothing
for personnel. The assessment will review such factors as—
(1) Initiation sensitivity;
(2) Quantity of materials;
(3) Heat output;
(4) Rate of burning;
(5) Potential ignition and initiation sources;
(6) Protection capabilities of shields, various types of clothing,
and fire protection systems; and,
(7) The acute and chronic health hazards of hot vapors and combustion products on exposed personnel.
b. Ammunition and explosives operations will require an operational or task hazard analysis prior to writing a new standing operating procedure (SOP) for an ammunition or explosives operation or
before the biannual review of an existing ammunition or explosives
operation.

c. Personnel conducting the hazard analysis will be
knowledgeable—
(1) In ammunition and explosives safety;
(2) In the task to be performed; and ,
(3) In the methods used to conduct a hazard analysis.
2–2. Personnel qualifications
Personnel working with explosives will be trained in the tasks to be
performed. They must understand the hazards, standards, procedures, and precautions that apply to their work.
2–3. Use of written standards
Written standards must be developed and used for each explosives
operation. These standards may be based on standards found in
Army publications such as regulations or technical manuals, or in
higher headquarters standard publications.
a. SOPs for all explosives operations ensure workers have the
information necessary to perform their tasks safely. Each worker
will read the SOP or have the SOP read aloud before starting the
operation. SOPs must be readily available at the work site. Applicable parts of the SOP will be clearly posted at all workstations in the
operation, such as bays within a building. When posting within the
work site is not practical, the SOP will be posted at the entrance to
the site.
b. All SOPs for explosives operations will identify potentially
hazardous items or conditions. Explosives workers observing hazardous or potentially hazardous conditions will notify their supervisor immediately. Supervisors will correct the operations or practices
which, if allowed to continue, could reasonably be expected to cause
death or serious physical harm to personnel or major system damage, or endanger the installation’s capacity to accomplish its
mission.
c. Procedures will be written in English and in the language
workers understand if they do not understand English.
d. Written procedures are not required for explosives ordnance
disposal (EOD) emergency operations in connection with an approved render-safe procedure.
2–4. Personnel and explosives limits
Operations must be conducted in a manner which exposes the minimum number of people to the smallest quantity of explosives for the
shortest period of time consistent with conducting the operation.
Examples are as follows:
a. Tasks not necessary to the operation will be prohibited within
the immediate area of the hazard produced by the operation.
b. Personnel limits must be clearly posted for each operation and
must not be exceeded during the operation. Limits for explosives
operations will be included in the SOP.
c. Where concurrent operations must be performed in a single
building, the layout will be planned to protect from blast overpressure and to provide separation of dissimilar explosives hazards by
using substantial dividing walls, barricades, or other means to ensure maximum personnel protection.
d. Personnel not needed for the operation will be prohibited from
visiting. This does not prohibit official visits by safety, quality
control (QC), management, or inspection personnel, up to established personnel limits.
e. Each worker will ensure explosives limits for the work area
are not exceeded. Limits will be expressed in total net explosive
weight (NEW), number of units, or the number of trays, boxes,
pallets, or other units which are more easily controlled.
f. Explosives limits will be based on the minimum quantity of
explosives sufficient for the operation. Limits will not exceed the
quantity used during half a work shift, and will be consistent with
quantity-distance (Q-D) separation criteria.
g. The maximum amount of explosives of each hazard division
(HD) allowed will be clearly posted in each room, cubicle, magazine, or building used for storing explosives. For operating locations, post the explosives limits for the operation being conducted.
Material limits need only be posted in storage magazines if the limit
is not the same as that for other magazines in the block or if the

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

1

limit would not be readily apparent due to some unusual
circumstances.
2–5. Handling and movement precautions
Munitions and/or explosives will be handled only by trained personnel who understand the hazards and risks involved in the operation.
Supervisors will be trained to recognize and abate hazards associated with their operations.
a. Detonators, initiators, squibs, blasting caps (electrical and nonelectrical), and other initiating devices will be carried in protective
containers. The containers must prevent item-to-item contact and be
marked to identify the contents.
b. Bale hooks will not be used to handle explosives.
c. Nails may be used to secure covers or repair explosives containers only if there is no hazard to the explosive item or of
penetrating protective coverings.
d. Nails and other packing materials will comply with technical
packing orders, military specifications, or Department of Transportation (DOT) specifications applicable to the item.
e. Munitions will not be tumbled, dragged, dropped, thrown,
rolled, or walked. Containers designed with skids may be pushed or
pulled for positioning, unless otherwise marked on the container.
f. Conveyors, chutes, hand trucks, and forklifts may be used in
atmospheres and locations where they will not create hazards.
g. Sectionalized roller conveyors moving munitions or explosives
will be supported and the sections interlocked or secured. Boxes of
explosives will not be used to support conveyors.
h. Safety handtools will be constructed of wood or other nonsparking or spark-resistant materials such as bronze which, under
normal conditions of use, will not produce sparks. Only properly
maintained safety handtools will be used for locations having hazardous concentrations of flammable dusts, gases, vapors, or exposed
explosives.
(1) Handtools or other implements used near hazardous materials
must be handled carefully and kept clean. All tools will be checked
for damage at the start and on completion of work.
(2) If it is necessary to use ferrous metal handtools because of
their strength, the immediate area should be free from exposed
explosives and other highly combustible materials except in specific
operations approved by the installation safety officer.
(3) Safety handtools containing copper or zinc, such as brass or
bronze, will not be used in proximity to lead azide or residuals from
the treatment of lead azide.
2–6. Housekeeping
a. Waste materials.
(1) Waste materials, such as oily rags, hazardous materials, such
as explosives scrap, and wood, paper, and combustible packing
materials, will not be mixed. Each of these categories of waste will
be carefully controlled and placed in separate approved, properly
marked containers. The containers will be placed outside the facilities, except for containers required at the work location during
operations. Working location containers will be emptied as needed
but at least once each shift.
(2) Containers for explosives waste will have covers, preferably
self-closing. Explosives hazardous waste includes scrap powder, initiating or sensitive explosives, sweepings from open explosives
areas, and rags contaminated with these explosives.
(a) Receptacles should have enough liquid, normally water or oil,
to cover the scraps or rags if this does not add to the hazard.
(b) No. 10 mineral oil is useful for covering white phosphorous
(WP), pyrotechnic, tracer, flare, and similar mixtures. If water is
used to cover such materials, scrap should be put in so it is immediately immersed to reduce any production of dangerous gases.
(3) Hazardous waste material will be removed from operating
buildings to the disposal area (or an isolated, temporary collection
point) at frequent intervals and before leaving at the end of the duty
day or shift. When isolated collection points are used, time and
quantity limits, which comply with environmental regulations, will
be set up to ensure timely movement of the material to the disposal

2

area. Hazardous material should not be “stored” in the disposal area
but disposed of as soon as possible after arrival.
(4) Hazardous wastes will be disposed of in authorized facilities.
Disposal operations will be covered by an SOP. The organization
responsible for hazardous waste disposal will include disposal facilities on waste disposal permits, as required by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA).
b. Cleaning. A regular cleaning program will be established. To
ensure safety, frequency, especially in operating buildings, will
depend on local conditions.
(1) General cleaning will not be done during an explosives operation or while explosives are in operating buildings.
(2) Where there are exposed explosives or a risk from accumulating explosives, structural members, radiators, heating coils, pipes,
and electrical fixtures will be kept clean.
c. Sweeping compounds.
(1) Sweeping compounds containing wax or oil will not be used
on conductive floors.
(2) Cleaning agents that include caustic alkalies must not be used
in locations containing exposed explosives because sensitive explosive compounds may form.
(3) Where there may be exposed explosives on the floor, hot
water or steam is the preferred cleaning method. When sweeping
compounds must be used, they will be nonabrasive.
(4) Sweeping compounds may be combustible but will not be
volatile (closed cup flashpoint will not be less than 230 degrees
Fahrenheit).
d. Explosives recovery and re-use. All loose explosives recovered
as sweepings will be destroyed.
2–7. Testing, disassembly, and modification of explosives
items
This paragraph gives precautions to take during testing, disassembly, and modification of explosives items.
a. All testing, disassembly, and modification operations will be
done by qualified technicians according to approved SOPs. The
supervisor will provide any necessary drawings and sketches.
b. Modification, testing, or disassembly of explosives items is
permitted for any one of the following circumstances:
(1) When authorized by approved publications.
(2) When approval has been granted by the MACOM and the
item manager or system program office.
(3) When EOD personnel require disassembly for technical intelligence or emergency render-safe operations.
(4) When conducted as part of an approved organization mission
that includes research, development, or test of explosives items or
explosive equipment.
c. Operational shields, remote controlled devices, fire protection
systems, and ventilator systems will be used where needed to protect personnel and property.
(1) Operations such as continuity checks of electrically actuated
explosives devices, propellant cutting, explosives component assembly, modification, or disassembly and demilitarization will require
proven operator protection.
(2) Operational shields and remote control systems will be designed and tested to protect completely against all potential hazards.
These hazards may include explosion, fragments, fire, heat, radiation, high-intensity light, or toxic vapors, dependent on the explosive material involved.
(3) When protective devices of a specific design are required by
a technical manual (TM), the TM managing agency must ensure that
the devices have been tested and are safe.
(4) When a using command establishes a requirement for protective devices, that command must ensure that the devices are of a
safe design.
2–8. Explosive ordnance disposal training aids
a. EOD training aids are unique in their requirements for realism.
The EOD requirements listed below are required for ensuring that
EOD training aids are properly maintained. The Commander of each
EOD unit having training aids, will—

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

(1) Ensure that no live explosive or ammunition is mixed with
the training aids.
(2) Ensure that each training aid larger than .50 caliber is marked
as being inert. Small arms ammunition which is .50 caliber or less
may be marked by marking the container and the number of rounds
contained in the box.
(3) Ensure that each training aid is marked with a serial number.
Small arms ammunition containers may be marked instead of each
item.
b. The accountability program for controlling EOD training aids
will include the following:
(1) A 100 percent serial number inventory conducted yearly.
(2) A formal report of the results of the inventory.
(3) A file on record at EOD headquarters which shows by serial
number and type where EOD training aids are located.
c. When an EOD training aid is released from EOD control, it
will comply with the requirements of paragraph 13–6 for marking of
inert ammunition.
2–9. Field safety
Using units must keep ammunition and explosives properly packed
to the maximum extent possible. This practice is critical to safety
and quality.
a. Ammunition and explosives must remain packed until immediately prior to use. Unpack only the quantity expected to be immediately fired. Save all packing material until exercise is complete for
possible use in repack.
b. Properly repack ammunition before transporting on motor vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
c. It is especially important to replace safety devices before repacking; for example, shorting clips on 2.75–inch rockets, electrical
shunts on Hoffman devices, and pads protecting primers on gun and
mortar ammunition.
d. Ammunition which has misfired or has been classified as unserviceable must be indelibly marked and segregated from serviceable ammunition.
2–10. Accident reporting
Ammunition and explosives accidents shall be reported and investigated in accordance with AR 385–40. Malfunctions must be reported in accordance with AR 75–1.
2–11. Rod and gun clubs
Each club that handloads ammunition on Army property must operate according to written explosives safety standards. A qualified
member will be designated to ensure explosives safety criteria are
developed and enforced.
a. Retail stores. Where only retail sales are made, paragraph
5–1b of this pamphlet will apply.
(1) As determined by the installation commander, compliance
with Q-D standards will not be required for reasonable quantities of
small arms ammunition, such as 100 pounds of propellant, and 25,
000 primers packed in their shipping containers.
(2) HD 1.3 propellant will not be placed in other containers if it
would result in extreme confinement if ignited.
(3) When complying with (1) and (2) above, an exception to Q-D
and fire symbol requirements for HD 1.1 primers will apply. Fire
symbol 3 may be used to designate the presence of propellant and
primers. The symbol need not be changed during temporary periods
when the propellant has been sold out, but primers are still in stock.
b. Handloading. Handloading operations will be done in a room
or building solely used for this purpose. The safety requirements
outlined above for a retail store apply, as well as the following:
(1) A written procedure approved by the installation safety office
will be developed and posted.
(2) Only authorized personnel, trained in using handloading
equipment and knowledgeable about safety provisions and hazards
involved, will be allowed loading privileges. Reloaders will wear
safety goggles or face shields. Trainees must be strictly supervised.

(3) Smoking, matches, or flame-producing devices will not be
allowed in any loading or storage location.
(4) No more than 10 pounds of propellants; 10,000 primers, and
5,000 assembled rounds will be allowed in the handloading room at
one time.
(5) Storage lockers will be provided for the explosives. Only
quantities required to sustain a continuous operation will be transferred to the loading point. Only one packing tray at a time will be
removed from primer storage. Unused components will be repacked
in their original containers and returned to the storage locker at the
end of each loading operation. Lockers will be locked when not in
use.
(6) Floors and walls must be free of cracks that could accumulate
explosives dust and foreign materials. Good housekeeping practices
will be observed at all times.
(7) In case of a spill, all operations will stop until the explosives
are cleaned up. Place all salvaged propellant in a metal container
with water. All damaged components, or damaged complete rounds
will be placed in a separate, properly marked container. Salvaged
propellant, damaged rounds or components, and empty explosives
containers will be disposed of by qualified personnel.
(8) Only commercial-type loading tools, dies, scales, powder
measures, and other equipment will be used during handloading
operations.
(9) Bullet molding will be done outside the handloading room.
2–12. Public demonstrations, exhibitions, and
celebrations
a. Participation of Army personnel (military of civilian) in pubic
demonstrations, exhibitions, and celebrations involving the use of
military or commercial explosives and pyrotechnics is not advisable,
except in rare instances.
b. Requests for participation of Army personnel in such demonstrations, exhibitions, an celebrations, either in an official or semiofficial capacity, will be discouraged. In the event such official
participation is considered advisable, detailed plans for demonstrations, exhibitions, or celebrations involving Army personnel, activities, equipment, or materials will be submitted through safety
channel to the MACOM commander for approval.
c. Commercial fireworks used in holiday celebrations on the installation will be transported, set up, and fired on the same day only
by commercial firms or licensed pyrotechnic technicians in accordance with local laws and NFPA Standard 1123. Commercial fireworks confiscated or found on an installation will be placed in
isolated storage until qualified EOD personnel destroy them.
2–13. Static or public display
Live explosives items will not be used for display or loaded, or
installed on display vehicles or aircraft. Explosives items will not be
rendered inert for this purpose unless authorized by the specific item
manager or the system program office.
a. Live or expended ammunition must be removed from vehicle
or aircraft gun system, if feasible. If not feasible, gun systems must
be rendered mechanically and electrically safe before the aircraft or
vehicle is placed on display.
b. Operational vehicles and aircraft may be displayed without
removing explosives components from egress or life support systems. Appropriate safety precautions in accordance with technical
manuals will be taken, and visitors will not be allowed near actuating controls.
c. When feasible, ejection cartridges will be removed from external release systems. If not, ensure that safety pins or devices cannot
be easily removed and firing circuits are isolated (for example,
circuit breakers pulled).
d. Procedures for static display of vehicles and aircraft are contained in specific vehicle or aircraft technical manuals.
2–14. Explosives training aids for military working dogs
The use of explosives training aids for training military working

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

3

dogs is addressed in paragraph 5–14 and AR 190–12 and DA Pam
190–12.
2–15. Hunting
Written permits authorizing hunting within an explosives area may
be issued by the installation commander if hunting conditions can be
controlled to ensure life and property are not endangered.

4

a. Hunting will not be allowed in surety “limited” storage and
operating areas.
b. Where hunting is allowed, maps will clearly define the “hunting” and “no hunting” areas. Each hunter must be thoroughly
briefed on the respective areas and local arrangements.
c. All hunting will conform to applicable State, Federal, or host
nation regulations.
d. Hunting in dedicated impact areas (real property contaminated
with explosives and ammunition) is not authorized.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure 2-1 (PAGE 1). Risk management

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

5

Figure 2-1 (PAGE 2). Risk management

6

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Chapter 3
Fire Prevention, Protection, and Suppression
3–1. Fire prevention management
a. Fire and excessive heat are two of the greatest hazards to
explosives. This chapter gives procedures for dealing with these
hazards.
b. Fires which may occur in buildings or magazines containing
ammunition or explosives will vary in intensity and effect, depending on the material involved in the fire. Certain explosives will
ignite immediately on contact with a spark or flame or when subjected to frictional heat or concussion. Some explosive substances
may burn freely while others will be subject to explosion while
burning or will develop such intense heat, as in the case of solid and
liquid propellants, that firefighting efforts will be practically impossible. Firefighting forces will be well acquainted with the hazards
involved in each fire hazard group and the best methods of fighting
fires of all kinds of materials under their protection. They should
also know how to use personnel protective devices required for the
various types of fires.
c. Each installation involved in explosives operations will
develop prefire plans in accordance with AR 420–90. Plans will
cover all explosives areas and possible exposures of explosives to
fire. In addition to the requirements of AR 420–90, the overall plan
will specify responsible individuals and alternates, their organizations and training, and include a description of the emergency function of each department or outside agency. Duties of personnel
spelled out in the plan will include the following:
(1) Reporting the fire.
(2) Directing orderly evacuation of personnel.
(3) Notifying personnel in nearby locations of impending
dangers.
(4) Activating means of extinguishing or controlling the fire.
(5) Meeting and advising the firefighters on the details of the fire
up to the time of their arrival.
d. Each Army fire station central communications center will
have an area map showing all explosives areas or locations. Locations with less than 1,000 rounds of HD 1.4 small arms ammunition
(.50 caliber or less) are exempt.
e. Personnel in charge of explosive operations will notify the fire
department when there is a change in the type of explosives being
worked which would require a change of fire or chemical hazard
symbols.
f. Where explosives, highly flammable, or energetic materials are
involved, a written permit is required for using heat-producing
equipment capable of reaching a temperature higher than 228 degrees Fahrenheit (F) (109 degrees Celsius (C)). (See para 3–7a and
AR 420–90 for additional guidance.)
g. Matches or other flame or spark producing devices will not be
permitted in any magazine area or explosives area unless the commanding officer or his or her designated representative provides
written authority. When such authority has been received, a carrying
device, too large to fit into the pockets, will be used for matches,
lighters, and similar materials.
h. Carrying and using “strike anywhere” (kitchen) matches are
prohibited.
i. All flashlight or storage-battery lamps used in buildings containing hazardous quantities of exposed explosives or flammable
vapors will be certified for the hazardous environment by the United
States Bureau of Mines or by a similarly recognized testing laboratory for that specific type of exposure.
3–2. Smoking
a. Smoking is prohibited in any explosives storage or operating
area or location, except as permitted below.
(1) Smoking may be allowed within an explosives area or location in specially designated and posted “authorized smoking areas.”
A certification of approval by the installation commander or his or

her designated representative (fire chief, fire marshal, or fire warden), in coordination with the safety office, will be displayed in
each designated smoking location.
(2) In “Authorized Smoking Areas,” the following minimum precautions will be taken:
(a) Suitable receptacles for cigarette and cigar butts and pipe
heels will be provided. (Smoking residue will not be placed in trash
receptacles until it has been determined that no flammable or combustible risk exists.)
(b) If electric power is available, push-button electric lighters that
cut off when pressure is released will be used. Lighters will be
permanently installed to prevent removal and use outside the designated area.
(c) Where intervening noncombustible walls are not available to
separate a potential smoking area from an area where ammunition
and explosives are present, the smoking area shall be separated by a
distance of at least 50 feet from the ammunition or explosives.
(d) At least one portable fire extinguisher with a 1A or greater
rating will be provided at each designated smoking area.
(e) Personnel whose clothing is contaminated with explosives or
other hazardous materials will not be allowed in smoking areas.
(f) Personnel working with hazardous chemicals or material must
wash their hands before smoking.
(g) A “No Smoking” sign will be posted at each entrance to an
explosives storage area. Where applicable, include a notice that
flame-producing devices must be turned over to the entry controller
or placed in the container provided.
b. Smoking is prohibited in, on, or within 50 feet of any motor
vehicle, trailer, railcar, or material handling equipment loaded with
explosives items.
c. Smoking is prohibited in any explosives-laden compartment of
an aircraft.
3–3. Training
All operating personnel and firefighting forces involved with explosives must be trained in the precautions to be taken and how to fight
fires. This training will include the application and meaning of each
type fire hazard symbol, reporting fires, sounding alarms, area evacuations, and type and use of appropriate firefighting equipment. See
tables at the end of this chapter.
3–4. Fire drills
Fire drills will be held within the explosives areas at intervals of 6
months or less. See table 3–4 for withdrawal distances.
a. Drills are conducted to train firefighting forces and ensure
other personnel involved understand their duties and to evaluate fire
alarm systems and firefighting equipment.
b. Fire drills involving a fire department response will be coordinated with the fire chief. This does not preclude unannounced tests
of a fire department’s response capabilities, provided adequate prior
coordination with the fire chief is accomplished. Personnel who
conduct these tests will make sure all personnel in the area are
aware that an exercise, and not a real fire, is in progress.
3–5. Fire exit drills
a. Frequent fire exit drills should be held when warranted by the
size of the building and the number of occupants. If emergency exits
other than the usual doors and stairways are provided, these drills
will cover their use.
b. All emergency exits will have exit signs which are clearly
visible. Signs will be marked in accordance with AR 385-30.
3–6. Alarms
In addition to any automatic alarm systems required by AR 420–90
or other applicable directives, an audible, manually operated fire
evacuation alarm system should be installed in each explosives
operating building. All alarm systems will be clearly labeled.
3–7. Fire prevention requirements
a. Heat-producing devices. The use of devices which produce

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

7

temperatures higher than 228 degrees F (109 degrees C) in any
explosives area should be confined to essential, temporary use.
Written instructions and a DA Form 5383–R (Hot-Work Permit),
are required before beginning work. They should cover the location,
purpose, duration, and details of general and explosives safety precautions to be used. Approved furnaces, electrical space heaters, and
electrical cigarette lighters which are properly installed in an operating building are exempt. Bilingual instructions are required in foreign countries where local employees are included in the work
force.
b. Control on wax pots.
(1) All wax pots regardless of size will be equipped with a power
indicator light, lids with fusible link, and placed on noncombustible
surfaces.
(2) Wax pots with a capacity in excess of one gallon must be
equipped with dual temperature controls.
c. Vegetation control. Vegetation control measures within explosives areas and adjacent areas will be determined by the local
commander. The following items should be considered in a vegetation control program:
(1) The primary purpose of vegetation control is to limit the
probability of combustible vegetation causing an unacceptable risk
to munitions in storage. Control of combustible materials, such as
long dry grass or brush, heavy clippings, or dead wood, is designed
to slow the spread of vegetation fires.
(2) Except for firebreaks, those grounds in or near explosives
areas or locations should be maintained as unimproved grounds.
Maintenance should be limited to prevent waste of natural resources
(for example, erosion) and to prevent or suppress fires. Intensive
maintenance should not be performed.
(3) Vegetation control requirements must be balanced with other
operational factors such as cost to control, security, erosion prevention, and passive defense (camouflage). Each of these factors must
be weighed in determining the level of vegetation control in and
around a particular explosives area.
(4) Varieties of vegetation that are resistant to burning should be
used wherever feasible. If removal of vegetation will cause soil
erosion, soil sterilants will not be used. Shrubs and trees planted on
earth cover of magazines should be selected so that their weight or
root system will not damage the structure. Dead or cut vegetation
must not be allowed to accumulate.
(5) When animals are used for vegetation control, overgrazing of
barricade surfaces and magazine earth cover must be avoided to
prevent erosion.
(6) Where vegetation growth is ineffective in preventing erosion,
a layer of approximately 2 inches of pressure-applied (Gunite) concrete or asphalt mixture may be used.
d. Firebreaks. Firebreaks will be kept clear of all readily combustible material, such as dry grass, dead wood, or brush. The level
of live vegetation to be permitted in firebreaks (except those around
earth-covered magazine ventilators) will be determined as outlined
in c above.
(1) A 50–foot firebreak will be maintained around each
aboveground magazine, operating building or location, outdoor storage site, and ready explosives facility.
(2) A 5-foot firebreak will be maintained around earth-covered
magazine ventilators.
(3) A 5-foot firebreak will be maintained on both sides of fences.
e. Separation criteria for burning vegetation. Intentional burning
will not be allowed within 200 feet of any explosives location.
When wind velocity exceeds 5 miles per hour or is forecasted to
exceed 5 miles per hour, burning operations will not take place.
(1) The windows, doors, and ventilators of magazines and/or
buildings within 600 feet of burning operations will be closed.
(2) During burning operations, firebrands, sparks, and/or hot
ashes must be controlled.
(3) Firefighting personnel and equipment determined necessary
by the fire chief will be present during burning operations.
f. Flammable liquids for cleaning. Flammable liquids will not be
used for cleaning within an explosives area or near explosives,

8

except as authorized by approved SOPs. Flammable liquids will be
used in explosive areas only when authorized by approved SOPs.
In-use stocks will—
(1) Not exceed one workday’s supply;
(2) Be kept in approved safety containers or dispensers; and,
(3) Be removed at the end of each workday.
g. Petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) fire separation distances
(1) POL storage location requirements. Fire clearance criteria
from POL locations are specified by the NFPA Standard 30. If
required fire clearances are greater than those required by this regulation, use the greater required separation.
(a) Antisiphon systems will be used where applicable.
(b) Any aboveground petroleum storage tank which has a capacity of 2,000 gallons or more must be enclosed within a dike area as
prescribed in 29 Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) 1910.106 and
NFPA Standard 30. The capacity of this diked area must equal the
capacity of the largest tank within the diked area.
(2) Quantities of 500 gallons or less.
(a) Where tanks serve equipment (such as oil heaters or diesel
generators) located in explosives buildings, antisiphoning devices
will be used. They are not needed if the level of the tank installation
is such that siphoning is impossible.
(b) Above ground petroleum facilities (such as tanks, pumps, or
pumphouses) will be located a minimum of 50 feet from explosives
locations.
(3) Parking fuel service trucks. Parking areas for fuel service
trucks will be located a minimum of 50 feet from explosives
locations.
(4) Mobile dispensing units. There must be at least 100 feet
between explosives and any mobile petroleum dispensing unit operating in an explosives area, unless a shorter distance is needed
during transfer operations to an underground tank (as allowed under
(2) above).
(5) Liquid petroleum (LP) gas facilities. LP gas facilities will
meet the requirements of this section.
(6) Vehicle refueling. Gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles and
equipment will not be refueled inside any structure in the explosives
storage area or in any facility, site, revetment, or other building
containing explosives, regardless of location. When being refueled,
vehicles will be at least 100 feet from structures or sites containing
explosives. When refueling is completed, the refueling vehicle must
be removed promptly from the storage area.
(a) Use the smallest available size refueling unit consistent with
the mission.
(b) When refueling explosives-loaded vehicles, maintain an electrically continuous bonding path between the vehicle being filled
and the tank being emptied. The entire system will be grounded.
(c) Do not allow smoking or open flame devices within 50 feet
of gasoline or diesel refueling. At least one person must be present
during the entire operation. During the refueling, stop the motor of
both the vehicle being refueled and the refueling truck (unless the
refueling truck motor drives the pump).
(d) If a fuel spill occurs, immediately notify the installation fire
department. Do not start the motors of the refueling truck or unit
being refueled until the area is rendered safe by the fire department.
(e) Refueling will not be done within 20 feet of a inert ammunition storage building or loading dock.
(7) Exceptions. The following are excepted from the above
requirements:
(a) Separation of POL facilities and aircraft during combat or
simulated combat operations.
(b) Separation between POL hydrants set on the flight line flush
with the pavement and explosives loaded aircraft or explosives loading or unloading operations.
(c) Diesel-powered generators may be equipped with an operational “day-tank” of the smallest size needed to operate the motor
properly. Supply tanks will be separated by the applicable underground or aboveground criteria.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

h. Paint and other flammable materials. Small stocks of flammable materials, such as paints and solvents required to support explosives maintenance operations, may be stored in an explosives
storage area. The 29 CFR 1910.106 and AR 420–90, apply.
(1) Combustible materials, such as wood, paper, and rags, will
not be stored with flammables. Containers of flammable materials
will be closed, except when in use.
(2) Flammable materials in approved weatherproof containers
maystored outdoors. Grounding and bonding are required when contents are being dispensed.
(3) Flammable storage will be located at least 50 feet from explosives locations.
(4) A limited supply of paint, not to exceed a one day requirement, may be stored in explosives operating facilities if the requirements of AR 420–90 are met.
(5) At least one fire extinguisher, suitable for the type of
materials involved, will be readily available for use (table 3–1).
i. Vehicle parking. Vehicles, except during loading or unloading,
will not be parked closer than 100 feet to any explosives facility.
j. Operating support equipment. The following applies to all support equipment powered by internal combustion engines used with
explosives and not otherwise regulated under chapter 10.
(1) This equipment should be located 50 feet or more from explosives but never less than 25 feet.
(2) Only qualified personnel will use the equipment.
(3) The equipment will be inspected for cleanliness and visual
defects before each use. Defects will be documented in the applicable forms. Equipment that is malfunctioning or has defects that
present a hazard will be removed from the operational site for
repairs.
(4) Two fire extinguishers rated 10BC or higher for flammable or
combustible liquid fires (Class B fire) and electrical fires (Class C
fire) will be readily available.
(5) Equipment will not be refueled within 100 feet of explosives.
k. Stacking combustible material. Containers, dunnage, lumber,
and other material will be stacked in an orderly manner. Stacks
should be limited to an area of no more than 1,500 square feet. Bulk
stacks of combustible materials should not be closer than intraline
distance from locations containing explosives (use chap 5 to establish minimum separations). Working quantities may be stacked in
the vicinity of explosives. Portable fire extinguishers or water barrels should be provided in these areas.
l. Exceptions on stacking combustible material. When needed to
prepare for combat operations, empty containers, dunnage, and lumber which cannot be removed while the work is in progress may be
temporarily stacked in or near the explosives storage site,
provided—
(1) The stacks are stable and are separated from the operations as
far as practical.
(2) All of the materials are removed upon completion of the
operation or once each day (24 hours).
3–8. Auxiliary firefighting equipment
a. Fire extinguishers. A minimum of two fire extinguishers suitable for the hazards involved, will be available for immediate use
when explosives are being handled. Extinguishers need not be permanently located at the site. Each extinguisher will be placed in a
conspicuous and readily accessible location. Each fire extinguisher
will be kept in a full, or fully charged, operable condition. Table
3–1 lists agents for fighting fires.
b. Water barrels. Water barrels and pails are suitable for fighting
Class A fires. Water barrels will be covered to prevent insect breeding and evaporation. The installation fire chief will decide if they
are required and where to put them at explosives locations. At least
two metal pails will be available for each barrel. Water barrels
should be winterized as needed. Water barrels may not be needed in
an explosives storage area if—
(1) Vegetation control measures are adequate and the area is
regularly monitored.
(2) Each crew working in the area has two fire extinguishers

readily available. If more than one crew are working at the same
location, only two fire extinguishers are required.
(3) The installation has an organized firefighting force able to
combat grass and brush fires in a timely manner.
3–9. Storage of water for firefighting
a. Adequate water to fight fires must be available at permanent
explosives facilities. The required amount of water will be calculated in accordance with Mil Handbook 1008.
b. The minimum water supply will not be less than 3,000 gallons.
c. The following will be used as guidelines in separating water
supplies from explosives:
(1) Water tanks shall be separated from explosives per chapter 5.
(2) Sectional control valves will protect the water distribution
system so that damaged sections of the main can be cut off without
impairing the operation of the remainder of the system. Water mains
will not be located under railroads or roads used for conveying large
quantities of ammunition or explosives, as a detonation may cause a
main to break.
3–10. Access to fire hose
The fire chief may choose to have a standard hose prepositioned and
connected to fire hydrants. Hose and accessories will be protected
from deterioration by approved hose houses and other protection as
determined by the fire chief.
3–11. Limitation of fire areas
Openings in fire walls will be provided with approved automatic fire
doors. They will be installed and maintained per NFPA Standard 80.
3–12. Reciprocal agreements for fire fighting support
Mutual aid agreements will be established where civilian fire departments support major firefighting efforts or when the host nation
provides fire protection.
a. The Army fire department will provide adapters if there is any
difference in the thread size of equipment connections the cooperating departments use.
b. The Army fire department will give familiarization training to
senior fire officials of cooperating departments for the special
firefighting problems in the territory served by their departments.
This will ensure better integration of their forces in an emergency.
c. Non-Department of Defense (DOD) firefighters who support
Army units will not be used to fight fire involving chemicals or
explosives. These firefighters will be informed during training of the
hazards of a fire involving chemicals or explosives. A mutual aid
agreement according to AR 420–90 will specify the base agency
which will provide this training.
3–13. Public withdrawal distances
a. Emergency withdrawal distances for nonessential personnel are
intended to apply in emergency situations only and are not to be
used for facility siting. Emergency withdrawal distances depend on
fire involvement and on whether or not the hazard classification, fire
division, and quantity of explosives are known. The withdrawal
distance for essential personnel at accidents shall be determined by
emergency authorities on site. Emergency authorities shall determine who are essential personnel.
b. If a fire involves explosives or involvement is imminent, then
the initial withdrawal distance applied will be at least inhabited
building distance. When emergency authorities determine that the
fire is or may become uncontrollable and may result in deflagration
and/or detonation of nearby ammunition or explosive material, all
nonessential personnel will be withdrawn to the appropriate emergency withdrawal distance listed in table 3–4. If fire is not affecting
explosives or involvement is not imminent, then emergency authorities shall determine the withdrawal distance based on the situation at
hand.
c. Structures or protected locations offering equivalent protection
for the distances listed in table 3–4 may be used instead of relocating personnel from the structure and/or location to the specified
emergency withdrawal distance.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

9

d. Commanders will develop evacuation plans for their installations that reference the appropriate withdrawal distances as part of
the disaster response plan. The commander must alert civilian authorities of any explosive accident on the installation that may affect
the local community and provide these authorities with the appropriate emergency withdrawal distances.
3–14. Firefighting guidance symbols
There are two types of symbols which give guidance for firefighting
forces and other personnel, fire and chemical hazard symbols.
a. Fire divisions. There are six explosives divisions. Fire division
1 indicates the greatest hazard. The hazard decreases as the fire
division numbers increase, as shown in table 3–5.
b. Fire division symbols.
(1) Each of the six fire divisions is indicated by one of four
distinctive symbols recognizable to the firefighting personnel approaching the fire scene. The applicable fire division number is
shown on each symbol. For easy identification from long range, the
symbols differ in shape as shown in table 3–6. (Also, see figs 3–1
through 3–4.)
(2) The hazard and firefighting precautions for each symbol are
summarized in table 3–3.
c. Chemical hazard symbols. These symbols are used to identify
operating buildings and storage facilities which contain pyrotechnic
and chemical munitions or agents and other hazardous material.
(1) Hazard symbols vary with the type of agent. These symbols
are described in figures 3–5 through 3–7.
(2) The hazard each symbol represents and the firefighting precautions are summarized in table 3–3.
(3) The APPLY NO WATER sign is intended for use with hazardous materials where use of water may intensify the fire, cause an
explosion, or spread the fire.
(4) The chemical agents most used in ammunition and the combinations of chemical hazard symbols required in storage are specified
in table 3–7.
d. Posting symbols. Symbols will be removed, covered, or reversed if the explosives or chemical agents are removed from a
facility or location. The person in charge of the operation will post
or change the symbols. The fire department will be notified each
time fire or hazard symbols are changed.
e. Symbol dimensions. The dimensions shown in figures 3–1
through 3–7 are the normal minimum sizes. Half-size symbols may
be used where appropriate, for example, on doors and lockers inside
buildings.
f. Obtaining symbol decals. Decals for fire and chemical hazard
symbols may be obtained through normal supply channels. National
stock numbers of standard and half-size decals are listed in figures
3–1 through 3–7.
g. Storing toxic chemical and ammunition items. Toxic chemicals
without explosive components may be received as Class 6, Division
1 poisons (6.1). Items which contain chemical substances of another
commodity class and which do not contain explosive components,
may be stored with ammunition items containing explosives and the
same chemical substance.
3–15. Posting fire symbols
The fire symbol that applies to the most hazardous material present
will be posted on or near all nonnuclear explosives locations. It will
be visible from all approach roads. One symbol posted on or near
the door end of an earth-covered magazine is normally enough. One
or more symbols may be needed on other buildings. When all
munitions within a storage area are covered by one fire symbol, it
may be posted at the entry control point. Backing material for fire
symbol decals should be the shape of the decal and should be
noncombustible.
a. When different HDs of explosives are stored in individual
multi-cubicle bays or module cells, they may be further identified
by posting the proper fire symbol on each bay or cell.
b. Where facilities containing explosives are located in a row on

10

one service road and require the same fire symbol, only one fire
symbol at the entrance of the row is required.
c. Fire symbols will be placed on entrances to arms rooms containing ammunition. Where explosives are stored in a locker or
similar container, the container will also be marked with the appropriate fire symbol. Symbols are not required on the exterior of the
building, providing the building is exempt from Q-D according to
paragraph 5–1b.
3–16. Exceptions on posting fire symbols
a. Fire symbols need not be posted on locations having 1,000
rounds or less of HD 1.4 small arms ammunition (.50 caliber or
less).
b. Use the symbols in this regulation unless host nation symbols
differ and, by agreement, host nation symbols are required.
c. The responsible commander may, for security purposes, remove symbols. In such situations the commander will emphasize
giving prompt and exact information to the fire department about
changes in the status of explosives.
d. Fire symbols are not required on individual structures used to
store, maintain, or handle nuclear weapons or components. However, fire symbols are required to mark individual structures used to
store, maintain, or handle conventional ammunition. The following
procedures will be used in these situations:
(1) Maintain a storage area facility map or listing as applicable
showing the proper TM 39–20–11 line number for nuclear weapons
and components.
(a) Provide the information on this map or listing to the fire
department and update it as changes occur.
(b) The entry controller will keep a map or listing similar to the
one in (1) above. This information will be given to firefighters
responding to an emergency.
(2) If explosives are stored overnight in the maintenance and
assembly building, advise the entry controller (when required) and
fire department of the TM 39–20–11 line number for the building.
e. If vehicles or aircraft are in a designated explosives parking
area, fire symbols need not be posted if such areas are described in
a local publication, such as the vehicles and aircraft parking plan,
which includes the following:
(1) The HD involved.
(2) The governing fire symbol for the parking area.
(3) Procedures to be followed during an emergency.
(4) The requirement to notify the fire department.
f. Do not post fire symbols near vehicle or aircraft loaded with
nuclear weapons. Do not post fire symbols near vehicles loaded
with nonnuclear munitions parked within the same designated area
as nuclear weapons-loaded vehicles or aircraft. In these cases, use
the procedures described in e above.
3–17. Posting chemical hazard symbols
If chemical or pyrotechnic munitions are assembled with explosive
components, then chemical hazard symbols must be used together
with fire division symbols. Chemical munitions which do not have
explosive components will be identified by the chemical hazard
symbol only. Requirements for posting hazard symbols are the same
as for fire symbols.
3–18. Procedures for chemical agents and other toxic
substances
These procedures vary according to the type of agent involved and
are summarized in table 3–3.
3–19. Firefighting at railheads
a. Fires are most likely to occur in the under-structure of railcars.
Often they can be extinguished if found in the early stages. Every
effort should be made to separate and promptly remove undamaged
cars from yards where a fire has broken out.
b. Where explosives operations are conducted at railheads, Government railroad personnel should be trained to use fire equipment.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

3–20. Automatic sprinkler systems
a. Properly installed and maintained automatic sprinkler protection is important in reducing fire losses and is justified in certain
buildings. In addition to requirements of the National Fire Codes,
published by the NFPA, the following are examples of locations
where sprinklers will be installed when required by AR 420–90:
(1) In certain buildings, in load lines, explosives manufacturing,
receiving, shipping, inspection, ammunition workshop, and
demilitarization areas after a risk assessment.
(2) Where a potential loss of life exists.
(3) When value of buildings and/or contents warrants.
b. Automatic sprinkler systems will not be deactivated unless
repairs or modification to the system are required. When interruption is required or deactivation of a system is necessary, the criteria
and precautions outlined in TM 5–695 will be followed. Where
heating is a problem, wet systems should be converted to automatic
dry systems. Valve rooms will be heated during the winter.
c. Inspection and maintenance of automatic sprinkler systems
will conform with requirements of TM 5–695.
d. Local water flow alarm facilities are required for automatic
sprinkler systems installed in explosives operating buildings; however, transmitted waterflow alarms may not be required.
3–21. Deluge systems for explosives operations
a. In addition to sprinklers, deluge systems will be provided to
protect operating personnel in high hazard occupations and locations
where a process fire hazard exists. An ultra high speed deluge
system will be considered when the following conditions exist—
(1) A risk assessment indicates that an accidental deflagration or
explosion is unacceptable.
(2) An area or operation will expose personnel to thermal flux in
excess of 0.3 calories per square centimeter per second if an accidental deflagration or explosion should occur.
(3) The system must be capable of preventing propagation between bays and preventing significant injury to employees. Quickacting sensors such as ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) detectors
will be used. The MACOM may approve using new technology
which offers comparable or better protection than UV or IR detectors. The deluge valve will be arranged for automatic and/or manual
activation.
b. An ultra high speed deluge system is an instantaneous response (milliseconds) system. It is used primarily to protect personnel, process equipment, and buildings from the fire and thermal
hazard presented by energetic material involved in high hazard explosive operations, such as, melting, mixing, blending, screening,
sawing, granulating, drying, pressing, extrusion, and pouring. Deluge systems with heat actuated devices (HAD) are not ultra high
speed deluge systems and will not be used for personnel protection.
c. Due to the speed of water coming from all the nozzles, ultra
high speed deluge systems depend on the detection system, piping
network, nozzles and water supply characteristics. Only experienced
designers, engineers, and installers who understand the system’s
limitations and capabilities should provide the design, specification,
and installation of the deluge system.
d. All munitions production, maintenance, renovation, quality assurance and demilitarization operations will receive a risk assessment to identify potential fire and thermal threats and to assess the
level of risk. The hazard must be accurately defined. A potential fire
and or thermal hazard whose level of risk is high or extremely high
is unacceptable. The risk assessment will consider factors such as:
(1) Initiation sensitivity
(2) Quantity of material
(3) Heat output
(4) Burning rate
(5) Potential ignition and initiation sources
(6) Protection capabilities
(7) Personnel exposure
(8) Munitions configuration
(9) Process equipment
(10) Process layout

(11) The building layout.
e. The diameter, length, number of bends, and friction coefficient
limits the effective flow rate of the water that the system can
transport at an effective pressure. Pipe runs will be kept to a minimum. Horizontal runs will be sloped at least 1/4 inch per 10 feet of
run, with air bleeders at all high points. The looping of deluge
piping systems may improve response time by improving pressure
and effective flow rate.
f. The design of the nozzle orifice determines the dispersion pattern, water droplets, and turbulence of the water flow which in turn,
directly affects the water velocity. Nozzles will be installed with
priming water being held back at the nozzle with blowoff caps,
rupture disc, or the poppet valve when utilizing pilot operated nozzles. Nozzle discharge rates and spray patterns will be selected to
meet the hazard condition being protected.
g. The nozzles will be located as close to the exposed surface of
the explosives as possible to ensure immediate drenching of all parts
of the machine or operation under extreme conditions. The discharge pattern of the nozzle can be used in determining the required
distance. When explosives are located inside machines under tight
hoods or covers, distributing outlets will be located inside the enclosed space.
h. Where explosive vapors, gases, or dusts may enter outlets and
interfere with their operation, nonmetallic internally spring- held
caps will be placed on the outlets. The design must provide immediate release of the cap when pressure is exerted within the outlet.
Caps will be attached to outlets with small nonferrous chains to
prevent their loss when the deluge system is activated.
i. Install a device on the supply side of the system so that the
system will actuate an audible warning device in affected operating
areas when the pressure falls.
j. Deluge systems will be charged with water or chemicals. This
depends on the character of the fire to be controlled, as determined
by engineering studies of the hazards and the hazard analysis.
k. Operations protected by a deluge system will be stopped immediately if the system fails and will not be resumed without adequate protection.
l. An estimate of the required maximum flow rate and pressure
will be made. The capabilities of the existing water supply and
distribution system to meet these requirements will be evaluated. If
the required flow rate and pressure is not adequate, arrangements
must be made to provide the required flow and pressure. The water
pressure necessary for proper functioning of a deluge system must
be available instantaneously. The water supply will have a duration
of at least 15 minutes. If there are two or more deluge systems in
the same fire area, supply mains and the arrangements and size of
the system rise will provide each system with the required quantities
of water per head. No allowance is required for hose lines. All valve
on water lines between the water main and the deluge systems will
be supervised to ensure the valves are not accidently closed.
m. The deluge valve will be arranged for automatic or manual
activation or both. Manual activation devices will, as a minimum, be
located at exits.
n. The deluge system must able to prevent fire spreading from
one cell or bay to another. Together with personal protective equipment required for workers at the operation, the deluge system will
prevent significant injury to the worker. The workers will not receive more than first-degree burns from any thermal threat. The
effectiveness of the deluge system will be demonstrated by test
against actual or equivalent threat. These tests will be conducted
with the maximum quantity of energetic material expected to be in
the cell or bay. Testing is unnecessary if a small deluge (design
flow of 500 gallons per minute or less) has a response time of 100
milliseconds. Testing is unnecessary for a large deluge system (design flow of more than 500 gallons per minute) with a response time
of 200 milliseconds or less, provided a hazard analysis indicates that
a faster response time is not required. For the life of the system, the
installation will retain on file the results of the tests or the use of the
100 or 200 milliseconds or less response time.
o. Response time is the time in milliseconds from the presentation of an energy source to the detection system, to the beginning of

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

11

water flow from the critical nozzle under test. The critical nozzle is
usually located closest to the hazard or as a hazard analysis determines best.
p. Two methods are commonly used to measure response time—
(1) A millisecond digital time is started by saturated UV source
(IR for IR detectors) held directly in front of the detector and is
stopped by the actuation of a water flow switch at the critical
nozzle. This method does not measure the time lag of and water
travel time from the nozzle to the target. It is normally used for
routine testing.
(2) A high-speed video camera and recorder (at least 120 frames
per second) can be used for very accurate measurement. The time
from ignition to detection and water travel time from nozzle to
target can also be measured. The video recording system can be
used for contract compliance or when measurement of total response
time is required.
q. Deluge systems will be tested and maintained per the criteria
of TM 5–695 and this pamphlet. A good preventive maintenance
program is required to reduce the number of false alarms and other
system problems. Systems in laid-away or inactive facilities are
exempt from testing. Laid-away systems will be tested when they
are put back into service. Records of tests will be kept on file at the
installation. The following tests will be conducted—
(1) A full operational flow test will be conducted at intervals not
to exceed 1 year, including measurement of response time. The
installation will retain the results of tests on file for the life of the
system.
(2) Detectors will be tested and inspected for physical damage
and accumulation of deposits on the lenses at least monthly.
(3) Controllers will be checked at the start of each shift for any
faults.
(4) Valves on the water supply line shall be checked at the start
of each shift to ensure that they are open. Checking is unnecessary
if the valve is secured in the “open” position with a locking device
or is monitored by a signaling device that will sound a trouble
signal at the deluge system control panel or other central location.
r. The melt kettle and closed containers of molten explosive will
normally not be equipped with internal flame detectors or deluge
nozzles. The exterior of the kettles and closed containers will be
protected by ultra-high-speed deluge systems. This is especially
important for container or kettle openings where materials are
placed.
s. A portable deluge may be used in lieu of a permanently installed deluge system provided it meets the following—
(1) A portable ultra-high-speed deluge system may be used to
protect short-run ammunition operations involving production, maintenance, renovation, demilitarization, and surveillance. It is not a
permanent solution for long-term runs or high usage locations.
(2) The portable deluge systems, as a minimum, will consist of—
(a) Two detectors,
(b) Two nozzles,
(c) A pressurized tank with at least 100 gallons of water.
(3) The portable deluge system must be tested and timed each
time it is set up for each new operation. This time must not exceed
100 milliseconds as outlined above.
(4) The portable deluge system must be located so that no personnel are working directly opposite it.

12

(5) The portable deluge system should be tied into a backup
water supply. It will also set off the building fire alarm.
t. The required density will depend upon the type of energetic
material involved, process layout, and whether the aim is to extinguish the fire, prevent its propagation, or prevent serious injury, or a
combination of these. A commonly used density for preventing
propagation and structural damage is 0.5 GPM/SQ FT. To protect
personnel and process equipment or extinguish pyrotechnic
materials, significantly higher density rates may be necessary. These
may be as high as 3.0 GPM/SQ FT for area coverage or 200 GPM
for point-of-operation coverage.
3–22. Instructions for fighting fires involving ammunition
or explosives
a. When a guard, watchman, or other person discovers smoke
coming from a closed magazine, or sees any evidence that a magazine is afire, he or she will give the alarm as quickly as possible and
evacuate to a safe distance. He or she will not enter a burning
building or magazine, nor open the building or magazine door if a
fire is suspected.
b. If a fire is discovered in grass or other combustible material
surrounding a magazine, the alarm should be given immediately and
the guard should do all that is possible, using available firefighting
tools to extinguish or control the fire until firefighting forces arrive.
It is important to extinguish grass fires especially when they are
close to magazines. If a fire has actually started inside a magazine,
firefighting forces should either combat the fire or seek the nearest
suitable protection, depending on the type of ammunition or explosives with the magazine.
c. When a workman or other person discovers a fire in a building
where people are working and explosives are present, a suitable fire
signal will be given and all personnel present will be evacuted. At
least one responsible manager will be dispatched in the direction
from which the fire department is expected to come, to inform
firemen of the location, nature, and extent of the fire. The officer in
charge of firefights will not permit personnel to advance until accruate information is available about the existing hazard and an
dconcludes that the advance is justified.
Table 3–1
Extinguishing agents for fires
Type of Fire

Extinguishing Agent

Class A - Combustible (materials
such as wood, paper, rubbish, or
grass)
Class B - Volatile flammables
(materials such as oil, gasoline
grease, or paint)
Class C - Electrical (electrical equipment)
Class D - Combustible metals (magnesium, potassium, and so forth)

Water
Carbon dioxide, halon, foam,
or dry chemical
Carbon dioxide, halon, or dry
chemical
Dry powder

Notes:
1 This is general guidance. For more specific guidance, see MSDS, NFPA publications, or consult a fire protection specialist.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 3–2
Fire symbol hazards and actions
Fire
symbol

Materials

Hazard

Action/remarks

1

1.1 explosives, ammunition, and
liquid propellants

Mass detonation

1. Will not be fought unless a rescue attempt is being made.
2. If there is suitable separation between nonexplosive and symbol 1
materials, and if approved by the fire chief, fire fighting forces may attempt to extinguish the fire.
3. If personal safety is in doubt, take suitable cover.

2

1.2 ammunition and explosives

Explosion with fragments

1. Give the alarm and attempt to extinguish the fire if in an early stage.
2. Firefighting forces should fight the fire, until the explosive material becomes involved in the fire or the fire chief determines the risk is too great.
If not possible, prevent the spreading of the fire.
3. Detonations of items could occur. Provide protection from fragments.

3

1.3 ammunition and explosives

Mass fire

1. May be fought if explosives not directly involved.
2. If WP munitions are involved, smoke is liberated. WP munitions may
explode. WP should be immersed in water or sprayed with water continuously.
3. For fire involving HC and incendiaries, water should not be used unless
large quantities are available. Use dry and/or dry powder agent in the
early stage.
4. For fires involving pyrotechnics and magnesium incendiaries, protect
adjacent facilities and equipment. Do not use CO2 or halon extinguishers
or water on or near the munitions. Allow magnesium to cool unless upon
flammable material. In this case, use a 2-inch layer of dry sand or powder
on the floor and rake the burning material onto this layer and resmother.

4

1.4 ammunition and explosives

Moderate fire

1.Fight these fires.
2. Expect minor explosions and hot fragments.

Table 3–3
Chemical hazard symbols and actions
Chemical symbol

Materials (SCG)

Hazard

Action/Remarks

Full protective clothing—
set 1 (Red)

Nerve or blister agents (K)

Highly toxic as aerosol/vapor

1. Evacuate public 2 miles downwind or 1 mile upwind or
to the sides. These are initial evacuation distances which
can and should be modified using an approved evacuation
plot program.
2. Use munitions decontamination procedures.
3. If explosion does not occur, approach from upwind and
extinguish fire.

Full protective clothing—set Riot control/smokes (G) In- Toxic as aerosol/vapor
2 (Yellow)
capacitating agents (K)

1. Approach from upwind and extinguish fire.
2. Decontamination may be required.

Full protective clothing—set TEA smoke (L)
3 (white)

Spontaneously flammable
when exposed to air

1. Do no look at burning material.
2. Do not use water.

White Phosphorous (H),
Red Phosphorous

Spontaneously flammable
when exposed to air

1. Post fire guard until leaking phosphorus has been removed.
2. After removal of agents, post fire guard for 2 days for
possible reignition.
3. Use putty knife to remove small amounts, then use
blowtorch to burn off remainder.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

13

Table 3–3
Chemical hazard symbols and actions—Continued
Chemical symbol

Materials (SCG)

Hazard

Action/Remarks

Wear breathing apparatus

HC smoke (G)

Smoke

Do not use water.

Incendiary (G)

Burns with extremely high
temperatures

1. Do not use water.
2. Do not look at burning material.

Napalm (J)

Mass fire

Fight as a POL fire.

HC smoke (G)

Smoke

Do not use water.

Incendiary (G)

Burns with extremely high
temperature

1. Do not use water.
2. Do not look at burning material.

TEA smoke (L)

Spontaneously combustible 1. Do not use water.
2. Do not look at burning material.

Apply no water

Table 3–4
Emergency withdrawal distances for nonessential personnel
Hazard Class/Division

Unknown quantity NEW

Known quantity NEW

Unknown facility, truck and/or tractor
trailer
Unknown railcar
HC/D 1.1 (see note 1)

4000 feet (approximately .75 mile)

4000 feet (approximately .75 mile)

5000 feet (approximately 1 mile)
Same as unknown HC/D

5000 feet (approximately 1 mile)
For transportation:
(a) Use 2500 feet minimum distance for 500 lbs NEW and
below.
(b) Use 5000 feet minimum distance for railcars above 500
lbs,
(c) Otherwise use 4,000 feet minimum distance.
(d) Use 4000 feet minimum distance for bombs and projectiles with caliber 5 inch (127mm) and greater.

HC/D 1.2 (See note 1.)
HC/D 1.3 (See note 2.)
HC/D 1.4

2500 feet
600 feet
300 feet

For facilities:
(a) Use 2500 feet minimum distance for 15000 lbs and below.
(b) Use 4000 feet minimum distance for above 15000 lbs
and less than 50,000 lbs.
(c) Above 50,000 lbs, use D = 105W1/3.
2500 feet
Twice the IBD distance with a 600 feet minimum distance.
300 feet

Notes:
1 For HC/D 1.1 and 1.2 items, if known, the maximum range fragments and debris will be thrown (including the interaction effects of stacks of items, but excluding lugs,
strongbacks, and/or nose and tail plates) may be used to replace the minimum range shown above.
2 For accidents involving propulsion units, it is unnecessary to specify emergency withdrawal distances based upon the potential flight ranges of these items.

Table 3–5
Fire divisions hazards
Fire division

Hazard involved

1
2
3
4

Mass detonation
Explosion with fragments
Mass fire
Moderate fire

14

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 3–6
Fire division symbols
Fire symbol

Shape

National Stock Number

1

Octagon

2

X

3

Inverted triangle

4

Diamond

7690-01-082-0290
7690-01-081-9581
7690-01-082-0289
7690-01-087-7340
7690-01-081-9583
7690-01-081-9582
7690-01-082-6709
7690-01-081-9584

Table 3–7
Chemical agents and fillers contained in ammunition and the chemical hazard symbols required in storage
Chemical agents and fillers

Full protective clothing

Set 1

GB
VX
H, HD, HT
L
CL, CG, CK, CN, CNS, CS, BBC, DA, DC, DM, FS, FM
HC
BZ
WP, PWP, RP
TH, PT
IM, NP
TEA, TPA
Colored smokes

Set 2

Breathing apparatus

Apply no water G

VX

BZ

H

L

Set 3

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

15

Figure 3-1. Fire symbol 1 — mass detonation

16

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure 3-2. Fire symbol 2 — explosion with fragments

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

17

Figure 3-3. Fire symbol 3 — mass fire

18

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure 3-4. Fire symbol 4 — moderate fire

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

19

Figure 3-5. Chemical hazard symbol 1

20

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure 3-6. Chemical hazard symbol 2

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

21

Figure 3-7. Chemical hazard symbol 3

22

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Chapter 4
Hazard Classification and Compatibility Groups
4–1. Explosives hazard classification procedures
a. To make identifying hazard characteristics easier and thus promote safe storage and transport of ammunition and explosives, DOD
uses the international system of classification devised by the United
Nations (UN) for transport of dangerous goods. Ammunition and
explosives are also assigned DOT class and marking in accordance
with 49 CFR 173.
b. The U.S. Army Technical Center for Explosive Safety
(USATCES) assigns proper hazard classifications. Inquiries for information about existing munitions or required data regarding newly
developed systems will be addressed to U.S. Army Technical Center
for Explosives Safety.
c. The UN classification system consists of nine hazard classes,
two of which contain most ammunition and explosives as defined in
this publication (Classes 1 and 6). Ammunition is now being classified by predominant hazard. This means that if an ammunition item
contains something which presents a greater hazard in transportation
than the hazard class 1 material, it will be placed in that hazard
class. For example, if a rocket motor contains a quantity of fuel and
a small igniter, then the proper hazard class may be class 3, rather
than HD 1.3.
d. Class 1 is divided into divisions that indicate the character and
predominance of associated hazards:
(1) Mass detonating (Division 1)
(2) Nonmass-detonating fragment producing (Division 2)
(3) Mass fire (Division 3)
(4) Moderate fire - no blast (Division 4)
(5) Extremely insensitive detonating substances (EIDS) (Division
5)
(6) Extremely insensitive ammunition (Division 6).
e. For further refinement of this hazard identification system, a
numerical figure (in parentheses) is used to indicate the minimum
separation distance (in hundreds of feet) for protection from debris,
fragments, and firebrands when distance alone is relied on for such
protection. This number is placed to the left of the HD designators
1.1 through 1.3, such as (18)1.1, (08)1.2, and (06)1.3 (see para 5–5
for more information).
f. Articles that contain riot control substances without explosives
components are classified as Class 6, Division 1, in the U.N. Recommendations for Transport of Dangerous Goods. Bulk lethal
chemical agents and munitions without explosives are HD 6.1 in the
U.N. recommendations.
g. Technical Bulletin (TB) 700–2 is used to assign an HD to all
ammunition and explosives except those that are candidates for
designation as EIDS and EIDS ammunition. The EIDS and EIDS
ammunition shall be assigned to HD as indicated in table 4–1 with
prior Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board (DDESB)
approval.
h. Final hazard classifications for ammunition and explosives are
listed in the Joint Hazard Classification System (JHCS). The JHCS
is the DOD authority for hazard classifications. The JHCS is available through File Transfer Protocol (FTP), on-line as the Joint Hazard Automated Retrieval System (JHARS), microfiche, or printout.
Requests for copies of the JHCS shall be addressed to U.S. Army
Technical Center for Explosives Safety. DOD contractors have to
submit their requests through their Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR) who will validate the contractor’s need.
4–2. EIDS and EIDS ammunition
a. EIDS is comprised of substances which have a mass explosion
hazard but are so insensitive that there is very little probability of
initiation or of transistion from burning to detonation under normal
conditions of transport. These materials are assigned to HD 1.5 for
transportation purposes only. For storage, these materials are assigned to HD 1.1 (see para 5–2 also).

b. The EIDS ammunition consists of extremely insensitive articles which do not have a mass explosive hazard. The articles contain only EIDS and demonstrate (through test results) a negligible
probability of accidental initiation or propagation. These materials
are assigned HD 1.6.
c. Quantity-distance application:
(1) Quantity-distance separations for HD 1.6 ammunition and
explosives will be based on table 5–18. This information is detailed
in table 4–2.
(2) Inhabited building distance (IBD) for bulk HD 1.6 explosives
will be based on chapter 5.
4–3. Storage principles
a. The highest degree of safety in ammunition and explosives
storage could be assured if each item were stored separately. However, such ideal storage generally is not feasible. A proper balance
of safety and other factors frequently requires mixing of several
types of ammunition and explosives in storage.
b. Ammunition and explosives may not be stored together with
dissimilar materials or items that present additional hazards. Examples are mixed storage of ammunition and explosives with flammable or combustible materials, acids, or corrosives.
c. All ammunition and explosives items are assigned to one of 13
storage compatibility groups (SCGs), based on the similarity of
characteristics, properties, and accident effects potential. Items in
each individual SCG can be stored together without increasing significantly either the probability of an accident or, for a given quantity, the magnitude of the effects of such an accident. Considerations
used in assigning SCGs include but are not limited to the following:
(1) Chemical and physical properties.
(2) Design characteristics.
(3) Inner and outer packing configurations.
(4) Quantity-distance division.
(5) Net explosive weight.
(6) Rate of deterioration.
(7) Sensitivity to initiation.
(8) Effects of deflagration, explosion, or detonation.
d. When such mixed storage will facilitate safe operations and
promote overall storage efficiency, ammunition and explosives may
be mixed in storage, provided they are compatible. Assignment of
items of SCGs requiring separate storage will be minimized consistent with actual hazards presented and not based on administrative
considerations or end use.
e. Ammunition and explosives in substandard or damaged packaging, in a suspect condition, or with characteristics that increase the
risk in storage will be stored separately.
4–4. Mixed storage
a. Table 4–3 shows how different SCGs of ammunition and explosives can be mixed in storage. Exceptions are listed in b, below.
b. Certain locations within the United States, its territories, and
possessions designated by the Army and with site approval from the
DDESB to store ammunition in rapid response configurations and
Basic Load Ammunition Holding Areas (BLAHA) outside the
United States are authorized to store ammunition without regard to
compatibility. The maximum net explosive quantity (NEQ) at any of
these locations storing mixed compatibility ammunition must not
exceed 4000 kg (8820 pounds NEW) calculated in accordance with
paragraph 14–2d of this pamphlet.
4–5. Storage compatibility groups
a. Assignment. Ammunition and explosives are assigned to one
of 13 SCGs as follows:
(1) Group A. Bulk initiating explosives that have the necessary
sensitivity to heat, friction, or percussion to make them suitable for
use as initiating elements in an explosives train. Examples are wet
lead azide, wet lead styphnate, wet mercury fulminate, wet
tetracene, dry cyclonite (RDX), and dry pentaerythritol tetranitrate
(PETN).

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

23

(2) Group B. Detonators and similar initiating devices not containing two or more independent safety features. Items containing
initiating explosives that are designed to initiate or continue the
functioning of an explosives train. Examples are detonators, blasting
caps, small arms primers, and fuzes.
(3) Group C. Bulk propellants, propelling charges, and devices
containing propellant with or without their own means of ignition.
Items that, upon initiation, will deflagrate, explode, or detonate.
Examples are single-, double-, triple-base and composite propellants, rocket motors (solid propellant), and ammunition with inert
projectiles.
(4) Group D. Black powder, high explosives (HE), and ammunition containing HE without its own means of initiation and without
propelling charge, or a device containing an initiating explosives
and containing two or more independent safety features. Ammunition and explosives that can be expected to explode or detonate
when any given item or component thereof is initiated except for
devices containing initiating explosives with independent safety features. Examples are bulk trinitrotoluene (TNT), Composition B,
black powder, wet RDX or PETN, bombs, projectiles, cluster bomb
units (CBUs), depth charges, and torpedo warheads.
(5) Group E. Ammunition containing HE without its own means
of initiation and with propelling charge (other than one containing a
flammable or hypergolic liquid). Ammunition or devices containing
HE and containing propelling charges. Examples are artillery ammunition, rockets, or guided missiles.
(6) Group F. Ammunition containing HE with its own means of
initiation and with propelling charge (other than one containing a
flammable or hypergolic liquid) or without a propelling charge.
Examples are grenades, sounding devices, and similar items having
an in-line explosives train in the initiator.
(7) Group G. Fireworks, illuminating, incendiary, and smoke,
including hexachloroethane (HC) or tear-producing munitions other
than those munitions that are water activated or which contain white
phosphorous (WP) or flammable liquid or gel. Ammunition that,
upon functioning, results in an incendiary, illumination,
lachrymatory, smoke, or sound effect. Examples are flares, signals,
incendiary or illuminating ammunition, and other smoke or tearproducing devices.
(8) Group H. Ammunition containing both explosives and WP or
other pyrophoric material. Ammunition in this group contains fillers
which are spontaneously flammable when exposed to the atmosphere. Examples are WP, plasticized white phosphorous (PWP), or
other ammunition containing pyrophoric material.
(9) Group J. Ammunition containing both explosives and flammable liquids or gels. Ammunition in this group contains flammable
liquids or gels other than those which are spontaneously flammable
when exposed to water or the atmosphere. Examples are liquid- or
gel-filled incendiary ammunition, fuel-air explosives (FAE) devices,
flammable liquid-fueled missiles, and torpedoes.
(10) Group K. Ammunition containing both explosives and toxic
chemical agents. Ammunition in this group contains chemicals specifically designed for incapacitating effects more severe than
lachrymation. Examples are artillery or mortar ammunition (fuzed or
unfuzed), grenades, and rockets or bombs filled with a lethal or
incapacitating chemical agent. (See note 5, fig. 4–1.)
(11) Group L. Ammunition not included in other compatibility
groups. Ammunition having characteristics that do not permit storage with dissimilar ammunition belong in this group. Examples are
water-activated devices, prepackaged hypergolic liquid-fueled rocket
engines, certain FAE devices, triethylaluminum (TEA), and damaged or suspect ammunition of any group. Types presenting similar
hazards may be stored together but not mixed with other groups.
(12) Group N. Ammunition containing only EIDS. Examples are
bombs and warheads.

24

(13) Group S. Ammunition presenting no significant hazard. Ammunition so packaged or designed that any hazardous effects arising
from accidental functioning are confined within the package unless
the package has been degraded by fire, in which case all blast or
projection effects are limited to the extent that they do not hinder
firefighting significantly. Examples are thermal batteries, explosives
switches or valves, and other ammunition items packaged to meet
the criteria of this group.
b. Means of initiation. As used in this standard, the phrase “with
its own means of initiation” indicates that the ammunition has its
normal initiating device assembled to it, and this device would
present a significant risk during storage. However, the phrase does
not apply when the initiating device is packaged in a manner that
eliminates the risk of causing detonation of the ammunition if the
initiating device functioned accidentally, or when fuzed end items
are configured and packaged to prevent arming of the fuzed end
items. The initiating device may be assembled to the ammunition
provided its safety features preclude initiation or detonation of the
explosives filler of the end item during an accidental functioning of
the initiating device.
4–6. Class 1 or 6 chemical agent hazards or combined
chemical agent and explosives hazards
a. Items in these classes are chemical agent-filled ammunition,
chemical agents, and chemical agent-filled components. Depending
upon the type of agent, its persistency, toxicity, or other characteristics, the primary safety considerations may be the area of agent
dispersal rather than blast or fragment considerations.
b. Items that contain only toxic chemical components are assigned to HD 6.1. Items that contain both explosives and toxic
chemical components are included in UN Class 1, ammunition and
explosives, as appropriate. HD 6.1 requirements also shall be applied so that the explosives and toxic chemical hazards both are
considered.
Table 4–1
EIDS and EIDS ammunition hazard divisions
Type

QD HD
SCG

EIDS bulk

1.5D

EIDS loaded projectiles and/or warheads w/o fuzes or with 1.6N
EIDS fuzes 1,2
EIDS fuzes1

1.4D

EIDS loaded projectiles and/or warheads w/1.3 propelling 1.3C/1.2C
charges and without fuzes or with EIDS fuzes1,2
EIDS loaded projectiles and/or warheads with non-EIDS
fuzed and without 1.3 propelling charges

1.2D3,4

EIDS loaded projectiles and/or warheads
with non-EIDS2,4fuzes and with 1.3 propelling charges

1.2E3,4

Notes:
1 EIDS fuzed means that the fuze has an EIDS booster with an out-of-line nonEIDS explosive and two or more independent safety features. The fuze must be
certified as invulnerable to accidental detonation of the warhead.
2 Fuzed configuration must be tested for propagation.
3 Unit risk may be justified on a case-by-case basis.
4 Fuze must have two or more independent safety features and be independently classified group D.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 4–2
QD criteria for configuration of HD 1.6 components and assemblies with other HD components
Location

Explosives

Ammunition

Bulk

Non-EIDS

fuzed2

Unfuzed or with EIDS fuze2,4

With or without 1.3 propelling charge

With 1.3 propelling charge

Without 1.3 propelling charge

Earth covered magazine

Div 1.3

Div 1.23

Div 1.3

Div 1.3/1.45

All others

Div 1.3

Div 1.23

Div 1.31

Div 1.31

Notes:
1 Unit risk minimum fragment distance applies, unless excepted on a case-by-case basis by the DDESB.
2 Fuzed configuration must be tested for propagation.
3 Unit risk may be justified on a case-by-case basis.
4 EIDS fuzed means that the fuze has an EIDS booster with an out-of-line non-EIDS explosive and two or more independent safety features.
5 Hazard class/division 1.4 applies for items packed in nonflammable pallets or packing, stored in earth covered steel, or concrete arch magazines when accepted by
USATCES.

Table 4–3
Storage Compatibility Mixing Chart
Group

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
N
S

X
Z

Z
X
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z

Z
X
X
X
Z
Z

Z
X
X
X
Z
Z

Z
X
X
X
Z
Z

Z
Z
Z
Z
X
Z

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
X

H

J

K

L

N

S

X
X
X
X
Z
Z

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X
Z
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

Z
X

Z
X

X

X

Notes:
1 "X" indicates that these groups may be combined in storage, otherwise, mixing is either prohibited or restricted according to note #2.
2 "Z" indicates that, when warranted by operational considerations or magazine nonavailability and when safety is not sacrificed, logical mixed storage of limited quantities of some items of different groups may be approved. These relaxations involving mixed storage shall be approved by the MACOM and are not considered waivers.
However, DA shall determine which items within Group K may be stored together and which must be stored separately. Group K requires not only separate storage from
other groups but may also require separate storage within the group.
3 Compliance with compatibility criteria is not required for mission essential or operationally necessary quantities of explosives in class/division 1.4 or 6.1 (excluding toxic
chemical munitions); up to 100 lbs. NEW class/division 1.3; and up to 50 lbs. NEW Class/Division (04)1.2. See paragraph 5-5g for Q-D requirements and additional information concerning small quantities of explosives.
4 Equal numbers of separately packaged components of complete rounds of any single type of ammunition may be stored together. When so stored, compatibility is that
of the assembled round; for example, WP filler in Group H, HE filler in Groups D, E, or F, as appropriate.
5 Ammunition items without explosives that contain substances properly belonging to another U.N. hazard class may be assigned to the same compatibility group as
items containing explosives and the same substance, and be stored with them.
6 DA may authorize ammunition designated "practice" by National Stock Number (NSN) and nomenclature to be stored with the fully loaded ammunition it simulates.
7 The MACOM may authorize the mixing of compatibility groups, except items in Groups A, K, and L, in quantities not exceeding 1,000 lbs. NEW per storage site. This is
independent of note #2 and the exception found in paragraph 4-4b.
8 For purposes of mixing, all items must be packaged in approved storage/shipping containers. Items shall not be opened for purposes of issuing unpackaged munitions
in storage locations. Outer containers may be opened in storage locations for inventorying; for removing munitions still inside an approved inner package in limited
amounts, and for magazines storing only hazard division 1.4 items, unpacking, inspecting, and repacking the hazard division 1.4 ammunition.
9 Articles of compatibility Groups B and F shall each be segregated in storage from articles of other compatibility groups by means which are effective in preventing propagation of those articles.
10 If dissimilar HD 1.6, SCG N munitions are mixed together and have not been tested to ensure nonpropagation; the mixed munitions are considered to be HD 1.2, SCG
D for purposes of transportation and storage. When mixing SCG N munitions with SCGs B through G, see chapter 5, paragraph 5-2f through 5-2i about changing quantity-distance (QD) class/divisions.
11 For storage purposes, fuzes assigned to SCG D are also compatibile with fuzes assigned to SCG B.

Chapter 5
Quantity-Distance
5–1. Explosives quantity-distance
a. The damage or injury potential of an explosion normally is
determined by the distance between the potential explosion site
(PES) and the exposed site (ES); the ability of the PES to suppress
blast overpressure, fragments and debris; and the ability of the ES to
withstand explosion effects. This chapter sets minimum standards

for separating a PES from an ES taking these factors into account.
These standards represent minimum acceptable levels of protection.
Greater levels of protection should be applied where possible.
b. Compliance with Q-D and compatibility criteria is not required
for mission essential or operationally necessary quantities of ammunition and explosives in HD 1.4 or 6.1 (excluding toxic chemical
munitions). In addition, up to 100 pounds NEW HD 1.3 and up to
50 pounds NEW HD (04)1.2 may be stored in this manner.
(1) For document destroyers of HD 1.3, quantities in excess of

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

25

100 pounds may be stored without complying with Q-D and compatibility if the MACOM finds this necessary for security reasons.
(2) When HD (04)1.2 is stored inside or at less than IBD from
inhabited buildings such as barracks, fragment barriers will be provided. Minimum acceptable fragment barriers are: 1/4 inch of mild
steel plate, or one layer of sand bags, or 12 inches of loose sand or
dirt, or equivalent protection.
(3) Quantities in excess of the above must comply with all Q-D
requirements of this chapter.
5–2. Quantity of explosives
For Q-D purposes, the total quantity of explosives at a site shall be
calculated using the JHCS listing, or other similar listing approved
by the MACOM. The JHCS is the preferred source and the recognized authority when data varies between sources.
a. When HDs 1.1 and 1.2 are located in the same site, determine
the distances for the total quantity considered first as 1.1 and then as
1.2. The required distance is the greater of the two. Unless testing or
analysis has shown otherwise, unpackaged 1.2 is treated as 1.1,
regardless of the presence of 1.1. This unpackaging provision does
not apply to 1.2 chemical munitions in facilities sited and approved
to process 1.2 chemical munitions as 1.2 material.
b. When HDs 1.1 and 1.3 are located in the same site, determine
the distances for the total quantity as 1.1. However, when the HE
equivalence of the 1.3 is known, the HE equivalent weight of the
1.3 items may be added to the total explosive weight of 1.1 items to
determine the NEW for 1.1 distance determinations.
c. When HDs 1.2 and 1.3 are located in the same site, determine
the required distance for each separately. The required distance is
the greater of the two. The two quantities do not need to be added
together for Q-D purposes.
d. When HDs 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 are located in the same site,
determine the distances for the total quantity considered first as 1.1,
next as 1.2, and finally as 1.3. The required distance is the greatest
of the three.
e. When HD 1.2 and/or 1.3 are stored with 1.1, and when requirements are controlling, the HE equivalence of the 1.2 and/or 1.3
may be used to compute the total NEW. The DDESB must approve
HE equivalence data.
f. Explosives designated as HD 1.5 for transportation are considered to be HD 1.1 for storage or Q-D purposes.
g. When HD 1.6 is located with HD 1.1 or 1.5, HD 1.6 is
considered HD 1.1 for Q-D purposes. When HD 1.6 is located with
HD 1.2, HD 1.6 is considered HD 1.2 for Q-D purposes.
h. When HD 1.6 is located with HD 1.3, add the explosives
weight of the HD 1.6 to the weight of the HD 1.3 and consider the
total weight as HD 1.3 for Q-D purposes.
i. The Q-Ds for HD 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5 or 1.6 individually or in
combination, are not affected by the presence of HD 1.4.
j. If DDESB approved buffered configurations are provided, the
NEW for Q-D purposes is the explosives weight of the largest stack
plus the explosives weight for the buffer material.
5–3. Measuring distance
a. Measure the distance to or from the outside of the nearest wall
of the structure or room containing explosives. When a structure is
subdivided to prevent mass detonation between compartments,
measure from the outside of the nearest wall of the compartment
containing the greatest explosives hazard. Measurements for open
storage, such as modules and revetments, are made from stack face
to stack face.
b. Where explosives are outdoors or on a vehicle parked in the
open, distances are measured to the explosives. In protective shelters, distances are measured from the external wall of the shelter or
stall containing the explosives or explosives-loaded vehicle. Distances are measured from the center of large missiles, launchers, or
launch pads.
c. Measure to the nearest point of a nonexplosive location, building, vehicle, aircraft, or taxiway.
d. Measure to the centerline of the runway.

26

e. Measure to the nearest edge of open recreational areas. For
golf courses, measure to the nearest edge of the tee or green or to
the centerline of the fairway.
f. Measure to the nearest edge of the ship’s channel.
g. Distances are expressed in feet or meters (as applicable) and
measured along a straight line. For large intervening topographical
features such as hills, measure over or around the feature, whichever
is the shorter.
h. When railroad cars or motor vehicles containing ammunition
and explosives are not separated from operating buildings, magazines, or open storage sites containing ammunition and explosives
so as to prevent their mass-detonation, the total quantity of explosives will be considered as a unit. The separation distance will be
measured from the nearest outside wall of the building, railcar,
vehicle, or edge of open stack, as appropriate, to an ES. If the
explosives are separated into smaller units so that propagation of the
explosion between the explosives in the railcars, motor vehicles, or
other units will not occur, the separation distance will be measured
from the nearest controlling explosives unit, railcar, or vehicle to a
target.
5–4. Q-D computations and determinations
a. For blast protection from 1.1 materials, required distances listed in this standard have been calculated using formulas of the type
D = KW1/3 where D is the distance in feet, K is a factor depending
upon the risk assumed or permitted, and W is the NEW in pounds.
When metric units are used in the formula D = KQ1/3, the symbol Q
denotes NEQ in kilograms and the distance D is expressed in meters
(m). The value of K in English units is approximately 2.5 times its
value in metric units. For example, if D(m) = 6Q1/3, then D(feet) =
15W1/3. Distance requirements determined by the formula with English units are sometimes expressed by the value of K, using the
terminology “K9,”“K11,”“K18,” to mean K = 9, K = 11, and K =
18.
b. Interpolation and extrapolation of Q-D in specified tables is
authorized in the table footnotes.
c. In some cases, it may be advantageous for Q-D computations
to subdivide a total quantity of mass-detonating explosives into
smaller units. Simultaneous detonation will be prevented either by
constructing a suitable barrier to provide “Category Four” protection
or by adequately separating stacks. Intervening barriers designed to
provide “Category Four” protection (prevents simultaneous detonation) in accordance with the principles contained in TM 5–1300 will
satisfy this requirement. If this requirement is met, the NEW of the
subdivision requiring the greatest distance will govern. If this requirement is not met, Q-D computations must be based upon the
summation of the mass-detonating explosives in all of the
subdivisions.
d. Substantial dividing walls (SDWs) are designed to prevent
bay-to-bay simultaneous detonation of 1.1 materials. Existing
12–inch reinforced concrete SDWs are approved for quantities no
greater than 425 pounds per bay provided explosives are no closer
than 3 feet from the SDW. Construction of new SDWs shall be in
accordance with TM 5–1300.
e. In many operations, not only 1.1 but also 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 are
found in the various bays of an operating building. The following
rules apply for Q-D determinations in these situations:
(1) If any bay containing 1.1 has a quantity greater than the limit
of its walls, determine the distance based upon the total building
quantity of all 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 materials. Consider the total quantity
first as 1.1, next as 1.2, and finally as 1.3. The required distance is
the greatest of the three.
(2) If no bay containing 1.1 exceeds its limits, proceed as
follows:
(a) Total all 1.3 in the building and determine the 1.3 distance.
(b) Total all 1.2 in the building and determine the 1.2 distance.
(c) Consider each bay containing 1.1 as a separate PES and
determine the 1.1 distance from each of these bays.
(d) The greatest distance as computed by (a) through (c) above
will govern.
f. The quantity of explosives to be permitted in each of two or

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

more locations will be determined by considering each location as a
PES. The quantity of explosives to be permitted in each of these
locations shall be the amount permitted by the distance specified in
the appropriate Q-D tables considering each as an ES in turn, except
for service magazines. For service magazines that are part of operating lines, the distances are based on the quantity and type of ammunition and explosives in the service magazine or magazines, not the
operating line.
g. It is impractical to specify Q-D separations allowing for the
designed flight range of propulsive units (rockets, missile motors,
and catapults) that properly belong in HD 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3. Therefore,
maximum designed flight ranges for units in a propulsive state will
be disregarded.
5–5. Fragments
a. An important consideration in analyzing the hazard associated
with an accidental explosion is the effect of the fragments generated
by the explosion.
(1) A hazardous fragment is defined as one having an impact
energy of 58 foot-pounds or greater. For 1.1 materials, hazardous
fragment density is defined as one or more hazardous fragments per
600 square feet. This equates to a hit probability of 1 percent on a
man with a face-on surface area of 6 square feet. For 1.2 and 1.3
materials, maximum fragment throw range (not density) is the basis
for fragment distance. For further information, see TB 700–2.
(2) Fragments are classified as primary or secondary, depending
on their origin. The minimum distance for protection from hazardous fragments is the greater of the primary or secondary fragment
distance.
(3) Public traffic route (PTR) distance for fragment protection is
60 percent of the IBD for fragment protection.
(4) Fragment distances are not considered for intraline or intermagazine distance.
b. Primary fragments. Primary fragments are formed from the
shattering of the explosives container.
(1) The container may be the casing of conventional munitions,
the kettles, hoppers, and other metal containers used in manufacturing explosives, the metal housing of rocket engines, or similar
items.
(2) These fragments are usually small and travel initially at velocities on the order of thousands of feet per second (fps).
(3) For HD 1.1, primary fragment distances are assigned as
follows:
(a) Items without metal casings and items with thin metal casings
do not produce primary fragments. No primary fragment distances
apply. Examples of thin cased items are M15 land mines and demolition shaped charges with sheet metal bodies.
(b) All other metal cased items are considered primary fragment
producers. IBD and PTR for fragment protection applies.
(c) For some 1.1 metal cased items, the IBD and PTR for primary fragment protection is given by a numerical figure (in parenthesis). This number will be placed to the left of the division
designators, such as (18)1.1. An (18)1.1 item has a primary fragment IBD of 1800 feet and a primary fragment PTR of 60 percent
of 1800 or 1080 feet.
(d) Most 1.1 items with metal casings do not have a fragment
distance given in parenthesis. For these, a primary fragment IBD of
1250 feet and PTR of 750 feet applies unless the item is listed in
table5–2, which provides primary fragment distance for selected 1.1
items for which detailed studies have been done.
(4) For HD 1.2 items, a parenthetically indicated primary fragment distance is always provided.
(5) For HD 1.3 items, a parenthetically indicated fragment distance is provided only for those 1.3 items capable of producing
fragments. Unlike 1.1, a fragment distance is not applied to those
1.3 items with metal casings which lack a parenthetically indicated
distance. Consider 1.3 fragments as firebrands, burning 1.3 items
projected from the 1.3 fire.
(6) For HD 1.4 items, fragment distance does not apply.

c. Secondary fragments include debris such as that from structural elements of the facility and from non-confining process equipment likely to break into enough pieces to significantly contribute to
the total number of expected fragments. These fragments are generally larger in size than primary fragments and travel initially at
velocities in the order of hundreds of fps. Secondary fragment distances are provided below.
(1) Secondary fragment hazards are considered only for 1.1
materials.
(2) PTR is 60 percent of IBD.
(3) For 100 pounds NEW or less of demolition explosives, thincased ammunition items, bulk high explosives, pyrotechnics of HD
1.1, and other inprocess explosives of HD 1.1, IBD is 670 feet.
Exception: Table 5–1 allows lesser distances for storage in earthcovered magazines.
(4) For all types of 1.1 in quantities over 100 lbs, IBD is 1250
feet. Exceptions are—
(a) Table 5–1 allows lesser distances for storage in earth-covered
magazines for quantities up to 500 lbs
(b) Facilities sited at 1235 or 1245 feet in accordance with past
standards shall be considered in compliance.
(c) Alternative distances based upon analysis or test may be used
if DDESB approves them. DDESB Technical Paper No. 13 provides
an approved alternative method.
d. Fragment hazards must be considered along with the principal
hazard of the HD in determining distance.
(1) For 1.1, determine both the fragment distance (if any) and the
blast distance. Use the greater distance.
(2) For 1.2, (primary) fragment distance is the only consideration.
(3) For 1.3, consider both the fragment distance (if any) and the
mass fire distance. Use the greater distance.
(4) For 1.4, fragment hazards are not considered. Consider only
the moderate fire distance.
e. The following relaxations apply to the consideration of fragment hazards in determining IBD and PTR.
(1) For 1.1 and 1.3, fragment distance does not apply to an ES
requiring IBD or PTR when the ES is inside the ammunition area
and is exclusively supporting ammunition operations. For example,
IBD is often applied between operating lines to ensure continued
production. Each line is an IBD ES of the other. If the material in
the lines were 1.1, then the IBD between them is based only on the
blast hazard. Fragment hazards are not considered.
(2) For IBD to sparsely populated locations, the minimum 1250
feet may be reduced to 900 feet if both of the following conditions
are met:
(a) No more than 25 persons are located in any sector bounded
by the sides of a 45 degree angle (whose vertex is at the PES) and
by the 900 feet and 1250 feet arcs (from the PES).
(b) The NEW does not exceed 11,400 pounds.
f. For 1.1 materials, Q-D to public highways depends on traffic
density. Traffic density will be determined for a 24–hour period on
days that reflect normal busy periods.
(1) For 5,000 or more vehicles per day, use IBD.
(2) For 200 or more but less than 5,000 vehicles per day, use
PTR.
(3) For less than 200 vehicles per day, use PTR based only on
the blast hazard. Fragment distance does not apply.
5–6. Quantity-distance: expected effects and permissible
exposures
a. Inhabited building distance. The inhabited building distance is
40W1/3 - 50W1/3 feet; 1.2 - 0.90 psi incident overpressure.
(1) Expected effects.
(a) Unstrengthened buildings are likely to sustain damage up to
about 5 percent of the replacement cost.
(b) Personnel are provided a high degree of protection from death
or serious injury, with likely injuries principally being caused by
broken glass and building debris.
(c) Personnel in the open are not expected to be injured seriously
directly by the blast. Some personnel injuries may be caused by

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

27

fragments and debris, depending largely upon the PES structure and
the amount of ammunition and its fragmentation characteristics.
(2) Control at IBD. Broken glass and structural damage can be
reduced by orientation and by keeping the surface area of exposed
glass panels to a minimum or by using blast resistant windows.
(3) Permissible exposures at IBD
(a) Inhabited buildings, administrative, and housing areas.
(b) Installation boundaries, with two exceptions. First, if restrictive easements (“buffer zones”) prohibiting inhabited buildings or
other occupied areas are established beyond the installation boundary, then IBD applies to the edge of the restrictive easement and not
to the boundary. Second, if manifestly uninhabitable land (unsuitable terrain, Government land not open to the public, and so
forth) forms a buffer zone beyond the installation boundary, then
IBD applies to the nearest inhabited building.
Note. For locations where installation boundary lines are penetrated by inhabited building Q-D arcs, the installation shall certify that conditions do not
require inhabited building protection for the encumbered area and shall
establish procedures to monitor the area for any change in that status.

(c) Training and recreation areas when structures are present. For
an exception, see paragraph 5–6b(5)(d).
(d) Flight line passenger service involving structures.
(e) Main power houses providing vital utilities to a major portion
of an installation.
(f) Storehouses and shops that, because of their vital, strategic
nature or the high intrinsic value of their contents, should not be
placed at risk.
(g) Functions that, if momentarily put out of action, would cause
an immediate secondary hazard by their failure to function.
(h) Public highways with 5,000 or more vehicles per 24–hour
period.
(i) Certain types of power lines (see para 5–7n).
b. PTR distance. The PTR distance is 24W1/3 - 30W1/3 feet; 2.3 1.7 psi incident overpressure.
(1) Expected effects (under 100,000 pounds HE): 24W1/3 feet; 2.3
psi.
(a) Unstrengthened buildings are likely to sustain damage approximating 20 percent of the replacement cost.
(b) Occupants of exposed structures may suffer temporary hearing loss or injury from secondary blast effects such as building
debris and the tertiary effect of displacement.
(c) Personnel in the open are not expected to be killed or
seriously injured directly by blast. There may be some personnel
injuries caused by fragments and debris, depending largely upon the
PES structure and the amount of ammunition and its fragmentation
characteristics.
(d) Vehicles on the road should suffer little damage unless hit by
a fragment or unless the blast wave causes momentary loss of
control.
(e) Aircraft should suffer some damage to appendages and sheet
metal skin from blast and possible fragment penetration; however,
the aircraft should be operational with minor repair.
(f) Cargo ships should suffer minor damage to deck structure and
exposed electronic gear from blast and possible fragment penetration, but such damage should be readily repairable.
(2) Control at PTR - 24W1/3. The risk of injury or damage due to
fragments from limited quantities of explosives at the PES can be
reduced by barricading. Also, many situations arise when control of
pressure by suitably designed suppressive construction at the PES or
protective construction at the ES are practical.
(3) Expected effects (over 250,000 pounds HE): 30W1/3 feet; 1.7
psi.
(a) Unstrengthened buildings are likely to sustain damage approximating 10 percent of the replacement cost.
(b) Occupants of exposed unstrengthened structures may suffer
injury from secondary effects such as building debris.
(c) Aircraft in landing and takeoff status may lose control and
crash.
(d) Parked military and commercial aircraft will likely sustain
minor damage due to blast but should remain airworthy.

28

(e) Personnel in the open are not expected to be killed or
seriously injured directly by blast. There may be some personnel
injuries caused by fragments and debris, depending largely upon the
PES structure and the amount of ammunition and its fragmentation
characteristics.
(4) Control at PTR - 30W1/3. The risk of injury or damage due to
fragments from limited quantities of explosives at the PES may be
reduced by barricading or applying minimum fragment distance
requirements.
(5) Permissible exposures at PTR distance.
(a) PTRs (see para 5–5f for QDs to public highways).
(b) Personnel exposed to remotely controlled operations who
have blast-attenuating and fragment-defeating shields, such as for
those at control stations, need not be at PTR from the operation, but
the shield must ensure no exposure to overpressures exceeding 2.3
psi incident. See paragraph 5–7k for more information.
(c) Open air recreation facilities (such as ball diamonds and volleyball courts) when structures are not involved. When these recreation facilities are solely for off-duty recreation of military personnel
at their posts of duty, Q-D requirements do not apply. This total
relaxation of Q-D requirements applies only when the PES and the
ES are related closely. Examples are a security alert force and the
explosives facilities which they control and crews for quick reaction
force armored vehicles and the explosives-loaded vehicles that these
crews man during military action. It is not intended that these
relaxations be used to encourage the building of elaborate installations that substitute for properly located rest and recreation (R&R)
facilities or that they encourage collocation of essentially unrelated
military functions.
(d) Training areas for unprotected military personnel including
observation points and instruction areas for small arms and artillery
firing ranges and similar fixed facilities (including small classrooms) designed for occasional use coincident with use by groups or
classes using the range. Separation or other protection from permanent magazines and ammunition supply points is required, but not
from ammunition and explosives needed for any particular exercise
to achieve realism in training, nor from explosives in necessary onthe-job training operations for explosives workers.
(e) Aircraft passenger loading and unloading areas that do not
include any structures.
(f) Certain types of power lines (see para 5–7n).
(g) Combat aircraft parking areas exposed to ammunition and
explosives storage and operating facilities.
(h) Construction personnel who must, on a temporary basis, be
near PESs to perform their jobs. If distances are less than PTR, the
minimum distance shall be determined through risk management as
approved by the installation commander. The risk assessment will
address the probability and effects of an accidental explosion on the
construction personnel and also will address any hazards the construction activity poses to the ammunition. Control measures, such
as limiting activity at PESs to reduce the probability of explosion,
will be devised as appropriate. Documentation of the risk assessment and control measures taken will be maintained until operations
have been completed and personnel have permanently vacated the
work site.
c. Barricaded intraline distance (IL(B)). The barricaded intraline
distance is 9W1/3 feet; 12 psi incident overpressure.
(1) Expected effects.
(a) Unstrengthened buildings will suffer severe structural damage
approaching total destruction.
(b) Severe injuries or death to occupants of the ES may be
expected from direct blast, building collapse, or translation.
(c) Aircraft will be damaged beyond economical repair both by
blast and fragments. If the aircraft are loaded with explosives, delayed explosions are likely from subsequent fires.
(d) Transport vehicles will be damaged heavily, probably to the
extent of total loss.
(e) Immediate spread of the fire between two explosives locations is unlikely when barricades are interposed between them to
intercept high-velocity low-angle fragments. Delayed propagation is
possible from lobbed munitions and burning materials.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

(f) Improperly designed barricades or structures may increase the
hazard from flying debris, or may collapse increasing the risk to
personnel and equipment.
(2) Control at IL(B). Barricading is required. Exposed structures
containing equipment of high monetary value or critical mission
importance or where personnel exposure is significant may require
hardening to protect personnel and equipment.
(3) Permissible exposures at IL(B) distance.
(a) Operating buildings housing successive steps of a single production, renovation, or maintenance operation.
(b) Security alert force buildings.
(c) Facilities of a tactical missile site where greater distances
from the PES cannot be provided for technical reasons.
(d) Breakrooms and change houses, if they are part of an operating line and are used exclusively by personnel employed in operations of the line.
(e) Temporary holding areas for trucks or railcars containing explosives to service production or maintenance facilities.
(f) Field operations in magazine areas when performing minor
maintenance, preservation, packaging, or surveillance inspection.
(g) Unmanned auxiliary power facilities, transformer stations,
water treatment and pollution abatement facilities, and other utility
installations that serve the PES and are not an integral function in
the PES, if their loss would not create an immediate secondary
hazard. These applications need not be barricaded. An exception is
unmanned auxiliary power generation or conversion facilities supplying power exclusively to the explosives storage area and security
fence lighting may be located at fire protection distance from explosives facilities (50 feet for fire-resistant structures, 100 feet for
nonfire-resistant structures).
(h) Dunnage preparation and similar support structures housing
nonexplosives operations if used only by personnel employed at the
PES.
(i) Service magazines that are part of operating lines. Distance
between an explosives operating building and its service magazines
is determined by the quantity of explosives in the service magazines
irrespective of the quantity in the operating building. Magazines
serving the same line may be separated by magazine distance.
(j) Exposures as indicated in paragraph 5–6d(3) below if blast
suppression and structure hardening provide comparable protection
for personnel and equipment involved.
d. Unbarricaded intraline distance (IL(U)) 18W1/3 feet; 3.5 psi
incident overpressure.
(1) Expected effects.
(a) Direct propagation of explosion is not likely.
(b) Delayed communication of an explosion may occur from fires
or equipment failure at the ES.
(c) Damage to unstrengthened buildings will be serious and approximate 50 percent or more of the total replacement cost.
(d) There is a 1 percent chance of eardrum damage to personnel.
(e) Serious personnel injuries are likely from fragments, debris,
firebrands, or other objects.
(f) Cargo ships would suffer damage to decks and superstructure
from being struck by fragments and having doors and bulkheads on
the weather deck buckled by overpressure.
(g) Aircraft can be expected to suffer considerable structural
damage from blast. Fragments and debris are likely to cause severe
damage to aircraft at distances calculated from the formula 18W1/3
when NEWs under 9,000 pounds are involved.
(h) Transport vehicles will incur extensive, but not severe, body
and glass damage consisting mainly of dishing of body panels and
cracks in shatter-resistant window glass.
(2) Control at IL(U). Many situations arise in which control of
pressure by suitably designed suppressive construction at the PES or
protective construction at the ES are practical. Using such construction to withstand blast overpressure is encouraged if it is more
economical than distance alone, or if sufficient distance is not available to prevent the overpressure from exceeding this level.
(3) Permissible exposures at IL(B) distance.

(a) Operating buildings housing successive steps in a single production, maintenance, or renovation operation.
(b) Surveillance buildings, laboratories in exclusive support of
ammunition operations, field offices, and other labor intensive operations closely related to the ammunition mission. The minimum
level of protection for these types of operations will be IL(B),
regardless of whether a barricade is provided.
(c) Occupied comfort, safety, and convenience buildings exclusively in support of the PES (such as lunchrooms, motor pools,
area offices, auxiliary fire stations, transportation dispatch points,
and shipping and receiving buildings (not magazine area loading
docks).
(d) Parallel operating lines from one another, whether or not
barricaded, provided the ammunition and explosives involved in
each line present similar hazards. Operations with similar hazards
may be conducted within a single operating building provided a
hazards analysis verifies 3.5 psi (IL(U)) protection from one operation to the other.
(e) Operations and training functions that are manned or attended
exclusively by personnel of the unit operating the PES. This includes day rooms and similar functions for units such as individual
missile firing batteries or ammunition supply companies. Training
functions permitted this level of exposure include organized classroom and field training of personnel who must perform explosives
work at the PES. Maneuver areas, proving ground tracks, and similar facilities for armored vehicles also may be permitted this level of
exposure since the vehicle should adequately protect the operators
from fragments and debris.
(f) Maintenance of military vehicles and equipment when the
PES is basic load or ready storage located outside the United States
(para 14–4). The maximum credible event is limited to 4,000 kg or
less NEQ, and the work is performed exclusively by and for military
personnel of the unit for which the basic load of ammunition is
stored.
(g) Minimum distance between separate groups of explosives
loaded combat-configured aircraft or between aircraft and a pre-load
or quick-turn site that serves to arm the aircraft. Barricades are
required to reduce further communication and fragment damage, and
to eliminate the necessity for totaling NEW. Loading ammunition
and explosives aboard aircraft can be accomplished within each
group of aircraft without additional protection.
(h) Service magazines that are part of operating lines. Distance
between the service magazine and buildings in the operating line is
based on the quantity of explosives in the service magazine irrespective of the quantity in the operating building. Magazines serving the
same line may be separated by magazine distance.
(i) Container stuffing and unstuffing operations that are routine
support of PES. This applies only to main support functions set
aside for support of ship loading or manufacturing operations. When
the activity involves ship loading and unloading and the ES is an
ammunition ship, the quantity at the container site will govern.
(Container stuffing and unstuffing in a magazine area are permitted
at intermagazine distances.)
(j) Ammunition and explosives being transported on conveyors
within an operating building or from one operating building to
another unless test data support reduced spacing.
(k) Parking lots for employees’ privately owned automobiles at
multiple PESs will be sited at intraline distance from each PES.
When a parking lot supports a single PES, it may be separated at
less than intraline only from its associated facility. A minimum
distance of 100 feet to the associated facility is required to protect it
from vehicle fires. Access for emergency vehicles must be provided.
Parking lots for administrative areas will be located at PTR distance
from all PESs (minimum fragment distances apply).
e. Aboveground magazine distance. Aboveground magazine
(MAG) distance is barricaded - 6W1/3 feet, 27 psi incident overpressure and unbarricaded - 11W1/3 feet, 8 psi incident overpressure.
(1) Expected effects - barricaded magazine distance.
(a) Unstrengthened buildings will be destroyed completely.
(b) Personnel will be killed by direct action of blast, by being
struck by building debris, or by impact against hard surfaces.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

29

(c) Transport vehicles will be overturned and crushed by blast.
(d) Explosives vessels will be damaged severely, with propagation of explosion likely.
(e) Aircraft will be destroyed by blast, thermal, and debris
effects.
(2) Control at MAG. Barricades will prevent immediate propagation of explosion, but provide only limited protection against delayed propagation.
(3) Expected effects - unbarricaded magazine distance.
(a) Damage to unstrengthened buildings will approach total
destruction.
(b) Personnel are likely to be injured seriously by the blast,
fragments, debris, and translation.
(c) There is a 20 percent risk of eardrum rupture.
(d) Explosives vessels are likely to be damaged extensively and
delayed propagation of explosion may occur.
(e) Aircraft will be damaged heavily by blast and fragments;
ensuing fire will likely destroy them.
(f) Transport vehicles will sustain severe body damage, minor
engine damage, and total glass breakage.
(4) Control at unbarricaded magazine distance. Barricading will
reduce significantly the risk of propagation of explosion and personnel injuries from fragments.
(5) Permissible exposures at magazine distance. Magazines for
HD 1.1 will be separated one from another in accordance with
tables 5–5 and 5–6. Paragraph 5–8 below explains how to use table
5–6.
5–7. Facilities siting criteria
This paragraph establishes criteria for siting explosives and nonexplosive facilities with respect to PESs.
a. Administrative and industrial areas.
(1) Administrative and industrial areas will be separated from
PESs by IBD.
(2) Auxiliary facilities such as heating plants, line offices, break
rooms, briefing rooms for daily work schedules or on-site safety
matters, joiner shops, security posts, and similar locations may be at
explosives operations servicing only one building or operation. They
will be located and constructed to provide prudent fire protection.
b. Classification yard.
(1) To protect the classification yard from external explosions,
separation distances will be at least the applicable magazine
distance.
(2) Specific Q-D separation is not required from the classification
yard to ESs other than explosives locations when the classification
yard is used exclusively for the following:
(a) Receiving, dispatching, classifying, and switching of cars.
(b) When a classification yard is used solely as an interchange
yard, see paragraph 5–7e below.
(c) Conducting external inspection of motor vehicles and railcars,
or opening of free rolling doors of railcars to remove documents and
make a visual inspection of the cargo.
(3) If the yard is used at any time for any purpose other than
listed in (2) above such as placing or removing dunnage or explosive items into or from cars, then Q-D must apply to nonexplosives
locations as well as explosives locations.
c. Ranges used to detonate ammunition for demilitarization, demonstration, and explosives ordnance disposal. The minimum distances to essential and nonessential personnel on these ranges are as
follows:
(1) Essential personnel. Competent authorities on site determine
the minimum separation distance for essential range personnel.
These authorities will also determine who is essential.
(2) Nonessential personnel. This paragraph provides the primary
criteria for protection of nonessential personnel. If this criteria cannot be met, then the criteria in paragraph 5–7k may be used as an
alternate.
(a) Nonessential personnel shall be separated from demolition
range operations by a distance sufficient to protect from both blast
and fragments or debris. This distance is determined by first finding

30

the blast distance, then the fragment or debris distance, then choosing the greater distance.
(b) For aboveground (unburied) detonations, use table 5–7 to
determine blast and fragment or debris distance. Instead of the
formula D = 328W1/3, the 0 foot column of table 5–8 may be used.
(c) For buried detonations, the distances in table 5–7 may be
reduced as follows:
(d) Use table 5–8 to determine reduced blast distance for buried
detonations.
(e) Use the following procedure to determine reduced fragment
or debris distance for buried detonations: For existing detonation
operations for which approved local SOPs prescribe procedures
which experience has shown adequate to contain fragments within
the controlled access area, existing distances will be considered
adequate. For new detonation operations such as those involving a
greater quantity or different type of munitions, applicable on-site
authorities may determine earth cover depth and safe separation
distance by conducting thorough reconnaissance of adjoining lands
during trials to observe debris and fragment throw ranges, and then
adding 20 percent to the maximum observed throw range as an
appropriate safety factor.
(f) In addition to burial, protective structures for non-essential
personnel may also allow use of distances less than those required
in table 5–7. The protective structures must limit blast overpressure
to occupants to no more than 0.065 psi, and must protect completely
from all fragments and debris.
(g) Where demonstrations involve live fire (that is, cannon,
rocket launchers, and so forth), competent local authorities will
determine safe viewing range from the impact area using surface
danger zone data found in range safety regulations. The distances in
table 5–7 do not apply.
d. Inert storage area. The MACOM will determine the acceptable protection for such areas after consideration of the value and
importance of material in relation to the mission of the installation,
the operational conditions, and the availability of space.
e. Interchange yards. Truck, trailer, or railcar interchange yards
are not subject to Q-D regulations when they are used exclusively—
(1) For the interchange of vehicles or railcars containing ammunition and explosives between the commercial carrier and Army
activities.
(2) To conduct external inspection of the trucks, trailers, railcars,
or military demountable containers (MILVANs) containing ammunition and explosives.
(3) To conduct visual inspection of the external condition of the
cargo in vehicles (such as trucks, trailers, railcars, and MILVANS)
that passed the external inspection. If the yards are used at any time
for any purpose other than above, applicable Q-D tables apply.
f. Interservice support and tactical facilities. Q-D between interservice support facilities and for interservice tactical facilities is as
follows:
(1) Common requirements.
(a) Appropriate safety distances provided herein will be applied
between Army facilities and facilities of another military service
regardless of the boundary between the Army and other service
installations.
(b) Safety criteria based on toxicity, noise, thermal radiation,
flight trajectory, incendiary, or other hazards may be greater than
explosives safety distance criteria. In these cases, the criteria based
on the predominant hazard will be considered.
(2) Q-D relationships. The following Q-D relationships will apply to the separation of facilities of two services, neither of which is
a tenant of the other:
(a) Explosives storage facilities of the Army will be separated
from explosives storage facilities of another military service, as a
minimum, by appropriate intermagazine distance.
(b) IBD will be provided from explosives storage or operating
locations of the Army to explosives operating locations of another
service. When operations in each facility present a similar degree of
hazard or for joint or support operations, this separation may be
reduced to the appropriate intraline distance.
(c) IBD will be provided from explosives storage and operating

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

locations of the Army to explosives tactical facilities of another
service. For joint or support operations, use the appropriate separation distance as though both facilities belonged to a single military
service.
g. Loading docks. Separate loading docks will be sited on the
basis of use. When servicing magazines, they must be separated
from the magazines by intermagazine distances. When servicing
operating buildings, they must be separated from the operating
buildings by intraline distances. When servicing firing ranges, they
must be separated from firing points having either unarmored vehicles or unprotected personnel by intraline distance. For firing points
with armored vehicles when personnel are in the vehicles with the
hatches closed, no Q-D applies, but a 100 feet fire protection distance must be maintained from the firing point to the loading dock.
h. Rail and truck holding yards.
(1) Generally, rail holding yards will be laid out on a unit cargroup basis with each car-group separated by the applicable
aboveground magazine distance.
(2) If the rail holding yard is formed by two parallel ladder tracks
connected by diagonal spurs, the parallel tracks and the diagonal
spurs will be separated by applicable aboveground magazine distance for the unit-group quantities of HE.
(3) If the rail holding yard is a “Christmas tree” arrangement
consisting of a ladder track with diagonal dead-end spurs projecting
from each side at alternate intervals, the spurs will be separated by
the applicable aboveground magazine distance for the net quantity
of HE in the cars on the spurs.
(4) Generally, truck holding yards will be laid out on a unit
truck-group basis with each group separated by the applicable
aboveground magazine distances.
(5) Both rail and truck holding yards will be separated from other
facilities by the applicable Q-D criteria.
(6) In addition to the temporary parking of railcars, trucks, trailers, or MILVANS containing ammunition and explosives, holding
yards also may be used to interchange truck trailers or railcars
between the commercial carrier and the Army activity and to conduct visual inspections.
i. Railcar and truck inspection stations.
(1) Specific Q-D separations are not required for inspection stations; however, they should be as remote as practical from hazardous or populated areas. Activities that may be performed at the
inspection station after railcars or motor vehicles containing ammunition and explosives are received from the delivering carrier and
before further routing within the installation are as follows:
(a) External visual inspection of the railcars or motor vehicles.
(b) Visual inspection of the external condition of the cargo packaging in vehicles (such as trucks, trailers, railcars) that have passed
the external inspection indicated above.
(c) Interchange of trucks, trailers, railcars, or MILVANS between
the common carrier and the Army activity.
(2) If any activities other than the above are conducted at the
inspection station, Q-D applies.

(3) Any cars or trucks which appear hazardous will be isolated
consistent with standard Q-D separation for the hazard class and
explosives quantity involved. This will be done before any other
action.
j. Recreational and training facilities. Open areas between explosive storage and handling sites and between these sites and nonexplosive buildings and structures shall be controlled carefully
regarding use for recreation or training facilities. As a general rule,
the fragment hazard will be severe from the explosion site out to
approximately the PTR distances. Accordingly, recreation and training facilities, where people are in the open, will be sited at not less
than PTR distances and preferably as near IBDs as practical. When
structures, including bleachers, are included as part of these facilities, they will be sited at not less than IBD. For an exception, see
paragraph 5–6b(5)(d).
k. Remote operations (see glossary).
(1) Accidental ignition or initiation of explosives at remotely controlled and/or shielded operations.
(a) Personnel shall be protected from potential blast overpressures, hazardous fragments, and thermal effects with attendant respiratory and circulatory hazards, when risk assessments indicate the
probability of an accidental explosion with attendant overpressures
and hazardous fragments, or an accidental flash fire with attendant
thermal hazards is above an acceptable risk level as the MACOM
determines on a case-by-case basis. The risk assessment shall include such factors as initiation sensitivity; quantity of materials; heat
output; rate of burning; potential initiation sources; protective capabilities of shields, clothing, and fire protection systems; and personnel exposure to respiratory and circulatory hazards from inhalation
of hot vapors and combustion products.
(b) When required by (a) above, protection for all personnel must
be capable of limiting incident blast overpressure to 2.3 psi, fragments to energies of less than 58 ft-lb, and thermal fluxes to 0.3
calories per square centimeter per second. These protection levels
shall be certified through analysis for cases where personnel are
exposed at distances less than K24 or for situations where personnel
exposure criteria are obviously exceeded. Shields complying with
Military Standard (MIL STD) 398 are acceptable protection.
(2) Intentional ignition or initiation of explosives.
(a) At operations where intentional ignition or initiation of explosives is conducted (such as function, proof, lot acceptance testing,
and so forth), and where remote operation and/or shielding is required as determined on a case-by-case basis by the MACOM concerned, protection for all personnel will meet the requirements of
(1)(a) above, and must also be capable of limiting overpressure
levels in personnel-occupied areas to satisfy MIL STD 1474, containing all fragments, and limiting thermal flux as expressed in table
5–9. Shields complying with MIL STD 398 are acceptable
protection.

Table 5–1
HD 1.1 inhabited building and public traffic route distances
Distance in ft to inhabited building distance from:
earth-covered magazine
NEW in lbs
col 1

1
2
5
10
20
30
40
50
100
150

Front
col 21,8

side
col 3 1,8

500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500

other PES
rear
col 42,8

250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250

Distance in ft to public traffic route from:

col 53

250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250

1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250

earth covered-magazine
Front
col 64,8

side
col 7 5,8

300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

other PES
rear
col 86,8

150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150

col 97

150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150

750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750

31

Table 5–1
HD 1.1 inhabited building and public traffic route distances—Continued
Distance in ft to inhabited building distance from:
earth-covered magazine
NEW in lbs
col 1

200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1500
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
55000
60000
65000
70000
75000
80000
85000
90000
95000
100000
110000
120000
125000
130000
140000
150000
160000
170000
175000
180000
190000
200000
225000
250000
275000
300000
325000
350000
375000
400000
425000
450000
475000

32

Front
col 21,8

700
700
700
700
700
700
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1290
1330
1370
1405
1440
1475
1510
1540
1570
1595
1625
1740
1855
1910
1965
2070
2175
2280
2385
2435
2485
2585
1680
2920
3150
3250
3345
3440
3525
3605
3685
3760
3830
3900

side
col 3 1,8

250
250
250
250
250
250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1290
1330
1370
1405
1440
1475
1510
1540
1570
1595
1625
1740
1855
1910
1965
2070
2175
2280
2385
2435
2485
2585
1680
2920
3150
3250
3345
3440
3525
3605
3685
3760
3830
3900

Distance in ft to public traffic route from:

other PES
rear
col 42,8

250
250
250
250
250
250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1290
1415
1480
1545
1675
1805
1935
2070
2135
2200
2335
2470
2810
3150
3250
3345
3440
3525
3605
3685
3760
3830
3900

col 53

1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1310
1370
1425
1475
1520
1565
1610
1650
1685
1725
1760
1795
1825
1855
1960
2065
2115
2165
2255
2350
2435
2520
2565
2605
2690
2770
2965
3150
3250
3345
3440
3525
3605
3685
3760
3830
3900

earth covered-magazine
Front
col 64,8

420
420
420
420
420
420
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
775
800
820
845
865
885
905
925
940
960
975
1045
1110
1165
1180
1245
1305
1370
1430
1460
1490
1550
1610
1750
1890
1950
2005
2065
2115
2165
2210
2250
2300
2340

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

side
col 7 5,8

150
150
150
150
150
150
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
775
800
820
845
865
885
905
925
940
960
975
1045
1110
1165
1180
1245
1305
1370
1430
1460
1490
1550
1610
1750
1890
1950
2005
2065
2115
2165
2210
2250
2300
2340

other PES
rear
col 86,8

150
150
150
150
150
150
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
770
850
890
925
1005
1085
1160
1240
1280
1320
1400
1480
1685
1890
1950
2005
2065
2115
2165
2210
2250
2300
2340

col 97

750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
785
820
855
885
910
940
965
990
1010
1035
1055
1075
1095
1115
1175
1240
1270
1300
1355
1410
1460
1515
1540
1565
1615
1660
1780
1890
1950
2005
2065
2115
2165
2210
2250
2300
2340

Table 5–1
HD 1.1 inhabited building and public traffic route distances—Continued
Distance in ft to inhabited building distance from:
earth-covered magazine
NEW in lbs
col 1

500000

Front
col 21,8

side
col 3 1,8

3970

Distance in ft to public traffic route from:

other PES
rear
col 42,8

3970

col 53

3970

earth covered-magazine
Front
col 64,8

3970

side
col 7 5,8

2380

other PES
rear
col 86,8

2380

col 97

2380

2338

Notes:
1 Basis for columns 2 and 3 distances:
1–45,000 lbs of debris hazard. Lesser distances permitted if proved sufficient to limit hazardous debris to 1 per 600 square feet.
Formula D = 35W1/3 (blast overpressure) may be used if fragments and debris are absent.
45,000–100,000 lbs - blast overpressure hazard. Computed by formula D = 35W3, W = (d/35)3.
100,000–250,000 lbs - blast overpressure hazard. Computed by formula D = 0.3955W0.7227, W = (d/.3955)1.384.
250,000 lbs and above - blast overpressure hazard. Computed by formula D = 50W1/3, W = (d/50)3.
Basis for column 4 distances:

2

1–100,000 Ibs - debris hazard. Lesser distances are permitted if proved sufficient to limit hazardous debris to 1 per 600 square feet. The formula D = 25W1/3 (blast overpressure) may be used if fragments and debris are absent. W = (d/25)3.
100,000–250,000 lbs - blast overpressure hazard. Computed by the formula D = 0.004125W1.0898, W = 0.004125W1.0898, W = (d/.004125).9176.
250,000 lbs and above - blast overpressure hazard. Computed by the formula D = 50W1/3, W = (d/50)3.
Basis for column 5 distances:

3

1–30,000 lbs - fragments and debris hazard. Lesser distances permited as follows:
a. Thin-cased ammunition and bulk explosives with NEW to 100 lbs - 670 feet.
b. For bare explosives in the open, distances are computed by the formula D = 40W1/3. Distances greater than 1,250 feet are to be used when the 1.1 item in question
has a parenthetically assigned fragment distance greater than 1,250 feet, or is listed in table 5–2 with a fragment distance greater than 1,250 feet.
30,000–100,000 lbs - blast overpressure hazard. Computed by the formula D = 40W3, W = (d/40)3.
100,000–250,000 lbs - blast overpressure hazard. Computed by the formula D = 2.42W0.5777, W = (d/2.42)1.7331.
250,000 lbs and above - blast overpressure hazard. Computed by the formula D = 50W1/3, W = (d/50)3
4

Column 6 distances have the same hazard basis and are equal to 60 percent of column 2 distances.
Column 7 distances have the same hazard basis and are equal to 60 percent of column 3 distances.
6 Column 8 distances have the same hazard basis and are equal to 60 percent of column 4 distances.
7 Column 9 distances have the same hazard basis and are equal to 60 percent of column 5 distances.
8 The earth-covered magazine columns (columns 2–4 and 6–8) apply as follows:
a. For standard magazines, 26 feet by 60 feet or larger, the front, side, and rear columns may be used.
b. For nonstandard magazines, 26 feet by 60 feet or larger, only the side and rear columns may be used. For front exposures use the ’other PES’ column.
c. For standard or nonstandard magazines, smaller than 26 feet by 60 feet, the following applies: if the magazine loading density is less than or equal to 0.028 lb of
NEW per cubic foot of the magazine’s internal volume, the front, side, and rear columns may be used. If the loading density is greater than this, use the ’other PES’
column for all exposures.
5

Table 5–2
Minimum primary fragment protection distance expressed in feet for selected HD 1.1 Items
Nomenclature

AGM 65/A
AIM 7, MK38 Warhead
AIM 9
ASROC
Bomb, 750 lb, M117A2
Bomb, 500 lb, MK82
Chapparral
Harpoon
Improved Hawk
Nike Hercules
Penquin
Projectile, 175mm, M437A2
Projectile,155mm, M107
Projectile, 105mm, M11
Projectile, 8-inch, MK25
Projecitle, 5-inch, MK49
Tomahawk

1 Unit5

2 Units

400
700
400
500
690
670
400
500
900
900
500
450
400
270
520
280
500

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

10 Units2

5 Units

500
700
400
5004
820
860
400
900
1150
5004
580
510
350
750
430

500
700
400

500
700
400

1020
1080
400

1470
1240
400

900
1150

900
1150

830
720
500
960
660

2070
1490
1000
1240
1000

33

Table 5–2
Minimum primary fragment protection distance expressed in feet for selected HD 1.1 Items—Continued
1 Unit5

Nomenclature

2 Units

5003

Torpedoes not over 1500 NEW

10 Units2

5 Units

5003

5003

5003

Notes:
1 Applies only to HE 105mm M1 cartridges and projectiles not in standard shipping and storage containers. These are HD 1.1.
2 Ten units or more, until this distance is exceeded by table 5–1 distance.
3 Distance applies to torpedoes with explosive hazard analogous to those tested (for example, MK16 war shot).
4 This distance applies for a maximum of 3 units.
5 A unit is one article for unpackaged items such as bombs, or one outer package of articles for items such as fuzes. If an operation involves palletized articles, the unit
shall be considered as a pallet load.

Table 5–3
HC/D 1.1 intraline distances in feet from PESs other than earth-covered magazines3
NEW in lbs

Barricaded
D = 9W1/3

501
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,500
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
60,000
65,000

Unbarricaded
D = 18W1/3

33
42
53
60
66
71
76
80
84
87
90
103
113
130
143
154
164
172
180
187
194
222
244
263
280
294
308
320
332
342
352
362

NEW in lbs

66
84
105
120
133
143
152
160
167
174
180
206
227
260
286
308
327
344
360
374
388
444
489
526
559
589
616
640
663
685
705
724

Barricaded
D = 9W1/3

70,000
75,000
80,000
85,000
90,000
95,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
275,000
300,000
325,000
350,000
375,000
400,000
500,0002
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
5,000,000

Unbarricaded
D = 18W1/3

371
380
388
396
403
411
418
450
478
503
526
547
567
585
602
619
634
649
663
714
759
799
835
869
900
1,030
1,134
1,221
1,298
1,366
1,429
1,539

742
759
776
791
807
821
835
900
956
1,007
1,053
1,134
1,134
1,171
1,205
1,238
1,269
1,298
1,326
1,429
1,518
1,598
1,671
1,738
1,800
2,060
2,268
2,443
2,596
2,733
2,857
3,078

Notes:
1 For less than 50 pounds, lesser distances may be used when structures, blast mats, or equipment will completely contain fragments and debris. Determine distances
using the formula shown.
2 Quantities above 500,000 pounds are authorized only for group IV liquid propellants.
3 This table is not applicable when blast, fragments, and debris are completely contained as in certain test firing barricades.

Table 5–4
HD 1.1 intraline distances from earth-covered magazines (type of distance protection to be provided to ES)
NEW in pounds

50
l00
200
300
400
500
600

34

Barricaded intraline explosion coming from:

Unbarricaded intraline explosion coming from:

Front1

Side

Rear

Front

Side

Rear

35
45
60
65
75
80
85

25
30
40
45
50
55
60

20
30
35
40
45
50
50

60
80
100
120
130
140
150

60
75
95
105
120
125
135

45
55
70
80
90
95
100

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 5–4
HD 1.1 intraline distances from earth-covered magazines (type of distance protection to be provided to ES)—Continued
NEW in pounds

Barricaded intraline explosion coming from:

Unbarricaded intraline explosion coming from:

Front1

Side

Rear

Front

Side

Rear

90
90
95
100
115
125
145
160
170
180
190
200
210
215
245
270
290
310
325
340
355
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
455
465
500
530
560
585
610
630
650
670
675
680
685
690
715

60
65
70
70
80
90
100
110
120
125
135
140
145
150
175
190
205
220
230
240
250
260
265
275
280
290
295
300
310
315
320
325
350
370
390
410
425
440
455
470
520
570
615
665
715

55
55
60
60
70
75
85
95
100
110
115
120
125
130
150
165
175
185
195
205
215
220
230
235
240
245
255
260
265
270
275
280
300
320
335
350
365
380
390
400
465
530
600
665
715

160
170
175
180
210
230
260
290
310
330
340
360
370
390
450
490
530
560
590
620
640
660
680
700
720
740
760
780
790
810
820
840
900
960
1,010
1,055
1,090
1,135
1,170
1,200
1,240
1,270
1,300
1,330
1,430

140
150
155
160
185
200
230
255
275
290
305
320
330
345
395
435
470
500
525
545
570
590
610
625
645
660
675
690
705
715
730
745
800
850
895
935
975
1,005
1,040
1,070
1,135
1,200
1,265
1,330
1,430

105
110
115
120
135
150
175
190
205
220
230
240
250
260
295
325
350
370
390
410
425
440
455
470
480
495
505
520
530
540
545
555
605
650
700
745
795
840
890
935
1,035
1,130
1,230
1,330
1,430

700
800
900
1,000
1,500
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
60,000
65,000
70,000
75,000
80,000
85,000
90,000
95,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
275,000
300,000
325,000
350,000
375,000
400,000
500,000

Notes:
1 A separate intervening barricade is required between the front of the earth-covered magazine and the ES.

Table 5–5
HC/D 1.1 intermagazine hazard factors and distances
Col 1

Col 2

Col 3

Col 4

Col 5

Col 6

Col 7

Col 8

Col 9

Col 10

Col 11

Net Expl.
Wt.(lbs)

K1.1

K1.25

K2

K2.75

K4

K4.5

K5

K6

K8

K11

100
110
120
140
150
170
190
220
250
280
310
350
390
440

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
10

9
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
13
13
14
14
15
15

13
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
17
18
19
19
20
21

19
19
20
21
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

21
22
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
32
33
34

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
33
34
35
37
38

28
29
30
31
32
33
34
36
38
39
41
42
44
46

37
38
39
42
43
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
61

51
53
54
57
58
61
63
66
69
72
74
78
80
84

35

Table 5–5
HC/D 1.1 intermagazine hazard factors and distances—Continued
Col 1

Col 2

Col 3

Col 4

Col 5

Col 6

Col 7

Col 8

Col 9

Col 10

Col 11

Net Expl.
Wt.(lbs)

K1.1

K1.25

K2

K2.75

K4

K4.5

K5

K6

K8

K11

500
560
630
700
790
890
1000
1100
1200
1400
1500
1700
1900
2200
2500
2800
3100
3500
3900
4400
5,000
5,600
6,300
7,000
7,900
8,900
10,000
11,000
12,000
14,000
15,000
17,000
19,000
22,000
25,000
28,000
31,000
35,000
39,000
44,000
50,000
56,000
63,000
70,000
79,000
89,000
100,000
110,000
120,000
140,000
150,000
170,000
190,000
220,000
250,000
280,000
310,000
350,000
390,000
440,000
500,000
560,000
630,000
700,000
790,000
890,000
1,000,000
1,100,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,500,000
1,700,000

36

9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
16
16
17
17
18
19
20
20
21
22
23
24
24
25
27
27
28
29
31
32
33
35
36
37
39
41
42
44
45
47
49
51
53
54
57
58
61
63
66
69
72
74
78
80
84
87
91
94
98
102
106
110
114
117
123
126
131

10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
35
37
38
39
41
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
65
66
69
72
75
79
82
85
88
91
95
99
103
107
111
116
120
125
129
133
140
143
149

16
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
33
34
36
37
38
40
41
43
44
46
48
49
51
53
56
58
61
63
65
68
71
74
77
80
82
86
89
93
96
99
104
106
111
115
121
126
131
135
141
146
152
159
165
171
178
185
192
200
206
213
224
229
239

22
23
24
24
25
26
28
28
29
31
31
33
34
36
37
39
40
42
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
57
59
61
63
66
68
71
73
77
80
84
86
90
93
97
101
105
109
113
118
123
128
132
136
143
146
152
158
166
173
180
186
194
201
209
218
227
236
244
254
265
275
284
292
308
315
328

32
33
34
36
37
38
40
41
43
45
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
61
63
66
68
71
74
77
80
83
86
89
92
96
99
103
107
112
117
121
126
131
136
141
147
153
159
165
172
179
186
192
197
208
213
222
230
241
252
262
271
282
292
304
317
330
343
355
370
385
400
413
425
447
458
477

36
37
39
40
42
43
45
46
48
50
52
54
56
59
61
63
66
68
71
74
77
80
83
86
90
93
97
100
103
108
111
116
120
126
132
137
141
147
153
159
166
172
179
185
193
201
209
216
222
234
239
249
259
272
283
294
305
317
329
342
357
371
386
400
416
433
450
465
478
503
515
537

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

40
41
43
44
46
48
50
52
53
56
57
60
52
65
68
70
73
76
79
82
85
89
92
96
100
104
108
111
114
121
123
129
133
140
146
152
157
164
170
177
184
191
199
206
215
223
232
240
247
260
266
277
287
302
315
327
338
352
365
380
397
412
429
444
462
481
500
516
531
559
572
597

48
49
51
53
55
58
60
62
64
67
69
72
74
78
81
85
87
91
94
98
103
107
111
115
119
124
129
133
137
145
148
154
160
168
175
182
188
196
203
212
221
230
239
247
257
268
278
287
296
312
319
332
345
362
378
393
406
423
438
456
476
495
514
533
555
577
600
619
638
671
687
716

63
66
69
71
74
77
80
83
85
89
92
95
99
104
109
113
117
121
126
131
137
142
148
153
159
166
172
178
183
193
197
206
213
224
234
243
251
262
271
282
295
306
318
330
343
357
371
383
395
415
425
443
460
483
504
523
541
564
584
608
635
659
686
710
740
770
800
826
850
895
916
955

87
91
94
98
102
106
110
114
117
123
126
131
136
143
149
155
160
167
173
180
188
195
203
210
219
228
237
245
252
265
271
283
294
308
322
334
346
360
373
388
405
421
438
453
472
491
511
527
543
571
584
609
632
664
693
720
744
775
804
837
873
907
943
977
1,017
1,058
1,100
1,136
1,169
1,231
1,259
1,313

Table 5–5
HC/D 1.1 intermagazine hazard factors and distances—Continued
Col 1

Col 2

Col 3

Col 4

Col 5

Col 6

Col 7

Col 8

Col 9

Col 10

Col 11

Net Expl.
Wt.(lbs)

K1.1

K1.25

K2

K2.75

K4

K4.5

K5

K6

K8

K11

1,900,000
2,200,000
2,500,000
2,800,000
3,100,000
3,500,000
3,900,000
4,400,000
5,000,000
5,600,000
6,300,000
7,000,000
7,900,000
8,900,000
10,000,000
11,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
15,000,000

136
143
149
155
160
167
173
180
188
195
203
210
219
228
237
245
252
265
271

155
163
170
176
182
190
197
205
214
222
231
239
249
259
269
278
286
301
308

248
260
271
282
262
304
315
328
342
355
369
383
398
414
431
445
458
482
493

341
358
373
388
401
418
433
451
470
488
508
526
548
570
592
612
630
663
378

495
520
543
564
583
607
630
655
684
710
739
765
797
829
862
890
916
964
986

557
585
611
634
656
683
708
737
769
799
831
861
896
933
69
1,001
1,030
1,085
1,110

619
650
679
705
729
759
787
819
855
888
923
956
996
1,036
1,077
1,112
1,145
1,205
1,233

743
780
814
846
875
911
944
983
1,026
1,065
1,108
1,148
1,195
1,243
1,293
1,334
1,374
1,446
1,480

991
1,040
1,086
1,128
1,166
1,215
1,259
1,311
1,368
1,421
1,478
1,530
1,593
1,658
1,724
1,779
1,832
1,928
1,973

1,362
1,431
1,431
1,550
1,604
1,670
1,731
1,803
1,881
1,953
2,032
2,104
2,191
2,280
2,370
2,446
2,518
2,651
2,713

Table 5–6
HC/D 1.1 guide for intermagazine distance table5
Standard earth-covered magazine1,4 Nonstandard earth-covered magazine2,4

To

From

S

Standard earth-covered
magazine 1,4

R

F(U)

F(B)

S

R

F(U)

F(B)

Aboveground
magazine3

(U)

Modules

(B)

Module

Cell

(B)

(B)

S

3

3

5

5

3

3

9

9

9

7

3

3

R
F(U)
F(B)

3
5
5

3
4
4

4
11
9

4
9
9

3
5
5

3
4
4

9
11
9

9
9
9

9
11
9

7
9

3
9
9

3
9
9

S

3

3

5

5

3

3

9

9

9

9

3

3

R
F(U)
F(B)

3
9
9

3
9
9

4
11
9

4
9
9

3
9
9

3
9
9

9
11
9

9
9
9

9
11
9

9
9
9

3
9
9

3
9
9

Aboveground magazine3

(U)
(B)

6
6

6
6

11
9

9
9

6
6

6
6

11
9

9
9

11
9

9
9

9
9

9
9

Module

(B)

3

3

9

9

3

3

9

9

9

9

2

2

Nonstandard earth-covered
magazine2,4

Notes:
1 Standard earth-covered magazines consist of all magazines equal or greater in strength to those enumerated in paragraph 8–5.
2 Nonstandard earth-covered magazines except those in note 1 with earth cover equal to or greater than required by standard earth-covered magazines.
3 Aboveground magazines are all types above grade (not earth covered), storage pads, loading docks, or any other facility which provides no blast attenuation.
4 Reference paragraph 5–8 and figures 5–1 through 5–7 to determine what constitutes the front, side, and rear of earth-covered magazines.
5 Abbreviations used: F - front; S - side; R - rear; (U) -unbarricaded; (B) - barricaded.
6 Numbers at the intersections identify the column to be used in table 5–5.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

37

Table 5–7
Personnel protection distances from aboveground detonations
Blast distance (feet)

Nonfragmenting explosive material
Bombs and projectiles with a diameter less than 5 inches (127mm)
Bombs and projectiles with a diameter of 5 inches (127mm) or more
All other ammunition

D
D
D
D

=
=
=
=

Fragment/debris distance

328W1/3
328W1/3
328W1/3
328W1/3

1,250
2,500
4,000
2,500

feet
feet
feet
feet

Notes:
1 The distance required is the greater of the blast distance or fragment/debris distance.

Table 5–8
Required blast overpressure protection distance in feet for nonessential personnel at ranges used for detonating
ammunition for demilitarization, demonstration, or explosives ordnance disposal
NEW (lbs)

Burial depth in feet
0

1
5
10
20
30
40
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000

1

328
561
707
890
1019
1122
1208
1522
1743
1918
2066
2196
2312
2417
2514
2603
3280
3755
4133
4452
4731
5207
5609
5960
6274
6560
6823
7067

2

79
261
398
464
566
650
721
984
1171
1322
1450
1562
1663
1755
1839
1918
2515
2936
3273
3558
3808
4236
4598
4915
5199
5457
5695
5916

3

16
104
191
326
368
439
501
737
911
1052
1172
1279
1375
1463
1545
1620
2200
2612
2943
3224
3471
3893
4251
4566
4847
5104
5340
5560

4

16
41
92
182
260
329
349
553
708
837
948
1047
1137
1220
1297
1369
1924
2324
2646
2921
3163
3578
3931
4241
4520
4773
5007
5225

5

16
28
44
102
157
208
255
414
550
665
767
858
941
1018
1089
1157
1683
2067
2380
2647
2883
3289
3635
3940
4214
4464
4695
4910

10

16
28
35
57
94
131
165
326
428
529
620
702
778
849
915
977
1472
1839
2140
2398
2627
3023
3362
3660
3929
4175
4402
4614

15

16
28
35
45
51
56
60
76
105
151
198
243
288
332
375
417
754
1025
1258
1465
1652
1983
2273
2533
2769
2988
3191
3382

16
28
35
45
51
56
60
76
87
96
103
110
116
121
134
154
360
556
739
894
1039
1301
1537
1752
1952
2138
2313
2479

Notes:
1 This table provides distances for protection from blast overpressure only. Fragment distances are given in table 5–7 and may be reduced per paragraph 5–7c.
2 The 0 foot column distances are for above ground or open pit detonations and are based on the formula: D = 328W3/8.
3 The columns 1 foot through 15 feet are for buried detonations and are generated from the program EARTHEX. These distances assume the use of alluvium soil, a silty
material which is the lightest soil type. They also assume ’base weather conditions,’ meaning low winds and high clouds. In lieu of this table, EARTHEX may be used for
soil types other than alluvium (heavier soils may allow smaller distances), for atmospheric conditions such as low, stable clouds (which may increase distances), and for
interpolation between table values. EARTHEX, an IBM compatible program, is available from the U.S. Army Technical Center for Explosives Safety.

Table 5–9
Thermal flux calculations
Q = 0.62t–0.7423

Where:
Q is the calories/square centimeter/second
t is the time in seconds

Notes:
Shields complying with MIL STD 398 are acceptable protection.

(b) To determine overpressure protection requirements in accordance with MIL STD 1474, use tables 5–10 through 5–12, and figure
5–1. They provide separation distances and hearing protection requirements to protect against both blast injury to the body and
38

hearing loss. There are three methods for using the tables and
figure, depending on what type of equipment is available to measure
sound (See table 5–13).
(3) For both accidental and intentional detonations, personnel
hazards from broken glass can be minimized by building orientation
and/or keeping the number of exposed glass panels and panel size to
a minimum. When window panels are necessary and risk assessment
determines a glass hazard will be present, blast resistant windows
must be used. The framing and/or sash of such panels must be
strong enough to retain the panel in the structure.
l. Storage tanks.
(1) Aboveground tanks. To prevent rupture and collapse, unprotected aboveground storage tanks for hazardous materials (such
as petroleum, oils, lubricants, industrial chemicals) will be separated
from all PESs by IBD. Exceptions are as follows—
(a) Large permanent bulk storage facilities are of primary concern when applying IBD to storage tanks. For smaller tanks, it may

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

be best to weigh the cost of distance and protective construction
against the strategic value of the stored material, the ease of replacement after an accident, and the potential environmental impact. The
MACOM may approve distances less than IBD without formal
waiver through such a risk management process, but only if spill
containment is provided to safeguard adjacent facilities.
(b) Distances less than IBD may be used when an engineered
design protects against rupture and collapse from fragments and
blast.
(c) Small quantities of POL and other hazardous materials used
for operational purposes require no specific Q-D separation distance
for explosives safety.
(d) A service tank supporting a single PES shall be separated
from the PES by the appropriate NFPA distance (see NFPA, parts
30 and 31). The distance from the service tank to other PESs shall
be the NFPA distance or the Q-D distance between the PESs,
whichever is greater. Consider the following example: An explosives operating line consists of two buildings, A and B. For Q-D
purposes, A and B are separated by 200 feet intraline distance. A
service tank supports A. The NFPA requires 25 feet from the tank
to A. The distance between the tank and the other PES (Building B)
is the greater of the NFPA distance (25 feet) or the Q-D distance
between A and B (200 feet). Therefore, the distance required between the tank and B is 200 feet.
(e) Q-D from underground ammunition storage to aboveground
storage tanks must be determined on a site specific basis taking
account of crater, blast, ground shock, debris hazards, and potential
adverse environmental impacts.
(2) Unprotected service tanks. Unprotected service tanks which
support aboveground explosives storage or operating complexes, but
not inhabited buildings (such as those in administrative, supply,
industrial, and housing areas) may be sited in accordance with table
5–14 provided the following conditions are met—
(a) The MACOM must accept the possible loss of the tanks and
any collateral damage that a fire might cause if the tanks were
punctured by fragments.
(b) A dike system must be installed meeting the requirements of
NFPA, part 30 to provide spill containment.
(c) If the tank is supplied by a pipe system as opposed to a tank
truck, then the supply pipe must be protected from blast and fragments to prevent a spill larger than the contents of the tank. If the
supply pipe is underground, it will be located from PESs in accordance with paragraph 5–7m. If it is aboveground, use IBD or design
protection in accordance with paragraph 5–7l(1)(b).
(3) Storage tanks for water. A key Q-D consideration is whether
loss of the water tank is acceptable. If a water tank is used for
firefighting and no adequate alternate water supplies exist, the tank
is essential and its loss is unacceptable. If adequate alternate water
supplies do exist, loss of the tank may be acceptable. However,
consider other factors, such as the replacement cost of the tank and
the effect of its loss on the installation mission, before making a
final determination.
(a) If the loss of the water tank is acceptable, Q-D does not
apply.
(b) If the loss of the water tank is unacceptable, IBD applies to
aboveground water tanks in this category. Buried tanks and associated components of like value shall meet the siting requirements of
paragraph 5–7m.
(c) The MACOM shall designate the approval authority level for
the siting of aboveground water tanks within IBD of PESs, and for
buried tanks or pipelines sited at less than the distances required by
paragraph 5–7m.
m. Underground tanks or pipelines. These shall be separated
from buildings or stacks containing ammunition and explosives of
HDs 1.2 through 1.4 by a minimum distance of 80 feet. The separation for HD 1.1 shall correspond to the formula D = 3.0W1/3 with a
minimum distance of 80 feet.
n. Electrical supply lines. These lines are classified by purpose as
transmission, distribution, or service. The following separation requirements apply:

(1) Transmission lines. Transmission lines are those lines supplying locations outside the installation uniquely, or in common with
the installation. Any line carrying 69 KV or more shall be classified
as a transmission line for Q-D purposes. The following separations
apply from PESs to transmission lines and to the towers or poles
supporting them:
(a) IBD, based on blast only (Use formulas in notes to table
5–1.), if the line in question is part of a grid system serving a large
offpost area.
(b) PTR, based on blast only (Use formulas in notes to table
5–1.), if loss of the line will not create a serious social or economic
hardship.
(c) A minimum distance equal to the length of the lines between
the supporting poles or towers, if loss of the line does not cause loss
of power (that is, power is rerouted through other existing lines and/
or networks). This distance may be further reduced if an effective
means is provided to ensure that energized lines, upon breaking,
cannot come into contact with the PES.
(2) Distribution lines. These are normally lines solely supplying
multiple installation locations. Distribution lines, the poles or towers
supporting them, and electrical substations directly connected to
distribution lines will be separated from PESs by PTR, based on
blast only. (Use formulas contained in notes to table 5–1.)
(3) Service lines. Service lines are those lines supplying individual installation locations. When a service line provides power to an
explosives facility, the line must be run underground for the last 50
feet to the facility. Service lines not serving a particular explosives
facility but running near it, will normally be no closer to the facility
than the distance between the supporting poles or towers. If an
effective means is provided to ensure that energized lines on breaking cannot come into contact with the explosives facility or its
appurtenances, then they may be closer than the distance between
poles. Examples of effective means include messenger lines, cable
trays, and ground fault circuit interrupters. Before implementing any
of these means, a safety submission must be approved per chapter 8.
o. Transportation mode change locations. Transfer points for
roll-on, roll-off transportation operations involving ammunition and
explosives do not require Q-D application when the ammunition is
moved in compliance with national, international, or host country
specific transportation regulations.
p. Burning areas. Sites for burning ammunition and explosives
shall be separated from other facilities as specified below.
(1) To protect burning area essential personnel (those conducting
the burning operation) and non-essential personnel (those conducting other ammunition operations not directly related to the burning
ground operation) in ammunition facilities or areas will be located at
a minimum of K24, based on the quantity at the burning grounds.
(2) All other personnel in administrative, housing, industrial, and
other operations not related to ammunition will be located at a
minimum of K40 with a 1250 feet minimum (670 feet for quantities
of 100 pounds or less), based on the quantity at the burning
grounds.
(3) Burning grounds will be sited at intraline distance from other
potential explosions sites.
5–8. Magazine orientation
a. When standard earth-covered magazines containing HD 1.1
ammunition are sited so that any one is in the forward sector 60
degrees either side of the centerline of another, the two must be
separated by distances greater than the minimum permitted for sideto-side orientations. The greater distances are required primarily to
protect door and headwall structures against blast from a PES forward of the exposed magazine and, to a lesser extent, due to the
directionality of effects from the source.
b. Permitting some significant (but oblique) unbarricaded headwall-to-headwall exposure at reduced intermagazine distances is a
relaxation of conditions that have been proven safe by test. Some
examples of the application of the rules, with references to columns
in table 5–5, are as follows:
(1) Figures 5–3 and 5–4. If the headwalls of both A and B are

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

39

outside the 120 degree sector (60 degrees either side of the centerline), they may be separated by column 3 (1.25W1 3) distances
based on the largest quantity of HD 1.1 stored in either. Figures 5–3
and 5–4 are considered the equivalent of standard side-to-side separation with the optimum orientation, that is, all earth-covered magazines facing the same direction and axes parallel.
(2) Figure 5–5. If the headwall of A is outside the 120 degree
sector of B but the headwall of B is inside the 120 degree sector of
A, separation distance between these two earth-covered magazines
(column 5, 2.75W1/3) is based on the largest quantity of HD 1.1 in
either magazine.
(3) Figure 5–6. If headwalls of A and B are within the 120
degree sector of each other and are not provided with a separate
door barricade, column 11 (11W1/3) distances must be used to separate them. If one or more separate door barricades are present
meeting requirements of chapter 8, such as A to C, then column 9
(6W1/3) distances may be used to determine separation distances.
Although no separate barricade is shown between A and B, more
detailed analysis of a specific storage condition of this type may
show that the distribution of explosives within A and B is such that
the earth fill of one or the other or both meets the specifications of
an effective barricade according to paragraph 8–31b. In such case,
column 9 (6W1/3) distances would apply between A and B.
(4) Figures 5–7 and 5–8. In the arrangement shown, earth-covered magazines A and B are either of significantly different length
or canted so that one of them is within the 120 degree sector off the
headwall of the other, even though a straight line between headwall
A and magazine B does pass through the earth cover of B. The
limits for both A and shall be determined using column 5 (2.75W1/
3).
(5) Figure 5–9. Separation distances between earth-covered magazines and ESs other than earth-covered magazines are depicted in
figure 5–9.
c. When nonstandard earth-covered magazines are so oriented
that all straight lines between the sides and rear walls of the two
magazines pass through an earth-covered surface of each, column 3
(1.25W1/3) separation distances apply. Similarly, column 9 (6W1/3)
distances apply to all orientations in which every straight line between two magazines passes through the earth cover of one and
only one of them. If the above conditions cannot be met, column 11
(11W1/3) distances apply. The earth cover of nonstandard magazines
must be equal to or greater than that required for standard earthcovered, arch-type magazines.
d. Other factors limiting earth-covered magazine storage are as
follows:
(1) Earth-covered magazines that are as strong as those classed as
standard in paragraph 8–5a(1) are limited to 500,000 pounds of 1.1
materials. Earth-covered magazines not meeting these strength requirements are classed as nonstandard and are limited to 250,000
pounds of 1.1 materials. Exceptions are—
(a) Quantities above 500,000 pounds (for standard magazines) or
above 250,000 pounds (for nonstandard magazines) are authorized
for liquid propellants.
(b) Quantities above 500,000 pounds (for standard magazines) or
above 250,000 pounds (for nonstandard magazines) are authorized
for any 1.1 material in any earth-covered magazine provided the
magazine is Q-D sited as an aboveground magazine, not as an earthcovered magazine. When siting an earth-covered magazine as an
aboveground magazine, the magazine earth cover shall be considered a barricade.
(2) The distance given for up to 100 pounds NEW constitutes the
minimum magazine spacing permitted.
(3) Earth-covered magazines with less than the required 24
inches, but 12 inches or more of cover shall be considered
aboveground magazines, barricaded on the sides and rear. If earth
cover is less than 12 inches, the magazine will be considered
aboveground, unbarricaded. These earth cover depth criteria do not
apply to USAREUR Types II, IIA, III and IV earth-covered magazines, which have unique earth cover requirements.
(4) The use of Ammunition Peculiar Equipment 1983 to measure

40

earth cover depth is encouraged. It is a nonintrusive measurement
method which will preserve magazine waterproofing membranes.
e. Siting requirements specified above apply only to the storage
of HD 1.1 ammunition and explosives. Existing earth-covered magazines, regardless of orientation, standard or nonstandard (and sited
one from another for at least 100 pounds HD 1.1), may be used to
their physical capacity for the storage of HD 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4,
provided distances to other exposures comply with applicable Q-D
tables.
5–9. Quantity-distance tables
a. HD 1.1 Q-D tables (tables 5–1 through 5–6).
(1) HD 1.1 includes items which mass-detonate. The principal
hazards are blast and fragments.
(2) Separation distances required from earth-covered magazines
and other types of PESs to exposures requiring inhabited building
and PTR protection (see paras 5–6a and b) are listed for various
quantities of HD 1.1 in table 5–1. Specified separations from earth
covered magazines take into account reductions in blast overpressure, structural debris, and primary fragments attributable to the
earth cover of the magazines. The PTR distances are 60 percent of
IBDs because of the transient nature of exposure.
(3) Separation distances required between PESs and those ESs
requiring intraline distance protection (see paras 5–6c and 5–6d) are
listed for various quantities of HD 1.1 in tables 5–3 and 5–4.
Testing has shown some attenuation of the airblast overpressure
from the sides and rear of earth-covered magazines relative to the
unconfined surface burst configuration. If the PES is an earth-covered magazine, use table 5–4. If not, use table 5–3. The distance
required between an explosives operating building and its service
magazine is determined by the quantity of explosives in the service
magazine irrespective of the quantity in the operating building.
(4) Magazines for HD 1.1 shall be separated one from another
per tables 5–5 and 5–6.
b. HD 1.2 Q-D table (table 5–15).
(1) HD 1.2 presents a fragment hazard. HD 1.2 includes items
configured for storage and transportation that do not mass detonate
when a single item or package in a stack ignites. Explosions cause
these items to burn and explode progressively, a few at a time,
projecting fragments, firebrands, and unexploded items from the
explosion site. Blast effects are limited to the immediate vicinity.
Heavy confinement, such as that in underground storage, may alter
1.2 explosion behavior significantly so that large aggregates of the
1.2 quantity may detonate en masse.
(a) Fragment distances are assigned to 1.2 items in 100 foot
increments, starting at 200 feet. Currently, the maximum 1.2 fragment distance is 1,800 feet.
(b) Separate barricades and magazine earthcover do not reduce
IBD and PTR. Long-range, high-angle fragments fly over the barricade. In earth-covered magazines, high angle fragments may eventually escape from the top and the front of the magazine due to
breaching of the arch after a prolonged 1.2 event.
(c) There is a 500,000 pounds (lbs) NEW storage limit for all
aboveground storage structures for items of this HD with an IBD
requirement greater than 800 feet.
(2) Public traffic route distances give consideration to the transient nature of the exposure in the same manner as for HD 1.1.
Public traffic route distance is computed as 60 percent of the IBD
for items of this HD.
(3) Intraline distances take account of the progressive nature of
explosions involving these items (normally from spreading fire) and
the ability to evacuate personnel from endangered areas before this
progression involves large numbers of items.
(a) Exposed structures may be extensively damaged by projectiles and delayed propagation of the explosion may occur projections ignite combustibles.
(b) Intraline distance is computed as 50 percent of the IBD for
items of this HD. However, if the HE at an operating line PES is
limited to 5,000 pounds for items of this HD with an IBD requirement of 500 feet to 1,200 feet, then the intraline distance may be
reduced to 200 feet.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

(4) Aboveground magazine distances provide strong protection
against any propagation of explosion. However, there is some risk
of delayed propagation when the ES contains combustible dunnage
or packing materials that may be ignited by projected firebrands.
(a) Items of this HD with IBD requirements of 1,200 feet or
greater risk propagation to adjacent aboveground magazines, particularly when packed in combustible containers. Storage in earthcovered magazines is therefore preferred.
(b) The aboveground magazine distance requirement is 50 percent of the IBD for items in this HD with an IBD of less than 400
feet. The aboveground magazine distance requirement for HD 1.2
with an IBD between 400 and 700 feet is 200, and for HD 1.2 with
an IBD of 800 feet and greater, it is 300 feet.
c. HD 1.3 (table 5–16). HD 1.3 includes items that burn
vigorously and cannot usually be extinguished in storage situations.
Explosions normally will be confined to pressure ruptures of containers and will not produce propagating shock waves or damaging
blast overpressure beyond the magazine distance specified in table
5–16. Tossing about of burning container materials, propellant, or
other flaming debris may cause a severe hazard of spreading fire.
d. HD 1.4 (table 5–17).
(1) HD 1.4 items present a moderate fire hazard with no blast
hazard and virtually no fragmentation hazard. Q-Ds in table 5–17
are based on fire hazard clearance.
(2) Articles classified as 1.4S based on testing (as opposed to
analogy) may be considered as inert for storage purposes and can be
stored in any general purpose warehouse which provides adequate
security. Questions about whether a given 1.4S item was classified
by test or analogy shall be directed to USATCES.
e. HD 1.6. Quantity-distance separations for HD 1.6 ammunition
will be based on the storage location and configuration. This information is detailed in table 5–18. A maximum of 500,000 pounds
NEW will be permitted at any one location. Any special storage
configuration and siting approved for HD 1.1 ammunition or explosives may be used to store like explosive weights of HD 1.6.
f. HD 6.1
(1) HD 6.1 includes items that contain only toxic or incapacitating chemical agents. Items containing both explosives and chemical
agents are included in United Nation Organization Class 1, ammunition and explosives. The specific division (that is, 1.1, 1.2, and so
forth) is based on testing in accordance with TB 700–2.
(2) Hazard zones for toxic chemical agents are determined by the
relative toxicity of the agents, the amount released to the atmosphere and the rate at which they are released (that is, evaporation,
pressure, or explosives dispersal), terrain features, and meteorological conditions. Hazard zone calculations are based on maximum
credible events (MCEs), using DDESB Technical Paper No. 10,
June 1980.
(3) Items containing both explosives and toxic chemical agents
require application of both the appropriate HDs 1.1 through 1.4 Q-D
and the HD 6.1 hazard zone distances.
5–10. Airfields, heliports, and seadromes
a. Scope and application.
(1) This section applies to airfields, heliports, and seadromes
located within the United States, its territories, and its possessions
used by the Army at which ammunition and explosives are under
the control and custody of DOD military or civilian personnel.
Chapter 14 applies where these requirements cannot be met in a
foreign nation. Its provisions do not apply to explosives items installed on aircraft or contained in survival and rescue kits such as
flares, signals, egress systems components, squibs, and detonators
for jettisoning external stores, engine-starter cartridges, fire extinguisher cartridges, destructors in electronic equipment, explosives
components of emergency equipment, and other such items of
materials necessary for safe flight operations.
(2) Combat aircraft loaded only with the munitions shown below
are exempt from the intraline quantity distance requirements to
related facilities.
(a) Gun ammunition 30mm or less of HD (04)1.2.

(b) HD 1.3 tactical missiles or pyrotechnics.
(c) HD 1.4 munitions.
(3) These Q-Ds will be applied together with airfield clearance
criteria as prescribed by the Army and Federal Aviation Regulations
(14 CFR 77) as follows:
(a) Combat aircraft parking areas, ammunition and explosives
cargo areas, alert hangers, and shelters may be located within the
airfield clearance zone insofar as these Q-D standards are concerned
at airfields, heliports, and seadromes used exclusively by the Army,
other services, and allied nations’ military components. They must
never be located in the ammunition and prohibited areas described
in c below.
(b) For airfields, heliports, and seadromes not used exclusively
by the Army, other services, or allied nations’ military components,
combat aircraft parking areas, ammunition and explosives cargo
areas, alert hangars, and shelters shall be located as prescribed in
tables 5–19 and 5–20.
b. Measurement of separation distances. In applying tables 5–19
and 5–20, distances will be measured as follows:
(1) Loaded aircraft to loaded aircraft. Measure the shortest distance between explosives on one aircraft to explosives on the adjacent aircraft.
(2) Ammunition and explosives location to taxiways and runways.
Measure from the nearest point of the ammunition and explosives
location to the nearest point of the taxiway and to the centerline of
the runway.
c. Ammunition and prohibited areas (APAs). No ammunition,
explosives, or explosives facilities may be located in APAs as defined below.
(1) The APA for fixed-wing visual flight rules (VFR) runways,
fixed-wing instrument flight rules (IFR) runways, and rotary-wing
IFR heliports are the ground areas under the normal fixed-wing
VFR approach/departure (A/D) zones as described in TM 5–803–4
unless local conditions make a larger zone prudent.
(2) The APA for rotary-wing VFR heliports is the ground area
under the VFR A/D zone for this type of facility as described in TM
5–803–4.
(3) APAs and A/D zones begin at the edge of the “landing area”
(TM 5–803–4) for runways and heliport pads.
5–11. Pier and wharf facilities
See paragraph 11–6 for Q-D rules on pier and wharf facilities.
5–12. Liquid propellants
a. General requirements.
(1) These criteria are minimum requirements for all Army installations where liquid propellants are present. This includes liquid and
gaseous substances used to propel rockets and missiles, and multicompartment tanks in which both liquid fuels and liquid oxidizers
are stored.
(2) These criteria do not apply to—
(a) Liquid propellant manufacturing facilities.
(b) Prepackaged liquid propellant units when installed as components of weapon systems having assigned storage compatibility and
explosives classifications.
(c) A single, minimum-size standard shipping container of a
given propellant. This container may be one 55–gallon drum or one
500–pound net weight cylinder. Such containers will be stored in
the normal manner prescribed for flammable liquids.
(d) The storage and handling of hydrocarbon fuels used to operate ships, aircraft, and vehicles. However, when hydrocarbon fuels
serve the dual purpose of both fuel and liquid propellant, they will
be treated as liquid propellants when the fuel is actually charged
into the missile, rocket, ammunition item, or its component. Otherwise, store and handle them as flammable liquids in accordance
with fire protection regulations.
(e) One nonstandard container with lesser quantities than (c)
above.
(f) Liquid propellants developed for guns, howitzers, and other
field cannon and hazard classified 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 or 1.5.
(3) When storage involves other explosives (solid) or explosives

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

41

items, use the Q-D criteria for those hazards together with the
criteria for the liquid propellant.
(4) These criteria do not consider toxic hazards. If the toxic
hazard is the controlling factor in siting and storing a liquid propellant, refer to the directive on toxic hazards, together with explosives
criteria. When a site plan is submitted, it will consider both explosives and toxic hazards.
(5) Q-D tables below do not apply to propellants contaminated to
a degree that would increase the hazards involved. Send a request
through channels to the U.S. Army Technical Center for Explosives
Safety for assistance in determining the following:
(a) Q-D criteria for conditions other than those shown here; or,
either of the following:
(b) Explosives equivalents for propellants
(c) Combinations other than those in table 5–21.
b. Determining the propellant quantity to consider in Q-D calculations.
(1) The NEW of a propellant is the total quantity of the propellant in a tank, drum, cylinder, or other container. When storage
containers are not separated from each other by required distances,
calculate the quantity of propellant on the basis of the total contents
of all such storage containers. Propellant in related piping must be
included where positive means have been provided for interrupting
the flow during a mishap.
(2) Where incompatible propellants are not separated by the required distances, or there are no provisions to prevent their mixing,
the combined quantity of the two will be used.
(3) When quantities of propellants are given in gallons, use table
5–22 to find the quantity in pounds.
c. Measuring separation distances to exposures.
(1) Measure the distance to the ES from the closest point of all
hazard sources (containers, buildings, or positive cutoff points in
piping).
(2) When the buildings containing propellant in cylinders or
drums are effectively subdivided, measure distances from the
nearest container or the separate subdivision of containers requiring
the greatest separation.
d. Hazard and compatibility storage grouping. Liquid propellants
may present hazards of various types and degrees (see table 5–23).
The following groups are based on these hazards:
(1) Group I—relatively low fire hazard. These materials are the
least hazardous. They have, or may develop, a fire hazard potential
requiring some separation.
(2) Group II—fire hazard. These materials are strong oxidizers
subject to rapid combustion. When they come in contact with certain materials, such as organic matter, they may present a serious
fire hazard. Therefore, storage facilities are prescribed on the basis
of quantities involved to minimize property loss.
(3) Group III—fragment and deflagration hazard. Storage containers of these materials may rupture in a fire or deflagration, or
there may be a vapor phase explosion. Either the pressure rupture or
vapor phase explosion can cause a fragment hazard from the container, its protective structure, or adjacent material.
(4) Group IV—detonation hazard. These materials present the
same hazard as mass-detonating explosives. They create air blast
overpressures as well as severe fragment hazards from containers
and surrounding equipment and material.
e. Location factor. Since the hazards differ in each of the above
groups, the predominant hazard of a propellant can vary with the
storage location and the operation involved. In determining safety
criteria and separation distances, consider the following conditions:
(1) Range launch pads. Range launch pads involve research, development, test, and space exploration launches. Proximity of fuel
and oxidizer to each other makes these operations hazardous.
Launch vehicle tanks are also involved. HE equivalents must be
used.
(2) Operational launch pads. Activities at operational launch
pads are similar to those at range launch pads. Launch vehicle tanks
are involved at these locations. HE equivalents must be used for all
quantities of incompatible propellants that could possibly become

42

mixed during a mishap. When an operational launch pad is used for
training launches, it will be considered a range launch pad.
(3) Static test stands. These units remain static and are subject to
better control than obtainable in (1) and (2) above. To reduce the
hazard, tanks should be separated (except fuel and oxidizer tanks
that are mounted one above the other). HE equivalents must be used
for all quantities of incompatible propellant that could possibly
become mixed during a mishap.
(4) Ready storage. This storage is close to launch and static test
stands, but it is not actually directly involved in feeding the engine.
If the facility is designed to prevent mixing fuels and oxidizers or
initiation of a detonation, it presents Group I through III hazards.
However, if positive measures cannot be taken to prevent mixing of
fuel and oxidizer or to prevent the propagation of a detonation, use
HE equivalents.
(5) Cold-flow test operations. These present only fire and fragment hazards if the system is closed except for approved venting, is
completely airtight, fuels and oxidizers are never employed concurrently, each commodity has a completely separate isolated system
and fittings to positively prevent intermixing, and the propellants are
of required purity. Otherwise, use HE equivalents.
(6) Bulk storage. This is the most remote storage. It is never
directly connected to any launch or test operation. It consists of the
area, tanks, and other containers used to hold propellant for supplying ready storage and, indirectly, run tanks where no ready storage
is available. Fire and fragment hazards govern storage requirements.
However, if positive measures cannot be taken to prevent mixing of
fuel and oxidizer or to prevent propagation of a detonation, use HE
equivalents.
(7) Rest storage. This resembles bulk storage. It is temporary
holding at parking locations for barges, trailers, tank cars, and portable tanks used for topping operations (when the storing vehicle is
not directly engaged in the operation). It includes parking locations
for such vehicles when they are unable to empty their cargo
promptly into proper storage containers. Fire and fragment hazards
govern. A transporting vehicle becomes a part of the storage container to which it is attached during propellant transfer.
(8) Transfer pipelines. These present minimum hazards when
used to transfer Group I through III propellants between unloading
points and storage areas or between storage areas and points of use.
Group IV material is generally too hazardous to be moved any
significant distance through such lines. Short fill, drain, or feeder
lines that are part of a system are not considered transfer pipelines
within the meaning of this paragraph. The following applies to
transfer pipelines:
(a) Group I. No minimum Q-D has been set up. Give normal fire
protection for each pipeline site.
(b) Groups II and III. Keep at least 25 feet between the pipeline
and inhabited buildings of any type. Give normal fire protection for
each pipeline site.
(c) Group IV. Generally considered too hazardous to transport by
pipeline. However, if the line is designed to carry the material,
apply the criteria in table 5–25.
f. Tables of distance.
(1) Group I—relatively low fire hazard. Table 5–24 applies.
(2) Group II—fire hazard. Table 5–24 applies.
(3) Group III—fragment and deflagration hazard. Table 5–24
applies.
(4) Combined hazard groups. When Groups I, II, and III
materials are stored with Group IV under conditions described in
paragraph 5–12e, tables 5–21 and 5–25 apply as appropriate.
(5) Group IV—detonation hazard (100-percent HE equivalent).
Table 5–25 applies.
g. Compatible storage. Compatible storages of different propellants will be separated by the intragroup storage distances required
by the more hazardous groups.
h. Incompatible storage. Separation distance between propellants
of different SCGs will be the inhabited building distance for the
propellent quantity and the group that requires the greater distance.
There is an exception for propellants subdivided by barriers or by

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

other means to prevent mixing during a mishap. For them intragroup
separation applies.
5–13. Underground storage
a. Background.
(1) This section details Q-D standards for the underground storage of military ammunition and explosives. Underground storage
includes natural caverns and below grade, excavated chambers, but
criteria of this section also apply to any storage facility providing
the overpressure confinement effects typically encountered in underground storage. Use criteria of this section when the minimum
distance from the perimeter of a storage area to an exterior surface
exceeds 0.25W1/3. This minimum distance most often, but not always, equals the thickness of the earth cover. This section addresses
explosives safety criteria both with and without rupture of the earth
cover. Figure 5–10 illustrates a facility layout and shows key parameters to be used in these criteria.
(2) Expected ground shock, debris, and airblast hazards from an
accidental explosion in an underground storage facility depend on
several variables, including the local geology and site specific parameters. These parameters vary significantly from facility to facility, so criteria listed here will likely be safety conservative for some
geologies and configurations. Siting distances other than those listed
may be used when validated by approved experimental or analytical
results showing equal protection to that required.
(3) Q-D siting requirements of this section may be determined
from applicable equations or by interpolating between table and
figure entries.
(4) The provisions of this section do not apply to storage in
earth-covered magazines.
b. Types of underground storage sites.
(1) The chamber type of underground facility may be a single
chamber or a series of connected chambers. The chamber type
usually has rectangular chambers excavated at sufficient depth to
provide the required cover thickness without having to construct a
descent for access.
(2) The cavern type of underground facility, usually a large area
of irregular shape, is often divided into smaller areas by natural
formations.
c. Explosion effects in underground storage sites.
(1) An accidential explosion confined in the very limited space in
underground storage will cause very high pressures for a prolonged
duration. Blast waves and dynamic flow fields will travel at high
velocity throughout the underground facility, causing ground shocks
and potential break-up of the cover with attendant debris throw.
(2) Under conditions of heavy confinement and high loading density, HD 1.3 material may, while either detonating or burning, produce intense gas pressures sufficient to rupture the cover and create
a significant debris hazard.
(3) An accidental explosion involving only HD 1.2 material will
likely start a fire that is sustained by burning packages and other
ammunition. This may cause further explosions that become more
frequent as the fires build and multiply until everything in the site is
destroyed. Results of these repeated explosions will depend on the
type and quantity of munitions, the type of explosion produced, and
the layout of the facility. Hazards created outside the underground
facility will likely not be as severe as those produced by HD 1.1 or
1.3 material.
d. Layout.
(1) Underground storage sites should, where possible, be optimally designed to contain or control effects of an accidental
explosion.
(2) Underground storage sites should be excavated in sound rock.
Faults and fissures in the walls should be filled with concrete to
prevent the escape of blast and hot gases.
(3) Exits from underground storage sites should be located and
oriented to minimize blast, flame, and debris hazards to exposed
sites.
(4) Connected chamber storage sites with a single entrance

should be avoided because of the risk of blockage from an
explosion.
(5) Branch passageways that connect chambers on opposite sides
of the main passageway shall be separated as far apart as possible.
(6) Connected chamber storage sites should be provided with
positive means, such as blast doors and blast valves, to prevent the
propagation of an explosion between chambers.
(7) A properly designed blast door may be used to protect the
contents of a chamber from the blast wave originating in another
chamber. Design per TM 5–1300 is an acceptable method. The blast
door and its mounting must be carefully designed to withstand the
expected blast wave.
(8) Blast traps may be used to reduce the amount of blast and
fragments leaving or entering a passageway. Since the effect of a
blast trap will depend on its geometrical design and details of the
incident blast wave, fixed reductions must be developed on a site
specific basis.
(9) High pressure closures (seals) may be used to contain or
mitigate the effects of an explosion. High pressure closures can
include specially designed blast doors or blocks that automatically
close when loaded by blast from an accidental explosion. Since
many variables influence the function of a closing device, their
design must be developed on a site specific basis.
(10) Lightning protection for underground storage sites will meet
the requirements of chapter 12.
e. Protection provided. Quantity-distance criteria listed here provide separation distances from stored ammunition and explosives to
mitigate the hazards of ground shock, debris, or air blast. The
required distance for a given quantity and storage condition corresponds to the dominant (farthest-reaching) hazard that is applicable
to the exposure under consideration. It is therefore the widest distance necessary to protect against the individual effects considered
in turn.
f. Storage limitations. Ammunition and explosives of different
kinds may be mixed in underground storage only to the extent
permitted by the compatibility rules (chap 4). In addition, ammunition containing incendiary or smoke-producing fillers, flammable
liquids or gels, or toxic agents, when stored underground, must be in
single-chamber sites.
g. Chamber interval separation requirements.
(1) Chamber separations should prevent or control the communication of explosions or fires between donor and acceptor chambers.
Consider all credible modes which could spread an explosion or
fire. Credible modes for communicating fires or explosions to an
acceptor include blast pressure, induced motion and subsequent impact, spall or collapse of structural elements within an acceptor
chamber, hot gases, and directly applied flame.
(2) The separation distance between storage chambers for HD
1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 materials must always equal or exceed 15 feet. For
HD 1.4 material, use structural considerations to determine spacing
between chambers without regard to the content of ammunition.
(3) The chamber interval is the shortest distance between the
natural walls of two adjacent chambers. The interval between chambers formed by subdivision of a cavern is the thickness of a competent barrier constructed between them.
(4) Prevention of rock spall for HD 1.1 and 1.3 can be assured by
providing an acceptor chamber with reinforced concrete (or equivalent) walls, roof, and floor, adequately constructed to prevent spall
or collapse.
(5) When no special protective construction is used, the chamber
separation, Dcd, which prevents damage from HD 1.1 and 1.3 to
stored ammunition by spalled rock is, with Dcd in feet and W in
pounds:
(a) Dcd = 3.5W1/3 (sandstone)
(b) Dcd = 4.3W1/3 (limestone)
(c) Dcd = 5.0W1/3 (granite)
(6) Propagation by rock spall (HD 1.1 and 1.3) is considered
immediate because time separations between donor and acceptor
explosions may not be enough to prevent coalescence of blastwaves.
Unless analyses or experiments indicate otherwise, explosives
weights subject to this mode must be added to other donor weights

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

43

to determine NEW. When no special protective construction is used,
the separation distance, Dcp, to prevent explosion communication
by spalled rock is Dcp = 1.5W1/3. When the acceptor chamber has
protective construction to prevent spall and collapse (into the acceptor chamber) the separation distance to prevent propagation by impact of spalled rock is (Dcp)/2. Dcp is in feet and W is the weight
in pounds of HD 1.1 and 1.3 material in the donor chamber, adjusted for significant differences in energy release from that of TNT.
(7) Separation distances, Dcp and Dcd, are listed in table 5–26.
These distances are based on an explosive loading density of about
17 lb/ft3. The distances will likely be safety conservative for lower
loading densities, but the effects have not been quantified.
(8) Propagation by flame and hot gas (HD 1.1 and 1.3) is generally considered a delayed mode of propagation. Time separations
between the original donor event and the potential explosions of this
mode will likely be enough to prevent coalescence of blastwaves.
Consequently, for Q-D siting, only the maximum credible explosives weight need be used to determine NEW. To protect assets,
precautions should be used to determine NEW. Even when direct
paths are eliminated, it is still possible for high pressure gases to
form rock crevices so that the hot gases can flow into an acceptor
chamber and initiate acceptor ammunition. Significant factors for
this mode of propagation include the strength of rock, the prior
existence of cracks, the type of barriers in cavern storage sites, the
cover, and the loading density in the chamber. Often communication
of an explosion or fire by thermal effects will dictate necessary
chamber separations. When direct paths for flames and hot gases are
eliminated, explosions or fires are not likely to spread when chamber separations equal or exceed 5W1/3. Evaluations for required
chamber separations for this communication mode should be made
on a site specific basis.
(9) For HD 1.1 and 1.3 materials, chamber entrances at the
ground surface, or entrances to branch tunnels off the same side of a
main passageway, shall be separated by at least the chamber interval
determined above. Entrances to branch tunnels off opposite sides of
a main passageway shall be separated by at least twice the width of
the main passageway.
(10) Chambers, containing only HD 1.2 and 1.4 material and
separated by the appropriate distance listed above, may be used to
the limits of their physical capacities unless there are any items with
special stacking and NEW restrictions. However, when HD 1.2 or
1.4 material is stored in the same chamber with HD 1.1 or 1.3
material, the propellant and explosive content of all H/CD material
shall be added to obtain NEW.
h. External Q-D determinations.
(1) HD material dependence.
(a) HD 1.1 and 1.3 materials. Distances shall be determined
from the total quantity of explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics, and
incendiary materials in the individual chambers, unless the total
quantity is subdivided to prevent rapid communication of an incident from one subdivision to another. All HD 1.1 and 1.3 material
likely to be consumed in a single incident shall be assumed to
contribute to the explosion yield as would an equal weight of TNT.
Any significant and validated differences in energy release per unit
mass of the compositions involved from that of TNT may be considered. A connected chamber or cavern storage site containing HD
1.1 or 1.3 material shall be treated as a single-chamber site, unless
adequate subdivision or chamber separation prevents explosion
communication.
(b) HD 1.2 materials. Except for primary fragments from openings to underground storage, external explosives safety hazards are
not normally significant for HD 1.2 materials. Accordingly, except
for credible primary fragments that might be hurled from openings,
external Q-D criteria do not apply for HD 1.2 materials. The safe
distance for both IBD and PTR is the IBD distance in table 5–15 for
locations within 20 degrees of the centerline of a tunnel opening.
Primary fragments exiting from underground storage facilities will
be so highly dependent on site specific parameters, that default
criteria, intended to conservatively cover all situations, will likely be

44

overly conservative in many situations. Site specific evaluations that
take into account significant parameters are encouraged.
(c) HD 1.4 materials. External explosives safety hazards are not
normally significant for 1.4 materials. Accordingly, external Q-D
criteria do not apply for 1.4 materials.
(2) External distance measurement.
(a) Distances determined by blast or debris issuing from openings will be the minimum distances measured from the openings to
the nearest wall or point of the location to be protected. Use extended centerlines of the openings as reference lines for directional
effects.
(b) Distances determined for blast traveling through the earth
cover and for surface ejecta shall be the minimum distance from an
exterior point above the storage chamber to the nearest wall or point
of the location to be protected.
(c) Distance determined for ground shock will be minimum distance measured from a wall of a storage chamber to the nearest wall
or point of the location to be protected.
(3) Inhabited building distance (HD 1.1 and 1.3 materials). IBDs
will be the largest of those distances required to protect against
ground shock, debris, and airblast as defined below.
(a) Ground shock. To protect residential buildings against significant structural damage by ground shock, the maximum particle
velocity induced in the ground at the building site may not exceed
2.4 inches-per-second (ips) in sand, gravel, or moist clay, 4.5 ips in
soft rock, or 9.0 ips in hard rock. Unless site-specific data are
available for ground shock attenuation in the earth materials between the PES and ES, find the IBD by using these formulas: Dig =
2.1fgW4/9 for sand, gravel, and moist clay; Dig = 11.1fgW4/9 for
soft rock; and Dig = 12.5fgW4/9 for hard rock. (Dig is in feet and
W is the explosive quantity in pounds.) Values of Dig/fg are shown
in table 5–27. The dimensionless, decoupling factor, fg depends on
loading density, w and is fg = (4/15)w0.3. The loading density is the
NEW divided by the volume of the storage chamber (Vc).
(b) Debris. A minimum IBD distance of 2,200 feet for debris
throw from an opening shall apply within 20 degrees of either side
of the centerline axis of that opening unless positive means are used
to prevent or control the debris throw. Distances required to protect
inhabited areas against the effects of surface debris depend on the
depth of overburden, or earth cover, over the storage chamber. The
minimum depth (Cc) at which debris throw from ruptures becomes
negligible is 2.5W1/3 for both soft rock and hard rock. If the depth
of overburden is less than Cc, the distance, Did, required to protect
inhabited areas against such debris will be calculated from Did =
fdfcW0.41, where fd = (3/5)w0.18, and fc depends on the type of rock
around the storage chamber. Values of Did/fd, for hard rock (granite
or limestone) and for soft rock (sandstone), are listed in tables 5–28
and 5–29. Values of fc are shown graphically in figure 5–10. Values
for the decoupling factors fg and fd are listed in table 5–30.
(c) Airblast. For uncontained explosions the external airblast distribution will result from shock waves traveling through the earth
cover (C expressed in feet) and those issuing from designed openings. Required IBDs are to be independently determined for each of
these airblast sources, with the maximum IBD used for siting. Use
the procedure in table 5–31 to find IBD for airblast traveling
through the earth cover. Any opening with cross-sectional area
greater than 5 percent of the largest opening (normally the main
passageway) must be considered for its contribution to the airblast
distribution. (Debris hazards must be considered for all openings.)
To obtain the overpressure at a point due to several openings,
linearly add the predicted maximum overpressure values from each
opening. This linear addition of maximum values will most likely
yield safety conservative values of overpressure. If required for a
given site, experiments or computations for actual site specific interactions and additions of blast from more than one opening should be
considered. Exceptions to this procedure of linear addition must be
based on validated experiment or analysis. The distance versus the
overpressure along the centerline can be determined by using the
formula in table 5–32. The distance versus the overpressure off the
centerline can be determined by using the formula in table 5–33.
The equations in tables 5–32 and 5–33 show that the distance

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

providing protection from an overpressure exceeding PSO depends
on the hydraulic diameter, the effective pressure at the exit, and the
angle from centerline axis for the location of interest. Figure 5–11
shows the ratio of off-axis to on-axis distances. To find the required
distances for air blast using the appropriate equations from the
above tables, the incident pressure at IBD shall not exceed the
pressures shown in table 5–35.
(4) PTR distance (HD 1.1 and 1.3 materials).
(a) Ground shock. Q-D criteria for PTR is 5W1/3.
(b) Debris. Use appropriate criteria from chapter 5.
(c) Airblast. Q-D is 60 percent of IBD for airblast.
(5) Intraline distance (HD 1.1 and 1.3 materials).
(a) Ground shock. Q-D criteria for ground shock do not apply.
(b) Debris. For locations within 20 degrees of the centerline of a
tunnel opening, site intraline facilities at IBD for debris issuing from
the opening unless experiment or analysis shows that the debris is
mitigated to that accepted at IBD. Q-D criteria for debris are not
applicable for locations greater than 20 degrees from the centerline
axis of an opening.
(c) Airblast. Overpressure at barricaded and IL(U) distances shall
not exceed 12 and 3.5 psi, respectively.
(6) Distance to aboveground magazines (HD 1.1 and 1.3
materials).
(a) Ground shock. Q-D criteria for ground shock do not apply.
(b) Debris. Q-D criteria for surface debris do not apply. For
locations within 20 degrees of the centerline of an opening, site
aboveground magazines at IBD for debris issuing from the opening
(not less than 2200 feet), unless experiment or analysis shows that
the debris is mitigated sufficiently to prevent the propagation of
explosions.
(c) Airblast. Overpressure at barricaded and unbarricaded
aboveground magazine distance shall not exceed 27 and 8 psi,
respectively.
(7) Distance to earth-covered magazines (HD for 1.1 and 1.3
materials).
(a) Ground Shock. Q-D criteria for ground shock do not apply.
(b) Debris. Q-D criteria for surface debris do not apply. Q-D
criteria for debris issuing from an opening do not apply if the
magazine is oriented for side-on or rear-on exposures to the debris
but the criteria do apply for frontal exposures. Site earth-covered
magazines that are located within 20 degrees of the centerline of an
opening and oriented for a frontal debris exposure, at IBD for that
debris hazard (not less than 2,200 feet) unless experiment or analysis shows that the debris is mitigated sufficiently to prevent the
propagation of explosions.

(c) Airblast. Use tables 5–5 and 5–6, treating the underground
facility as a standard earth-covered magazine, for this application.
Although an underground facility may contain several storage chambers, distances are measured only from those chambers and their
associated tunnels that contribute to the MCE.
5–14. Military working dog (MWD) explosives search
training
a. Background. Realistic and effective training of MWDs to detect explosives requires simulated searches using real explosives
samples in areas that are normally inhabited. Training will be conducted so that all persons unrelated to the training of the dogs are
not exposed to the hazards associated with an accidental explosion
of a training sample.
b. Operations on explosives used for training. Only qualified
personnel will operate on training explosives. Such activities as
unpacking, handling, cutting, dividing, and repacking will be conducted in facilities that meet the Q-D and other requirements of this
pamphlet.
c. Storage of explosives used for training. Explosives must be
stored in facilities that meet the Q-D and other requirements of this
pamphlet.
d. Training safety procedures. Persons unrelated to the training
of the dogs must not be exposed to the hazards associated with an
accidental explosion of a training sample. Therefore, at the training
site—
(1) The number of samples and the quantity of explosives will be
the minimum to conduct the exercise. When deployed, adjacent
samples should be separated to preclude propagation from one to
another. The distance for nonpropagation is D = 11W1/3.
(2) For quantities of explosives of 15 lbs NEW or less, all unrelated personnel must be evacuated from the training area to at least
100 feet from the explosives. For quantities over 15 pounds, the
evacuation distance is D = 40W1/3.
(3) Blasting caps, squibs, explosive detonators, or any initiating
explosives must not be used for any type of explosives detection
training.
(4) Samples must not be placed near any heat or spark producing
items such as bare electrical wiring, radiators, electric heaters, heating vents, or any other source of potential initiation.

Table 5–10
Impulse noise protection decision table
Type of equipment available

Applicable tables and figures

No equipment available
Use table 5–11, then table 5–13.
Equipment (such as a sound meter) is available to measure peak noise pressure. Peak Use table 5–12, then figure 5–1, then table 5–13.
noise pressure is expressed in decibels (db) but may be measured in any unit (psi,
pascals, and so forth) and converted to db (see MIL STD 1474).
Equipment is available to measure both peak noise pressure and the B-duration of the Use figure 5–1, then table 5–13.
pressure.
Notes:
Of the three methods above, the last method is best because it is the most precise and least conservative.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

45

Table 5–11
Impulse noise zones measured in feet from intentional detonations
NEW

Prohibited zone

1 oz
2 oz
3 oz
4 oz
5 oz
6 oz
7 oz
8 oz
9 oz
10 oz
11 oz
12 oz
13 oz
14 oz
15 oz
1 lb
2 lb
3 lb
4 lb
5 lb
6 lb
7 lb
8 lb
9 lb
10 lb
15 lb
20 lb
25 lb
30 lb
35 lb
40 lb
45 lb
50 lb
60 lb
70 lb
80 lb
90 lb
100 lb
150 lb
200 lb
250 lb
300 lb
350 lb
400 lb
450 lb
500 lb
600 lb
700 lb
800 lb
900 lb
1000 lb
2000 lb
3000 lb
4000 lb
5000 lb
6000 lb
7000 lb
8000 lb
9000 lb
10000 lb

Z zone

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Y zone

14
18
20
22
24
25
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
33
34
35
44
50
56
60
64
67
70
73
75
89
95
102
109
114
120
124
129
137
144
151
157
162
186
205
220
234
247
258
268
278
295
311
325
338
350
441
505
556
598
639
670
700
728
754

X zone

25
31
35
39
42
45
47
49
51
53
55
56
58
59
61
62
78
89
98
106
113
119
124
129
134
153
168
181
193
203
212
221
228
243
256
267
278
288
329
363
391
415
437
457
475
492
523
551
576
599
620
781
894
984
1060
2217
1186
1240
1290
1336

W zone

42
53
61
67
72
76
80
84
88
91
94
96
99
101
104
106
134
153
168
181
193
203
212
220
228
261
288
310
329
347
363
377
391
415
437
457
475
492
563
620
668
710
747
781
812
841
894
941
984
1023
1060
1336
1529
1683
1813
1926
2028
2120
2205
2284

230
290
332
365
394
418
440
460
479
496
512
527
541
555
568
580
731
837
921
992
1054
1110
1160
1206
1250
1430
1570
1696
1802
1897
1984
2063
2137
2271
2390
2499
2599
2692
3082
3392
3654
3883
4087
4273
4445
5603
4892
5150
5384
5600
5800
7308
8365
9207
9918
10539
11095
11600
12064
12496

Notes:
1 This table provides impulse noise zones for use with table 5–13.
2 Use this table only if unable to measure the actual noise pressure (in db) from the intentional detonation. This table is very conservative. It does not consider the effects
of terrain, earth cover, buildings, trees, and so forth in reducing noise and overpressure. This table also assumes a ’worst case’ impulse noise B-duration, the effect of
which is to further increase required distances. For this reason, actual measurement of noise pressure is preferred.
3 To read the table, using a NEW of 1 oz as an example, assume the Prohibited Zone is from 0 ft up to (but not including) 14 ft. Unless protected from blast, personnel
are not allowed here due to possibile non-auditory injury. The Z zone is from 14 ft up to (but not including) 25 ft. The Y zone is from 25 ft up to (but not including) 42 ft.
The X zone is from 42 ft up to (but not including) 230 ft. The W zone is from 230 ft and beyond. After reading this table, go to table 5–13 to determine protection.

46

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 5–12
Impulse noise B-duration (estimated for various NEWs and distances)
NEW

Distance (feet)

B-duration
(msec)

Distance (feet)

B-duration
(msec)

Distance (feet)

B-duration
(msec)

Distance (feet)

B duration
(msec)

1 oz
2 oz
3 oz
4 oz
5 oz
6 oz
7 oz
8 oz
9 oz
10 oz
11 oz
12 oz
13 oz
14 oz
15 oz
1 lb
2 lb
3 lb
4 lb
5 lb
6 lb
7 lb
8 lb
9 lb
10 lb
15 lb
20 lb
25 lb
30 lb
35 lb
40 lb
45 lb
50 lb
60 lb
70 lb
80 lb
90 lb
100 lb
150 lb
200 lb
250 lb
300 lb
350 lb
400 lb
450 lb
500 lb
600 lb
700 lb
800 lb
900 lb
1000 lb
2000 lb
3000 lb
4000 lb
5000 lb
6000 lb
7000 lb
8000 lb
9000 lb
1000 lb

4
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
13
14
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
25
27
29
31
33
34
36
37
39
41
43
45
46
53
58
63
67
70
74
77
79
84
89
93
97
100
126
144
159
171
182
191
200
208
215

3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
9
10
11
12
13
13
14
15
15
17
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
29
30
32
33
37
41
44
47
50
52
54
56
59
63
65
68
70
89
102
112
120
128
135
141
146
152

8
10
11
13
14
14
15
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
25
29
32
34
36
38
40
42
43
49
54
58
62
65
68
71
74
78
82
86
90
93
106
117
126
134
141
147
153
159
169
178
186
193
200
252
288
317
342
363
382
400
416
431

4
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
11
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
22
24
26
28
29
31
32
33
35
37
39
40
42
48
53
57
60
63
66
69
71
76
80
84
87
90
113
130
143
154
164
172
180
187
194

12
15
17
19
20
22
23
24
25
26
26
27
28
29
29
30
38
43
48
51
55
57
60
62
65
74
81
88
93
98
103
107
111
117
124
129
134
139
159
175
189
201
211
221
230
238
253
266
278
290
300
378
433
476
513
545
574
600
624
646

4
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
13
15
16
17
19
20
20
21
22
25
28
30
32
33
35
36
38
40
42
44
46
47
54
60
64
68
72
75
78
81
86
91
95
98
102
128
147
162
174
184
195
204
212
220

16
20
23
25
27
29
30
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
50
58
63
68
73
77
80
83
86
99
109
117
124
131
137
142
147
157
165
172
179
186
212
234
252
268
282
295
306
317
337
355
371
386
400
504
577
635
684
727
765
800
832
862

4
6
6
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
14
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
27
30
32
34
36
38
39
41
43
46
48
50
51
59
65
70
74
78
82
85
88
94
98
103
107
111
140
160
176
190
201
212
222
231
239

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

20
25
29
31
34
36
38
40
41

5
6
7
7
8
9
9
9
10

24
30
34
38
41
43
46
48
50

5
6
7
8
8
9
9
10
10

28
35
40
44
48
50
53
56
58

5
6
7
8
9
9
10
10
11

32
40
46
50
54
58
61
63
66

5
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
11

oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

47

Table 5–12
Impulse noise B-duration (estimated for various NEWs and distances)—Continued
NEW

48

Distance (feet)

B-duration
(msec)

Distance (feet)

B-duration
(msec)

Distance (feet)

B-duration
(msec)

10 oz
11 oz
12 oz
13 oz
14 oz
15 oz
1 lb
2 lb
3 lb
4 lb
5 lb
6 lb
7 lb
8 lb
9 lb
10 lb
15 lb
20 lb
25 lb
30 lb
35 lb
40 lb
45 lb
50 lb
60 lb
70 lb
80 lb
90 lb
100 lb
150 lb
200 lb
250 lb
300 lb
350 lb
400 lb
450 lb
500 lb
600 lb
700 lb
800 lb
900 lb
1000 lb
2000 lb
3000 lb
4000 lb
5000 lb
6000 lb
7000 lb
8000 lb
9000 lb
10000

43
44
45
47
48
49
50
63
72
79
85
91
96
100
104
108
123
136
146
155
164
171
178
184
196
206
215
224
232
266
292
315
335
352
268
383
397
422
444
464
483
500
630
721
793
855
908
956
1000
1040
1077

10
10
11
11
11
12
12
15
17
19
20
21
23
24
25
25
29
32
35
37
39
40
42
44
46
49
5l
53
55
63
69
74
79
83
87
91
94
100
105
110
114
118
149
171
188
202
215
226
236
246
255

5l
53
55
56
57
59
60
76
87
95
103
109
115
120
125
129
148
163
175
186
196
205
213
221
235
247
258
269
278
319
351
378
402
423
442
460
476
506
533
557
579
600
756
865
952
1026
1090
1147
1200
124S
1292

11
11
11
12
12
12
12
16
18
20
21
23
24
25
26
27
31
34
46
39
41
43
44
46
49
51
54
56
58
66
73
78
83
88
92
95
99
105
110
115
120
124
157
179
197
213
226
238
249
259
268

60
62
64
65
67
69
70
88
101
111
120
127
134
140
146
151
173
190
205
217
229
239
249
258
274
288
302
314
325
572
409
441
469
493
516
536
555
590
621
650
676
700
882
1009
1111
1197
1272
1339
1400
1456
1508

11
11
12
12
12
13
13
16
19
21
22
24
25
26
27
28
32
35
38
40
42
44
46
48
51
53
56
58
60
69
76
82
87
91
95
99
103
109
115
120
123
130
163
187
206
221
235
248
259
269
279

1 oz
2 oz
3 oz
4 oz
5 oz
6 oz
7 oz
8 oz
9 oz
10 oz
11 oz
12 oz
13 oz
14 oz
15 oz
1 lb
2 lb
3 lb
4 lb
5 lb
6 lb

36
45
52
57
61
65
68
71
74
77
79
82
84
86
88
90
113
130
143
154
164

5
7
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
13
14
17
20
22
24
25

40
50
57
63
68
72
76
79
83
86
88
91
93
96
98
100
126
144
159
171
192

6
7
8
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
18
20
23
24
26

44
55
63
69
75
79
84
87
91
94
97
100
103
105
108
110
139
159
175
188
200

6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
12
13
13
14
14
14
I5
18
21
23
25
26

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Distance (feet)

68
71
73
75
77
78
80
101
115
127
137
145
153
160
166
172
197
217
234
249
62
274
285
295
313
330
345
358
371
425
468
504
535
564
589
613
635
75
710
742
772
800
1008
1153
1270
1368
1453
1530
1600
1664
1723

B duration
(msec)

11
12
12
12
13
13
13
17
19
21
23
24
26
27
28
29
33
36
39
42
44
46
48
49
52
55
58
60
62
71
78
84
90
94
99
103
106
113
119
124
129
134
169
93
213
229
243
256
268
279
288

Table 5–12
Impulse noise B-duration (estimated for various NEWs and distances)—Continued
NEW

Distance (feet)

7
8
9
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000

lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb

B-duration
(msec)

172
180
187
194
222
244
263
280
294
308
320
332
352
371
388
403
418
478
526
567
602
634
663
690
714
759
799
835
869
900
1134
1298
1428
1539
1635
1721
1799
1872
1938

26
28
29
30
34
37
40
43
45
47
49
5l
54
57
59
62
64
73
81
87
92
97
102
106
109
116
122
128
133
138
174
199
219
236
250
264
276
287
297

Distance (feet)

191
200
208
215
247
271
292
311
327
342
356
368
391
412
431
448
464
531
585
630
669
705
737
766
794
843
888
928
965
1000
1260
1442
1587
1709
1817
1912
1999
2079
2154

B-duration
(msec)

Distance (feet)

27
28
29
31
35
38
41
44
46
48
50
52
55
58
61
64
66
75
83
89
95
100
104
109
113
120
126
132
137
142
179
204
225
242
258
271
283
295
305

210
220
229
237
271
299
322
342
360
376
391
405
431
453
474
493
510
584
643
693
736
775
810
843
873
928
976
1021
1062
1100
1386
1586
1746
1880
1998
2104
2199
2287
2369

B-duration
(msec)

Distance (feet)

B duration
(msec)

28
29
30
31
36
39
43
45
48
50
52
54
57
60
63
65
68
77
85
92
97
103
107
111
115
123
129
135
140
145
183
210
231
249
264
278
291
303
313

Notes:
1 Use table 5–12 to measure the peak impulse noise in decibels (a sound meter is all that is required). After measuring the peak impulse noise, estimate the impulse
noise B-duration using this table. Then go to figure 5–2 and find the impulse noise zone. From there, go to table 5–13 to determine the protection required.
2 To read table 5–12, if the NEW is 1 oz and personnel are 4 feet away, what is the B-duration? Answer: The B-duration is 3 milliseconds (msec). If the NEW is 1 oz and
personnel are 167 feet away, what is the B-duration? Answer: 17 feet lies between 167 feet (4 msec) and 20 feet (5 msec). To be conservative, choose the larger value:
5 msec. Linear interpolation between table values is not permitted. The answer, then, is 5 msec.
3 “B-duration” is defined as the total time in milliseconds for the noise pressure to rise to a peak and then fall back. Any significant fluctuations after the initial rise and fall
are also included in B-duration. To the human ear, all one hears is a single sound; specialized equipment is required to measure the sound wave to determine its Induration. Procedures to calculate impulse noise s-duration from measured sound waves are in MIL STD 1474.
4 It is best to determine B-duration from measured sound waves in accordance with MIL STD 1474 instead of estimating it using this table. This table conservatively estimates B-duration to account for unknown conditions, such as reflecting surfaces, which can lengthen B duration.
5 The B-duration values in this table were derived by computing the duration of the positive portion of the overpressure wave per TM 5–1300. This duration was then
tripled to conservatively account for follow-on fluctuations caused by reflections from walls, roofs, etc.

Table 5–13
Impulse noise zones and required protections with maximum permissable number of detonations per day
Impulse noise zone

No protection

Either ear plugs or ear muffs

Both ear plugs and ear muffs

W zone1
X zone
Y zone
Z zone
Prohibited zone2

Unlimited exposures
0
0
0
No personnel allowed

Unlimited exposures
2000
100
5
No personnel allowed

Unlimited exposures
40000
2000
100
No personnel allowed

Notes:
1 The W zone is the zone where noise levels are 140 decibels (db) or lower. One hundred forty decibels is the maximum impulse noise level allowed by Mil Std 1474 for
personnel not wearing hearing protection. It should be noted that 140 db presents a high risk of complaints from the public. One hundred fifteen decibels is the generally
accepted threshold for noise complaints.
2 Unless protected from blast so that pressure levels are reduced to the W, X, Y, or Z zones, no personnel are allowed in the prohibited zone because of possible nonauditory injury.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

49

Table 5–14
Q-D for unprotected aboveground service tanks supporting explosives storage or operating complexes
NEW
Over

Not over

Distance

0
1,000
30,000
100,000
250,000

1,000
30,000
100,000
250,000
500,000

D
D
D
D
D

=
=
=
=
=

400 feet
40W1/3
40W1/3 or use table 5–1, column 5
2.42W0.577 or use table 5–1, column 5
50W1/3 or use table 5–1, column 5

Table 5–15
HD 1.2 distances
Category

IBD

Public traffic route
distance

IL distance

(02)1.2
(03)1.2
(04)1.2
(05)1.2
(06)1.2
(07)1.2
(08)1.2
(09)1.2
(10)1.2
(11)1.2
(12)1.2
(13)1.2
(14)1.2
(15)1.2
(16)1.2
(17)1.2
(18)1.2

200 ft4
300 ft4
400 ft4
500 ft
600 ft
700 ft
800 ft
900 ft
1000 ft
1100 ft
1200 ft
1300 ft
1400 ft
1500 ft
1600 ft
1700 ft
1800 ft

120 ft
180 ft
240 ft
300 ft
360 ft
420 ft
480 ft
540 ft
600 ft
660 ft
720 ft
780 ft
840 ft
900 ft
960 ft
1020 ft
1080 ft

100 ft
150 ft
200 ft
250 ft1
300 ft1
350 ft1
400 ft1
450 ft1
500 ft1
550 ft1
600 ft1
650 ft1
700 ft1
750 ft1
800 ft1
850 ft1
900 ft1

Above ground mag
distance3

100
150
200
200
200
200
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300

ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft

Magazine limit2

No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
500,0002
500,0002
500,0002
500,0002
500,0002
500,0002
500,0002
500,0002
500,0002
500,0002

Notes:
1 If the HE in the items at an operating line PES is limited to 5,000 pounds, intraline distance may be reduced to 200 feet.
2 The 500,000 pound limit applies only to aboveground magazines. See note 3 below for earth-covered magazine limits.
3 This column provides magazine distances between above ground magazines. Other distances are as follows:
Between earth-covered magazines: Earth-covered magazines of any size, of standard or non-standard construction, and mutually sited on the basis of at least 100 lb
of HD 1.1 may be used to physical capacity.
From the earth-covered magazines containing HD 1.2 to an above ground magazine, above ground magazine distance separation is required. If this minimum distance
is met, the earth-covered magazine may be used to physical capacity.
From an above ground magazine containing HD 1.2 to an earth-covered magazine, a 50-foot minimum separation is required. If this minimum distance is met, the
above ground magazine may be loaded to the limit shown in the table.
4 See paragraph 5–1b information on storage of limited quantities of these HDs without regard to QD.

Table 5–16
HD 1.3 QD
IBD/PTR5 in feet

New in pounds

50

Above-ground mag7/IL6

1,0001
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000

75
86
96
106
115

50
57
63
69
75

6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10 000

123
130
137
144
150

81
86
91
96
100

12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000

159
168
176
183
190

105
111
116
120
125

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 5–16
HD 1.3 QD—Continued
IBD/PTR5 in feet

New in pounds

Above-ground mag7/IL6

22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
30,000

195
201
206
210
215

130
134
138
142
145

32,000
34,000
36,000
38,000
40,000

219
224
228
231
235

147
149
151
153
155

42,000
44,000
46,000
48,000
50,000

238
242
245
247
250

157
159
161
163
165

52,000
54,000
60,000
62,000
64,000

252
254
260
262
264

167
169
175
177
180

66,000
68,000
70,000
72,000
74,000

266
268
270
272
274

182
183
185
186
187

76,000
78,000
80,000
82,000
84,000

276
278
280
284
287

188
189
190
191
192

86,000
88,000
90,000
92,000
94,000

290
293
295
296
297

193
194
195
196
197

96,000
98,000
100,000
110,000
120,000

298
299
300
307
315

198
199
200
205
210

130,000
140,000
150,000
160,000
170,000

322
330
337
345
352

215
220
225
230
235

180,000
190,000
200,000
210,000
220,000

360
367
375
383
390

240
245
250
255
260

230,000
240,000
250,000
260,000
270,000

398
405
413
420
428

265
270
275
280
285

280,000
290,000
300,000
310,000
320,000

435
443
450
458
465

290
295
300
305
310

330,000
340,000

473
480

315
320

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

51

Table 5–16
HD 1.3 QD—Continued
IBD/PTR5 in feet

New in pounds

52

Above-ground mag7/IL6

350,000
360,000
370,000

488
495
503

325
330
335

380,000
390,000
400,000
410,000
420,000

510
518
525
533
541

340
345
350
355
361

430,000
440,000
450,000
460,000
470,000

549
556
564
571
579

366
371
376
381
385

480,000
490,000
500,000
510,000
520,000

586
593
600
605
609

391
395
400
402
404

530,000
540,000
550,000
560,000
570,000

614
618
623
627
632

407
409
411
413
415

580,000
590,000
600,000
610,000
620,000

636
641
645
649
654

418
420
422
424
426

630,000
640,000
650,000
660,000
670,000

658
662
667
671
675

428
430
432
435
437

680,000
690,000
700,000
710,000
720,000

679
684
688
692
696

439
441
443
445
447

730,000
740,000
750,000
760,000
770,000

700
704
708
712
716

449
451
453
455
457

780,000
790,000
800,000
810,000
820,000

720
724
728
732
735

459
461
463
465
467

830,000
840,000
850,000
860,000
870,000

739
743
747
750
754

469
471
472
474
476

880,000
890,000
900,000
910,000
920,000

75S
761
765
769
772

47S
480
482
484
486

930,000
940,000
950,000
960,000

776
779
783
786

487
489
491
493

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 5–16
HD 1.3 QD—Continued
IBD/PTR5 in feet

New in pounds

Above-ground mag7/IL6

970,000

790

495

980,000
990,000
1,000,000

793
797
800

496
498
500

Notes:
1 For quantities less than 1,000 pounds the required distances are those specified for 1,000 pounds. The use of lesser distance may be approved when supported by test
data and/or analysis.
2 Linear interpolation of NEW quantities between table entries is permitted.
3 For quantities above 1,000,000 pounds, the values given above will be extrapolated by means of the formulas:
a.For IBD/PTR: D = 8W1/3.
b.For aboveground mag/IL: D = 5W1/3.
4 See para 5–1b for storage of limited quantities of items in this class without regard to QD and compatibility.
5 The same distances are used for IBD and PTR.
6 The same distances are used for aboveground magazines and intraline distance.
7 This column provides magazine distances between aboveground magazines. Other distances are as follows:
Between earth-covered magazines: Earth-covered magazines of any size, of standard or non-standard construction, and mutually sited on the basis of at least 100 lb
of HD 1.1 may be used to physical capacity.
From the earth-covered magazines containing HD 1.3 to an aboveground magazine: Aboveground magazine distance separation is required.
From an aboveground magazine containing HD 1.3 to an earth-covered magazine: A 50 ft minimum separation is required. If this minimum distance is met, the
aboveground magazine may be loaded to physical capacity.

Table 5–17
HC/D 1.4 quantity-distance
Magazine distance
NEW

Inhabited building distance

Limited quantities2
Larger quantities: no
100
limit specifically required
for safety reasons

1,3

Public traffic route distance

Intraline

Aboveground

Earthcovered

100

50
(100 if combustible
construction)

50
(100 if combustible
construction)

No specified separation
requirement

Notes:
1 With reasonable care in storage, HC/D 1.4 items may be stored in any weatherproof warehouse in warehouse area for general supplies provided such warehouse is
separated from all other warehouses by at least the aboveground magazine separation distance specified.
2 See paragraph 5–1 for storage of mission essential or operationally necessary quantities without regard to Q-D.
3 Magazines storing only Class/Division 1.4 items may be located 50 feet (100 feet if combustible construction) from all other magazines or explosives operation locations
regardless of the class/division or quantity of explosives authorized in these adjacent structures. Because loss of the Class/Division 1.4 stocks is expected if an the adjacent structure explodes, application of this provision must be accepted by the MACOM on a case-by-case basis. Consideration shall be given to the impact of loss on
stockage levels, readiness, and sustainment.

Table 5–18
QD criteria for HD 1.6 ammunition
IBD or PTR (ft)3,4

NEW (lbs)

1002
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000

37
47
54
59
64
67
71
74
77
80
101
115
127
137
145
153
160
166
172

Above ground IMD or
ILD (ft)1,3,4

23
29
33
37
40
42
44
46
48
50
63
72
79
86
91
96
100
104
108

New (lbs)

180000
190000
200000
225000
250000
275000
300000
325000
350000
375000
400000
425000
450000
475000
500000

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

IBD or PTR (ft)3,4

452
460
468
487
504
520
536
550
564
577
589
601
613
624
635

Above ground IMD or
ILD (ft)1,3,4

282
287
292
304
315
325
334
344
352
361
368
376
383
390
397

53

Table 5–18
QD criteria for HD 1.6 ammunition—Continued
IBD or PTR (ft)3,4

NEW (lbs)

15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
55000
60000
65000
70000
75000
80000
85000
90000
95000
100000
110000
120000
125000
130000
140000
150000
160000
170000
175000

197
217
234
249
262
274
285
295
304
313
322
330
337
345
352
359
365
371
383
395
400
405
415
425
434
443
447

Above ground IMD or
ILD (ft)1,3,4

New (lbs)

IBD or PTR (ft)3,4

Above ground IMD or
ILD (ft)1,3,4

123
136
146
155
164
171
176
184
190
196
201
206
211
215
220
224
228
232
240
247
250
253
260
266
271
277
280

Notes:
1 The same distances are used for aboveground intermagazine distances (IMD) and intraline distances (ILD). Earthcovered magazines may be used to their physical
capacity for this division, provided they comply with the construction and siting requirements of chapters 5 and 8 for HD 1.1.
2 For quantities less than 100 lbs, the required distances are those specified for 100 lbs. The use of lesser distances may be approved when supported by test data and/
or analysis.
3 Interpolation is permitted. For IBD and PTR, use D = 8W1/3. For aboveground IMD and ILD, use D = 5W1/3.
4 For IBD and PTR, a minimum distance of K40 applies or fragment distance, whichever is greater. Distances will be based on a single round of 1.6 ammunition. For
aboveground IMD and ILD, a minimum distance of K18 applies, based on a single round of 1.6 ammunition.
5 For HD 1.6 items packed in nonflammable pallets or packing stored in earthcovered steel or concrete arch magazines, the following Q-D criteria apply, unless table 5–7
permits a lesser distance; IBD and PTR - 100 feet; aboveground IMD and ILD - 50 feet; earthcovered IMD - no specified requirements.

Table 5–19
HD 1.1.QD for military aircraft parking areas
NEW in pounds

Distance in feet for targets listed in table
5–201

50
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,500
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000

54

NEW in pounds

110
140
175
200
220
240
255
265
280
290
300
345
380
435
480
515
545
575
600
625
645
740
815
875
935
980

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Distance in feet for targets listed in table
5–201

50,000
55,000
60,000
65,000
70,000
75,000
80,000
85,000
90,000
95,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
275,000
300,000
325,000
350,000
375,000
400,000
425,000
450,000
475,000

1,105
1,140
1,175
1,205
1,235
1,265
1,295
1,320
1,345
1,370
1,390
1,500
1,595
1,675
1,755
1,825
1,890
1,950
2,005
2,065
2,115
2,165
2,210
2,250
2,300
2,340

Table 5–19
HD 1.1.QD for military aircraft parking areas—Continued
NEW in pounds

Distance in feet for targets listed in table
5–201

40,000
45,000

NEW in pounds

1,025
1,070

Distance in feet for targets listed in table
5–201

500,000

2,380

Notes:
1 To protect against low angle, high speed fragments, barricades will be provided; however, these distances will not be reduced.
2 The distance given for 0 to 50 pounds of NEW constitutes the minimum spacing permitted.
3 The minimum distance of 1,250 feet for HC/D 1.1 does not apply to targets for which this table is used.

Table 5–20
Application of ammunition and explosives safety distances between various types of facilities
To

From

Combat Aircraft Ammo/ExploParking Area
sives Cargo
Area

Ammo/Explosives Storage

Ammunition/Ex- Ready Ammo
plosives Opera- Storage Facility
tions

Inhabited Building

Combat Aircraft Parking Area
Ammunition/Explosives Cargo
Area
Ammunition/Explosives Storage
Ammunition/Explosives Operations
Ready Ammunition Storage

3
3

3
3

3
3

4
4

3
3

1
1

5

3

3

4

3

1

5

3

3

4

3

1

3

3

3

4

3

1

From

Ptr and taxiway
for DOD and
Non-DOD use

Runway DOD
and Non-DOD
use

Runway/taxiway Aircraft parking
for DOD only

Aircraft
passenger area

Recreation area

Combat aircraft parking area
Ammo/explosives cargo area
Ammo/explosives storage
Ammo/explosives operations
Ready ammo storage

2
2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
1

None
None
11
2
None

7
7
7
7
7

8
9
9
9
8

10
10
6
6
10

Notes:
1 Use appropriate IBD. A joint DOD/Non-DOD use runway/taxiway is defined as a runway/taxiway serving both DOD and commercial aircraft. A runway/taxiway serving
solely DOD, DOD chartered, or non-DOD aircraft on DOD authorized business (for example, a contractor on business) is not joint use.
2 Use appropriate PTR distance. A joint DOD/Non-DOD use runway/taxiway is defined as a runway/taxiway serving both DOD and commercial aircraft. A runway/taxiway
serving solely DOD, DOD chartered, or non-DOD aircraft on DOD authorized business (for example, a contractor on business) is not joint use.
3 Use appropriate intermagazine distance. This protects against simultaneous detonation but does not prevent serious damage to aircraft and possible propagation of
detonation due to fragments, debris, or fire.
4 Use appropriate intraline distance.
5 Use table 5–19 distances for mass detonating and appropriate PTR distances for non-mass detonating items.
6 Use table 5–19 distances for Army or other service aircraft parking areas and appropriate IBD for non-DOD aircraft parking areas. A joint DOD/Non-DOD use runway/
taxiway is defined as a runway/taxiway serving both DOD and commercial aircraft. A runway/taxiway serving solely DOD, DOD chartered, or non-DOD aircraft on DOD
authorized business (for example, a contractor on business) is not joint use.
7 Use appropriate PTR distances for locations in the open where passengers board and leave the plane; use appropriate IBD if a structure is included where passengers
assemble, such as a passenger terminal building.
8 No distance is required to recreational areas that are used exclusively for alert personnel manning the combat loaded aircraft. Other recreational areas where people
are in the open shall be at appropriate PTR distance. When structures, including bleacher stands, are a part of such an area, appropriate IBD shall be used.
9 Recreational areas, where people are in the open, shall be at appropriate distance. When structures, including bleacher stands, are part of such areas, appropriate IBD
shall be used.
10 Within the areas of airfields, heliports, and seadromes used exclusively by the Army or other services, the separation of aircraft parking areas from combat aircraft
parking areas and their ready ammunition storage facilities and ammunition and explosives cargo areas are considered to be a MACOM function. At joint DOD/non-DOD
use airfields, heliports, and seadromes, the combat aircraft parking area and its ready ammunition storage facilities and ammunition and explosives cargo area shall be
separated from non-DOD aircraft by IBD.
11 Use 18W1/3distances from side or rear of standard earthcovered magazine containing mass detonating items to the taxiway; use appropriate PTR distance from the
side or rear of standard earthcovered magazines containing non-mass detonating items to the taxiway; use appropriate PTR distance from the front of standard
earthcovered magazines, and from any other storage location containing mass detonating or non-mass detonating items to the runway.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

55

Table 5–21
Liquid propellant HE (TNT) equivalents2,3,4,5,6,7
Propellant combinations

Static test stands

Range launch

LO2LH2 or B5H9 an oxidizer
LO2/LH2 and LO2/RP–1

60%
Sum of 60% for
LO2/LH2plus 10% for
LO2/RP–1
10%

60%
Sum of 60% for
LO2/LH2plus 20% for
LO2/RP–1
20% up to 500,000 pounds plus 10% over 500,
000 pounds
10%
10%
10%
10%
10% plus the NEW of the solid propellant
100%
100%

LO2/RP–1, LO2/NH3 or
B5H9 and a fuel
IRFNA/Aniline1
IRFNA/UDMH1
IRFNA/UDMH plus JP–41
N2O4/UDMH plus N2H41
N2O4UDMH plus N2H41 plus solid propellants
Tetranitromethane (alone or in combinations)
Nitromethane (alone or in combinations)

10%
10%
10%
5%
5% plus the NEW of the solid propellants
100%
100%

Notes:
1 These propellant combinations are hypergolic.
2 The percentage factors given in the table are to be used to determine the equivalences of propellant mixtures at static test stands and range launch pads when such
propellants are located aboveground and are unconfined except for their tankage. Other configurations shall be considered on an individual basis to determine the equivalents.
3 The explosive equivalent weight calculated using this table shall be added to any non-nuclear explosives weight aboard before distances can be determined from tables
5–1 and 5–3.
4 The equivalences apply also when the following substitutions are made: Alcohols or other hydrocarbons may be substituted for PR–1; BrF , C1F , F , H , H O , OF ,
5
3 2
2
2 2
2
or O2F2 may be substituted for LO2; MMH may be substituted for N2H4 or UDMH; C2H4O may be substituted for any propellant; or NH3 may be substituted for any fuel if
a hypergolic combination results.
5 Use LO /rp–1 distances for pentaborane plus a fuel and LO LH distances for pentaborane plus and oxidizer.
2
2 2
6 For quantities of propellant up to, but not over, the equivalent of 100 pounds of explosives, the distance shall be determined on an individual basis by the controlling
MACOM with USATCES approval. All personnel and facilities, whether involved in the operation or not, shall be protected adequately by proper operating procedures,
equipment design, shielding, barricading, or other suitable means.
7 Distances less than intraline are not specified. When a number of prepackaged liquid propellant units are stored together, separation distance to other storage facilities
shall be determined on an individual basis, taking into consideration normal hazard classification procedures.

Table 5–22
Factors for converting gallons of propellant into pounds1
Propellant

Density (pounds per gallon)

At temperature (degrees F.)

Anhydrous ammonia
Aniline
Bromine pentafluoride
Chlorine trifluoride
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene oxide
Fluorine
Furfuryl alcohol
Hydrogen peroxide (90%)
Hydrazine
Isopropyl alcohol
Liquid hydrogen
Liquid oxygen
Methyl alcohol
Monomethyl hydrazine
Nitromethane
Nitrogen tetroxide
Oxygen difluoride
Otto fuel
Ozone difluoride
Pentaborane
Perchloryl fluoride
Red fuming nitric acid
RP–1
Tetranitromethane
UDMH
UDMH/hydrazine

5.1
8.5
20.7
15.3
6.6
7.3
12.6
9.4
11.6
8.4
6.6
0.59
9.5
6.6
7.3
9.5
12.1
12.7
10.5
14.6
5.2
12.0
12.5
6.8
13.6
6.6
7.5

68
68
68
68
68
68
-306
68
68
68
68
-423
-297
68
68
68
68
-229
77
-297
68
68
68
68
78
68
68

Notes:
1 To convert quantities of propellants from gallons to pounds: pounds of propellant equals gallons of propellant times density in pounds per gallon.

56

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 5–23
Liquid propellants hazard and compatibility groups
Propellant

Hazard group1

Storage group2

Alcohols, CH3OH, C2H5OH, (CH3) 2,CHOH
Anhydrous Ammonia NH3
Aniline C6H5NH2
Hydrocarbon fuels JP–4, JP–5, RP–1
Monopropellant NOS–58–6
Nitrogen Tetroxide N2O4
Otto fuel II
Red fuming nitric acid HNO3
Bromine pentafluoride BrF5
Chlorine trifluoride C1F3
Hydrogen peroxide greater than 52% H2O2
Liquid fluorine LF2
Liquid oxygen LO2
Perchloryl fluoride CLO3F
Oxygen fluoride OF2
Ozone difluoride O3F2
Ethylene oxide C2H4O
Hydrazine N2H4
Hydrazine-UDMH mixtures
Liquid hydrogen LH2
Mixed amine fuels
Monomethylhydraizine CH3NHNH3
Propellant
Pentaborane B5H9
Triethyl Boron B(C2H 5)3
UDMH (CH3) 2NNH2
Nitromethane CH3NO2
Tetranitromethane C(NO24

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
II
II3
II
II
II
II
II
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
I
III
IV5
IV
IV

C
C
C
C
C
A
G
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
D
C
C
C
C
C
D
D
C
F4
F
F

Notes:
1 For some of the materials listed, the toxic hazard may be an overriding consideration. Consult applicable regulations and, if necessary, other authorities or publications
for determination of toxic siting criteria.
2 All propellants in a compatibility group are considered compatible. Groupings are not to be confused with ammunition and explosives compatibility groupings with like
letters.
3 Under certain conditions, this propellant can detonate. However, its sensitivity to detonation is not greater than that of a standard energetic double base solid propellant
under the same conditions.
4 Nitromethane is chemically compatible with compatibility storage group C liquid propellants, but due to differences in hazards should be stored separately.
5 Technical grade nitromethane in unit quantities of 55 gallons or less in DOT 17E or C drums may be stored as hazard group II provided the following conditions apply:
drums are stored only one tier high; drums are protected from direct rays of sun; and maximum storage life is 2 years, unless storage life tests indicate product continues
to meet purchase specification. Such tests are to be repeated at 1 year intervals thereafter.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

57

Table 5–24 (PAGE 1)
QD for propellants

58

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 5–24 (PAGE 2)
QD for propellants—Continued

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

59

Table 5–24 (PAGE 3)
QD for propellants—Continued

Table 5–25
Hazard group IV separation distances
Quantity of propellant/explosives

Distances from propellant/explosives
To inhabited buildings

Total Weight group IV propellant or HE Use table 5–1.
equivalents for other propellants/explosives (see table 5–21.)

60

To public traffic routes

Intraline

Magazine

Use table 5–1.

Use table 5–3 or 5–4.

Use tables 5–5 and 5–6.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 5–26
Chamber separation

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

61

Table 5–27
Distance to protect against ground shock
NEW in pounds

Dig/fg
2.1W4/9

1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000

62

11.1W4/9

45
49
52
56
58
62
68
74
78
84
88
92
100
105
115
120
125
135
145
155
165
170
190
205
220
235
245
260
280
300
320
330
350
380
410
430
450
480
520
579
620
640
680
720
780
840
880

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

12.5W4/9

240
260
280
290
310
330
360
390
420
440
470
490
540
560
600
640
660
720
780
820
860
900
1,000
1,100
1,150
1,250
1,300
1,350
1,500
1,600
1,700
1,750
1,850
2,000
2,150
2,300
2,400
2,500
2,800
3,000
3,200
3,400
3,600
3,800
4,100
4,400
4,700

270
290
310
330
350
370
400
440
470
500
520
560
600
640
680
720
740
820
880
920
980
1,000
1,150
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,450
1,550
1,650
1,800
1,900
2,000
2,100
2,250
2,400
2,600
2,700
2,800
3,100
3,400
3,600
3,900
4,100
4,300
4,600
5,000
5,200

Table 5–28
Distance to protect against hard rock debris
C/W1/3 (FT/LB1/3)
Weight (lbs)

.30

.50

.70

.90

1.10
Did/fd

1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000

160
170
185
195
205
210
230
250
270
280
300
310
330
350
370
390
410
440
470
500
520
540
600
640
680
720
760
800
860
920
960
1000
1050
1150
1200
1300
1350
1400
1550
1650
1750
1850
1950
2050
2200
2350
2450
2600

180
195
210
220
230
240
260
290
300
320
340
350
380
400
430
450
470
500
540
560
600
620
680
740
780
820
860
900
980
1050
1100
1150
1200
1300
1400
1450
1550
1600
1750
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2500
2700
2800
3000

200
215
230
240
250
260
290
310
330
350
370
380
410
440
470
490
520
560
580
620
640
680
740
800
860
900
940
980
1050
1150
1200
1250
1300
1400
1500
1600
1650
1750
1900
2050
2200
2300
2450
2500
2700
2900
3100
3200

205
220
235
250
260
270
300
320
340
360
380
400
430
460
480
500
520
560
600
640
680
700
760
820
880
940
980
1000
1100
1150
1250
1300
1350
1450
1550
1650
1750
1800
2000
2150
2250
2400
2500
2600
2800
3000
3200
3300

1.60

2.10

2.50

(ft)

195
210
225
240
250
260
290
310
330
350
360
380
410
440
460
480
500
540
580
620
640
680
740
800
840
900
940
980
1050
1100
1150
1250
1300
1400
1500
1600
1650
1750
1900
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2700
2900
3100
3200

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

145
155
165
175
180
190
210
225
240
250
260
280
300
320
330
350
370
400
420
440
470
490
540
580
620
640
680
700
760
820
860
900
940
1000
1100
1150
1200
1250
1350
1500
1600
1650
1750
1800
1950
2100
2200
2300

92
98
105
110
115
120
135
145
155
160
170
175
190
205
215
225
235
250
270
290
300
310
340
370
390
420
440
460
490
520
560
580
600
660
700
740
780
800
880
960
1000
1050
1100
1150
1250
1350
1400
1500

62
67
72
76
79
83
91
98
105
110
115
120
130
140
145
155
160
175
185
195
205
215
235
250
270
285
295
310
335
355
375
395
410
445
475
500
525
550
600
645
690
725
765
800
860
915
965
1015

63

Table 5–29
Distance to protect against soft rock debris
C/W1/3 (FT/LB1/3)
Weight (lbs)

.20

.60

.75

.90

1.00
Did/fd

1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000

155
165
175
185
195
205
225
240
260
270
290
300
320
340
360
380
400
430
460
480
500
520
560
600
620
660
680
740
800
860
900
960
1000
1050
1150
1200
1250
1300
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2150
2250
2400
2500

200
215
230
245
260
270
290
310
330
350
370
390
420
450
470
490
520
560
600
620
660
680
740
800
860
900
960
1000
1050
1150
1250
1300
1450
1500
1600
1700
1750
1800
1950
2100
2200
2350
2450
2600
2800
2900
3100
3300

205
220
235
250
260
270
300
320
340
360
380
400
430
460
480
500
520
560
600
640
680
700
760
820
880
940
980
1000
1050
1150
1250
1300
1350
1450
1550
1650
1750
1800
2000
2150
2250
2400
2500
2600
2800
3000
3200
3300

1.50

1.75

2.50

(ft)

200
215
230
245
260
270
290
310
330
350
370
390
420
450
470
490
520
560
600
620
660
680
740
800
860
900
980
1000
1050
1150
1250
1300
1450
1500
1600
1700
1750
1800
1950
2100
2200
2350
2450
2600
2800
2900
3100
3300

188
200
215
225
240
250
270
290
310
330
350
360
390
410
440
460
480
520
560
580
620
640
700
760
800
840
880
920
1000
1050
1150
1200
1250
1350
1400
1500
1550
1650
1800
1950
2050
2200
2300
2400
2600
2700
2900
3000

92
98
105
110
115
120
135
145
155
160
170
175
190
205
215
225
235
250
270
290
300
310
340
370
390
420
440
460
490
520
560
580
600
660
700
740
780
800
880
960
1000
1050
1100
1150
1250
1350
1400
1500

64
70
74
78
82
86
94
100
110
115
120
125
135
145
150
160
165
180
190
200
210
220
240
260
280
290
310
320
350
370
390
410
430
460
490
520
550
560
620
660
720
760
780
820
880
940
1000
1050

25
27
29
31
32
34
37
40
43
45
47
49
53
57
60
63
65
71
75
79
83
87
95
100
110
115
120
125
135
145
155
160
170
180
195
205
215
225
245
265
280
300
310
325
350
375
390
415

Table 5–30
Functions of loading density
Loading density
w
(lbs/ft1/3)

Ground shock
fg
(0.267w0.30)

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
7.0

64

Debris
fd
(0.600w0.18)

0.27
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.46
0.48

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.71
0.73
0.75
0.77
0.79
0.80
0.83
0.85

Table 5–30
Functions of loading density—Continued
Loading density
w
(lbs/ft1/3)

8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0

Ground shock
fg
(0.267w0.30)

Debris
fd
(0.600w0.18)

0.50
0.52
0.53
0.56
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.66
0.70
0.74
0.77
0.81
0.84
0.86
0.91
0.95
0.99
1.03
1.06

0.87
0.89
0.91
0.94
0.96
0.96
1.01
1.03
1.07
1.11
1.14
1.17
1.19
1.21
1.25
1.29
1.32
1.35
1.37

Table 5–31
IBD for airblast traveling through earth cover

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

65

Table 5–32
Distance versus overpressure along the centerline

Table 5–33
Distance versus overpressure along the centerline

66

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 5–34
Effective overpressure at the opening

Table 5–35
Allowable overpressure at IBD

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

67

Table 5–36
IBD distances to protect against airblast
R/[D/VT1/3] (ft) at selected off-axis angles (deg)

W
lbs

0 deg

1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000

68

30 deg

1340
1420
1500
1570
1630
1690
1820
1930
2030
2130
2210
2290
2430
2560
2680
2790
2890
3070
3230
3380
3510
3640
3920
4160
4380
4580
4770
4940
5250
5520
5770
6010
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60 deg

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90 deg

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DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

120 deg

520
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180 deg

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1730
1840
1940
2030
2110
2190
2320
2450
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2660

Figure 5-1. Impulse noise zones for various B-durations and peak sound pressures

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

69

Figure 5-2. Impulse noise zones from intentional detonations

70

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure 5-3. Intermagazine hazard factors

Figure 5-4. Intermagazine hazard factors

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

71

Figure 5-5. Intermagazine hazard factors

Figure 5-6. Intermagazine hazard factors

72

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure 5-7. Intermagazine hazard factors

Figure 5-8. Intermagazine hazard factors

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

73

Figure 5-9. Intermagazine hazard factors

74

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Chapter 6
Electrical Hazards
Section I
Electrical Service and Equipment
6–1. Overview
The installation and use of electrical equipment within buildings,
magazines, operating locations, shelters, and so forth, containing
explosives will comply with the latest edition of the NFPA, Standard 70, unless stated otherwise in this chapter.
6–2. Hazardous locations
Locations are classified depending on the properties of the flammable vapors, liquids or gases, or combustible dusts or fibers which
may be present and the likelihood that a flammable or combustible
concentration or quantity is present. Where pyrophoric (spontaneously igniting in air) materials are used or handled, these locations will not be classified. Each room, section, or area will be
considered individually in determining its classification. To qualify
as a hazardous location, conditions listed in paragraph 6–2a through
c should either exist or be probable in the location. Hazardous
locations are divided into three classes. Each class consists of two
division: Division 1 (more hazardous) and division 2. Hazardous
locations require either explosives dusts, flammable vapors, or ignitable flyings (or fibers) to be present in a proper mixture with air.
Ammunition storage structures will not normally have the proper
mixture and would not be considered a hazardous location within
the context of this definition. Additional information can be found
in NFPA 70, article 500.
a. Class I. Class I locations are those in which flammable gases
or vapors are or may be present in the air in quantities sufficient to
produce explosive or ignitable mixtures. Rooms or buildings containing vapors from explosives which may condense will be considered Class I, Division 1 locations. Electrical equipment must have
been tested and listed by a recognized testing agency as suitable for
installation and use in Class I hazardous locations for safety of
operation in the presence of flammable mixtures of specific vapors
or gases in the air.
(1) Class I, Division 1. Class I, Division 1 locations are those in
which—
(a) Hazardous concentrations of flammable gases or vapors exist
continuously, intermittently, or periodically under normal operating
conditions.
(b) Hazardous concentrations of flammable gases or vapors may
exist frequently because of repair or maintenance operations or
because of leakage.
(c) Breakdown or faulty operation of equipment or processes
which might release hazardous concentrations of flammable gases or
vapors might also cause simultaneous failure of electrical
equipment.
(d) Explosives may sublime and outgas.
(e) Equipment operating temperatures will not have an external
temperature capable of igniting the flammable mixture of the specific gas or vapor in its location.
(2) Class I, Division 2. Class I, Division 2 locations are those in
which—
(a) Volatile flammable liquids or flammable gases are handled,
processed, or used. In these areas the hazardous liquids, vapors, or
gases normally are confined within closed containers or systems
from which they can escape only in an accidental rupture or breakdown of such containers or systems or during abnormal operation of
equipment.
(b) Positive mechanical ventilation normally prevents hazardous
concentrations of gases or vapors from accumulating, but concentrations might become hazardous if the ventilating equipment fails or
malfunctions.
(c) Hazardous concentrations of gases or vapors occasionally
might accumulate if they spread from adjacent Class I, Division 1

locations unless prevented by adequate positive-pressure ventilation
from a source of clean air, and effective safeguards against ventilation failure are provided.
b. Class II. Class II locations are those locations which are hazardous because of the presence of combustible dust. Rooms or
buildings that contain explosive dusts or explosives having a chemical composition or physical size such that particles of explosives
may become disassociated from the whole and disperse in the surrounding atmosphere, will be considered Class II hazardous locations. Equipment installed in Class II locations will be able to
function at full rating without developing surface temperatures high
enough to cause excessive dehydration or gradual carbonization of
any organic dust deposits that may be present. Dust that is carbonized or excessively dry is highly susceptible to spontaneous ignition.
Operating temperatures of electrical equipment will not be high
enough to ignite expected dusts in its location if equipment, such as
motors, power transformers, and so forth, becomes overloaded.
Equipment and wiring defined as explosion-proof is not required in
Class II locations, and may not be acceptable unless it meets all the
requirements of NFPA 70, Article 500 for Class II locations.
(1) Class II, Division 1. Class II, Division 1 locations are those in
which—
(a) Combustible dust is or may be suspended in the air continuously, intermittently, or periodically under normal operating
conditions in quantities sufficient to produce an explosion or
ignition.
(b) Mechanical failure or malfunctioning machinery or equipment
may cause explosive or ignitable mixtures to be produced, or become a source of ignition through simultaneous failure of electrical
equipment and protection devices or other causes.
(c) Combustible dusts which are electrically conductive may be
present.
(d) Explosives or explosive dusts may, during handling, produce
dust capable of being dispersed in the atmosphere.
(e) Explosives may outgas.
(2) Class II, Division 2. Class II, Division 2 locations are those in
which—
(a) Combustible dust will not normally be suspended in the air,
or thrown into suspension, by the normal operation of equipment or
apparatus in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable
mixtures.
(b) Deposits or accumulations of dust may be sufficient to interfere with the safe dissipation of heat from electrical equipment or
apparatus.
(c) Deposits or accumulations of combustible dust on, in, or in
the vicinity of, electrical equipment may be ignited by arcs, sparks,
or burning material from electrical equipment.
c. Class III. Class III locations are those that could be hazardous
because of the presence of easily ignitable fibers or flyings, but
where these fibers or flyings are not likely to be in suspension in the
air in quantities sufficient to produce ignitable mixtures. These locations include combustible fiber manufacturing pressing plants,
woodworking plants, and establishments involving similar hazardous
processes or conditions. Easily ignitable fibers and flyings include
rayon, cotton, hemp, oakum, excelsior, and other materials of similar nature.
(1) Class III, Division 1. Class III, Division 1 locations are those
in which easily ignitable fibers or materials that produce combustible flyings are handled, manufactured, or used.
(2) Class III, Division 2. Class III, Division 2 locations are those
in which easily ignitable fibers are stored or handled, excluding
locations where ignitable fibers are stored or handled during
manufacturing.
d. Change of classification. Operating buildings and magazines
are constructed to perform a specific function which dictates the
requirements for electrical equipment installation. If the functions
performed in the facility change or are rearranged, the safety officers must inspect, approve, or reclassify the hazardous locations.
Multiple classifications are discussed in the following paragraph.
e. Multiple classifications. In some areas of Army operating

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

75

buildings or magazines there may be hazards from both dust and
flammable vapors. If so, these areas will have a dual or multiple
classification. Electrical equipment used in these areas must be listed by a recognized testing agency as suitable for use in all hazardous locations to which it will be subjected.
f. Special requirements.
(1) Electrical equipment and installations in Class I, II, or III
hazardous locations involving explosives will comply with the requirements of the code for Division 1 of the appropriate hazardous
location class. Equipment and installations in locations which could
be used as either a Class I or II hazardous location will meet the
requirements of both classes.
(2) An alternate source of power must be available for explosives
operations where the lack of a continuous power supply may cause
a fire or explosion.
(3) Low power, solid state devices which are intrinsically safe
under the NFPA, Standard 70, Article 504, may be used in any
hazardous location, provided they do not introduce a physical or
electromagnetic radiation (EMR) hazard. See section III of this
chapter for more information on EMR.
g. Maintenance. More than ordinary care will be taken to maintain equipment and electrical installations in hazardous locations.
The equipment must be periodically inspected and maintained by
qualified personnel, with a written record kept of the inspections
and maintenance. Where inspection frequency is not prescribed in a
TM or other directive, the inspection period will be fixed by local
authority on the basis of the existing situation.
h. Photographic lighting. Magnesium flashlights or photoflash
bulbs are not allowed in hazardous locations. Only lighting equipment bearing the Underwriter’s Laboratory (UL) listed label for the
hazard involved will be used in photography.
6–3. Approved equipment
a. Listed equipment. Electrical equipment listed by a recognized
testing agency, is acceptable only when used under the recommended environmental and operational conditions. Equipment will
be approved not only for the class of location but also for the
explosive properties of the specific gas, vapor, or dust that will be
present. For additional details, see NFPA 70.
b. Unlisted equipment. Electrical equipment not specifically listed
by a recognized testing agency for the purpose or operating condition present may be certified for use by a qualified safety or system
safety engineer (GS–803). This certification will be based on the
following:
(1) Listed equipment is not available from any source;
(2) Hazard analysis has determined that no additional hazards
would be created by using this equipment. Unlisted equipment certification and justification thereof, must be maintained at the installation until the equipment is withdrawn from service.
6–4. Maintenance of electrical equipment
Only qualified personnel authorized to do such work will perform
maintenance. Where equipment may have been contaminated by
explosives, the explosives will be removed or neutralized before
maintenance is started.
6–5. Electrical service lines in explosives areas
Each service line will be run underground from a point at least 50
feet away from the building. The exterior line side of the main
disconnecting switch or circuit breaker must have suitable lightning
arrestors. See paragraph 5–7o for separation distance for electrical
lines.
a. Surge (lightning) arresters will be required and installed as
specified in NFPA 70, Article 280.
b. Local telephone service and similar low voltage intercom or
alarm systems must also comply with the same underground routing
for the last 50 feet. Surge protection, even for lines that run underground, will be provided to shield against any severe electrical
surges from a nearby lightning strike or from excessive power

76

through the line from other outside sources, such as broken power
lines.
c. Ground fault interrupters virtually eliminate electrical shock
hazards presented by line-to-ground fault currents and leakage currents by removing power from the faulty circuit. When building or
renovating facilities, all 120 volts alternating current (VAC) singlephase receptacle outlets installed outdoors will have ground fault
circuit protection. Ground fault protection will be provided in other
areas where conditions creating a high-level electrical hazard exist.
Ground fault circuit interrupters can often be activated by spurious
electrical impulses. Therefore, these devices will not be used on
circuits that serve critical equipment and processes; for example,
lighting in an explosives building, or lighting required for a safe exit
from any building.
6–6. Electrical motors for hazardous locations
Electrical motors should not be installed in a room or building
which is a Class I or II hazardous location. They should have no
connection to the building except through glands or apertures adequately sealed against entrance of hazardous materials either into the
location or into the motor itself. If an electrical motor must be
located in a hazardous location, paragraph 6–3 applies.
6–7. Portable lighting systems
a. Floodlight systems, which are listed by an recognized testing
agency, may be used where required. These will be mounted on
heavy portable stands and placed outside the magazine door or the
outside working area. Service cords must be placed or protected so
that they cannot be walked on or run over by equipment.
b. Flashlights and hand lanterns powered by low voltage dry cell
batteries and miners’ cap lamps, each approved as permissible by
the U.S. Bureau of Mines and by a recognized testing agency for
Class I hazardous locations, are considered satisfactory for both
Class I and II hazardous locations. In Class III hazardous locations
and nonhazardous explosives locations, any type dry cell flashlight
is acceptable. Devices which provide cold light through chemical
action are acceptable for any hazardous location.
6–8. Permanent lighting for storage magazines
If permanent lighting is essential, an approved type of disconnect
switch must be used. The switch will be placed outside the magazine and arranged so that it can be locked in the open position. The
power will be on only when personnel are working in the magazine.
The magazine doors will be opened and the magazine interior will
be visually inspected before actuating the switch. As a minimum,
sparkproof or industrial rated electrical systems in rigid metal conduits, enclosed junction boxes, and closure plates without opening
and protective covers for lighting fixtures will be used. Explosion
proof lighting is required only for the hazardous locations listed in
paragraph 6–2.
6–9. Flexible cords
Flexible cords should be type “S” hard service cords approved for
extra hard usage in damp areas as defined in the National Electric
Code (NEC). Splices are not allowed. All flexible cords with plugs
must be equipped with a ground. Flexible cords will not be used in
place of fixed or installed electrical wiring. Place or protect each
electrical cord so that it cannot be walked on or run over by
equipment.
Section II
Static electricity
6–10. Static electricity charge dissipation subsystem
a. General information.
(1) Static electricity. Static electricity is produced when two unlike materials are brought into contact and then separated. During
contact, there is a redistribution of the charge across the area of
contact and an attractive force is established. When the materials are
separated, work is done in overcoming these attractive forces. This
work is stored as an electrostatic field which is set up between the

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

two surfaces when they are separated. If no conducting path is
available to allow the charges to bleed off the surfaces, the voltage
between the surfaces can easily reach several thousand volts as they
are separated. Static electricity is an annoyance to many individuals.
Static shock may cause discomfort and even injury to a worker due
to involuntary reaction. A far more dangerous aspect of static electricity is the fire and explosion hazard. This hazard can occur in
situations where a vapor-air, gas-air, dust-air, or combination of
these mixtures exist in the proper ratio. For static to cause ignition,
four conditions must exist:
(a) An effective means of static generation.
(b) A means of accumulating the charges and maintaining a difference of electrical potential.
(c) A spark discharge of adequate energy.
(d) The spark must occur in an ignitable mixture.
(2) Sources. The most common sources of static electricity are:
(a) Steam, air, or gas flowing from any opening in a pipe or
hose, particularly when the stream is wet or when the air or gas
stream contains particulate matter.
(b) Pulverized materials passing through chutes and pneumatic
conveyors.
(c) Nonconductive power or conveyor belts in motion.
(d) Moving vehicles.
(e) All motion involving changes in relative position of contacting surfaces (usually of dissimilar substances), of which one or both
must be a poor conductor of electricity. The following paragraph
provides information and procedures on how to control static electricity charge dissipation.
(3) Materials sensitive to static spark discharge. Practically all
finely divided combustible materials, especially explosives, when
suspended in the proper concentration in air or deposited in finely
divided layers, can be ignited by an electro-static spark.
(a) Explosives. The explosives or explosive mixtures that are
sensitive to static discharge (electro-static sensitivity of 0.1 joule or
less) when exposed are generally primer, initiator, detonator, igniter,
tracer, incendiary, and pyrotechnic mixtures. Ammonium picrate,
tetryl, RDX compositions, and tetrytol are sensitive to static discharge when present in dust-air mixtures. The following are some of
the explosives that can be ignited by a static electricity spark discharged from a person: black powder; diazodinitrophenol; igniter
compositions; lead azide; lead styphnate; aluminum, magnesium,
titanium, uranium, or zirconium powder exposed in layers; mercury
fulminate; mixtures of flammable vapors; potassium chlorate mixed
with flammable dusts; pyrotechnic mixtures; smokeless powder dust
when present; and tetrazene.
(b) Electro-explosive devices. Static electricity on insulated conductive objects, such as metal stands with rubber casters, or on a
person, can discharge through the air to other objects which are at a
sufficiently different potential. Such a discharge or spark, even
though too small to be felt, may contain enough energy to cause an
electro-explosive device, such as a primer or a detonator, to fire.
Static discharges may also be strong enough to break down the
insulation within the electro-explosive device and cause it to fire.
(c) Solvents. Flammable mixtures of solvents and air can be ignited by the static charge that can be accumulated on a person.
Typical flammable solvents are ethyl ether, ethyl alcohol, ethyl
acetate, acetone, benzene, and naphtha.
(4) Static generating materials. Personnel who work in a hazardous location or who handle or install unpackaged electro-explosive
devices and ammunition must avoid using rags and wearing outer
garments made of materials which have high static generating characteristics. Materials of 100 percent polyester, nylon, rayon, silk, or
wool are highly static-producing. Wool socks, glove inserts, and
caps, as well as undergarments of synthetic fabrics or silk are less of
a hazard. Nylon field jacket liners should not be worn as an outer
garment. Cotton or cotton-synthetic blend materials are preferred.
(5) Static electrical potential discharge or equalization. Personnel, regardless of the type of clothing worn, can collect a charge of
static electricity by being in contact with moving nonconductive
substances or coming in contact with a mass that has been

previously charged. Therefore, personnel must be particularly careful to discharge their static electrical potential or equalize it to that
of the explosives item before the item is handled.
(6) Garment removal. Garments will not be put on or removed
while engaged in explosives operations. This reduces the generation
of static charges caused by physical separation of materials. If outer
garments need to be removed, personnel will step out of the immediate area of operation, remove the garment, ground themselves,
then reenter. Workers shall not unfasten Velcro fasteners while
present in an explosives operation.
b. Static electricity dissipation.
(1) The grounding method generally used to eliminate or reduce
the hazard from static electricity is to provide an electrically continuous path to the earth electrode subsystem.
(a) When all of the objects are conductive, they can be grounded
by electrically connecting all parts to a common ground conductor.
(b) When deemed necessary, effective grounding must include
the exterior and the contents of a container.
(c) Electrical continuity may be broken by oil on bearings, paint,
or rust at any contact point. To get a continuous circuit, grounding
straps should be used to bridge such locations. Equipment in contact
with conductive floors or table tops is not adequately grounded.
(d) Static grounds will not be made to telephone grounds; electrical conduit systems; gas, steam, water, or air lines; sprinkler systems; or air terminals of lightning protection system (LPS)
(connection to the down conductor of the system at the ground level
is authorized).
(2) Static electricity accumulations and subsequent discharges are
usually impossible if the relative humidity is above 60 percent.
Where humidification techniques are used to prevent static electricity accumulations, perform a daily preoperational check of the humidity levels before starting work. However, certain materials such
as metallic powders and some of the pyrotechnic mixtures cannot be
exposed to air with 60 percent or higher relative humidity because
of the possibility of spontaneous ignition.
(3) Ionization is electrical neutralization and serves as an effective method of removing static charges from certain processes and/
or operation. Methods of application can be found in NFPA Recommended Practice 77. Ionization methods of removing static charges
must not be used in hazardous locations as defined in the National
Electrical Code, NFPA 70, and paragraph 6–2 of this pamphlet.
Unless the MACOM commander gives approval, do not use radioactive ionization sources due to the potential for radioactive material
contamination during an explosives accident or pyrotechnic fire.
c. Conductive floors, mats, and runners. The combination of conductive floors and shoes provides the static electricity charge a
dissipation path to the earth electrode subsystem.
(1) General requirements.
(a) Conductive floors, plates, mats, and runners will be used
together with conductive footwear to protect personnel at operations
involving items and materials having an electrostatic sensitivity of
0.1 joule or less. A list of items and materials that are sensitive to
this level are listed in paragraph 6–10a(3)(a) through 6–10a(3)(c).
Operations involving such items as loosely unpacked ammunition
with electric primers, exposed electro-explosives devices, electrically initiated items with exposed electric circuitry, and other hazardous materials will be analyzed on a case-by-case basis to
determine if conductive floors, plates, mats, runners, and footwear
are required. This analysis will include an assessment of the
electrostatic sensitivity of the item and the compensatory measures
to be employed.
(b) Conductive floors are not required throughout a building or
room if the hazard is localized. In these cases, conductive mats or
runners may be used where appropriate. These mats or runners will
be subject to all the specifications and tests that apply to conductive
floors.
(2) New installation or renovation requirements Conductive
floors must be constructed of nonsparking material such as lead,
conductive rubber, or conductive flooring composition and must
meet the following requirements:
(a) The surface of the installed floor must be free from cracks

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

77

and reasonably smooth. The surface material must not slough off,
wrinkle, or buckle under operating conditions. Conductive tiles are
not recommended in areas where explosives dust can cause contamination. The large number of joints and the tendency of tiles to
loosen can allow explosives dust to become lodged. The tiles are not
easy to clean using normal cleanup procedures.
(b) The conductive floors must be compatible with the materials
to be processed.
(3) Conductive floor bonding requirements.
(a) Conductive floors will be bonded to the earth electrode subsystem. The bonding material will be selected in accordance with
paragraph 6–13d below.
(b) On former Naval installations conductive floors will be bonded to the secondary girdle. The bonding material will be selected in
accordance with paragraph 6–13d.
(4) Visual inspection requirements.
(a) Visual inspection interval. Conductive floors will be inspected daily during operations.
(b) Visual inspection procedures. (See para C–2 and table 6–1 for
inspection procedures.)
(5) Electrical test requirements.
(a) Electrical test intervals. Conductive floors will be tested at
the completion of installation, at the completion of renovation, and
at least semi-annually thereafter.
(b) Electrical test procedures. Electrical tests will be conducted
only when the room or area is free of exposed explosives and/or
flammable gas mixtures. (See para C–3 and table 6–1 for testing
procedures.)
(6) Maintenance of conductive floors. Conductive floors will be
kept clean, dry, and free of nonconductive material. Soaps, detergents, and solvents that leave a residue will not be used to clean
conductive floors.
d. Conductive footwear.
(1) General requirements. Personnel who work upon conductive
flooring, conductive mats, or conductive runners where the requirements in c(1)(a) above apply, must wear nonsparking conductive
footwear. Personnel from other departments or visitors who enter
these areas and who walk on conductive flooring materials also
must wear nonsparking conductive footwear (conductive overshoes
with ankle straps may be used). Legstats are acceptable for visitors
or transients only, as long as their basic footwear is of nonsparking
construction. Under no circumstances will personnel working on
electrical equipment or facilities wear conductive-sole safety shoes
or other conductive footwear.
(2) Conductive footwear requirements.
(a) Conductive shoes with conductive composition soles will
meet ANSI Safety Standard for Safety-Toe Footwear, Z41.1 and
MIL-S–3794.
(b) Conductive footwear requires care to retain its conductive
properties. When conductive footwear is not in use, it should be
stored in lockers close to the room where it will be worn. Employees who have been issued conductive footwear will not wear it from
the workplace to their homes and return. A thin layer of dust or wax
may insulate conductive footwear from the floor.
(c) Only conductive materials will be used to repair conductive
soled shoes. Conductive shoes will be thoroughly cleaned before
being repaired.
(3) Visual inspection requirements.
(a) Inspection intervals. Conductive footwear will be inspected
every day before use.
(b) Inspection procedures and criteria. (See para C–2 and table
6–1.)
(4) Electrical test requirements.
(a) Test intervals. Conductive footwear will be tested at the time
issued and daily before use.
(b) Test procedures. (See para C–4 and table 6–1.)
e. Conductive tables and table tops. The requirements for conductive floors will apply to conductive tables and table tops.
f. Conductive belts.
(1) New installation, renovation, and general requirements.

78

(a) Conductive conveyor belts will meet the requirements of International Standard Organization (ISO) 284, Conveyor Belts, Electric Conductive, Specifications and Method of Test.
(b) Conductive V-belts will meet the requirements of ISO
1813–Antistatic V-Belts Electric Conductive—Specifications and
Method of Test at initial installation.
(2) Bonding requirements.
(a) The belt must be electrically continuous.
(b) The combination of the belt tension and the weight on the
belt provides the bonding of the belt to the pulleys and rollers.
(c) The static electricity charge dissipation from the belt to the
pulley or roller will also dissipate through the bearings to the equipment. The equipment in turn must be bonded to the earth electrode
subsystem. Static combs or sliding contacts may be used between
pulleys and roller to the equipment housing. Bonding straps can be
used on the equipment housing. Braided straps will be required on
equipment that vibrates.
(d) On former Naval installations this subsystem must be bonded
to the secondary girdle.
(3) Visual inspection requirements.
(a) Inspection intervals. Conveyer belt and v-belt systems will be
inspected at installation or renovation and daily before use
thereafter.
(b) Inspection procedures and criteria. (See para C–2 and table
6–1.)
(4) Electrical test requirements.
(a) Test intervals. All conveyor belt systems will be tested at the
time of installation or renovation and at least semi-annually. Conductive v-belts will be tested at time of installation (para C–6), but
need not be tested after installation.
(b) Test methods. (See para C–5 and table 6–1.)
g. Conductive legstats.
(1) General requirements. Legstats will not be used in place of
conductive shoes. Only transients will use legstats when they require conductive footwear. Legstats will be used in pairs (one on
each leg) when they are required.
(2) Visual inspection requirements.
(a) Inspection intervals. Legstats will be inspected upon receipt
and daily before use.
(b) Inspection procedures and criteria. (See para C–2d and table
6–1.)
(3) Electrical testing requirements.
(a) Test intervals. Legstats will be tested upon receipt and daily
before use.
(b) Test criteria. (See para C–7 and table 6–1.)
h. Conductive wriststats.
(1) General requirements. As a general rule, wriststats should not
serve as the primary method of dissipating electrostatic charges
from the human body. Wriststats may be a supplemental method
when operations require more than normal precautions against
electrostatic discharge. Wriststats may be used as the primary
method of electrostatic control when directed by Army publications.
(2) Visual inspection requirements.
(a) Inspection intervals. Wriststats will be inspected upon receipt
and daily before use.
(b) Inspection procedures and criteria. (See para C–2d and table
6–1.)
(3) Electrical testing requirements.
(a) Test intervals. Wriststats will be tested upon receipt and daily
before use.
(b) Test criteria. The resistance value will be provided in the
publication that requires the use of wriststats. (See table 6–1 and
C–8.)
i. Forklift trucks. Requirements, inspection, and test procedures
are in TB 43–0142.
j. Machinery and equipment
(1) General requirements. All machinery and equipment such as
mixers for pyrotechnic, propellant, and explosive compositions,
screening and sifting devices, assembly and disassembly machines,
elevators, defuzing machines, presses, hoppers, and all associated

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

equipment involved in loading or processing explosives or explosives materials will be bonded to the earth electrode subsystem.
(2) Visual inspection requirements.
(a) Inspection intervals. Machinery and equipment will be inspected upon receipt and daily before use.
(b) Inspection procedures and criteria. (See para C–2e and table
6–1.)
(3) Electrical testing requirements.
(a) Test intervals. Machinery and equipment will be tested upon
receipt and as specified in table 6–1.
(b) Test criteria. The resistance value between the machinery and
equipment and the earth electrode subsystem will be as specified in
paragraph C–9 and table 6–1.
k. Spray painting operations. During paint spraying operations,
static electricity dissipation will be accomplished as required in
NFPA 33 and/or NFPA 77. Electrostatic paint systems will not be
used or installed in explosives areas.
l. Aircraft loading and unloading operations. Aircraft, both rotary and fixed wing, will be grounded when loading or unloading
ammunition or explosives. The resistance value between the aircraft
and the earth electrode subsystem will be as specified in table 6–1.
For sling loading ammunition and explosives, see FM 55–450–1.
m. Ground grab bars. Ground grab bars may be installed just
outside the entrance doors to operating buildings or other buildings
or structures where special hazards exist. A ground grab bar consists
of a length of noncorroding conductive pipe fitted in brackets and
connected to ground. All persons entering structures equipped with
grab bars will momentarily grasp the bar to dissipate any possible
accumulation of static electricity. To prevent reaccumulation of a
static charge, conductive floors, tables, footwear, and so forth, must
be used.
n. Field expedient grounding. There will be times when, due to
operational necessity, items such as conductive footwear and/or
flooring will not be available. Appendix E provides methods that
may be used in these situations.
6–11. Ordnance grounds (static grounds)
Ordnance grounds are used to ensure that electric currents do not
flow between ordnance components when they come in contact or
are assembled. These currents can be produced by common mode
voltages induced in ground loops, electrostatic discharge of one
component into another, and potential differences created in the
facilities ground system due to direct lightning strikes or near
misses.
a. Ordnance grounds are electrically separated from all other
ground systems (and objects connected to them). At former Navy
installations, ordnance grounds will be connected to the secondary
ground girdle at a single point. Each ordnance ground subsystem
will be connected to the secondary ground girdle at a single point.
b. Where they exist, ordnance grounds will be maintained.
6–12. Instrument grounds
Instrument grounds are used to provide error-free operation of sensitive electronic instruments.
a. Instrument grounds are electrically separated from all other
ground systems (and objects connected to them). At former Navy
installations, instrument grounds will be connected to the secondary
ground girdle at a single point.
b. Instrument grounds at those installations having them will be
maintained.
Section III
Grounding
6–13. Explosives facility grounding
a. Explosives facilities will be provided with a ground system to
provide personnel, equipment, and facility protection. Personnel
safety is provided by low impedance grounding and bonding for
personnel, equipment, metallic objects, and piping so as to prevent

voltages sufficient to cause a shock hazard or initiate explosives
within the facility.
b. A facility ground system is composed of the earth electrode
subsystem and one or more of the following subsystems:
(1) Static electricity charge dissipation subsystem.
(2) Ordnance ground subsystem.
(3) Instrument ground subsystem.
(4) Lightning protection subsystem.
(5) Structural ground subsystem.
(6) Fault protection subsystem.
(7) Power service grounds subsystem.
c. The explosives facility grounding system at all Army installations will be visually inspected and electrically tested at the required
intervals for values specified in table 6–1.
(1) General requirements are as follows:
(a) The installation safety officer, unless an alternate officer is
specifically designated by the installation commander, will maintain
the inspection and test reports and/or records for a period of 30
years.
(b) Visual inspections and electrical tests should be performed by
properly trained personnel. Personnel classified as electrical engineers/technicians or who have successfully completed the Army
Electrical Explosives Safety for Army Facilities Course (or equivalent) are considered properly trained to perform both visual inspections and electrical tests. Visual inspections may be performed by
individuals who have been formally trained by personnel who have
completed the above course.
(2) All required maintenance will be performed on all grounding
systems.
(3) Results of all electrical tests will be recorded and reported to
the appropriate office for resolution.
d. Grounding system material will be in accordance with NFPA
70, Article 250, Part J, paragraphs 250–91 through 250–99,
inclusively.
6–14. Earth electrode subsystem
The earth electrode subsystem establishes the electrical connection
between the facility and earth. This connection is necessary for
static electricity dissipation, useful in power fault protection, and
aids in minimizing electronic noise from communications and instrumentation. It is a network of electrically interconnected rods
and/or cables installed to establish a low resistance contact with
earth. Electrodes are usually buried or driven beneath the earth’s
surface. Older installations may also find that buried metal plates,
cones, pipes, grids, wells, and/or grounded railroad tracks are used
as the earth electrode subsystem. Only ground rods, ground loops,
combinations, and variations thereof and salt water grounds are
authorized for new construction or major renovation projects.
a. Earth electrode subsystem general requirement. Earth electrodes will be placed at uniform intervals about the protected facility
as required; grouping of earth electrodes on one side of a facility is
prohibited. Earth electrodes will be set not less than 3 feet or more
than 8 feet from the structure. The type and size of the earth
electrode subsystem will depend on local soil conditions. Test borings and/or soil resistivity tests performed in the areas before construction will be used for deciding on an adequate earth electrode
system. All connections will be tested for electrical resistance, and
the entire earth electrode subsystem will be tested to assure that
resistance to earth meets the requirements of table 6–1.
b. Designing or renovating earth electrode subsystems. The subsystem must be tailored to reflect the characteristics of the site and
requirements of the facility. It must be properly installed and steps
must be taken to assure that it continues to provide a low resistance
connection to earth throughout the life of the facility. To achieve
these objectives—
(1) Before beginning the design, conduct a survey of the site
where the earth electrode subsystem is to be installed. Through this
survey, determine the resistivity of the soil, identify significant
geological features, gather information on architectural and landscape features which may influence the design of the subsystem,
and review local climate effects. (If possible, conduct this survey in

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

79

advance of the final site selection to avoid particularly troublesome
locations.)
(2) As the first step of the site survey, measure the resistivity of
the soil at several points over the area of the planned facility. Even
the smallest facility, in so far as the earth electrode subsystem is
concerned, will affect an area at least 15 meters by 15 meters (50
feet by 50 feet). For larger facilities, the area is assumed to extend
at least 6 meters (20 feet) beyond the basic building or structural
outline; that is, the ground floor plan. The soil resistivity must be
known over the area encircled or covered by the earth electrode
subsystem.
(3) Design an earth electrode subsystem appropriate for the site.
(4) Install the subsystem in accordance with the recommended
procedures.
(5) Finally, measure the resistance to earth of the subsystem to
verify that it meets the goals or design specifications.
c. Selection of earth electrode type. Only ground rods, ground
loops, combinations and variations thereof, and salt water grounds
are authorized for new or renovation projects.
(1) Acceptable resistance to earth values are easiest to achieve
when ground rods are driven to the depth determined by the soil
resistivity test.
(2) A ground loop (counterpoise) subsystem will be installed if
one of the following conditions are met:
(a) General requirements. The minimum number of ground rods
are driven to the depth determined by the soil resistivity test and the
required resistance to earth value is not achieved.
(b) Grounding system other than lightning protection. Drive, as a
minimum, two additional ground rods (see table 6–2 for minimum
ground rod requirements) to the depth determined by the soil resistivity test. Acceptable resistance to earth values are still not
achieved on two of three driven rods.
(c) Grounding systems for LPS. Drive, as a minimum, one additional ground rod (see table 6–2 for minimum ground rod requirements) to the depth determined by the soil resistivity test.
Acceptable resistance to earth values are still not achieved on two of
three driven rods.
(d) Excessively long ground rods. The results of the soil resistivity test and cost analysis may indicate that installing ground rods
would not be cost effective due to the need for excessively long
ground rods. The results of the soil resistivity test and cost analysis
must be kept on file.
(3) Grounding wells. Access to the earth electrode subsystem will
be provided by installing one or more grounding wells at each new
facility or at facilities undergoing major renovation. Acceptable
types of grounding wells are shown in figure 6–1.
d. Bonding requirements
(1) Compression clamps are the only permissible bonding method
in grounding wells.
(2) All earth electrode subsystems protecting a facility will be
bonded together. However, the following criteria applies where an
earth electrode subsystem is installed and bonded to the existing
earth electrode subsystem:
(a) All earth electrode subsystems will meet the most stringent
resistance to earth value required for that facility.
(b) All earth electrode subsystems will be bonded together when
maintenance is performed on the facility’s grounding system.
(c) When a facility is renovated, all earth electrode subsystems
will be bonded together.
e. Visual inspection requirement. (See para B–2 and table 6–1.)
f. Electrical test requirements. (See para B–4 and table 6–1.).
g. Ground rods. (figs 6–2 and 6–3.) Ground rods are any vertical
rods or pipes driven into the ground. Ground rods are normally used
where bedrock is more than 10 feet below grade. Ground rods are
manufactured in one-half inch to one inch diameters and in lengths
of 5 to 40 feet.
(1) New installation or renovation requirements
(a) Ground rods will meet the requirements of NFPA 70 except
when bonded to a lightning protection subsystem. They then will
not be less than three-quarters of an inch in diameter and 10 feet in

80

length. Rods will be copper-clad steel, solid copper, or stainless
steel. Ground rods will be free of paint or other nonconductive
coating. Ground rods will be located clear of paved surfaces, walkways, and roadways. Rods will be driven so that the tops are at least
12 inches below finished grade, and located 3 to 8 feet beyond the
perimeter of the building foundation. Shallow topsoil over bedrock
or dense coral may make it impractical to bury ground rods or a
counterpoise to the required level below grade. In these instances,
using extended down conductors or buried open plates as described
in chapter 3 of NFPA 780 provides an acceptable alternative to
vertical burial of 10’ long rods. Drive stud bolts protect threaded
area of rods when driving the rods into the ground. Threaded couplings will be used when it is necessary to drive multiple lengths of
ground rods into the earth.
(b) Ground rod quantity requirements. (See table 6–2.)
(2) Visual inspection requirements. (See para B–2 and table 6–1.)
(3) Electrical test requirements. (See para B–4 and table 6–1.)
h. Ground loop (counterpoise). (See figs 6–4 and 6–5.) Ground
loops consist of one or more buried cables (primary and secondary
girdles) that completely encircle a facility.
(1) New installation or renovation requirements. Ground loop
cable will not be less than 1/0 American Wire Gage (AWG) stranded copper or copper clad steel cable. The size of any strand will
not be less than 17 AWG. In areas where the soil is highly corrosive, larger cable will be used. The cable will be buried not less
than 30 inches below grade and not less than 3 feet or more than 8
feet from the building foundation or footing. All bends in the cable
will not be less than 90 degrees. A minimum of two ground rods are
required with a ground loop. One ground rod will be installed at
each diagonal corner of the ground loop. (Existing ground loop
systems built under Navy specifications may have separate masts at
each of the four corners of the ground loop with two each ground
rods at each mast. This configuration meets Army standards.)
(2) Visual inspection requirements. (See para B–2 and table 6–1.)
(3) Electrical test requirements. (See para B–4 and table 6–1.)
i. Grid. A grid (fig 6–5) is a system of buried interconnecting
ground wires (cables) forming uniform rectangles either around or
under a protected facility or group of facilities.
(1) New installation or renovation requirements. A grid system
will not be used when buildinging new explosives facilities. Existing grid systems will be maintained using the same criteria defined
for new installation or renovation of ground loop subsystems.
(2) Visual inspection requirements. (See para B–2 and table 6–1.)
(3) Electrical test requirements. (See para B–4 and table 6–1.)
j. Radial systems. A radial system (fig 6–6) is a buried cable at
each down conductor that extends radially from the facility.
(1) New installation or renovation requirements. Radial system
will not be used in building new facilities. Existing radial systems
will be maintained using the same criteria defined for new installation or renovation of ground loop subsystems.
(2) Visual inspection requirements. (See para B–2 and table 6–1.)
(3) Electrical test requirements. (See para B–4 and table 6–1.)
k. Plate, cone, water pipe, and railroad track systems (fig 6-8).
The plate or cone system consists of a series of buried plates or
cones attached to each down conductor at a facility. Water pipe or
grounded railroad tracks systems also exist at some installations.
(1) New installation or renovation requirements. Plate, cone,
water pipe, and railroad track systems will not be used in the
construction of new facilities. When plate, cone, water pipe, and
railroad systems become unserviceable, they will be replaced using
ground rods or ground loop systems as appropriate.
(2) Visual inspection requirements. (See para B–2 and table 6–1.)
(3) Electrical test requirements. (See para B–4 and table 6–1.)
Section IV
Electromagnetic Radiation
6–15. Hazards of electromagnetic radiation to electroexplosive devices (EEDs)
a. General requirements

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

(1) Unless a specific and valid exception has been authorized for
the given hazard, use the criteria in this paragraph.
(2) If technically qualified personnel at the local level can not
solve an electromagnetic hazard to EEDs, obtain consultation and
measurement survey assistance from the higher headquarters
through command safety channels.
b. Electromagnetic radiation hazards
(1) EEDs are initiated electrically. One aspect of possible hazards
is the accidental firing of EEDs by stray electromagnetic energy. A
large number of these devices are initiated by low levels of electrical energy and are susceptible to unintentional ignition by many
forms of direct or induced stray electrical energy, such as lightning
discharges, static electricity, or triboelectric (friction-generated) effects, the operation of electrical and electronic subsystems onboard
weapon systems, and radio frequency (RF) energy from ground
portable and airborne emitters (transmitters).
(2) Hazards from lightning discharges are covered in chapter 12.
Lightning protection systems and requirements normally preclude
the inadvertent initiation of EEDs by direct lightning strikes.
(3) Stray energy, such as transients and other forms of induced
energy, can be imposed upon circuits affecting EEDs from other
subsystems by various methods. Examples are inductive or capacitive coupling from other cabling; sneak ground circuits; defective
components or wiring; and errors in design, modification, or
maintenance.
(4) EEDs are susceptible to initiation by exposure to the radiated
fields of RF emitters. The degree of susceptibility depends on many
variables. These variables are the threshold firing level of the EED;
the ability of the leads, circuit, or installation to capture RF energy;
the type and characteristics of RF energy; and methods of coupling
which can introduce this energy into the EED.
c. Safe separation distance criteria. The separations given in
table 6–3 should be used as a guide in setting up safe separation
distances between EEDs and the transmitting antenna of all RF
emitters. (More accurate distance calculations can be made using the
procedures in table 6–4 and g below.) These criteria apply generally
to critical areas involving explosives assembly, disassembly, testing,
loading, and unloading operations. The distances are based on a
worst case situation; that is, most sensitive EEDs presently in the
inventory, unshielded, having leads or circuitry which could inadvertently be formed into a resonant dipole, loop, or other antenna.
Where EEDs are in less hazardous configurations, use the procedures outlined in d below.
d. Shorter distance considerations. A lesser safe separation distance may be allowed when EEDs are not in an exposed condition.
Before the safe separation distance is reduced, there must be an
analysis of local conditions, type of operations, and the inherent RF
protection afforded EEDs in a given situation. Use the formulas in
table 6–4 for calculating safe separation distances from EEDs in
specific configurations. Other possible configurations are:
(1) For unknown worst case situations or exposed EEDs, use
table 6–4, column A.
(2) EEDs may be stored or transported in metal containers with
their leads twisted (shorted) together. Such items normally would be
safe in almost any military electromagnetic environment; however,
due to discontinuities, thickness of metal, or nonconducting gaskets
the inherent shielding effectiveness of the container may be degraded. Use table 6–4, column C, to calculate recommended safe
separations and power densities.
(3) For EEDs stored or transported in nonmetallic containers with
their leads twisted (shorted), use table 6–4, column B, to calculate
recommended safe separations and power densities.
e. Precautionary procedures. Leave EEDs in their containers until ready for use. Be careful not to untwist leads into the form of a
resonant dipole, loop, or other effective antenna. Do not remove
shorting clips until the EED is actually ready to be installed.
f. Power density criteria. When electrical characteristics of the
EEDs in question are not known or when the minimum safe separation distances cannot be complied with because of lack of real estate
or other limitations, a power density/field intensity survey should be

made. These measurements are more exacting methods of determining a hazard, since actual conditions are involved rather than worst
case conditions which are assumed for distances in table 6–3.
g. Minimum safe distance. When using the data from tables 6–3
and 6–4, the following minimum safe distance information is to be
used:
(1) A minimum safe distance of 1.5 meters (5 feet) is allowed for
citizens band radios (walkie-talkies) (26.96 to 27.23 Mhz) which
have less than 5 watts in power.
(2) A minimum safe distance of 21 meters (69 feet) is allowed
for 2–way mobile units in VHF (150.8 to 161.6 Mhz) and 13 meters
(43 feet) for 2–way mobile and fixed station units in UHF (450 to
460 Mhz), which have less than 180 watts in power.
(3) A minimum safe distance of 88 meters (290 feet) is allowed
for major VHF 2–way mobile and fixed station units in 35 to 44
Mhz range which have less than 500 watts in power.
(4) A minimum safe distance of 35 meters (115 feet) is allowed
for VHF 2–way fixed units in 150.8 to 161.6 Mhz range which have
less than 600 watts in power.
h. Necessary information. When using the data from tables 6–3
and 6–4, the following information is to be used:
(1) Maximum power to amateur radio mobile units is 1,000
watts.
(2) The maximum power for some base stations in 42 to 44 Mhz
band and 1.6 to 1.8 Mhz band is 10,000 watts.
(3) The present maximum power for channels 2 to 6 and FM is
100,000 watts.
(4) The present maximum power for channels 7 to 13 is 316,000
watts.
(5) The present maximum power for channels 14 to 83 is 5,000,
000 watts.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

81

Table 6–1
Grounding system inspection and test requirements
Grounding system component

Visual inspection interval

Electrical test
Interval

subsystem2,3,4

Required resistance

Earth electrode
ground rods, ground loop, grid, radial, plate, cones, railroad track,
water pipes
Static electricity charge dissipation
subsystem
Conductive floors, mats, table,
tops, plates, runners9
Metal mats8,9
Conductive footwear, in use (on
wearer)9 Series connection
Conductive belts, Conveyer belts
V belts

6 months

24 months

25 ohms

Daily before use

6 months

25K to 1 Megohm

Daily before use

6 months

Daily before use
Daily before use

6 months
At installation

Conductive hoses
Legstats9
Wristats5,9
Forklifts6, Aircraft loading pads
Equipment & machinery10
Ordnance ground subsystem
Instrument ground subsystem
Lightning protection subsystem
(bonding check)

Daily before
Daily before
Daily before
12 months
Daily before
6 months
6 months
6 months

6 months
Daily before use
Daily before use
12 months
6 months
24 months
24 months
24 months

25K to 1 Megohm, 1 Megohm
Max
5 Megohms max
600K ohms max at initial installation
250K ohms max
40K to 250K
25K to 1 megohm
10K ohms
2 ohms
25 ohms
25 ohms
1 ohms
Notes:

use
use
use
use

Notes:
1 Only visible/accessible portions of the earth electrode subsystems will be inspected.
2

In addition to the regular inspection/test interval, earth subsystems will be tested after initial installation, maintenance or renovation.

3

The required resistance value is determined by what the earth electrode subsystem is bonded to. When more than one subsystem is bonded together, the most stringent requirement applies.

4 Ground loop systems are required to exhibit a resistance to earth less than or equal to 25 ohms. When a higher resistance is measured, the test crew will perform a full
three-point fall-of-potential test to determine if optimum probe locations will lower the result to an acceptable level. If the result is still above 25 ohms, the test crew will
perform a four-point earth resistivity test to determine if the high reading is due to soil conditions. If high soil resistivity is the reason for the high initial reading, record this
fact in the test record, and use this soil resistivity reading for a new baseline value for future tests to detect any system deterioration. If the soil resistivity is not the reason
for the high resistance to earth, perform system maintenance.
5 Testing of wristats shall be conducted with a wrist strap tester or an appropriate digital readout ohmmeter. Wrist strap testers shall be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
6 Forklift inspection and test procedures are in TB 43–0142, Safety Inspection and Testing of Lifting Devices. (MIL-T–21869 provides procedures for testing forklift discharge straps.)
7 The inspection and test procedures are found in the following appendixes: a. Appendix B, earth electrode subsystems; Appendix C, static electricity dissipation subsystems; c. Appendix D, lightning protection subsystems (bonding tests).
8

Test from one point on the metal mat to ground. It may be necessary to install a resistor between the metal mat and ground to achieve the required resistance.

9

When utilizing electrically energized tools/equipment (110V or 220V), ground fault interruptors (GFIs) must be installed in the electrical circuits for personnel protection.

10 Equipment bonds will be visually inspected together with scheduled or unscheduled maintenance entries into the bay area for operations that are continuous (three
shifts, 24 hours per day), remotely controlled, conducted in separate bays, and can potentially create toxic atmospheres within the operating bay.

Table 6–2
Ground rod quantity requirements
Type of system

Minimum number of ground rods

Power
Fault
Instrument
Ordnance
Static
Communication
Lightning protection
Structure

1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2

82

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 6–3
Minimum safe distance from transmitter antennas
Average or peak transmitter power in watts

Minimum distance to transmitter in meters/feet

0 30
31 50
51 100
101 250
251 500
501 -1,000
1,001 -3,000
3,001 5,000
5,001 20,000
20,001 -50,000
50,001 -100,000
100,001-400,000
400,001-1,600,001
1,600,000-6,400,000

30/98.4
50/164.1
110/360
160/525
230/755
305/1,000
480/1,575
610/2,001
915/3,002
1,530/5,020
3,050/10,007
6,100/20,014
12,200/40,028
24,400/80,056

Notes:
* When the transmission is a pulsed or pulsed continuous wave type and its pulse width is less than 10 microseconds, the power column indicates average power. For all
other transmissions, including those with pulse widths greater than 10 microseconds, the power column indicates peak power.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

83

Table 6–4 (PAGE 1)
Safe separation distance equations

84

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 6–4 (PAGE 2)
Safe separation distance equations

Figure 6-1. Typical Ground Rod Installation

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

85

Figure 6-2. Typical multiple ground rod installation

Figure 6-3. Typical ground loop installation

86

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure 6-4. U.S. Navy designed earth electrode subsystem

Figure 6-5. Typical grid installation

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

87

Figure 6-6. Typical radial installation

88

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure 6-7. Typical buried plates or cones installation

Chapter 7
Transportation

involve the transportation of ammunition or explosives require training and certification in accordance with AR 55–355 and DOT
regulations.

Section I
General requirements

7–3. Hazard classification
a. All ammunition or explosive items require a final or interim
hazard classification before shipment. The Joint Hazard Classification System (JHCS) shall be used as the source for all DOD final
hazard classified items.
b. Items without a final hazard classification must have an interim hazard classification assigned before shipment. The developing major command normally issues an interim classification for
that item. The interim classification can be signed only by personnel
delegated that authority. It may also be issued by USATCES as
necessary. A copy of all interim hazard classifications must be
forwarded to the DDESB. The following is a list of items requiring
an interim hazard classification before shipment:
(1) Developmental or test items.
(2) Standard items that have been modified.
(3) Ammunition items of foreign manufacture. (See chap 15 for
rules governing captured ammunition.)

7–1. General information
Shipments of Army explosives and other dangerous articles by military conveyances are governed by AR 385–64, this pamphlet, other
referenced military publications, and, outside the United States, host
country regulations. Shipments of military explosives and other dangerous articles are governed by DOT regulations and AR 55–355 in
the United States and by host country regulations outside the United
States. In the absence of host country hazardous materials transportation regulations, AR 385–64 and this pamphlet apply to movements of ammunition and explosives.
7–2. Certification of personnel involved with
transportation
All personnel involved with the classification, preparation of items
and/or bills of lading, inspection of vehicles and/or shipments, loading or unloading of carriers, driving, or other duties that directly

7–4. Preparation for shipment
a. Once a requirement for an ammunition shipment is identified,
a person trained and certified in accordance with AR 55–355
verifies the hazard classification of the explosives item. This person

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

89

then provides the following minimum information to the transportation officer:
(1) Proper shipping name.
(2) DOT hazard class.
(3) DOT labels required.
(4) DOT markings.
(5) DOD hazard class and division.
(6) DOD storage compatibility group.
(7) UNO number.
b. TB 9–1300–385 will be checked for suspensions/restrictions
before offering an ammunition/explosive item for shipment.
7–5. Compatibility of explosives in transportation
a. The Army storage chart, (Table 4–3), and DOT transportation
compatibility chart of CFR 49 differ. For example the Army storage
compatibility chart allows more combinations by using the ’Z’ storage criteria in Table 4–3. The DOT Highway, Rail and Sea compatibility tables do not have ’Z’ compatibility. Additionally, the Army
compatibility chart allows group ’N’ to be stored with groups ’B,’
’F,’ and ’G.’ These combinations are not authorized for transportation by the DOT.
b. When ammunition, in either commercial or military conveyance, is to be transported along or across roads accessible to the
public, DOT compatibility rules shall apply.
c. When ammunition is transported along or across roads that are
not accessible to the public or roads that are clearly posted as
prohibited to the public, ammunition may be transported according
to the Army storage compatibility chart (Table 4–3). Blasting caps
or detonators will not be transported with high explosives unless
they are packed in an MK 663 MOD 0 container or equivalent
container. Additionally, note 7 to Table 4–3 is not authorized for
transportation.
d. When ammunition is transported in the training area on the
installation, by troops on a training exercise using tactical vehicles,
the vehicles may transport a mix of ammunition similar to that the
vehicles would carry in combat, provided the vehicles do not cross
or move along a route accessible to the general public. See section
IV of chapter 14 for additional details.
e. Incompatible loads may be transported on public roads during
times of war, contingency operations (not contingency exercises) or
declared national emergencies when DOT Exemption 3498 has been
invoked and the shipper complies with all provisions of that
exemption.
Section II
Motor Vehicles
7–6. Vehicle general safety requirements
a. Government-owned motor vehicles used to transport hazardous
materials must be inspected frequently by a qualified person to see
that mechanical condition and safety devices are in good working
order. Periodic inspections of such vehicles will be documented
using a DD Form 626, Motor Vehicle Inspection, or a similar local
form.
b. Operators must conduct a daily inspection to determine that—
(1) Fire extinguishers are serviceable and of proper (10–BC or
greater) rating. Extinguishers must have an intact inspection seal or
a gage to verify that the extinguisher is full.
(2) Electric wiring is in good condition and properly attached.
(3) Fuel tank and piping are secure and not leaking.
(4) Brakes, steering, and other equipment are in good condition.
(5) The exhaust system is not exposed to accumulations of
grease, oil, gasoline, or other fuels and has ample clearance from
fuel lines and other combustible materials.
c. All lifting devices on vehicles used in explosives operations
will have a serviceable mechanism designed to prevent the sudden
dropping of the load if power fails.

90

d. All ammunition or explosives loaded on vehicles will be secure and stable before movement. Additionally, ammunition or explosives will be blocked and braced in accordance with approved
drawings.
e. Placarding of explosives-laden vehicles gives firefighters an
idea of the hazards that a vehicle contains. All vehicles hauling
ammunition and/or explosives for the Army within the United States
require proper DOT placards for offpost movement. Host country
requirements for placarding will be followed outside the United
States. Ammunition or explosives shipments that remain onpost may
be placarded with the DOT placards, host country bilingual placards
(outside the United States) or fire symbols detailed in this pamphlet,
chapter 3. If the Army installation is an open post, DOT placards
will be used in the United States.
7–7. Inbound motor shipment of ammunition and
explosives
a. Inbound motor vehicles loaded with explosives, ammunition,
or other hazardous material will be inspected by a competent person
at a designated inspection station in accordance with AR 55–355
using DD Form 626 (DD Form 626 is not required for HD 1.4
shipments). The inspection station will be far from hazardous and
populated areas.
b. When inspection reveals that an incoming tractor or trailer is
in an unsatisfactory condition, the risk associated with the defect
will be assessed.
(1) Under no circumstances will a tractor or trailer be allowed in
the ammunition area with a defect which could endanger the area or
the load.
(2) When a commercial truck is not allowed to enter the ammunition area, consider unloading it at the truck inspection station. If no
other option is available, the tractor will be disconnected from the
trailer and the tractor will be sent off-post for repairs. In this case,
the installation will provide security for the trailer.
(3) The drivers or repairmen hired by the drivers will repair the
trailer. No repairs which use a flame or spark producing device will
be made to an explosives-laden trailer.
(4) In all cases, defective equipment on inbound shipments will
be noted on the DD Form 626 and a copy provided to the transportation officer.
(5) At no time will an explosives-laden truck known to be defective be allowed to leave an Army installation.
(6) Seals on an inbound shipment will be checked against the
numbers on the shipment paperwork. If the seal numbers do not
agree or are missing, the shipment may be considered a suspect
shipment. Suspect shipments will be taken to a remote location and
thoroughly inspected for suspicious wires or packages on the exterior of the vehicle before opening the cargo compartment. If such
wires or packages are found, no one will attempt to open the cargo
compartment and the commander, security, and safety organizations
will be notified immediately.
c. When explosives-laden vehicles cannot be dispatched to unloading points immediately, they must be moved to a holding yard
or area. The holding yard or area must be sited in accord with the
provisions of chapter 8.
7–8. Outbound motor vehicle shipments of explosives
a. All motor vehicles which will be carrying DOT Class 1.1, 1.2
or 1.3 explosives must be inspected using a DD Form 626. Deficient
equipment will not be used.
b. When a commercial vehicle fails an inspection using a DD
Form 626, a copy of the inspection will be provided to the transportation officer and the procedures in AR 55–355 will be followed.
c. Shipments of only DOT Class 1.4, 1.5, or 1.6 explosives do
not require an inspection using a DD Form 626.
d. Loading methods prescribed by Army Material Command
(AMC) drawings will be followed for the loading and bracing of
motor vehicle shipments of military explosives and ammunition.
The packages will be placed in position without excessive or violent
force.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

e. All Government trucks transporting any DOT class of explosives (both onpost and offpost) will be equipped with two portable
fire extinguishers rated class 10BC or greater. It is recommended
that these two fire extinguishers be rated 2A:10B:C to enable users
to fight a class “A” fire. One must be CO2 or dry chemical, if
chemical munitions are being transported. Commercial trucks
transporting explosives for the Army are required to have only one
10BC or greater rated fire extinguisher. Crews loading and unloading vehicles carrying or about to carry ammunition or explosives
must have two 10BC or greater fire extinguishers available as required by paragraph 3–7j(4) of this pamphlet.
f. Before motor vehicles loaded with ammunition and/or explosives leave an installation, drivers will be given hazardous materials
response information. Commercial drivers will have the bills of
lading annotated with the appropriate guide number from DOT
Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG). Military drivers will use
the DD Form 836 for hazardous materials information
dissemination.
g. See AR 190–11 for instructions on security of vehicles carrying ammunition and/or explosives.
7–9. Safe haven for explosive shipments
Installations with a safe haven capability as identified in AR
55–355, Volume 2, may grant safe haven to explosive shipments
when requested by Military Traffic Management Command
(MTMC) through the installation commander. Drivers who request
safe haven from the guard at the installation gate will be advised to
contact their company and have the company request safe haven
through MTMC. If safe haven is granted, the driver is still accountable for the security of the load. Installations may grant safe haven in
other situations at the discretion of the installation commander. If
safe haven is not granted, installations will consider allowing an
explosives-laden truck to rest at a secure area that meets Q-D criteria, but installations will not assume security responsibility for the
shipment unless directed to do so by the installation commander.
7–10. On-post explosive movements
a. Cargo-type trucks and truck-tractor drawn semitrailer vans are
best for transporting ammunition or explosives.
b. Equipment used for transporting ammunition or explosives
must meet the following minimum requirements:
(1) Special precautions must be taken to avoid automotive exhausts igniting material.
(2) The lighting system must be in good working condition. Batteries and wiring will be located so that they will not come into
contact with containers of explosives, ammunition, or other hazardous material. If exposed explosives or flammable vapors are encountered in a vehicle, only approved portable lights are permitted (listed
by a nationally recognized organization for the specific hazardous
locations defined by NFPA 500).
(3) The interior of the cargo body will have all exposed ferrous
metal covered with nonsparking material when transporting ammunition or explosives not packaged for shipment in accordance with
DOT specifications.
(4) Open-body vehicles, other than flatbed trailer-types used to
transport large items such as rockets or missiles must have sides that
are strongly constructed and securely fastened so that the items are
safely retained.
(5) When a top is required, it will be of a noncombustible or
flame-proof material. Tarpaulins used for covering explosives will
be secured by rope or tiedowns. Nails will not be used to fasten
protective tarpaulins.
c. Ammunition will be blocked and braced or secured with suitable tie-down straps to prevent movement.
7–11. Passengers in or on Government vehicles
transporting explosives
a. Except as noted below, passengers may not ride in a vehicle
transporting ammunition or explosives.
b. Under certain conditions, as approved in a standard operating

procedure, the minimum essential personnel and limited quantities
of HDs (04)1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 ammunition and/or explosives may be
transported together in the cargo portion of vehicles. Examples are
vehicles used by the military police (MP) in providing security or
by EOD personnel performing their mission. These conditions are as
follows:
(1) Explosives are packed separately from other items and packed in closed, clearly identified metal or wooden containers properly secured or sandbagged in the vehicle body to prevent
movement.
(2) Seats are provided for all passengers.
(3) Smoking is not allowed in the vehicle.
(4) The vehicle cannot be left unattended.
c. Troops and ammunition may be transported in the same vehicle during training exercises when the vehicle is the prime mover
for a weapon system engaged in the tactical portion of the exercise,
troops being transported are assigned to the weapon system being
moved, and the vehicle is organic to the unit.
d. Mission essential passengers may ride in the passenger compartments of vehicles transporting explosives if they can be safely
seated.
e. Explosives will not be transported in a passenger compartment
of a vehicle except in cases involving limited quantities (no more
than two full outerpacks of small arms ammunition with nonexplosive bullets). The small arms ammunition must be in closed
containers which are properly secured in the vehicle, and seats must
be available for all personnel. Using privately owned vehicles for
such purposes is prohibited, except for the Reserve Officer Training
Corps (ROTC) and Marksmanship Programs when a Governmentowned vehicle is not available. It is permissible to transport limited
quantities of HD 1.4 small arms ammunition in the trunk of sedantype Government-owned vehicles or in cargo compartments of Government-owned van-type vehicles.
Section III
Rail, Air, and Water Transport
7–12. Railroad transportation
a. Railcar inspection
(1) A car must not be loaded with any DOT Class 1.1 or 1.2
explosives unless it has been thoroughly inspected by a qualified
individual, employed by the railroad. This individual must certify
that the railcar conforms to the requirements established in AR
55–355.
(2) Shipments of DOT Class 1.3 explosives may be loaded in a
closed car or container car which is in good condition and which
sparks cannot enter.
(3) Selections of cars for shipment of DOT classes 1.4, 1.5, or
1.6 will be done in accordance with 49 CFR selection criteria for
1.4 (Sec 174.115).
b. Transportation of hazardous materials. In addition to the requirements of other parts of this section, the following rules will be
followed:
(1) When cars containing explosives or other hazardous materials
are received at the installation or held in yards, precautions must be
taken to prevent accidents, particularly at night. These precautions
must include provisions for quickly removing and isolating the cars
in case of fire.
(2) Cars loaded with hazardous materials must be properly
loaded and placarded before being offered for transportion. The
carrying of hazardous materials on locomotives or other self-propelled rail vehicles is prohibited.
(3) Before cars are moved by a locomotive, the air brake hose
must be coupled and tested to assure that the air brakes are in
proper working condition and the car doors will be closed.
(4) Empty cars will not be removed from warehouses, magazines,
building, or loading docks until all warning placards have been
removed.
(5) Special care must be taken to avoid rough handling of cars.
Cars must not be cut off while in motion and must be coupled
carefully to avoid unnecessary shocks. Other cars must not be cut

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

91

off and allowed to strike a car containing explosives. Cars must be
so placed in yards or on sidings that they will be subject to a
minimum of handling and can be readily removed from danger of
fire. Such cars must not be placed under bridges; in or alongside
passenger sheds of a station; and, where avoidable, engines on
parallel tracks will not be allowed to stand opposite or near them.
(6) “Dropping,” “humping,” “kicking,” or the use of the flying
switch is prohibited.
(7) Adequate measures such as guarding, patrolling, and safety
inspecting must be provided at all times. All such activities will be
under positive administrative controls.
(8) Fire symbols or DOT placards will be placed on each railroad
car while transporting explosives or ammunition within an installation to provide quick identification of the potential hazard if fire
breaks out.
c. Car inspection. Car inspections will be conducted in accordance with AR 55–355.
d. Car certificates. Car certificates will be used in accordance
with AR 55–355.
e. Leaking packages. Constant alertness must be maintained to
detect hazardous materials leaking from faulty packages either by
sight or through characteristic odors. Leaking packages will be removed from cases and repaired. If artificial light is necessary, only
electric lights approved for the hazard involved will be used. All
unnecessary movement of a leaking package discovered in transit
must cease until the unsafe condition is remedied.
f. Car loading of items containing ammunition and explosives.
Loading methods prescribed by AMC drawings (DA Pam 75–5
contains a list of AMC drawings and ordering instructions.) will be
followed for the loading and bracing of railway car shipments of
military explosives and ammunition. If no drawing is available or
yet developed, Bureau of Explosives (BOE) Pamphlets 6 and 6C
will be used. The packages will be placed in position without excessive or violent force.
g. Tools for loading and unloading railcars. With reasonable
care, steel tools may be used inside cars if explosives likely to ignite
are not exposed. When explosives subject to initiation are exposed,
sparkproof-tools will be used.
h. Sealing cars containing explosives and ammunition. In addition to any other seals which may be used, cars containing explosives or ammunition will be secured. A cable seal lock plus an
upper rail lock will be used to secure car doors . Serial numbers of
seals will be placed on the Government bill of lading (GBL).
i. Inspection of cars before unloading.
(1) A qualified person must inspect railcars containing explosives
and ammunition entering an installation. This inspection includes
examining the outside and underside of each car for damage, to
detect unauthorized and suspicious items, and to check the correctness of individual car numbers and seal numbers against bills of
lading. When the probability of sabotage is remote, such inspections
may be accomplished from ground level without using an inspection
pit to discover unsafe structural mechanical deficiencies of the car.
During periods of emergency when sabotage may be attempted, and
also to aid in the rapid inspection and movement of cars, an inspection pit will be provided.
(2) Cars of ammunition or explosives on which foreign and suspicious articles have been secreted or attached outside or underneath
the car, or cars which show a defect that might affect the installation
or contents of the car, will be removed to the suspect siding for
additional inspection.
(3) Cars which satisfactorily pass the inspection outlined above
may be considered reasonably safe, but care must be exercised in
breaking car seals and opening car doors because of possible damage or shifting lading, leaking containers, and so forth. When the QD standards for classification yards are met, cars may be opened for
inspection in the classification yard. Otherwise, interior inspection
will be accomplished after the cars have been spotted at the unloading point.
j. Inspection of cars after unloading. Cars in which explosives or
ammunition are received will be inspected after unloading to see

92

that they are clean and free from loose explosives or other flammable materials and that the placards and car certificates are removed.
Explosives sweepings must be destroyed.
k. Damaged shipment. Any shipment received in a damaged condition because of inadequate or improper blocking and bracing or
failure to load in accordance with appropriate AMC drawings will
be reported on SF 361 in accordance with AR 55–38. If the damage
was due to improper preservation, packaging, or packing, SF 364
will be prepared in accordance with AR 735–11–2.
l. Marking railcars with blue flags or signals. Blue flags or
signals will be placed at both ends of a car or group of cars when
personnel are working in, on, or under the cars. Cars marked in this
manner will not be coupled to or moved. The supervisor or foreman
in charge of the personnel loading or unloading the cars will place
and remove the blue flag or signal. Train crews will be informed of
the use of blue flags or signals. Exceptions are as follows:
(1) Flags are not required when flat cars are involved and the
presence of a working party is clearly evident.
(2) Flags or signals may be omitted from the end of a car located
against or toward a dead end spur. This also applies to a loading
ramp where no other railcars can approach from that direction.
m. Looping railroad lines. Railroads lines serving explosives
areas will be looped to give at least two ways to exit. Looping of
railroad lines may not be required if a local hazard analysis indicates operations can be conducted safely.
n. Right-of-way fire hazard. Grass and brush along railroad rightof-way which present a fire hazard will be controlled.
7–13. Air transportation
Carrying ammunition, explosives, and other hazardous materials on
civil aircraft is regulated by the DOT. Criteria for preparing and
carrying hazardous materials on military aircraft is contained in TM
38–250, DOT regulations, and AR 95–27.
a. Military aircraft operating regulations.
(1) If an aircraft carrying hazardous materials makes a landing,
forced or otherwise, and only minor repairs or refueling are necessary, the cargo need not be unloaded. Repairs or refueling will be
accomplished at a location separated from dissimilar exposives and
other aircraft by the appropriate IBD for the cargo aboard. For
major repairs, the plane will be unloaded and the cargo stored in
accordance with Q-D requirements. Appropriate protection will be
afforded the cargo during inclement weather.
(2) When an explosive laden aircraft is parked in a designated,
restricted, and posted explosives parking or loading and unloading
area, fire symbols will be posted at all normal approaches to the
designated area. Otherwise, fire symbols will be placed at the nose,
tail, and each side of the aircraft. Where the height of the aircraft
does not readily permit attaching the fire symbols to the aircraft, the
fire symbols may be mounted on stands approximately 1.5 meters (5
feet) in height, positioned adjacent to the aircraft where they are
visible at long range. At other DOD installations and at non-DOD
installations, placarding will be in accordance with the requirements
of TM 38–250 and the requirements of the host installation.
b. Permissible air shipments. Ammunition and/or explosives that
may be shipped by civil air are identified in 49 CFR. Ammunition
and/or explosives that may be shipped by military aircraft are identified in TM 38–250.
c. Loading and unloading aircraft.
(1) Before an aircraft can be loaded or unloaded with ammunition and/or explosives, it must be electrically grounded so that the
resistance to ground does not exceed 10,000 ohms.
(2) When loading or unloading aircraft containing ammunition or
explosives, work crews will display placards and fire symbols.
(3) Loading and unloading will be done in accordance with the
Q-D requirements of chapter 5.
(4) All ignition switches must be in the OFF position.
(5) Front and rear wheel will be chocked.
(6) The loadmaster will direct the loading of military aircraft.
Nonmilitary aircraft will be loaded to comply with civil air
regulations.
(7) At nonmilitary airfields used by U.S. Army flight activities,

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

the host normally provides aircraft rescue and fire protection. If this
protection does not meet the standards established in AR 420–90,
Army fire department personnel and/or auxiliary firefighters will be
used during Army flight activities, including loading and unloading
of explosives.
(8) As a minimum, four portable fire extinguishers will be available for firefighting during all loading and unloading of explosives.
Recommended extinguishers are as follows:
(a) Two each pressurized water-type extinguishers using Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) liquid concentrate, 6 percent (MILF–24385); and,
(b) Two each Potassium Bicarbonate Base Dry chemical extinguishers, 13.6 kilograms (30 pounds) capacity.
d. Damaged shipments. Air shipments of explosives or ammunition received in a damaged condition or not loaded in accordance
with applicable requirements will be reported on SF 361 in accordance with AR 55–38.
e. Containers. Containers of explosives in aircraft will not be
opened or repaired.
7–14. Water transportation
a. Transporting explosives and/or ammunition on waters under
U.S. jurisdiction and in vessels engaged in commercial service is
regulated by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). Shipments overseas
will be made in accordance with the regulations of the carrier, the
USCG, International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code, or the Department of the Army (See TM 55–607.). If the travel route requires
passing under any bridges, obtain prior authorization from the responsible agency.
b. Damaged shipments or shipments not stowed in accordance
with regulations when received will be reported on SF 361 in accordance with AR 55–38. If damage was due to improper preservation, packaging, or packing, SF 364 will be prepared in accordance
with AR 735–11–2.
c. Containers of explosives and ammunition will not be opened
or repaired on board a vessel.
d. Vessels in which explosives or ammunition are received will
be inspected after unloading to see that they are clean and free from
loose explosives or other flammable materials and that warning
placards, and so forth are removed. Explosives sweepings will be
destroyed.

Chapter 8
Safety Site Planning, Construction, and Utilities
Section I
Explosives/Toxic Chemical Safety Site Plans
8–1. Explosives/Toxic Chemical Safety Site Plan
Submittals
An explosives/toxic chemical safety site plan describes in text and
graphics the relationship among proposed PES/toxic chemical sites,
related facilities, and unrelated personnel and facilities. It also contains a description of the construction specifications for the facilities
and the specifications and placement of required auxiliary equipment such as dividing walls, lightning protection systems, or utility
service lines or conduits. It is submitted for DDESB approval of the
particulars of the plan from an explosives safety perspective as
required in DOD regulations.
a. DDESB approval of these safety site plans is required whenever an Army element:
(1) Establishes a new potential explosives or toxic chemical
agent site which does or does not require construction. Examples of
facilities which require submittals are those locations where ammunition, explosives, or toxic chemicals are developed, manufactured,
tested, stored, repaired, modified, or destroyed.
(2) Modifies an existing sited facility by either increasing the
hazard present or changing the facility’s use to effect adversely its

quantity distance or chemical interrelationships. Examples of this
criteria are changes to the hazard classification of items present,
initiation of dissimilar activities, increased net explosives weight,
increased toxic chemical agent hazard, or introduction of explosives
into a previously exclusively toxic chemical site.
(3) Plans major modification of the construction features of an
existing PES.
(4) Establishes a nonammunition ES in the vicinity of a PES
which requires a specified separation from the existing or planned
PES.
(5) Determines that no DDESB approved explosives safety site
plan exists for an existing ammunition, explosives, or toxic chemical
site.
(6) Redesignates a formerly temporary site as a permanent ammunition or toxic chemical site.
(7) Establishes a site which will be used repeatedly, although not
continuously as an ammunition or toxic chemical site (other than as
designated in b(1) below on training ranges).
(8) Removes restrictions on ammunition or toxic chemical operations which cause new exposure of previously unexposed sites to
blast, fire, fragment, or toxic hazards.
b. An explosives safety site plan is not required for facilities or
unimproved locations as follows:
(1) On training ranges where ammunition is present only for
distribution to soldiers, crews, or vehicles in training. Storing ammunition or explosives on the range requires an explosives safety
site plan submittal.
(2) Where ammunition or explosives will not be present and the
location is beyond the inhabited building distance of existing or
planned PESs.
(3) Where the proposed location is beyond the 1 percent lethality
distance of a toxic chemical site. See DA PAM 385–61.
(4) Where the proposed site is beyond the greater of the explosive and the toxic chemical criteria above if both explosives and
toxic chemicals are present.
(5) Where this pamphlet states that the proposed facility may be
located without regard to quantity distance considerations.
(6) Where the proposed siting does not comply with all Army/
DOD siting criteria. See AR 385–64, Chapter 7, for criteria for
obtaining a Certificate of Compelling Reasons in this situation.
c. These provisions for submitting plans and specifications do not
apply to the following:
(1) Temporary and emergency facilities to be located in areas in
which the U.S. Army is engaged in:
(a) Combat operations.
(b) Contingency operations (hostilities may be imminent).
(c) Temporary (not to exceed 6 months) support of a foreign
government; for example, Joint Chiefs of Staff exercise or DA
exercise.
(2) Minor modifications to or rehabilitation of existing facilities
necessary to:
(a) Support an emergency requirement for a limited time, not to
exceed 30 days.
(b) Provide operating or maintenance line modifications due to
manufacturing process changes or adapting a line to other end items
where modifications do not introduce additional hazards or increase
the net explosives capacity or chemical agent hazard for which the
facility was designed or sited.
d. When the Army element is uncertain if an explosives or toxic
chemical safety site plan is required, the MACOM of the host
installation will make the determination.
e. Net explosives weight limits listed in explosives safety site
plans will be determined based on the activity to take place at the
site and the separation distances available.
(1) Normally locate storage PESs to achieve the maximum net
explosives weight of each hazard class/division (1.1, 1.2, 1.3,1.4,
and so forth), material which may be present at the proposed site,
based on the separations available.
(2) NEW limitations at operating sites should consider the quantities and types of ammunition or explosives required to conduct the
intended operations and the separations available.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

93

(3) Locations reserved for future sites should be considered when
determining or reviewing proposed site locations.
(4) MACOM approval authorities may provide further limitations
through correspondence conveying DDESB approvals to the submitter or through the licensing process.
8–2. Explosives safety site plan contents
a. Explosives safety site plans normally consist of two timephased submissions.
(1) The intended user organization submits a preliminary site
plan package before funds are committed to the project. It provides
intended uses of the facility, its location, and the spatial relationship
of PESs and ESs and as many other details as are known about the
siting. It approves the physical location of the projected facility with
respect to quantity distance criteria. Furnish a statement that the
proposed siting has been reconciled with installation master plans by
the facility engineering activity and the Installation Planning Board
as required by AR 210–20, AR 415–20, and AR 415–15. This
provision does not preclude contracting-out the preparation of the
preliminary site plan package.
(2) A request for final safety approval is also submitted by the
intended user organization. It gains approval of the construction
techniques and the specifications of installed and auxiliary equipment and verifies that the location has not been changed. It should
be submitted for DDESB approval when the design phase of the
project is approximately 60 percent complete. Actual construction of
a new facility, modification of an existing facility, or use of an
unimproved site cannot occur until DDESB final safety approval is
received at the installation.
(3) Explosives safety site plans for simple situations and for preexisting sites which do not appear to have an explosives safety site
plan approval may be accomplished in only one submission so long
as all information requirements for a final safety submission are
met. Submission time frames of (2) above still apply to simple
submissions.
b. Each submission consists of two parts.
(1) A cover memorandum describing the projected activities and
associated material most easily covered by text.
(2) A series of enclosures providing the spatial layout of the
project and other site planning requirements more easily stated in
drawings, maps, or tables.
8–3. Review and approval of explosives safety site plans
a. Explosives safety site plan submissions (both preliminary and
final safety submissions) for DDESB review and approval will be
submitted through command safety channels of the host MACOM
approval authority to the Director, U.S. Army Technical Center for
Explosives Safety. USATCES will perform Army level review and
approval functions. MACOMS will formally designate the internal
review headquarters/agencies within their commands. Two copies of
the entire submission must be provided to USATCES.
(1) When a tenant organization is proposing action which requires explosives safety site plan review and approval, the tenant
organization’s review and approval chain, through MACOM approval level, will approve the explosives safety site plan before
submitting the plan to the host installation’s explosives safety site
plan review and approval chain and subsequently to USATCES and
DDESB. Alternate review paths, proposed, and concurred in by
concerned MACOMs and approved by USATCES before implementation, may be used.
(2) When a proposed Army PES risks other-service equipment or
the appropriate explosives safety arcs encumber other-service real
estate, the effected service originator/reviewer level concurrence/
nonconcurrence will be obtained and attached to the submission for
review at the remaining Army review levels. MACOMS will establish procedures to obtain concurrences at each review level below
the military service level. USATCES will accomplish final Army
coordination with military service level safety offices of the other
services.
b. Each level of review will review the submission with regard to

94

the technical aspects of explosives safety requirements and provide,
in the form of an endorsement of the submission, a command
recommendation for approval at the next level of review. If the
MACOM approval authority does not recommend approval, the
submission should not be forwarded for Army approval. Any additional conditions or implementing restrictions attached during the
review phase become part of the original submission.
c. Normally, DDESB makes its decision on properly prepared
and submitted routine submissions within 90 days. MACOM approval authority must provide the following information when requesting expedited review or approval:
(1) Date reply is required.
(2) Proposed contract award date.
(3) Reason expedited review is required.
(4) Reasons for not forwarding the submission in time for routine
processing.
d. DDESB approvals will be returned to originators through command channels. The addition of conditions or implementing restrictions at any level will be considered aditional conditions of
approval. These may be more restrictive than the DDESB conditions
of approval but may not relax them.
e. Copies of DDESB final decisions and the complete submittals
on which they are based will be maintained at the USATCES and,
in the case of approvals, also at the MACOM approval authority and
the installation. These files will be retained permanently. Upon
closure of installations, these files will be forwarded to the
USATCES with an explanation of circumstances for historical records. The USATCES will maintain an inventory of Army active
potential explosion sites and historical files of former Army potential explosion sites.
f. DDESB approval of the final safety submission is required
before inclusion of the project in the proposed budget year authorization or before NATO or host nation approval. MACOMs will
indicate in all DD Forms 1391 (FY, Military Construction Project
DATA (LRS)) submitted to HQDA that either the project is not
subject to these standards or complies with them and indicate the
date and currency of the DDESB approval.
g. Each installation with any potential explosion sites will maintain a consolidated map or drawing of all DDESB approved explosives or toxic chemical sites indicating the real estate encumbered
(within the generated inhabited building arcs) by the sitings as well
as the controlling ammunition/explosive/toxic siting generating the
encumbrance. Future uses of these encumbered areas for construction or personnel presence must conform to the exposures allowed
by AR 385–64 and this pamphlet.
Section II
Construction Considerations
8–4. Construction considerations
The primary objective of this section is to ensure design procedures
and construction techniques used in siting explosives facilities will
provide the desired margin of protection for personnel and valuable
material. The secondary objective is to ensure that explosives facilities and other related facilities are constructed in a way that will
maximize cost-effectiveness in both planning and facility utilization.
a. Use TM 5–1300 in selecting and designing explosives
facilities.
b. By using the standards and guidelines provided in the TM
5–1300, organizations can ensure that both of the above objectives
are met. Managers must carefully evaluate their need for explosives
facilities and ensure that construction techniques match mission
requirements.
8–5. Buildings
a. Earth covered magazines are preferred for storing explosives.
Army construction should follow standard definitive drawings unless operational requirements dictate special structures. A list of
currently approved drawings is in Appendix G.
(1) Standard earth covered magazines. These magazines are approved for all quantities of explosives up to 500,000 pounds (227,

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

273 kg) net explosive weight (NEW). The following paragraphs list
approved magazines which are still acceptable for use as standard
magazines.
(a) Reinforced concrete, arch-type, earth covered magazines constructed with strength equivalent to or more than the requirements of
the Office of Chief of Engineers (OCE), drawings Nos. 652–686
through 652–693, 27 December 1941, as revised 14 March 1942,
33–15–06, 33–15–58 (atomic blast resistant), 33–15–61, and
33–15–74. For new construction, use drawing No. 33–15–74.
(b) Magazines constructed according to Navy drawing Nos.
357428 through 347430, 9 August 1944, and modified in accordance with naval facility (NAVFAC) drawing No. 626739, 19 March
1954; and NAVFAC drawing Nos. 627954 through 627957, 764597,
658384 through 658388; 724368, 751861, 764596, 793746, and
793747.
(c) Box-type A magazines constructed according to NAVFAC
drawing Nos. 1404000 through 1404007 and box-type B magazines
constructed according to NAVFAC drawing Nos. 1404018 through
1404025. Box-type C magazines constructed according to NAVFAC
drawing Nos. 1404430 through 1404440, dated 20 September 1985.
Box-type D magazines constructed according to NAVFAC drawings
1404464 through 1404478, dated 20 September 1985. Box-type E
magazines constructed according to NAVFAC drawing Nos.
1404523 through 1404535, dated 23 April 1987. Box-type F magazines constructed according to NAVFAC drawing Nos. 1404541
through 1404555, dated 23 April 1987.
(d) Earth covered, corrugated steel, arch-type magazines at least
equivalent in strength to those shown on Army OCE drawing Nos.
AW 33–15–63, 5 March 1963; AW 33–15–64, 10 May 1963;
33–15–65, 10 January 1963; and NAVFAC drawing Nos.
1059128–30, 1059132, 1069906, and 1355460–61. OCE drawing
No. 33–15–73 has been rescinded and will not be used for new
construction, however, existing magazines are considered standard.
For new construction of large magazines of this type, use the earth
covered steel, semicircular-arch magazine design shown on Army
OCE drawing No. 421–80–01 and for new construction of smaller
magazines of this type, use OCE drawing No. AW 33–15–65.
(e) Earth covered circular composite arch magazine described in
NAVFAC drawing Nos. 1404375 through 1404389, dated 31 October 1985, and the earth covered oval composite arch magazine
described in NAVFAC drawing Nos. 1404390 through 1404398,
dated 31 October 1985.
(2) Nonstandard, earth covered magazines. These magazines are
approved for all quantities of explosives up to 250,000 pounds (113,
636 kg) NEW. They include:
(a) Earth covered magazines constructed with less strength than
the requirements of those described in (1) above.
(b) Magazines constructed in accordance with NAVFAC drawings Nos. 649602 through 649605, 793748, and 803060.
b. Exterior walls and roof coverings should be constructed of
noncombustible materials.
c. Roofs and walls, except for specific containment and protection purposes, should be as light in weight (weak) as practical. They
should be constructed and supported to allow venting of an internal
explosion with the minimum number of large fragments. Exceptions
are made where design requirements such as the following must be
met:
(1) Fire walls
(2) Substantial dividing walls
(3) Special roof loadings
(4) External overpressure protection
(5) Specialized manufacturing facilities.
d. Each magazine will have an appropriate means of air circulation or dehumidification.
e. Each magazine will be provided with appropriate means of
lightning protection in accordance with Chapter 12.
8–6. Interior finishes and floors
a. Noncombustible material will be used for interior surfaces of
buildings.

(1) Where hazardous locations (para 6–2) exist, interior surfaces
should also be smooth, free from cracks and crevices, and with
joints taped or sealed.
(2) If painted, the surfaces should be covered with a hard gloss
paint that is easily cleaned. Horizontal ledges which might hold dust
will be avoided or beveled. Cove bases at the junction of the walls
and floor are recommended.
(3) If combustion-supporting materials are necessary in the interior of an operating building, treat or cover all exposed surfaces
with fire retardant material.
b. Conductive nonsparking floors are required where certain exposed explosives and materials, sensitive (easily detonated or ignited) to the uncontrolled discharge of static electricity, are present.
c. Where washing is required, floors must be able to withstand
repeated applications of hot water or other compatible cleaners.
8–7. Firewalls
Firewalls are designed to limit the spread of fire. They should
extend through the roof and walls of the buildings. If openings are
required, they must be protected as described in the NFPA 80.
8–8. Substantial dividing walls
a. These walls are one way of separating explosives into smaller
groups to minimize the results of an explosion and allow a reduction
in Q-D separation. See Chapter 5 for criteria for the levels of
protection offered by these walls based upon the quantity of explosives present and the design characteristics of the wall.
b. Blast doors which separate explosives working spaces or storage spaces in existing buildings will meet design-definitive drawing
specifications. Such doors should be at least as strong as adjacent
walls (see TM 5–1300 for design factors for new structures). These
doors are not to be installed as a matter of convenience. Blast doors
should be avoided when a continuous reinforced wall would not
interfere unnecessarily with operations.
8–9. Building exits
Exits and doors will conform with Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA), NFPA 101 and NFPA 80, requirements.
8–10. Safety chutes
Safety chutes will be provided as exits from multistoried, hazardous
locations where rapid egress is vital and not otherwise possible.
8–11. Emergency exits and fire escapes
Use the ANSI Safety Code A156.3, NFPA 101, and NFPA 80 as a
guide in constructing emergency exits and fire escapes. All openings
will be protected as required by NFPA 101.
8–12. Stairways
Stairways will conform with OSHA requirements. Open risers
should be avoided.
8–13. Fixed ladders
Fixed ladders should conform to the ANSI Safety Code A14.3 and
OSHA Std. 1910.27.
8–14. Platforms, runways, and railings
Platforms, runways, and railings will conform with OSHA and
NFPA requirements.
8–15. Passageways
If weather-protected passageways (ramps) for communication between buildings or magazines are constructed, these passageways
should be of noncombustible construction and should be provided
with suitable fire doors to interrupt a fire in its progress through the
passage; these provisions will be applied in new construction. To
prevent funneling of explosion forces, weak sections, openings, and
abrupt changes in direction should be incorporated in design and
construction of passageways between explosives buildings.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

95

8–16. Roads, walks, and gates
a. Good all-weather roads should be provided to and within the
explosives areas.
b. There is no mandatory safety requirement for more than one
gate in the fence around an explosives area. Planners determine how
many gates are needed after considering all elements of the situation
(physical security, operations, explosives safety, fire protection, and
so forth). Consideration should be given to providing an alternate
personnel gate for emergency evacuation.
c. Road systems serving groups of magazines or explosives
buildings will be arranged without dead ends so that motor vehicles
carrying explosives cannot be isolated. To prevent dead ending,
interconnecting roads for magazine service roads need only be passable trails adequate to accommodate the typical vehicles used at the
installation.
d. Roads serving a single magazine or explosives processing
building (including its service facilities) may dead end at the magazine or building. The road system should be designed to eliminate
the need for passing through an intermediate explosives area in
traveling from one area to another.
e. Walkways and roads at the entrances to or between adjacent
operating buildings containing explosives will be hard surfaced or
boardwalks. These walkways and roads should be kept free from
foreign material. Foot brushes, door mats, or scrapers should be
provided at the entrance of each building, except magazines. Special
attention will be given to passageways, walkways, and stairs which
have been subjected to the effects of inclement weather.
8–17. Windows and skylights
a. IBDs do not protect against the hazards of flying glass. Transparent, nonshatterable, slow-burning plastic which is practically
smokeless may be used as glazing if an explosion could cause injury
from falling or projected glass. For windows glazed with conventional glass, the hazard from falling and projected glass may be
reduced by covering the inside with wire mesh screening.
b. Skylights will not be used in buildings where explosives or
ammunition are processed and should not be used in any buildings
in an explosives area.
8–18. Drains and sumps
When drain lines are used for fluids containing explosives waste,
they must have sumps or basins so that the waste explosives can be
removed.
8–19. Hardware
a. To reduce the risk of accidental ignition by spark, the operational conditions in any hazardous location must be considered in
the choice and installation of hardware. Certain hazards may be
great enough to warrant using materials that will reduce the possibility of sparking. Therefore, special precautions must be taken for
hardware having metal components which is used around exposed
explosives.
b. Hardware must be secured firmly in place with locking devices if it might become loose and enter into an explosives mix.
This precaution is especially important in manufacturing and renovation operations.
c. Avoid installing hardware (including pipes and ducts) on light
blowout-type walls and roofs. If it is necessary, select materials or
items that will not yield heavy fragments in an explosion.
8–20. Tunnels
Tunnels must be drained, ventilated, well-lighted, and have at least
two exits. Water and steam service lines in tunnels will be lagged
with suitable insulation. Tunnels between buildings that contain
explosives will be built to resist the shock wave and blast of an
explosion. Only authorized personnel will enter the tunnels.
8–21. Powerhouse equipment
Powerhouse equipment, boilers, engines, and auxiliary equipment

96

will be installed in compliance with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Boiler Code (includes Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels), the NEC, and other codes, regulations, or
standards accepted as standard good practice.
8–22. Refrigeration
Refrigeration equipment (including air conditioning) must be installed as required by the ANSI Safety Code B9.1.
8–23. Laundries
Laundries should have facilities for washing and flameproofing uniforms if such clothing is used.
a. The facilities will include a safe place to store uniforms and
rags that are contaminated with explosives before washing. Sumps
will also be provided to remove explosives from waste water. There
should be facilities available to test whether the contaminant (particularly any insoluble toxic substance) has been removed.
b. Commercial concerns laundering such articles will be informed of the nature of the explosives contamination and possible
dangerous chemical reactions. These concerns should also have the
facilities listed in a above.
8–24. Steam for processing and heating
Steam used to heat operating buildings that contain explosives must
never be hotter than 228 degrees Fahrenheit (F) (108.9 degrees
Celsius (C). Process steam may exceed this if necessary but will not
exceed 249.5 degrees F (120.8 degrees C).
a. The exterior of steam or hot water pipes in contact with wood,
paper, or other combustible materials must never be hotter than 160
degrees F (71 degrees C). If the steam is hotter than this, the steam
lines must be covered and painted with an impervious material or
otherwise protected against contact with explosives.
b. Where electrical resistance to ground is high, steam or hot
water lines should be grounded where they enter buildings. See
chapter 6 for further guidance on bonding and grounding
requirements.
8–25. Ventilation
Buildings where dust, fumes, or vapor are formed will be adequately
ventilated, preferably at the source of the hazard. Air should not be
recirculated through these ventilation systems.
a. Exhaust fans through which combustible dust or flammable
vapor pass will be equipped with nonferrous blades (or casting lined
with nonferrous material) and suitable motors. Exhaust systems will
be cleaned thoroughly and serviced on a regular schedule. These
actions will be noted in a log. The entire ventilating system will be
bonded electrically and grounded properly. The NFPA Standard 91
may be used in the installation of such systems.
b. For buildings in which explosives dust is present, an air balance that gives a slight negative pressure within the building is
required.
c. If using air-conditioning equipment, it should be installed as
directed in the NFPA Standard 90A and Standard 90B.
8–26. Electrical equipment
The installation of electrical equipment within an explosives area
(building, magazine, shelter, and so forth) will comply with the
NFPA 70 as a minimum, unless specified otherwise (chap 6).
8–27. Collection of explosives dusts
The high explosives dusts, which may be removed by a vacuum
system, are TNT, tetryl, Explosive D, Composition B, and pentolite.
a. A wet collector which moistens the dust close to the point of
origin and keeps it wet until it is removed for disposal is preferred.
Explosive D should be collected in a dry system. More sensitive
explosives (such as black powder, lead azide, mercury fulminate,
tracer, igniter, incendiary compositions, and pyrotechnic materials)
may be kept wet, with a compatible wetting agent close to the point
of intake.
(1) Vacuum (aspirator) systems must be arranged so that each
type of explosive is collected separately or so dissimilar hazards (for

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

example, black powder with lead azide) are not mixed. Gases that
may form must be properly liberated.
(2) Vacuum systems used to collect these more sensitive
materials should be used only for operations with fuzes, detonators,
small arms ammunition, and black powder igniters.
b. Dry explosives dust collection chambers, except as specifically
provided for portable units, should be located outside operating
buildings, in the open, or in buildings exclusively for the purpose.
(1) There must be a protective barrier between the operating
building and the outside location or separate building containing the
collection chamber.
(a) If the chamber contains 25 pounds of explosives or less, this
barrier may be a substantial dividing wall located at least 8 feet
from the operating building.
(b) If the chamber contains more than 25 pounds of explosives
and is separated from the operating building by a 12–inch reinforced
concrete wall (RCW), the wall must be separated from the operating
building by a minimum of intraline distance.
(c) If the barrier meets the requirements for operational shields or
barricades (for the quantity of explosives in the collection chamber),
it will be at a minimum of IL(B) distance from the operating
building.
(2) When it is not practical to locate dry collection chambers
outside the operating building, a separate room within the building
may be set aside for the purpose. This room must not contain other
operations and may never be used as a communicating corridor or
passageway between other operating locations within the building
when explosives are being collected. If more than one collection
chamber is to be placed in the room, the room will be subdivided
into cubicles. Not more than one collection chamber will be in a
single cubicle.
(3) Dry portable vacuum collectors will not be placed in a bay or
cubicle where explosives are present. If they do not contain more
than 5 pounds of explosives, they may be placed outside the building or in a separate cubicle having substantial dividing walls. If they
contain more than 5 pounds, the requirement for stationary collectors will be met.
c. If stationary and portable wet-type collectors do not contain
more than 5 pounds of explosives, they may be placed in operating
bays or cubicles. If placed in separate cubicles, the limits for each
one may be 15 pounds. If they contain more than 15 pounds, the
location requirements for dry collectors will apply.
d. Collection systems and chambers will be designed so that
metal parts do not pinch explosives or explosive dusts. Pipes or
tubes through which the dust travels should have flanged, welded, or
rubber connections. Threaded connections are not allowed. The system will be designed to reduce accumulation of explosives dust in
parts other than the collection chamber.
(1) Long-radius turns (centerline radius at least four times the
diameter of the duct) will be used in the duct work. Short-radius
bends may be used in systems for propellant powder provided they
are stainless steel with polished interiors. The number of points of
application of vacuum should be kept to a minimum. Each room
requiring vacuum collection should have a separate exhaust line to
the primary collection chamber. Not more than two bays will be
serviced by a common leader to the primary collection chamber.
Wet primary collectors are preferred.
(2) The vacuum line should be as short as possible from points of
application of vacuum to the wet collectors. The number of wet
primary collectors serviced by a single secondary collector should
be kept to a minimum. Not more than two dry primary collectors
should be connected to a single secondary collector (wet- or drytype). If an operation does not create an airborne concentration of
dust, a manually operated suction hose to remove explosives dust is
preferred. A permanent attachment increases the risk of propagation
through the collection system should a detonation occur at the dustproducing machine.
(3) Manually operated hoses should not be connected to explosives dust-producing machines. In dry vacuum collection systems,
two collection chambers should be installed in series ahead of the

pump or exhauster. Wet collectors must provide immersion of explosives to break up air bubbles, release airborne particles, and
remove airborne moisture before it leaves the collector. This will
keep moistened particles of explosives from entering the small piping between the collector and the exhauster or pump.
(4) Explosives dust will be removed from the collection chamber
at least once each shift to eliminate unnecessary and hazardous
concentrations of explosives. The entire system should be cleaned
weekly, dismantling the parts if necessary.
(5) The entire explosives dust collection system will be electrically grounded and the grounds tested semiannually.
(6) Wet collection systems subject to freezing may be protected
with antifreeze provided the antifreeze formula has been certified as
compatible chemically with the propellant or explosives dust in use.
8–28. Automatic sprinkler systems
Certain buildings in explosives manufacturing, surveillance, and inspection or ammunition workshop areas (for example, the receiving
building in a load line) may require automatic sprinkler systems.
The proper system should be determined by engineering studies of
the hazards involved. Each system must be equipped with an audible warning device to alert personnel. Sprinkler systems in each
building must be connected to the central alarm location. Sprinkler
systems will be installed as prescribed in AR 420–90, NFPA 13,
and NFPA 16.
Section III
Open Storage Modules, Barricades, and Protective
Construction
8–29. Barricaded open storage modules
a. As depicted in Figure 8–1, a module is a barricaded area
comprised of a series of connected cells with hard surface storage
pads separated from each other by barricades. A light metal shed or
other lightweight fire-retardant cover may be used to protect individual cells from weather. Heavy structures (reinforced concrete,
dense masonry units) or flammable material will not be used.
b. Module storage (open storage) may be used as determined
necessary by the Army. However, from the standpoint of explosives
safety as well as reliability, covered storage (earth covered magazines) is preferred for items requiring protection from the elements.
Module storage is considered a temporary expedient and may not be
employed in place of standard methods for long-term storage.
c. The maximum NEW permitted to be stored within each cell is
250,000 pounds (113,636 kg).
d. Authorized storage will be—
(1) Limited to HE bombs (fuzed or unfuzed, with or without
fins), similarly cased HD 1.1 ammunition, and the following contained in nonflammable or metal shipping containers: 30mm and
smaller ammunition, cluster bomb units, inert munitions components, and hazard division 1.4 munitions.
(2) Stocks in each module normally will be limited to one type of
item in the standard shipping configuration unless the controlling
authority permits mixed storage.
(3) Module storage of ammunition in flammable outer-pack configurations will be minimized.
(4) When fire retardant tarpaulins are used as a cover, there must
be a minimum of 18 inches between the tarpaulins and the stored
ammunition.
e. Barricade requirements are as follows:
(1) All barricades used in forming the module and its cells will
meet the requirements specified in paragraph 8–30. Minimum required barricade height above the top of the stack is influenced by
the width or length of the stack (storage pad size) and the distance
between the stack and the top of the barricade. Heights in Table 8–1
represent the minimum requirements for barricade locations based
upon storage pad sizes and separations shown. When feasible, barricade heights will be increased by using a 5-degree angle above the
horizontal instead of the 2-degree angle shown in Figure 8–2.
(2) The centerlines of barricades between cells of the module will
be located at a point halfway between adjacent munitions storage

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

97

pads. Back and end (outside) barricades will be located at the same
distance from the pads as those between the cells.
(3) Maximum advantage will be taken of natural barriers existing
in the topography in siting these modules. If natural barriers are
substituted for a portion of the module barricades, the protection
provided will be at least equivalent to that of the barricade.
f. Cell storage pad size may be as required to accommodate
stocks. Table 8–1 gives minimum pad sizes necessary to handle
most items in the explosives quantities given. Storage pads will be
hard-surfaced, if possible, to lessen the effects of earth shock from
an accidental explosion. No restrictions are imposed upon the arrangements of cells within a module or upon the arrangements of
groups of modules, except that cell openings may not face toward
each other unless they are barricaded or meet the standard Q-D
criteria for unbarricaded aboveground magazines.
g. Siting criteria—
(1) Distance between the nearest edges of stacks of munitions in
adjacent cells and modules will be as shown for appropriate explosives weights in Table 8–1. When cell explosives loadings are established for weights other than those shown, minimum distances
between stacks will be determined by the formula D = 1.1W1/3.
(2) The distance between a module and other magazines will be
determined by applying the intermagazine distances specified in
Tables 5–5 and 5–6. The distances between the explosives in the
cells of a module, and all other targets will be determined between
the nearest edge of the munitions stack in the controlling cell and
the nearest point of the target concerned (chap 5).
8–30. Barricades and earth cover for magazines
a. Barricading. Properly constructed barricades or undisturbed
natural earth are effective in protecting ammunition or explosives,
structures, or operations against high-velocity, low-angle fragments
although the barricades may be destroyed in the process. Since such
fragments move along ballistic trajectories rather than straight lines,
reasonable margins in barricade height and length must be provided
beyond the minimum dimensions that block lines of sight. Barricades also provide limited protection against blast in the immediate
vicinity. They do not protect against high-angle fragments and are
ineffective in reducing the blast pressure in the far field (IBD or
PTR distance).
b. Barricade requirements. Protection is considered effective
when barricades meet the following minimum requirements:
(1) The slope of a barricade may not be steeper than 1.5 horizontal to 1 vertical to meet explosives safety requirements. Facilities
constructed after 1 April 1994 should have a slope of 2 horizontal to
1 vertical to reduce erosion and facilitate maintenance operations.
(2) Determine the height and length of barricades as follows:
(a) Height. Establish a reference point at the top of the far edge
of one of the two stacks between which the barricade is to be
constructed. This reference point, if the top of the stacks are not at
the same elevation, will be on the stack whose top is at the lower
elevation. Draw a line from the reference point to the highest point
of the other stack. Draw a second line from the reference point
forming an angle of 2 degrees above the line. To preclude building
excessively high barricades, the barricade should be located as close
as possible to the stack on which the reference point was established. When the stacks are of equal height, the reference point may
be established on either stack. (See fig 8–2.)
(b) Length. The length of the barricade will be determined as
shown in Figure 8–3.
(3) Earth barricades that meet the above requirements may be
modified by substituting a retaining wall, preferably of concrete, for
the slope on one side. The remaining side will be of sufficient slope
and thickness to ensure that the width of earth required for the top is
held firmly in place.
(4) Other intervening barriers meeting the above requirements or

98

proven effective by test also may be used; for example, earth-filled
steel bin barricades for explosives-loaded aircraft.
c. Location of barricades.
(1) The distance between the foot of the barricade and the stack
of ammunition or explosives or buildings containing explosives is
necessarily a compromise. The smaller the distance, the less the
height and length of the barricade required to secure proper geometry for intercepting projections. On the other hand, it may be essential to make the distance great enough to provide access for
maintenance and vehicles.
(2) If it is impractical to locate the barricades as described in (1)
above, they may be located adjacent to the facility to be protected.
(See fig 8–4.)
d. Earth cover for magazines and barricades.
(1) Material for earth cover over magazines and for barricades
will be reasonably cohesive (solid or wet clay or similar types of
soil may not be used as they are too cohesive), free from deleterious
organic matter, trash, debris, and stones heavier than 10 pounds or
larger than 6 inches in diameter. The larger stones will be limited to
the lower center of fills and will not be used for earth cover over
magazines. The surface will be compacted and prepared to maintain
structural integrity and avoid erosion. When it is impossible to use a
cohesive material, for example, in sandy soil, the barricade or the
earth cover over magazines will be finished with a suitable material
to ensure structural integrity.
(2) The earth fill or earth cover between earth covered magazines
may be either solid or sloped to meet the requirements of other
construction features. However, a minimum of 2 feet of earth must
be maintained over the top of each magazine. See paragraph
5–8d(3) for Q-D requirements for magazines with less than 2 feet of
earth cover. A minimum slope of 1.5 horizontal to 1 vertical starting
directly above the spring line of each arch will be maintained to
meet explosives safety requirements. Facilities constructed after 1
April 1994 will have a slope of 2 horizontal to 1 vertical to reduce
erosion and ease maintenance operations.
8–31. Policy on protective construction
Advances in protective construction allow a calculated degree of
protection explosion communication between adjacent bays or buildings. They also protect personnel in adjacent bays or buildings
against death or serious injury from incidents, and protect vital and
expensive equipment installations. Therefore, the major objectives in
facility planning will be as follows:
a. Protection against explosion propagation between adjacent
bays or buildings and protection of personnel against death or serious injury from incidents in adjacent bays or buildings (chap 5).
b. If personnel and facilities would be better protected or costs
reduced significantly by having separate buildings to limit explosion
propagation rather than using protective construction and separation
of explosive units within one building, planning will reflect this fact.
c. Protection for vital and expensive equipment if the additional
cost is warranted.
8–32. Strengthening (hardening of buildings)
When sufficient protection can be provided either by hardening a
target building or by constructing a source building to suppress
explosion effects, these factors may be taken into account, and the
distance required by the standard Q-D tables may be reduced. Site
and general construction plans for ammunition and explosives facilities that propose reduced distances based upon protective construction will be accompanied by the rationale or test results. These must
justify the reduction when they are submitted for DDESB approval.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 8–1
Intermagazine separation for barricaded storage modules for mass detonating explosives

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

99

Figure 8-1. Typical 8–cell module

100

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure 8-2. Determination of barricade height

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

101

Figure 8-3. Determination of barrricade length

102

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure 8-4. Barricade locations

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

103

Chapter 9
Explosives Licensing
9–1. Procedures
a. Explosives licenses are permanent documents with no expiration date. However, a new license will be issued, and the old license
canceled, if encroachment changes the determining factor or
changes in Q-D standards require license alterations.
b. The safety manager or director servicing the explosives location will certify and date the explosives license.
c. Explosives licenses will be reviewed annually by the responsible safety manager or director for compliance and encroachment.
This review will include an on-site inspection of the area and a
recomputation of the license.
d. The explosives license, together with maps of the explosives
location and surrounding area, will be available at the servicing
safety office. If the explosives location is not at the same installation
as the servicing safety office, copies of the explosives license and
maps will also be available at the explosives location. The maps will
include structure numbers and accurate distances. A distance scale
will be part of the map.
9–2. Required information
The explosives license form will, as a minimum, contain the following information:
a. Ammunition or explosives area location.
b. Ammunition or explosives facility location.
c. Type of facility.
d. The HD authorized.
e. Allowable limits of each HD (expressed in pounds (NEW) or
kilograms (NEQ).
f. Determining factor or object which limits the amount of ammunition or explosives in e above.
g. Actual separation distance between the facility, cited in
babove, and the determining factor, cited in f. above.

Chapter 10
Materials Handling Equipment (MHE)
10–1. General requirements
The materials handling equipment (MHE) (such as forklift trucks,
tow motors, powered pallet jacks, electric hand trucks) will be used
in a safe and efficient manner.
a. The operator will inspect MHE before use. Unsafe equipment
will not be used until repairs are made. Safety devices; for example,
dead-man switches, will not be defeated or circumvented.
b. All forklifts will have overhead guards meeting the requirements of applicable DOD and OSHA standards. The installation
commander may grant exceptions to the overhead guard requirement
only when the height of the overhead guard would keep the forklift
out of work locations or the overhead guard would be lower than
the top of the operator’s head.
c. Operators will not use equipment to move loads that exceed
the rated capacity of the MHE at the prescribed load-center.
d. The MHE will be used only for its intended purpose (for
example, forklifts will not be used as towing tractors).
e. Containers or pallets will be lifted only in an authorized manner. Items will be lifted using forklift pockets, if present. Items will
be slung from lifting lugs/eyebolts, if present. Deviations from
standard lifting procedures must be approved in writing.
f. If multiple skids or pallets are to be lifted together, the items
must be secured together to ensure the integrity of the lift.
10–2. Battery-powered materials handling equipment
a. Battery-powered equipment is the preferred MHE for handling
ammunition and explosives inside a building or a poorly ventilated
area.

104

b. Battery-powered equipment used within an explosives area
will have all electrical cables mounted to prevent catching on stationary objects or damage by cutting or abrasion. Cables will be
protected to prevent short-circuiting in as far as is practical.
c. Batteries will be securely fastened. Battery boxes will provide
ample ventilation, with ventilation openings that prevent access to
the cell terminals from the outside.
d. Battery-powered equipment must be equipped with a deadman switch and a main service switch which can be activated from
the driving position.
e. Battery charging stations should be separated from explosives
facilities by the applicable distance required in chapter 5.
f. The rated equipment defined in NFPA 505, types E, EE, ES,
and EX, are satisfactory for handling all classes of ammunition and
explosives packed in accordance with DOT regulations. Types EE
and ES battery-powered equipment may be used for handling inprocess ammunition (for example, sub-assemblies, explosives loaded
components, and so forth) in corridors or ramps connecting hazardous operations. Types EE and ES equipment will not be used in
areas containing explosive dusts or with explosives that, through
handling, may produce explosive dusts.
g. Type EX equipment is the only equipment approved for use in
areas with explosive dusts (NFPA 505). EX equipment does not
carry a dual rating and can be used only in hazardous areas for
which it is specifically designed.
10–3. Gasoline and diesel powered equipment
a. Gasoline and diesel powered equipment for handling inert
materials will be equipped with backfire deflectors securely attached
on the throat of the carburetor. These deflectors will be of the oilbath or screen type. Certain types of air cleaners can serve as
backfire deflectors. A tight fitting cap, properly vented, will be in
place on the fuel fill pipe at all times except during refueling. A
flame arrester will be installed in the fill pipe. If necessary, a
deflector plate will be installed to prevent any overflow from the
fuel tank from reaching the motor or the exhaust pipe. On gravity
feed systems or on pump systems, where siphoning might occur, a
shut-off valve will be installed at the fuel tank or in the feed line to
permit shutting off the flow of fuel during an emergency or break in
the fuel line or carburetor. Provisions will be made to protect
against vibrational rupture of the fuel lines.
b. All MHE will be provided with a fire extinguisher having a
minimum rating of 5BC.
c. Gasoline and diesel-powered equipment should be checked
before being put into operation to ensure sufficient fuel is available
to minimize refueling requirements. Fueling of MHE in the ammunition area will be done in accordance with paragraph 3–7g(6).
10–4. LP-gas-powered equipment
a. LP-gas-powered equipment for handling inert material will be
type LPS. All fuel lines, fittings, and containers will be designed
and installed in accordance with NFPA Standard 58 to provide
maximum protection against damage to the system by vibration,
shock, or objects striking against it and against failures from other
causes.
b. All LP-gas-powered equipment will be provided with a fire
extinguisher having a minimum rating of 5BC.
c. LP-gas-powered equipment should be checked before operation to ensure all fuel lines, fittings, and containers are secure and
that sufficient gas is available to reduce refueling or replacement of
fuel containers.
10–5. Gasoline, diesel-powered and LP-gas-powered
equipment for handling explosives materials
a. Gasoline, diesel-powered and LP-gas-powered equipment with
the precautionary measures and devices described in paragraphs
10–3 and 10–4 are appropriate for handling all classes of ammunition and bulk explosives packed in accordance with DOT regulations. Included are closed ammunition items containing explosives

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

(for example, artillery projectiles or bombs), including fuzes if approved for shipment in this manner, and provided the material is not
located in a hazardous location as defined by the NFPA. The exterior of the cartons, projectiles, bombs, boxes, and so forth, must not
be visibly contaminated with explosives or have any explosives
exposed.
b. Due to the inherent hazards of operation, gasoline-powered or
LP-gas-powered MHE will not be used in Richmond or earth covered magazines.
c. Clean burning diesel equipment meeting the criteria of MILT–52932 and electric powered forklifts are permitted in Richmond
and earth covered magazines provided—
(1) Material in a hazardous location as defined by the NFPA 70;
for example, explosive dusts or vapors, must be handled by equipment which is rated according to the NFPA 505 for use in these
areas.
(2) Concentrations of combustion products and noise emitted by
the MHE must be monitored by the using installation to ensure
compliance with OSHA and The Surgeon General’s standards.
10–6. Storage
a. Battery, gasoline, or diesel-powered equipment may be stored
in a magazine, storehouse, or other suitable location that contains
only inert materials.
b. The equipment should be at least 10 feet from any combustible
material.
c. Aisles will be kept clear at all times, and individual pieces of
stored equipment should be spaced to minimize the spread of fire
from one unit to another.
d. Equipment may be parked in fire-resistant buildings containing
explosives, providing such equipment is essential for day-to-day
operations. However, the following minimum requirements must be
met:
(1) Equipment must be stored in an area that is suitably and
completely separated (by firewalls and closed doors) from the bays,
rooms, or cubicles that contain the explosives.
(2) Designed fire-resistant ratings for the enclosures containing
explosives are not degraded.
e. When necessary for efficient operation, battery-powered MHE
is permitted to be used in buildings or magazines containing explosives or other hazardous materials may be temporarily stored in
magazines containing packaged ammunition and explosives and inert warehouses provided the following conditions (designed to prevent fires or other trouble from occurring during unattended periods)
are met:
(1) Periods of idle storage shall not exceed 4 days.
(2) After each workday, MHE will be inspected for hot brakes,
leaking oil, or fluid. If these are found, the MHE will be removed
from the building.
(3) MHE will be made inoperative by removing ignition keys,
activating shut-off switches, or seat control disconnects, and so
forth. Battery cables will not be disconnected in explosives storage
locations due to the possible arcing when terminals separate.
(4) MHE will be parked and secured at the maximum distance
from the explosives or ammunition.
(5) MHE will not be stored in an operating building containing
explosives because of the increased hazards of loose or exposed
explosives.

Chapter 11
Port Operations
11–1. Background information
a. Successful port operations require preparation at the home
station. This preparation includes the proper blocking and bracing of
ammunition and explosives as well as planning the best movement
routes and times. This chapter provides guidelines to best accomplish these operations.

b. This chapter applies to movement of units to ports in times of
war or national emergency. It also applies to the operations at ports
in times of peace, war, or national emergency.
11–2. Loading of vehicles
a. Before loading vehicles for movement, commanders will consider the conditions expected at the point of embarkation and disembarkation. Ammunition should be loaded only on or in vehicles with
load restraint systems designed for ammunition. Additional quantities of ammunition should not be placed, for example into the cabs
of vehicles or banded to the exteriors of mounted generators, communications shelters, and so forth.
b. Before loading ammunition and explosives (A&E), a suitable
site must be selected for this operation. This site will be licensed
and have an approved site plan in accordance with chapters 8 and 9.
This site will be equipped with lightning protection in accordance
with chapter 12. This site will not be in the ammunition supply
point (ASP) because of the increased risk involved.
c. The loading operation will be conducted during daylight hours
or under strong illumination at night. At no time will loading operations be conducted under conditions of darkness.
d. Vehicles will be loaded in accordance with vehicle load drawings. These drawings can be obtained from Director, DAC.
e. A person certified to release shipments will inspect and approve all vehicles containing shipments of hazardous materials. This
inspection will be as close as possible to the inspection required for
trucks carrying A&E. Vehicles which fail to pass the inspection will
be repaired and required to pass the inspection before being loaded.
f. Vehicles which are waiting to be loaded will be kept at IBD
from the loading site before the beginning of the loading operation.
Once a vehicle is loaded and properly blocked and braced, it will be
moved to the vehicle holding site.
g. The loading site will not have more vehicles in it at one time
than it can safely handle.
11–3. Vehicle holding site
a. A vehicle holding site will be selected prior to movement. This
site will have lightning protection, in accordance with chapter 12,
and be approved by the DDESB.
b. Unless vehicles or groups of vehicles can be sited at magazine
distance, the whole vehicle holding site will be counted as one site
for QD purposes. Magazine distance will prevent immediate propagation from one vehicle or group of vehicles to another, but will not
prevent delayed propagation caused by firebrands or prevent destruction of vehicles.
11–4. Railhead operations
a. Vehicles loaded with A&E will not be brought to the railhead
until time for loading them on the railcars. A loadmaster with a
written appointment will control the arrival of vehicles for loading.
b. As each car or cut of cars is loaded, it will be moved to a rail
holding yard or sent to the port. Loaded cars will not be kept at the
railhead longer than necessary.
c. Vehicles will be secured to the railcar to prevent movement
before moving the car.
d. Railheads and rail holding yards will be properly sited and
have lightning protection in accordance with chapter 12.
11–5. Road movement
a. Vehicles moving over the road to port will have as a minimum
two 10BC fire extinguishers. Vehicle occupants will have ready
access to the fire extinguishers. Fire extinguishers will not be locked
up during movement.
b. Rest stops will be planned to allow parking vehicles with A&E
as far away as possible from public gathering places, such as, rest
rooms, picnic areas, and so forth.
(1) Vehicles will not be left unattended at rest stops.
(2) People unrelated to the movement will be kept as far away as
possible from vehicles loaded with A&E.
(3) During prolonged rest stops (over 2 hours), fire extinguishers
will be placed at 100 feet intervals between vehicles. These fire

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

105

extinguishers will be at least 50BC in size and have at least a 5A
rating.
c. Vehicle occupants will not smoke within 100 feet of loaded
vehicles. During rest stops people who are smoking will be kept at
least 100 feet from vehicles carrying A&E.
d. Vehicles which break down during movement will not be left
unattended.
(1) If repairs cannot be made where the vehicle broke down, the
A&E will be removed and placed on another vehicle before towing
the broken down vehicle.
(2) Using flame producing devices on loaded vehicles is prohibited. If a flame producing device is needed to repair the vehicle, the
A&E will be unloaded and moved at least 100 feet from the vehicle
before beginning repairs. The A&E will not be left unattended while
it is off the vehicle.
(3) Repairs which increase the risk of fire, for example, battery
removal, removal of fuel, and so forth, require the removal of A&E
as noted in (2).
e. If an accident happens, any fires which occur will be fought
until they are in among the A&E.
(1) Injured personnel will not be moved unless their lives are
threatened. Medical personnel will be called to treat and remove
injured personnel as soon as possible.
(2) Immediate action will be taken to keep other vehicles and
personnel at least 4,000 feet from the scene of the accident.
(3) If the damaged vehicle cannot be moved, the A&E will be
loaded onto another vehicle for continued transportation. At least
two 50BC fire extinguishers will be kept immediately ready for use
during the transfer operation.
(4) If the damaged vehicle is not leaking fluids and can move on
its own power, it can continue with its load. It will be checked for
leaks at each stop. If it begins to leak, the A&E will be transferred
to another vehicle.
f. Vehicles will be grounded before beginning refueling operations. Vehicles will be grounded together to equalize the potential
between the fuel truck and the vehicle being fueled.
g. Vehicles will be staged so that A&E loaded vehicles do not
accumulate at any one location in large numbers. This is especially
important at the port. Normal QD requirements will be difficult, if
not impossible, to observe at most contingency ports. The arrival of
vehicles will be timed, if at all possible, to prevent the accumulation
of vehicles on the docks at the port.
11–6. Port safety
a. General requirements. This section applies to piers and
wharves and associated facilities at which ammunition and explosives may be handled or be present in ships’ holds or service
conveyances. These provisions apply to loading, offloading, stowing, and shifting of ammunition and explosives. Q-Ds herein are for
HD 1.1. If only ammunition and explosives of other HDs are involved, the Q-Ds for such hazards will be applied as appropriate.
Separation distances are listed in Table 11–2.
b. Determination of quantity of explosives in a ship.
(1) On board ship, the various types of ammunition and explosives are stored relatively close to each other in partial confinement,
and a detonation in the HE part of the cargo may receive considerable support from items that are normally considered to be only
fragment or fire hazards; therefore, the total quantity of explosives
on board a ship will be determined in accordance with Table 11–1.
(2) When ship units are separated by column 3 (K11) distances
or greater, (Table 11–2), Q-D will be based individually on the
quantity of each ship unit. Lesser separation distances require that
the explosives in both ship units be totaled for Q-D purposes.
(3) Separation of a wharf yard from the pier which it serves by a
distance clearly sufficient to prevent immediate propagation of an
explosion (column 3) will be impractical in many cases. In such
cases, the wharf yard will be considered as part of the ship or barge
unit and added to it to compute the total amount of explosives for
Q-D purposes. The outer limit of the wharf yard then will be

106

considered as the ship unit boundary for computing applicable Q-D
requirements.
c. Measurement of separation distance.
(1) Ships at a pier. Measurement of separation distances between
ships will be from the nearest point of one unit to the nearest point
of the other. Cars passing through the clear space are an operational
risk. It will generally be impractical to separate berths at a single
pier by enough distance to prevent mass-detonation of ships containing complete cargoes of HD 1.1 ammunition. To the extent operationally feasible, therefore, scheduling shall reduce the number of
such exposures and total time that they are required.
(2) Piers. The separation distances between piers shall be measured from the nearest point of the ship unit at one pier to the nearest
point of the ship unit under consideration at the other pier.
(3) Anchorages and scuttling sites. Measurements generally will
be from the boundary of the area designated for the scuttling site or
the explosives anchorage. In the case of the explosives anchorage,
the separation distance to outside targets shall depend upon
whether—
(a) The ship units that are loading or unloading within the explosives anchorage are separated properly, taking into consideration
location and the amount of explosives in each ship unit. The ship
unit equivalent for an explosives anchorage is a circle, the radius of
which is the distance from the mooring buoy or the ship’s anchor to
the stern of the ship or of the ammunition lighters alongside when
riding to the full length of the chain. To maintain proper separation
distance between loading or unloading ship units in the explosives
anchorage, the ships will moor or anchor so that at no time will they
have a separation distance less than column 3 (K11) if quantities are
not to be totaled.
(b) The ships being loaded or unloaded at one area are separated
properly from the loaded ships in another area and whether the
loaded ships within the loaded ship area are separated properly from
each other. If the latter conditions do not apply, the quantity for
entering on the table will be the total quantity rather than the unit
quantity.
(4) Dolphins or interrupted quays. Measurement of separation
distance between ships moored to dolphins or interrupted quays will
be from the nearest point of one unit to the nearest point of the
other.
(5) Fixed targets. The measurement of separation distance from
moored ships to fixed targets on land will be from the nearest
boundary of the ship or barge unit to the nearest fixed target.
d. Siting criteria and application of Q-D separation standards.
(1) Scuttling site.
(a) A properly located scuttling site will be provided, if practical,
for positioning a ship for its flooding or sinking if the vessel catches
fire and must be moved to avert damage to other ships or piers. It
will have sufficient sea room and depth of water to permit the
sinking of the largest vessel that may be handled at the installation
so that the holds will be flooded completely at low water.
(b) Since an explosion may occur during movement, the scuttling
site will provide the best available protection to other ships, piers,
and shore installations.
(c) The location of the scuttling site will depend on the greatest
net quantity of mass-detonating explosives that may be in a single
ship at any one time. The Q-D tables to be used will depend on the
particular types of targets.
(2) Explosives anchorage. An explosives anchorage will be separated from the main ship’s channel or from normally traversed
routes of ships entering or leaving the harbor by both column 2
(PTR), distances, and by turning circles and stopping distances of
the ships. Assuming that the diameter of the turning circle of a ship
is 3,000 feet, an explosives anchorage will be located so that a ship
in the channel with a jammed rudder will clear an anchored explosives-laden ship. From the turning circle standpoint, the separation
distance will be not less than 3,000 feet.
(a) When explosives anchorages are used for loading and unloading ships, as well as for fully loaded vessels anchored at their
berths, ships that are being loaded or unloaded will be separated
from fully loaded ships by column 5 (K40) distances.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

(b) When the explosives anchorage is used only for loading and
unloading ships, to prevent mass-detonation, ships in the explosives
anchorage will be separated by at least column 3 distances. Whenever possible, these separation distances will be increased to column
4 (K18) distances to reduce the loss potential of any incident.
(c) Loaded ships will be separated one from another by at least
column 4 (K18) distances.
(d) Explosives anchorages will be separated from explosives
piers by column 5 (K40) distances unless the anchorage is used only
for the loading and unloading of vessels. In such cases, column 4
(K18) distances will be used.
(3) Separation of piers. Ammunition piers at a port facility will
normally be separated by column 4 (K18) distances to prevent
explosive propagation (Table 11–2).
(4) Ships in tandem. Separation distances of ship units in tandem
at the same pier.
(a) When multiple ships must be handled at one pier, tandem
berthing is recommended. A detonation of one ship would expose
others to a heavy fragment density, possibly producing fires and
delayed explosion propagation. A direct hit by a fragment on ammunition alongside the ship or in an open hold could cause a massdetonation. Separation distances based on blast damage alone may
not be enough to withstand such fragment hazards. Berthing of the
two ships in tandem will help to decrease the fragment hazard to the
explosives cargo of the second ship because of the additional protection afforded by the bow or stern.
(b) When two ships cannot be separated by column 3 (K11)
distances and are being loaded through all hatches, the spotting of
cars and the loading of hatches in both ships will be planned so as
to put the greatest possible distance between open hatches of both
ships, and between the trucks and freight cars serving the two ships.
When possible, the loading of the ships will be staggered.
(5) Separation of explosives ships from other ships. Explosives
ships being loaded or unloaded will be separated from nonexplosives-carrying ships and from loaded explosives ships that are
not underway by column 5 (K40) distances. Column 2 (PTR) distances will be used to protect ships that are underway.

(6) Occasional watercraft. Occasional watercraft passing through
the arcs while outside both the main ship channel and normally
traversed routes of ships entering and leaving the harbor, are not
subject to Q-D requirements.
e. Quantity-distance tables.
(1) For Q-D between ammunition and explosives-laden ships or
barges, use Table 11–1 together with Table 11–2.
(2) For Q-D between ammunition and explosives-laden ships or
barges and other locations, the following applies:
(a) When considering the ship or barge as a PES, magazine
distance applies to explosives storage locations. Use Table 5–6 and
the columnar formulas given in Table 5–5. IBD applies to administrative and industrial areas, explosives operating facilities, and the
terminal boundary. Use Table 11–2, column 6 (IBD). PTR applies
to the main shipping channel and other PTRs; use Table 11–2,
column 2 (PTR). Because Table 11–2’s NEWs are listed in large
increments, Table 5–1 may be used for NEWs between Table
11–2’s listed values. For IBD, use column 5 (Table 5–1) or the
formulas given in note 3. For PTR, use column 9 (Table 5–1) or the
formulas given in note 7.
(b) When considering the ship or barge as an ES, IBD applies
from on shore explosives storage locations and operating facilities to
the ship or barge. Use the same distance sources for IBD as listed in
(a) above.
f. Wartime or national emergency. During wartime or national
emergencies when contingency ports are being used, the QD required above may be impossible to follow. When the QD above
cannot be followed—
(1) Vehicles will be brought up to the dock as close to their
loading time as possible. Vehicles will not be allowed to congregate
at the dock.
(2) Firefighting equipment will be ready at the dock. Either a fire
boat, fire engine, or 50BC fire extinguishers with at least a 5A
capability will be stationed every 100 feet along the dock and in the
holding area.
(3) RORO ships are not subject to the requirements of QD.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

107

Table 11–1
Mixed class/division for QD computations

108

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 11–2 (PAGE 1)
Quantity-distance separations for pier and wharf facilities

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

109

Table 11–2 (PAGE 2)
Quantity-distance separations for pier and wharf facilities--Continued

Chapter 12
Lightning Protection

light bulb for only a month or so. Virtually all its energy is converted into light, thunder, radio waves, and heat.

12–1. General information
a. This chapter provides the minimum technical requirements for
lightning protection of structures and areas containing explosive
materials. An LPS is required on all structures and areas containing,
storing, or holding ammunition and explosives except in situations
described in paragraph 12–4.
b. All LPS must provide protection that as a minimum meets the
requirements of the 100–foot zone of protection (app H).
c. Lightning protection is designed to provide a conductive path
to ground for a lightning strike. This chapter describes what is
required for a lightning protection system, the materials to use
(Table 12–1), and how to maintain the system in good working
order.
d. Lightning normally starts in a cloud with the accumulation of
separate negative and positive charge areas. The negative charge
induces a positive region in the ground below. As the static electricity builds, a dim spark, called a step leader, emerges. This step
leader jumps in 50–yard lengths. About 50 yards above the ground,
it meets a rising positive spark. These two sparks form a path for
the visible lightning stroke. As the stroke ends, in-cloud discharges
reach toward the path. Sometimes another spark, called a dart
leader, moves down the path and initiates a second visible lightning
stroke. The peak temperature in the path lasts a few millionths of a
second and reaches approximately 55,000 degrees F. The stroke
produces more electricity in its brief life than all the electrical
generators in the U.S. could produce in the same time. Yet the flash
is so brief that the electric energy where it strikes would power a

12–2. Fundamental principles of lightning protection
a. The fundamental principle for protecting life and property
against lightning is to allow a lightning discharge to enter or leave
the earth without resulting damage or loss. A low impedance path
should be offered, which the discharge current will follow in preference to all alternative high impedance paths offered by building
materials such as wood, brick, tile, stone, or concrete. When lightning follows the higher impedance paths, damage may be caused by
the heat and mechanical forces generated during the passage of the
discharge. Most metals, being good electrical conductors, are virtually unaffected by either heat or the mechanical forces if they are
large enough to carry the current that can be expected. The metal
path must be continuous from the earth electrode system to the air
terminal. Care should be exercised in selecting metal conductors
(Table 12–1) to ensure the integrity of the lightning conductor for
an extended period. A nonferrous metal such as copper or aluminum
will provide, in most atmospheres, a lasting conductor free of the
effects of rust or corrosion.
b. Parts of structures most likely to be struck by lightning are
those that project above surrounding parts such as chimneys, ventilators, flagpoles, towers, water tanks, spires, steeples, deck railings,
shafthouses, gables, skylights, dormers, ridges, and parapets. The
edge of the roof is the part most likely to be struck on flat-roofed
buildings.
c. An LPS consists of three basic parts that provide the low
impedance metal path required:
(1) A system of air terminals or overhead wires on the roof and
other elevated locations,

110

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

(2) A system of earth electrodes, and,
(3) A conductor system (down conductor) connecting the air terminals to the earth electrode system.
d. Properly located and installed, these basic components described in c, above, improve the probability that the lightning discharge will be conducted harmlessly between the air terminals and
the ground terminals.
12–3. Locations requiring an LPS
a. Lightning protection systems will be installed on all facilities.
Facilities are structures or locations used for development, manufacturing, testing, handling, storage, inspection, holding, or maintenance of ammunition or explosives.
b. An LPS will be required at a demilitarization or disposal site
only if—
(1) Personnel are required to work or remain at the site during
the approach of or during a lightning storm; and,
(2) The installation commander determines an LPS is necessary
to protect personnel or equipment.
c. Underground storage (para 5–13) with metal or structural parts
that have less than 2 feet of earth cover will be protected as an
aboveground site.
12–4. Locations not requiring lightning protection
Under conditions specified in the following subparagraphs, lightning
protection may be omitted from certain ammunition or explosives
facilities. However, if lightning protection is present on an active
facility, it will be inspected, tested, and maintained as prescribed in
this pamphlet.
a. An LPS may be omitted from earth covered magazines where
the expected damage due to a lightning strike will not seriously
affect the installation mission; and where the following conditions
are met—
(1) Ammunition and explosives are stored in their approved shipping configuration.
(2) The steel arch and/or reinforcing bars are electrically connected with conductor cables to the earth electrode subsystem.
(3) Ventilator metal is at least 3/16 inch thick and electrically
connected to the earth electrode subsystem and magazine contents
are protected from molten metal fragments of the ventilator if it is
hit by lightning.
(4) Bonding, surge suppression, and ground requirements of this
chapter are met.
b. Primary lightning protection (air terminals/external down conductors) may be omitted on earth covered magazines (ECMs) which
have ground girdle subsystems constructed under Navy specifications provided the following conditions are met—
(1) The ECMs are used only to store ammunition and explosives
in closed containers or in their approved shipping configurations.
(2) Bonding and surge suppression requirements are applied.
(3) Ventilators are made of a nonconducting material or of sheet
steel greater than 3/16 inch thickness.
c. An LPS may be omitted on facilities other than earth covered
magazines equipped with an adequate lightning warning system
(para 12–9) when all the following conditions can be met—
(1) Operations can be terminated before the storm strikes;
(2) All personnel can be evacuated to IBD; and,
(3) The expected damage due to a lightning strike will not
seriously affect the installation mission.
d. An LPS may be omitted on facilities without a lightning warning system other than earth covered magazines where—
(1) Personnel are not expected to sustain injury; and,
(2) The resulting economic loss of or to the facility, it contents,
or surrounding facilities is minimal.
e. Lightning protection may be omitted on facilities that contain
only noninitiable material where there is no fire hazard.
12–5. Requirements for lightning protection systems
a. This paragraph provides the minimum technical requirements

for lightning protection of structures and areas containing explosive
materials.
b. All LPSs designed to protect structures or areas containing
explosives and energetic materials must provide a 100– foot zone of
protection (see app H). This works on the principle that a sphere
with a radius of 100 feet when it is placed on an LPS, will not touch
the structure or object being protected as the sphere is rolled from
protective point-to-point. It also will not touch the structure or
object being protected before the sphere touches the ground.
c. All LPSs will have at least two conductive paths to ground. If
the structure has a perimeter exceeding 250 feet, there will be a
down conductor for every 100 feet of the perimeter or fraction
thereof.
d. All LPSs will be bonded into the earth electrode subsystem of
the facility being protected.
e. Down conductors may be coursed through the air without
support for a distance of 3 feet or less. Down conductors that must
be coursed through air for longer distances will be provided with a
positive means of support that will prevent damage to or displacement of the conductor.
f. All new and renovated LPSs will be designed and constructed
in accordance with TM 5–811–1, TM 5–811–3, and TM 5– 811–7.
g. The following subparagraphs contain guidance regarding locations and heights of air terminals that may be used to achieve the
required 100–foot zone of protection on concrete or steel arch earth
covered magazines. Other configurations are also considered to provide the 100–foot zone of protection if they were reflected in safety
submissions or standard drawings approved by the Department of
Defense Explosives Safety Board after 1984. Installations must determine if alternative configurations on older magazines afford the
100–foot zone of protection. Where an LPS installed before 1984
does not meet that criterion, it must be programmed for repair. The
LPS repair program must prioritize corrective actions based on a
hazard analysis of each violation consistent with AR 385–10. First
priority will go to correcting deficiencies on facilities storing chemical ammunition (chemical surety material as defined in AR 385–61,
exclusive of ton containers). Assistance in evaluating existing alternative arrangements or air terminals may be obtained through command safety channels. Alternative configurations for new magazines
must be approved by site plans or safety submissions before
construction.
(1) An earth covered magazine up to 40 feet in length can be
protected by a system with two air terminals. For this configuration,
one air terminal must be placed on the top center of the headwall.
The front air terminal must extend at least 24 inches above the
headwall. The other air terminal must be placed at the rear of the
magazine on or close to the rear ventilator stack. If the rear air
terminal is mounted on the ventilator stack (either the ventilator cap
or concrete stack), it must extend at least 24 inches above the top of
the ventilator cap. If the rear air terminal is not mounted on the
ventilator stack, add one additional inch in height to the terminal
over and above the minimal 24–inch extension above the ventilator
for every inch it is mounted away from the stack. The metal ventilator cap must be bonded to the lightning protection system. An air
terminal less than 24 inches in height above the ventilator is acceptable provided protection consistent with the 100–foot striking arc
can be demonstrated. However, the rear air terminal may never be
less than 10 inches above any metal ventilator.
(2) An earth covered magazine more than 40 feet, but not more
than 80 feet, in length can be protected by three air terminals. For
this configuration, a front and rear air terminal must be mounted as
described for 40–foot magazines in the preceding subparagraph. A
third air terminal is required on the top center of the magazine. The
center air terminal must be at least 24 inches in length.
(3) An earth covered concrete or steel arch magazine more than
80 feet in length could be protected by a front and rear air terminal
as described for 40–foot magazines, and multiple air terminals between the front and rear that extend 24 inches above the headwall
top surface. In this configuration, the air terminals must be equally
spaced (but not more than 40 feet apart) along the crest of the arch.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

111

h. Ammunition facilities, other than ECMs, with integral systems
have the following minimal requirements—
(1) Air terminals will be at least 24 inches high.
(2) Air terminals are required on or close to ventilator stacks and
caps. Those terminals must be at least 24 inches high and extend at
least 10 inches above the ventilators they protect.
(3) Air terminals will be spaced not to exceed 25 feet apart on
ridges, parapets, and around the perimeter of roofs. Where it has
been necessary to exceed this spacing, the terminals shall be increased by 2 inches for each foot of increase over the 25 feet
spacing between terminals. For large roof areas, additional air terminals may be required on the roof surface to achieve the 100–foot
zone of protection. A grid of 24–inch air terminals on 25 foot
centers (approximately 35 feet between terminals diagonally) will
protect a horizontal roof surface.
i. Special requirements for integral systems are as follows:
(1) Air terminals will be at least 5 feet high above open or
hooded vents emitting explosives dusts or vapors under natural
draft.
(2) Air terminals will be at least 15 feet above open or hooded
vents when explosives dusts or gases are emitted under forced draft.
12–6. Types of lightning protection systems
The following LPSs are listed in the NFPA and are the only ones
currently approved for use—
a. Integral system (lightning rods). An integral system consists of
air terminals mounted directly on the structure to be protected, down
conductors, and a grounding system. This system is used to protect
structures. Air terminal spacing will meet the requirements of the
100–foot zone of protection (app H).
b. Catenary system (overhead wire). A catenary system consists
of a wire strung between posts. The wire is the equivalent of an air
terminal and may or may not run directly into the earth electrode
subsystem. The earth electrode subsystem will normally consist of
ground rods at both ends of the system and be attached either
directly to the wire or have an intermediary down conductor. Each
pole will have an air terminal which extends at least 10 inches
above the pole. This system is normally used to protect large open
areas, such as a truck holding yard, but may also be used to protect
structures.
c. Mast system. A mast system consists of an air terminal (lightning rod) on a mast, down conductors, and a earth electrode subsystem. This system can be used to protect either structures or areas.
Masts will be separated by a minimum of 6 feet from the building
or stack of munitions being protected.
12–7. General prohibitions
a. When aluminum is used, the following applies—
(1) Aluminum lightning protection equipment will not be installed on copper roofing materials or other copper surfaces or
where exposed to runoff from copper surfaces.
(2) Aluminum materials will not be used where they come into
direct contact with the earth. Fittings used to connect aluminum
down conductors to copper or copper-clad grounding equipment will
be bimetallic. Bimetallic connectors will be installed at 18 inches or
higher above the earth level.
(3) Connectors and fittings will be suitable for use with the
conductor and the surfaces on which they are installed. Bimetallic
connectors and fittings shall be used for splicing or bonding dissimilar metals.
(4) An aluminum conductor will not be attached to a surface
coated with alkaline-base paint, embedded in concrete or masonry,
or installed in a location subject to excessive moisture.
b. Copper lightning protection materials will not be installed on
aluminum roofing, siding, or other aluminum surfaces.
c. Galvanized steel will not be used in areas where atmospheric
conditions are destructive to galvanized steel. Where galvanized
steel conductors are used, the individual wires of the cable will have
a protective coating of zinc (hot-dipped process). This treated cable
must be capable of withstanding four 1–minute immersions in a

112

standard copper sulfate solution without showing a fixed deposit of
copper.
d. Where copper-clad steel is used, the copper covering will be
permanently and effectively welded to the steel core. The portion of
copper will be such that the conductance is not less than 30 percent
of the conductance of an equivalent cross-section of solid copper.
e. Stainless steel is very susceptible to corrosion in many soil
conditions. Extreme caution will be used along with a proper soil
analysis when this material is used. Records of the soil analysis will
be kept as a permanent part of the lightning protection records.
12–8. Bonding
a. It is critical that the bonding requirements in this chapter be
enforced to protect structures and areas containing, storing, or holding explosives or other energetic materials. The material used to
bond the LPS to the grounding loop conductor will meet the requirements set forth in Table 12–1. The resistance of any object
bonded to the lightning protection system will not exceed one ohm.
Exceptions are noted in Table 6– 1.
b. Fences which come within 6 feet of an explosives structure
will be bonded to the structure’s LPS or its grounding system.
c. Railroad tracks which run within 6 feet of an explosives structure will be bonded to the structure’s LPS or its grounding system.
If the tracks are used to carry electrical signals, they will have
insulated joints immediately external to bond the LPS’s ground loop
conductor. If these tracks enter a facility, they will also be bonded
to the frame of the structure or equivalent.
d. Large masses of metal (400 square inches or larger surface
area) located on the exterior of structures or within facilities, such as
radiators, tanks, permanent machinery, and so forth, do not have to
be bonded into the LPS unless the mass of metal is within 6 feet of
any part of the exposed LPS.
e. Fire symbols and signs attached to ECM headwalls, need not
be bonded to the structure’s lightning protection systems provided
mounting hardware does not penetrate to the structure interior.
12–9. Lightning warning systems
a. Lightning warning systems provide a positive, reliable means
of continuously monitoring and recording atmospheric voltage
gradient. They can detect atmospheric conditions that may produce
lightning in the vicinity. Lightning warning systems that are installed and properly maintained can detect thunderstorms up to 200
miles away and indicate the direction of approach.
b. Installations with lightning warning systems will establish a
specific criteria for terminating ammunition and explosives operations at the approach of a thunderstorm. This criteria will be based
on the sensitivity of the operation involved and the amount of time
required to terminate operations safely.
c. Installations without lightning warning systems will also be
required to develop criteria for evacuating ammunition facilities at
the approach of a storm. The decision to terminate an operation and/
or evacuate must be determined on a case-by-case basis pending an
evaluation of the hazards to operations and support personnel. Procedures should identify a responsible individual who can decide
when evacuation is necessary. Following are some examples of
facilities that should be evacuated in the event of a probable electrical storm—
(1) All operations involving EEDs and exposed explosives or
propellants.
(2) Buildings containing explosives dusts or vapors, whether or
not equipped with approved LPSs and locations within IL distance
of these facilities.
(3) Outdoor operations with unpackaged munitions or ammunition operations being conducted without lightning protection.
12–10. Structural grounds
On all new construction and extensive renovation, the structural
steel in all explosives facilities will be bonded to the facility grounding system. No greater than 1 ohm resistance will exist between

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

the structural steel and the grounding system. Testing will be in
accordance with paragraph D–3.
12–11. Grounding
For details on grounding, use Table 12–1 and paragraph 6–13.
12–12. Surge protection
a. An LPS for ammunition and explosives structures will use
surge protection for incoming conductors. One or more of the following will be provided on all incoming metallic power, communication, and instrumentation lines to reduce transient voltage to a
harmless level—
(1) Lightning arresters,
(2) Surge arresters,
(3) Surge protectors,
(4) Surge suppressors,
(5) Transient power suppressors, and
(6) Isolation transformers.
b. These power and communication lines will enter the facility in
underground shielded cables or in metallic conduits which enter the
ground at least 50 feet from the facility. In addition, intrusion
detection systems and other metallic lines will run underground for
at least the last 50 feet up to the structure. The use of low-pass
filters will be considered for added protection on specific critical
electronic loads as determined by the user.
c. Fiber optic cables do not need to run underground before
entering the building.
d. Steam, water, and air conditioning lines may run above ground
as long as they are bonded to the structure’s LPS before entering the
structure. If these lines are not bonded to the LPS, they will run the
last 50 feet to the building underground.
12–13. Visual inspection requirements
a. Components of the LPS will be visually inspected at intervals
specified in Table 6–1.
b. Components of the LPS will be inspected in accordance with
paragraph D–2.
12–14. Electrical testing requirements
a. The LPS will be tested at intervals specified in Table 6– 1.
b. The LPS will be tested per paragraph D–3.
c. The resistance of any component of the LPS will not exceed
the value specified in Table 6–1.
d. The resistance of any metal object bonded to the LPS will not
exceed the values specified in Table 6–1.
e. Any standard ohm meter that is capable of reading 1 ohm with
a manufacturer’s certified accuracy of 0.1 ohm and capable of measuring bond connections for large facilities can be used. Analog
meters can continue to be used but all newly procured meters must

have a resolution of 0.1 ohm as well as the 1 ohm capability with an
accuracy of 0.1 ohm.
f. Some installations have LPSs that are unique to their particular
location. Compliance with all testing details as stated in this chapter
may not be practical or possible due to variations in building features, nonavailability of as-built drawings, or even terrain features
(rock or concrete-covered ground near structures to be tested). When
strict compliance for test and inspection of a facility cannot be
accommodated, installations must make maximum use of expertise
available; that is, electrical engineers, at their command and develop
a reasonable and well-documented LPS test and inspection plan
within the guidance of this chapter. This plan will be forwarded to
the installations next higher headquarters for review and, once approved, retained with the installation’s permanent LPS records.
12–15. Records
The inspection and test reports and/or records will be maintained in
the installation safety office, unless an alternate office is specifically
designated by the installation commander. Records of tests and
inspections will be kept on file for the last 30 years. These records
will be reviewed for deficiencies and trend analysis. Significant
variances will be analyzed to determine the cause and indicated
repairs must be made.
12–16. Truck holding areas
For designated established truck holding areas, lightning protection
must be applied. For undesignated truck holding sites used in support of field training exercises, lightning protection is not necessary
if the following requirements are met—
a. Explosives quantity distance limits and vehicle separations are
strictly enforced.
b. Onsite security personnel are kept to a minimum.
c. The sites are located away from lightning conductors and
attractors.
12–17. Lightning protection for empty facilities
Empty ammunition and explosives facilities that have been inspected, certified empty, and sealed (with numbered and recorded
seals) will be considered as no longer used for development, manufacturing, testing, handling, storage, maintenance, demilitarization,
and/or disposal of explosives or ammunition. These facilities will no
longer require either a visual inspection or electrical test of the LPS
as described in this chapter. All visual inspections and electrical
tests required by this chapter will, however, be performed before
reactivating the ammunition and explosives facilities. This requirement is applicable to empty facilities at active installations as well
as facilities at installations on the Base Closure List.

Table 12–1
Lightning protection systems
Item

Material

Size Requirements

Ground rod

1. Copper
2. Copper-clad steel
3. Stainless steel2
4. Galvanized steel3

0.75 inch in diameter or larger; not 1. The top of the rod must be at
less than 10 ft long
least 12 inches below the finished grade.
2. Must be located 3 to 8 ft beyond the perimeter of the building foundation.
3. Must be free of paint or other
nonconductive coatings.

Ground loop (counterpoise)

1. Stranded copper
2. Copper-clad steel cable

Must be at least 1/0 AWG with no 1. Must be at least 30 inches besingle strand less than 17 AWG
low the finished grade.
(0.045 inch) in size
2. Must be located at least 3 ft,
but not more than 8 ft from the
building foundation or footing.
3. All bends in the cable must be
not less than 90 o .

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Restrictions

113

Table 12–1
Lightning protection systems—Continued
Item

Material

Size Requirements

Air terminal

1. Solid copper
2. Copper-clad steel
3. Hot-dipped galvanized steel3

Must be at least 24 inches high
1. Air terminals will be either taand extend at least 10 inches
pered to a sharp or blunt point.
above the structure to be pro2. Separate points are not retected. Must be 3/8 inch in diame- quired on top of air terminals;
ter (Class I)4 or 1/2 inch (Class
but, if they are used, they shall
II)5 in diameter below the taper
be substantial and securely attached by screw or slip joints.

Air terminal

1. Solid aluminum1

Must be at least 24 inches high
1. Air terminals will be either taand extend at least 10 inches
pered to a sharp or blunt point.
above the structure to be pro2. Separate points are not retected.
quired on top of air terminals;
Must be 1/2 inch in diameter
but, if they are used, they shall
4
5
(Class I) or 5/8 inch (Class II) in be substantial and securely atdiameter below the taper.
tached by screw or slipjoints.

Catenary (overhead wire) system

1. Copper
2. Copper-clad steel
3. Aluminum1
4. Stainless steel 2

A continuous run of wire not less
than 1/0 AWG

Air terminals

1. Tubular aluminum1
2. Tubular copper

Must be at least 24 inches high
1. Air terminals will be either taand extend at least 10 inches
pered to a sharp or blunt point.
above the structure to be pro2. Separate points are not retected.
quired on top of air terminals;
Must have an outer diameter of at but, if they are used, they shall
least 5/8 inch below the taper.
be substantial and securely atMinimum wall thickeness will be
tached by screw or slip joints.
0.033 inch for copper and 0.064
inch for aluminum.

Main conductor, cable

1. Copper

Minimum strand size is 17 AWG
1. The down conductor will be as
(0.045 inch) (Class I)4 or 15 AWG nearly vertical as possible.
(0.057 inch) (Class II)5.
2. Bends will not be less than
The weight of the wire will be at
90° with minimum radius of 8
least 187 lbs per 1,000 ft (0.187
inches.
lbs per foot) (Class I) 4 and 375
lbs per 1,000 ft (0.375 lbs per
foot) (Class II)5.

Main conductor, cable

1. Aluminum1

Minimum wire size is 14 AWG
1. The down conductor will be as
(0.064 inch ) (Class I)4 or 13
nearly vertical as possible.
5
AWG (0.072 inch)(Class II) .
2. Bends will not be less than
The weight of the wire will be at
90o - minimum radius of 8
least 95 lbs per 1,000 feet (0.095 inches.
lbs per foot) (Class I)4 or 190 lbs
per 1,000 feet (0.190 lbs per foot
(Class II)5.

Main conductor, solid strip

1. Copper

The outside diameter will be at
least 0.5 inch.
Minimum thickness will be 0.051
inch. Minimum width will be 1
inch.

1. The down conductor will be as
nearly vertical as possible.
2. Bends will not be less than
90o with minimum radius of 8
inches.

Main conductor, solid strip

1. Aluminum1

Minimum thickness will be 0.064
inch.
Minimum width will be 1 inch.

1. The down conductor will be as
nearly vertical as possible.
2. Bends will not be less tha 90 o
with minimum radius of 8 inches.

114

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Restrictions

1. Overhead cable must be supported by masts to ensure a
separation of at least 6 ft from
the protected structure.
2. If the wire parallels a structure
for more than 50 ft, this distance
(6 ft) must be increased 1 ft for
every 10 ft above 50 ft.
3. The minimum separation in either 1 or 2 apply to the distance
that the supporting masts must
be from the structure also.
4. An air terminal must be
placed on the top of each mast
(See air terminal).

Table 12–1
Lightning protection systems—Continued
Item

Material

Size Requirements

Restrictions

Bonding strap (solid or stranded)

Copper

The strap will not be less than
None
26,240 CM in cross section. Each
wire will be at least 17 AWG
(0.045 inch)

Bonding strap (solid or stranded)

Aluminum1

The strap will not be less than
None
41,100 CM in cross section. Each
wire will be at least 14 AWG
(0.064 inch)

Bonding strip

Copper

The strip will be at least 0.051 inch None
thick and 0.5 inch wide.

Bonding strip

Aluminum1

The strip will be at least 0.064 inch None
thick and 0.5 inch wide.

Notes:
1. Where aluminum is used, care shall be taken not to use it in contact with the ground or elsewhere where it will rapidly deteriorate. Conductors will be electrical grade
aluminum.
2. Research has been presented that warns that stainless steel is very susceptible to corrosion in many soil conditions. A proper soil analysis will be conducted before
using this type of rod.
3. Galvanized steel will not be used in atmospheric conditions which are destructive to it.
4. Class I specifications apply to buildings or structures 75 feet or less in height.
5. Class II specifications apply to buildings or structures which exceed 75 feet in height.
6. Unless otherwise noted, specifications in this chapter apply to Class I structures.

Chapter 13
Explosives Storage Requirements
13–1. General requirements
This chapter sets forth the requirements for storage of ammunition
and explosives within the U.S. Army. Explosives and ammunition
should be stored in buildings designed, designated, and isolated for
this purpose.
a. When standard magazines are not available, the buildings used
must afford protection against moisture and excessive changes in
temperature and have means for adequate ventilation. The floors
will not be wood or of a material that would produce dust. In
structures where heat is permissible, only authorized heating equipment, as specified by the building safety submission will be used
(chap 8). Open fires or heating by stoves is not permitted. The
buildings are not to be used for any other purpose when ammunition
is present. Ammunition (except limited quantities of small arms)
and explosives will not normally be stored in basements, attics, or
other portions of barracks, company supply rooms, general storehouses, or any buildings being used for other purposes.
b. Ammunition will be stacked by lot number in stacks and
arranged so that air may circulate freely beneath and throughout the
stack. When multiple lots are stored, all items or containers of a
single lot should be stored together and the line of separation between lots must be clearly indicated with a DA Form 3020–R
(Magazine Data Card), equivalent marking, or physical separation.
Lots of ammunition must never be mixed randomly. Except in earth
covered magazines, tops of ammunition stacks will be below the
level of the eaves but no closer than 18 inches to the roof to avoid
the heated space directly below the roof. In earth covered magazines, ammunition will not touch the ceiling or sides of the earth
covered magazine. In heated warehouses or other buildings, ammunition stacks will not be closer than 18 inches to radiators or heaters. The bottom layer should be raised from the floor about 3
inches. Stacks must be level; if necessary, dunnage, shims, or
wedges will be used to prevent the stacks from tipping. Stacks will
not be so high that ammunition or its containers in the lower layers
will be crushed or deformed.
c. Boxes, cases, and other containers of ammunition should be
clean and dry before being stored. Ammunition containers will not
be opened in a magazine (except as detailed in para 13–2i and chap
14). They should not be stored after having been opened unless they

are securely closed, except that ammunition and explosives in damaged containers in the process of being repaired may be stored
overnight in magazines. When it is necessary to store ammunition
and explosives overnight in damaged containers, they should be
separated from serviceable ammunition. Repair or change of container can be accomplished at intraline distance (minimum distance
of 100 feet from combustible storage structures or 50 feet from
noncombustible structures) from the magazine based on the quantity
of explosives at the repair or change site. Magazine doors will be
kept closed during such work.
d. Unpackaged rounds or components will not be kept loose in a
magazine containing other ammunition packed in accordance with
approved drawings. Empty containers, excess dunnage, or tools
should be permitted to remain in a magazine only during the period
of time required to complete the job for which they are being used.
No oily rags, paint, and other flammable materials will be present in
a magazine containing ammunition or explosives.
e. Liquid propellants, flammable liquids, and gases, corrosives,
and oxidizers will not be stored with ammunition. Nonflammable
gas; for example, argon, can be stored in the same storage structure
with the ammunition it supports. When the nonflammable gas is
stored with the ammunition, valves must be protected from inadvertent impact or packed in approved DOT containers.
f. Lethal and incapacitating chemical ammunition must be stored
separately from conventional ammunition and other types of chemical ammunition. Storage of chemical ammunition should be planned
so the containers can be inspected for leaks and easily removed.
This includes bulk agents as well as assembled munitions.
g. Ammunition containing explosives or combustibles such as
black powder, tracer composition, or pyrotechnic mixtures which
deteriorate rapidly in damp or high temperature environments
should be stored under the best cover available. Buildings which
protect against dampness and have adequate ventilation are
preferable.
h. The amount of necessary combustible materials (dunnage, pallets) used in magazines will be kept to the minimum essential.
i. When a magazine becomes empty, the following procedures
will be followed—
(1) When the last item is removed from a magazine, the magazine will be inspected. An empty magazine need not be reinspected
before being reused for storage provided that:
(a) It was inspected after it was emptied.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

115

(b) Magazines and storage formerly used to store chemical surety
material have been certified free of toxic hazard.
(c) All defects noted during the inspection have been verified as
being corrected.
(2) Empty magazines must be sealed with a numbered seal to
ensure that ammunition is not stored without proper notification of
the ammunition, security, and surveillance organizations. Local procedures must ensure notification. Integrity of the seals will be assured at least every 7 months.
(3) Empty magazines at installations on the base closure list will
be considered as no longer used for storage of explosives or ammunition. Once these empty facilities are inspected, certified empty,
and sealed with a numbered seal, they no longer require either the
visual inspection or electrical testing for the lightning protection and
grounding system. All required inspections and electrical tests must
be performed before reuse.
13–2. Magazine storage of explosives and ammunition
a. Magazines and magazine areas. A segregated area will be set
aside to store only ammunition and explosives. Magazines or open
revetted sites in the magazine area may be used for storing ammunition-related inert items.
b. New storage magazines. New storage magazines should be of
the standard earth covered type. Plans and specifications for these
structures may be obtained from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(USACE), Huntsville Division.
c. Magazines.
(1) Earth covered magazines. This group includes reinforced
concrete-oval arch, Stradley igloo, steel semicircular-arch type, hillside, and subsurface-type magazines. Earth covered magazines are
preferred for the storage of all items of ammunition and explosives
which require special protection for safety and/or security.
(2) Standard ammunition magazines (commonly called standard
magazines), classed as aboveground magazines. These magazines
were designed to store fixed rounds or separate loading projectiles.
For future use, they should be restricted to storing Classes/Divisions
(04)1.2, (08)1.2, (12)1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 materials (excluding rockets
and rocket motors). The storage capacity of the magazines is not
stated in definite figures since the number of items which can be
stored is regulated by the appropriate Q-D tables.
(3) High explosives and black powder magazines, classed as
aboveground magazines. These magazines were designed to store
bulk explosives, such as black powder, TNT, Tetryl, and Explosive
D and may be used for this purpose if more desirable storage space
cannot be obtained.
(4) Primer and fuze-type magazines, classed as aboveground
magazines. These magazines were designated for storing primers,
primer detonators, adapters and boosters, and fuzes of all types.
When it is necessary to use magazines of this type, they should be
restricted to storing Classes/Divisions (04) 1.2, 1.3 (except rockets
and rocket motors), and 1.4 ammunition and explosives.
(5) Service magazines and service storage buildings. These
buildings are used for temporary storage of the minimum amount of
explosives necessary for safe and efficient processing operations at
an associated explosives operation. Construction details of such
magazines vary, depending upon local circumstances. However,
consideration should be given to using fire-resistant materials and/or
fire-resistive construction.
d. Preferred magazine usage for explosives and ammunition storage. Ammunition and explosives stored in earth covered magazines
are better protected from external sources of initiation than items in
aboveground magazines. Earth covered magazines also provide better temperature control than aboveground magazines and are particularly desirable for storing solid propellants and pyrotechnics.
e. Temperature control.
(1) Sudden changes in temperature may damage airtight containers or may result in excessive condensation. If the ambient temperature in an aboveground magazine exceeds 100 degrees F for a
period of more than 24 hours, the magazine should be cooled by
wetting the exterior of the building with water and by opening the

116

doors and ventilators after sunset and closing them in the morning.
If these methods do not effectively lower the temperature, the commander will decide whether the materials should be removed to
some other magazine.
(2) Storage magazines in general should not be heated. An exception is made in the case of magazines where heating may be necessary to prevent condensation of moisture, to maintain constant
temperature, or other reasons. Where a suitable heating apparatus is
used to heat a magazine, it must be arranged so that explosive
materials are kept at least 18 inches from the heating element.
f. Magazine operational requirements. The following requirements will be met wherever ammunition and explosives are stored:
(1) Loose components of ammunition, packing materials, conveyors, forklifts, skids, dunnage, empty boxes, and other similar material will not be stored in a magazine containing ammunition or
explosives.
(2) Vegetation around all ammunition and explosives storage locations will be controlled as specified in chapter 3.
(3) Every worker must have an unimpeded path to an exit. The
number of crews will not exceed the number of exits. Two or more
doors must be unlocked and ajar when personnel work in magazines
having more than one door. In the case of a structure with one
entrance with double doors, both doors must be ajar. In storage
magazines that have two jack-up style doors, only one must be
open.
g. Stacking.
(1) Ammunition and explosives will be stored in containers as
prescribed by approved drawings and specifications and should be
stacked and arranged in a magazine in accordance with approved
drawings listed in DA Pam 75–5. Explosives or ammunition in
stacks will be grouped and identified according to lots. General
rules set forth in (2) and (3) below should be followed in the
absence of, or when operational necessity prevents adherence to,
applicable storage drawings.
(2) Methods used for stacking must provide good ventilation to
all parts of the stack. Adequate dunnage will be used when necessary for this purpose.
(3) Aisles will be maintained so that munitions in each stack may
be inspected, inventoried, and removed for shipment or surveillance
test. The aisles will not be obstructed so that personnel may escape
quickly in emergency situations.
(4) Ammunition that is returned from users without proper packaging should be repackaged in accordance with approved drawings
and specifications prior to storage.
h. Loose rounds, damaged containers, and so forth. Loose rounds
of ammunition or single fiber containers with rounds therein will not
be stored in magazines containing ammunition items which are
packed in accordance with approved drawings; however, they may
be stored in magazines set aside exclusively for them. Incomplete
boxes of ammunition and explosives may be stored in magazines
containing items which are packed in accordance with approved
drawings. The boxes must be marked conspicuously to identify the
contents and quantities and placed in designated locations. Explosives and ammunition in damaged containers will not be stored in a
magazine with ammunition in serviceable containers. (See para
13–1c for exceptions.) Such containers will be repaired or the contents transferred to new or serviceable containers. Open containers
and containers with covers not securely fastened must not be allowed in magazines except, consistent with security requirements,
material in service magazines in which hazard analysis has verified
that the storage configuration does not decrease safety. (See chap 14
for exception for basic load ammunition.)
i. Operations permitted in magazines containing explosives and
ammunition. If the space available for operations inside the magazine is inadequate to prevent crowding or ensure rapid egress, the
following operations incident to storage, inspection, inventory, and
shipping are permissible outside the magazine. Use of an adjacent
apron is permissible for the following operations—
(1) Repalletization and replacement of defective banding.
(2) Removal and replacement of shipping bands on bombs.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

(3) Removal and replacement of grommets on separate loading
projectiles.
(4) Removal of bomb and projectile plugs for inspection of fuze
cavities, cavity liners, and threads.
(a) Prior to removing a plug, the exterior surface of the projectile
or bomb must receive a thorough (360 degrees) visual inspection for
signs of contamination. Loosening or removal of plugs is not permitted where there is evidence of exposed explosives in the threads
or cavities in the form of dust, spillage, or explosives contaminated
exudate. When such contamination is encountered, plug removal
must be done in a designated maintenance area in accordance with a
local SOP. When there are no exposed explosives in the threads
and/or cavities, the item may be cleaned and preservatives applied if
power driven tools, highly flammable or toxic solvents, or ferrous
brushes are not used. Plugs will be removed from the magazine for
cleaning.
(b) Do not apply undue force during any phase of the operation;
the only acceptable plug removal tool is a torque wrench designed
to break away at excessive torque levels.
(5) Marking of containers
(a) No open containers of flammable liquids are permitted.
(b) Use of minimum essential quantities of flammable liquids is
allowed outside of the magazine.
(6) Operations incident to the inspection of separately packed
propelling charges and bulk solid propellants.
(7) Air test of propelling charge containers. (See para 13–5.)
(8) Preservation and packaging of small arms ammunition, unpacking, linking, and repacking provided there is sufficient room in
the magazine and normal precautions are taken.
(9) Operations incident to liquid level determination using a
probe sensor.
(10) Operations incident to visual inspection and/or inventory of
unit basic load ammunition.
j. Operations permitted outside of magazines. Except as enumerated above, containers of explosives and ammunition will not be
opened or repaired in any magazine containing explosives or ammunition. If special facilities are not available, inspection and repair
may be done in the open if the following distances are kept:
(1) At least 100 feet or intermagazine distance, whichever is
greater, from aboveground magazines and the unbarricaded door end
of earth-covered magazines. This distance will be based on the
quantity of explosives at the operation.
(2) At least 50 feet or intermagazine distance, whichever is
greater from the sides and rear of earth covered magazines. This
distance will be based on the quantity of explosives at the operation.
k. Protection from moisture or excessive heat. Ammunition, pyrotechnics, solid propellants, and propelling charges are adversely
affected by dampness and extreme heat. Storage drawings in DA
Pam 75–5 provide stacking schemes that should provide adequate
ventilation.
l. Repairs to magazines.
(1) Magazines must not be repaired until prevailing conditions
have been evaluated and it has been decided whether the contents
are first to be removed. Under no circumstances will repairs be
made to the interior of magazines containing bulk explosives. Under
normal conditions roofs, ventilators, lightning rods, doors, and other
parts of or appendages to the exteriors of magazines containing bulk
explosives may be repaired without first removing the explosives. In
addition to repairs of this type, minor repairs may be made to the
interior of magazines containing finished ammunition or ammunition components.
(2) When magazines are repaired, the general safety requirements
set forth in this pamphlet are mandatory, particularly those relating
to eliminating fire hazards. The following special requirements are
also applicable:
(a) All work will be done by competent workmen under competent supervision.
(b) The floor in the immediate vicinity of the repair must be
thoroughly cleaned.
(c) No work requiring soldering, the melting of asphalt, or using

flame or any heat-producing equipment will be done inside a magazine containing explosives or ammunition. To do this type of work,
the magazine must be emptied and a hot work permit obtained in
accordance with paragraph 3–7 of this pamphlet.
(d) Magazines in which repair work has been done will be inspected by competent authorized personnel (for example, facilities
engineers) after completion of the work.
(3) When melting pots or any other heat-producing apparatus are
authorized by the commander for use in any ammunition and explosives storage area, the equipment must be kept at least 90 feet from
the ammunition or explosives location. When necessary, baffles and
screens should be used to confine sparks and flames to heating
apparatus.
m. Telephones in magazine areas. Telephone communication
should be provided in ammunition and explosives magazine storage
areas. All telephones that are located outdoors should be protected
from the weather.
13–3. Outdoor storage
a. Outdoor storage of ammunition is neither desirable nor recommended and should be used only as an emergency expedient. Commanders will take steps necessary to provide adequate storage
structures. When magazine storage is not available, every effort
should be made to provide covered storage.
b. Sites for outdoor storage will be separated from magazines,
other facilities, and each other in accordance with the Q-D requirements of chapter 5.
c. The storage sites will be level, well-drained, and free from
readily ignitable and flammable materials. The supporting timbers or
platform upon which the ammunition is stored will be well constructed to prevent falling, sagging, and shifting of the ammunition.
Steel dunnage should be used where practicable. In order to assure
stack stability and free circulation of air, not less than 3 inches of
dunnage should be used between the bottom of the stack and the
earth floor. Fire-resistant, waterproof overhead covers should be
provided for all ammunition. An air space of not less than 18 inches
should be maintained between the top of the stack and the cover.
Sides of covered stacks also may be protected by non-flammable or
fire-resistant covers provided a minimum of three inches clearance
is maintained on all sides of stacks for ventilation.
d. Frequent inspections will be made to detect unstable stacks
and accumulations of trash between or under stacks.
e. Excess dunnage should not be stored between outdoor sites
and magazines nor between magazines. Excess dunnage storage
sites should comply with applicable Q-D requirements, except that
during outdoor storage operations, service supplies of dunnage may
be located not closer than 50 feet from the stack being processed.
f. Suitable types of firefighting equipment and symbols should be
provided. Fire Department personnel should be used to assist in the
determining of type, size, and placement of equipment.
13–4. Holding yard
A holding yard provides a temporary safe location to park vehicles
that are loaded with ammunition and/or explosives for training,
convoy formation, or transporter pickup. The holding yard is an area
designated to allow the loading of a vehicle which will be picked up
before the ammunition supply point (ASP) would normally be
opened. Areas designated for this purpose will be properly sited in
accordance with chapter 5 of this pamphlet.
13–5. Storage of specific types of ammunition and
explosives
a. Improved conventional munitions. The submunitions in improved conventional munitions (ICM) may become armed and sensitive to initiation if the cargo is ejected from its container or
carrier. Emphasis must be given to blast, unit ejection, and fragment
potentials in layout plans, process equipment and operations, storage, disposal, and other associated accident prevention
considerations.
b. Black powder. Black powder in bulk, saluting, practice-bomb,
and smoke-puff charges should be stored in dry magazines. Black

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

117

powder will never be handled or stored in a barracks, general supply
room, inhabited building, or any building heated by stoves or open
fires. Magazines storing black powder should have conductive
floors. Safety conductive (nonsparking) shoes will be worn in a
magazine containing black powder. No work will be done other than
storage operations and the clean up of spilled grains of black powder. Conductive nonferrous nonmetallic mats will be used at locations where operations such as repacking black powder are
performed. Containers of saluting practice and smoke-puff charges
will be stored with tops up. Containers of black powder will be
carefully examined at the time of receipt for weak spots and holes,
with special attention to looking for small holes, such as nail punctures, which are not immediately evident. Damaged black powder
containers must not be repaired; their contents will be transferred to
serviceable containers. If any black powder is spilled, work will stop
until the spillage is carefully taken up and the spot washed with
water. The powder taken up will be destroyed by dumping in water
and later disposal by appropriate methods.
c. Military dynamite. Military dynamite, M1, is for general use as
medium velocity blasting explosive to replace 60 percent commercial dynamite in military construction, quarrying, and demolition
work. Dynamite, M1, unlike commercial dynamite, contains no nitroglycerin and will not freeze in cold or exude in hot weather. The
composition does not absorb or retain moisture. Shipping containers
do not require turning in storage. Safety in transportation, storage,
and handling is better than that of 60 percent commercial dynamite,
and should be used in lieu of commercial dynamite whenever
possible.
d. Storage of bulk initiating explosives. Bulk initiating explosives
must be stored alone or with similar compatible compounds. They
must not be stored dry and will not be exposed to the direct rays of
the sun. If long-term storage in shipping containers is contemplated,
the container must be equipped with a cover having a port for
observation of the level of liquid therein. The viewing port must be
covered with a transparent plastic which is known to be compatible
with the initiating explosive being stored. As an expedient only,
bulk-initiating explosives may be stored in shipping containers that
are not so equipped, provided they are stored in frostproof, earth
covered magazines with containers on end, only one tier high, and
with passageways for inspection and handling. Bags of initiating
explosives in storage containers must be under distilled water. Alcohol may be added to the distilled water to prevent freezing.
e. Bulk solid propellant and separate loading propelling charges.
(1) Propellant should be stored in magazines which are well
ventilated and dry.
(2) Containers should be stored so the cover can be readily inspected or removed so that containers may be air-tested in storage.
(3) Bulk solid propellant and separate-loading charges are packed
in airtight containers for storage. It is important that containers
remain airtight until the propellant is used. When damaged or leaking containers are discovered, an examination of the contents will be
made for the nitrous/nitric odor of decomposing propellant. If any
such conditions are observed, the propellant will be segregated,
reported, and disposed of in accordance with Industrial Operations
Command (IOC) instructions. Propellants and propelling charges in
containers should be stored so that they can be readily inspected.
Only the minimum number of containers will be opened and then,
only for the shortest period of time consistent with safe and efficient
operations. They will not be exposed to the direct rays of the sun.
When a shipment is received, every pallet load is given a visual
inspection to see that it is not damaged.
(4) Metal containers for propelling charges are fitted with a test
hole in the cover so that they can be tested for air tightness after the
containers have been opened and closed. However, a motor-driven
air compressor will not be taken into a magazine in which explosives or ammunition are stored. If the compressor is driven by a
gasoline motor, the motor should be placed no closer than 50 feet to
the magazine or to any explosive material. An electrically continuous path to ground will be maintained between the supply tank and

118

container being tested. The entire system will be grounded prior to
testing.
(5) The normal odor in a solid propellant magazine is a faint
odor of alcohol-ether. If this odor is strong, it probably indicates a
leaky container. Every leaking container will be repaired or the
contents transferred to an airtight container. If the contents of any
container show evidence of dampness or moisture, it should be
segregated and reported. Leaks due to defective covers or gaskets
may be repaired without removing the charge from the container or
the container from the magazine, provided care is taken to guard
against sparks. Repair of leaks in other parts of the container will be
undertaken only after the the charge is removed from the container
and the container from the magazine. Containers found unserviceable should have the charge removed and placed into an appropriately marked serviceable container. The empty, unserviceable
container must be tagged and may be left in the stack until time of
the shipment or restorage. No other repair operations on solid propellants or propelling charge containers will be permitted in a magazine containing explosives or ammunition.
(6) Personnel engaged in air-testing must become familiar with
the odor and appearance of decomposing propellant. They should
examine each container opened for air test for the characteristic
odor. One of the first evidences of dangerous deterioration is the
presence of the acrid odor of nitrous/nitric fumes in place of the
normally present odor of alcohol-ether. The odor of decomposing
propellant is so characteristic that it cannot be mistaken for the
normally present odor.
(7) Some fine grain solid propellants having high percentages of
nitroglycerin are almost as sensitive as black powder, and the same
precautions will be observed. Inspection schedules must be maintained to ensure that deterioration will be detected in the early
stages.
f. Separate-loading projectiles.
(1) Steel dunnage is preferred to wood; and, for storage in other
than earth covered magazines, steel dunnage should be connected by
electrical conductors and grounded. If it is necessary to use wood
for dunnage, the amount should be kept to an absolute minimum.
Unfuzed projectiles will be fitted with eyebolt lifting plugs. If it is
necessary to move a fuzed projectile, it will not be rolled.
(2) Palletized projectiles will be stacked in accordance with approved drawings.
(3) Projectiles containing ICMs will have a fusible lifting plug.
g. Pyrotechnics. Pyrotechnics require protection against moisture,
dampness, and high temperature. Pyrotechnic items must be given
high priority for the best available protection because of their sensitivity. Pyrotechnic material that has been wet is hazardous to store;
consequently, any boxes that show signs of dampness will be removed from a storage site and inspected. If the pyrotechnic material
is wet, it will be destroyed. Certain kinds of this material deteriorate
with age and have an expiration date on the containers. Loose
pyrotechnic tracer composition, flare composition, and similar mixtures that have spilled from broken containers should be carefully
taken up and covered completely with SAE 10 (EO–10) engine oil
and removed for appropriate disposal.
h. Shaped charges. Shaped charges focus blast effect into a directional jet, resulting in greater penetrating ability than an equivalent
sized unfocused charge. Because of this directional effect, special
storage considerations apply.
(1) When packaging and storage criteria allow, shaped charges
will be pointed toward the floor. When this is not possible, shaped
charges should be pointed toward an exterior wall. In an earthcovered magazine, shaped charges which face walls should face the
side or rear walls.
(2) Shaped charges should not be pointed at any wall when
explosives are stored on the opposite side of that wall, such as in a
multicubicle magazine.
i. Rockets, rocket motors, and missiles.
(1) Rockets should be stored in a dry cool magazine out of the
direct rays of the sun. They should not be stored in locations where
temperatures exceed 120 degrees F. Prolonged exposure of rocket
ammunition to either high or low temperatures may increase the

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

normal rate of deterioration or render the motors more susceptible to
ignition if subsequently handled improperly.
(2) Specific storage requirements apply when rockets are stored
in a propulsive state.
(a) Earth covered magazines. This is the preferred mode of storage. Refer to the approved storage drawing (DA Pam 75–5) for
orientation of items. Small rockets and missiles may be stored without regard to direction in which they are pointed except that they
will not be pointed upward or toward the door or headwall.
(b) Aboveground storage structures. This is an allowable substitute storage mode when earth covered structures are not available.
Orient items in the direction which presents the least exposure to
personnel and property or toward strong artificial or natural barriers.
(c) All storage. If allowed by approved storage drawings (DA
Pam 75–5), propulsive items should be stored pointed down.
(3) Any rocket, rocket motor, or missile, if not in a propulsive
state, may be stored in any magazine without regard to the direction
in which it is pointed.
(4) Care must be exercised to protect electrically initiated rockets
or rocket motors from being ignited by stray electrical currents such
as might arise from contact with extension cords, lights, or electrical
tools or close proximity to radio transmissions.
13–6. Inert ammunition
a. Storage. Dummy or inert ammunition should not be stored in
magazines with live or practice ammunition if other storage space is
available. If it is necessary to store such items with live or practice
ammunition, it will be segregated and identified clearly.
b. Inert items and components. These include those practice and
service items manufactured or made empty or inert for use in training, on desk nameplates or stands, on display boards, in demonstrations or public functions, and in offices or work areas of engineers
or other personnel. Ammunition and explosive items will not be
rendered inert except by technically qualified personnel in accordance with established procedures. Activity or installation commanders will ensure that inert or empty ammunition and components
under their control are properly identified.
c. Identifying inert or empty ammunition and components. Stenciling, painting, applying decals, or labeling inert or empty ammunition and components alone is not sufficient for identifying them as
being inert or empty. Therefore, more positive identification is
needed. The following procedures apply:
(1) Four holes no smaller than one-fourth inch will be drilled
through each complete item. This includes fuze, body section, and
cartridge case. The holes will be 90 degrees apart. When components such as detonators are too small for the one-fourth inch holes,
fewer holes of smaller diameter can be drilled. Exceptions are as
follows:
(a) Inert or empty projectiles used in target practice, practice
bombs, drill bombs, or other empty or inert items whose designed
use would be impaired by drilled holes.
(b) Items listed in supply manuals as standard for issue.
(c) Items on permanent display in Army museums if drilling
would diminish their historical value. These excepted items are
suitably identified when marked “INERT,”“EMPTY,” or
“DUMMY.”
(2) In addition to being drilled, all empty or inert ammunition or
components will be stamped or stenciled with the marking
“EMPTY” or “INERT.” Markings must be clear and obvious.
(3) Inert, cloth-covered components such as bagged propelling
charges will be marked “INERT.” Markings will be in durable,
waterproof, fadeproof ink.
(4) Inert mortar sheet propellants will have the word “INERT”
cut through each propellant increment.
(5) Small arms ammunition or small objects mounted on wall
plaques or display boards, in display cases, or permanent museum
exhibits will have the word “INERT” on an attached plate. The plate
could be of metal, wood, or plastic permanently affixed to the
display.
d. Inspections. Each item of ammunition or component that is

part of a permanent museum display will be inspected by EOD
personnel or other persons familiar with explosives. Museum curators will use DA Form 2609 (Historical Property Catalog) to record
the date of inspection and inspecting unit. The museum curator will
note in the remarks section of DA Form 2609 that the item was
found to be or made inert.
e. Rendering ammunition inert. The conversion of a live ammunition or explosive item to an inert condition for display, training, or
similar purposes will not be done unless the MACOM commander
and the item manager approves. The conversion is an explosives
operation and will be performed at a properly sited location (chap
5).
13–7. Unserviceable ammunition
a. Sources. Unserviceable ammunition generates from normal deterioration, improper storage, handling, improper packaging, and
transporting, and from defects inherent in manufacture. Ammunition
shipments received from other supply installations should be checked to detect unserviceable items. Ammunition handlers must be
trained to recognize indications of unserviceability and report them
for inspection.
b. Storage. Unserviceable or hazardous ammunition must not be
stored with serviceable ammunition. Suspect and hazardous munition items will be segregated and stored separately from serviceable
ammunition. Suspended stocks of ammunition will be clearly
marked and lot-locator and magazine data cards posted to preclude
issue.
c. Disposition.
(1) Unserviceable ammunition will be disposed of as rapidly as
possible to preclude further deterioration and potential unsafe conditions. The DA Pam 738–750 provides guidance in disposing of
unservicable ammunition.
(2) Whenever the commander of an ammunition supply installation becomes aware of ammunition in such a condition that he or
she considers it to be dangerous, the commander will immediately
order the destruction of the ammunition and will report this action
to the next higher headquarters.
(3) Ammunition that has been abandoned by using units will be
treated as unserviceable until it has been inspected by ammunition
surveillance, and determined to be safe for storage, transportation,
and use.
13–8. Storage of captured enemy ammunition
Captured enemy ammunition must be inspected as soon as possible
after acquisition to determine the condition, type, and caliber. Any
special or unusual characteristics which may be of interest to technical intelligence personnel should be noted and reported through
appropriate channels. Ammunition that has been determined to be
hazardous should be separated from serviceable stocks and disposed
of as soon as possible. Serviceable enemy ammunition must not be
stored with serviceable U.S. ammunition. It will be stored in a
separate area from U.S. ammunition and, if possible, IBD from
other ammunition. Information on the NEW of foreign ammunition
can be obtained from military intelligence elements.
13–9. Chemical munitions
Chemical fillers include lethal, riot control, incapacitating agents,
smoke producing agents, incendiaries, and pyrotechnic compounds
related to the dissemination of these fillers. Chemical munitions
include a variety of items, the effects of which depend primarily
upon the chemical filler employed rather than explosion or fragmentation, even though they may contain explosive elements or
pyrotechnic materials to activate them.
a. Chemical groups. For purposes of storing and handling, chemical fillers have been divided into groups, as defined below, based
on the action of the filler, the degree and type of hazard, and the
type of protection required.
(1) Chemical Group A. Chemical Group A (toxic agents) is not
in the purview of this DA pamphlet. Safety requirements for Chemical Group A agents are contained in AR 385–61.
(2) Chemical Group B. Group B (for example, CG, CN, CN-DM,

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

119

CS, HC, RP). This group consists of choking agents, blood agents,
riot control agents, and screening smokes. Wearing a suitable protective mask is required to protect personnel against inhalation of
vapors, particles, or smoke from burning agents. Since these agents
will cause varying degrees of skin irritation, approved types of
protective clothing (such as coveralls, protective masks, gloves, and
so forth) will be provided and worn. They can be toxic or incapacitating by inhalation, ingestion, or by absorption through the skin.
(3) Chemical Group C. This group includes materials which are
spontaneously combustible WP and PWP and for which special fire
fighting techniques and materials are required. Personnel protection
will be of the type that will protect against fire and heat. Toxic
fumes are an associated hazard. At the present time, WP and PWP
are the only two fillers in this group.
(4) Chemical Group D. This group consists of signaling smokes
and incendiary and flammable munitions (for example, TH, IM, NP,
PT) material for which conventional fire fighting methods except
use of water, may be used. Protection from inhalation of smoke
from burning incendiary mixtures is required.
b. Chemical munitions. The same group designations as used for
fillers will be used for chemical munitions.
c. Structural requirements. Chemical munitions or agents will not
be stored in magazines with floors which are made of wood or other
porous material in which the agent may be absorbed, making decontamination difficult.
d. Handling. Chemical munitions must be handled carefully.
They should not be dropped or jarred. The same equipment used for
handling HE filled items may be used for handling chemical
munitions.
e. Outdoor storage. When it is necessary to temporarily store
Chemical Group B and C munitions outdoors, prior approval must
be obtained from the MACOM on a case-by-case basis. The munitions should be covered with tarpaulins to protect them from the
direct rays of the sun and from exposure to the elements unless the
container itself affords reasonable protection. Munitions will be stacked to permit free circulation of air. Covering tarpaulins should be
supported so as to permit free flow of air under the tarpaulins.
f. Handling of unserviceable chemical munitions.
(1) Reporting of leaking or unserviceable items. A report of any
leaking or damaged chemical item will be made immediately to the
supervisor of the storage area who will initiate procedures to process
the material toward disposition or correction and accomplish
MACOM directed reporting procedures.
(2) Processing of unserviceable items. When damaged, leaking,
or otherwise unserviceable items are discovered, they should be
marked immediately for identification. These items will be removed
from the storage structure promptly, if practical. If immediate disposition is not practical, then leaking munitions should be contained
and segregated in a structure or area reserved for storage of such
defective items.
(3) Disposal. Chemical fillers in bulk form and munitions containing chemical fillers, with or without explosives, will not be
disposed of by burial or dumping into waterways. Production equipment, munitions, munition residue, and other items which have been
contaminated with Chemical Group B, C, or D fillers will not be
disposed of or released for sale as scrap until they have been
thoroughly decontaminated in accordance with AR 385–61 and certified as being free of agents and/or explosives. Specific decontamination procedures contained in applicable publications for these
items will take precedence over AR 385–61.
g. Personal protective equipment.
(1) Protective masks. Where respiratory protection is required, a
program will be implemented for selection, use, inspection, testing,
and maintenance that complies with TB MED 502. Individuals involved in these operations will be checked for a proper fit using DA
Pam 385–61 and AR 11–34.
(2) Protective clothing and equipment. Other personal protective
equipment such as coveralls, gloves, aprons, and boots will be
issued according to the hazards presented by the chemical group
being processed.

120

(3) Storage and inspection of protective equipment. Personal protective equipment will be placed where it will be immediately accessible for use. A list showing the quantity and type of equipment
required to be on hand will be posted in the SOP. Centrally located
protective equipment will be inspected prior to and after each use,
and on a regularly scheduled basis thereafter. Equipment that becomes unserviceable will be replaced promptly.
h. First aid. Appropriate first aid and decontamination equipment
will be readily available at each work site. Each employee involved
in these operations will receive—
(1) Annual first aid training on signs and symptoms of exposure
to these fillers.
(2) Whatever is appropriate first aid/self aid/buddy aid for each
filler.
(3) How to use the appropriate first aid supplies and equipment.
i. Disposition of defective munitions. Destruction of chemical
fillers will be accomplished in accordance with requirements outlined in regulations for the specific type of agent involved. As a
matter of policy, open pit burning of incapacitating chemical filler
or chemical-filled munitions in any quantity is prohibited. Further
information on methods for destroying large quantities of chemical
fillers and munitions will be obtained, through channels, from the
Commander, U.S. Army Chemical Biological Defense Command
(CBDCOM), Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD
21010–5423.
j. Packing, marking, and shipping. Chemical fillers, munitions,
and components will be packed, marked, and prepared for shipment
in accordance with current drawings and specifications for the item
involved (DA Pam 75–5). In addition, all applicable DOT regulations governing the shipment of chemical fillers and munitions will
be observed.
13–10. Chemical Group B agents
Fillers in this group (choking agents, blood agents, riot control, and
smokes) require protective masks be worn when fumes or smokes
are present.
13–11. Storage of Chemical Group B agent munitions
a. Storage requirements. Chemical Group B munitions should be
stored in earth covered magazines. Concrete floors treated with
sodium silicate should be used. Rubberoid or other floor coverings
should not be used.
b. Surveillance. Periodic pressure testing and, in some instances,
sampling of containers is required to detect increases in internal
pressure before they become dangerously high. Surveillance also
includes inspection to detect leaks, breaks, or other defects in containers and valves.
c. Inspections. Specific entry procedures will be incorporated into
the movement and storage SOPs. If munitions are leaking, protective masks will be worn and doors and ventilators will be opened.
The leaking projectile or container will be located and disposed of
(see para 13–14).
d. Safety. Protective masks must be readily available to all persons working in these magazines. Unboxed projectiles and containers may be handled without protective gloves unless contamination
is noted, except for corrosive fillers (FM, FS, and RP). At least one
person should be carrying a protective mask in case of an incident.
He or she would be able to summon help if needed.
13–12. Special protective equipment for Chemical Group
B agent munitions
a. Equipment availability. The special protective equipment,
identified in b through d below, must be readily available to personnel working where Chemical Group B munitions are stored.
b. Personal protective equipment. Personal protective equipment
consisting of protective masks, coveralls, and appropriate protective
gloves, sufficient in number to equip all personnel required to work
with Chemical Group B munitions, will be centrally stored and
maintained under close supervision. Personnel will be issued only

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

serviceable protective masks, coveralls, and protective gloves. Personnel handling liquid corrosive chemical fillers will be issued and
will wear eye protection, rubber boots, aprons, and gloves.
c. First aid equipment. The following first aid equipment will be
centrally stored and issued to the person in charge of a group of
personnel required to work with Chemical Group B munitions:
(1) Gas casualty first aid kit and individual first aid kits.
(2) Stretchers or litters.
(3) Woolen blankets.
d. Decontaminating material. The appropriate decontamination
material and equipment as identified in the chemical’s material
safety data statement (MSDS) will be immediately available for
responding to an accident or detection of a leaking munitions or
container. Personnel will wear the minimum personal protective
clothing and equipment as described in the MSDS unless otherwise
directed by the local medical support organization.
13–13. First aid for Group B chemical agents
When performing operations involving group B chemical agents, all
operations will be conducted with not less than two persons (buddysystem) with each person visible to the other at all times. Employees
will be trained to recognize early symptoms in other personnel and
be fully capable of administering first aid promptly and efficiently.
After first aid treatment is completed, the victim will be evacuated
for medical treatment (FM 8–285).
13–14. Leaking Chemical Group B agent munitions
Leaking Chemical Group B munitions must be disposed of in accordance with approved procedures. Personnel handling leaking
items containing corrosive Chemical Group B agents will wear
appropriate rubber boots, rubber aprons, and rubber gloves in addition to protective masks normally worn. No leaking agent should be
allowed to come into contact with skin or clothing. Pending final
disposal, leaking munitions will be removed from the magazine and
temporarily stored in accordance with directions in the SOP.
13–15. Removal of spilled Chemical Group B fillers
If Chemical Group B fillers have leaked from ammunition or containers and have contaminated the floor or other containers, one of
the treatments outlined in TM 3–250 will be used, depending upon
the type of chemical agent involved. Protective masks, appropriate
gloves, and boots will be worn during the procedure; if a corrosive
agent is involved, adequate rubber boots and aprons will be worn.
13–16. Fire in Chemical Group B agent munitions
magazines
If a fire involves or threatens buildings in which Chemical Group B
munitions are stored, all persons within three-quarters of a mile will
be notified to evacuate the area until all danger is passed. Members
of the fire department and all others fighting the fire who may be
exposed must wear a protective mask and coveralls. Danger to
personnel downwind from a fire involving Chemical Group B filled
munitions is not great, unless noncombustible toxic fillers such as
phosgene are involved. Any projectile or container that has been
exposed to fire will be considered dangerous and will be inspected
by qualified EOD personnel to determine its condition after the fire.
A report of the fire will be prepared in accordance with the provisions of AR 420–90 and AR 385–40.
13–17. Chemical Group C agents
a. White phosphorous. The WP is a yellowish, wax-like substance, which melts at 110 degrees F. Its most characteristic property is that it spontaneously ignites when exposed to air, burning
with a yellow flame and giving off a large volume of white smoke.
Smoke in field concentrations is usually harmless. Dense concentrations may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. The WP is
intensely poisonous when taken internally.
b. PWP. The PWP is finely divided WP suspended in a gel of
rubber and xylene. Like WP, PWP is spontaneously combustible
when exposed to air.

13–18. Storage for Chemical Group C munitions
Chemical Group C munitions should be stored in fire-resistive magazines with crack-free concrete floors. Storage in earth covered
magazines is preferred. Chemical Group C munitions will be stored
in accordance with current drawings (DA Pam 75–5) and/or
directives.
13–19. First aid and special equipment for Chemical
Group C munitions
a. Personal protective equipment. Personal protective equipment
consisting of fire resistant gloves and coveralls, and safety face
shields, sufficient in number to equip all personnel required to work
with Chemical Group C munitions, will be centrally stored and
maintained under close supervision. These items will be issued to
personnel working with WP or PWP filled items and will be worn
whenever leaks develop or are suspected. The M9 or M17 series or
other approved protective masks will be immediately available at all
times.
b. Self-aid. Self-aid comprises those aid measures which the individual can apply in helping himself or herself.
(1) If burning particles strike and stick to clothing, take off the
contaminated clothing quickly before the phosphorous burns through
to the skin. The immediate supervisor must decide whether to allow
the contaminated clothing to burn itself out or to extinguish it based
upon the job situation as specified in the SOP.
(2) If burning particles strike the skin, smother the flame with
water, wet cloth, or wet sand. Keep the phosphorous covered with
wet material to exclude air until the particles can be removed. WP
and PWP continues to burn unless deprived of oxygen.
(3) Try to remove the particles with a knife, stick, or other
available object. It may be possible to remove some particles with a
wet cloth.
(4) If the eyes become contaminated, flush the eyes immediately
with water. Tilt the head to one side, pull the eyelids apart with the
fingers and pour water slowly into the eye so that it will run off the
side of the face to avoid the spreading of the contamination.
(5) Report to the medical services as soon as possible.
c. First aid.
(1) First aid comprises the emergency actions undertaken to restore or to maintain vital body functions in a casualty. Detailed
procedures will be developed by local medical officials and documented in operations SOPs.
(2) Whenever a casualty in a chemically contaminated area is
unable to put on his or her protective mask, that must be done for
him or her immediately by the nearest person able to do so, to
prevent further exposure.
(3) Every individual must perform personal decontamination if
physically able to do so. If he or she is incapacitated, decontamination must be done for that person as soon as possible by any one
present who can be spared from emergency duties long enough to
do so.
(4) If WP and PWP particles are burning flesh, immediately
plunge the affected portions of the body burned by WP particles
under water; this stops WP and PWP from burning. If WP or PWP
particles are in the victim’s face or eyes apply a continuous, gentle
stream of water to the afflicted area or apply wet compresses until
medical help is obtained.
d. Disposal of contaminates. Once the WP or PWP particles are
removed, they must be placed in water filled containers pending
subsequent disposal to prevent further injury to personnel in the
surrounding area and eliminate the fire potential.
e. Fire fighting equipment. Water filled tubs, barrels, or tanks
large enough to contain the items of WP filled munitions will be
located adjacent to magazines, outdoor stacks, or other work area
when actually working with such items.
13–20. Leaking Group C chemical munitions
a. Detection. Leaks in WP munitions can be detected immediately by the white smoke arising from the leak. As air contacts the
WP, spontaneous ignition occurs. With leaking munitions of this
group, the great risk is fire.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

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b. Immediate action upon discovering leaking munitions. During
operations, the person discovering the leaking munitions will, where
practical, submerge the leaker in one of the tubs provided. (Rubber
protective equipment will not give adequate protection when exposed to high temperatures such as burning phosphorus. When burning phosphorus adheres to gloves, the gloved hand should be dipped
into water.)
c. Disposal of leaking munitions. When a single leaking item has
been discovered and has been immersed in water, it should be
disposed of in an area where fragmentation will not be a hazard,
where smoke will not create a nuisance, and where there is no dry
vegetation which may be ignited, and in accordance with locally
developed procedures.
13–21. Removal of Chemical Group C contamination
a. Precautions. If phosphorus has leaked on the floor or other
parts of a magazine and has been extinguished, a fire guard must be
stationed at the building until the spilled phosphorus has been completely removed. The water used in fire fighting will evaporate and
permit the phosphorus to reignite. Phosphorus may remain on the
floor for some time before it reignites. Phosphorus which has extinguished itself by forming a crust can be reignited if the crust is
broken.
b. Removal procedures. Small amounts of phosphorus can be
removed best by first scraping off as much as possible and then
removing the rest by burning with a blowtorch or similar appliance.
This method of removing phosphorus must not be attempted until
all loaded munitions in the vicinity have been removed.
c. Surveillance. The magazine will be kept under surveillance for
at least 2 weeks, as fire may break out again. Any deep cracks or
crevices in the floor will be cleaned and filled up with cement
mortar before munitions are restored in the magazine.
13–22. Fire in Chemical Group C munitions magazines
a. General requirements. In the event of a fire in a magazine
containing Chemical Group C ammunition fitted with fuze or
burster and packed in containers, the magazine will be evacuated if
the fire cannot be rapidly controlled. (Fires in earth covered magazines will not be fought.) Firefighting efforts will be confined to
saving adjacent magazines. In all other fires involving Chemical
Group C munitions which are stored without fuzes or bursters, the
precautions in b through c below will be observed in fighting the
fire.
b. Control of flames.
(1) Phosphorus, once extinguished, will either be immersed in
water or continually sprayed to prevent the flames breaking out
anew.
(2) The lowest pressure streams consistent with possibility of
approach should be used; a high velocity stream of water tends to
spread the fire.
c. Safety. Fire fighters will be closely supervised when fighting
fire in WP munitions magazines because components becoming
highly heated in a fire will explode with moderate violence, throwing burning containers and WP for some distance. Fire fighters must
be withdrawn to safe distances when this danger becomes apparent.
13–23. Chemical Group D fillers
a. Thermite (TH). TH, a mixture of iron oxide, aluminum, and
other substances, is a dark gray granular mass that requires an
igniter to start burning; it burns with great rapidity at a temperature
of 4300 degress F, with the iron oxide being reduced to molten iron.
Thermate is a mixture of TH aluminum, barium nitrate, sulfur, and
lubricating oil.
b. Incendiary bombs. Incendiary bombs may consist of a combustible body of magnesium metal alloy; inside is an igniter composition such as thermate. When ignited, the body of the bomb burns
at a temperature of about 3700 degrees F. Other types (such as IM,
NP, or PT filled bombs) have steel cases filled with thickened fuel.
These operate by ejecting the burning thickened fuel over a wide
area. The mixture is very difficult to extinguish.

122

c. Colored smoke mixtures. These mixtures contain a dye for the
color of smoke desired and certain types of fuels. They do not
contain HC.
d. Triethylaluminum (TEA). TEA is a pyrophoric colorless liquid
which burns with a bright flame reaching temperatures approaching
2300 degrees F. The TEA reacts violently with water. Thickened
pyrophoric agent (TPA) is a thickened version of TEA.
13–24. Storage of Chemical Group D munitions
Chemical munitions containing Chemical Group D fillers may be
stored in any dry fire-resistive magazine.
13–25. Special protective equipment for Chemical Group
D munitions
Boxed and unboxed munitions containing Chemical Group D agents
may be handled without special protective equipment, but it is
advisable to have protective masks available where incendiary
materials or munitions items are involved. Protective masks will be
worn when exposed to burning munitions or bulk chemical.
13–26. First aid for Chemical Group D munitions
No unusual first aid treatment is required for personal injuries occurring in handling Chemical Group D munitions. Burns should be
treated in the same manner as those caused by flame. Persons
severely affected from high concentrations of smoke should be evaluated by medical personnel.
13–27. Leaking Chemical Group D munitions
Any leaking munitions containing Chemical Group D fillers will be
segregated. Instructions for disposing of large quantities of such
munitions will be requested from Headquarters, U.S. Army Material
Command, ATTN: AMCSF, 5001 Eisenhower Ave., Alexandria,
VA 22333–0001. If necessary to destroy small quantities of leaking
munitions of this group, they should be burned in a standard burning
pit. Leaking bombs may be fired statically in a pit of a demolition
ground where the fire risk is negligible. Where barricade protection
for personnel is not available, a distance of 300 yards will be
maintained if the bombs do not contain an explosive charge. Use
criteria outlined in chapter 5, if the bombs contain an explosive
charge.
13–28. Fire in Chemical Group D munitions magazines
a. The primary efforts of the fire fighters will be confined to
preventing the spread of the fire in magazines containing Chemical
Group D munitions (fires in earth covered magazines will not be
fought). Normally, water is not used to fight fires of TH or mixtures
containing fine metallic powders such as magnesium or aluminum.
Incipient fires may be smothered by spraying the dry chemical from
first aid extinguishers or covering with sand. Fire in a magazine
containing Chemical Group D munitions will not be fought with
water except where large quantities are used in proportion to relatively small quantities of these type munitions.
b. Triethylaluminum is explosive in water. Inert materials (for
example, sand or dirt) are the best means to extinguish a TEA fire.

Chapter 14
Peacetime Operations
14–1. Applicability of provisions outside the United States
a. The provisions in paragraphs 14-2 through 14-7 apply to DA
ammunition and explosives activities outside the United States, its
territories, and its possessions when full compliance with other
chapters of AR 385–64 and DA Pam 385–64 is not practical. These
provisions apply only if permitted by host nation laws and/or Status
of Forces Agreements and authorized by the MACOM commander.
Army units stationed at other service installations will follow this
chapter to the extent the installation commander allows at the
installation.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

b. The provisions of paragraph 14-8 apply to contingency force
operations when specifically approved by the MACOM commander.
c. The provisions of paragraphs 14-9 through 14-13 apply to
Army training exercises.
d. The provisions of paragraphs 14-14 and 14-15 apply to Army
airfields in the Theater of Operations used only by military aircraft.
14–2. Basic load ammunition holding areas
a. Mission requirement. To fulfill their missions, certain units
must keep their basic load ammunition in readiness within the immediate vicinity of their barracks (in armored vehicles, trucks, trailers, structures or on pads). These storage areas, known as basic load
ammunition holding areas (BLAHAs), are comprised of one or more
licensed storage sites and involve acceptance of risks to personnel,
facilities, and equipment that are greater than permitted by other
chapters of this pamphlet.
b. Minimum fragment distance. The minimum fragment distance
requirements of chapter 5 apply for exposures involving nonmilitary
personnel, family housing, health and morale facilities.
c. Mixing of basic load ammunition. Storage compatibility requirements of chapter 4 do not apply to any licensed site in a
BLAHA storing 4,000 kg NEQ/8,820 pounds NEW or less of mixed
compatibility basic load ammunition.
d. Net explosives quantity/net explosives weight. For Q-D computations, the following explosives will be excluded in determining the
NEQ/NEW in a BLAHA:
(1) Propelling charges in HD 1.2 fixed, semifixed, mortar, and
rocket ammunition.
(2) The quantity of explosives in HD 1.3 items, unless the site
contains only HD 1.3, in which case the Q-D of chapter 5 applies.
e. Explosives limits. The maximum NEQ/NEW at any licensed
site in a BLAHA storing mixed compatibility basic load ammunition
must not exceed 4,000 kg/8,820 lb. If the NEQ/NEW exceeds this
amount, then the Q-D of chapter 5 applies and mixed compatibility
is not authorized.
f. Quantity-distance computations (Table 14–1)
(1) The total NEQ/NEW of ammunition in each single armored
vehicle will be used for computation of Q-D.
(2) The total NEQ/NEW of ammunition in each truck or trailer
will be used for the computation of Q-D provided the trucks and
trailers are separated from each other by at least the D1 distances in
Table 14–1, if barricaded, or D3 distances if unbarricaded. In this
case, each truck or trailer will be considered a separate storage site.
(3) The total NEQ/NEW of ammunition in all trucks or trailers
within a truck or trailer park will be used for Q-D computations if
the trucks or trailers within a park occupy one storage site and are
not separated from each other by Q-D specified in (2) above.
(4) Intermagazine separation requirements of chapter 5 apply
when basic load ammunition is stored in standard magazines. When
earth covered shelters of light construction; for example, a MILVAN covered with dirt, are used, the D1 distances in Table 14–1
apply to side-to-side configurations provided the earth cover complies with paragraph 5–8, and the explosives are stored at least 1
meter from the end of the shelter. If end-to-end sitings are involved,
the D2 distances apply provided there is a barricade. D3 distances
apply if there is no barricade.
(5) The D6 distances of Table 14–1 are used both as PTR distances and IBDs from uploaded heavy armor vehicles, since the
heavy armor is expected to contain fragments. The D6 distances are
based on blast impulse only and each vehicle is considered a separate storage site. (The Bradley Fighting Vehicle is expected to contain fragments from its HD 1.2, 25mm ammunition.)
(6) D4 and D5 distances are used as PTR distances and IBDs,
respectively, from the storage of uploaded basic load ammunition
not in heavy armored vehicles.
(7) Barracks, headquarters, and maintenance facilities within a
military installation will be separated from mixed compatibility,
basic load ammunition of less than 4,000 kg NEQ/8,820 pounds
NEW by D5 distances in Table 14–1.
(8) If the NEQ/NEW exceeds 4,000 kg/8,820 pounds at any site

in a BLAHA, chapter 5 Q-D criteria apply. For compatible storage
of basic load ammunition (BLA) in a BLAHA, the use of “Z”
compatibility, (Table 4-3) may be authorized by the MACOM provided all items are stored in approved packing.
(9) Blasting caps, when stored with basic load ammunition, will
be separated from other types of explosives by the installation of
sandbags. The sandbag barrier must be stable and provide line-ofsight protection to the other explosives.
14–3. Basic load storage in other than BLAHAs
a. Individual magazines, sheds, pads, or other licensed storage
sites within a depot, pre-stock point (PSP) or ASP may be designated as basic load storage sites.
b. Each designated basic load storage site containing mixed compatibility basic load ammunition will not contain prepositioned war
reserves (PPWR) ammunition, training ammunition or, other ammunition stock. In overseas areas where storage space is limited, basic
load ammunition and training ammunition may be stored together
for short periods not to exceed 30 days.
c. Each designated basic load storage site must comply with all
provisions of paragraph 14–2.
d. Compatible basic load ammunition may be stored with compatible PPWR in accordance with chapter 5.
14–4. Vehicle and equipment maintenance
a. Maintenance of military vehicles and equipment, when the
maintenance work is performed exclusively by and for the military
personnel of the unit or units storing ammunition at the BLAHA,
must be separated from the PES by IL(U) distance.
b. Crew-level maintenance may be performed on an uploaded
vehicle without downloading ammunition. However, ammunitionladen vehicles undergoing authorized minor maintenance must be
separated from fire and spark or flame producing devices by at least
50 feet.
c. Ammunition will be removed from vehicles scheduled for
repair or maintenance requiring welding or torch cutting, disassembling fuel or electrical systems, or removing power packs.
d. Ammunition must be downloaded before vehicles are
delivered to contact teams or shop areas.
e. Ammunition downloaded from vehicles undergoing maintenance or repair must be removed to a licensed ammunition storage
area, stored in a licensed ammunition download rack, or loaded in
an extra or standby vehicle. Ammunition may not be stored, even
temporarily, in a BLAHA unless it meets all the provisions of
paragraph 14–2.
f. Ammunition may be downloaded from vehicles in a BLAHA
or vehicle park provided the ammunition is immediately removed in
accordance with e above.
14–5. Fire prevention
a. Vehicles and trailers loaded with explosives should be parked
250 feet or more from vehicles and trailers transporting flammable
liquids or cargo vehicles loaded with packaged gasoline, diesel fuel,
and similar flammable liquids. Safety clearance may be reduced
below 250 feet, but not less than 50 feet, when compliance is not
possible because of area constraints.
b. Vehicles and trailers loaded with explosives will not be parked
in military facilities where vegetation fires may ignite them. Vehicles and trailers will be parked and maintained in a way allowing
rapid evacuation if a fire occurs. (This parking procedure will be
followed to the maximum practical extent during field exercises.)
c. A fire plan will be posted for evacuation of combat loaded
vehicles in a BLAHA. The fire plan for uploaded armored vehicles
will include provisions for a quarterly fire drill for armored vehicle
crews.
d. When tactical situations permit, refueling operations for vehicles carrying ammunition should be delayed until the engine has
cooled for at least 10 minutes to lessen the danger of automatic
ignition from spills or overflows.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

123

14–6. Surveillance
a. Ammunition surveillance inspections of basic load ammunition, will be separated from each PES in accordance with paragraph
13–2j.
b. In the case of uploaded tank parks, where drastically reduced
distances separate uploaded tanks from inhabited buildings, no more
than three tanks at a time may be downloaded for surveillance
inspections. Whenever possible, ammunition should be removed to a
licensed storage facility for surveillance operations.
14–7. Storage
Certain static storage provisions of this pamphlet do not apply to the
mission-oriented storage of basic load ammunition in BLAHA
facilities.
a. Nonpowered MHE may be stored with basic load ammunition
if the MHE is used exclusively for the transfer of the ammunition
from the structure where it is stored.
b. Separation of ammunition lots is not required for basic load
combat configured load (CCL). As one lot of ammunition may exist
in several locations within one storage structure, lot will be identified with a placard attached to each load, listing, by Department of
Defense identification code (DODIC), all lot numbers and quantities
in the load.
c. Fire and chemical hazard symbols are required only on the
main gate (and other gates used by fire fighting forces) of a
BLAHA if both of the following provisions are met:
(1) All storage sites within the BLAHA are visible from the main
gate.
(2) All storage sites within the BLAHA store 4000 kg NEQ/8820
pounds NEW or less mixed compatibility basic load ammunition.
d. Artillery projectiles and associated propelling charge may be
stored in a loose, unbanded configuration when the upload procedures do not include using powered or power-assisted material handling equipment. When stored loose, these items must be secured so
that they will remain secure and stable. Projectiles should be stored
with the original pallet top and base with the cut banding removed.
e. To decrease response times, ammunition to be immediately
uploaded during an alert or contingency may be stored in containers
that can be easily opened. When consistent with security requirements, banding may be removed and nailed covers loosened to the
extent that further use of tools is not required.
f. Dunnage between uncleated boxes of unpalletized basic load
ammunition is not required.
14–8. Basic load storage ammunition holding areas in the
United States
a. In accordance with paragraph 4–4b, certain U.S. locations,
designated by the Army, and site approved by the DDESB, to store
ammunition and explosives packages in configuration for rapid response, for example, Rapid Deployment Force, are authorized to
mix compatibility groups as required to achieve the optimum load
required by the using units. The maximum NEQ/NEW at any of
these locations must not exceed 4000 kg/8820 pounds calculated in
accordance with paragraph 14–2d.
b. All the provisions of paragraphs 14-2 through 14-7 apply to
BLAHA storage in the U.S. except that the Q-D requirements of
chapter 5 of this pamphlet apply. Use of the relaxed Q-D provisions
of Table 14–1 are not authorized.
14–9. General requirements for training operations
Realistic training with ammunition and explosives in peacetime is
an inherently hazardous operation involving constant risk assessment, a greater degree of risk acceptance, and a heightened awareness of explosives safety. (Explosives safety criteria for training
operations on firing ranges is contained in AR 385–63.)
14–10. Upload exercises
The live ammunition upload exercise, testing reaction times, load
times, and trafficability plans are the most common Army go-to-war
exercise performed by forward-deployed troops. These exercises are

124

authorized, without regard to Q-D criteria at upload sites, with the
following restrictions:
a. There will be no relaxation in standards governing vehicle
safety, fire prevention, ammunition handling safety or transportation
safety required by other portions of this pamphlet.
(1) Vehicles must be inspected in accordance with paragraph
7–6a before entering the ammunition storage area. Vehicles which
do not pass the inspection will not participate further in the upload
portion of the exercise unless deficiencies are corrected.
(2) Fire or spark producing devices, including matches and cigarette lighters, will not be permitted in the ammunition storage area.
Smoking will not be permitted except in authorized areas. Two
hand-held fire extinguishers (para 3–8a) must be present and ready
for immediate use at each pad, building, and so forth, when ammunition is handled.
(3) Ammunition must be handled carefully. Containers must not
be tumbled, dropped, thrown, or rolled. Only containers designed
for dragging may be dragged.
(4) Loaded weapons will not be allowed in storage structures
containing ammunition.
(5) During the loading or unloading of vehicles, the parking
brakes must be set, the engine turned off, and at least one wheel
chocked. Vehicles uploaded with ammunition must have the weight
properly distributed and the load secured to prevent movement. The
unit commander must ensure the load is checked and complies with
governing transportation requirements before the load is moved.
Palletized loads of ammunition on vehicles with load bearing sideboards must not have over one-third the height of the pallet extending above the sides or tailgates, and unpalletized loads must not
extend above the sides or tailgates. All vehicles must be uploaded in
accordance with the loading and tiedown procedures contained in
approved drawings.
b. Exposure of units to their ammunition will be limited to the
minimum number of persons, for a minimum amount of time and
the minimum amount of ammunition consistent with safe and efficient operations.
(1) Only personnel essential to the uploading or downloading of
ammunition will be permitted at the loading site.
(2) Nonessential personnel or those waiting for access to magazines will be kept at the maximum practical distance from the
loading site.
(3) Upon completion of the upload portion of the exercise, the
unit will immediately download unless:
(a) The uploaded vehicle is blocking the access of another unit or
vehicle to its ammunition.
(b) The exercise involves moving the ammunition to a local dispersal area.
(c) Safety considerations, such as darkness or weather conditions,
intervene.
c. Local dispersal areas, or other collection points for uploaded
vehicles, will meet the Q-D requirements of chapter 5.
d. Uploaded vehicles awaiting download will be directed to locations within the installation which do not compromise external Q-D
restrictions and which present the least internal hazard.
(1) Where space on the installation permits, uploaded vehicles
will be parked a minimum of 10 meters from other uploaded vehicles to facilitate isolating a burning vehicle.
(2) Where space on an installation does not permit 10 meters
separation between uploaded vehicles, collection points may be established. These collection points will be treated as aboveground
magazines provided the NEQ/NEW does not exceed 4000 kg/8820
pounds as computed in paragraph 14–2d. If these weights are exceeded, the collection point will be treated as a holding yard and
sited in accordance with chapter 5.
(3) Under no circumstances should vehicles be forced off a storage site or installation onto public roads for the sole purpose of
meeting Q-D restrictions.
14–11. Combat configured loads
a. CCLs are authorized to use “Z” compatibility (fig 4–1) and are

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

an exception to lot separation requirements in accordance with paragraph 14–7b.
b. Sites for exercises designed to practice the construction of
CCLs will be separated from each storage PES by at least IL(U)
distance.
c. Exercises designed to practice the upload of ammunition
before the assembly and construction of CCLs will be conducted in
accordance with paragraph 14–10.
14–12. Aviation operations at BLAHAs
a. Helicopter landing areas for loading and unloading ammunition within storage sites and quick reaction alert sites will be considered aboveground magazines and may be sited at appropriate Q-Ds
based only upon explosives on board the helicopters. Intermagazine
distances will apply to magazines and maintenance buildings subject
to the following requirements:
(1) Flight clearance criteria are met.
(2) Landing and take-off approaches will not be over magazines.
(3) Helicopter operations will be limited to ammunition support
of the magazines concerned. Carrying passengers is not permitted.
Troops and ammunition may be transported by the same helicopter
when—
(a) The soldiers are members of a weapon crew.
(b) The helicopter is servicing their weapons.
(4) Safety precautions normal to other modes of transportation
are to be observed.
(a) Explosives operations will not be conducted in magazines or
maintenance buildings located within IBD from the helicopter landing area during take-off, landing or loading/off-loading of the helicopters. These magazines and buildings will be closed.
(b) Ammunition upload exercises involving ground vehicles will
not take place during helicopter upload exercises unless the two
exercises are separated by at least IL(U) distance.
b. During sling-load exercises, dummy loads should be constructed to simulate the size, weight, and shape of the ammunition.
If live ammunition is used, all of the provisions of a above must be
followed.
14–13. Forward area rearm/refuel points (FARP)
a. FARPs will be separated by at least IBD from all inhabited
sites. In the United States, its territories, and possessions this distance will be computed in accordance with chapter 5. In locations
outside the United States where use of paragraphs 14-2 through 14-7
is authorized, D5 distances of Table 14–1 apply.
b. Ammunition placement sites will be a prudent fire distance
away from fuel storage sites, but in no case less than 100 feet.
c. Armament pads will contain the minimum amount of munitions to conduct efficient operations. In no case will the amount of
munitions exceed the amount required to arm the maximum number
of helicopters that can be refueled at one time.
d. Ammunition brought to the helicopter for rearming will not be
placed on a fuel spill. Ammunition should be kept at least 100 feet
away from waste fuel pans.
e. Rearming will not begin until the aircrew has signaled that all
weapons systems have been safed and the aircraft engine has been
reduced to flight idle. Rearming will begin with the turret weapon
system and the wing stores opposite the fueling port during the
refueling operations.
f. When loading electrically initiated missiles or rockets, stray
voltage must be eliminated before loading. The aircraft will be
grounded during rearming.
g. Ammunition loading crew members splashed with fuel must
immediately leave the load area.
h. Excess and empty packaging material must be kept clear of the
refueling point.
14–14. General requirements or airfields used only by
military aircraft in the theater of operations
Army aircraft operate in war from the same locations that they
occupy in peacetime. Consequently, it may be necessary to store or

hold weapons and ammunition as close to the aircraft as possible
without exposing personnel or facilities to unacceptable risk from an
accidental explosion or the detonation of weapons or ammunition as
a result of enemy actions in war. The following provide the minimum levels of protection deemed necessary.
a. The Q-Ds specified herein apply essentially to PESs that exist
in peacetime. Commanders will decide the Q-Ds to be applied to
sites that only become PESs in emergencies or wartime and such
distances will be accounted for in the airfield’s peacetime layout. In
reaching his or her decision, the commander will consider that, in
the event of an explosion at the PES, a reduction in specified
distances to nonoperationally essential facilities may increase damage and casualties, while a similar reduction for operationally essential facilities may mean that the facility ceases to function.
b. More essential military resources may require additional
protection.
c. Aircraft that contain only installed explosives and safety devices such as authorized signals in survival kits, egress systems
components, engine-starter cartridges, fire extinguisher cartridges
and other such items (chap 5) necessary to flight operations are not
regarded as PESs under the provisions of this chapter.
14–15. Quantity distance
The following Q-Ds which assumes HD 1.1 loads may be used for
all HDs. When other chapters permit, lesser distances may be used
for HDs other than 1.1.
a. Q-Ds between aircraft loaded with explosives (Table 14–2).
(1) Unbarricaded individual aircraft or groups of aircraft loaded
with explosives must be separated from each other by D11 distances
unless space limitations or operational considerations dictate otherwise. At these distances, adjacent individual aircraft or groups of
aircraft may sustain damage due to fragments but should, in most
cases, remain operable. When complete protection against fragments
is deemed necessary, a separation distance of 270 meters will be
provided. Individual or groups of aircraft will be separated by D10
distances to protect against propagation of detonation. If the aircraft
carry ammunition of comparable resistance to propagation as robust
shells, D9 distances may be used to protect against simultaneous
detonation.
(2) Barricades between adjacent aircraft will prevent simultaneous propagation due to high velocity-low angle fragments. It should
be noted, however, that a barricade does not necessarily prevent
subsequent propagation or damage caused by blast, lobbed items,
debris, or secondary fires.
b. Q-Ds between hardened aircraft shelters (HASs) and associated storage facilities.
(1) As a minimum, HAS and associated storage facilities will be
separated one from another according to Table 14–3. At these distances there will be a high degree of protection against propagation
of explosion; however, the exposed shelter may be damaged heavily
and aircraft and ammunition therein may be rendered unserviceable.
(2) HAS and associated storage facilities spaced according to
Table 14–4 will prevent propagation between such facilities. An
explosion in one shelter or ready storage facility may destroy it and
its contents, but aircraft within adjacent shelters will be undamaged
provided the doors are closed. These aircraft may not be immediately removable due to debris.
(3) Areas of hazard to front, side, or rear of HAS or igloos as
PES or ES lie in the arcs shown in figures 14–1, 14–2, and 14–3. A
particular face of an ES is deemed to be threatened by a PES face
when both of these faces lie within the arc of threat or hazard of the
other.
c. Q-Ds to runways and taxiways. When real estate constraints
and operational necessity dictate and the transient risk to military
aircraft movement is accepted, PESs may be separated from runways and taxiways by not less than D4 distances, Table 14–2. If the
transient risk is not accepted, D11 distances will be used to provide
protection to the aircraft.
d. Q-Ds to facilities and activities in direct support of flightline
and aircraft servicing. When explosives are present on a long-term

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basis, the PES will be separated from the squadron operations building, flightline maintenance functions, flightline fire and rescue stations, and other activities in direct support of flightline and aircraft
servicing (such as alert crew, POL, and LOX facilities) by D10
distances, Table 14–2, unless the facilities are hardened to provide
comparable protection at lesser distances.
e. Q-Ds to military aircraft not loaded with explosives. Military
aircraft not loaded with explosives (such as, tankers and transports)
will be separated from PESs by at least D11 distances (Table 14–2).
At these distances, the aircraft may be damaged by fragments but
should remain operable.
f. Q-Ds to open stacks of ammunition. Barricaded open storage of
ammunition is not permitted at less than D11 distances, Table 14–2,
from unsheltered parked aircraft.
g. Q-Ds to general public and central airfield support facilities
(Table 14–2).
(1) Use D12 distances from the rear and D14 distances from the
sides and front of ready service igloos containing up to 10,000 kg

126

NEQ. Apply minimum fragment distances of 270m to central airfield support facilities and PTRs having traffic densities not exceeding 60 vehicles per hour, and 400m to general public facilities and
PTRs having traffic densities exceeding 60 vehicles per hour.
(2) When the PES is a U.S. third-generation HAS containing up
to 5,000 kg NEQ, D15 distances from the front, D17 distances from
the sides, and D13 distances from the rear will be used to protect an
unhardened ES against debris and blast. With an NEQ 50 kg or less
in a HAS, minimum fragment distances of 80m to the front and
none to the side and rear are acceptable.
(3) Use D16 distances for other PES when explosives are present
on a long-term basis and apply minimum fragment and debris distances of 270m or 400m depending on the nature of the PES (openstack or lightweight structure versus igloo or heavy-walled structure) and the population density at the ES (25 or fewer persons
versus more than 25 persons).
(4) Where ES are hardened, lesser distance may be used, depending on the degree of hardening provided.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 14–1
Quantity-distance table for basic load ammunition holding areas

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127

Table 14–2
HD 1.1 Quantity-distance for airfields used only by military aircraft in theaters of operation

128

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 14–3
Quantity-distance for propagation prevention at airfields

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

129

Table 14–4
Quantity-distance for assets preservation at airfields

130

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure 14-1. Hardened aircraft shelter an as exposed site

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131

Figure 14-2. Hardened aircraft shelter as a PES

132

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure 14-3. Igloo Q-D angles

Chapter 15
Wartime Operations
15–1. General requirements
a. This chapter provides guidance for the safe handling, transportation, and storage of ammunition during wartime and contingency
operations. This guidance provides options, based on the acceptance
of ever increasing degrees of risk, to the commander faced with
various and fluctuating battlefield hazards. It may be used in
developing battle doctrine and integrated into contingency and combat operations planning.
b. The provisions of this chapter apply in:
(1) A recognized war zone.
(2) A recognized contingency operations area.
(3) An area where hostilities are imminent and approval to implement this chapter has been given by the MACOM.
c. Several fundamental concepts govern the relaxation of peacetime explosives safety standards during combat and contingency
operations and the acceptance of added risks:
(1) Whenever and wherever possible, the peacetime explosives
safety standards enumerated in chapters 1 though 14 of this pamphlet should be followed. Only after assessing the risks of relaxation
against the mission-imposed parameters should the less restrictive
guidance of this chapter be implemented.

(2) Where Q-D considerations must be relaxed, preventing propagation and preserving personnel, military equipment, and ammunition should be paramount.
(3) The third factor in Q-D explosives safety calculations is time.
The degree to which standards are relaxed should be directly related
to the duration of the exposure. Relaxation of standards for 24 hours
involves less risk than relaxation for 48 hours.
(4) The acceptance of a high degree of explosives safety risk
depends on the competing hazards of the battlefield. The risk of an
explosives accident may be far outbalanced by more imminent battlefield hazards as ammunition approaches the forward line of own
troops (FLOT).
(5) Ammunition logistical considerations and warfighting requirements should take precedence over compatibility in the mixing and
grouping of ammunition items.
(6) Hazard Class/Division 1.2 ammunition should be treated as
HD 1.1. When it becomes impractical to manage ammunition by
hazard class, all ammunition, except identifiable HD 1.4, should be
treated as HD 1.1. All captured ammunition, mixed ammunition,
and unserviceable or unknown ammunition will be treated as HD
1.1.
(7) When it becomes impractical to manage ammunition separation distances by NEW, short tons may be used. Short tons will be
calculated based on gross package weight.

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d. When handling ammunition in the field, the following general
principles apply:
(1) Soldiers controlling or supervising the handling of ammunition must observe safety precautions. Every effort will be made to
ensure that skilled and knowledgeable personnel are in charge of
ammunition operations.
(2) In field storage, ammunition should be distributed in such a
way that an incident will not cause the total stock of any one type of
ammunition to be lost.
(3) Ammunition should be dispersed to minimize loss in the
event of fire, accidental explosion, or enemy action.
(4) Fire fighting precautions must be taken and fire fighting
equipment must be serviceable. All fires will be fought immediately
without special order (para 15–2e).
(5) Ammunition of unknown origin and captured ammunition
will be examined, evaluated, and classified by qualified personnel
and stored in a designated collection point (para 15– 2d).
(6) The existing infrastructure and terrain features (for example,
buildings, barns, forests, barriers, and so forth) will be used to
prevent propagation and to protect personnel and material from the
effects of an explosion. Dry water courses will not be used during
anticipated periods of heavy rain.
(7) Ammunition containing WP will be stored and transported in
an upright position if ammunition surface temperatures are expected
to exceed 111 degrees F.
(8) In any given field situation, all measures must be taken, to
minimize the risk to personnel, material, and ammunition.
(9) Provisions must be made to evaluate and, if necessary, segregate damaged ammunition.
(10) Provisions should be made, particularly for contingency operations of expected short duration, to save and segregate packing
material to be reused to turn in safely and transport unused
ammunition.
15–2. Theater and corps ammunition storage areas
a. Quantity-distance.
(1) Where the local situation allows, the peacetime Q-D specified
in chapters 5 and 14 should be followed. This level of protection
limits the risk to the civilian and unrelated military population from
death or serious injury from blast overpressure and fragments due to
an explosion, protects vital facilities from serious damage, and
protects ammunition from propagation.
(2) Where the local situation does not allow for this level of
external protection, the internal protection should be maintained.
Any reduction in either internal or external distances increases the
risk to adjacent facilities and other ammunition locations. Stacks of
ammunition should be stored at the magazine distances specified in
chapters 5 and 14. This level provides reasonable protection against
propagation but risks the total destruction of exposed buildings and
aircraft as well as death or serious injury to exposed personnel.
(Every effort should be made to identify and protect facilities with
dense population, such as hospitals, military facilities, headquarters,
and POL storage, vital to the accomplishment of the mission.)
(3) Where existing ammunition storage sites are to be converted
to wartime use, the ammunition storage license (chap 9) lists the
maximum NEW for which these sites will provide the level of
protection described in (2) above.
(4) Where specific unimproved locations have been identified for
use as wartime/contingency ammunition storage sites, MACOMs
may wish to develop ammunition storage licenses, providing the
levels of protection described in (1) and (2) above, and integrate
these licenses into warplans.
(5) Permanent or contingency facilities with a designated wartime
ammunition mission, such as ports, must integrate explosive safety
Q-D guidance into warplans.
(6) For Q-D purposes, ammunition of HD 1.2 will be treated as
1.1.
b. Compatibility. If at all practical, ammunition compatibility
(Table 15–1) should be maintained during bulk storage.
(1) Compatibility does not apply to CCLs.

134

(2) Components of complete rounds may be stored together, for
example, fuzes, projectiles, propelling charges, and primers.
(3) Blasting caps which are not in original packing configuration
present a unique hazard and should be separated from other ammunition by sandbags or other suitable material.
(4) Logistical considerations and combat requirements take precedence over compatibility considerations.
c. Storage by short tons. When storing ammunition by short tons
rather than NEW, the guidance in paragraph 15–5 applies. Since this
guidance involves more risk and less predictable protection than the
guidance in a and b above, it should be used only when the above
criteria can no longer be met.
d. Foreign, captured, and unserviceable ammunition.
(1) Serviceable NATO standard ammunition, which has an assigned HD and SCG will be stored in the same manner as U.S.
ammunition.
(2) Unserviceable ammunition, regardless of the nation of origin,
will be segregated from serviceable war reserve ammunition and
appropriately tagged to prevent unintentional use.
(3) Captured ammunition, regardless of nation of origin, will be
segregated in a designated collection point and separated from war
reserve ammunition using HD 1.1 distances. Following examination,
evaluation, and classification by qualified personnel, it may be assigned a temporary HD and SCG, if necessary, by analogy to U.S.
ammunition items.
e. Firefighting. All fires in the vicinity of ammunition should be
fought until the stacks of explosives or ammunition become involved in the fire. Because evacuation to IBD will not always be
practical, seek protection from an imminent explosion in trenches
and behind natural earthen barricades.
15–3. Storage at the ASP and ATP
a. The same principles of explosives safety in ammunition storage and handling apply at ASPs and ammunition transfer points
(ATPs) as at theater and corps ammunition storage areas.
b. The principal explosives safety objectives should be the prevention of propagation and the dispersion of ammunition to minimize loss in case of fire, accidental explosion, or enemy action.
c. Since more risk is assumed at an ASP or ATP, storage by field
storage unit (FSU) (para 15–5) should be considered a routine storage option. Ammunition may be stored, according to logistical considerations and combat requirements, using either paragraph 15–2 or
paragraph 15–5.
d. Where real estate constraints do not permit the separation
distances specified in Table 15–2, modular storage (para 8–29)
should be constructed.
15–4. Short-term ATP storage
a. At ATPs where ammunition is stored for periods of 3 days or
less, ammunition will be positioned to fulfill logistical and administrative requirements.
b. Wherever possible, FSUs (para 15–5) or modular storage (para
8–29) should be used.
c. All explosives safety requirements, except for Q-D and storage
compatibility criteria, must be observed.
15–5. Field storage units
a. Field storage of ammunition consisting of one or more stacks
of ammunition, either roadside or area storage, is considered an
FSU. The FSU concept permits the storage of ammunition by the
short ton (2,000 pounds) without regard to NEW.
b. The principal objective of the FSU concept is to disperse
ammunition to minimize the loss in case of fire, accidental explosion, or enemy action. Each type of ammunition should be stored in
at least two widely separated FSUs to prevent the loss of the contents of any one FSU from seriously handicapping military operations by the loss of the entire supply of any item.
c. Short tons should be considered gross weight to include the
weight of both ammunition and packing material.
d. Each FSU is limited to a maximum of 400 short tons.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

e. Each stack within an FSU is limited to a maximum of 20 short
tons.
f. To inhibit the spread of fire, stacks must be separated by a
minimum distance of 50 feet. This distance does not provide complete protection from propagation of detonation by blast overpressure or fragments. Anytime the distance between stacks is reduced,
there is an increased risk of damage to adjacent stacks.
(1) The greater the distance between stacks, the less the probability of fire spreading from stack to stack.
(2) Aggressive fire fighting can prevent the spread of fire from
one stack to another.
(3) Where these distances cannot be attained, extraordinary care
must be taken in establishing and maintaining fire protection, fire
guards and fire fighting measures.
g. Normally only one type of ammunition is stored in a stack. If
more than one type is stored in a stack, the ammunition should be
arranged to facilitate inventory and inspection. Whenever desirable,
components of complete rounds may be stored within the same
FSU.
h. Ammunition stacks should be accessible to MHE.
i. Ammunition may be stored in an FSU either in bulk storage
configuration or CCLs.
(1) In bulk storage configuration compatibility group K ammunition, items containing toxic chemical agents must be stored in separate FSUs. This is to minimize the potential for the contamination of
other stocks if an accident occurs.
(2) Logistical considerations and combat requirements take precedence over compatibility considerations. However, if at all possible, compatibility groups J and L should be stored in separate FSUs;
that is separate from other groups and separate from each other.
These groups contain ammunition items which react violently to
water and could prevent aggressive firefighting.
(3) Compatibility does not apply to CCLs.
j. The existing infrastructure (for example, office buildings, factories, barns, and so forth) may be used for FSUs provided that—
(1) The allowable load of structural parts per unit area is not
exceeded.
(2) A stacking height of approximately 16 feet is not exceeded.
Stacks will not come closer to the ceiling than 18 inches.
(3) Each FSU is accessible from the outside.
(4) Each FSU does not exceed 10 short tons.
(5) Electrical installations inside the buildings are deenergized
unless they are known to be in compliance with the regulations for
electrical installations in magazines.
k. Climatic conditions must be considered when establishing
FSUs.
(1) When ammunition is stored in desert or tropical environments, care must be taken to shield the ammunition from the direct
rays of the sun, if at all possible. If tarps are used, allow at least 18
inches between the tarp and the top of the boxes.
(2) Where freezing and thawing conditions exist, dunnage must
be used to prevent the ammunition from freezing to the ground or,
during a thaw, sinking into the ground.
(3) Some types of ammunition should be protected from rain and
water damage. Care should be taken not to site an FSU in a dry
river bed or other area subject to flooding.
l. Vehicles or groups of vehicles loaded with ammunition will be
regarded as FSUs.
m. Aircraft being uploaded or downloaded with ammunition will
be regarded as FSUs. Ammunition must be situated so that it will
not be endangered by the exhaust gas stream of the aircraft.
n. The following ammunition must not be stored with other ammunition at the same FSU:
(1) Captured ammunition
(2) Suspended ammunition
(3) Unserviceable ammunition
(4) Ammunition requiring maintenance or destruction
(5) Ammunition of unknown origin
(6) Ammunition returned from the field awaiting examination.

15–6. Transportation within the theater of operations
a. When selecting vehicles to transport ammunition, if vehicles
meeting peacetime standards are not available, choose vehicles
which do not present a fire hazard. That is, vehicles with leaks,
sticking brakes, holes in the floor of the cargo area, or exhaust
problems should be avoided.
b. Ammunition loads must be secured to prevent shifting and loss
of the load during transport.
c. Vehicles should be equipped with two fire extinguishers to
allow for fighting vehicle fires enroute.
d. Considerations of compatibility will not apply to the transport
of CCLs or other configurations being transported in the direction of
the FLOT. However, when mission permits, consideration should be
given to transporting SCGs “H,”“J,”“K,” and “L” on separate
vehicles.
15–7. Modular storage
a. In a combat zone where insufficient real estate, limited security or operational requirements are determining factors, the modular
system of storage may be employed. This system does not provide
the degree of protection to personnel or ammunition stocks afforded
by the Q-D requirements previously described in this chapter and
should be implemented only as a last resort.
b. The decision to use the modular system must be made with
full realization of its advantages and disadvantages over other field
storage systems.
(1) The advantages include—
(a) Greatly reduced real estate requirements.
(b) Greatly improved security with comparable forces.
(c) Reduced transportation requirements within the ammunition
area.
(d) Greatly reduced road net requirements.
(e) Reduced vulnerability to direct fire on ammunition stocks
because of the smaller area and use of barricades.
(2) The disadvantages include—
(a) The possibility of explosion or fire in one cell starting fire in
other cells because of heat generation or indirect fragment
dispersion
(b) Increased vulnerability to enemy indirect fire and air-dropped
bombs because of concentration of stocks
(c) Additional engineer support required for initial construction
of modules as opposed to that required for unbarricaded open
storage.
c. A module is a barricaded area composed of a series of connected cells separated from each other by barricades. Construction
requirements and siting criteria for modular storage are described in
para 8–29 of this pamphlet. However, in wartime operations the
following exceptions apply:
(1) There is no restriction on the type of ammunition authorized
for modular storage.
(2) Mixing ammunition stocks in modular storage is authorized.
15–8. Ammunition turn-in at the cessation of hostilities
a. At the cessation of hostilities the Army will commence transition to the peacetime provisions of this pamphlet.
b. Ammunition will be collected and stored at selected storage
areas and turn-in points meeting the Q-D requirements of chapter 5.
Where this is not practical, the guidance of this chapter may be used
temporarily.
c. Segregation, inspection, field maintenance, destruction, and
repackaging of turn-in ammunition will be accomplished in accordance with established logistics procedures. However, because of the
increased hazards associated with turn-in ammunition, these activities will take place in strict compliance with the separation distances
specified in chapter 5.
d. Ammunition will not be offered for shipment to CONUS locations until a qualified military or civilian expert has certified in
writing that the ammunition meets peacetime safety standards or
equivalent for transport.

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135

Table 15–1
Wartime compatibility chart

136

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table 15–2
Q-D for field storage units

Chapter 16
Storage and handling of commercial explosives
16–1. Background
This chapter provides guidance on the storage and handling of
commercial explosives on Army installations.
16–2. Use
Using commercial explosives, other than for production and RDTE,
is prohibited unless commercial explosives are mission essential and
specifically authorized by the installation’s MACOM commander
(see para 16–3e and f below).
16–3. Procedures
a. Obtain approval to use commercial explosives before purchase.
b. The HD and SCG information will be requested and should be
received before purchase.
c. When commercial explosives are received before USATCES
assigning HD and SCG information, commercial explosives will be
stored as HD 1.1, SCG L. Small arms ammunition will be stored as
HD 1.4, SCG S.
d. The net explosive weight (NEW) will be calculated based on
the weight of the explosive.
e. Approval request will be sent through command channels to
the installation’s MACOM approving authority.

f. When the requesting unit is a tenant activity, the request will
be sent through the unit’s command channels and the host installation’s MACOM approving authority must concur with the approval.
g. The HD and SCG will be obtained by providing the following
information to Director, U.S. Army Technical Center for Explosives
Safety.
(1) Documentation of an HD assignment by a competent authority; that is, DOT, BOE, Bureau of Mines (BOM), or foreign government; or reports of HD testing or function testing accomplished by a
competent authority; or results of small scale laboratory tests conducted by a competent authority.
(2) Complete item nomenclature.
(3) Part number, drawing number, or something that uniquely
identifies the item in its storage configuration.
(4) Explosves composition and weight. A chart or listing of hazardous materials with their weights is preferred.
(5) Packaging data.
(6) Number of independent safety features if the item is a fuze,
contains a fuze, or has features similar to a fuze.
(7) Any other available information that may reflect the function
or the effects of the explosive.
(8) A point of contact and telephone number for the responsible
Army organization.
h. To receive inspection interval codes and inspection procedures,

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forward information in f above, to Commander, Industrial Operations Command.
16–4. Commercial dynamite
a. Dynamite is sensitive to heat and shock. Containers suspected
of containing sticks of dynamite that may exhibit signs of exudation
or crystallization (generally, these boxes have an oily appearance)
will be removed from the magazine and inspected. Individual sticks
having exudation or crystallization will be demilitarized immediately. The remainder can be repacked and returned to storage. Empty
containers that have been used for dynamite will be destroyed by
burning. Oily stains of nitroglycerin on magazine floors will be
scrubbed up with a mixture of solution A (Sodium sulfide - 9 parts
by weight and water - 30 parts by weight.) and Solution B (Denatured ethyl alcohol - 70 parts by weight and acetone - 20 parts by
weight). Immediately before decontaminating the nitroglycerin,
combine the solutions. If the solutions are mixed and then stored,
the potency diminishes in storage. Limit the use of this mixture to
very small quantities such as the oily film that adheres to surfaces

after the nitroglycerin has been removed with sponges or absorbed
in wood pulp or sawdust. Operators using this solution should wear
rubber gloves.
b. Store cases of commercial dynamite initially right side up, so
cartridges will lie flat. However, to reduce the possibility of exudation of nitroglycerin from the cartridges of straight dynamite 60
percent or over in strength, it will be necessary to turn the cases,
based on average storage temperature (Table 16–1).
c. The first turning will leave the cases bottom side up, with the
cartridges still in a horizontal position. The second turn of the boxes
will place the boxes right-side-up. Each turn of the boxes will be
180 degrees. Frozen dynamite will not be turned. With the exception
of straight dynamite, 60 percent and over in nitroglycerin strength,
other types of dynamite-ammonia, ammonia-gelatin, and gelatin
need not be turned in storage. However, yearly, at the conclusion of
the year’s warmest season, a representative sample will be selected
and the containers examined for evidence of nitroglycerin on the
exterior of the cartridge and/or packing materials.

Table 16–1
Turning of commercial dynamite

Chapter 17
Demilitarization
17–1. Demilitarization
This chapter covers demilitarization operations to include demolition
and burning operations done as a separate operation. It does not
cover EOD operations. It does not cover demolition and burning
operations done as part of a training exercise providing that—
a. The item to be destroyed was generated during training.
b. The item would normally be destroyed as part of the wartime
mission.
c. The item has not been returned to storage.
17–2. Methods
Disposition of ammunition, explosives, and propellants will be accomplished by reclamation, open detonation, open burning, incineration, or other approved methods. Unless emergency disposition is
required, resource recovery and recycling efforts will be the primary
means of disposing of unwanted ammunition and explosive
materials. The burying or dumping of ammunition, explosives, or
propellants is not an approved method of disposal.
17–3. Safety precautions
a. General precautions. No demilitarization operation will take
place without an approved SOP. SOPs used for these type of operations will be reviewed at the local level at least annually for compliance with local laws and regulations involving demilitarization.
SOPs which are not in continuous use and have not been used

138

within the past 6 months will be reviewed and updated before the
beginning of an operation.
b. Burning/detonation operations.
(1) A red range flag will be flown or a red light will be lit at the
entrance to the range when operations are in progress. A red light
will be used during any operations occurring after sunset.
(a) The flag will be a minimum of 3 feet wide by 5 feet long.
This flag will continue flying until the range has been cleared and
all operations have ceased.
(b) The light will be of sufficient size and clarity to be seen from
at least 100 feet under all weather conditions in which operations
take place. This light will continue to burn until the range has been
cleared and all operations have ceased.
(2) A sign will be placed on the access road to the range explaining the meaning of the red light and red flag. This sign will be
located at least 100 feet from the gate and will be lighted during
night operations. This sign will be in English and foreign languages
required by the area.
(3) A first aid kit will be present during all operations. It will
contain, as a minimum, items to treat burns and puncture wounds.
The first aid kit used will be approved by local medical authorities
based on the hazards involved. Personnel will be trained in using the
first aid kit and its limitations. They will be instructed that if there is
any doubt as to its use, that they will seek professional medical care
for the injured person.
(4) A means of communications between personnel on the demolition range or burning area and base facilities will be maintained in
working order. A further means of communications will be maintained between personnel preparing items for demolition or burning

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

operation and the control center on the range. Operations will not be
conducted if one or both of these means of communications is not
working. Radios will not be used when electrically initiated explosives are being used, unless in compliance with Table 6–3.
(5) Firefighting equipment will be present at the scene to combat
fires which may start due to operations. The amount and type of
equipment will vary with local conditions and will be approved by
the installation fire marshal.
(6) After each demolition or burning operation, trained and competent personnel will search the area for hazardous items. The
search will begin after an appropriate waiting period as specified in
the SOP for the operation. Personnel will be instructed in the type
and shape of the items being destroyed as well as what to do upon
finding an item. In the event of a misfire, a waiting period of 30
minutes will be observed prior to investigation of the misfire.
(7) In areas where the demolition ranges or burning grounds are
not under constant control of U.S. military, the following requirements will be strictly adhered to:
(a) Before the start of operations, the range will be searched for
unauthorized personnel.
(b) Guards will be posted to prevent entry into the range area.
Guards will be protected from fragments.
(8) All personnel shelters will protect against overpressures
greater than 2.3 psi and against noise louder than 140 decibels if the
noise level exceeds 140 decibels. Personnel will wear hearing protection in accordance with DA Pam 40–501. If the noise level is
greater than 165 decibels, then earplugs must be worn in combination with a noise muff or a noise attenuating helmet.
(9) All burning and demolition operations will be initiated remotely or by using a delay device. If a delay device is used, it must
allow for a delay that is 50 percent longer than the time that would
normally be required to retire to the shelter.
17–4. Site selection for burning or demolition grounds
a. Open Burning (OB) Areas. Sites for burning of ammunition
and explosives shall be separated from other facilities as specified in
paragraph 5–7p.
b. Open Demolition (OD) Areas. OD operations will be sited
according to the requirements for paragraph 5–7c.
c. Burning and demolition sites. All disposal sites permitted as
hazardous waste treatment facilities under 40 CFR must be sited in
accordance with 40 CFR 265.382.
17–5. Burning sites
a. Burning pans or trays will be of locally approved construction.
b. Burning pads constructed of concrete will be covered with a
minimum of a 4–inch bed sand to protect the concrete. When the
user intends to dispose of the sand, tests for hazardous waste characteristics will be conducted.
c. All burning sites will have a means of collecting remnants and
eventually disposing of any hazardous wastes produced by the
operation.
d. Burning sites will—
(1) Ensure that the items to be burned are spread evenly over the
burning pan or pad, so that the depth of the material does not
exceed 3 inches. Items which exceed 3 inches in diameter may be
burned, provided they are stacked only one item high.
(2) Be sited so that the distance between each active burning site
will be sufficient to prevent a burning ember from landing on
adjoining sites.
e. Installations must establish written procedures to prevent
materials to be burned from igniting from heat or residue remaining
in pan trays or on pads.
17–6. New demilitarization technologies
a. The Army encourages the development of new technologies
for reclamation which will—
(1) Result in less hazardous waste.

(2) Be economically feasible. (The sale of residue will be included in making the determination of whether a technology is
economically feasible.)
(3) Be environmentally safe.
(4) Meet the requirements of AR 385–16.
b. Coordinate the development of new technologies with the Director, USADACS.
c. In developing new technologies or testing them before final
approval for use is given, the following procedures will be followed:
(1) A hazard analysis will be conducted to determine the level of
risk involved and the required safety measures needed.
(2) Based on (1), a written procedure will be developed before
running a test.
(3) A dry run will be conducted before using live explosives to
verify the mechanics of the procedure.
(4) Only the minimum number of personnel using the minimum
amount of explosives will be used to verify the proposed
technology.

Chapter 18
Maintenance
18–1. General information
a. Maintenance is maintaining explosives and ammunition in a
serviceable condition or restoring them to that condition. It includes
such operations as renovation, modification, preservation, and
packing.
b. Maintenance includes all operations from the time of delivery
of the ammunition to the maintenance building to the time it is
ready for shipment to storage or issue. Maintenance operations involve the following: line layout, establishing barricades as appropriate, setting up equipment, partial or complete disassembly of
ammunition items, cleaning parts or subassemblies, repair or replacement of mechanical parts, replacement of explosive components, reassembly, repainting and remarking, and the repacking and
remarking for shipment and delivery to an ammunition issuing
point.
c. Renovation or modification of conventional ammunition, missiles, ammunition or missile components and explosives will be
accomplished only with specific authority from Industrial Operation
Command (IOC), Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM), or
other authority as appropriate.
d. The necessary preservation and packing (P&P) may be performed on unserviceable ammunition and components when a requirement exists.
18–2. Safety requirements
a. Renovation.
(1) Renovation will be performed in an isolated area or building
specifically designed for that purpose. These operations will be
carried out in conformity with the quantity-distance requirements of
Chapter 5. The number of persons permitted at or near the operation
will be kept to a minimum. The area or buildings will be kept free
of loose explosives, waste paper, and other combustible material.
All work will be performed under the direct supervision of experienced personnel.
(2) Renovation operations can be hazardous. They require a thorough knowledge of the activities involved, the hazards to be
guarded against, and the precautionary methods necessary for
greatest protection to personnel and property. Before starting any
operation involving ammunition or explosives, an adequate SOP
will be developed and approved—
(a) By the commander of the establishment, or,
(b) By a qualified member of his or her staff who has been
delegated authority to review and approve the SOP.
(3) Controlled tests may be necessary to establish SOPs for certain operations. The SOPs will include, as a minimum, such items as
safety requirements, personnel and explosives limits, equipment designation, and location and sequence of operations. A dry run will be

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done using inert components to ensure that the SOP includes all
necessary operations, equipment and, procedures. No deviation from
this procedure will be permitted unless the commander or his designated representative approves.
b. Allowable limits. The quantity of explosives or ammunition at
an operating location will be the minimum necessary to carry out
the operation. This quantity will be subdivided to the maximum
extent possible into smaller amounts, adequately separated to prevent propagation. Personnel exposure will be minimum consistent
with safe, efficient, and continuous operation.
c. Internal movement of explosives. Items or groups of items of
ammunition and explosives that are transported from bay to bay
within an operating building, will be separated to preclude creating
a path for the propagation of an explosion or fire between bays. For
this purpose, the minimum spacing between items or groups of
items in transport will be intraline distance unless reduced distances
have been approved. Suitable shields or barricades may be used to
interrupt the propagation path between items on a conveyor when
approved. Appendix F shows the approved safe separation distances
of conveyor spacing for specified items based on configuration of
the item, position on the conveyor, distance between items and, if
needed, the shield or barricade.
d. Concurrent operations.
(1) Unless a building is specifically designed and approved for
concurrent operation, permissible concurrent operations will be accomplished in separate buildings located at the appropriate intraline
distance from other operating buildings in the area.
(2) When necessary to conduct concurrent operations in the same
building, they must be arranged in a manner to segregate the items
so that dissimilar hazards are separated by a reinforced concrete
dividing wall. Unrelated personnel involved in concurrent operations
in a single building must be afforded protection equivalent to IL
distance (K18).
(3) Operations involving nuclear weapons and associated major
assemblies will be separated from conventional ammunition operations by not less than the applicable inhabited building distance
based on the quantity of explosives at the conventional ammunition
operation. In such instances, explosives limits for the nuclear weapons facility may be determined by applying intraline quantity-distance requirements.
(4) The quantities of explosives and number of personnel exposed at each concurrent operation will be held to the minimum
consistent with safe and efficient operating procedures.
e. Operations within a magazine area.
(1) Explosives and ammunition will not be renovated, modified,
or demilitarized within a magazine. These operations will not be
carried on within the magazine area unless the site, empty magazine,
buildings, or rail cars in which the work is done are assigned
exclusively to such work. Temporary operations outside of the magazine may be carried out as permitted in (2) below. Permanent
structures involving labor intensive operations must be properly
sited with an approved site plan.
(2) The performance of P&P operations in the magazine area
may be approved by the installation commander as field operations
and separated from the PES by intraline distance based on the larger
quantity of NEW at either the PES or ES. Such operations will be
limited to derusting and painting of bombs and separate loading
projectiles, opening and repacking boxes and metal containers of
ammunition (including chemical ammunition), repacking of ammunition into serviceable boxes and fiber containers, spot painting
projectiles, maintenance of fuze cavities and base covers of separate
loading projectiles, and other relatively safe operations of the same
general type.
f. Division of explosive quantities. The division of large quantities of explosives material into a number of smaller quantities, using
dividing walls, is intended to prevent the simultaneous explosion of
the total quantity involved. If the explosives on both sides of a
dividing wall are prevented from exploding simultaneously, the wall
achieves its purpose. If this requirement is met, then, for the purpose

140

of quantity-distance computations, the quantities separated by dividing walls need not be added together. Design of intervening barriers
in accordance with the principles contained in TM 5–1300 will
satisfy this requirement. Information on barricaded open storage
modules meeting this criteria are given in paragraph 8–29 of this
pamphlet.
18–3. Operational shields
a. Shields required. Operational shields are required when the
operation to be performed provides an unacceptable risk of exposure
as defined by paragraph 5–7k of this pamphlet.
(1) Operational shields prevent operator exposure to blast overpressure in excess of 2.3 psi, fragments to energies of less than 59
ft-lb, and thermal fluxes to 0.3 calories per square centimeter per
second. For operations involving intentional initiation or detonation,
operational shields shall be capable of limiting overpressure levels
(decibels) in personnel-occupied areas to satisfy the requirements of
MIL STD 1474. (MIL STD 1474 overpressures are expressed as
decibels. The conversion factor is: dB = 20(log (144/4.2 x 107))
(2) Shields complying with MIL STD 398 are acceptable protection. Shields which have not been tested in accordance with the
requirements of MIL STD 398 shall be evaluated by competent
personnel before beng used in ammunition operations.
(3) Determination of the maximum credible event for the
materials and operational scenario involved is an essential part of
the evaluation of the operator protection requirements.
b. Unacceptable risk. In addition to those operations where a risk
assessment per paragraph 5–7k shows an unacceptable risk, operational shields will be provided to separate the operator from the item
being processed for the following operations:
(1) Disassembly of loaded boosters, fuzes, primers, and blank
ammunition.
(2) Removal of base plugs from loaded projectiles where the
design of the projectile is such that explosive contamination of the
base plug is not positively precluded.
(3) Removal of fuzes from pentolite loaded projectiles.
(4) Disassembly of loaded bombs and warheads, except for removal of shipping bands, nose and tail closing plugs, fin locknuts,
and washout of high explosives bursting charge.
(5) Removal of fuzes from hand grenades loaded with high explosives except as noted in c(6) below.
(6) Pull-apart of fixed ammunition, 20mm and larger. In the pullapart of rounds containing self-destroying tracer, the dimensions of
the shield will anticipate initiation of the propellant and the projectile. Pull-apart of ammunition with inert projectiles will use initiation of the propellant as the maximum credible event. Pull-apart of
ammunition with explosives loaded projectile, but without selfdestroying tracer, will use initiation of the propellant as the maximum credible event.
(7) Disassembly of foreign ammunition or other ammunition of
uncertain design and condition.
(8) Electrical testing of igniter circuitry of rockets, missiles, or
any other electrically initiated explosives item. Electrical testing of
igniter circuitry in missile and rocket motors and other propulsion
systems shall use initiation of the propellant as the maximum credible event. Electrical testing of initiating components of warheads,
projectiles, and similar items shall use initiation of the warhead or
projectile and propellant as the maximum credible event unless
hazards analysis shows negligible probability that test-energized circuitry could cause explosives functioning.
c. Shields not required. The operations (1) through (6) (below)
and similar operations do not require operational shields to protect
operators if the assembly has been normal, and if regular equipment,
tools, and methods used in the assembly are sufficient to accomplish
the disassembly without the application of undue force. Undue force
is considered to be any force greater than the maximum allowable
disassembly torque specified on the current drawings for the item
under consideration. Tools used for disassembly will not have
greater lever advantage than those required for the assembly. In
these cases, care will be taken to ascertain that the assembly has
been normal and the surfaces to be separated are not corroded and

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

have not been sealed with metallic caulking, laminac, or epoxy resin
whose strength exceeds the adhesive properties of Pettman Cement
or NRC compound.
(1) Removal of loaded fuzes and fuze well cups from loaded
projectiles.
(2) Removal of primers from mortar ammunition.
(3) Removal of ignition cartridges from mortar ammunition.
(4) Removal of boosters or bursters from loaded projectiles.
(5) Removal of setscrew from loaded projectiles. When drilling
equipment is used to remove stake-punch marks and back out setscrews, positive stops on the drill must be provided to prevent the
contact of the drill with the component parts of the fuze or booster
which contain explosives or with the explosives in the projectile.
Drills will be changed and positive stop set only by competent
mechanics. Only fully trained personnel will be used for such operations. Before the operation is begun, the projectile must be examined for the presence of exudate or other abnormal conditions.
(6) Removal of detonating fuzes from hand grenades designed
with metal fuze well liners provided:
(a) The operation is performed immediately in front of a suitable
protective tank having effective baffles for delay type fuzes into
which the grenade can be deposited should it ignite prematurely.
Baffle type tanks will not be used for grenades having impact fuzes.
(b) Shielded trays are employed to receive fuzes removed from
the grenades. The maximum number of fuzes allowed at each disassembly station may not exceed fifty.
(c) Fuzes which will not readily disassemble from the grenade
with the equipment adjusted to the appropriate torque are immediately removed from the holding fixture and transferred to adequately
shielded locations where they may be removed in accordance with
the requirements contained in b above. Fuzes in this category will
be inspected for any defects which would render the item unsafe for
handling or further processing.
d. Disassembly operations.
(1) Each disassembly operation will be separated from adjacent
similar or dissimilar operations by operational shields designed to
protect the operator at any operation from the blast and fragments
arising from a possible explosion at any adjacent operation. Components will be protected from a possible explosion occurring at the
disassembly operation.
(2) When disassembly of ammunition or components not generally included in paragraph 18–3 is contemplated, specific approval
of the proposed methods and locations for the operations must be
obtained in accordance with the procedures outlined in chapter 11.
(3) When disassembly is required to be performed with the operator protected by any operational shield (disassembly means complete separation (threads or other connections) of component parts)),
the operator must not loosen the components while shielded and
then complete the disassembly without protection.
e. Containers for waste explosives. Explosives destined for the
burning ground will be in the original closed packages or in containers of fire-retardant materials which will not contribute to the existing hazard by readily producing sparks when contacting rocks, steel,
or other containers. Bags or containers made from easily ignited
material will not be used. Containers will have closures that will
prevent spilling or leakage of contents when handled or if overturned. Closures will be of a type that will not pinch or rub explosives
during closing and opening. The closures and surfaces of container
openings will be thoroughly cleaned of explosive contamination to
minimize the hazard during closing or opening.
18–4. Equipment for shielded operations
As used in this paragraph, the word “suitable” refers to a certified or
tested item. Normally, the equipment required for shielded operations consists of a suitable shield, holding devices, operating device,
means of observing the operation, and means of safely transmitting
power required for the operation.
a. A suitable holding device, located behind the operational
shield may consist of some form of a vise or jig on either a fixed or

an adjustable base, placed in such a manner as to hold the item in a
position to apply the operating device.
b. A suitable operating device may be a wrench, screwdriver, or
other tool designed to accomplish the work to be performed.
c. A suitable means for observation may be an indirect viewing
system of mirrors or a television camera located so that personnel
may operate at a safe distance. (A safe distance provides 2.3 pounds
per square inch (PSI) protection to the operator.)
d. A suitable means of transmitting power to the operating device
normally consists of a shaft extending through the shield. The shaft
will have a positive stop in front of the shield to prevent the shaft
from being blown through the shield toward the operator in the
event of an explosion. Personnel will not be in a direct line with a
shaft.
18–5. Tools, equipment and supplies
a. Tools. The basic tools and equipment for Ammunition Renovation and Field Maintenance are listed in SC 4925–95–CL-A03.
Specific tools for ammunition operations are listed in the applicable
TM.
b. Equipment
(1) Equipment that is designed specifically for ammunition is
listed in TM 43–0001–47 and described in the operational and parts
manual for each piece of equipment. Additional lists may be found
in TM 9–1300–250.
(2) Other tools and equipment that have to be specially designed
will meet strength requirements and guard against the introduction
of chemical, mechanical, or electrical hazards over and above the
normal hazard of the explosives and ammunition involved. Special
tools and equipment, designed and fabricated locally, will require
prior approval by the appropriate commodity command before use.
18–6. Protection of primers
Preventative measures must be taken in the design of equipment,
transportation, and operations to protect not only loose primers but
also primers in rounds or in components from accidental impact or
pressure. Where feasible a protecting cap will be placed over the
primer. Bodies of hand trucks and other conveyances used for
transporting the primed items must be free from stones, protruding
nails, and other projections and debris which might cause the primer
to function. When primed items are transported on their bases, the
containers or truck bed will be recessed at the point primers would
otherwise make contact.
18–7. Cleaning ammunition
Power tools with nonferrous brushes may be used on ammunition or
ammunition components only when there are no exposed explosives
or thin walled casings where brushing would create heat or friction
sufficient to initiate the item involved.
18–8. Spray painting
a. All spray painting operations involving flammable liquids will
comply with 29 CFR and/or NFPA 77 whichever is more restrictive.
b. Water wash or dry filter-type spray booths will be used exclusively for loaded ammunition and inert items. Filters for dry type
booths must not support combustion when clean and must be capable of effectively arresting paint overspray. They must be replaced
whenever the type of paint being sprayed is changed, and as directed to maintain required airflow measures. Paint encrusted filters
will be disposed of promptly when found.
c. Electrical equipment, devices, apparatus and wiring will comply with the requirements of Article 516, Spray Applications, Dipping, and Coating Processes, of the NEC. Equipment will also be
listed for the appropriate hazardous location as determined by use of
Article 500, Hazardous (Classified) Locations, of the NEC.
d. Automatic sprinkler protection will be provided as follows:
(1) Above each paint booth and 20 feet horizontally beyond the
perimeter of the paint booth.
(2) Installed in exhaust ducts, 6 feet or more in length. If the
ducts pass through combustible walls, ceilings, or roof structures,

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the sprinkler heads inside the ducts, will be no more than 12 feet
apart.
(3) For dry-type paint booths, automatic sprinklers will be installed behind the filters.
e. Controls for paint spray booth ventilating fan motors will be
interlocked with the controls for the paint sprayer. With this arrangement, failure of the ventilating system will shut off power to
the paint sprayer.
f. For additional paint booth and flammable storage requirements,
see NFPA 33.
g. Where it is necessary to set up field operations and the requirements of a above, cannot be met, spray painting of sizable
quantities of loaded ammunition or inert items is permissible if:
(1) Paint booths are constructed of noncombustible material.
(2) An exhaust system with fan is installed to remove paint
fumes from the booth (the fan may be powered by an air motor).
(3) At least two 10BC (or larger) CO2 or foam-type extinguishers are installed within the booth with rate-of-rise actuated
nozzle attachments. Two manual type CO2 or foam-type portable
fire extinguishers must also be provided at the paint spray booth or
operation.
(4) Special precautions are taken to keep the booth clean and
prevent the accumulation of paint on the surface of the booth or fire
extinguisher nozzles.
(5) The number of items in the booth at any one time are restricted to the minimum number required for efficient and continuous operation.
(6) The area within 50 feet of the paint booth is kept free of
combustible material, such as dry vegetation, wooden pallets, combustible crating, or packing materials.
(7) Paint and chemical mixing operations, supplies, and air compressors are located at least 50 feet from the booth.
(8) Personnel limits are maintained at the minimum consistent
with efficient safe operation.
h. If the quantity of loaded ammunition or inert items to be spray
painted in an outside location does not warrant providing a paint
booth, the operation may be performed in the open provided:
(1) The area within 50 feet of the spray paint operation is kept
clean and free from extraneous combustible material, air compressors, and paint mixing operations.
(2) At least two class 10BC (or larger) portable fire extinguishers
are provided at the spray painting operation.
(3) Personnel are protected from toxic materials by respirators,
approved for the amount and type of exposure involved.
(4) Personnel limits are maintained at the minimum required for
efficient safe operation.
18–9. Electrostatic paint spraying and detearing of inert
items in non-hazardous locations
a. Electrostatic paint spraying and detearing operations will meet
the requirements of NFPA Standards or OSHA requirements whichever are more restrictive.
b. Loaded ammunition items will not be electrostatically paint
sprayed or deteared.
18–10. Infrared ray drying
a. Infrared drying processes will not be used in the same room in
which exposed explosives are present. Special precautions will be
taken to ensure that all items from which explosives have been
removed by processes such as “steam out” are free of explosives
contamination before subjecting them to this process.
b. If sealed items containing explosives are to be subjected to
infrared drying processes, prior tests to determine maximum internal
temperatures to which explosives will be raised by such rays will be
conducted on duplicate sealed containers with inert filler having a
thermal conductivity and specific heat similar to that of the explosives. Conveyer speed, time of exposure, and intensity of exposure
to infrared rays will be adjusted so that the maximum internal
temperatures to which explosives are subjected to do not exceed 170
degrees F. (76.7 degrees C.) during entire period of exposure.

142

c. Before freshly dipped or painted items (inert or explosive
loaded) are processed in infrared drying equipment, they will pass
through a predryer. This predryer will be provided with positive
mechanical ventilation, constructed of non-combustible materials,
and will be provided with automatic sprinkler protection. The air
exhausted from the predryer will be discharged to the outside at a
point where possibility of re-entry into the building is at a minimum. The predryer need not be heated. The time the article must
remain therein will be determined by actual test when using the
normal paint mixture. Freshly dipped or painted articles will be
predried until at least 85 percent of the volatile flammable vapors
are removed. (In most instances, less than 2 minutes are required
when air velocity past the article in the predryer is 300 feet per
minute (fpm) and the circulated air temperature is 70 degrees F.)
d. Within 20 feet of the predryer, paint spray booth or dip tank,
the electrical equipment will be installed in accordance with NFPA
Standard 33.
e. Interlock the drying equipment with the exhaust fan so that the
drying equipment cannot function unless the fan and conveyor are
operating.
f. Infrared drying equipment will be installed in a large room at
least six times as large in unobstructed area as the area of the
infrared drying equipment.
g. Adequate ventilation, preferably exhaust ventilation of the
predryer will be provided for the room to keep vapor air mixtures at
least 25 percent below the lower explosive limit, and also below the
health hazard threshold limit values. Periodic tests in the vicinity of
the infrared drying equipment will be made with a flammable vapor
indicator to ensure low vapor concentrations.
h. The construction of infrared drying equipment will be such
that paint dripping from articles will not strike the lamps, reflectors
or wiring.
i. The construction and position of the infrared drying equipment
and conveyor equipment will be such that contact between articles
and bulbs is not possible.
j. Provisions will be made so that items being processed cannot
drop off the hooks and lodge in the dryer unnoticed. If the drying
equipment is constructed so that falling articles will not pass completely through it, arrangements will be made to automatically stop
the conveyor and extinguish the lights concurrently using suitable
protective devices.
k. The infrared drying equipment will be screened, or the source
of infrared radiation shielded so as to protect workers from prolonged or close exposure to radiation. If screening or shielding is
not adequate to protect employees’ eyes while working in the vicinity of the drying equipment, safety goggles with Nos. 1–1/2 to 3
shade lens will be worn by those so exposed.
18–11. Drying freshly painted loaded ammunition
a. Ovens in which freshly painted loaded ammunition is dried
will comply with the requirements of 29 CFR or NFPA Standard 33,
whichever is more restrictive.
b. In addition, the following requirements will be met:
(1) Automatic thermostatic controls will be arranged to stop the
application of heat upon reaching a predetermined maximum temperature which will not exceed 170 degrees F. (76.7 degrees C.).
(2) The oven will be equipped with an automatic sprinkler system installed in conformity with the requirements of NFPA Standard
13. Automatic operation of the system may be accomplished by
electrical heat-actuated devices provided they are approved for, and
are installed in accordance with the requirements of Class I, Division 1, Group D hazardous locations as defined in the NEC.
(3) Heating may be by hot air or other means as long as ammunition or explosives do not come in contact with coils, radiators, or
heating elements.
(4) If a conveyor system is employed, provision will be made to
shut off the heat supply automatically in the event of power failure
to the conveyor.
(5) Electric drying units that are not approved for use in Class I
hazardous locations as defined in the NEC will be designed so that

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

the atmosphere in the oven is kept below 25 percent of the lower
explosive limit of the mixture of solvent vapors and air.
18–12. Heat sealing equipment
Electric heat sealing machines, used for sealing packages of uncased
or exposed explosives, will be separated from all similar or dissimilar operations by an operational shield large enough to limit the
effect of an incident originating at the sealing operation to the
immediate vicinity. This does not apply for sealing outer packages
of cased or unexposed ammunition and explosives. Temperature
limits for heat-sealing equipment will be established with a safety
factor below the ignition temperature of the explosive, propellants,
or pyrotechnics involved. Such sealing equipment will be limited to
one machine per operating room, bay, or cubicle.
18–13. Soldering containers
Containers to be soldered will be free from explosives, explosive
dust, and flammable vapors. This does not prohibit soldering covers
to metal liners containing completely closed ammunition.
18–14. Thread cleaning
a. When thread cleaning is necessary, it will be accomplished by
the judicious use of nonferrous “picks.” Stainless steel brushes may
be used to clean threads of explosive-loaded projectiles providing a
fuze seat liner separates the thread cleaning operation from the
explosive charge. The operators need not be protected by operation
shields; however, thread cleaning operation will be separated from
unrelated operations.
b. Power actuated “thread-chasing” tools may be used to clean
loaded projectiles when threads are imperfect because of previously
applied Pettman cement or other sealers, provided the operation is
performed within a separate cubicle and by remote control. Hand
operated “thread-chasing” tools may be utilized provided no explosives are present in the threads.
c. Thread cutting or correcting crossthreads will not be performed
on projectiles containing explosives. Straightening of crossthreads is
considered thread cutting.
18–15. Inert scrap components and packaging materials
a. All scrap components and packaging materials, other than
fired small arms cartridge cases, derived from ammunition and hazardous chemical renovation, P&P, modification and demilitarization
operations will be inspected by the activity generating the scrap to
detect contamination. All packaging materials will be opened to
ensure that no hazardous chemicals or ammunition items are present. Qualified responsible personnel will certify such material to be
inert and free of hazardous chemicals and explosives prior to reuse
or transfer to the Defense Property Disposal Officer (DPDO) or to
an inert storage area.
b. For those items transferred to DPDO, the qualified responsible
personnel conducting the inspection of material will submit a certificate of inertness as part of the turn-in document in accordance with
the provision of DOD 4160.21–M–1, Chapter II, paragraph D2.
Materials generated from ammunition or other hazardous items,
even though properly inspected and certified inert, will not be mingled with other types of material, including scrap. The separation of
inert projectiles, dummy ammunition rounds and other types of
material will be maintained.
18–16. Sand or shotblasting operations
a. Because of possible hazards (resulting from hidden explosives,
thin or eroded cases, and certain characteristics of explosive filler),
sandblasting or shotblasting is prohibited for items such as thincased land mines, shoulder-fired rocket ammunition, fixed rounds of
artillery ammunition, and cartridge cases containing propellant.
Blast cleaning of solid propellant rocket motors may be accomplished only if the item manager approves in advance.
b. Explosive-filled or chemical-filled ammunition items assembled with tracers, fuzes, or other explosive-loaded components,
which are not or cannot be adequately protected from direct contact
with the abrasive, will have such components removed prior to blast

cleaning. Where explosive-filled and chemical-filled items containing explosives-loaded components such as fuzes are, or can be,
protected in a manner to permit blast cleaning, satisfactory
safeguards must be installed to prevent rotational velocities and
accelerations that will harm or otherwise affect the component parts.
c. In instances where items of ammunition are contained within a
structurally suitable outer container, the container, if necessary, may
be cleaned by sandblasting or shotblasting.
d. Each explosives or chemical-filled item must be carefully inspected for the presence of exuding explosives, chemical, and/or
inert seal material prior to sand or shot blasting. If exudation can be
properly removed with the application of approved solvents, such as
acetone, the unit may then be returned for sandblast or shot blast
cleaning. Solvents shall only be used in well ventilated areas.
e. All metal processing equipment used at the sand or shot blasting operations will be electrically grounded and tested.
f. All operators directly engaged in sand or shot blasting operations will wear personal protective equipment.
g. Approved automatic or semi-automatic sand or shotblasting
equipment will be installed where practical. Remote control of
equipment, from behind an adequate barrier, is preferred.
h. The quantity of loaded items being sand or shot blasted at one
time will be maintained at the minimum consistent with safety and
efficiency. The sand or shotblasting equipment location will be
separated from the remainder of the operations and personnel by an
adequate barrier, dividing wall, or appropriate quantity-distance in a
manner to effectively limit the forces of an explosion during the
process to the immediate area.
i. Steel wool will not be used for cleaning where possible contact
with exposed explosives exists; nonferrous wool will be substituted
in these instances.
j. Operations involving the processing of related inert components will not be performed in close proximity to the sand or
shotblasting operation involving explosives-filled items. These operations will be accomplished at a location where safety from an
explosion can be reasonably ensured. Wherever practical, the independent processing on inert components such as cleaning metal
grommets and the like will be accomplished at not less than the
appropriate IL separation from the explosive hazard.
18–17. Location of sand or shotblasting operations in
explosives storage areas
a. Inhabited building distance will be maintained from an earth
covered magazine or open storage site to the point of operation,
when the point of operation is other than a permanent or semipermanent structure. Permanent or semi-permanent structures for
such operations will be located at a minimum of IBD from explosives storage locations, based on the larger quantity of explosives
involved. Operations located at less than 100 feet from an earth
covered magazine or open storage site containing ammunition or
explosives are prohibited under any circumstances. Where loading
docks or other outdoor areas are used for sand and shot blast
cleaning activity, unrelated concurrent operations will not be conducted in magazines or outdoor storage sites located closer than IL
distance.
b. A temporary earth barricade or other suitable protective barrier
will be erected around sand or shot blasting operations conducted in
the open within an ammunition storage area to protect adjacent
personnel and the source of supply of explosive-filled items.
c. Air compressors and motor generator sets used at the operation
are not to be located closer than 50 feet from the operational site
and from the nearest earth covered magazine or outdoor storage site.
If they are gasoline-powered and are to be used for a period long
enough to require refueling, they will be located 90 feet away, or
midway between earth covered magazines which are separated by
185 feet. Care must be exercised in the selection of the location to
preclude exposure of the entrance to the operation or to the earth
covered magazine.
d. When it is necessary to use loading docks as operating sites

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

143

for sand or shot blast cleaning operations, the docks will not be used
for normal shipping and receiving activities.
18–18. Sand or shotblasting operations within a building
in an operating line
When sand and shot blasting operations are carried on within a
building in an operating line, the following safety measures are
required in addition to the applicable precautions listed in paragraphs 18–16 and 18–17:
a. The actual sand or shot blasting operation must be separated
from all other operations in the building by walls or barriers that are
designed to protect all other personnel if an unusual incident occurrs
at this location. Opening in these walls or barriers will be limited to
the minimum sizes required to facilitate the handling of items to and
from the operation. These openings will be arranged in a manner to
effectively baffle fragments and prevent projection into adjoining
rooms. Openings of the size to allow entry and exit of MHE will not
be permitted within the protective walls or barriers unless specially
designed to provide resistance to potential explosions equivalent to
that provided by the wall. A door opening of sufficient size for use
of personnel only may be provided in the protective wall if required.
In existing buildings where protection is provided by 12–inch reinforced concrete dividing walls, the walls must extend to the exterior
walls of the building. In no event will the height of the concrete
wall be lower than the lower rafters of the roof truss. Any opening
remaining between the top of the concrete wall and the underside of
the roof will be closed on both faces with rigid fire-resistant material securely fastened to the wall and the underside of the roof.
b. Equipment for sand or shot blasting operations will be of the
type not requiring operators in the immediate vicinity of the machine to control it. It will be automatically controlled and provided
with interlocking switches that will stop the machine if any of its
parts fail. Manually controlled stop switches also will be provided at
proper intervals to permit prompt stopping of the equipment in event
of an accident. When manually operated abrasive equipment is used,
“dead man” controls will be provided on the blast nozzle.
18–19. Electrical testing of ammunition and ammunition
components
a. Type of test equipment. Electrical (including electronics) test
equipment will use the weakest possible power source. Batterypowered equipment will be used in lieu of that with an AC source.
The power source will not be capable of initiating the explosive
item under test. Where greater power must be used, positive means
must be provided to prevent delivery of power to the explosive item,
in quantities sufficient to initiate the item. The possibility of error
on the part of operators and other personnel must be recognized and
safeguards provided.
b. Layout of test equipment. Test equipment will not be placed in
hazardous atmospheres unless absolutely necessary. When the test
equipment or parts thereof must be placed in hazardous atmospheres, its suitability must be attested by an approved testing facility’s approval or specific approval must be obtained from the
commander. Unless the test equipment is incapable of initiating the
item being tested, operational shields are required to protect personnel. The most reliable means for attaining and retaining this initiation incapability is to protect the test equipment, including leads,
from electromagnetic (induction and radiation fields) and electrostatic energy and to provide the test equipment with a weak power
source. Where reliance is placed on resistors and other devices for
limiting power delivered to the item being tested, operational shields
will be provided.
c. Use of test equipment. Test equipment will be used only in the
manner and for the purpose for which approval was granted. The
equipment will be maintained in good working order by qualified
personnel. Operator adjustments must be limited to those required
by design of the equipment.

144

d. Equipment selection. The Army Equipment Data Sheets, Ammunition Peculiar Equipment, TM 43–0001–47, may be used as a
guide in selecting equipment for specific operations.
18–20. Profile and alignment gaging operations
a. Each profile and alignment gaging operation, excluding small
arms ammunition, will be so enclosed that adjacent operations are
protected by operational shields complying with the requirements of
paragraph 18–3. The layout of the equipment and operational procedure will be developed with a view toward minimizing personnel
injury and property damage in the event of an incident.
b. During chamber gaging of major caliber fixed ammunition, the
gate will be pointed toward a dividing wall or other barrier and the
round inserted into the gage and removed by the same operator. In
no case will the round be left in the gage. Rounds of mortar
ammunition will be gaged prior to attaching propellant increments,
and, unless prohibited by design characteristics, prior to assembly of
ignition cartridge.
18–21. Collection of explosives dusts
a. Dust collecting systems may be used to aid cleaning, to lessen
explosion hazards, and to minimize industrial job incurred poisoning
and dermatitis.
b. Examples of high explosives dusts which may be removed by
a vacuum system are TNT, tetryl, Explosive D, Composition B and
pentolite. A wet collector which moistens the dust close to the point
of origin and keeps it wet until the dust is removed for disposal is
preferred except for Explosive D which will only be collected in a
dry system.
c. More sensitive explosives such as black powder, lead azide,
mercury fulminate, tracer, igniter, incendiary compositions, and
pyrotechnic materials may be collected by vacuum, provided they
are maintained wet with the wetting agent, close to the point of
intake. The vacuum (aspirator) systems must be so arranged that the
various types of explosives are collected separately or in a manner
to avoid mixture of dissimilar hazards; for example, black powder
with lead azide. Provision will be made for the proper liberation of
gases that may be formed. The use of vacuum systems for collecting
these more sensitive materials will be confined to operations involving small quantities of explosives; for example, in operations involving fuzes, detonators, small arms ammunition, and black
powder igniters. Potential fire and explosion hazards can be minimized by collecting scrap pyrotechnic, tracer, flare and similar mixtures in number 10 mineral oil. Satisfactory techniques include
placing the oil in catch pans and scrap transporting containers at the
various operations throughout the plant, and by having individual oil
containers serve as collection points for multiple operations. In the
latter case, nominal quantities of dry scrap may accumulate at operating locations before they are delivered to collection points and
placed in containers of oil. The level of oil will be kept at least 1
inch above the level of any pyrotechnic mixture in the containers.
Containers in which scrap explosives and pyrotechnic materials
have been collected will be removed from the operating buildings
for burning at least once per shift. Where oil is used, fire-fighting
equipment satisfactory for class B fires will be available. Carbon
dioxide or foam extinguishers are recommended.
18–22. Location of collection chambers
a. Wherever practical, dry type explosives dust collection chambers, except portable units as specifically provided for in paragraph
18–23, will be located outside operating buildings, in the open, or in
buildings exclusively set aside for the purpose. To protect operating
personnel from an incident involving the collection chamber, a protective barrier must be provided between the operating building and
the outside location or separate building where the collection chamber is placed. If the collection chamber contains 25 pounds of
explosives or less, the protective barrier may be a 12–inch reinforced concrete wall located a minimum of 8 feet away from the
operating building. The collection chamber must be separated from
cubicle walls by at least 3 feet. If the collection chamber contains

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

more than 25 pounds of explosives and is separated from the operating building by a 12–inch reinforced concrete wall, the wall must be
separated from the operating building by a minimum of IL(U) distance. If the protective barrier meets the requirements of paragraph
18–3 for operational shields (including the required 3–foot distance
between the barrier and explosives), for the quantity of explosive in
the collection chamber, or if they comply with the requirements of
paragraph 18–29 for barricades, the cubicle may be placed at a
minimum of IL(B) distance from the operating building. Barricaded
and unbarricaded intraline distances will be based on the quantity of
explosives in the collection chamber.
b. When it is not practical to locate dry type collection chambers
outside the operating building, a separate room within the building
may be set aside for the purpose. This room will not contain other
operations nor will it be used as a communicating corridor or passageway between other operating locations within the building when
explosives are being collected. Walls separating the room from
other portions of the operating buildings must meet the requirements
of paragraph 18–3 and not more than one collection chamber will be
in a single cubicle.
c. Stationary and portable wet type collectors may be placed in
the explosives operating bays or cubicles provided the quantity of
explosives in the collectors does not exceed 5 pounds. If placed in
separate cubicles, the explosives limits for the collectors may be
increased to the amount reflecting the capabilities of the cubicle
walls as operational shields. For greater quantities, the location
requirements set forth in this paragraph are applicable.
18–23. Design and operation of collection systems
a. Collection systems and chambers will be designed to prevent
pinching explosives (especially dust or thin layers) between metal
parts. Pipes or tubes through which dusts are conveyed will have
flanged, welded, or rubber connections. Threaded connections are
prohibited. The systems will be designed to minimize accumulation
of explosives dusts in parts other than the collection chamber. Accordingly, pipes or ducts through which high explosives are conveyed will have long radius bends with a center line radius at least
four times the diameter of ducts or pipes. Short radius bends may be
used in systems for propellant powder provided they are stainless
steel, with polished interiors. The number of points of application of
vacuum will be kept to a minimum. As far as practical, each collection system serving one bay will require a single header leading
directly to the collector. A common header serving more than two
bays is prohibited. No part of a collection system servicing an
operation within a bay or cubicle will expose personnel outside that
bay or cubicle. Wet primary collectors are preferred. Not more than
two primary collectors (wet or dry) will be connected to a single
secondary collector. If an operation does not create a dust concentration which may produce a severe health hazard, manual operation
of the suction hose to remove explosives dusts is preferred to a
permanent attachment to the explosive dust producing machine. A
permanent attachment increases the likelihood of propagation
through a collection system of a detonation occurring at the machine. Interconnection of manually operated hose connections to
explosives dust- producing machines will be avoided.
b. Two collection chambers will be installed in series ahead of
the pump or exhauster to prevent explosives from entering the
vacuum producer in dry vacuum collection systems.
c. Dry portable vacuum collectors will not be located in a bay or
cubicle where explosives are present, or in enclosed ramps, but may
be positioned outside the buildings or in a separate cubicle having
substantial dividing walls for quantities of explosives not exceeding
5 pounds. Wet portable vacuum collectors may be placed in explosives operating bays or cubicles provided the quantity of explosives
in the collector is limited in accordance with the requirements of
paragraph 18–22. For dry collection of quantities in excess of 5
pounds, or wet collection of quantities in excess of 15 pounds, the
further provisions of paragraph 18–22 will apply.
d. The design of wet collectors will provide for proper immersion
of explosives, breaking up air bubbles to release airborne particles

and removal of moisture from the air before it leaves the collector to
prevent moistened particles of explosives from entering the small
piping between the collector and the exhauster or pump.
e. Explosives dust will be removed periodically from the collector chamber to eliminate unnecessary and hazardous concentrations
of explosives but not less frequently than once every shift. The
entire system will be cleaned, dismantling the parts if necessary.
f. Slide valves for vacuum collection systems are permitted.
There will be no metal-to-metal contacts with the metal slide. An
aluminum slide operating between two ebonite space bars will not
constitute a hazard.
18–24. Solid propellant collection
a. Solid propellant being recovered from the fixed rounds that are
being pulled apart will be removed from the pull-apart machine as
soon as practical. This removal is best accomplished by a properly
designed vacuum-type collecting system. Regardless of which type
collection system is used, the operations and equipment will be
arranged so that the operators and the pull- apart machine are not
exposed to more than 15 pounds of solid propellants at any one
time. If a vacuum collection system is not used, requirements of e
below must be enforced.
b. Vacuum collecting systems for solid propellants will be designed, located, and operated in accordance with the requirements of
paragraphs 18–22 and 18–23 and where practical will include wet
collection features.
c. The common header connected to a primary collector will not
serve, nor be connected to, more than three pull-apart machines. Not
more than one header connected to a collector will be operated
simultaneously. Additional collecting units will be installed complete for any additional pull-apart machines, limiting each additional
collecting system to not more than three machines.
d. Pull-apart machines will be electrically interconnected with
vacuum collection systems (piping and collectors) and grounded.
e. When vacuum collecting systems are not installed, the collection of solid propellants may be accomplished by means of a closed
tube or chute leading from the pull-apart machine to a collection
point located in a separate room or enclosure. This system depends
on unimpeded gravity flow. Each tube or chute will be equipped
with a properly designed flashback damper to prevent exposure of
personnel to flame, toxic gas, and heat in the event of an incident
within the collection station. The tubes, troughs, and containers at
the collection station will be of nonsparking metal properly cross
bonded and electrically grounded. The collection station enclosure
or room will be vented directly to the outside (preferably through
the roof) to prevent the rupture of the room or enclosures. The total
poundage of solid propellants at the collection station will be limited
to a minimum amount necessary to fill one container (not over 200
pounds).
18–25. Destruction of solid wastes
Contaminated solid waste material will be taken in closed containers, as soon as practical, to buildings set apart for its treatment or to
the burning ground to be destroyed in an appropriate manner.
18–26. Assembly and crimping of complete rounds
Each assembly and crimping machine will be separated from other
similar or dissimilar operations by walls or operational shields that
are sufficiently strong to retain any fragment that may be produced.
18–27. Rotational speeds for equipment used in field
ammunition operations
a. The following rotational speeds will be the maximum permitted for equipment used in ammunition field operations:
(1) Drilling exposed explosives, 75 revolutions per minute.
(2) Cleaning metal parts seated in explosives, such as fuze seat
liners in projectiles and bombs, 125 revolutions per minute.
b. The speeds cited above are applied speeds of light feed. Rotational speeds for equipment used in explosives loading are set forth
in paragraph 18–28. Higher speeds and rates of feed are permitted
for these because of their mechanical tool alignment and speed and

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

145

feed control features. Stainless steel brushes may be used for cleaning small deposits of explosives from nose threads of separate loading projectiles provided brushes have been proven to be nonsparking and have speeds and feed in accordance with the standards
above.
c. Rotational speeds and other safety factors for equipment used
in machining explosives in workshops or line operations are contained in paragraph 18–28.
18–28. Machining of explosives
a. Items containing explosives may be drilled either while in a
vertical or horizontal position. Vertical drilling is preferred since
withdrawal of explosive chips and dust is facilitated and proper drill
alignment is more easily attained and maintained.
b. To protect adjacent operators, high explosives will be drilled,
faced, milled, sawed, or otherwise machined within rooms or cubicles having reinforced concrete walls except as permitted by paragraph 18–28.
(1) The following high explosives, cased or uncased, may be
machined without protection for the operator and without coolant if
there is no metal-to-metal contact: Amatol, Octol, TNT, Composition B, Explosive D, and RDX/TNT compositions containing 60
percent or less RDX.
(2) The following high explosives, cased or uncased, may be
machined without protection being afforded the operator provided a
suitable noncombustible, nontoxic coolant is directed on the tool
and explosives at their point of contact: baratols, pentolite (50–50
and 10–90), tetrytol, and cyclotols (Composition B less than 60–40;
that is 70–30).
(3) When essential, any other high explosives may be machined
by remote control, with the operator projected by a suitable operational shield (para 18–29). Initiating explosives will not be machined if other means (for example, forming) may be used to obtain
desired shapes or sizes. If a coolant is used when machining explosives containing aluminum, it must be of a waterless, noncombustible, and nontoxic type.
c. If drilling is being accomplished without protection for the
operator, only a single drill will be used and the drill must have a
diameter greater than one-fourth inch. Operations involving the use
of multiple drills or drills one-fourth inch or less in diameter must
be performed by remote control, with the operator protected by an
operational shield.
d. Machining of cased explosives is permitted, if the operation
requires the tool to remove metal prior to or after contact with the
explosives filler, provided it is performed by remote control with the
operators protected by operational shields complying with the requirements of paragraph 18–29.
e. Where wet machining is to be performed, positive automatic
interlocking devices will be provided to ensure that machining cannot be started until coolant is flowing. These controls also must be
capable of stopping the machining if the flow of coolant is interrupted. When it is essential to cut off the flow of coolant to adjust
machining tools, positive means must be devised to ensure that,
when adjusted, the flow of coolant is restored and all automatic
control devices are in operation before machining is permitted to
continue. The manipulation of the manual means employed for making the automatic control devices temporarily inoperative will be
under the direct control of some assigned, responsible person other
than the operator.
f. The lineal and rotational speeds of tools used for the machining
of cased or uncased explosives will be maintained at the minimum
necessary to safely and efficiently perform the operation. Speeds
will not exceed 210 linear fpm or 525 revolutions per minute. So far
as practical, machining equipment will be used that is capable of
accurately controlling the rate of feed. The above rotational and feed
speed rates are for high explosive charge machining. For propellant
manufacture, machining rates and methods will be established for
individual operations by accepted hazard analysis methods. The rate
of feed used will be the lowest consistent with safe and efficient
operations, dependent upon the explosive materials being machined.

146

When equipment provided with feed control mechanisms are used
for machining high explosives, the rate of feed used will not exceed
.035 inch per revolution. Cavities required in explosives preferably
will be made with forming tools rather than drills.
g. Pneumatic or hydraulic driven machine tools are preferred for
all machining operations on high explosives. Electric tools may be
used if the motors, switches, and wiring are of types suitable for the
specific hazardous exposure being produced. Control mechanisms
for hydraulic or pneumatic equipment will provide positive control
of speed selected to prevent tampering by unauthorized personnel.
Pressure relief devices will be installed where necessary.
h. Wherever practical, and when forming tools cannot be used,
“fly-cutter” type tools and forming cutters will be used for producing cavities in high explosives. When fluted drills must be used, the
flutes will extend from the tip of the drill to a point beyond the
entry of the drill into the cased or uncased explosives. High explosives will not be drilled to a greater depth than 4 inches unless
operation is remotely controlled or the drill is stopped at increments
of depth not greater than 4 inches, withdrawn, and loose explosives
removed from the cavity and drill before continuing. When producing cavities in high explosives with a “fly-cutter” type drill, a flow
of air will be directed at or near the interior bottom of the cavity to
aid in clearing explosives chips and dust through the exhaust
systems.
i. In all machining operations on cased or uncased high explosives, tool adjustments will be controlled by positive means to
ensure proper depth, diameter and contour of the cut. The positive
control measures will include guides, bushings or other alignment
aids to prevent contact between moving parts of the machining
equipment and metallic parts of the case or holding fixtures. Minor
adjustments of machining tools may be made while operations are in
progress; however, the total personnel exposure must not exceed
that permitted for normal operation. Major repairs, modification, or
adjustment of machine equipment will not be undertaken while
machining of explosives is in progress.
j. Dull or damaged tools will not be used for machining high
explosives. Tools will be made of material which will take and
retain a satisfactory cutting edge and be compatible with the explosives being processed.
k. The explosives products resulting from drilling and other machining operations will be removed by an approved exhaust system
or by immersion in a stream of water flowing away from the
operation. The waste products will be collected at a point outside
the operating room or cubicle. Collected waste products will be
removed from the operating area at intervals frequent enough to
prevent hazardous accumulations. The use of large capacity sumps
immediately adjacent to the operating room or cubicle will be
discouraged.
l. The quantity of cased or uncased explosives being machined
will be the minimum necessary for safe and efficient operation.
When the explosives intended for processing are on trays or transfer
dollies, the unit being processed must be located as far as is practical from the remaining units awaiting processing.
m. Unless an operational shield is provided to protect operators,
not more than two persons will be permitted in a room or cubicle
when dry machining of explosives is being accomplished. Where
wet machining of explosives is being performed and the work is of
a special nature which requires the presence of more than two
persons, the number of personnel exposed will not exceed five.
18–29. Operational shields for munitions loading
a. Operational shield for munition loading operations will comply
with the requirements of paragraph 18–3.
b. On any equipment used for explosives processing, equipped
with doors which function as operational shields, interlocking devices will be installed which will prevent the operator from opening
such doors while the equipment is in operation.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Appendix A
References

AR 735–11–2
Reporting of Item and Packaging Discrepancies (Cited in paras 7–12
and 7–14.)

Section I
Required Publications
American National Standard Institute (ANSI) Safety Code
A156.3
Building Exits (This publication may be obtained from the
American National Standard Institute, 1430 Broadway, ATTN: Sales
Dept, New York, NY 10018.) (Cited in para 8–11.)
ANSI Safety Code B9.1
Mechanical Refrigeration (This publication may be obtained from
the American National Standard Institute, 1430 Broadway, ATTN:
Sales Dept, New York, NY 10018.) (Cited in para 8–22.)
ANSI Safety Standard Z41.1
Men’s Safety-Toe Footwear (This publication may be obtained from
the American National Standard Institute, 1430 Broadway, ATTN:
Sales Dept, New York, NY 10018.) (Cited in para 6–10.)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Boiler Code (This publication may be obtained from McGraw Hill
Book Company, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY
10020.)(Cited in para 8–21.)
AR 11–34
The Army Respiratory Protection Program (Cited in para 13–9.)
AR 55–38
Reporting of Transportation Discrepancies in Shipments (Cited in
paras 7–12, 7–13, and 7–14.)
AR 55–355
Defense Traffic Management Regulations (Cited in paras 7–1, 7–2,
7–4, 7–7, 7–8, 7–9, and 7–12.)
AR 95–27
Operational Procedures for Aircraft Carrying Hazardous Materials
(Cited in para 7–13.)
AR 210–20
Master Planning for Army Installations (Cited in para 8–2.)
AR 385–10
The Army Safety Program (Cited in paras 12–5a and D–1c.)

Bureau of Explosives (BOE) Pamphlet 6
Approved Methods for Loading and Bracing Trailers and Less than
Carload Shipments of Explosives and other Hazardous Materials
(This publication may be obtained from the Association of
American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 50 F Street, N.W.,
Washington, DC 20001.) (Cited in paras 7–12 and 16–3.)
BOE Pamphlet 6C
Approved Methods for Loading and Bracing Trailers and Less than
Trailerload Shipments of Explosives and Other hazardous materials
via Trailer-On-Flat-Car (TOFC) or Container-On-Flat-Car (COFC)
(This publication may be obtained from the Association of
American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 50 F Street, N.W.,
Washington, DC 20001.) (Cited in paras 7–12 and 16–3.)
DA Pamphlet 75–5
Index of Storage and Outloading Drawings (Cited in paras 7–12,
13–2, 13–5, 13–9, and 13–18.)
DA Pamphlet 385–61
Morning Report (Cited in paras 8–1b(3) and 12–5g.)
FM 55–450–1
Army Helicopter External Load Operations (Cited in para 6–10.)
International Standards Organization (ISO) 284
Conveyor Belts, Electric Conductive, Specifications and method of
Test (This publication may be obtained from the American National
Standard Institute, 1430 Broadway, ATTN: Sales Dept, New York,
NY 10018.) (Cited in para 6–10.)
ISO 1813
Antistatic V-Belts Electric Conductive--Specifications and Method
of Test (This publication may be obtained from the American
National Standard Institute, 1430 Broadway, ATTN: Sales Dept,
New York, NY 10018.) (Cited in para 6–10.)
Mil Handbook 419
Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding for Electronic Equipment and
Facilities (This publication may be obtained from the Commanding
Officer, Naval Publications and Forms Center, 5801 Tabor Avenue,
Philadelphia, PA 19120.) (Cited in para B–4.)

AR 385–40
Accident Reporting and Records (Cited in paras 2–10 and 13–16.)

Mil Std 1474
Noise Limits for Military Material This publication may be obtained
from the Naval Publications and Forms Center, Standardization
Documents Order Desk, Bldg 4D, 700 Robins Avenue, Philadelphia,
PA 19111–5094.) (Cited in paras 5–7 and 18–3.)

AR 385–63
Policies and Procedures for Firing Ammunition forTraining, Target
Practice, and Combat (Cited in 14–9.)

Mil–T–52932
Truck, Lift, Fork, Internal Combustion Engine, 4000 - 6000 Pound
Capacity, General Specification (Cited in para 10–5.)

AR 385–64
U.S. Army Explosives Safety Program (Cited in paras 1–1, 1–3,
1–4, 8–1, 8–3, and 14–1.)

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 13
Installation of Sprinkler System (This publication may be obtained
from the National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,
Quincy, MA 02269–9101.) (Cited in paras 3–20, 8–28, and 18–11.)

AR 415–15
Military Construction, Army (MCA) (Cited in para 8–2.)
AR 415–20
Project Development and Design Approval (Cited in para 8–2.)
AR 420–90
Fire Protection (Cited in paras 3–1, 3–6, 3–12, 3–20, 7–13, 8–28,
and 13–16.)

NFPA Recommended Practice 13A
Inspection, Testing, and maintenance of Sprinkler Systems (This
publication may be obtained from the National Fire Protection
Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269–9101.) (Cited
in para 3–20.)
NFPA Recommended Practice 33
Spray Application Using Flammable and Combustible Materials
(Cited in paras 1–4, 6–10, 18–8, 18–10, and 18–11.)

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

147

NFAP Recommended Practice 77
Static Electricity (Cited in paras 1–4, 6–10, and 18–8.)
NFPA Standard 16
Deluge Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems
(This publication may be obtained from the National Fire Protection
Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269–9101.) (Cited
in paras 3–20 and 8–28.)
NFPA Standard 30
Flammable and Combustible Liquids (This publication may be
obtained from the National Fire Protection Association, 1
Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269–9101.) (Cited in paras 3–7
and 5–7.)
NFPA Standard 58
Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (This
publication may be obtained from the National Fire Protection
Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269–9101.) (Cited
in para 10–4.)
NFPA Standard 70
National Electrical Code (This publication may be obtained from the
National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy,
MA 02269–9101.) (Cited in para 3–21, 6–1, 6–2, 6–3, 6–5, 6–10,
6–13, 6–14, 8–26, and 10–5.)
NFPA Standard 80
Fire Doors and Windows (This publication may be obtained from
the National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,
Quincy, MA 02269–9101.) (Cited in paras 3–11, 8–7, and 8–9.)
NFPA Standard 101
Life Safety Code (This publication may be obtained from the
National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy,
MA 02269–9101.) (Cited in paras 8–9 and 8–11.)
NFPA Standard 505
Powered Industrial Trucks (This publication may be obtained from
the National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,
Quincy, MA 02269–9101.) (Cited in paras 10–2 and 10–5.)
NFPA Standard 780
Lightning Protection Code (Cited in paras 1–4, 6–14, 12–6, and
D–2.)
NFPA Standard 1123
Outdoor Display of Fire Works (This publication may be obtained
from the National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,
Quincy, MA 02269–9101.) (Cited in para 2–12.)

TM 3–250
Storage, Shipment, Handling, and Disposal of Chemical Agents and
Hazardous Chemicals (Cited in para 3–15.)
TM 5–695
Maintenance of Fire Protection Systems (Cited in para 3–20.)
TM 5–803–4
Planning of Army Aviation Facilities (Cited in para 5–10.)
TM 5–811–1
Electric Power Supply and Distribution (Cited in para 12–5.)
TM 5–811–3
Electric Design, Lightning and Static Electricity (Cited in para
12–5.)
TM 5–811–7
Electrical Design, Cathodic Protection (Cited in para 12–5.)
TM 5–1300
Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions (Cited in
paras 5–4, 5–13, 8–4, 8–8, and 18–2.)
TM 38–250
Preparing Hazardous Material for Military Air Shipment (Cited in
para 7–13.)
TM 39–20–11
(C) General Firefighting Guide (U) (Cited in para 3–16.)
Section II
Related Publications
A related publication is a source of additional information. The user
does not have to read a related publication to understand this
regulation.
ANSI Safety Code A14.3
Construction, Care and Use of Ladders
AR 55–355, Volume 2
Transportation Facility Guide (TGF) Records, U.S. Army Volume 2
AR 75–1
Malfunctions Involving Ammunition and Explosives
AR 75–15
Responsibilities and Procedures for Explosive Ordnance Disposal
AR 190–11
Physical Security of Arms, Ammunition, and Explosives
AR 190–12
Military Police Working Dogs

TB Med 502
Occupational and Environmental Health Respiratory Protection
Program (Cited in para 13–9.)

AR 385–30
Safety Color Code Markings and Signs

TB 9–1300–385
Munitions Restricted of Suspended (Cited in para 7–4.)

AR 385–61
Safety Studies and Reviews of Chemical Agents and Associated
Weapon Systems

TB 43–0142
Safety Inspection of Testing of Lifting Devices (Cited in para 6–10.)
TB 700–4
Decontamination of Facilities and Equipment (Cited in para 13–9.)
Title 29, Code of Federal Regulation
Labor (This publication may be obtained from the Superintendent of
Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.)
Cited in paras 3–7, 18–8, and 18–11.)

148

AR 385–63
Policies and Procedures for Firing Ammunition for Training, Target
Practice and Combat
DA Pamphlet 190–12
Military Working Dogs
DA Pamphlet 738–750
Functional Users’ Manual for the Army Maintenance Management
System

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

DDESB Technical Paper Number 13
Prediction of Building Debris for Quantity-Distance Siting
DDESB TR 76–1
Detection of Unexploded Ordnance
FM 8–285
Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military
Chemical Injuries
Mil–F–24385
Fire Extinguishing Agent, Aqueous Film-Forming Foam, (AFFF)
Liquid Concentrate, for Fresh and Seawater
Mil Std 398
Shields, Operational for Ammunition Operations, Criteria for Design
and Tests for Acceptance
NFPA Standard 90a
Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems
NFPA Standard 90b
Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning
NFPA Standard 91
Blower and Exhaust Systems
NFPA 1231
Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting
TB 700–2
Department of Defense Explosives Hazard Classification Procedures
TM 55–607
Loading and Stowage of Military Ammunition and Explosives
Aboard Breakbulk Merchant Ships, UNO Recommendations for
Transport of Dangerous Goods
U.S Army Corps of Engineers Pamphlet EP 1110–345–2
Index of Design Drawings for Military Construction
Section III
Prescribed Forms
This section contains no entries.
Section IV
Referenced Forms
DA Form 3020–R
Magazine Data Card
DA Form 5383–R
Hot Work Permit
DD Form 626
Motor Vehicle Inspection
DD Form 836
Special Instructions for Motor Vehicle Drivers
DD Form 1391
Military Construction Project Data (LRA)
SF 361
Transportation Discrepancy Report

SF 364
Report of Discrepancy

Appendix B
Earth Electrode Subsystem Test and Inspection
B–1. Introduction
This appendix provides criteria and procedures for conducting both
visual inspection and electrical testing of earth electrode subsystems.
B–2. Visual inspection criteria
The earth electrode subsystem will be visually inspected only when
or where the subsystem is visible. The earth cover will not be
removed from the earth electrode subsystem for the sole purpose of
inspection.
a. Components will be in good repair.
b. Components will be free of paint or other nonconductive
coating.
c. Components will be free of corrosion. Discoloration of
materials is not considered corrosion.
d. Components will be free of breaks, cuts, and damage that will
affect equipment integrity.
e. All permanent (welded) and semi-permanent (bolted) bonds
are in good condition.
f. Components will be securely fastened to their mounting surfaces and protected against movement and damage.
g. There have not been additions or alterations to the protected
facility which would require additional protection or testing.
h. Compression clamps are tight.
B–3. Earth resistivity testing
The resistivity of the earth surrounding the facility should be measured using a four terminal fall-of-potential meter. The reading obtained indicates the average resistivity of the soil in the immediate
vicinity of the test area. A resistivity profile of the site requires that
the test be repeated at many sample locations over the region being
mapped.
a. For small sites, up to 2,500 square feet (232 square meters),
make at least one measurement at the center of the site and at each
of the four corners of a 50–foot (15 meters) square as shown in
Figures B–1 and B–2. Drive a stake or marker at the locations
shown. Position the potential and current probes in a straight line
with the stake or marker centered between the probes. Make a
resistance measurement at each location and calculate the resistivity.
Record the resistivity. Take the average of the five readings as the
resistivity for the soil at the site. If possible, soil measurements
should be made during average or normal weather conditions. Measurements should never be made immediately after a rain or storm.
b. For larger sites, make measurements every 100 to 150 feet (31
to 46 meters), over the site area. Include in the site area the locations of support elements such as transformer banks, towers, enginegenerator buildings, and so forth. Choose a sufficient number of test
points to indicate the relative uniformity of the soil composition
throughout the area. Be particularly alert for the presence of localized areas of very high or very low resistivity soils.
c. A single soil resistivity measurement is made using the fourprobe method in the following manner:
(1) At a location near the center of the site, insert the four short
probes supplied with the earth resistance test set into the soil in a
straight line as illustrated in Figure B–2. A convenient probe spacing of 6 to 9 meters (20 to 30 feet) is recommended as a start. If
probes are not supplied with the test set or if they have been lost or
misplaced, four metal (steel, copper, or aluminum) rods, 1/4 to 3/8
inch in diameter and 12 to 18 inches in length, may be used. Drill
and tap the rod for Nos. 6–32, 8–32, or 10–24 screws, according to
rod size and securely fasten the test set leads to the rods. Clamps
may also be used for connecting the leads to the probes.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

149

(2) Following the manufacturer’s instruction, obtain a resistance
reading, R, with the test set.
(3) Convert the probe spacing, A, to centimeters.
(4) Compute resistivity from p = 6.28RA (in ohm-cm). Example:
Assume that a resistance of 2 ohms is measured with probe spacings
of 20 feet. Convert 20 feet to centimeters: 20 ft. x 30.5 cm/ft. = 610
cm. Calculate resistivity: p = 6.28 x 2 (ohm) x 610 (cm) = 7662
ohm-cm.
B–4. Resistance to earth testing
The calculated resistance of a given earth electrode subsystem is
based on a variety of assumptions and approximations that may or
may not be met in the final installation. Because of unexpected and
uncontrolled conditions which may arise during construction, or
develop afterward, the resistance to earth of the installed earth
electrode subsystem must be measured to see if the design criteria
are met. In an existing facility, the resistance to earth of the earth
electrode subsystem must be measured to see if modifications or
upgrading is necessary. There is only one test method (the 3–point
fall of potential method) that is recognized by the Army. The
3–point fall of potential method involves the passing of a known
current between the electrode under test and a current probe as
shown in Figure B–3. The drop in voltage between the earth electrode and the potential electrode located between the current electrodes is then measured. The ratio of the voltage drop to the known
current gives a measure of resistance.
a. Probe spacing. Current flow into the earth surrounding an
electrode produces shells of equipotential around the electrode. A
family of equipotential shells exists around both the electrode under
test and the current reference probe. The sphere of influence of
these shells is proportional to the size of each respective electrode.
The potential probe in Figure B–3 provides an indication of the net
voltage developed at the earth’s surface by the combined effect of
these two families of shells. If the electrode under test and the
current reference probe are so close that their equipotential shells
overlap, the surface voltage variation as measured by the potential
probe will vary as shown in Figure B–4. Since the current flowing
between the electrodes is constant for each voltage measurement,
the resistance curve will have the same shape as the voltage curve.
For close electrode spacings, the continuously varying resistance
curve does not permit an accurate determination of resistance to be

150

made. By locating the current reference probe far enough away from
the electrode under test to ensure that the families of equipotential
shells do not overlap, a voltage curve like that shown in Figure B–4
will be obtained to produce the type of resistance curve shown in
Figure B–3. When the distance (D) between the electrode under test
and the current reference probe is very large compared to the dimensions of the earth electrode subsystem under test, the latter can
be approximated as a hemisphere, and interaction between the two
electrodes is negligible. Thus the true value of resistance to earth
corresponds to the ratio of the potential difference to the measured
current when X is 62 percent of the distance (D) from the electrode
under test to the current probe. It is important to remember that (D)
is measured from the center of the electrode under test to the center
of the current probe and that (D) is large relative to the radius of the
electrode under test. Figure B–4 shows an example of data taken
with the fall-of-potential method. The correct resistance of 13 ohms
corresponds to the potential probe location of 27.4 meters (90 feet)
which is 62 percent of the distance to the current probe. For a
complete explanation of probe spacing see Military Handbook 419.
b. Meters. Meters for this type of test are manufactured with
either three or four terminals. With a four-terminal meter, the P1
and C1 terminals must be interconnected and connected to the earth
electrode to be tested. With a three-terminal instrument, connect
terminal X to the earth electrode being tested. The earth electrode
subsystem will be disconnected when practical. If the earth electrode
is directly accessible, connect the C1 P1 terminals or the X terminal
of the test meter directly to the earth electrode or interconnecting
cable. If the earth electrode is not directly accessible, connect the
C1 P1 terminal or X terminal to the lowest portion of the LPS down
conductor or a structural ground connection. The driven reference
probe C should be driven at the distance (D) from the electrode
under test as specified in Table B–1. Potential reference probe P is
then driven at a point between the earth electrode under test and
probe C as specified in Table B–1. The test leads should then be
connected as shown in Figure B–4. Reference probes should be
driven to a three-foot depth unless an acceptable reading can be
achieved with the reference probes driven to a lesser depth. Operate
the test meter in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions to
obtain the resistance to earth reading. Record the reading.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table B–1
Test probe C and P distances

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

151

Figure B–1. Measurement of soil resistivity

152

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure B–2. Resistivity determination of a small site

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

153

Figure B–3. Fall of potential method for measuring the resistance of earth electrodes

154

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure B–4. Fall of potential resistance to earth test

Appendix C
Inspection and Test of Static Electricity Charge
Dissipation Subsystem
C–1. Introduction
This appendix provides criteria and procedures for conducting both
visual inspection and electrical testing of static electricity charge
dissipation systems.
C–2. Visual inspection procedures and criteria
a. Visual inspection procedures and criteria for conductive
floors, mats, and runners.
(1) Floors mats and runners will be clean, dry, and free of paint
or other nonconductive coating.
(2) Related equipment (metal parts) will be free of corrosion.
Discoloration of materials is not considered corrosion.
(3) Floors, mats, and runners will be free of breaks, cuts, and
damage that will affect equipment integrity.
(4) Bonding straps will not have more than 50 percent of the
wire strands broken.
(5) Components will be in good repair.
(6) Components will not be weakened by vibration.
(7) Components will be securely fastened to their mounting surfaces and protected against movement and damage.
(8) There have not been additions or alterations to the protected
equipment which would require additional protection or testing.
b. Visual inspection procedures and criteria for conductive shoes.
(1) Conductive sock liners not separated or removed from conductive plug.

(2) Conductive plugs not depressed below the insole surface.
(3) Conductive soles clean and free of nonconductive materials.
(4) No additions or alterations to the footwear which would negate protective properties of the footwear.
c. Visual inspection procedures and criteria for belt system.
(1) Belts and related equipment will be free of paint or other
nonconductive coating.
(2) Related equipment (metal parts) will be free of corrosion.
Discoloration of materials is not considered corrosion.
(3) Belts and related equipment will be free of breaks, cuts, and
damage that could affect equipment integrity.
(4) Bonding straps will not have more than 50 percent of the
wire strands broken.
(5) Components will be in good repair.
(6) Components will not be weakened by vibration.
(7) Components will be securely fastened to their mounting surfaces and protected against movement and damage.
(8) There are no additions or alterations to the protected equipment which would require additional protection or testing.
d. Visual inspection procedures and criteria for legstats and
wriststats.
(1) Legstats or wriststats will be free of paint or other nonconductive coating.
(2) Legstats or wriststats will be free of corrosion. Discoloration
of materials not considered corrosion.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

155

(3) Legstats or wriststats will be free of breaks, cuts, and damage
that shall affect their integrity.
(4) Wriststat bonding straps will not have more than 50 percent
of the wire strands broken.
(5) Components of legstats or wriststats will be in good repair.
(6) There are no been additions or alterations to the protected
equipment which would require additional protection or testing.
e. Visual inspection procedures and criteria for machinery and
equipment.
(1) Mating surfaces of machinery and equipment will be free of
paint or other nonconductive coatings.
(2) Machinery and equipment will be free of corrosion. Discoloration of materials is not considered corrosion.
(3) Bonding straps will not have more than 50 percent of the
wire strands broken.
(4) Machinery and equipment will be in good repair.
(5) Components of machinery and equipment will be securely
fastened to their mounting surfaces and protected against movement
and damage.
(6) There are no additions or alterations made to the protected
machinery or equipment which would require additional protection
or testing.
C–3. Electrical testing of conductive floors and mats
a. Equipment requirements.
(1) Conductive surface resistance will be measured with a calibrated ohmmeter which operates on nominal open circuit output
voltage of 500 V dc with short circuit current of 2.5 mA to 5 mA.
Nominal internal resistance must not be less than 100,000 ohms.
(2) Accessories required for these tests shall include 2 weighted
electrodes. Each electrode shall weigh 5 lbs and have a flat circular
contact area 2 1/2 inches in diameter. The contact surface shall be
comprised of aluminum or tin foil .0005 inches to .001 inches thick
with a backing layer of rubber 1/4 inches thick. The rubber should
measure between 40 and 60 durometer hardness as determined with
a Shore Type A durometer.
b. Testing procedures (two electrode).
(1) Obtain resistance readings from five different locations on the
conductive surface.
(2) When conducting this test, two electrodes are placed 3 feet
apart at each of the 5 test points.
(3) Record the readings and compute the average of the five
locations.
(4) The average resistance must be more than 25,000 ohms and
less than 1,000,000 ohms.
(5) No individual reading shall be less than 10,000 ohms or more
than 5,000,000 ohms.
Note. When obtaining resistance measurements, it is recommended that approximately 5 seconds be allowed for meter stabilization before recording
reading.

c. Test procedures (one electrode to ground).
(1) Obtain 5 resistance readings to ground. For this test only 1
electrode is placed at each test location on the conductive surface.
The meter leads are connected to the electrode and to the ground
point.
(2) The average of the 5 values must be greater than 25,000
ohms with no individual reading less than 10,000 ohms. There is no
upper limit of resistance when conducting this test.
C–4. Electrical testing of conductive shoes
a. The testing instrument should consist of conductive plates arranged so that the employee stands with only one foot on each plate
to complete the circuit. When tests are so made the maximum
allowable resistance is 1 million ohms. The test voltage will be no
greater than 500 volts. The short circuit current across the electrodes
(plates) will not exceed 2.5 milliamperes to 5 milliamperes (0.5
milliamperes is required when the instrument is used with personnel). Positive safeguards must be incorporated into the design of the
instruments to eliminate the chance of electric shock to the subject

156

undergoing test. Tests must not be performed in rooms where exposed explosives are present.
b. Shoes will be tested first without cleaning the soles and heels
and if the resistance does not exceed required limits, the shoes may
be put in service. If resistance exceeds 450,000 ohms per shoe when
testing, they will be cleaned and retested. If readings are then sufficiently low, the shoes may be returned to service. Those with excessive readings will be destroyed. Sandpaper, solvents, or other agents
affecting the structure or conductivity of the sole materials will be
avoided. Separation or removal of the conductive sock liners from
the conductive plug or depression of the conductive plugs below the
surface of the insole of the shoe may cause high resistance.
C–5. Electrical testing of conductive conveyor belts
a. The building will be clean and dry. The room will be free of
flammable gas mixtures, explosive dust, and explosives.
b. Electrodes will comply with paragraph C–3a.
c. Resistance will be measured with a calibrated ohm meter. The
meter will operate on a nominal open circuit voltage of 500 volts
DC, or a short circuit current of 2.5 to 5 milliamperes, and have an
effective internal resistance of 100,000 ohms.
d. Both electrode-to-electrode and electrode-to-earth electrode
subsystem measurements will be made at five or more locations on
the belt and the results averaged. The average will be below the
value specified in table 6–1. When the resistance to the earth electrode subsystem is measured, two measurements will be taken at
each of the five test points. The test leads will be interchanged
between each of the measurements and the two readings shall be
averaged. Electrodes will not be placed closer than three feet from
any down conductor or bonding strap (except when space is not
available). All readings will be made after the voltage has been
allowed to stabilize for 5 seconds. Record the readings.
C–6. Electrical testing of conductive V-belts
a. Requirements of paragraph C–5a apply.
b. Requirements of International Standards (ISO) 1813 will be
used to test conductive V-belts prior to installation.
c. Requirements of para C–5c apply.
C–7. Electrical testing of legstats
a. Legstats will be tested using any meter capable of measuring
resistance in the 40,000 to 250,000 ohms range.
b. Each legstat will be tested both off and on the wearer. Use
paragraph C–4 for testing procedures.
C–8. Electrical testing of wriststats (see table 6–1)
Wriststats shall be tested in accordance with the publication requiring use of the wriststats.
C–9. Electrical testing of equipment and machinery
a. The requirements in paragraph C–5a apply.
b. The meter will be capable of reading 2 ohms.
c. Measurements will be made, as a minimum, at a location
closest to the earth electrode subsystem, at a location farthest from
the earth electrode subsystem, and at all locations requiring bonding
straps. Test electrodes shall not be placed closer than 3 feet from
any LPS down conductor or bonding strap that are attached to down
conductors (except when space is not available). Record the
readings.
C–10. Electrical testing of airfield loading pads
Use appropriate procedures contained in Appendix B.

Appendix D
Inspection and Test of Lightning Protection
Subsystems
D–1. General requirements
Lightning protection systems will be visually inspected and tested as

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

specified in table 6–1 for electrical resistance and adequacy of
grounding. Any system will be considered deficient if the required
resistance value cannot be met. Any system found to be deficient
will be repaired. If the deficiency can not be corrected immediately,
the lightning protection system test/maintenance/ace personnel shall
record the deficiency on the test record and initiate the following
actions:
a. Notify the installation safety office. The installation safety
office will ensure the following actions are taken.
b. If the deficient system protects an ammunition or explosives
storage structure, the custodian of the contents shall be notified.
c. Interim control measures will be developed based on a risk
assessment in accordance with AR 385–10. The risk assessment
must include consideration of ceasing operations in and around the
building and, for storage facilities, rewarehousing the contents. A
decision not to rewarehouse the contents of a storage magazine is
justified only when the risk of rewarehousing exceeds the risk associated with the deficient lightning protection system. When use of
the facility will continue, maintenance to achieve the required resistance must be accomplished as soon as possible.
D–2. Visual inspection of lightning protection subsystem
Components of the subsystem will be inspected for the following:
a. Subsystem will meet the requirements specified in NFPA 780.
b. Components will not be broken.
c. Components will be in good repair
d. Components will be free of corrosion. Discoloration of
materials is not considered corrosion.
e. Components will be free of breaks, cuts, and damage that will
affect equipment integrity.
f. Bonding straps will not have more than 50 percent of the wire
strands broken and the remaining portion of the strap will meet the
minimum strap thickness and width/cross section requirements of
table 12–1.
g. Components will not be weakened by vibration.

h. Components will be securely fastened to their mounting surfaces and are protected against accidental mechanical displacement
as required.
i. There have not been additions or alterations to the protected
facility which would required additional protection or testing.
j. Air terminals will be inspected for evidence of lightning
strikes; for example, slight bend, appear melted, or the point may be
blunted. In cases where the above evidence is apparent, notify U.S.
Army Technical Center for Explosives Safety.
D–3. Electrical testing of lightning protection subsystems
a. Test instruments. Electrical tests consist of measuring the bonding resistance of the lightning protection subsystem components.
The instrument must be capable of measuring resistance up to 1
ohm +10 percent. The manufacturer’s instruction manual will be
followed to assure proper use of the instrument.
b. The bonding test.
(1) The bonding test (fig D–1) consists of firmly attaching one
lead of the ohmmeter to the down conductor where it enters the
earth. The earth electrode system will be disconnected when practical. The other lead will then be firmly attached to:
(a) The other down conductor where it enters the earth (Fig
D–1).
(b) Each component of the lightning protection subsystem.
(c) Each component of all other subsystems on the facility.
(d) All large metal bodies (a surface area equal or greater than
400 square inches) that are bonded to the lightning protection
subsystem.
(2) Read the meter. If the meter reading is one (1) ohm or less
the lightning protection subsystem is acceptable. Record the reading.
If the meter reading exceeds one ohm, the lightning protection
subsystem is not acceptable.
(3) If lightning protection down conductors are not accessible,
the air terminal base may be used as an alternate reference test point
for the meter test lead. The air terminal selected should be the same
one used to do the 3–point fall of potential test which validates the
systems’s resistance to earth.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

157

Figure D–1. Testing lightning protection system

Appendix E
Field Expedient Grounding Techniques
E–1. Introduction
This appendix provides field expedient grounding techniques.
E–2. Ground rod technique
a. Drive a 3–foot ground rod into moist earth to a depth of
approximately 30 inches.
b. Attach a length of cable (having a resistance value of less than

158

1 ohm) to the item being worked and the driven ground rod. (Example: When working on propelling charges in the field. Drive the
ground rod. Attach one end of the lead to the charge container and
the other end to the driven ground rod.)
c. The ground rod will meet the requirements of chapter 6 of this
pamphlet.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

E–3. The equalization of potential method
This method equalizes the static electricity charge potential between
the item and the operator. For this reason the equalization of potential method will be used only when no other method is available.
This method consists of the operator touching a mass of bare metal

before touching the item being worked. Note: CAUTION: The operator will not touch exposed propellant, electrically sensitive explosives or EEDs.

Appendix F
Safe Conveyor Separation for Ammunition/
Explosives
F–1. Safe separation distances.
Safe separation distances are meant for use on conveyor systems at
maintenance lines. The distances and precautions given in Table
F–1 are sufficient to prevent sympathetic detonation.
F–2. Items Not Listed in Table F–1.
For information on items not listed in Table F–1, consult Commander, Industrial Operations Command.
Table F–1
Safe conveyor spacing
Nomenclature

Model

Distance

Shield/barrier

Notes

Projectile, 155mm

M107

18 inches, center-to-center

Projectile, 155mm, HERA

M549

Intervening shield of 0.5
inches steel, or 1-inch aluminum
None

Projectile, 155mm, HERA

M549

Projectile, HE, 8-inch

M509

5 feet, center-to-center, oriented vertically, side-to-side
3.5 inches, outside edge to 3-inch diameter aluminum
outside edge
bar with a minimum length
equal to the height of the
projectiles placed halfway
between projectiles, oriented vertically
5 feet center-to-center oriV shield
ented vertically

This does not apply to
ICM projectiles or the
M795
Loaded projectiles w/o
fuze, with lifting plugs
Loaded projectiles w/o
fuze, w/o lifting plugs

Loading rings for grenade,
GP (for M483 projectile)

M42/ M46

12 inches, outside edge to
edge

None

Loading rings for grenade,
GP (for M509 projectile)

M42/ M46

12 inches, outside edge to
edge

None

Projectile, 155mm, HE

M795

15 feet center-to-center, ori- None
ented side-to-side, vertically

Projectile, 30mm, HEDP

M789

One inch side-to-side

Projectile, 30mm, HEDP

M789

Projectile, 30mm HEDP

M789

One inch between assemNone
blies (outside edge to outside edge) oriented side-toside, vertically
One inch between assemNone
blies (outside edge to outside edge) oriented side-toside, vertically

Projectile, 30 mm, HEDP

M789

Projectile, 30mm, HEDP

M789

None

3 inches between projectiles None
(outside edge to outside
edge) oriented side-to-side,
vertically
3 inches between projectiles None
(outside edge to outside
edge) oriented side-to-side,
vertically

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Projectile w/o fuze or
expulsion charge, at
any stage of grenade
loading
8 grenade ring pack,
Loading rings consist
of grenades and metal
parts constituting one
layer in a projectile
15 grenade ring pack,
Loading rings consist
of grenades and metal
parts constituting one
layer in a projectile
Single projectiles with
loading funnels, filled
with cast explosives
Stacks of 2 each PBXN
pellets, type 2, 13.5
grams
Shell body with 2 each,
loose PBXN-5 pellets,
27 grams total explosive weight
Loaded body assembly
with liner, 0.08 gram
PBXN-5 relay charge
and steel spacer, at
ambient temperature
Heated loaded body
assembly with cone
temperature of 205
degrees F
Fuzed projectile

159

Table F–1
Safe conveyor spacing—Continued
Nomenclature

Model

Distance

Cluster tray for grenade, GP

M42/ M46

Zero spacing between trays

Cartridge , 25mm, HEI-T

M792

Cartridge, 25 mm, HEI-T

M792

Cartridge, 25mm, HEI-T

M792

Cartridge, 25mm, HEI-T

M792

Cartridge , 25mm, HEI-T

M792

Cartridge, 105mm, HEAT-T

M456

Cartridge , 105mm, HEAT-T

M456

Cartridge , 105mm, HEAT-T

M456

Cartridge , 105mm, HEAT-T

M456

Cartridge , 105mm, HE

M1

Rocket, 2.75 inch

M229

Rocket, 2.75 inch

M151

160

Shield/barrier

Notes

Tray is a component for con- Tray configuration and
tinuous feed conveyor sysmaterial of constructems used in the load, astion must be identical
sembly, and pack of M483
to that depicted in the
and M509 projectiles.
4th Ind DRXOSESSP, 29 Sep 81, to
letter, DRDARLCMSP, 7 May 81, subject: Test Results
Safe Separation Distance Testing of M42/
M46 GP Cluster Tray
One inch, center-to-center,
None
Stack of 3 HEI mix pelbetween stacks
lets, type I, totaling
10.11 grams: 97/3%
RDX/wax (64%), aluminum powder (35%),
and graphite and/or
calcium sterate (1%)
One half inch, center-to-cen- None
HEI mix pellet, type II,
ter
containing 1.94
grams: 97/3% RDX/
wax (64%), aluminum
power (35%), and
graphite and /or calcium sterate (1%).
2.5 inches, center-to-center, None
Loaded body assemoriented vertically
bly, w/o fuze
2.5 inches, center-to-center, None
Fuzed projectile only
oriented vertically
2.5 inches, center-to-center, None
Completed round
oriented vertically
23 inches, center-to-center, Barrier bars are aluminum,
Complete round
oriented vertically, w/alumi6061-T6, 3 inch diameter,
num bar placed halfway be- and of aluminum length
tween cartridges; or 15
equal to that of the carinches, center-to center, ori- tridges
ented horizontally, side-toside, w/aluminum bar
placed halfway between
cartridges
23 inches, center-to-center, Barrier bars are aluminum,
Projectile only
oriented vertically, w/
6061-T6, 3-inch diameter,
aluminu m bar placed halfand of aluminum length
way between projectiles
equal to that of the cartridges.
23 inches, center-to-center, Barrier bars are aluminum,
Primed, loaded caroriented vertically, w/alumi6061-T6, 3-inch diameter,
tridge cases.
num bar placed halfway be- and of aluminum length
tween cartridge cases, and
equal to that of the cartridge
with protective caps on
case. Protective caps must
cases or rapid response
be fire resistant, and must
deluge protection over carprotect propellant charge
tridge cases
from fire brands and radiant
thermal effects.
Empty cases may be placed None
Empty cartridge cases
in contact
w/M83 primers
15 inches nose-to-tail w/
None
Fuzed or unfuzed
rounds oriented nose-to-tail
rounds
15 inches nose-to-tail
None
Complete round using
M423 fuzed and
MK40 mod 3 motors
Warhead loaded with
4.8 lbs of Comp B-4
15 inches nose-to-tail
None
Complete round using
M423 fuze and MK40
motor. Warhead
loaded with 2.3 lbs of
Comp B-4

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Table F–1
Safe conveyor spacing—Continued
Nomenclature

Model

Distance

Mine, AP

M74

Mine, AP

M74

Mine, AT-AV

M75

Cartridge, 81mm, w/alloy
steel projectile

M374

Zero spacing edge-to-edge
3-inch diamenter, 6061-T6
Complete assembly
w/shield described below
aluminum rod, height of the with 1.3 lbs of RDX,
loaded on the center line
road equal to the full height two conical shaped
and between each mine, 3- of the mine.
charge plates, two
inch diameter, 6061-T6 alucover plates, and cenminum rod, height of the
ter loaded booster
rod equal to the full height
of the mine.
Zero spacing (edge-to-edge) A rod with a minimum height Complete assembly
between the mines and the of 2.6 inches (mine height), with 1.3 lbs of RDX,
shield
3-inches thick, and a width
two conical shaped
equal to the conveyor belt.
charge plates, two
cover plates, and a
center loaded booster.
Zero spaced (edge-to-edge) A rod with a minimum height Complete assembly
between the mines and the of 2.6 inches (mine height), with 1.3 lbs of RDX,
sheild
3 inches thick thick, and a
two conical shaped
width equal to the conveyor charge plates, two
belt
cover plates, and a
center loaded booster.
6 inches between items ori- None
With or without fuze,
ented nose-to-tail
and with or without
propellant.
4 feet between items center- None
Steel outer body conto-center oriented vertically
taining a detonator/delay element, safety
and arming mechanism, and two booster
pellets loaded with
PBXN-5.
12 inches, outside edge to
None
With or without M213
outside edge w/o regard to
fuze
orientation
10 inches between items,
None
Complete round
placed horizontally at a 20
degree angle to the direction of movement
10 inches between items,
None
Warhead only, fuzed or
placed horizontally at a 20
unfuzed
degree angle to the direction of movement
14 inches between items,
None
All up round
placed horizontally at a 20
degree angle to the direction of movement
14 inches between items,
None
Warhead only, fuzed or
placed horizontally at a 20
unfuzed
degree angle to the direction of movement
22 inches between items, ori- None
Comp B loaded, withented horizontally, nose-toout fuze or nose
tail
15 inches between items, ori- None
Comp B loaded, withented horizontally, nose-toout fuze, with lifting
tail
plug
15 feet between projectiles, None
Complete round
center-to-center, in a nose
down, vertical orientation
20 feet, side-to-side; or 12
None
60-lb box
feet, side-to-side, when effective means are provided
to prevent spread of a fire
between buildings via the
conveyor
20 feet, side-to-side; or 12
None
55-pound box, carton,
feet, side-to-side, when efor fiber container
fective means exist to prevent spread of a fire between buildings via the conveyor
15 feet, side-to-side
None
50-pound box or fiber
container
25 feet, side-to-side
None
50-pound box or fiber
container

Cloud detonator for M130
SLUFAE rocket

Hand grenade, Fragmentation

M67

Rocket, 66mm, HEAT

M72

Rocket, 66mm, HEAT

M72

Rocket, 3.5 inch, HEAT

M28A2

Rocket, 3.5 inch, HEAT

M28A2

Projectile for cartridge,
105mm

M1

Projectile for cartridge,
105mm

M1

Cartridge , HEAT-T, 152mm

M409 series

Composition B

TNT

Explosive D
Tetryl (bulk)

Shield/barrier

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Notes

161

Table F–1
Safe conveyor spacing—Continued
Nomenclature

Model

Distance

Shield/barrier

Pentolite (bulk)

35 feet, side-to-side

None

40mm (TNT)

May be placed in contact

57mm (TNT)

6 inches between items

60mm (TNT)

4 inches between items

75mm (TNT)

5 inches between items

76mm (TNT)

5 inches between items

Notes

Projectile, 105mm (Comp B)

M1

30 feet between pallets,
rounds in vertical orientation, 1-inch apart

Projectile, 105mm (Comp B)

M1

20 feet between pallets,
rounds in vertical orientation, 1-inch apart

Cartridge , 106mm, HEAT

M344

6 inches between items

Projectile, 106mm, HEP-T
Cartridge , 4.2 inch mortar,
HE
Projectile, 175mm (Comp B)
Mine, AT, HE, heavy
Mine, AT, HE, Heavy

M346
M329

9 feet between items
21 inches between items

50-pound box or fiber
container
None
Projectile only or complete round
None
Projectile only or complete round
None
Projectile only or complete round
None
Projectile only or complete round
None
Projectile only or complete round
None
Projectile only or complete round
For the steel cartridges, the Projectile only or comintervening shields must be plete round
2-inch diameter bars with
minimum length equal to
the length of the cartridges,
and may be of steel or aluminum.
None
Projectile only or complete round
None
Pallets of projectiles
only, without funnels,
16 projectiles per pallet
Intervening shield of 21
Pallets of projectiles
inches by 24 inches, by
only, without funnels,
0.75 SAE 1020 steel
16 projectiles per pallet
None
Complete (nose-tobase)
None
Projectile
None
Cartridge

M15
M15

15 feet between items
25 feet between mines
25 feet between trays

None
None
None

Mine, AP, (TNT)
Grenade, hand, fragmentation
Fuze, point detonating

M16
M26

12 inches between mines
None
12 inches between grenades None

M48A3. M51A5, & M557

3 inches between cans

5/16-inch thick paper nonpropagation tubes (NSN
8140-01082-9678; dwg
#9328329) will replace the
normal plastic bottom support for the fuzes

Fuze, point detonating

M48A3, M51A5, & M557

None

Burster for 4.2 inch M2A1
cartridge
Burster for projectile,
155mm, M104, M110
Burster for projectile,
105mm, M60
Burster for projectile,
105mm, M360
Burster for projectile,
155mm, M121A1
Burster for projectile, 8 inch,
M426
Submunition

M14

Submunition

BLU-97/B

6 inches, edge-to-edge, in a
nose up orientation
64 inches between items, oriented end-to-end
8 inches between items, oriented end-to-end
8 inches between items, oriented end-to-end
48 inches between items, oriented end-to-end
16 feet between items, oriented end-to-end
24 feet between items, oriented end-to-end
5 feet between pallets with
barrier placed halfway between
4 feet between pallets with
barrier placed halfway between

81mm (TNT)

M56

7 inches between items

81mm (Comp B)

M374

8 inches between items, for
pearlitic malleable iron
(PMI) cartridges. 8 inches
between items, oriented
vertically, with intervening
shield, for steel cartridges

90mm (TNT)

162

7 inches between items

M6
M5
M40A1
M71
M83
BLU-97/B

None
None
None
None
None
None
Airflow barrier
Solid barrier, 0.5 inch thick
by 8 inches high by 16
inches wide, 6061-T6 aluminum plate

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Projectile only
Mine only
Mine only, 4 mines per
tray
Mine only
Fuzed grenade only
8 fuzes per M2A1 ammunition can with
non-propagation
tubes, without can
covers, and without
nose supports for the
fuzes
Fuze only
Bursters from chemical
munition projectiles
Bursters from chemical
munition projectiles
Bursters from chemical
munition projectiles
Bursters from chemical
munition projectiles
Bursters from chemical
munition projectiles
Bursters from chemical
munition projectiles
Pallet of 16 submunitions with airflow barrier
Pallet of 16 submunitions with solid barrier

Table F–1
Safe conveyor spacing—Continued
Nomenclature

Model

Distance

Shield/barrier

Submunition

BLU-97/B

Submunition

BLU-97/B

Grenade, hand, fragmentation, delay

M61

Cartridge , 90mm, APERS-T

M580

Grenade, hand, fragmentation, delay

M33

Grenade, hand, fragmentation, delay

M61

Cartridge , 105mm, HE

M1

Cartridge , 105mm, HE

M1

Projectile, 8 inch, HE

M404

Projectile, 155mm, HE

M449

90mm, HEAT (Comp B)

M371A1

90mm, HEAT (Comp B)

M371A1

90mm, HEAT (Comp B)

M371A1

90mm HEAT (Comp B)

M431A1

90mm, HEAT (Comp B)

M431A1

90mm, HEAT (Comp B)

M431A1

Projectile, 105mm, HE

M444

Projectile, 105mm, HE

M444

9 inches, center line-to-cen- Partial barrier, 1.0 inch thick Single submunition
ter line, with partial height
by 6 inches wide by 3.75
barrier placed between sub- inches high, 6061-T6 alumimunitions
num plate
9 inches center line-to-center Full barrier, 1.0 inch thick by Single submunition
line, with full height barrier
6 inches wide by 5.1 inches
placed between submunihigh, 6061-T6 aluminum
tions
plate
12 inches between grenades None
Grenade body is a 2.25
regardless of orientation
inch diameter consisting of 2 pieces of thin
wall sheet steel containing a total of 5.5
oz of Comp B & .3 oz
of tetryl pellets
7 inches between items, ori- None
Complete round
ented nose-to-tail
12 inches between grenades None
Grenade body is a 2.5regardless of orientation
inch diameter steel
sphere, containing 5.5
ounces of Comp B
high explosive . Its
M213 fuze is
equipped with a steel
safety pin, but not a
safety clip
12 inches between grenades None
Grenade body is a 2.25
regardless of orientation
inch diameter consisting of two pieces of
thin wall sheet steel
and containing a total
of 5.5 ounces of
Comp B and .3
ounces of tetryl pellets. Its M20A1/
M204A2 incorporates
a safety clip
15 inches between items ori- None
Complete cartridge with
ented nose-to-tail
primer protected
15 inches between items ori- None
Cartridge without fuze,
ented nose-to-tail
primer protected
42 inches positioned horizon- None
Projectile with lifting
tally (nose-to-tail or side-byplug and loaded with
side); 48 inches positioned
expulsion charge and
vertically
M43 grenades
42 inches positioned horizon- None
Projectile with lifting
tally (nose-to-tail or side-byplug and loaded with
side); 54 inches positioned
expulsion charge and
vertically
M43 grenades
7 inches between items, ori- None
Composition loaded
ented horizontally, nose-tocomplete cartridge
tail
7 inches between items, ori- None
Composition B loaded
ented horizontally, 20 deprojectile with
grees oblique
M530A1 PIBD fuze
7 inches between items, ori- None
Composition B loaded
ented horizontally, 20 deprojectile without fuze
grees oblique
7 inches between items, ori- None
Composition B loaded
ented horizontally, nose-tocomplete cartridge
tail
7 inches between items, ori- None
Composition B loaded
ented horizontally, 20 deprojectile with
grees oblique
M509A1 PIBD fuze
7 inches between items, ori- None
Composition B loaded
ented horizontally, 20 deprojectile without fuze
grees oblique
24 inches tail-to-tail
None
Horizontal oblique,
without fuze, 45 degree angle
36 inches tail-to-tail
None
Horizontal oblique,
without fuze, 45 degree angle

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Notes

163

Table F–1
Safe conveyor spacing—Continued
Nomenclature

Model

Distance

Shield/barrier

Notes

Projectile, 105mm, HE

M444

72 inches tail-to-tail

None

Projectile, 155mm, smoke

M116

None

Projectile, 105mm, illuminating
Projectile, 105mm, illuminating
Grenade, smoke

M314

Grenade, smoke

M18

No separation required between projectiles
No separation required between projectiles
No separation required between projectiles
6 inches between grenades,
fuze-to-base
6 inches between grenades

None

36 inches tail-to-tail

None

Vertical, without fuze,
overhead monorail
Horizontal, 30 degree
oblique
Horizontal, 45 degree
oblique with fuze
Horizontal, 45 degree
oblique without fuze
Horizontal, in line with
fuze
Horizontal, side-by-side
without fuze
Horizontal, 30 degree
oblique, without fuze
Horizontal oblique, 30
degree angle
Loaded projectile without fuze, lifting plug,
supplementary charge
and liner

M314
M18

Warhead, rocket, 5 inch

None
None
None

Charge, propelling, 155mm

M4

84 inches tail-to-tail

None

Projectile, 8 inch, HE

M106

One foot between outside
edges with aluminum bar
placed halfway between
projectiles, oriented vertically
18 inches, center-to-center,
placed horizontally with a
shield located halfway between projectiles

None

Projectile, 155mm, (Comp B M107
or TNT)

Warhead

BLU 108/B

Grenade, 40mm cartridge

M406

Projectile, 8 inch, HE

M106

Cartridge , 81mm, illuminating

M301

Intervening shield of 0.5
Projectile only M107
inches thick steel, or 1 inch type. This does not
thick aluminum. A minimum apply to ICM projecof 9 inches by 25 inches in tiles or the M795
frontal diameter
17.5 feet from nearest edge Intervening shield of 1-inch
4 per tray, vertical,
of munition on tray to
thick aluminum (AL 6061T6 without fuze, with or
nearest edge of munition on plate). A minimum frontal di- without funnel
the next tray with a shield
mension of 12 inches by 12
between trays
inches. Shield may be located as close as 2 feet, 8.5
inches from nearest tray.
6 inches, edge-to-edge
None
Edge-to-edge in the
horizontal perpendicular position
8 feet edge-to-edge in the
None
vertical in-line orientation
No separation required in the None
horizontal coaxial orientation
No separation required in the None
horizontal coaxial orientation
No separation required in the None
nose-to-tail horizontal coaxial orientation
No separation required in the None
nose-to-tail horizontal coaxial orientation
No separation required in the None
horizontal coaxial orientation. The point of the
windscreen must not be in
contact with the primer of
the cartridge in front.
Zero (in contact)
None
Horizontal and perpendicular to the conveyor travel.
Zero (in contact)
None
Horizontal coaxial
(nose-to-tail)
3/4 inch (edge-to-edge)
None
Horizontal and perpendicular
12 1/2 inches (edge-to-edge) None
Horizontal, front of
mine facing up, and
side-by-side to each
other

Cartridge , 4.2 inch illuminat- M335
ing
Cartridge , 81mm

M821

Cartridge , 81mm

M889

Cartridge , 90mm, AP-T

M318

Cartridge, 30mm, TP

M788

Cartridge, 90mm, Canister

M336

Cartridge , 20mm, HEI-T-SD

M246

Mine, AP

M18A1

Appendix G
Standard designs for explosives facilities
G–1. Drawings approved for new construction
The following drawings are approved for new construction:
164

a. Earth covered magazines
(1) Reinforced concrete arch - 33–15–74
(2) Semicircular large steel arch - 421–80–01

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

(3) Semicircular small steel arch - 33–15–65
(4) Steel oval arch - 421–80–03.
b. Other structures
(1) Six bay surveillance facility - 216–12–01
(2) Twelve bay surveillance facility - 216–12–02
(3) Concrete cubicle - 422–15–01
(4) Barricades - 149–30–01
(5) Ammo maintenance building 33–69–09
G–2. Drawings not approved for new construction
Existing buildings constructed using the following drawings are
considered to be standard magazines for QD purposes. They are no
longer approved for new construction.
a. Earth covered magazines
(1) Mounded concrete - 35–15–06
(2) Stradley - 33–15–61
(3) Steel arch - AW33–15–64
(4) Steel arch - AW33–15–63
(5) Steel arch - 33–15–71
(6) Steel oval arch - 33–15–73
(7) Atomic blast resistant - 33–15–58
(8) Concrete box
(a) USAREUR types I, II, III (330,000 lbs NEW only) EUR33–15–15
(b) USAREUR types I, II, III - 33–15–16
(9) Camp Darby magazine - 33–15–13
(10) Reinforced concrete arch-type, earth covered magazines OCE dwg Nos. 652–686 through 652–693
G–3. Navy magazines
The following magazines were constructed according to Navy drawings and are considered standard magazines. They are not approved
for new construction.
a. Drawing Nos. 357428 through 347430, 9 August 1944, and
modified in accordance with NAVFAC drawing No. 626739, 19
March 1954
b. NAVFAC drawing Nos. 627954 through 627957, 764597,
658384 through 658388; 724368, 751861, 764596, 793746, and
793747.
c. Box-type A magazines constructed according to NAVFAC
drawing Nos. 1404000 through 1404007
d. Box-type B magazines constructed according to NAVFAC
drawing Nos. 1404018 through 1404025.
e. Box-type C magazines constructed according to NAVFAC
drawing Nos. 1404430 through 1404440, dated 20 September 1985.
f. Box-type D magazines constructed according to NAVFAC
drawings 1404464 through 1404478, dated 20 September 1985.
g. Box-type E magazines constructed according to NAVFAC
drawing Nos. 1404523 through 1404535, dated 23 April 1987.
h. Box-type F magazines constructed according to NAVFAC
drawing Nos. 1404541 through 1404555, dated 23 April 1987.
i. Earth-covered, corrugated steel, arch-type magazines at least

equivalent in strength to those shown in NAVFAC drawing Nos.
1059128–30, 1059132, 1069906, and 1355460–61.
j. Earth-covered circular composite arch magazine described in
NAVFAC drawing Nos. 1404375 through 1404389, dated 31 October 1985
k. Earth-covered oval composite arch magazine described in
NAVFAC drawing Nos. 1404390 through 1404398, dated 31 October 1985.
G–4. Nonstandard magazines
The following magazines are considered nonstandard and are limited to 250,000 lbs NEW.
a. Earth-covered magazines if the construction is not equivalent
in strength to the requirements of paragraphs G–1 through G–3.
b. Magazines constructed in accordance with NAVFAC drawings
Nos. 649602 through 649605, 793748, and 803060.

Appendix H
The 100–Foot Zone of Protection
H–1. Introduction
This appendix provides the theory and criteria for applying the
100–foot striking arc applicable to LPS requirements for explosives
facilities.
H–2. Zone of protection
The zone of protection includes the space not intruded upon by an
arc having a radius of 100 feet. This zone is the area beneath the
point where the arc contacts earth and rests against an air terminal
of an LPS. A zone of protection is also created when the arc rests
on the tips of two properly spaced air terminals. All possible placements of the arc must be considered when determining the zone of
protection using the 100–foot concept. Figures H–1 through H–4
illustrate these areas of protection.
H–3. Zone of protection for earth covered magazines
When determining the zone of protection for earth covered magazines, the actual earth cover should be considered as part of the
structure that requires lightning protection. Figures H–5 through
H–7 demonstrate the application of the 100–foot striking zone arc
for earth covered magazines.
a. The depicted earth covered magazines have ventilators which
extend approximately 3 feet above the earth cover and headwalls
which extend approximately 1 foot. The air terminals extend 2 feet
above the ventilator and the headwall.
b. Magazines that project above the earth cover may require
additional air terminals to provide an adequate zone of protection.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

165

Figure H-1. Zone of protection test

166

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure H-2. Zone of protection for integral systems

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

167

168
DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997
Figure H-3. Illustrated zone of protection

Figure H-4. Zone of protection geometric concept

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

169

Figure H-5. Adequate protection not penetrating earth cover

170

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Figure H-6. Adequate protection penetrating earth cover

Figure H-7. Inadequate protection penetrating earth cover

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

171

Glossary
Section I
Abbreviations
AC
active component
A&E
ammunition and explosives
AFFF
aqueous film-forming foam
AMC
U.S. Army Material Command
AMCCOM
U.S. Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical Command
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
APA
ammunition and prohibited area
AR
Army regulation
ARNG
Army National Guard

CBDCOM
Chemical Biological Defense Command

FORSCOM
United States Army Forces Command

CCL
combat configured load

fpm
feet per minute

CFR
Code of Federal Regulations

fps
feet per second

DA
Department of Army

FSU
field storage unit

DA PAM
Department of Army pamphlet

GBL
Government bill of lading

DDESB
Department of Defense Explosives Safety
Board

HAS
hardened aircraft shelter

DPDO
Defense Property Disposal Office
DOD
Department of Defense
DODIC
Department of Defense identification code
DOT
Department of Transportation
DSN
Defense switched network

HC
hexachloroethane
HD
hazard class/division
HE
high explosive
HQDA
Headquarters, Department of Army
IBD
inhabited building distance
ICM
improved conventional munition

ASA(IL&E)
Assistant Secretary of the Army(Installations,
Logistics & Environment)

ECM
earth covered magazine

ASME
American Society of Mechanical Engineer

EED
electro-explosive device

ASP
ammunition supply point

EIDS
extremely insensitive detonating substance

ATP
ammunition transfer point

EMR
electromagnetic radiation

AWG
American wire gauge

EOD
explosives ordnance disposal

A/D
approach/departure

EP
Engineers Pamphlet

BLA
basic load ammunition

EPA
Environmental Protection Agency

BLAHA
basic load ammunition holding area

ES
exposed site

LP
liquid petroleum

BOE
Bureau of Explosives

F
Fahrenheit

LPS
lightning protection system

BOM
Bureau of Mines

FAE
fuel-air explosive

MACOM
major Army command

C
Celsius

FARP
forward area rearm/refuel point

MAG
magazine

CBU
cluster bomb unit

FLOT
forward line of own troops

MCA
military construction, Army

172

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

ID
identification
IFR
instrument flight rules
IL(B)
intraline, barricaded
ILD
intraline distances
IL(U)
intraline, unbarricaded
ISO
International Standards Organization
JHCS
Joint Hazard Classification System

MCE
maximum credible event

PSI
pounds per square inch

UNO
United Nations Organization

MHE
material handling equipment

PSP
pre-stock point

USACE
United States Army Corps of Engineers

MICOM
United States Army Missile Command

PTR
public traffic route

USATCES
United States Army Technical Center for Explosives Safety

MILVAN
military demountable container

PWP
plasticized white phosphorous

MIL STD
military standard

QC
quality control

MSDS
material safety data statement

Q-D
quantity-distance

MTMC
Military Traffic Management Command
MWD
military working dog
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NAVFAC
naval facility
NEC
National Electrical Code
NEQ
net explosives quantity
NEW
net explosives weight
NEWQD
net explosives weight for QD
NFPA
National Fire Prevention Association
OB
open burning
OCE
Office of Chief Engineers
OD
open demolition
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration

RC
reserve component
RCW
reinforced concrete wall
RF
radio frequency
RORO
roll on, roll off
ROTC
Reserve Officer Training Corps
SAE
Society of American Engineers
SCG
storage compatibility group
SDW
substantial dividing wall
SF
standard form
SOP
standing operating procedure
TB
technical bulletin
TEA
triethylaluminum
TH
thermite
TM
technical manual

P&P
packaging and preservation

TO
transportation officer

PES
potential explosion site

TOFC
trailer-on-flat car

POL
petroleum, oils, and lubricants

TPA
thickened pyrophoric agent

PPWR
prepositioned war reserve

UL
Underwriter’s Laboratory

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

USCG
United States Coast Guard
VAC
volts alternating current
VFR
visual flight rules
WP
white phosphorous
Section II
Terms
Aboveground magazines
Any type of magazine abovegrade other than
standard or nonstandard earth covered types
of magazines.
Administration area
The area in which administrative buildings
that function for the installation as a whole,
excluding those offices located near and
directly serving components of explosives
storage and operating areas, are located.
Aircraft parking area
Any area set aside for parking aircraft not
containing explosives.
Aircraft passenger transport operations
Passenger transport traffic involving military
dependents and civilians other than those employed by or working directly for DOD
components.
Ammunition and explosives
Includes (but is not limited to) all items of
ammunition; propellants, liquid and solid;
high and low explosives; guided missiles;
warheads; devices; pyrotechnics; chemical
agents; and components and substances associated therewith, presenting real or potential
hazards to life and property.
Ammunition and explosives aircraft cargo
area
An area designated for the temporary storage
of transportation configured loads of ammunition and explosives. These loads may or
may not be loaded on the aircraft.
Ammunition and explosives area
An area specifically designated and set aside
from other portions of an installation for the
development, manufacture, testing, maintenance, storage, disposal, or handling of ammunition and explosives.
Army accident
An unplanned event or series of events that

173

results in damage to Army property, occupational illness to Army military or civilian personnel, injury or death to Army military
personnel on- or off-duty, injury to on-duty
civilian personnel, damage to public and private property, or injury or illness to nonArmy personnel as a result of Army
operations.
Auxiliary building
Any building accessory to, or maintained and
operated to serve, an operating building, line,
plant, or pier area.
B-duration
The total time in milliseconds for the noise
pressure to rise to peak and then fall back.
To the human ear there is only a single
sound. Specialized equipment is required to
measure the sound wave to determine its Bduration. Procedures to calculate impulse
noise B-duration from measured sound waves
are in Mil Std 1474.
Barricade
An intervening barrier, natural or artificial, of
such type, size, and construction as to limit
in a prescribed manner the effect of an explosion on nearby buildings or exposures.

loading or unloading or of combat-configured
munitions and/or the parking of aircraft
loaded with combat-configured munitions.
Combat configured load
A mixed ammunition package designed to
provide for the complete round concept, type
of unit, type of vehicle, capacity of
transporter, and weapons system. Contents of
the package is predetermined and provides
optimum quality and mix to support a particular weapons system or unit.
Compatibility
Ammunition or explosives are considered
compatible if they may be stored or transported together without increasing significantly either the probability of an accident
or, for a given quantity, the magnitude of the
effects of such an accident.
Component
Any part of a complete item whether loaded
with explosives, inert (not containing explosives), or empty (not filled with explosives).

Blast overpressure
The pressure, exceeding the ambient pressure, manifested in the shock wave of an
explosion.

Deflagration
A rapid chemical reaction in which the output of heat is enough to enable the reaction
to proceed and be accelerated without input
of heat from another source. Deflagration is a
surface phenomenon with the reaction traveling along the surface at subsonic velocity.

Burning grounds
The area dedicated to burning of energetic
materials. This includes actual burning sites
and facilities dedicated to the burning
operation.

Demilitarize
To mutilate, disarm, neutralize, and accomplish any other action required to render ammunition, explosives, and chemical agents
innocuous or ineffectual for military use.

Burning site
The actual location where energetic materials
are burned, for example, a burning pan.

Detonation
A violent chemical reaction within a chemical compound or mechanical mixture involving heat and pressure. A detonation is a
reaction which proceeds through the reacted
material toward the unreacted material at a
supersonic velocity. A detonation, when the
material is located on or near the surface of
the ground, is normally characterized by a
crater.

Change house
A building provided with facilities for employees to change to and from work clothes.
Chemical agent
A substance that is intended for military use
with lethal or incapacitating effects upon humans through its chemical properties. Excluded from chemical agents for purposes of
this standard are riot control agents, chemical
herbicides, smoke-and flame-producing
items, and individual dissociated components
of chemical agent ammunition.
Chemical ammunition
Ammunition, the filler of which has the basic
function of producing a toxic or irritant effect
on the body, a screening or signaling smoke,
or an incendiary action.
Classification yard
A railroad yard used for receiving, dispatching, classifying, and switching of cars.
Combat aircraft parking area
Any area specifically designated for aircraft

174

Distribution lines
Electrical lines supplying multiple installation
locations.
Dividing wall
A wall designed to prevent, control, or delay
propagation of an explosion between quantities of explosives on opposite sides of the
wall.
Dolphin
A mooring post or posts on a wharf or quay.
Dud
Explosive munition which has not armed as
intended or which has failed to function after
being armed. (See misfire.)

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Dummy ammunition
Ammunition or ammunition components having the appearance of actual items and not
having any explosives components.
Electrical lines
See transmission lines, distribution lines, or
service lines.
Empty ammunition
Ammunition or ammunition components void
of any type of filler.
Engineering controls
Regulation of facility operations through the
use of prudent engineering principles, such as
facility design, operation sequencing, equipment selection, and process limitations.
Exemption
A written authority that permits long-term
noncompliance with mandatory requirement
of U.S. Army ammunition and explosives
safety standards.
Explosion
A chemical reaction of any chemical compound or mechanical mixture that, when initiated, undergoes a very rapid combustion or
decomposition, releasing large volumes of
highly heated gases that exert pressure on the
surrounding medium. Depending on the rate
of energy release, an explosion can be categorized as a deflagration or a detonation.
Explosives anchorage
An area of water specifically designated for
loading and unloading and anchoring vessels
carrying a cargo of ammunition and
explosives.
Explosives area
A restricted area specifically designated and
set aside from other portions of an installation for the manufacturing, processing, storing, and handling of explosives and
ammunition.
Explosives facility
Any structure or location containing ammunition and explosives, excluding combat aircraft parking areas or ammunition and
explosives aircraft cargo areas.
Exposed site
A location exposed to the potential hazardous
effects (blast, fragments, debris, and heat
flux) from an explosion at a PES.
Field office
An office required by operational supervision; for example, foremen and line supervisors, in direct support of ammunition and
explosives operations.
Firebrand
A projected burning or hot fragment whose
thermal energy is transferred to a receptor.

Fire hazard area
A location in which the primary, but not necessarily the only, hazard is that of fire, including “explosions” of gas or vapor and air
mixtures.
Fire-resistive
A term used to indicate the property of structures or materials to resist a fire to which
they might be subjected, without themselves
becoming weakened to the point of failure.
Fire-retardant
A term used to designate generally combustible materials or structures which have been
treated or have surface coverings designed to
retard ignition or fire spread.
Fire wall
A wall of fire-resistive construction designed
to prevent the spread of fire from one side to
the other. A fire wall may also be termed a
“fire division wall.”
Fixed ammunition
Ammunition, except small arms and rocket
ammunition, consisting of a cartridge case
loaded with propellant and a projectile which
are loaded in one operation into the weapon,
the cartridge case being firmly attached to the
projectile.
Flame-resistant
A term applied to combustible materials,
such as clothing, which have been treated or
coated to decrease their burning
characteristics.
Flammable
A material which has the characteristic of
being easily ignited and burning readily.
Fragment
A piece of an exploding or exploded munition. Fragments may be complete items, subassemblies, pieces thereof, or pieces of
equipment or buildings containing the items.
Hangfire
Temporary failure or delay in the action of a
primer, igniter, or propelling charge.
Hazard
Any real or potential condition that can cause
injury, illness, or death of personnel, or damage to or loss of equipment or property.
Hazard analysis
The logical, systematic examination of an
item, process, condition, facility, or system to
identify and analyze the probability, causes,
and consequences of potential or real
hazards.
Hazardous fragment
A fragment having an impact energy of 58 ftlb or greater and/or a weight greater than 2,
700 grains (6.17 ounces or 175.5 grams).

Hazardous fragment density
A density of hazardous fragments exceeding
one per 600 square feet.
Hazardous material
Any compound, mixture, element, or assemblage of material which, because of its inherent characteristics, is dangerous to
manufacture, process, store, or handle.
High explosive equivalent or explosive
equivalent
The amount of a standard explosive that,
when detonated, will produce a blast effect
comparable to that which results in the same
distances from the detonation or explosion of
a given amount of the material for which
performance is being evaluated. For the purpose of these standards, TNT is used for
comparison.
Holding yard
A location for groups of railcars, trucks, or
trailers used to hold ammunition, explosives,
and dangerous materials for interim periods
before storage or shipment.
Hygroscopic
A tendency of material to absorb moisture
from its surroundings.
Hypergolic
A property of various combinations of chemicals to self-ignite upon contact with each
other without a spark or other external
initiation.
Inert ammunition
Ammunition containing no explosives or
chemical agents.
Inert area
Any area other than an explosives or ammunition area within an establishment.
Inert components
The parts of ammunition which do not contain explosives or chemical agents.
Inhabited buildings
Buildings or structures, other than operating
buildings occupied in whole or in part by
human beings, both within and outside DOD
establishments.
Inspection station
A designated location at which trucks and
railcars containing ammunition and explosives are inspected.
Interchange yard
An area set aside for the exchange of railroad
cars or vehicles between the common carrier
and DOD activities.
Intraline distance
The distance to be maintained between any
two operating buildings and sites within an
operating line, of which at least one contains
or is designed to contain explosives, except
that the distance from a service magazine for

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

the line to the nearest operating building may
be not less than the intraline distance required for the quantity of explosives contained in the service magazine.
Joint DOD non-DOD use runway/taxiway
A runway/taxiway serving both DOD and
commercial aircraft. A runway/taxiway serving solely DOD, DOD chartered, or NonDOD aircraft on DOD authorized business is
not joint use.
Launch pads
The load-bearing base, apron, or platform
upon which a rocket, missile, or space vehicle and its launcher rest during launching.
Liquid propellants
Substances in fluid form (including cryogenics) used for propulsion or operating power
for missiles, rockets, ammunition, and other
related devices (See table 5–16.). Hydrocarbon fuels used in the operation of ships, aircraft and other vehicles are not considered
liquid propellants for the purpose of this
pamphlet. Those dual purpose hydrocarbon
fuels which are used in both missiles/rockets/
ammunition and in ships/aircraft/vehicles are
considered liquid propellants only when the
fuel is actually charged into the missile/rocket/ammunition.
Loading docks
Facilities, structures, or paved areas, designed
and installed for transferring ammunition and
explosives between any two modes of
transportation.
Lunchroom
Facilities where food is prepared or brought
for distribution by food service personnel. It
may serve more than one PES. A breakroom
in an operating building may be used by personnel assigned to the PES to eat meals.
Magazine
Any building or structure, except an operating building, used for the storage of ammunition and explosives.
Magazine, earth-covered, nonstandard
All earth-covered magazines which are not
constructed in accordance with DDESB approved drawings.
Mass-detonating ammunition/explosives
Ammunition or explosives, almost all of
which can be expected to explode virtually
instantaneously when a small portion is subjected to fire, to severe concussion or impact,
to the impulse of an initiating agent, or to the
effect of a considerable discharge of energy.
Maximum credible event
In hazards evaluation, the maximum credible
event from a hypothesized accidental explosion, fire, or agent release is the worst single
event that is likely to occur from a given
quantity and disposition of ammunition and
explosives. The event must be realistic, with

175

a reasonable probability of occurrence considering the explosion propagation, burning
rate characteristics, and physical protection
given to the items involved.
Military pyrotechnics
Ammunition manufactured specifically for
use as signals, illuminants, and like items.
Misfire
Failure of a component to fire or explode
following an intentional attempt to cause an
item to do so. (See dud.)
Navigable streams
Those parts of streams, channels, or canals
capable of being used in their ordinary or
maintained condition as highways of commerce over which trade and travel are or may
be conducted in the customary modes, not
including streams that are not capable of navigation by barges, tugboats, and other large
vessels unless they are used extensively and
regularly for the operation of pleasure boats.
NEQ
Net explosive quantity expressed in
kilograms.
NEW
Net explosive weight expressed in pounds.
Noncombustible
Not burnable in the ordinary sense of the
word.
Non-DOD component
Any entity (government, private, or corporate) that is not a part of the Department of
Defense.
Normal maintenance
Work performed on ammunition to prevent
deterioration and to correct minor defects not
requiring renovation or major modification
operations.
Process steam
Steam that is in direct contact with explosives or which, in case of equipment failure,
would exhaust directly into contact with explosives or explosives vapors.
Operating building
Any structure, except a magazine, in which
operations pertaining to manufacturing,
processing, handling, loading, or assembling
of ammunition and explosives are performed.
Operating line
A group of buildings, facilities, or related
work stations so arranged as to permit performance of the consecutive steps in the
manufacture of an explosive or in the loading, assembly, modification, and maintenance
of ammunition.
Operational shield
A barrier constructed at a particular location
or around a particular machine or operating
station to protect personnel, material, or

176

equipment from the effects of a possible localized fire or explosion.
Operator
A person assigned to perform a specific, generally continuing function on a production,
maintenance, renovation, or disposal line or
operation. Typically the functions are performed at workstations or areas defined in an
SOP.
Operator workstation
A specific location within a line or production area where an operator is assigned on a
continuing basis to perform operations described in the relevant SOP.
Outdoor storage sites
Locations selected within the magazine area
for the storage of ammunition and, in exception cases, inert items.
Passenger railroad
Any steam, diesel, electric, or other railroad
which carries passengers for hire.
Personnel protection
Protection afforded to personnel at all operations and operational facilities where personnel are exposed to ammunition and
explosives hazards during industrial, processing, manufacturing, maintenance, renovation,
demilitarization and similar operations. This
protection must be capable of limiting incident blast overpressure to 2.3 psi, fragments
to energies of less than 58 ft-lb, and thermal
fluxes to 0.3 calories per square centimeter
per second. Personnel protection requirements may be achieved in one or more of the
following ways:
(1) Elimination or positive control of ignition and initiation stimuli.
(2) Sufficient distance or barricades to protect from blast or fragments.
(3) In those areas of facilities where
exposed thermally energetic materials are
handled that have a high probability of ignition and a large thermal output as indicated
by hazard assessments, a fire detection and
extinguishing system that is sufficiently quick-acting and of adequate capacity to extinguish potential flash fires in their incipient
state will protect both personnel and property. Design and installation of the system must
maximize speed of detection and application
of the extinguishing agent.
(4) In ammunition operational areas where
it is essential for personnel to be present, and
the hazard assessment indicates that an inprocess thermal hazard exists, use of thermal
shielding between the thermal source and
personnel is an acceptable means of protection. If shields are used, they shall comply
with MIL STD 398. If shielding is not possible, or if that provided is inadequate for protection of exposed personnel, including their
respiratory and circulatory systems, augmentation with improved facility engineering design, personnel protective clothing and
equipment may be necessary.
(5) Thermal protective clothing must be

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

capable of limiting bodily injury to first degree burns (0.3 calories per square centimeter
per second with personnel taking turning-evasive action) when the maximum quantity of
combustible material used in the operation is
ignited.
(6) Protective clothing selected must be capable of providing respiratory protection
from the inhalation of hot vapors and
toxicological effects when the hazard assessment indicates adverse effects would be encountered from the inhalation of combustion
products.
(7) Personnel hazards from glass breakage
can be minimized by means such as building
orientation and/or keeping the number of exposed glass panels and panel size to a minimum. When window panels are necessary
and risk assessment determines a glass hazard will be present, blast resistant windows
must be used. The framing and/or sash of
such panels must be of sufficient strength to
retain the panel in the structure.
Pier
A landing place or platform built into the
water, perpendicular or oblique to the shore,
for the berthing of vessels.
Positive control
At a burning site, this is a means to prevent
items, energetic material, or embers from being ejected to a place where they could cause
injury or damage.
Potential explosion site
The location of a quantity of explosives that
will create a blast, fragment, thermal, or debris hazard in the event of an accidental explosion of its contents.
Practice ammunition
Ammunition or ammunition components used
for training. Practice ammunition simulates a
service item in weight, design, and ballistic
properties. A practice round may be inert or
have a small quantity of explosive filler, such
as black powder, used as a spotting charge.
Primary girdle
A ground loop (counterpoise) earth electrode
subsystem which is connected to the lightning protection subsystem at former U.S.
Navy installations.
Prohibited area
A specifically designed area at airfields,
seadromes, or heliports in which all ammunition and explosives facilities are prohibited.
Propellant, solid
Explosives compositions used for propelling
projectiles and rockets and to generate gases
for powering auxiliary devices.
Public traffic route
Any public street, road, highway, navigable
stream, or passenger railroad (includes roads
on a military reservation that are used

routinely by the general public for through
traffic).
Pyrotechnic material
The explosive or chemical ingredients, including powdered metals, used in the manufacture of military pyrotechnics.
Quality assurance specialist (ammunition
surveillance)
Department of the Army civilians that function in the ammunition surveillance program
at DOD installations, activities, and commands that receive, store, maintain, issue,
use, and dispose of ammunition.
Quantity-distance
The quantity of explosives material and distance separation relationships that provide defined types of protection.
Quay
A marginal wharf or solid fill.
Remote operation
An operation sufficiently hazardous such that
special protection to personnel is required.
Protection is provided by distance, protective
construction (shielding, barricades, etc.) or
both.
Renovation
That work performed on ammunition, missiles, or rockets to restore them to a completely serviceable condition; usually
involves the replacement of unserviceable or
outmoded parts.
Restricted area
Any area, usually fenced, at an establishment
where the entrance and egress of personnel
and vehicular traffic are controlled for
reasons of safety.
Risk
Chance of hazard or bad consequence; exposure to chance injury, illness, or death of
personnel, or damage or loss of equipment or
property
Risk decision
The decision to accept or not accept the risks
associated with an action made by an individual responsible for performing that action.
Risk management
The process of identifying and controllng
hazards to protect the force.
Rocket
A motor which derives its thrust from ejection of hot gases generated from propellants
carried within the motor casing.
Rocket motor
That portion of the complete rocket which is
loaded with propellant.
Runway
Any surface on land designated for aircraft

takeoff and landing operations, or a designated lane of water for takeoff and landing
operations of seaplanes.
Safety shoes
Specifically designed footwear of four general types identified as—
a. Industrial safety shoes with hard toes or
other resistive physical characteristics which
met the requirements of ANSI Standard Z41.
1–1967.
b. Sparkproof safety shoes (with hard
toes) containing no exposed metal, for use in
locations where friction sparks are hazardous
and which comply with MIL-S–41821F.
c. Conductive sole safety shoes (with hard
toes) used where static electricity would be
hazardous and which comply with MILS–3794D.
d. Electrical hazard shoes (with hard toes)
designed for protection against electrical
shock and which comply with MIL-S–3794D
and ANSI Z41.1–1983.
Scuttling site
An area of water specifically designated for
positioning a ship for its flooding or sinking
under emergency conditions.
Secondary girdle
A ground loop (counterpoise) earth electrode
subsystem which is connected to all grounding subsystems except the lightning protection subsystem at former U.S. Navy
installations.
Semifixed ammunition
Ammunition loaded into a weapon in one
operation and whose cartridge case is not
firmly attached to the projectile so that the
propelling charge may be adjusted for zone
firing.
Service line
Electrical lines supplying individual or
unique installation locations.
Service magazine
A building of an operating line used for the
intermediate storage of explosives materials.
Ship or barge units
All explosives within a line encompassing
the ship or barge being loaded, the space on
the pier for spotting of freight cars and trucks, and the space in the water for barges
which may be working the ship or barge.
Simultaneous detonation
Detonation of separated quantities of explosives of ammunition occurring so nearly at
the same time that the effect on the surroundings is the same as if the several quantities
were not separated and were detonated en
masse.
Small arms ammunition
Ammunition for small arms; for example, all
ammunition up to and including 20mm.

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Standard igloo magazine
An earth-covered, arch-type magazine with
or without a separate door barricade, constructed according to an approved standard
drawing identified in chapter 8.
Static test stand
Locations on which liquid propellant engines
or solid propellant motors are tested in place.
Storage compatibility
A relationship between different items of ammunition, explosives, and other dangerous
materials whose characteristics are such that
a quantity of two or more of the items stored
or transported together is no more hazardous
than a comparable quantity of any one of the
items stored alone.
Substantial dividing wall
An interior wall designed to prevent simultaneous detonation of quantities of explosives
on opposite sides of the wall.
Support facilities
Ammunition and explosives storage or operations that support solely the functions of tactical or using units as distinguished from
storage depots or manufacturing facilities.
Surveillance
The observation, inspection, investigation,
test, study, and classification of ammunition,
ammunition components, and explosives in
movement, storage, and use with respect to
degree of serviceability and rate of
deterioration.
Surveillance workshop
A special building equipped to permit all normal ammunition surveillance inspections.
Suspect truck and car site
A designated location for placing trucks and
railcars containing ammunition or explosives
that are suspected of being in hazardous conditions. These sites are also used for trucks
and railcars that may be in a condition that is
hazardous to their contents.
Tactical facilities
Prepared locations with an assigned combat
mission, such as missile launch facilities,
alert aircraft parking areas, or fixed gun
positions.
Taxiway or taxilane
Any surface designated as such in the basic
airfield clearance criteria specified by a DOD
component publication or Federal Aviation
Regulation.
Transient
A person with official business on a production line or operation but who is not routinely
assigned to a specific limited location.
Transmission lines
Electrical lines supplying locations outside
the installation uniquely, or in common with
installation locations.

177

Unconfined burning
The burning of energetic material which have
a means of venting without appreciable
movement.
Utilities
Those services such as water, air, steam,
sewage, telephone, and electricity necessary
to the operation of an establishment.
Waiver
A written authority that permits a temporary
deviation from a short term (5 years or less)
mandatory requirement of U.S. Army Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards.
Warhead
That portion of a rocket or guided missile
containing the high explosives charge or
other destructive agent.
Wharf
A landing place or platform built into the
water or along the shore for the berthing of
vessels.
Wharf yard
A yard that is close to piers or wharves in
which railcars or trucks are held for short
periods of time before delivery to the piers or
wharves.
Section III
Special Abbreviations and Terms
This section contains no entries.

178

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Index
This index is organized alphabetically by
topic and by subtopic within a topic. Topics
and subtopics are identified by paragraph
number.
5 foot firebreak, 3–7d
50 foot firebreak, 3–7d
Accident reporting, 2–10
Air terminals
as part of a LPS, 12–2c
locations and heights, 12–5g
specifications and restrictions, Table 12–1
inspection, D–2
testing, D–3
Aircraft
damage at PTR, 5–6b
damage at IL (barricaded), 5–6c
damage at IL (unbarricaded), 5–6d
aircraft grounding, 6–10l, 7–13c
grounding inspection and test, Table 6–1
transport of ammunition by, 7–13
QD between, 14–15
Aisles
storage of MHE, 10–6
in munitions areas, 13–2g(3)
Ammunition
hazard and risk assessment requirements,
2–1
field safety, 2–9
accident reporting, 2–10
rod and gun clubs, 2–11
public displays, 2–13
hunting, 2–15
fire prevention, 3–1
posting fire symbols, 3–15
fire fighting instruction, 3–22
hazard class procedures, 4–1
storage principals, 4–3
mixed storage, 4–4
QD mixing rules, 5–2
underground storage, 5–13
preparation for shipment, 7–4
licensing, 9–1
LPS, 12–1a
storage, 13–1
stacking, 13–2g
loose rounds, 13–2h
damaged containers, 13–2h
outdoor storage, 13–3
inert ammunition, 13–6
unserviceable, 13–7
captured ammunition, wartime, 13–8,
15–2d
basic load holding area, 14–2
demilitarization, 17–1
maintenance, 18–1
electrical testing, 18–19
gaging, 18–20
Area map, 3–1d
Bale hooks, 2–5b
Barricades
for personnel protection, 2–4c
barricaded intraline, 5–6c
barricaded magazine distance, 5–6e
effectiveness at magazines, 5–6e(3)
door barricades, 5–8b(3)
open storage modules, 8–29
barricading and earth cover for magazines,
8–30b

location of, 8–30c
Basic load ammunition
storage compatibility, 4–4b
storage requirements, 14–7
overseas locations, 14–2
inspection, 14–6a
Black powder
storage compatibility, 4–5a(4)
sensitivity to static electricity, 6–10a(3)(a),
13–5e(7), 18–21c
collection methods, 8–27a
deterioration of, 13–1g
magazine storage, 13–2c(3), 13–5b
BLAHA
storage compatibility, 14–2c
exclusions, 14–2d
explosives limits, 14–2e
fire and chemical symbols, 14–7c
aviation operations, 14–12
Blast doors
underground storage, 5–13d(6)
as a substantial dividing wall, 8–8b
Blasting caps
protective container, 2–5a
storage compatibility, 4–5a(2)
training safety, 5–14d(3)
transportation, 7–5c
when stored with basic load, 14–2f(9)
theater storage, 15–2b(3)
Blocking and bracing
inadequate or improper, 7–12k
port operations, 11–1a
Blue flags
marking railcars, 7–12l
Bonding, electrical
when refueling vehicles, 3–7g(6)(b)
dispensing flammable material from a container, 3–7h(2)
conductive floors, 6–10c(3)
conductive belts, 6–10f(2)
at explosives facilities, 6–13a, 6–13d
inspection and test intervals, Table 6–1
steam and water lines, 8–24b
of dissimilar metals, 12–7a(3)
bonding strap size and material requirements, Table 12–1
test instruments, D–3
Captured ammunition
hazard classification, 7–3b(3), 15–1c(6)
segregation requirements, 15–1d(5)
field storage, 15–5n(1)
Celebrations
participation of Army personnel, 2–12a
commercial fireworks, 2–12b
Chutes
accumulation of static electricity,
6–10a(2)(b)
personnel safety, 8–10
Clean burning
diesel equipment, 10–5c
Cleaning
regular cleaning program, 2–6b
preferred method, 2–6c(3)
with flammable liquids, 3–7f
plugs removed from bombs or projectiles,
13–2i(4)(a)
ammunition items, 18–7
threads, 18–14
with dust collection systems, 18–21a

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

permissible rotational speeds for equipment, 18–27a(2)
shoes, C–4b
Cold light
devices, 6–7b
Collection systems, explosives
design and operation, 8–27d, 18–23
dry vacuum, 8–27d(3), 18–23b
wet systems, 8–27d(6)
propagation risk, 18–23a, 8–27d(2)
Colored smoke mixtures
composition, 13–23c
Combat configured load (CCL)
separation of lots, 14–7b
compatibility, 14–11a
Combustible vegetation
risk to munitions, 3–7c(1)
Commercial explosives
storage and handling, 16–1
use of, 16–2
Commercial fireworks on Army installations, 2–12b
Commercial-type loading tool 2–11b(8)
Compatible storage of basic load
ammunition 14–2c
Compliance with Q-D standard
previously constructed facilities, 1–5
rod and gun clubs, 2–11
general requirements, 5–1
prior to new construction, 8–3f
licensing, 9–1c
at OCONUS locations, 14–1a
Concurrent operations
in the same structure, 2–4c
during renovation operations, 18–2d
during sand or shotblasting operations,
18–17a
Construction personnel, permissible exposure, 5–6b(5)(h)
Contingency operations
transport of incompatible loads, 7–5c
site plan exemption, 8–1c(1)(b)
wartime operations, 15–1a, 15–1b, 15–1c,
15–1d(10)
Continuity checks of explosives items,
2–7c(1)
Conveyors
belt specifications, 6–10f(1)(a), C–5
separation of explosive items, App F
Counterpoise
when to install, 6–14c(2)
description of, 6–14h
Daily inspection of vehicle, 7–6b
Damaged shipment
rail shipment, 7–12k
air shipment, 7–13d
water shipment, 7–14b
DD Form 626
vehicle inspection, general, 7–6a
inbound vehicles, 7–7a
outbound vehicles, 7–8
Dead ends in magazine areas, 8–16c
Decontaminating material for chemical
group B agent, 13–12d
Decontamination method
group B agent, 13–15
group C agent, 13–21
Deflector plate for gasoline and diesel
powered equipment, 10–3
Deluge system
179

for explosives operations, 3–21
testing, 13–21q
portable system, 13–21s
Demilitarization
operator protection, 2–7c(1)
risk assessment, 3–21a(1)
required blast overpressure protection, Table 5–8
LPS requirement, 12–3b
general precautions, 17–3a
new technologies, 17–6
Diesel powered required safety equipment,
10–3
Dissimilar hazards
collection of explosives dusts, 8–27
concurrent operations, 18–2d(2)
Distribution lines in explosives areas,
5–7n(2)
Door mats at the entrance of explosives
operating buildings, 8– 16e
Drilling
of permanent display items, 13–6c(1)(c)
removal of stake-punch marks and setscrews, 18–3c(5)
rotational speed limitations, 18–27a
during machining of explosives, 18–28a
removal of drilling residue, 18–28k
Drivers
operation of vehicles loaded with explosives, 7–8f
commercial drivers, 7–8f
military drivers, 7–8f
request for safe haven, 7–9
Dynamite
military, 13–5c
commercial, 16–4
turning of commercial, 16–4c
turning of frozen, 16–4c
Earth cover
planting of trees and/or shrubs, 3–7c(4)
overgrazing by animals, 3–7c(5)
use for buried detonations, 5–7c(e)
when considered as a barricade, 5–8d(1)(b)
minimum depth, 5–8d(3)
composition, 8–30d(1)
Earth electrode subsystem
for elimination of static electricity, 6–10b
conductive floor bonding, 6–10c(3)(a)
as part of facility ground system, 6–13b
purpose of, 6–14
requirements for, 6–14a
design, 6–14b
grounding wells, 6–14c(3)
bonding requirements, 6–14d
inspection and test intervals, Table 6–1
LPS bonding, 12–5d
test and inspection procedures, Appendix B
EIDS ammunition
hazard classification, 4–1g, Table 4–1
characteristics, 4–2
Electric lighters in explosives areas,
3–2a(2)(b)
Electrical
transportation of electric detonators, 2–5a
fixtures in explosives areas, 2–6b(2)
heat producing devices in explosives areas,
3–7a
fires, 3–7j(4)
types of supply lines, 5–7n

180

in hazardous locations, 6–2f(1)
approved equipment, 6–3
service lines in explosives areas, 6–5
ground fault interrupter, 6–5c
electric motors in hazardous locations, 6–6
static electricity, 6–10
installation of electrical equipment, 8–26
electrical testing of ammunition, 18–19
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR)
low power solid state devices, 6–2f(3)
hazards, 6–15
Encroachment licensing, 9–1a
Exemptions for site planning, Table 8–1
Exhibitions for the public, 2–12
Existing infrastructure
handling ammunition during wartime,
15–1d(6)
use as field storage units, 15–5j
Expiration date
explosives licensing, 9–1a
pyrotechnics, 13–5g
Explosion proof lighting in storage magazines, 6–8
Explosives
hazard analysis and risk assessment, 2–1
personnel training requirements, 2–2
standing operating procedures, 2–3
handling, 2–5
housekeeping, 2–6
testing, disassembly and modification, 2–7
field safety, 2–9
accident reporting, 2–10
static and public displays, 2–13
hunting, 2–15
fire prevention, 3–1
fire symbols, 3–15
fire fighting, 3–22
hazard classification, 4–1
compatibility groups, 4–5
quantity distance, 5–1b
transportation, 7–1
licensing 9–1
storage, 13–1
commercial explosives, 16–3
demilitarization, 17–1
maintenance, 18–1
Fences
firebreaks, 3–7d
within 6 feet of an explosives structure,
12–8b
Field safety for packaged and unpackaged
ammunition, 2–9
Fire
risk assessment factor, 2–1a(6)
fire protection management, 3–1
personnel training, 3–3
drills, 3–4
exits, 3–5
alarms, 3–6
firebreaks, 3–7d
extinguishing agents, Table 3–1
extinguisher requirements, 3–8a
fire division symbols, 3–14b
posting fire symbols, 3–15
exceptions to posting fire symbols, 3–16
automatic sprinkler systems, 3–20
deluge systems, 3–21
fire fighting procedures involving explosives, 3–22

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

firewalls, 8–5c(1), 8–7
fire escapes, 8–11
in chemical group “B” magazines, 13–16
in chemical group “C” magazines,
13–9a(3), 13–22
in chemical group “D” magazines,
13–9a(4), 13–28
Firebreaks, requirements for, 3–7d
Firefighting
meeting and advising firefighters, 3–1c(5)
personnel training, 3–3
non DOD firefighters, 3–12c
guidance symbols, 3–14
procedures for chemical and toxic, 3–18
Flame arrester, use in refueling vehicles,
10–3a
Flame or spark producing devices
in magazine or explosives areas, 3–1g
separation for gasoline or diesel refueling,
3–7g(6)(c)
repairs on trailers, 7–7b(3), 11–5d(2),
14–4b
Flammable liquids
for cleaning, 3–7f
present in ammunition, 4–5a(9)
hydrocarbon fuels, 5–12a(2)(d)
in hazardous locations, 6–2a(2)(a)
open containers, 13–2i(5)(a)
use outside magazines, 13–2i(5)(b)
separation from explosive loaded vehicles,
14–5a
spray painting, 18–8a
Flammable storage
separation from explosives locations,
3–7h(3)
storage for flammables and paint, 18–8f
Flashlights and lanterns
use in buildings containing explosive, 3–1i
in hazardous locations, 6–7b
Flexible cords, 6–9
Floodlight systems 6–7a
Floors
cleaning with sweeping compound, 2–6c(1)
conductive floors, 6–10c
in explosives facilities, 8–6
visual inspection, C–2
electrical inspection, C–3
Forklifts
used for handling explosives, 2–5f
requirements for overhead guards, 10–1b
for use in earth covered magazines, 10–5c
storage in magazines, 13–2f(1)
Freezing and thawing
wet collection systems, 8–27d(6)
storage of bulk explosives in distilled
water, 13–5d
ammunition stored on the ground, 15–5k(2)
Fuel
parking fuel service truck, 3–7g(3)
refueling vehicles, 3–7g(6)
bonding during refueling, 3–7g(6)(b)
grounding vehicles, 11–5f
Gates
in fence around explosives areas, 8–16b
fire symbols on gates, 14–7c
spills, 3–7g(6)(d)
Grass fires 3–22b
Grid
electrical, 5–7n(1)(a)
buried metal, 6–14

use in new construction, 6–14i(1)
air terminals, 12–4h(3)
Ground fault interrupters, requirements
for new construction or renovation, 6–5c
Ground rods
for new construction or renovation, 6–14
requirements for LPS, 6–14g(1)(a)
inspection and test requirements, Table 6–1
minimum number, Table 6–2
Hand trucks
used to handle ammunition, 2–5f
electric, 10–1
transportation of primed items, 18–6
Handling explosives and munitions
precautions, 2–5
handling equipment, 10–1
of chemical munitions, 13–9d
during wartime, 15–1
commercial explosives, 16–1
Handloading
facility requirements, 2–11b
procedures, 2–11b(1)
Hazard analysis/Risk assessment
policy on existing facilities, 1–5
requirements, 2–1a
personnel qualifications for conduct of,
2–1c
for deluge systems, 3–21j
unlisted equipment, 6–3b(2)
prioritization of LPS repair, 12–5g
material in service magazines, 13–2h
new demilitarization technologies, 17–6c
machining of explosives, 18–28f
Hazard zones for toxic chemical agents,
5–9e(2)
Hazardous locations
classes, 6–2
special requirements, 6–2f
maintenance of equipment in hazardous locations, 6–2g
photographic lighting, 6–2h
listed equipment, 6–3a
unlisted equipment, 6–3b
electric motors, 6–6
permanent lighting, 6–8
static electricity dissipation, 6–10b
buildings, 8–6a(1)
Helicopter operations
landing areas, 14–12a
limitations, 14–12a(3)
High pressure closures for underground
storage, 5–13d(9)
Host nation symbols, when applicable,
3–16b
Hot work permit for heat-producing equipment in magazines, 13– 2l(2)(c)
Humidification for prevention of static
electricity, 6–10b(2)
Inert or empty ammunition
storage, 13–6a
identification, 13–6b, 13–6c
used for practice, 13–6c(1)(a)
Improved conventional munitions (ICM)
storage requirements, 13–5a
Incendiary
storage compatibility group “G”, 4–5a(7)
storage compatibility group “J”, 4–5a(9)
QD safety criteria, 5–7f(1)(b)
underground storage limitations, 5–13f

sensitivity to static electricity, 6–10a(3)(a)
dust collection, 8–27a, 18–21c
bombs, 13–23b
special protective equipment, 13–25
Inhabited building distance (IBD)
fire involving explosives, 3–13b
for HD 1. 6 material, 4–2c(2)
expected effects, 5–6a(1)
liquid propellant, 5–12h
underground storage, 5–13h(3)
sandblasting in explosive areas, 18–17a
Inspection
of automatic sprinkler systems, 3–20c,
8–28
facility ground system and LPS components, 6–13c, 12–13
Government vehicles, 7–6a
inbound vehicles, 7–7a
outbound vehicles, 7–8
railcars, 7–12(1)
inert ammunition, 13–6d
personal protective equipment, 13–9g(3)
inert scrap components, 18–15b
Interim hazard classification 7–3
Intrinsic safety in hazardous locations,
6–2f(3)
Ionization for prevention of static electricity, 6–10b(3)
Leaking packages in railcars, 7–12e
Lighting system
security fences, 5–6c(3)g
photographic, 6–2h
portable, 6–7
permanent, 6–8
Lightning protection
arrestors, 6–5, 12–12a
LPS subsystem, 6–13b(4), 6–14g(1)(a)
loading of vehicles, 11–2b
vehicle holding area, 11–3a, 12–16
railheads, 11–4d
at demilitarization/disposal sites, 12–3b
integral system, 12–6a
catenary system, 12–6b
mast system, 12–6c
warning systems, 12–9
for empty facilities, 12–17
100 foot zone of protection, 12–1b, 12–5b,
12–5g, 12–6a
Liquid propellant
general requirements, 5–12
storage, 13–1e
Load protection lifting devices, 7–6c
Load stability
explosives loaded vehicles, 7–6d
blocking and bracing, 7–6d
Local telephone service
underground routing, 6–5b
surge protection, 6–5b
Magazines
fire fighting, 3–22b
service magazines, 5–4f, 5–6c(3)(i),
5–6d(3)(h), 13–2c(5)
orientation, 5–8
intermagazine distance, Table 5–6
electrical equipment, 6–1
barricades and earthcover, 8–30
empty magazines, 13–1i
storage of ammunition, 13–2
temperature control, 13–2e

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

preferred type, 13–2d
operations in magazines, 13–2i
operations outside magazines, 13–2j
repairs, 13–2l
storage of inert ammunition, 13–6a
approved for new construction, appendix G
Main service switch on battery-powered
equipment, 10–2d
Maintenance involving welding on explosives loaded vehicles, 14– 4c
Matches
at handloading operations, 2–11b(3)
in explosives areas, 3–1g, 14–10a(2)
“strike anywhere” matches, 3–1h
Maximum amount of explosives, posting of
limits, 2–4g
Military aircraft
parking areas, Table 5–19
operating regulation, 7–13a
permissible air shipments, 7–13b
non-military aircraft, 7–13c(6)
Mineral oil
for use in covering pyrotechnic mixtures,
2–6a(2)(b)
collection of scrap pyrotechnics, 18–21c
Minimum water supply, storage for
firefighting, 3–9
Minor modifications required on existing
facilities, 8–1c(2)
Mixed storage
storage of ammunition with other
materials, 4–3b
storage of compatible ammunition, 4–3d,
4–4
storage in modules, 8–29d(2)
Modification of explosives items, precautions, 2–7
Module storage
definition, 8–29b
limitations, 8–29b
ammunition in flammable outerpack,
8–29d(3)
Motor vehicle
transportation of ammunition, 2–9b
Government owned, 7–6a
inspection, 7–6a
inbound, 7–7a
outbound, 7–8
New construction
type of earth grounds authorized, 6–14
approved designs for new construction,
8–5, appendix G
structural grounds, 12–10
new storage magazines, 13–2b
Openings in fire walls, fire doors, 3–11
Operating support equipment powered by
internal combustion engines, 3–7j
Operational shields
for use during testing, disassembly and
modification, 2–7c
requirements, 18–3
when not applicable, 18–3c
at profile and alignment gaging operations,
18–20a
at assembly and crimping operations,
18–26
machining of cased explosives, 18–28d
munitions loading, 18–29
doors which function as operational
shields, 18–29b
181

Operations permitted in magazines, 13–2i
Operations permitted outside magazines,
13–2j
Overhead guard
for forklifts, 10–1b
exceptions, 10–1b
Packing material
specifications, 2–5d
retention of, 2–9a, 15–1(10)
risk in aboveground magazines, 5–9b(4)
storage with explosives, 13–2f(1)
calculating weight, 15–5c
Paint and other flammable material, storage in explosives area, 3–7h
Permissible air shipment
by civil air, 7–13b
by military air, 7–13b
damaged shipment, 7–13d
Personal protective equipment
protective masks, 13–9g(1)
protective clothing and equipment,
13–9g(2)
storage and inspection, 13–9g(3)
for group “B” chemical munitions, 13–12b
for group “C” chemical munitions, 13–19a
sand or shotblasting operations, 18–16f
Personnel exposure
risk assessment factor, 3–21d(7)
during remote explosives operations,
5–7k(1)(a)
blast overpressure and fragments,
5–7k(1)(b)
allowable explosives limits at operating locations, 18–2b
during explosives machining operations,
18–28i
Photographic lighting in hazardous locations, 6–2h
Placarding
explosives loaded vehicles, 7–6e
host country requirements, 7–6e, 7–13a(2)
Portable deluge system components,
3–21s(2)
Portable lighting systems
floodlight systems, 6–7a
flashlights, 6–7b
lantern, 6–7b
miners cap lamps, 6–7b
Prepositioned war reserve (PWR)
storage at basic load site, 14–3b, 14–3d
at overseas locations, 14–3b
Prefire plans, development of, 3–1c
Protection from moisture
wet collectors, 8–27d(3)
when using aluminum LPS conductors,
12–7a(4)
when standard storage magazines are not
available, 13–1a
use of heating in magazines, 13–2e(2)
ventilation, 13–2k
Public demonstrations, 2–12
Pyrotechnics
preferred storage facilities, 13–5g
ventilation in storage, 13–2k
storage environment, 13–5g
use of heat sealing equipment, 18–12
Quantity-Distance (Q-D)
administrative areas, 5–7a
airfields, 5–10a

182

between loaded aircraft, 14–15a
burning areas, 5–7p
calculating mixed hazard/divisions, 5–2
classification yard, 5–7b
computations, 5–4
demolition ranges, 5–7c
electrical supply lines, 5–7n
heliports, 5–10
inert storage areas, 5–7d
interchange yards, 5–7e
loading docks, 5–7g
magazine orientation, 5–8
piers and wharf, 5–11
rail and truck holding areas, 5–7h
rail and truck inspection areas, 5–7i
recreational and training facilities, 5–7j
remote operations, 5–7k
storage tanks, 5–7l
transportation mode change location, 5–7o
underground storage layout, 5–13d
underground tanks and pipelines, 5–7m
Railcars
fires, 3–19a
propagation of explosives loaded, 5–3h
at interchange yards, 5–7e
inspection stations, 5–7i
inspection prior to unloading, 7–12i
railhead operations, 11–4
Railroad track
as earth electrode subsystems, 6–14, 6–14k
within 6 feet of an explosives facility,
12–8c
Refueling
within explosives areas, 3–7g(6)
within an inert storage building, 3–7g(6)(e)
explosives loaded vehicles, 3–7g(6)(b)
loaded aircraft, 7–13a(1)
grounding during refueling, 11–5f
during tactical situations, 14–5d
sand and shotblasting equipment, 18–17c
Remote controlled devices
for protection of personnel and property,
2–7c
design and testing, 2–7c(2)
Repairs to magazines
removal of building contents, 13–2l(1)
special requirements, 13–2l(2)
Repair by welding, 14–4c
Rockets, rockets motors, and missiles
safety devices, 2–9c
liquid propellants, 5–12a
on-post transport requirements, 7–10b(4)
storage facilities, 13–5i, 13–5i(2)(a)
loading on aircraft, 14–13f
electrical testing, 18–3b(8)
Roofs
construction requirements, 8–5c
installing hardware, 8–19c
repair, 13–2l(1)
Safe haven
requesting, 7–9
responsibility for cargo, 7–9
Safe separation distance
buried detonations, 5–7c(2)(e)
between EEDs and RF emitters, 6–15c
calculating, Table 6–4
reducing distance, 6–15d
conveyor spacing, 18–2c, appendix F

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

Salvaged propellant, spill cleanup,
2–11b(7)
Storage compatibility group (SCG)
SCG assignment, 4–3c, 4–5a
separate storage, 4–3d
mixed storage, 4–4a
storage of NATO standard ammunition,
15–2d(1)
commercial explosives, 16–3
requesting a SCG, 16–3g
Scuttling site
measuring distances, 11–6c(3)
location considerations, 11–6d(1)
Separate-loading projectiles
storage facilities, 13–2c(2)
removing/replacing grommets on apron,
13–2i(3)
storage requirements, 13–5f
performing maintenance, 18–2e(2)
rotational speeds during maintenance,
18–27b
Shaped charges
fragment distances, 5–5b(3)(a)
special storage considerations, 13–5h
Site plans
when required, 8–1a
when not required, 8–1b
preliminary submission, 8–2a(1)
final safety submission, 8–2a(2)
review and approval, 8–3a
Skylights
protection at IBD, 8–17a
in explosive operating buildings, 8–17b
Soil erosion
use of vegetation, 3–7c(4)
use of sterilants, 3–7c(4)
Standing operating procedure (SOP)
hazard analysis, 2–1b
basic requirements, 2–3a, 2–3b
hazardous waste disposal, 2–6a(4)
testing, disassembly and modification, 2–7a
flammable liquids for cleaning, 3–7f
buried detonation, 5–7c(2)(e)
transportation of explosives, 17–3a
renovation operations, 18–2a(2)
Stacking
combustible material, 3–7k
exceptions on combustible material, 3–7l
in underground storage chambers,
5–13g(10)
in magazines, 13–2g
ventilation, 13–2k
permissible height, 15–5j(2)
Stacks
limited area for combustible material, 3–7k
of explosives, 5–4c
ammunition by lot number, 13–1b
height, 13–1b, 13–2g(1), 15–5j(2)
ventilation, 13–3c
QD to open stacks, 14–15f
firefighting, 15–2e
field storage unit (FSU), 15–5a
separation at FSUs, 15–5f
accessibility by MHE, 15–5h
Static electricity
generation of, 6–10a(1)
common sources, 6–10a(2), 6–10a(4)
sensitivity of explosives, 6–10a(3)(a)
garment removal, 6–10a(6)
dissipation, 6–10b
static grounds, 6–10b(1)(d)

humidification, 6–10b(2)
ionization, 6–10b(3)
conductive floors, 6–10c
footwear, 6–10d
spray painting, 6–10k
ordnance grounds, 6–11
instrument grounds, 6–12
Storage
general requirement, 13–1
lockers, 2–11b(5)
commercial fireworks, 2–12b
vegetation control, 3–7c(1)
POL storage, 3–7g(1), 15–2a(2)
flammable materials, 3–7h
firefighting water, 3–9
posting fire symbols, 3–15
principles, 4–3
mixed with dissimilar materials, 4–3b
storage compatibility groups, 4–3c, 4–5
mixed SCGs, 4–3d, 4–4, 4–5
inert storage, 5–7d, 13–6a
tanks, 5–7l
liquid propellant, 5–12a(1)
underground storage, 5–13, 12–3c
at hazardous locations, 6–2
preferred type, 8–5a, 13–2d, 13–5i(2)(a)
open storage, 8–29
storage of MHE, 10–6
chemical munitions, 13–1f
magazine storage, 13–2
temperature control, 13–2e
outdoor, 13–3, 13–9e
unserviceable ammunition, 13–7b
at BLAHAs, 14–2a, 14–7c(2)
basic load storage, 14–3, 14–8
field storage unit (FSU), 15–5
commercial explosives, 16–3c
Substantial dividing walls (SDWs)
concurrent operations, 2–4c
for quantities up to 425 lbs, 5–4d
design, 8–5c
purpose, 8–8
use for vacuum collector, 8–27b(3), 18–23c
Symbol dimensions, half sized symbols,
3–14e

inbound motor vehicles, 7–7a
outbound motor vehicles, 7–8a
shipment of hazardous materials, 11–2e
prior to entering an explosives area,
14–10a(1)
Vehicle parking
distance to explosives facilities, 3–7i
fuel service trucks, 3–7g(3)
designated areas, 3–16e
combat aircraft, 5–6b(5)(g), 5–10a(3)(a)
privately owned, 5–6d(3)(k)
temporary parking of railcars, 5–7h(6)
fire symbols, 7–13a(2)
during road movement, 11–5b
Vehicle refueling
in proximity to explosives areas, 3–7g(6)
electrical bonding, 3–7g(6)(b)
fuel spill, 3–7g(6)(d)
exceptions, 3–7g(7)
grounding, 11–5f
tactical situations, 14–5d
air compressors and motor generators,
18–17c
War zone, 15–1b
Waste materials
mixing, 2–6a
container, 2–6a(2), 18–3h
disposal, 2–6a(4), 18–25

Telephones
in explosives storage areas, 13–2m
Tie-down straps for securing ammunition,
7–10c
Training ammunition
mixing with basic load, 14–3b
Transportation of hazardous materials
shipment by military conveyance, 7–1
inspection of government vehicles, 7–6a,
11–2e
inspection of inbound motor vehicles, 7–7a
driver response information, 7–8f
shipment by rail, 7–12b
leaking packages, 7–12e
air transportation, 7–13, 7–13a
Vegetation control
within explosives areas, 3–7c
purpose, 3–7c(1)
determining level of control, 3–7c(3)
use of animals, 3–7c(5)
Vehicle inspection
documentation, 7–6a
certification of inspection personnel, 7–2
Government vehicles, 7–6a

DA PAM 385–64 • 28 November 1997

183

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