CFIT Checklist CFIT_checklist_FSF FSF

User Manual: CFIT_checklist_FSF

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Flight Safety Foundation 1

CFIT Checklist

Evaluate the Risk and Take Action

Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) designed this controlled-flight-into-terrain (CFIT) risk-assessment safety tool

as part of its international program to reduce CFIT accidents, which present the greatest risks to aircraft, crews

and passengers. The FSF CFIT Checklist is likely to undergo further developments, but the Foundation believes

that the checklist is sufficiently developed to warrant distribution to the worldwide aviation community.

Use the checklist to evaluate specific flight operations and to enhance pilot awareness of the CFIT risk. The

checklist is divided into three parts. In each part, numerical values are assigned to a variety of factors that the

pilot/operator will use to score his/her own situation and to calculate a numerical total.

In Part I: CFIT Risk Assessment, the level of CFIT risk is calculated for each flight, sector or leg. In Part II:

CFIT Risk-reduction Factors, Company Culture, Flight Standards, Hazard Awareness and Training, and Aircraft

Equipment are factors, which are calculated in separate sections. In Part III: Your CFIT Risk, the totals of the

four sections in Part II are combined into a single value (a positive number) and compared with the total (a

negative number) in Part I: CFIT Risk Assessment to determine your CFIT Risk Score. To score the checklist,

use a nonpermanent marker (do not use a ballpoint pen or pencil) and erase with a soft cloth.

Part I: CFIT Risk Assessment

Section 1 – Destination CFIT Risk Factors Value Score

Airport and Approach Control Capabilities:

ATC approach radar with MSAWS .................................................................................... 0 ______

ATC minimum radar vectoring charts ................................................................................ 0 ______

ATC radar only....................................................................................................................-10 ______

ATC radar coverage limited by terrain masking.................................................................-15 ______

No radar coverage available (out of service/not installed) .................................................-30 ______

No ATC service ...................................................................................................................-30 ______

Expected Approach:

Airport located in or near mountainous terrain ..................................................................-20 ______

ILS ...................................................................................................................................... 0 ______

VOR/DME ..........................................................................................................................-15 ______

Nonprecision approach with the approach slope from the FAF to

the airport TD shallower than 2 3/4 degrees ..................................................................-20 ______

NDB ....................................................................................................................................-30 ______

Visual night “black-hole” approach....................................................................................-30 ______

Runway Lighting:

Complete approach lighting system ................................................................................... 0 ______

Limited lighting system ......................................................................................................-30 ______

Controller/Pilot Language Skills:

Controllers and pilots speak different primary languages ..................................................-20 ______

Controllers’ spoken English or ICAO phraseology poor....................................................-20 ______

Pilots’ spoken English poor ................................................................................................-20 ______

Departure:

No published departure procedure......................................................................................-10 ______

Destination CFIT Risk Factors Total (−) _____

Flight Safety Foundation

CFIT Checklist (Rev. 2.3/1,000/r)

Flight Safety Foundation 2

Section 2 – Risk Multiplier Value Score

Your Company’s Type of Operation (select only one value):

Scheduled ............................................................................................................................ 1.0 ______

Nonscheduled...................................................................................................................... 1.2 ______

Corporate............................................................................................................................. 1.3 ______

Charter ................................................................................................................................ 1.5 ______

Business owner/pilot ........................................................................................................... 2.0 ______

Regional .............................................................................................................................. 2.0 ______

Freight ................................................................................................................................ 2.5 ______

Domestic ............................................................................................................................. 1.0 ______

International ........................................................................................................................ 3.0 ______

Departure/Arrival Airport (select single highest applicable value):

Australia/New Zealand ....................................................................................................... 1.0 ______

United States/Canada .......................................................................................................... 1.0 ______

Western Europe ................................................................................................................... 1.3 ______

Middle East ......................................................................................................................... 1.1 ______

Southeast Asia ..................................................................................................................... 3.0 ______

Euro-Asia (Eastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States) .......................... 3.0 ______

South America/Caribbean ................................................................................................... 5.0 ______

Africa .................................................................................................................................. 8.0 ______

Weather/Night Conditions (select only one value):

Night — no moon ............................................................................................................... 2.0 ______

IMC ..................................................................................................................................... 3.0 ______

Night and IMC .................................................................................................................... 5.0 ______

Crew (select only one value):

Single-pilot flight crew ....................................................................................................... 1.5 ______

Flight crew duty day at maximum and ending with a night nonprecision approach ......... 1.2 ______

Flight crew crosses five or more time zones....................................................................... 1.2 ______

Third day of multiple time-zone crossings ......................................................................... 1.2 ______

Add Multiplier Values to Calculate Risk Multiplier Total ______

Destination CFIT Risk Factors Total × Risk Multiplier Total = CFIT Risk Factors Total (−) _____

Part II: CFIT Risk-reduction Factors

Section 1 – Company Culture Value Score

Corporate/company management:

Places safety before schedule .............................................................................................. 20 ______

CEO signs off on flight operations manual ......................................................................... 20 ______

Maintains a centralized safety function ............................................................................... 20 ______

Fosters reporting of all CFIT incidents without threat of discipline ................................... 20 ______

Fosters communication of hazards to others ....................................................................... 15 ______

Requires standards for IFR currency and CRM training..................................................... 15 ______

Places no negative connotation on a diversion or missed approach .................................... 20 ______

115-130 points Tops in company culture

105-115 points Good, but not the best Company Culture Total (+) ____ *

80-105 points Improvement needed

Less than 80 points High CFIT risk

Flight Safety Foundation 3

3 Flight Safety Foundation

Section 2 – Flight Standards Value Score

Specific procedures are written for:

Reviewing approach or departure procedures charts........................................................... 10 ______

Reviewing significant terrain along intended approach or departure course ...................... 20 ______

Maximizing the use of ATC radar monitoring..................................................................... 10 ______

Ensuring pilot(s) understand that ATC is using radar or radar coverage exists .................. 20 ______

Altitude changes .................................................................................................................. 10 ______

Ensuring checklist is complete before initiation of approach ............................................. 10 ______

Abbreviated checklist for missed approach ......................................................................... 10 ______

Briefing and observing MSA circles on approach charts as part of plate review ............... 10 ______

Checking crossing altitudes at IAF positions ...................................................................... 10 ______

Checking crossing altitudes at FAF and glideslope centering............................................. 10 ______

Independent verification by PNF of minimum altitude during

stepdown DME (VOR/DME or LOC/DME) approach................................................. 20 ______

Requiring approach/departure procedure charts with terrain

in color, shaded contour formats ................................................................................... 20 ______

Radio-altitude setting and light-aural (below MDA) for backup on approach ................... 10 ______

Independent charts for both pilots, with adequate lighting and holders ............................. 10 ______

Use of 500-foot altitude call and other enhanced procedures for NPA ............................... 10 ______

Ensuring a sterile (free from distraction) cockpit, especially during

IMC/night approach or departure.................................................................................. 10 ______

Crew rest, duty times and other considerations especially

for multiple-time-zone operation .................................................................................. 20 ______

Periodic third-party or independent audit of procedures..................................................... 10 ______

Route and familiarization checks for new pilots

Domestic........................................................................................................................ 10 ______

International .................................................................................................................. 20 ______

Airport familiarization aids, such as audiovisual aids......................................................... 10 ______

First officer to fly night or IMC approaches and the captain to

monitor the approach..................................................................................................... 20 ______

Jump-seat pilot (or engineer or mechanic) to help monitor terrain clearance

and the approach in IMC or night conditions ............................................................... 20 ______

Insisting that you fly the way that you train ........................................................................ 25 ______

300-335 points Tops in CFIT flight standards

270-300 points Good, but not the best Flight Standards Total (+) ____ *

200-270 points Improvement needed

Less than 200 High CFIT risk

Section 3 – Hazard Awareness and Training Value Score

Your company reviews training with the training department or training contractor ......... 10 ______

Your company’s pilots are reviewed annually about the following:

Flight standards operating procedures .......................................................................... 20 ______

Reasons for and examples of how the procedures can detect a CFIT “trap”................ 30 ______

Recent and past CFIT incidents/accidents .................................................................... 50 ______

Audiovisual aids to illustrate CFIT traps ...................................................................... 50 ______

Minimum altitude definitions for MORA, MOCA, MSA, MEA, etc. ......................... 15 ______

You have a trained flight safety officer who rides the jump seat occasionally ................... 25 ______

You have flight safety periodicals that describe and analyze CFIT incidents..................... 10 ______

You have an incident/exceedance review and reporting program ....................................... 20 ______

Your organization investigates every instance in which minimum

terrain clearance has been compromised ...................................................................... 20 ______

Flight Safety Foundation 4

You annually practice recoveries from terrain with GPWS in the simulator ...................... 40 ______

You train the way that you fly.............................................................................................. 25 ______

285-315 points Tops in CFIT training

250-285 points Good, but not the best Hazard Awareness and Training Total (+) ____ *

190-250 points Improvement needed

Less than 190 High CFIT risk

Section 4 – Aircraft Equipment Value Score

Aircraft includes:

Radio altimeter with cockpit display of full 2,500-foot range — captain only ................. 20 ______

Radio altimeter with cockpit display of full 2,500-foot range — copilot .......................... 10 ______

First-generation GPWS........................................................................................................ 20 ______

Second-generation GPWS or better..................................................................................... 30 ______

GPWS with all approved modifications, data tables and service

bulletins to reduce false warnings ................................................................................. 10 ______

Navigation display and FMS ............................................................................................... 10 ______

Limited number of automated altitude callouts................................................................... 10 ______

Radio-altitude automated callouts for nonprecision

approach (not heard on ILS approach) and procedure.................................................. 10 ______

Preselected radio altitudes to provide automated callouts that

would not be heard during normal nonprecision approach........................................... 10 ______

Barometric altitudes and radio altitudes to give automated

“decision” or “minimums” callouts .............................................................................. 10 ______

An automated excessive “bank angle” callout..................................................................... 10 ______

Auto flight/vertical speed mode..........................................................................................-10 ______

Auto flight/vertical speed mode with no GPWS ................................................................-20 ______

GPS or other long-range navigation equipment to supplement

NDB-only approach ...................................................................................................... 15 ______

Terrain-navigation display ................................................................................................... 20 ______

Ground-mapping radar......................................................................................................... 10 ______

175-195 points Excellent equipment to minimize CFIT risk

155-175 points Good, but not the best Aircraft Equipment Total (+) ____ *

115-155 points Improvement needed

Less than 115 High CFIT risk

Company Culture _________ + Flight Standards _________ + Hazard Awareness and Training _________

+ Aircraft Equipment _________ = CFIT Risk-reduction Factors Total (+) ________

* If any section in Part II scores less than “Good,” a thorough review is warranted

of that aspect of the company’s operation.

Part III: Your CFIT Risk

Part I CFIT Risk Factors Total (−) _____ + Part II CFIT Risk-reduction Factors Total (+) _____

= CFIT Risk Score (±) _____

A negative CFIT Risk Score indicates a significant threat; review the sections in Part II and

determine what changes and improvements can be made to reduce CFIT risk.

In the interest of aviation safety, this checklist may be reprinted in whole or in part, but credit must be given to Flight

Safety Foundation. To request more information or to offer comments about the FSF CFIT Checklist, contact James

M. Burin, director of technical programs, Flight Safety Foundation, 601 Madison Street, Suite 300, Alexandria, VA

22314 U.S., Telephone: +1 (703) 739-6700 • Fax: +1 (703) 739-6708.

CFIT Checklist CFIT_checklist_FSF FSF

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