C20 8078_Form_and_Card_Design_1961 8078 Form And Card Design 1961

C20-8078_Form_and_Card_Design_1961 C20-8078_Form_and_Card_Design_1961

User Manual: C20-8078_Form_and_Card_Design_1961

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Form C20-8078

Form and Card Design

This manual is divided in two sections-the first devoted to form design and the second to card design.
Its use presupposes a knowledge of IBM data processing equipment. It can be used as a guide for individual study or a text for class study.

Design

© 1961 by International Business Machines Corporation

Copies of this and other mM publications can be obtained through mM Branch
Offices. Address comments concerning the contents of this publication to
mM, Technical Publications Department, 112 East Post Road, White Plains, N. Y. 10601

Contents

Form Design ..........................................

Steps to be Taken. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Considerations .................................
Form Width .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, Form Length .......................................
Horizontal Spacing .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vertical Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Form Skipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Availability of Characters for
Each Printing Position .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Form Alignment Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Numerical Amounts.. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .
Check Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marginal Perforations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Binding ........................... , .. . . . . . .. .. . ... .
Carbon Copies .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Form Types ........................................
Card Design ..........................................

Determining Card Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determining Field Size ................................
Determining Data Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Location of Data in Other Cards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sequence of Data on the Source Document. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Machine Characteristics .............................
Card Layout Forms ...................................
Drawing the Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Designing Short Cards .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Designing PORT-A-PUNCH® Cards ....................
Tumble and Sectional Cards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Testing Card Design ..................................

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Introduction

To insure efficient processing, cards and forms should
be designed specifically for the application in which
they are to be used. In doing this, it is necessary to:
• Know thoroughly the procedure and the machines
to be used.
• Understand the reports to be prepared and know
the use to which each will be put.
• Know the· rules of good card and form design.
The application of these must be accompanied by ingenuity, common sense and experience.
This manual is divided into two sections - the first
devoted to form design and the second to card design.
Each is intended to serve as a guide and in no way replaces the valuable assistance that is available through
your local IBM representative.

Form Design

The design of efficient, economical forms requires a
certain amount of preparatory evaluation and analysis.
Bear in mind that the major objectives are (1) forms
which are legible, simple and economical, and (2)
forms which can be prepared efficiently. Local IBM representatives should be consulted early; their guidance
and reference materials will help insure against costly
mistakes.

Steps to be Taken
First, the necessity of designing a particular new form
should be established. There may be existing forms
which are similar to the proposed one and which, with
minor changes, will satisfy the new requirements.
Next, study the machine to be used for printing. In
so doing, use the reference manual for this machine;
most manuals have at least one section devoted to the
tape-controlled carriage and/or form design. These sections contain valuable information about forms specifications as well as different printer characteristics and
operation.
Thirdly, list all types of information to be recorded
and the number of positions which will be allotted for
printing each. In doing this, past and present statistics
should be assembled and studied; these can be evaluated in light of future plans and then used as an indication of probable needs. One of the greatest weaknesses in form design is the tendency to burden a form
with unessential information. Since entire data processing procedures may be geared to the preparation of a
certain report, unnecessary information is extremely
costly.
As a fourth step, layout the form on a spacing chart.
(Note: A 1403 spacing chart is illustrated in Figure 1.
Spacing charts for each IBM printer are available
through your local IBM representative.) In so doing, the
following tips will be helpful, some of which will be
discussed in greater detail later:
• Use bold type to make special information or headings stand out.
• In columns for figures allow sufficient space for the
largest amount.
• Place filing information near the top of the form.
• Title the form.
• Include form number and date.
• Keep headings small, to allow sufficient room for
written data.
• Consider headings at the bottom of the form.

• For multiple copies, use colors as an aid in routing
each copy.
• Use double-ruled lines to set off sections.
• Avoid horizontal rulings as much as possible to
eliminate adjusting.
• Consider guide marks for names, addresses and
folding.
• Use some type of check protection for payroll, accounts payable and other checks.
• If possible, choose a form width that is standard.
• Make certain that the form length is compatible
with the spacing to be used.
• Include a guide for forms alignment in the printer.
The final step in form design should be a test in which
a copy of the proposed form is used. In making the test,
examine the report carefully to make certain that zeros
are printing properly and that amount fields are large
enough. Make certain that all possible conditions that
can arise during processing are tested.

Design Considerations
During the design of a form the designer should understand and keep in mind the following:
Form Width

The overall width of a form is important in determining
printing space. Although the IBM form-feeding devices
available will handle a great variety of document sizes,
certain practical aspects should be observed.
Form costs can be reduced by confining form widths
to the standard sizes of paper stock used by business
forms companies. These standard sizes can be obtained
from the forms company; reference to the individual
machine manual will indicate which are acceptable.
In addition, standardization permits (1) purchase of
report binding and filing supplies in fewer sizes and
greater quantities at reduced cost, (2) more convenient
forms handling and (3) a reduction in the setup time
of form-feeding devices.
Form Length

The total number of body lines which a form contains (regardless whether six- or eight-lines-per-inch
spacing is employed) can be any whole number in
the case of single spacing, should be evenly divisible
by two in the case of double spacing, and should
be evenly divisible by three in the case of triple
spacing.
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be p'Jnched atleost 8 lines apart.

MEASUR~ENTS

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Min. 3W'
Max. 18>;4"

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3%", 3W', 3~", 5W', 6"
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Vertical spacing 1/6"

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Horizontal Spacing

For ten-characters-per-inch spacing, vertical lines separating fields, and periods of numbers should be drawn
so that each splits a printing position. If they are drawn
between adjacent positions, paper shrinkage, variations
in form insertion and alignment, as well as other variables, may prevent satisfactory registration during
printing.
For 402-3 spacing, the lines can be drawn between
printing positions.
Vertical Spacing

On many printers the vertical spacing is under operator
control and can be set for six or eight lines per inch.
The importance of this is that double spacing at eight
lines per inch permits 25% more lines to be listed on a
page than double spacing at six lines per inch. While it
is true that six lines per inch at single spacing gives
more items than eight lines per inch at double spacing,
the advantage of the latter is the double-spaced legibility (see Figure 2) .
DOUBLE-SPACED
Six Lines To The Inch
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763232 370
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2: 70 PENCIL CHRME 3CO

Availability of Characters for Each Printing Position

On most printers, alphabetic, numerical and special
characters can be printed in every print position. However, for the 402 and 403 it should be made certain that
reports requiring the printing of alphabetic information
are designed so that the machine can print from the
alphameric type bars.
On the 402, 403 and 419 asterisks are printed from
odd-numbered numerical type bars while the CR symbols are printed from even-numbered ones. In some
cases it is difficult to arrange reports so that these characters print for odd and even type bars respectively.
Therefore, by special request, the asterisks can be replaced by credit symbols and vice versa. If it is desirable to have special characters other than those available, demountable type bars must be used.
Form Alignment Guide

2"

2: 21 WTRMN-SAPHIR-PEN
: 87 WTRMN PEN 6 LOT
: 29 WTRN CART 12 LOT
: 59 WT BALLPNT 6 LOT
1: 15 SKYRIT PEN 6 LOT
1: 74 PEN SET

distance which can be skipped without losing a machine cycle is not the same for all printers, the individual machine or systems reference manual should be
read. It is also advisable to study very carefully and
determine the number of body lines which will occur
most frequently. If the form provides for more or less
than this number, valuable machine time may be lost in
long skips or frequent overflows.

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Figure 2.

Before designing forms for single spacing at eight
lines per inch, it should be made certain that the lines
of print will not overlap. Machine and type style determine this.
Principles of Operation Bulletin 94 (form 224-6156)
describes preparation of carriage tapes for eight-linesper-inch spacing.
Form Skipping

Forms should be such that carriage skipping from one
area to another, or from one form to another, requires
little or no extra processing time. Since the maximum

If possible, a guide for form alignment should be determined and preprinted on each form to facilitate machine setup operations. For the 402 and 403 accounting
machines this is accomplished by printing a ribbon
guide (see Figure 3). For other printers it can be accomplished by a short line or mark in the margin or
heading of the form; this line or mark should be used in
conjunction with a stationary object such as a print line
indicator.
For forms that are prenumbered and must be accounted for, a clear plastic facsimile of t1ie form can be
made. This facsimile, when clipped to the top of the
first form, should provide the means for form alignment
and restoring the control tape in the carriage.
It is important that a description of the form alignment guide and its use be included in the manuals of
procedure. A delay in machine setup will create an unavoidable delay in processing.
Numerical Amounts

In determining the number of print positions needed
for numerical fields, it is the size of the total which
must be provided for rather than the size of the detail
amounts. If marks of punctuation are to be machineprinted, the size of the field should be checked to make
certain that printing positions have been allotted.
If offset total printing is used on a form, the total and
the individually listed amounts should be positioned so
3

RIBBON
DATE

5U~~~E~S_S-U-B-A-CC-~-U-NT~7-T-A-L~~-G-EN-L-.-A~-,:C-OO-N-T-::~~T-AL~~~~~~-~~~~1~~

3 / 3 1 / 6

GWDES

ACCOONT NAME
RAW

MATERIALS
BRASS
CASTINGS
BLANKED PARTS
GEARS
GLASSWARE

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241607153
1180175
1100145

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3 / 3 1 / 6

DEPT.

MATERIAL

YEAR-To-DATE

YEARho-DATE

~~~~C~LA~S~S-r~~~rn~.IS~YE~ft~.R.-~~~~-~~SSTT~~~._~A~n~~
SUMMARY OF EXPENSES
DATE

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SALARIES
AR I ES

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DATE

PRODUCTION

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CUSS

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DESCRIPTION

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Figure 3.

that zero and special symbol printing control in one
field does not interfere with that iIi the other (see Figure 4). The same is true of other numerical fields, particularly those that appear in the heading of the form.
Check Protection

Since the amount field on a payroll, accounts payable,
or other check may be larger than the amount printed
in it, a positive method of preventing fraudulent alteration is needed. One way is to allow zeros to print to the
left of the high-order digit.
Another common means of check protection is the
use of asterisks. For some printers, this is a routine operation; for others it requires a special device.
Marginal Perforations

Most forms have a vertical perforation 1f2" from each
side. Sometimes, however, forms are designed with dissimilar margin widths. For example, a form with an
overall width of 9Ys" may be perforated 1/2 " on the left
and %" on the right, to leave an 81/2" x 11" letter-size
report after the marginal strips are removed. Many
such variations in margin size are used. At least one
unused printing position should be left between a machine-printed character and a perforation.
Since some report binders utilize the form-feeding
holes for binding, many reports are set up with no perforation on the binding side.
The practice of eliminating perforations and letting
the form-feeding holes remain on both sides of the fin4

ished reports is being followed more and more, particularly with internal reports.
Binding

In most cases, it is desirable to keep the binding space
at a minimum to reduce form cost. Therefore, information that is not likely to be referred to should be placed
nearest the margin, since it becomes increasingly more
difficult to read information near the binder posts when
many sheets are placed in a binder.
Because of the amount of space required for headings, many forms can be bound at the top, with no sacrifice in readability. If it is desirable to bind continuous
forms without bursting them or binding them on the
side, binding holes can be punched in both the top and
bottom of the forms.
Carbon Copies

Substantial savings can be realized by keeping the
number of carbon copies to a minimum. Some techniques that are effective in reducing the number of carbon copies are:
1. Side-by-side duplicate reports.
2. Consolidation of reports for multiple use.
3. Sequence-routing of reports to different departments, instead of simultaneous distribution.
4. Mechanical or photographic reproduction.
Any report that is subject to constant usage, such as
a weekly time sheet, should be prepared on a durable
grade of paper. For most multiple-copy work, the first,

POLICY NUMBER

NAME OF INSURED

91846702
60942301
66450398
138149275

EVELYN SMITH
DOROTHY GREEN
ANOREW HERRON
DONALD CREW

POLICIES

ITRANSFERS I TOTAL AMOUNT INSUR.

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AMOUNT OF
INSURANCE

150
2 5 0
5 0 0
2 0 0

0
0
0
0

REVIVALS

1 10 0 0

r

~

OFFSET TOTAL

Figure 4.

or original, copy and the last copy are heavier in weight
than the intermediate copies. Lighter weights of paper
have less cushioning effect on the printing impact, and
therefore permit more legible printing on multiple
copies. The paper must not be so stiff that it will buckle
away from the platen. On the other hand, it must be of
sufficient weight and strength to prevent tearing while
feeding or ejecting forms.
Platen hardness requirements vary with the number
of parts in each form. Printing payroll checks without
carbons, for example, necessitates a medium platen,
while an invoicing operation with six parts to be recorded necessitates a hard platen.
In addition to this, the distance between the type
bars and the platen is adjustable (for a varying number
of copies) by the use of the machine's form thickness
adjustment device. Many printers also have an adjustable device which permits the operator to vary the
print density. It is also valuable for stencil cutting or
preparatiop of spirit duplicator master sheets if the
machine is used for other work.
When feeding forms of eight parts or more, or exceptionally heavy forms, the use of an undercut platen
should be considered to avoid improper registration
and smearing.
The carbon paper used should produce the required
number of legible copies without excessive smudging.
Various carbon forms are in use. They include:
1. One-time carbon. This is used once and discarded.
2. Carbon-backing paper. The carbon surface is on
all or part of the reverse side of the original.
3. Chemical-coated paper. The chemical coating on
the back of one sheet reacts with the coating on the
face of the next, under the impact of the type bar.
The type style is also an important consideration for
multiple carbon copies. Standard type will give maxi-

mum legibility. A type style with a smaller area tends
to fill in when printed through several sheets of paper,
and type with a bolder face spreads the force of the
hammer blow and decreases the sharpness and density.
The legibility of some special-purpose type is limited. Since it is fixed in size, the more characters that
are crowded within the area, the smaller each character
becomes. Therefore, as the number of carbon copies
increases, the definitive lines of each character seem to
become broader. The result is a character that is difficult to read.
In some cases carbon paper is narrower than the
form. It may be held in place by a fastening technique
at the horizontal' perforations between forms, or by
some other method such as stitching, gluing, or paper
perforations in the margins.
The recommended maximum distances between
fastenings are:
Maximum Distance
Form Length
Between Fastenings
1 to 5 inches
5 inches
5% to 11 inches
11 inches
7 inches
11 to 14 inches
14 to 17 inches
81h inches
For forms more than 17" in length, the maximum
distance between staples should be determined by actual test.
If staples are used, these conditions must be satisfied:
• Staples must be located out of the printing area.
• Staples must be properly crimped so they won't
catch on guides, edges or staples in succeeding
forms.
• Staples must not cause excessive bulging during
feeding, particularly at the out-fold.
Form Types

Depending upon its purpose and destination, the form
on which a report is printed may range from the least
expensive blank stock to the more expensive custom
design ..
Reports printed on blank stock will probably be
vague to outsiders, such as auditors, as well as to many
insiders, unless the printer itself can be used to print
column headings during report preparation. Imprinted
stock forms are standard-size forms which are stocked
in large quantities and upon which lines, headings,
markings and some designs are printed as desired. Custom forms are those which are designed to fill special
needs of size, complexity and design. Although more
expensive, they can be used advantageously to "sell"
the company.
Stock forms, both blank and imprinted, are generally
used for infrequent or low-volume reports and, in particular, for those reports which are sent to insiders.

5

Card Design

Generally speaking, cards can be categorized by the
manner in which they are prepared:

Transcript cards are punched from information previously recorded on other documents. Examples include the customer order cards punched from orders,
accounts receivable cards punched from invoices,
voucher cards punched from accounting vouchers.
Dual cards are punched from information previously
\vritten on thc cards themselves. Thus they serve a
dual purpose as both source document and processing medium. Examples include (1) inventory counting and recording cards, which have the physical
count written on them in the warehouse, and which
are then sent to the data processing installation for
punching of the handwritten data, and later used in
printing the inventory report, (2) payroll change
cards, which have the change written on them, and
which are then signed by the employee, punched,
and automatically machine-processed to effect the
change, and (3) certain requisition and personnel
cards.
Mark-sensed cards are automatically punched from
electro graphic pencil marks that are recorded in
mark-sensing positions on the face of the cards. Certain weekly attendance and meter reading cards are
of this type. They are marked by an employee on the
job, sent to the machine room where the mark-sense
data is machine-read and punched into the same or
a different card for processing.
Output cards are automatically machine-created as a
result of processing disk storage records, tape records
or other IBM cards. Examples include summary, balance forward, updated file, exception and certain detail cards. Some of these undergo additional processing for report preparation, while others replace the
corresponding but outdated cards in a file.
Special cards are used with the IBM PORT-A-PUNC:a@ to
enable on-the-spot punching of data. Punching positions of those columns that are to be used for recording data are pres cored; the holes are created by
punching out the pres cored chips with a special instrument.
Regardless of the manner in which it is prepared, in
no case should a card be imposed upon a procedure; instead it should be designed for the particular use to
which it will be put. This is the only way to achieve
maximum effectiveness and efficiency.
6

Determining Card Data
The first step in card design requires a study of the final
report that is to be printed from the card and a listing
of data needed for it. Next, the procedure is studied
and any data needed for processing that is not also
needed for the report is added to the same listing. Every
item except that which comes from a table, master card
and/or storage is extracted and recorded on a form similar to the one illustrated in Figure 5. Provision must
be made for recording in the card all data that is listed,
unless it is calculated, emitted or summarized.
A check should be made that the necessary reference
data is included on the listing. Reference data should
be sufficient to (1) identify the transaction with the
original source document from which it was created, (2)
indicate the date on which the transaction occurred,
and, in some cases, (3) designate a person, place or
item responsible for or involved in the transaction. Examples of reference data include date, invoice number,
batch number, account number, salesman number, etc.
The amount of reference data that is necessary is determined by the use to which the cards will be put and
the reports which will be written from them. Care
should be taken to avoid duplicate or unnecessary reference data.

Determining Field Size
The number of columns required to record each type
of information should be determined and added to the
list in Figure 5. For codes, dates, invoice number, account number, etc., this is determined by the largest
single number to be recorded. Thus, four columns are
reserved for invoice number if the number series is to
be repeated after 9,999, and two for branch if there are
no more than 99 branches.
With quantity and amount fields, the problem becomes more difficult. In the first place, the space needed
to record the largest amount may not be known; in the
second place, if the largest amount is known, its chances
of occurring may be rare.
It is therefore a good plan to provide for all except
those rare cases, and to handle them by punching extra
cards or by using class selection. If, for example, the
seven-digit amount $67,265.80 is a rare case, it may be
recorded in a six-column field by punching six cards of
$9,999.99 and one card for $7,265.86 (or any combination of six-digit numbers totalling $67,265.80). In designing summary and balance-forward cards, however,

CARD DESIGN WORK SHEET

(Ja.b..iM;6 ~

. CARD NAME:

INFORMATION

DESIGNER:

REQUIRED FOR

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PROCESSING,AND REPORT
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the amount fields must be made large enough to accommodate the summary totals.
For punching names, 20 columns are generally sufficient; this should be carefully checked, however, on
each individual job. A study of the number of columns
required for recording names and addresses reveals
that 95% of names of individuals can be recorded in
18 columns or less; that 9S% of names of companies
require 20 columns or less; that 90% of street addresses
require 18 columns or less; and that 99% of cities and
states (abbreviated) require 20 columns or less.
The total of the columns required for all fields will
indicate whether the capacity of the card has been
exceeded. When the number of columns exceeds 80
but does not go over 100, the decision must be made
whether to use two cards or to reduce the number to
80. If the total number reaches 100 or more, it is evident that an additional card is needed.
If it is decided to reduce the number of columns to
80, the following techniques may be used:
1. Reduce the size of reference fields by repeating
the numbering series more frequently; for example, invoice numbers may start with 1 each month instead of
each quarter.
2. Reduce the size of control fields by having certain
ones serve as subclassifications of others.
3. Reduce the size of reference or control fields by
recoding. It is often possible to eliminate several digits.
4. Reduce the number of columns required for recording reference or control fields by ignoring one or
more digits which may not be essential. Thus, it may be
possible to punch only four digits of a six-digit invoice
number and preserve positive identification.
S. Reduce the size of amount fields in those cases
where the number of digits in the amount seldom exceeds the capacity of the field.
6. Record in the lIth and 12th punching positions
information which is never used for printing. These
positions can be easily used in columns that are set aside
for multiple punching; however, they should not be
used in control or alphabetic fields.
7. Use a single card column for recording several
one-digit codes. If an applicant is categorized male
(11 punch) or female (12 punch) and by age group
(for example, a zero punch for age lS-20, a 1 punch for
21-23, a 2 punch for 24-26 ... and a 9 punch for 65 and
above), then both codes can be punched in the same
column. Since this is multiple punching, caution should
be exercised and the user should make certain that the
different combinations are machine-readable.
8. Investigate the use of the group-sorting device if
master and detail cards are sorted together. Its use may
make it possible to eliminate from the detail cards a
sorting field or fields.
8

9. Avoid unnecessary data; for example, the use of
both an order number and an invoice number is unnecessary if one will provide adequate reference.
10. Use one field instead of two when alternative information is to be recorded. An example is an accounts
receivable transaction card that is to be used to record
either an invoice or a credit memorandum. The use of
two fields-one titled "Invoice No." and the other "Cr.
Memo. No."-will suffice if an X or digit punch is also
punched in some specified card column as identification of the credit memo.
11. For cards that are to be used for statistical analysis, combine several classes of statistical data into a
single column. This technique is especially applicable
in the case of yes-no responses.
If it is necessary to use more than one card, the data
is separated or classified to determine which should be
placed in each card. Such a division may be based upon
anyone of several schemes:
1. Place the repetitive or recurring information in
one card and temporary or non-repeating information
in a second card, as in the case of master cards and detail cards.
2. If more than one source document is involved, design a different card for each and use card codes.
3. In cases where one transaction affects two different accounts, design two cards-each with a different
degree of detail. Examples are accounts payable and
payables distributio.n cards, accounts receivable and
sales cards, payroll and labor distribution cards.
4. For printing invoices, orders, etc., design a card
for each section of the form. For example, a job may
include for each customer (1) heading cards, (2) a
miscellaneous data card and ( 3 ) detail commodity
cards. Such an arrangement is simple and effective; the
heading and miscellaneous data cards may also be used
for other jobs, such as printing credit memorandums
and packing slips.

Determining Data Sequence
There are four major considerations in determining a
card's data sequence. In the order of importance, these
are (1) the location of identical data in other cards
with which the new one will be processed, (2) the sequence of data on the source docnment from which the
card will be punched, (3) the machines and/or programs to be used during processing and ( 4) the manual
operations in which the card will be used.
Specific areas have been made available on the Card
Design Work Sheet (Figure S) for recording the location of data in other cards as well as the sequence of
data on the source document. The effect upon sequence
of machines and/or programs as well as manual operations and the location of interpreted information can be

indicated in the remarks column. The completed Card
Design Work Sheet is very useful in later design operations.

card. Note: After all fields have been laid out and sequenced, a separate form is used for designing each
card in detail; it will be discussed later.

Location of Data in Other Cards

Sequence of Data on the Source Document

A given field of information in the new card should be
placed in the same columns previously assigned to it in
the other cards. This assures that sorting and controlling can be accomplished when the cards are processed
together; it also facilitates control panel wiring and
programming. In cases where summary cards are designed to accommodate year-to-date figures or balanceforward amounts which by their nature must be larger
than corresponding fields in the detail transaction cards,
the amount fields in both should be aligned as nearly
as possible.
Examples of different cards which are processed together include a customer name card used with accounts receivable cards to write a statement, a daily
time ticket used with labor distribution cards to obtain
zero balance, and a labor distribution card with material distribution cards for cost analysis.
Figure 6 is a Multiple Card Layout form which
should be used when planning several cards simultaneously or a new card that will be used with existing
cards. The use of this form makes it possible to easily
align those fields which are common to more than one

Card punching, being a manual operation, is subject to
the greatest variation in production rate; anything
which simplifies it will tend to insure a faster and more
accurate operation. Data should be punched into a card
in the same order in which it is normally read. If the
data sequence on the card is considerably different
from that on the source document, it may be necessary
to redesign the source document. In cases where only
the indicative information differs in sequence, a rubber
stamp can be used to provide the proper sequence.
Machine Characteristics

Cards can be designed to take full advantage of both
machine characteristics and processing techniques.
Some of the major ones are discussed below:

Card Punches. In designing a dual card it is better to
locate the handwritten data on the left side of the
card and the punched data on the right. This is insurance against having handwritten data under the card
pressure lever when it is being read for punching
( see Figure 7) .

MULTIPLE LAYOUT FORM

STallAGE CUST.
ADCiESS NO.

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Figure 6.

9

00000010000000000000000
1 2 3 4 5 8 7 • 9 lG 11 12 13 l' 15 16 1118 19 2021 22 23

25

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11111111111111111111111

111111111111111111111111111111111

22222222222222222222222

22222222222222222222222222222222222

33333333333333333333333

3333333333333333333333333333333333333

44444444444444444444444

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'--y----J
Punching Station
Figure 7.

Sorters. For sorting operations in which cards are being
sequenced by several codes (e.g., minor, intermediate
and major), operator contro] is simplified if the fields
are located adjacent to each other with the minor
code on the right and each progressively higher one
to the left. Thus, the column seiector is turned once
for each pass and always in the same direction.
If the multiple column selection device is used to
select cards on the basis of punching in two or more
small fields, the fields should be adjacent so that all
will pass under the brushes.
Automatic Punches. For those machines which punch
serially (e.g., 602, 534, 536, 524, 526), the card should
be designed so that the data sequence does not conflict with the sequence in which results will be supplied and punched into the card by the machine.
Such a conflict can be avoided by a study of the particular machine and the processing to be done by it.
Computers. Computer characteristics should be investigated to determine whether the card's design will
affect processing speed. For example, with the 1400
series, field sequence, size and grouping wm determine whether instruction chaining can be used. With
many computers the ability to move and process
blocks of data without rearrangement will facilitate
10

programming and increase processing speed.

Control Panel Wiring. In installations where control
panels are not permanently wired, the accuracy and
speed of frequent wiring operations is improved if
the input card's data sequence is similar to that for
reading, punching and printing.
Manual Card Handling. If data is to be punched and
printed on the 26 Printing Card Punch, any information to be checked visually should be placed near the
right or left end of the card. This makes it easier to
fan and check a group of cards. If data will be read
from cards that are sitting in a file, make certain that
the reference data is positioned so that it can be
easily seen.
Card Layout Forms
Once field size and data sequence have been determined, the card's design can be created. Several types
of card layout forms available for this are illustrated
in Figure 8. To make design easier, these forms are considerably larger than the standard-size IBM card, which
measures 7 3/8" x 31f4". Through the use of photography
and reduction techniques, the forms can be reduced to
the proper size for making printing plates.

On the transcript card layout form in Figure ~, all
guides and scales are numbered to correspond with
paragraphs in the text below, which describes them.
Most scales appear in duplicate; this permits the use of
a straight edge in locating and laying off specific areas.
1. Type-spacing scales appear at both the top and
the bottom of the design working area; the individual
scales are labeled in the set at the bottom. The two
groups are alike and should be used to locate, horizontally, a particular printing position or group of positions.
2. These two guides indicate the location of lines
1 and 2 for standard end printing.
3. This spacing guide appears only on the left end of
the form. It indicates spacing for standard end printing.
There are eight possible positions on both lines 1 and 2.
4. These two guides-one at the top, one at the bottom, and both near the right end of the design arearepresent the location of lines 1 and 2 for right-hand

end printing.
5. This guide appears on the right-hand side of the
form and indicates spacing for right-hand end printing.
6. These two scales appear near the top on both the
left and the right ends of the form; they indicate the location of printing lines for the 26 Printing Card Punch
as well as the 548, 550, 551 and 552 interpreters. The
digits 1 to 5 that appear in the scale on the left end of
the form designate printing lines; the [8] symbol appearing between printing lines indicates the location
of punching positions. The numbers 45 and/or 60
indicate which interpreters make use of each line. The
number 80 and the short horizontal broken line in the
first box of the scale indicate the line of printing for the
26 Printing Card Punch.
7. This is a six-line-per-inch scale that appears on
both the left and right ends of the form; together they
are used to layoff printing lines for continuous-form

1111111111111111111111111111111111A1r:tB J)4,.I,11111111111111111111111111111111111
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 f.{ fM~ ~ ~ ~

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SHOIT CAID l
INSTlUCTlC

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Figure 8.

11

card stock and bill-feed cards. Note that some of the
printing lines overlap punching positions; avoid the use
of these in areas of the card where there will be a lot of
punching.
S. These scales locate printing lines for the 557 interpreter. There is one at each end of the form.
9. This guide shows the location of each of the twelve
rows of punching.
10. In addition to indicating the location of punching positions, this guide shows the location of each of
the twelve rows of mark sensing. Note that they do not
overlap punching positions.
11. This guide indicates the location of mark-sensing
columns. Each overlaps three card columns and always
ends over a card column whose number is divisible by
three.

"Tumble" is checked if the eard is turned bottom to top
when the reverse side is read:

12. These numbers can be cut out and used for numbering areas on the card as well as for numbering card
columns. In addition to being used for cutouts, the top
row is also used as index for the Short Card Column
Guide.
13. The Short Card Column Guide is in two sections,
each containing the numbers 22 through 66. It is used
in laying out a stub or short card that is to come from
the midsection of an SO-column card. (A short card is
any card having between 22 and 60 columns.) The
guide is used to indicate the beginning and ending card
columns. Assume that a 51-column card is being designed; the number 51 is located and circled in both
sections of the guide. The column number in which the
short card will begin is 15; it is the number which. appears in the index below 51 in the left-hand section of
the guide. The column in which the short card will end
is number 65; it appears in the index below 51 in the
right-hand section of the guide. (Note: A short card
may come from one end rather than from the center of
the standard card; if it does, the guide is not used. )
14. This section is near the bottom and extends the
full width of the form. For each layout it should be
read to make certain that appropriate areas are completed. There are certain areas to which attention
should be called. Reading from left to right, in both the
third and fourth boxes, at least one condition should be
checked. (Note: If a lower right corner cut is specified
for an IBM 24-26 card punch having the self-checking
number feature, then a C-3 corner cut is recommended;
for tumble cards it should be remembered that an upper
left corner cut becomes a lower right corner cut when
the card is turned. )
At the bottom of the fifth box one of two conditions,
Book or Tumble, should be checked if the card is to be
printed on both sides. "Book" is checked if the card
will be turned right to left when the reverse side is read:
12

If mark sensing is used, its style should be indicated
in the sixth box. It makes no difference which style is
pasted on the layout itself; it is the one which is checked
off in this box which determines the style that will be
printed on the card.

Drawing the Layout
In drawing the card layout, there are a number of
points to be considered. The value of each should be
determined by the card being designed and the application in which it will be used. These points will be
discussed in the following text. Figure 9 shows the layout for a material accounting card; much of the discussion which follows can be related to it.
All field and box headings should be explicit, and
ambiguous abbreviations avoided. Headings for written
information should be such that they force w~iting into
the desired location. Make certain that adequate space
has been allowed for this writing.
If a dual card is being designed, the right-hand side
of each area or box containing handwritten data should
be at least five card columns to the left of the field in
which it is to be punched. This prevents the data from
being obscured when it is time to punch it. Figure 7
shows the position of the punch dies and the number
of card columns to the right and left of them which are

obscured during punching. The shaded area of the
mM.Charting and Diagramming Template (X24-5884)
shows the actual size and shape of the housing for the
punch dies. A card can be placed behind the template
to determine the effect upon visibility.
The shield in the card punch that extends across the
bottom of the bed between the punch dies and the
reading brushes obscures about lis" of the card's lower
edge; therefore, avoid the use of this area for recording
data that is to be read and punched into the card.
For easy reference, field headings should be located
between the zero punching positions and the top of the
card unless interpretation, printing or mark sensing
prevents it.
Keep titles and interpreted data between rows of
punching so that they will not be obliterated.
Use preprinted decimals and commas in boxes where
amounts will be machine-interpreted.
Colored cards and color stripes may be used to identify types of cards. However, color should be such that
it will not interfere with the utility of the card, particularly the reading and writing of data.
Dotted lines should be drawn between columns

IB",

IBM CARD LAYOUT FORM

~~~.'':~

FORM X.74-4049-12

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(both card and mark sensing) to indicate the location
of the decimal points and/or commas.
When designing a dual card, use one area of the card
exclusively for handwritten data so that it will not be
obliterated by punching. If there must be an overlap
of handwritten and punched data, use the overlap for
recording descriptive information which can be easily
reconstructed.
When possible, retain the digits which designate
punching positions. They make it easier to read
punched data that has not been interpreted.
Any information, handwritten or printed, that is to
be visually checked should be placed near the right or
left end of the card so that it can be seen easily when
the cards are fanned.
Fields for recording mark-sensing marks should be
placed on the right-hand side of the card so that the
card can be held and marked easily. Since marking
positions are physically located above punching positions, these fields may overlap punched fields.
Comer cuts can be used effectively to distinguish
card types during processing and clerical operations.
However, it is not recommended that the lower left
comer cut be used on cards that are to be processed

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Figure 10.

on the IBM 24 Card Punch and machines with similartype feeds.
In printing headings on the layout, indicate their
relative size and any punctuation that is needed for interpreted and/or handwritten data.
Card and company names should be printed on the
ends of the card. Trademarks or slogans may be included.
When possible, provide decoding abbreviations for
code punching. For example, when single-letter codes
are used, replace the punching position digits with
alphabetic characters (see columns 6-9 of the Sectional
Card in Figure 10).
14

When fractions are to be punched into a card column,
the column should contain the punching position digits
that represent all except the highest numerator for the
fraction. For example, if fourths are to be recorded,
the column would contain only the numbers 1, 2, 3; if
eighths, the column would contain the numbers 1, 2, 3,
4,5,6,7.

Designing Short Cards
Since the position of a short card in a hopper is predetermined, its column numbers should coincide with
the numbers of the brushes which will be reading them,

so that sorting and control panel wiring will be easier.
The first column of a 22-column card will be read by
brush 30, and the 22nd column will be read by brush
51. Cards designed for a 51-column operation are read
by brushes 15 through 65. If the whole card is to be
processed before the stubs are detached, it may also be
desirable to show column numbers for the standard
80-column card as well as those for the short card.

Designing PORT-A-PUNCH® Cards
A PORT-A-PUNCH card is illustrated in Figure 10. A maximum of 40 columns may be punched; however, the
punching positions must be prescored to permit use of
the PORT-A-PUNCH. The scoring is limited to consecutive,
even-numbered columns.
In considering the card design, it must be remembered that normal machine punching cannot be accomplished in columns adjacent to PORT-A-PUNCH columns.
In some cases it may be necessary to reproduce the
PORT-A-PUNCH card into another card in order to provide
additional space for calculated results or other data to
be added.

Tumble and Sectional Cards
In cases such as merchandise control for retailing and
freight car accounting for transportation, where 40 or
fewer card columns are required for a transaction, a
sectional or tumble card is frequently designed and

used. This cuts card costs in half; with the sectional
card they may be cut even more. Figure 10 illustrates
both types. Their nature is such that it does not easily
permit their use as a permanent record card.

Testing Card Design
After the design of a card has been established, it
should be tested. An effective way of doing this is to
layout the design on several cards (IBM cards with
form numbers 5081 or 1001 are satisfactory) and use
them in the procedure. Any serious drawback to the
design should become apparent.
The IBM Charting and Diagramming Template is
helpful in preparing for the test. Its height and its
length up to the notch that appears on the bottom edge
are the exact dimensions of a standard IBM card. On
the face of the template are shown (1) along the bottom edge, the location of card and mark-sense columns,
( 2) along the left edge, the location of punching and
end-printing positions and (3) along the top edge,
alphabetic interpreter type spacing.
Whenever conflicts arise in the design of cards that
are processed together, the cards and their uses should
be studied to determine which one should have priority.
In so doing, consider for each type (1) its volume, (2)
the number of manual operations in which it is used,
( 3) the nature of each manual operation and (4) its
effect upon such things as board wiring and programming.

15

C20-8078

International Business Machines Corporation
Data Processing Division
112 East Post Road, White Plains, N.Y.106Ot
[USA Only]
IBM World Trade Corporation
821 United Nations Plaza, New York, New York 10017
[International]



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