TM 43 0139 Camo Paint Manual

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*TM 43-0139
This copy is a reprint which includes current
pages from Changes 1 through 3.
TECHNICAL MANUAL
PAINTING INSTRUCTIONS
FOR
ARMY MATERIEL

Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.
*This manual supersedes TM 43-0139, 1 August 1986.

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
27 JULY 1988

TM 43-0139
C3

CHANGE

HEADQUARTERS,
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 29 FEBRUARY1996

NO. 3

PAINTING INSTRUCTIONS FOR ARMY MATERIEL

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
TM 43-0139, 27 July 1988, is changed as follows:
1. Remove and insert pages as indicated below. New or changed text material is indicated by a vertical bar in the margin.
An illustration change is indicated by a miniature pointing hand.

Remove pages
i through iii / (iv blank)
2-9 through 2-14
3-1 through 3-6
3-9 through 3-12
4-1 and 4-2
5-3 (5-4 blank)
A-1 and A-2
B-1 through B-9 / (B-10 blank)
D-5 through D-8
Index 1 and Index 2

2. Retain this sheet in front of manual for reference purposes.

Insert pages
i through iv
2-9 through 2-14
3-1 through 3-6
3-9 through 3-12
4-1 and 4-2
5-3 (5-4 blank)
A-1 and A-2
B-1 through B-10
D-5 through D-8
Index 1 and Index 2

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

TM 43-0139
C3

DENNIS J. REIMER
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff

Official:
JOEL B. HUDSON
Administrative Assistant to the
Secretary of the Army
01643

DISTRIBUTION: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-34-E, block no. 0868, requirements for

TM 43-0139.

TM 43-0139
C2
CHANGE

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
AND HEADQUARTERS, U.S. MARINE CORPS
WASHINGTON, D.C., 21 June 1990

NO. 2

Painting Instructions
for
Army Materiel

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
TM 43-0139, 27 July 1988, is changed as follows:
1. Remove and insert pages as indicated below. New or changed text material is indicated by a vertical bar in the margin.
An illustration change is indicated by a miniature pointing hand.
Remove pages
3-3 and 3-4
4-5 and 4-6
5-29 and 5-30
B-7 and B-8

Insert pages
3-3 and 3-4
4-5 and 4-6
5-29 and 5-30
B-7 and B-8

2. Retain this sheet in front of manual for reference purposes.

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
CARL E. VUONO
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff
Official:
WILLIAM J. MEEHAN, II
Brigadier General, United States Army
The Adjutant General

DISTRIBUTION:
To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-34B, Maintenance Requirements for Painting Instructions for Field
Use.

TM 43-0139
C1
CHANGE

HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
WASHINGTON, D.C., 26 January 1990

NO. 1
PAINTING INSTRUCTIONS
FOR
ARMY MATERIEL

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
TM 43-0139, 27 July 1988, is changed as follows:
1. Remove and insert pages as indicated below. New or changed text material is indicated by a vertical bar in the
margin. An illustration change is indicated by a miniature pointing hand.
Remove pages

Insert pages

iii/iv
2-3 and 2-4
3-11 and 3-12
B-1 and B-2
B-9/B-10
C-11 and C-12
Index 5 and Index 6

2. Retain this sheet in front of manual for reference purposes.

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

CARL E. VUONO
General. United States Army
Chief of Staff

Official:

WILLIAM J. MEEHAN, II
Brigadier General United States Army
The Adjutant General

DISTRIBUTION:
To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-34B, Maintenance Requirements for Painting Instructions for Field
Use.

TM 43-0139
Technical Manual
No: 43-0139

HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 27 July 1988
PAINTING INSTRUCTIONS
FOR
ARMY MATERIEL

REPORTING ERRORS AND RECOMMENDING IMPROVEMENTS
You can help improve this manual. If you find any mistakes or if you know of a way to
improve these procedures, please let us know. Mail your letter or DA Form 2028
(Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms), or DA Form 2028-2 located
in the back of this manual directly to: Commander, US Army Aviation and Troop
Command, ATTN: AMSAT-I-MP, 4300 Goodfellow Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63120-1798.
You may also submit your recommended changes by E-mail directly to . A reply will be furnished directly to you.

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER 1
Section I.
Section II.

INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................
General ........................................................................................................
Safety Summary ...........................................................................................

1-1
1-1
1-3

CHAPTER 2
Section I.
Section II.
Section III.
Section IV.
Section V.
Section VI.

UNDERCOATS, FINISH MATERIALS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS ...............
General ........................................................................................................
Fillers ...........................................................................................................
Primers ........................................................................................................
Sealers ........................................................................................................
Thinners .......................................................................................................
Topcoat or Finish Coat ..................................................................................

2-1
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-7
2-8
2-9

CHAPTER 3
Section I.
Section II.
Section III.

FINISH SYSTEMS ........................................................................................ 3-1
Cleaning and Treatment of Surfaces .............................................................. 3-1
Painting ........................................................................................................ 3-4
Specific Finish Systems ................................................................................ 3-10

*This manual supersedes TM 43-0139, 1 August 1986

Change 3 i

TM 43-0139

CHAPTER
Section
Section
Section

4
I.
II.
III.

CAMOUFLAGING PROCEDURES ...........................................................
General ..................................................................................................
Pattern Application ..................................................................................
Inspection Procedures ............................................................................

4-1
4-1
4-2
4-6

CHAPTER
Section
Section
Section
Section

5
I.
II.
III.
IV.

APPLICATION TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT .................................... 5-1
Spray Guns And Pressure Cans .............................................................. 5-1
Brush Or Roller Application ..................................................................... 5-23
Dip Application ....................................................................................... 5-30
Troubleshooting Techniques ................................................................... 5-31

CHAPTER
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section

6
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

MARKING PROCEDURES....................................................................... 6-1
Lettering And Sign Painting ..................................................................... 6-1
Stencil And Paint Making ......................................................................... 6-8
Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Vinyl Markers (Decals) ................................. 6-9
Pouncing ................................................................................................ 6-13
Silk Screen Printing Process ................................................................... 6-17

APPENDIX A

REFERENCES .......................................................................................

A-1

APPENDIX B

NSN TABLES .........................................................................................

B-1

APPENDIX C

COLORS FOR ARMY MATERIEL ...........................................................

C-1

APPENDIX D

CARC PAINT PLANNING MATRIX ..........................................................

D-1

GLOSSARY ............................................................................. ............. Glossary 1
INDEX............................................................................................ ........ Index 1

ii Change 3

TM 43-0139

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure

Title

Page

3-1.
4-1.
4-2.
4-3.
4-4.
5-1.
5-2.
5-3.
5-4.
5-5.
5-6.
5-7.
5-8.
5-9.
5-10.
5-11.
5-12.
5-13.
5-14.
5-15.
5-16.
6-1.
6-2.
6-3.
6-4.
6-5.
6-6.
6-7.
6-8.
6-9.
6-10.

Tape Test ..........................................................................................................
Pattern Painting Design for the M113 Personnel Carrier ........................................
Markings on Camouflaged Equipment ..................................................................
Overspray Gauge ...............................................................................................
Typical Views on Inspection Worksheet ................................................................
Spray Gun Types ................................................................................................
Deleted ..............................................................................................................
Proper Method for Making Spray Gun Strokes ......................................................
Masking .............................................................................................................
Removable Spray-Head Type Spray Gun, Exploded View .....................................
Solid-Body Type Spray Gun, Exploded View ........................................................
Attached-Container Type Spray Gun ....................................................................
Defective Spray Patterns .....................................................................................
Spray Painting Faults ..........................................................................................
Spray Gun Cleaning ............................................................................................
Pressure-Feed Paint Tank ...................................................................................
Single and Two-Stage Compressors ....................................................................
Air Transformer Installation ..................................................................................
Operation of Air Transformer ...............................................................................
Types of Brushes and Rollers ..............................................................................
Brushing Techniques ..........................................................................................
Lettering and Stencil Alphabet .............................................................................
Brush Preparation for Lettering ............................................................................
Lettering Techniques ..........................................................................................
Brush Strokes for Lettering ..................................................................................
Lettering Method .................................................................................................
Applying Adhesive Vinyl Markers (Decals) ............................................................
Letter or Numeral Application ..............................................................................
Pouncing Techniques .........................................................................................
Silk Screen Process ............................................................................................
Drying Rack .......................................................................................................

Change 3 iii

3-14
4-3
4-6
4-7
4-9
5-2
5-3
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-10
5-13
5-13
5-15
5-15
5-16
5-21
5-22
5-24
5-26
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-7
6-8
6-11
6-12
6-14
6-18
6-21

TM 43-0139

LIST OF TABLES
Table

Title

3-1.
3-2.
3-3.
3-4.
5-1.
B-1.
B-2.
B-3.
B-4.
B-5.
B-6.
B-7.
B-8.

Dry Film Thickness of Each Applied Coat .............................................................
Oil Paint Coverage ..............................................................................................
Camouflage Finish Systems ................................................................................
Non-Camouflage Finish Systems .........................................................................
Drop In Air Pressure ...........................................................................................
NSN Tables ........................................................................................................
Coating, Aliphatic Polyurethane, CARC MIL-C-46168 Type II ................................
Coating, Aliphatic Polyurethane, CARC MIL-C-46168 Type IV ...............................
Coating, Aliphatic Polyurethane, CARC MIL-C-53039 ...........................................
Epoxy Coating (Interior), MIL-C-22750 .................................................................
NON-CARC Coatings (MIL-C-83286, MIL-P-14105, MIL-P-52905) .........................
Primers (MIL-P-23377, MIL-P-53022, MIL-53030, MIL-P-85532) ............................
Primer (Wash) Pretreatment (Formula No. 117 for Metals) Metric,
DOD-P-15328 ....................................................................................................
Remover, Paint, Epoxy, Polysulfide and Polyurethane Systems MIL-R-81294 .........
Thinner, MIL-T-81772 .........................................................................................
Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................
Wood Sealers .....................................................................................................
Color Tables .......................................................................................................
Amphibians and Vessels .....................................................................................
Army Aircraft and Surveillance Drones .................................................................
Railroad Equipment ............................................................................................
Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment ...................
Missiles, Heavy Rockets, and Related Ground Support Equipment
for Missile Systems ............................................................................................
Communications-Electronic Equipment ................................................................
Bridging Equipment ............................................................................................
Other Material ....................................................................................................
CARC Paint Planning Matrix ................................................................................

B-9.
B-10.
B-11.
B-12.
C-1.
C-2.
C-3.
C-4.
C-5.
C-6.
C-7.
C-8.
C-9.
D-1.

Page

Change 3 iv

3-5
3-7
3-10
3-11
5-20
B-1
B-2
B-4
B-5
B-6
B-7
B-8
B-9
B-9
B-9
B-9
B-10
C-1
C-1
C-2
C-2
C-4
C-18
C-19
C-22
C-24
D-2

TM 43-0139
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Section I. GENERAL
NOTE
Unusual terms are defined in the Glossary located at the back of this manual.
1-1. PURPOSE
This manual is published to provide information and guidance to personnel charged with painting and marking equipment
for which the U.S. Army has responsibility. It contains instructions for treating surfaces to remove corrosion, and
procedures for preventing corrosion by applying protective coatings. Although many paint systems are covered, special
emphasis is placed on the Chemical Agent Resistant Coatings (CARC), because they are particularly effective in resisting
corrosion and chemical penetration, and are also decontaminated more easily than are other coatings.
1-2. SCOPE
a. This manual discusses materials associated with painting operations, procedures for marking and camouflaging
equipment, and methods of applying paint.
b. This manual is applicable to equipment under U.S. Army jurisdiction, whether assigned to active service or in wet
or dry storage. Additional information for painting watercraft and aircraft are contained in TB 43-0144, Painting of Vessels,
and TM 55-1500-345-23, Painting and Marking Army Aircraft. For additional information for painting military vehicles,
construction equipment and material handling equipment, refer to TB 43-0209. For detailed corrosion correction and
prevention techniques, refer to TB 43-0213.
1-3. POLICY
a. There are safety, health and environmental requirements associated with all aspects of painting operations.
These are outlined in Section II of this chapter, Safety Summary. Personnel must keep these requirements in mind
before, during and after undertaking any painting activity. Any questions should be directed to local preventive
medicine/industrial hygiene personnel.
b. Equipment with applied coatings providing satisfactory protection will not be altered solely for conformity to the
requirements herein. Complete repainting should be done only when the existing finish has deteriorated to the extent that
it no longer protects the underlying surface or when higher authority mandates. Camouflage patterns may be painted on
items coated with Green 383 anytime after pattern design development, at commanding officer's discretion.
c. Chemical Agent Resistant Coatings (CARC) are required on all combat, combat support, and combat service
support equipment. Current alkyd and lacquer paints must be removed after chemical agent exposure as the paints
absorb liquid agents and release the agents over time, causing a contact hazard. Since CARC does not absorb chemical
agents it does not create long term contact hazards.
d. Only Intermediate (General Support and Direct Support) and Depot level personnel with equipment and paint
booths meeting OSHA standards are authorized complete painting and repainting with any topcoat or primer. Unit level
personnel are permitted to use topcoats and primers for touch-up efforts only.
e. The style, size and exact location of markings prescribed in this manual are specified in applicable technical
bulletins in the 43 and 746 series and other DA technical publications. Markings may be applied in the form of adhesive
backed markers of the prescribed color, or may be painted on when markers are unavailable or application must be made
on canvas or other porous surfaces.

1-1

TM 43-0139
f. Special markings for vehicles in administrative use are included in AR 58-1.
g. Under tactical conditions, when requirements for concealment outweigh those for recognition, all conspicuous
markings may be obscured or removed by the authority and at the discretion of the major organization commander
present. Protective red cross markings may be obscured only at the direction of the responsible major tactical
commander.
h. Major end items and major components with exposed surfaces painted with CARC will have the word 'CARC'
stenciled on them in close proximity to the data plate. Refer to para 4-9 and Chapter 6, Section II.
i. Markings on the exterior of tactical equipment will be applied using CARC in accordance with para 4-9.
j. Safety markings, including hazard warning and caution information, for non-tactical equipment, tactical not subject
to the Army camouflage policy, and equipment at fixed facilities will comply with the provisions of AR 385-30. Materiel
painted in camouflage requiring hazard warning and caution information will have this information applied in accordance
with para 4-9.
k. Additional marking policy is contained in AR 750-1, Maintenance of Supplies and Equipment Painting, Army
Materiel Maintenance Policies.
1-4. PURPOSE OF PAINTING
a. Corrosion Protection.
corrosion and decay.

The primary function of painting is to protect metals, wood, and other material against

(1) Paint should not be applied to unseasoned wood, since paint retards the seasoning process and fails to
form a proper coating under such conditions.
(2) Certain paints adhere to a given surface better than others and therefore furnish a better protective coating.
The first or base coat should penetrate into the minute depressions or pits in the material and should adhere well enough
to form a good bond for any additional coats.
(3) The success of painting depends on the selection of a suitable paint, and also upon the care used in
preparing the surface, which should be thoroughly cleaned, dry, and smooth. Other factors include the method of
application and weather conditions.
b. Camouflage. Camouflage of Army materiel is a function of paint. Para 4-2 discusses reasons for camouflaging.
Additional information on camouflage can be found in FM 5-20, TM 5-200, and FC 90-7.
c. Visibility. White and light-tinted paints are frequently used on interior surfaces to increase the visibility in spaces
with limited access to outside light. In this respect, paint can serve to increase visibility with existing natural or artificial
light, or it can serve to reduce the amount of natural or artificial light required in a given interior space.
d. Chemical Agent Resistance. Chemical Agent Resistant Coatings (CARC) are used to protect combat, combat
support, and combat service support equipment from chemical agent penetration. These coatings can be decontaminated
relatively easily.
e. Identification. Paint can be used to apply identification marks to equipment. Chapter 6 contains instructions for
marking Army materiel. Markings on camouflaged equipment will be in accordance with para 4-9.

1-2

TM 43-0139
Section II. SAFETY SUMMARY
1-5. GENERAL
This section outlines safety, health and environmental requirements applicable to all painting operations. Safety and
health requirements are the same, regardless of paint system used, except where specifically identified. If there is ever
uncertainty as to what is required, contact local preventive medicine/industrial hygiene personnel.
a. Vapors. Thinners used with paints and primers may have harmful effects. Continued breathing of vapors during
and after painting operations should be avoided. Toxic vapors may persist, in some cases, for many days indoors after
painting operations. Every effort must be made to ensure proper ventilation of the paint area to rid the area of toxic vapors
as quickly as possible. All personnel must be made aware that toxic vapors may be present. Avoid inhaling toxic vapors.
b. Contact with Paint Materials. Avoid skin contact with paints, primers, removers and thinners, particularly if there
are cuts or open wounds on the hands. Unwashed hands may convey toxic material to food. Many paints and primers
contain lead, chromium, or other toxic materials which may enter the body when paint-contaminated food is eaten. Many
of the thinners are also toxic, and can enter the human body through the skin or by eating contaminated food. Personal
protective equipment (PPE) as recommended in para 1-7a should be worn to prevent skin contact.
c. Fire. The mist that comes from a spray gun is highly flammable. A spark will cause it to flash. Smoking is
prohibited in paint shops. Open cans containing paint removers, thinners, paints, and primers are a fire hazard. Empty
drums or other containers in which paints, primers and thinners have been shipped are potential hazards since they often
contain enough vaporized material of a flammable nature to cause explosions. Accumulated overspray in booths and in
cracks and corners of the paint shop is particularly dangerous for it easily flares up. Oil or solvent-soaked cloths, if not
properly contained and promptly disposed of in accordance with AR420-47 may cause fire by spontaneous combustion.
Fires which occur in spray booths result from six principal causes: broken electric lamps and other electrical defects;
cleaning interior of booths, fans, and motors with flammable solvents; accumulations of deposits in the booths, tubes, and
vent pipes; defective fans and motors used for ventilating the booths; poorly designed vent tubes; or static electricity.
d. Safe Air. If it is at all practical, painting of material should be accomplished in a properly designed and operated
paint booth. Adequate forced draft ventilation for indoor touchup work should be provided to carry off vapors. Respirators
should be worn during all spray-painting operations. Refer to para 1-7 for specific respiratory protection required.
e. Safe Practices.
Preparations containing benzene should not be used for spraying.
Only electrical
equipment/wiring conforming to NFPA Article 70 will be used where spray-painting is being done. Paints should be stored
in a steel cabinet meeting OSHA requirements. Once opened, cans containing paint removers, thinners, paints, and paint
materials should be covered tightly before being stored or put away overnight. Do not apply heat or flame to drums, cans,
or other containers that have contained flammable materials. Obsenrve safe operating procedures at all times, particularly
when handling cleaning materials. For disposal of unserviceable paints or primers, refer to para 1-9.
1-6. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)
MSDS are prepared by the manufacturer and should accompany each single shipment or batch of paint, primer or thinner.
It is mandatory that personnel working with these substances read this information. Because of the variations involved,
MSDS must be reviewed for each shipment procured on a single purchase order. MSDS must be filed in a location readily
accessible to workers exposed to the substances. MSDS also assist management by directing attention to need for
specific control engineering, work practices and protective measures to ensure safe handling and use of the material.
Along with the product's ingredients and specific protection information, the MSDS contain the following data:
a. Reactivity Data.
properties of the coating.

This informs the paint user about the stability, hazardous decomposition, or polymerization

b. Spill and Disposal Procedures. This informs the paint user the steps to be taken for proper spill or disposal
methods.
1-3

TM 43-0139
c. Fire and Explosion Hazard Data. This informs the paint user about the flash point of the product, special fire
fighting procedures, and the extinguishing media.
d. Health Hazards. Personnel should be familiar with emergency and first aid procedures as outlined in the product's
M SDS. This includes medical procedures to be followed if the product is inhaled, or if the product has come in contact
with the skin or eyes of an individual.
1-7. CONTROL MEASURES
a. Personal Protection.
(1) Personal protective equipment (PPE) used in conjunction with respiratory protection equipment (para 1-7b)
during spray-painting includes cloth coveralls, eye protection, and head coverings. Cloth gloves are suitable unless
cellosolve acetate (2-ethoxyethyl acetate) is present in the paint, solvent, or primer. When this solvent is present, silicon
rubber gloves are recommended. Spot painters applying paint by brush or roller must wear work clothing and gloves
affording full skin coverage. Persons who clean mixing and painting accessories should wear full PPE to preclude solvent
absorption and defatting of the hands caused by the thinner.
(2) If a solvent with a skin notation is being used, then impervious gloves must be used. Barrier creams are
useful in preventing paint from adhering to the skin and in combating the "dryness" associated with the defatting action of
most solvents; however, their usefulness in preventing the absorption of solvent through skin is not documented. Solvents
must never be used to remove paint/coating from the skin.
(3) Work clothing should be provided. After completing painting or sanding operations, hygienic showers
should be taken prior to changing into street clothing.
b. Respiratory Protection.
WARNING
Prior to beginning any painting operation, preventive medicine/industrial hygiene
personnel must be contacted. Painting materials can cause serious health
problems if used improperly or without adequate respiratory protection.
(1) Before beginning painting operations, contact local preventive medicine/industrial hygiene personnel, who
will determine minimum respiratory protection requirements in accordance with TB MED 514. Depending on method of
application and facilities available, some sort of respirator will probably be required.
(2) Levels of exposure to contaminants will be documented by preventive medicine/industrial hygiene
personnel. Additional monitoring is required whenever there has been any change in the operation which could result in
new or additional exposures.
c. Ventilation. The use of respiratory protection equipment does NOT waive the requirement for engineering control
measures. The ventilation design specifications for spray paint booths are in TB MED 514.
d. Preferred Coatings. Whenever available, lead-and chromate-free coatings should be used.
e. Warning Labels. Warning labels are required on products which contain materials hazardous to your health.
Read these warnings.
1-8. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
Medical surveillance to detect adverse health effects will be determined by the installation medical authority (IMA) based
on the specific constituents of the coating. In general, medical surveillance is required for anyone who works more than
30 days per year in either a paint spraying operation or in a brush or roller application when respiratory protection is
required. Personnel involved in painting at direct support, general support, and depot levels of maintenance will normally
require surveillance. Vehicle/equipment operators and unit maintenance section personnel usually do not perform enough
brush touch-up painting to warrant medical surveillance.
1-4

TM 43-0139
1-9. DISPOSAL
a. General. Unusable paint mixtures, paint components, primers, thinners and other materials may be considered
hazardous waste and require disposal in accordance with Federal, state, DOD, and DA hazardous waste regulations. This
may apply to dried paint/primer waste as well. Consult local environmental personnel for proper disposal guidance.
b. Method of Disposal. The method used to dispose of this waste stream depends on the types of paint used. When
the paints contain no hazardous heavy metals, the liquid portion of the waste stream may be able to be discharged into the
sanitary sewer and the sludge disposed of in a sanitary landfill. The environmental coordinator should be contacted to
ensure state and local ordinances are not violated. If heavy metal-based paints have been used, samples of the liquid and
sludge should be analyzed for the characteristic of extraction procedure (EP) toxicity (heavy metals) and disposed of
accordingly.
(1) If sanitary sewer serving a paint processing operation discharges to a government-operated sewage
treatment plant (STP), notify the STP operator of the approximate additional loadings of total organic carbon, biochemical
oxygen demand, and total processing operation prior to discharge.
(2) If a sanitary sewer serving a paint processing operation discharges to privately owned treatment works,
pretreatment of wastewaters may be required by local regulatory authority. The installation environmental coordinator
should determine such cases with public environmental regulators having primacy over government installations.
Pretreatment regulations have been summarized by the USAEHA Water Quality Information Paper No. 13.
1-10. SPECIFIC HAZARDS
Listed below are the various specific hazards associated with spray painting, cleaning, fires, safety equipment, hazardous
materials, temperatures and equipment.
a. All Painting.
WARNING
The local safety office and preventive medicine support activity must be consulted
before beginning/changing any painting operation, regardless of the material used.
WARNING
Dry/cure freshly painted materials only in well-ventilated or unoccupied areas for a
minimum of 30 minutes to allow solvents to flash off.
b. Spray Painting.
WARNING
All personnel who work in or near a spray painting booth must wear a NIOSH
approved respirator as well as personal protective equipment (PPE), when spray
painting operations are underway.
WARNING
Only one person will spray paint at a time unless all people are protected in
accordance with para 1-7. This is to eliminate the hazard of accidently spraying
paint on another person.
1-5

TM 43-0139
WARNING
Spray-painting will be done only in areas designated for that use. No personnel
may enter an area of spray painting without protection until 30 minutes after all
painting/cleaning is completed.
c. Cleaning.
WARNING
Do not use gasoline for cleaning.
WARNING
Avoid skin contact with cleaning solvents. Wear impervious gloves, eye protection
and respirator.
d. Fire Hazards.
WARNING
Observe fire regulations when using paints, lacquers, primers, removers and
thinners; many are highly flammable. Keep away from heat, flames and sparks.
WARNING
Post "NO SMOKING" signs in and within a 50 foot radius of paint spraying and
storage areas.
WARNING
Dried spray-paint dust can pose an extreme fire hazard. Remove and dispose of
this dust daily in accordance with AR 420-47. The danger of fire can be materially
reduced by the use of a water-wash or waterfall type of spray booth.
WARNING
There will be no open flame or spark-producing equipment (e.g. electric sanders)
within a 20 foot radius of any spray-painting area.
WARNING
Wiping cloths soaked with paint residue or oil must either be destroyed or kept in a
container meeting NFPA standards to prevent possible spontaneous combustion.
1-6

TM 43-0139
e. Safety Equipment.
WARNING
Personal protective equipment (PPE) must be worn during mixing, painting,
cleaning, abrasive blasting, grinding, buffing, or where compressed air is being
used. Approved respirators must be worn when required. Refer to para 1-7 for
specific PPE and respiratory requirements.
f. Hazardous Materials.
WARNING
Unusable paint mixtures, paint components, primers, thinners, removers, or other
materials may be considered hazardous waste and require disposal, in accordance
with Federal, State, DOD, and DA hazardous waste regulations. Consult local
environmental personnel for proper disposal guidance. This applies to certain
dried paint/primer waste.
WARNING
Many materials are carcinogens. Pay careful attention to all warnings, cautions,
notes, and safety procedures when using any paints, primers, solvents, and
cleaners.
WARNING
Extreme care must be observed in the handling of paints containing mercury or
other fungicides to prevent poisoning or skin irritation.
WARNING
Avoid skin contact with thinner. It can cause a skin rash.
CAUTION
Components of different colors or specifications are not interchangeable.
Components from different manufacturers may not be mixed.
WARNING
Persons known to be allergic to isocyanates shall not paint with polyurethanes.
g. Temperature.
WARNING
Before welding, soldering or brazing a painted assembly, remove paint finish from
assembly.
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TM 43-0139
WARNING
Apply only heat-resisting paints (para 2-34) to items attaining temperatures of
more than 400°F (204°C), such as manifolds, exhaust pipes, and mufflers. Other
paints, at these temperatures, may produce toxic vapors and/or equipment
damage.
CAUTION
O

Coatings should not be applied at temperatures below 50°F (10 C).
h. Equipment Hazards.
WARNING
Only electrical equipment/wiring conforming to NFPA Article 70 will be used where
spray-painting is being done.
WARNING
All electrical equipment must be properly grounded before starting any painting
procedures.
CAUTION
Mask intake and exhaust parts, breathers, etc., carefully to prevent dust, solution,
water, or metal conditioner from entering the engines of vehicles.
CAUTION
Do not use solvents or paints with solvents on electronic equipment as this may
cause changes in performance. Refer to Appendix C for painting of electronic
equipment.
CAUTION
Do not use petroleum base products on natural rubber as they are destructive agents.
CAUTION
Do not paint/overspray CARC or other solvent-containing paints on vinyl, rubber or
lacquer-coated items, as these items are not solvent resistant.
CAUTION
Do not apply CARC to flexible items. Due to its rigidity, the CARC finish may crack
when item is bent.
CAUTION
Do not use spray equipment containing any aluminum components to apply
coatings formulated with chlorinated solvents (such as MIL-C-46168, Type III).
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TM 43-0139
1-11. OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Additional safety and environmental information is contained in the following publications:
a. AR 40-5, Preventive Medicine.
b. AR 200-1, Environmental Protection and Enhancement.
c. AR 200-2, Environmental Effects of Army Actions.
d. AR 420-47, Solid and Hazardous Waste Management.
e. CFR 1910, OSHA Safety and Health Standards.
f. DODI 4145.19-R.1, Hazardous Materials Handling and Storage Criteria.
g. NFPA Article 70, The National Electric Code.
h. TB MED 502, Occupational and Environmental Health Respiratory Protection Program.
i. TB MED 514, Guidelines for Controlling Health Hazards in Painting Operations.

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TM 43-0139
CHAPTER 2
UNDERCOATS, FINISH MATERIALS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Section I. GENERAL
WARNING
Before beginning any painting related activity, read Chapter 1, Section II, Safety
Summary.
2-1. APPLICATION
This chapter is intended to serve as a general guide to the selection of suitable materials, procedures, and systems for
painting and otherwise finishing metal and wood surfaces. If the correct finish system (see Chapter 3) is used and
properly applied, it will keep maintenance to a minimum. Otherwise, moisture or other substances will penetrate the
coating and cause the metal to corrode or the wood to rot. Usually the finish coat alone will not provide sufficient
protection. For example, lusterless olive-drab enamel, which is somewhat porous, offers relatively little protection; its main
function is camouflage. The required protection is provided mainly by primers that, for metal, contain rust-inhibiting
pigments, and for wood, have high moisture resistant qualities.
2-2. FINISH SYSTEMS
a. Protective coatings are applied to metal and wood surfaces to protect them from the destructive action of moisture
and other injurious agents. In addition, colored coatings improve the appearance of the surfaces to which they are applied
and serve to denote the military organization to which the item being painted belongs. Coatings must also resist
weathering, cleaning, fumes, oil, the action of fungi, and other causes that impair their protective qualities.
b. Because no single finish material can fulfill all of the requirements mentioned above, finishes, as applied to both
metal and wood, are usually composed of two or more materials, each of which serve a definite purpose in the
combination coating known as a "finish system." Detailed information on finish systems may be found in chapter 3 and in
MIL-STD-171, MIL-STD-709, MIL-T-704, MIL-STD-193, MIL-STD-194, and MIL-F-14072.
2-3. FINISH SYSTEM MATERIALS
a. Fillers. Fillers are heavy-body materials, usually in paste form, that are used to fill depressions and holes and
provide a smooth surface after sanding.
b. Primers. Primers are used on metals to provide a corrosion-resistant coating to which the subsequent finish coat
will firmly adhere.
c. Sealers. Sealers are used to fill or seal the pores of wood and prevent the contamination of a finish coat by the
"bleeding" of an underlying stain or colored filling material. Certain sealers also contain fungicides.
d. Thinners. Tinners make paint workable by adjusting the paint or coating consistency for easy application.
e. Topcoat or Finish Coat. This is the final coat in a finish system. It may be enamel, lacquer, paint, or varnish,
depending on the service requirements desired.
Section II. FILLERS
2-4. GENERAL
Fillers, like primers and sealers, are undercoats used to prepare metal or wood surfaces for subsequent and final coats of
enamel, lacquer, paint, or varnish. They are heavy-bodied pigment materials, and except for the graduation fillers, are
applied with a putty knife, saptula, or other similar tool. They are always used in conjunction with finish coats.
2-1

TM 43-0139
2-5. Sealing Compound, Curing (MIL-S-11031)
a. Characteristics. This sealing compound is a two-part material consisting of a black polysulfide base compound
and a catalyst to be mixed according to instructions. This compound and the catalyst are contained in a two-compartment
container. After curing, the compound forms a rubber-like material and provides satisfactory adhesion.
b. Use. This compound is used for sealing and plugging exposed holes in fire control instruments, such as holes for
setscrews, adjusting screws, and slugs that are accessible from the outside of the instrument.
c. Curing.
WARNING
The catalyst used in this sealer contains a lead compound. Avoid contact with skin.
Wash hands after use.
The compound cures in 72 to 96 hours at approximately 80°F (27°C).
2-6. Sealing Compound, Noncuring (MIL-S-11030, Type I, Class I)
a. Characteristics. This is a homogenous, stable, noncorrosive, and nontoxic compound. It is thermoplastic and
noncuring, and is not affected by oil or temperatures between -65°F to 180°F (-53.89°C to 82.22°C).
b. Use. It is used for the static sealing of glass to metal instruments and to cover visible headless screws (except
adjusting screws). The compound is to be applied prior to painting.
2-7. Filler, Graduation or Engraving (TT-F-325)
a. Characteristics. This is a paste-paint type filler that adheres firmly to the surface to which it is applied. It is issued
in black, deep red, white, and translucent white colors. It provides maximum legibility on graduated scales.
b. Use.
(1) For filling in the engraved graduation scales of instruments.
(2) For small-arms sight graduations.
(3) To replace similar material to equipment that has been removed by cleaning operations.
c. Application. Fill the indentations with the paste by brushing, then wipe across the indentations with a cloth or
small knife blade. This action will press the paste into the indentations and remove most of the excess paste. Wash the
remainder from the surface before it sets with soap and water; rinse with clear water and allow to dry.
d. Drying Time. Air-dry for 12 hours before handling. For the filler to dry hard, air-dry for 24 hours. A finish coat may
be applied over the graduated element after the filler has air-dried for 2 hours.

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TM 43-0139
Section III. PRIMERS
2-8. General
Primers are applied to metal to provide an initial coating to which a second coating (i.e. a topcoat) will firmly adhere. The
pigment composition of primers for ferrous-base metals usually consists of iron oxide, titanium dioxide, lead chromate, red
lead, zinc chromate, zinc dust, zinc oxide and zinc phosphate, or a mixture of these. Zinc chromate is the principal
pigment in primers used on aluminum, magnesium, alloys, and on items that will be exposed to damp or wet operating
conditions.
2-9. Primer Coating, Epoxy-Polyamide, Chemical and Solvent Resistant (MIL-P-23377, Type I)
a. Characteristics. This primer specification covers two types of two-component, epoxy-polyamide, chemical and
solvent resistant primers formulated for spray application and compatible with polyurethane topcoats. They are lead free
but contain chromate.
b. Use. They are intended for use of pretreated aluminum alloy surfaces as a corrosion inhibitive, chemical resistant,
strippable, epoxy primer that is compatible with urethane topcoats. It should only be used on nonferrous surfaces. It is a
primer for use with CARC paints.
c. Application. Thoroughly mix each of the components separately. Component B is slowly poured into Component
A with constant stirring until a one-to-one volume ratio is achieved. An induction of 30 minutes is necessary after mixing.
Epoxy primers have a pot life of 15 hours.
d. Drying Time. The primer will dry to touch in 30 minutes and dry hard within six hours.
e. Thinner. Thin with MIL-T-81772, Type II. When spraying, thin to a viscosity of about 16 seconds in a viscosimeter
cup.
2-10. Primer Coating, Epoxy (MIL-P-52192)
a. Characteristics. This is an air-drying or baking, chemical resistant, epoxy-resin, lead and chromate formulation,
compatible for use with polyurethane topcoats.
b. Use. It is intended for used on pretreatment ferrous surfaces. It may be baked at 3000F for 20 minutes, or at
lower temperatures for a longer period of time. It has good exterior durability and will withstand 1,1,1 trichlorethane
degreasing vapors. It is a primer for use with CARC paints.
c. Application. Thoroughly mix each of the components separately. Mix four parts of Component A to one part of
Component B by volume, and stir until well blended. An induction of 30 minutes is necessary after mixing. Epoxy primers
have a pot life of 15 hours.
d. Drying Time. The sprayed primer will be set to touch in 10 minutes and dry hard within one and one-half hours.
e. Thinner. Thin with MIL-T-81772, Type II. This primer may be thinned up to 20 percent by volume.
2-11. Primer, Epoxy Coating, Corrosion Inhibiting, Lead and Chromate Free (MIL-P-53022)
a. Characteristics. This is a two-part, flash drying corrosion inhibiting, lead and chromate free epoxy primer for use
on pretreated ferrous and non-ferrous metals which must meet air pollution requirements.
b. Use. It may be used to replace MIL-P-23377 and/or MIL-P-52192 where exposure to lead and chromate pigments
is not permitted. It is a primer for use with CARC paints.
Change 1 2-3

TM 43-0139
c. Application. Thoroughly mix each of the components separately. Mix four parts of Component A with one part of
Component B by volume and stir until well blended. An induction of 30 minutes is necessary after mixing. Epoxy primers
have a pot life of 15 hours.
d. Drying Time. The sprayed primer will be set to touch within five minutes and dry hard within 90 minutes.
e. Thinner. Thin with MIL-T-81772, Type II. This primer may be thinned up to 20 percent by volume.
2-12. Primer Coating, Epoxy Water Reducible, Lead and Chromate Free (MIL-P-53030)
a. Characteristics. This primer is a water reducible, air-drying, corrosion inhibiting, two-part epoxy system. It is lead
and chromate free.
b. Use. It is intended for use on pretreated ferrous and non-ferrous substrates, and is compatible with polyurethane
topcoats. It contains no more than 2.81 pounds per gallon (340 grams per liter) of volatile organic componds (VOC) as
applied. It is a primer for use with CARC paints.
c. Application. Thoroughly stir Component A by hand until uniform. Mix Component B with Component A in the
volume specified by the manufacturer. An induction of 30 minutes is necessary after mixing. Epoxy primers have a pot
life of 15 hours.
d. Drying Time. The sprayed primer will be set to touch within 45 minutes and dry hard within two hours.
e. Thinner. Reduce the admixed primer with water.
seconds in a viscosimeter cup.

When spraying, this primer should have a viscosity of 20

2-13. Enamel, Rust-Inhibiting, Olive-Drab (TT-E-485)
a. Characteristics. This is a combination air-drying and baking enamel that provides a smooth, semigloss, olive-drab
film, possessing excellent corrosion-inhibiting properties.
b. Use.
(1) As a one-coat painting system over phosphate-treated or solvent cleaned steel surfaces, such as sheet
metal, metal ammunication containers, and gasoline drums.
(2) For a two-coat system consisting of a primer and top coat alkyd finish, for general use.
(3) As a baked primer (in a two-coat semigloss baked finish) on steel and wood.
(4) As an undercoat for all metals except aluminum and magnesium.
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued or thin with not more than five percent by volume of thinner.
(2) Spraying. Apply after thinning with not more than 15 percent by volume of thinner.
(3) Roller. Thin to the consistency recommended by the manufacturer.
d. Thickness of Coating. This depends on the purpose of the application. When used as a priming coat, a thin (0.40.6 mils thickness), uniformerly applied coat is effective. When used as an intermediate or top coat, a fairly heavy coating
should be applied (0.9-1.1 mils).
Change 1 2-4

TM 43-0139
e. Drying Time.
(1) For types I, II, and III, air dry for 16 hours or bake for 45 minutes at 250°F (121.11°C), before handling. For
type IV, allow eight hours of air-drying time or bake for 30 minutes at 300°F (148.89°C).
(2) Types I, II, and III require 72 hours of drying time to reach full hardness, or bake for 45 minutes at 250°F
(121.11°C) and air dry for 24 hours. For type IV, bake for 30 minutes at 300°F (148.89°C).
f. Thinners. If thinning is required, use mineral spirits paint thinner, TT-T-291, or synthetic enamel thinner, TT-T306.
WARNING
This enamel contains toxic pigments. Do not breathe the mist from the enamel
when spraying. Also, spray dust from this enamel is subject to spontaneous
combustion if allowed to accumulate on surfaces of enclosures or booths.
Remove spray dust by scraping surfaces at frequent intervals.
Paragraph 2-14 deleted.

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TM 43-0139
2-15. PRIMER COATING (TT-P-636)
a. Characteristics. Primer coating TT-P-636 is a red or brown iron oxide, alkyd-resin base primer that thas good
adhesion, durability and flexibility, and covers in one coat. It has good resistance to weathering, although its intended use
is as an undercoat.
b. Use.
WARNING
This primer must NOT be used on the inside of drinking water tanks or on
amphibious vehicles.
(1) As a priming coat on synthetics, wood, bare or phosphate-treated ferrous metal parts (of motor vehicles,
guns, gun mounts, tanks, and metal shipping containers), and other Ordnance materiel.
(2) As a sealing undercoat on the wooden parts of motor vehicles.
CAUTION
This primer should not be used on steel vehicles, vessels, or structures that are
exposed to acid fumes.
c. Application.
(1) Brushing. Apply as issued or by thinning with not more than five percent by volume of thinner. Apply one
coat of primer for a two-coat finish and two coats for a three-coat finish.
(2) Spraying. For spraying, thin with 15 percent by volume of mineral spirits paint thinner, TT-T-291, or
synthetic enamel thinner, TT-T-306.
d. Drying Time.
(1) Before touching, air-dry for 20 minutes to two hours.
(2) For thorough drying, air-dry for 18 hours or bake for 45 minutes at 250°F (121.11°C).
(3) Recoating is permissible after air-drying for 10 hours.
e. Thinner. Thin primer as required with mineral spirits paint thinner, TT-T-291, or gum spirits turpentine, TT-T-801.
NOTE
Olive-drab, rust-inhibiting enamel, TT-E-485, may be used in lieu of enamel TT-P-636.

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TM 43-0139
2-16. PRIMER COATINGS, RUST-INHIBITING (TT-P664)
a. Characteristics. This is a fast-drying primer that provides a hard, smooth, satin finish on iron or steel and requires
no sanding.
b. Use. Use as a primer coat on bare iron or pretreated steel, or when topcoating with an enamel finish coat. This
primer may also be used as an intermediate coat over synthetic enamel when nitrocellulose lacquer is applied as a
topcoat. It requires no sanding prior to applying the topcat.
c. Application. Apply primer by dipping, brushing, or spraying, when thinned as recommended by the manufacturer.
d. Drying Time. After 25 minutes the coating is thoroughly dried.
e. Thinner. Thin with synthetic enamel thinner, TT-T-306, or by the manufacturer's specified thinner.
2-17. PRIMER, LACQUER, RUST-INHIBITING (MIL-P-11414)
a. Characteristics. This is a quick-drying, rust-inhibiting, cellulose nitrate primer. It is pigmented in one type and one
grade only. The color is characteristic of red or brown iron oxide pigments.
b. Use. Use as a base for lusterless, semigloss, and full gloss lacquer finishes in connection with automotive and
general usage. See MIL-STD-171 or the desired type of finish system.
c. Application. Apply primer by dipping or spraying when thinned with one part by volume of lacquer thinner, TT-T266.
d. Drying Time. The primer will dry to full hardness in 48 hours, however it will be dry to touch in three minutes.
e. Thinner. Thin lacquer with lacquer thinner, TT-T-266.
2-18. PRIMER COATING, ZINC CHROMATE, LOW MOISTURE SENSITIVITY (TT-P-1757)
a. Characteristics. This primer has corrosion-inhibiting properties and is prescribed for use on materiel and
equipment when severe corrosive conditions exist, such as exposure to salt water or spray.
b. Use. Use on iron and steel exposed to acid and salt water spray, on aluminum or magnesium surfaces, for
priming of aluminum or magnesium alloys, and on all contact surfaces with other metals or wood.
c. Application. Application is by brushing or spraying.
d. Drying Time. Air-dry the primer for 15 minutes before handling. It takes 24 hours of air-drying or baking for 45
minutes at 250°F (121.11°C) to dry to full hardness. Recoating may be started after 30 minutes of airdrying.
e. Thinner. Thin with toluene, TT-T-548, or synthetic enamel thinner, TT-T-306.
2-19. PRIMER COATING, WATER REDUCIBLE, EPOXY, ESTER-LATEX TYPE, LEAD AND CHROMATE FREE (MILP-53032)
a. Characteristics. This primer is a water reducible, air-drying, epoxy, ester-latex, resin base system that is lead and
chromate free and meets air pollution requirements for solvent emission.
b. Use. It is intended for use on pretreated ferrous metals, pretreated aluminum, and wood. It is intended for use on
the inside of potable water tanks for marine use, for steel exposed to long-term weathering, or as a lacquer-resistant
primer.
2-7

TM 43-0139
c. Application. Reduce five parts by volume of primer with up to one part by volume of tap water. Stir well and filter.
d. Drying Time. The sprayed primer will set to touch in one hour and will dry hard in 18 hours.
e. Thinner. Thin with tap water. Do not exceed 16 percent water by volume.
Section IV. SEALERS
2-20. GENERAL
Sealers are usually unpigmented. They are used in most applications to seal the pores of wood and to serve as an
undercoat over which one or more finish coats will be applied. Sealers are also used to prevent the bleeding of underlying
substances such as stains, or to prevent resin, from knots, from entering into the finish coat. In some applications where
the decorative feature of the finish is of less importance than its sealing and protective qualities, a sealer is used for both
primer and final finish coats. Some types contain fungicides. Sealers are not normally used with CARC coatings.
2-21. OIL, LINSEED, RAW (TT-L-215)
a. Characteristics. This is a yellowish, transparent vegetable oil extracted from flaxseeds. When exposed to the
atmosphere, this oil dries or cures by oxidation to form a tough and flexible film.
b. Use. Linseed oil is used as a vehicle for paints, a thinner for paints, and in the formulation of oleoresinous
varnishes and enamels. It can also be used as a sealer on bare wood.
c. Application. Apply by dipping or brushing. For dipping. allow the wood, which must be completely dry, to soak in
the oil for 24 hours before removing from the oil, wiping the excess with a squeegee or cloth, and allowing to dry.
d. Drying Time. Air-dry (cure) for about 16 hours. A second coat may then be applied.
WARNING
Wiping-cloths soaked with linseed oil must either be destroyed or spread out to
dry in a well-ventilated area to prevent possible spontaneous combustion.
2-22. STAIN, WOOD (TT-S-270)
a. Characteristics. This is a penetrating, wipe-off type stain containing a fungicide.
b. Use. The stain partially penetrates clean dry wood, and is used where camouflage and a protection against fungi
is desired.
c. Application. Apply the stain as issued by brushing, dipping, spraying, or wiping.
WARNING
This stain contains a toxic ingredient that is a skin irritant. Wear gloves when handling.

2-8

TM 43-0139
d. Drying Time. Air-dry for 30 minutes before handling; allow 24 hours for drying to full hardness. Recoating may be
accomplished after 30 minutes of air-drying.
e. Thinners. If thinning is required, use mineral spirits paint thinner, TT-T-291.
2-23. VARNISH, SHELLAC (TT-S-300)
a. Characteristics. Shellac varnish is a solution or "cut" of a resin made from the secretion of certain insects. It dries
to a transparent film that is soluble in shellac thinner. It is not durable under exterior exposure conditions.
b. Use. May be used as a filling or sealing coat on wood, or as an intermediate coat to prevent the bleeding of oilsoluble colors. It may also be used as an intermediate coat over an oil-type sealer.
c. Application. Shellac varnishes are usually applied by brushing. They can be sprayed when thinned properly.
d. Thinner. If thinning is required, use denatured alcohol, grade III.
e. Drying Time. Air-dry for 1 hour before handling; recoat after 2 to 3 hours of air-drying. Varnish dries to full
hardness after 24 hours.
Section V. THINNERS
2-24. THINNER, AIRCRAFT COATING (MIL-T-81772)
This thinner is used with CARC topcoats and primers. Type I is used with MIL-C-46168, MIL-C-53039, and those CARC
epoxy enamels and primers using MIL-T-81772, Type II, if Type II is not available. Type II is used with MIL-C-22750, MILP-53022, and MIL-P-23377, Type I.
WARNING
Wear impenetrable gloves when using this thinner.
2-25. OIL, LINSEED, RAW (TT-L-215)
When used as a thinner in pigmented coating materials, it reduces the pigment-to-oil ratio, resulting in a thinner coat.
Paints thinned with linseed oil are used as sealing and priming coats on bare wood.
2-26. THINNER, ENAMEL, SYNTHETIC (TT-T-306)
This thinner is a mixture of volatile coal-tar and petroleum derivatives. It is used to thin synthetic resin-base varnishes
enamels. Do not use to thin lacquer.
2-27. THINNERS, LACQUER, CELLULOSE NITRATE (TT-T-266) AND LACQUER (MIL-T-6095)
Lacquer thinner TT-T-266 evaporates much less rapidly than lacquer thinner MIL-T-6095. These thinners are intended for
use during periods of high humidity to prevent the condensation of moisture on the surface of the lacquer film. Such
moisture seriously impairs the lacquer coating.
2-28. THINNER, PAINT, MINERAL SPIRITS (TT-T-291)
This is a water, white-petroleum derivative similar to and used interchangeably with dry-cleaning solvent. It is used as a
thinner for asphalt paints and oleoresinous enamels, paints, and varnishes, except synthetic, resin-base enamels and
varnishes. It will curdle or decompose these latter materials. Do no use to thin lacquer.
Change 3 2-9

TM 43-0139
2-29. TURPENTINE. GUM SPIRITS (TT-T-801)
This is a clear, volatile liquid obtained by distillation of the gum (oleoresin) of living pine trees. It is a good solvent for
many resins and is the preferred thinner for oil paints and varnishes with a linseed oil vehicle. Its evaporation rate is
relatively slow. Do not use to thin lacquer.
2-30. DELETED
Section VI. TOPCOAT OR FINISH COAT
2-31. CHEMICAL AGENT RESISTANT COATINGS (CARC)
a. General. Chemical Agents pose a devastating threat to sustained readiness in a combat environment. CARC
paints were developed to minimize the impact of this threat. CARC paints are relatively impermeable coatings which do
not absorb/desorb chemical agents, and which do not break down when decontaminated.
(1) A common misconception is that CARC paints present greater health/safety/environmental hazards than do
other paints. In fact, the health and safety requirements for CARC are the same as those for all paints. And, although
CARC paints are currently more expensive and require additional care in application, their durability make overall life cycle
costs/efforts less than those of other paint systems.
(2) There are currently three CARC paints:
(a) MIL-C-46168 a two-component aliphatic polyurethane used on exterior surfaces and those interior
surfaces frequently exposed (eg, ramps, hatches).
(b) MIL-C-53039 a single component aliphatic polyurethane used wherever MIL-C-46168 may be used.
(c) MIL-C-22750 a two-component epoxy polyamide enamel used only on interior surfaces.
b. Coating, Aliphatic Polyurethane, Chemical Agent Resistant (MIL-C-46168) Two-Component.
(1) Characteristics. This specification covers both camouflage and non-camouflage color chemical agent
resistant aliphatic polyurethane coatings (CARC). CARC is designed for easy decontamination after liquid chemical agent
exposure. It is available in a standard formula (Type II), and a high-solids VOC compliant formula (TYPE IV). Types II
and IV are all lead and chromate free.

Change 3 2-10

TM 43-0139
(2) Use. CARC is intended for use over new or previously painted surfaces. It is applied over pretreated
surfaces after priming with an epoxy primer (MIL-P-53022, MIL-P-53030, or M IL-P-23377). CARC can be applied over
thoroughly prepared existing CARC surfaces. It cannot be applied over lacquer. MIL-C-46168 is for exterior surfaces and
interior surfaces routinely exposed to the outside (i.e., door ramps, hatches, etc.).
(3) Application. Pigments of Component A have a tendency to settle and cake due to the solids content. These
solids must be dispersed into a smooth, uniform solution prior to the addition of the catalyst. This can best be
accomplished by mechanically agitating or stirring Component A for 30 minutes before mixing. The catalyst, Component
B, must be a clear to pale yellow liquid and must be free of crystals. A cloudy, milky, or crystalline gel indicates that the
catalyst is contaminated and should not be used. If the container for Component B is swollen, do not open it. Dispose of it
as a hazardous waste. Both components should always be measured because accuracy is very important. MIL-C-46168
should be mixed four parts by volume of Component A with one part by volume of Component B. Thinning should not be
necessary for brush application. MIL-C-46168 can be thinned for spraying by mixing up to one part by volume of the
applicable solvent with four parts by volume of the mixed coating. The applicable solvent for Type II and Type IV is MIL-T81772, Type I. For adequate camouflage properties, it is necessary to apply the coating to a minimum dry film thickness
of .0018 inch (.0046 cm). Under certain temperature and humidity conditions, for more even results, it may be advisable to
apply two coats of a minimum thickness of .0009 inches (.0023 cm) each. Component B is water sensitive and caution
must be taken to ensure water or high humidity does not come in contact with the coating. Mixed coating must be used
within eight hours and cannot be stored. Once opened, component B must be used that day or stored in a sealed dry
air/airless container.
(4) Drying Time. Curing time increases with lower temperature or higher humidity. At temperatures of 70 F
(21°C) and above, MIL-C-46168 will dry within the specification requirements (set to touch in approximately 15 minutes,
dries hard in 90 minutes, dries through in 4 hours, with a complete cure within 7 days). At 60°F (16°C), MIL-C-46168
requires twice as long to cure.
CAUTION
Do not mix components of MIL-C-46168 with MIL-C-53039.
CAUTION
Components of different colors are not interchangeable. Component A of one color
may not be used with Component B of another color. Components from different
manufacturers may not be mixed.
CAUTION
Do not use CARC on items which are flexible. Because of its rigidity, the finish
may crack when item is bent.
CAUTION
Spray lines used with epoxy should not be used with polyurethanes without
complete flushing or cleaning with solvents.
NOTE
CARC application requires extremely clean surface preparation. Prior to painting,
check cleanliness with the red litmus or water break tests.

Change 3 2-11

TM 43-0139
c. Coating, Aliphatic Polyurethane, Chemical Agent Resistant (MIL-C-53039) Single-Component.
(1) Characteristics. This specification covers both camouflage and non-camouflage color polyurethane
coatings. It is a lead and chromate free, single component CARC with a maximum of 3.5 pounds per gallon of Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOC) as packaged.
(2) Use. CARC is intended for use over new, pretreated surfaces. It is applied over pretreated surfaces after
priming with an epoxy primer (MIL-P-53022, MIL-P-53030, or MIL-P-23377). CARC can be applied over thoroughly
prepared CARC surfaces. MIL-C-53039 is for exterior surfaces and interior surfaces routinely exposed to the outside (i.e.
door ramps, hatches, etc.).
(3) Application. Thinning should not be necessary for brush application. It can be thinned for spraying by
mixing up to one part by volume of the applicable solvent with four parts by volume of MIL-C-53039. The applicable
solvent for all areas is MIL-T-81772, Type I. For adequate camouflage properties, it is necessary to apply the coating to a
minimum dry film thickness of .0018 inch (.0046 cm). Under certain temperature and humidity conditions, for more even
results, it may be advisable to apply to coats of a minimum thickness of .0009 inches (.0023 cm) each. The coating is very
water sensitive and caution must be taken to insure water or high humidity does not come in contact with the coating
before it is cured. Once opened, MIL-C-53039 must be used within eight hours, unless stored under a layer of MIL-T81772, type I, or a blanket of moisture free air or dry nitrogen.
(4) Drying/Curing Time. Curing time increases with lower temperature or higher humidity. At temperatures of
70"F (21°C) and above, MIL-C-53039 will dry within the specification requirements (sets to touch in approximately 15
minutes, dries hard in 90 minutes, dries through in 4 hours, with a complete cure within 7 days). At 60"F (16°C), MIL-C53039 requires twice as long to cure.
CAUTION
Never mix components of MIL-C-46168 or MIL-C-22750 with MIL-C-53039. They are
not compatible.
CAUTION
Do not use CARC on flexible items. Because of CARC's rigidity, doing so may
cause cracking of the finish.
CAUTION
Spray lines used for epoxy should not be used with polyurethanes without
complete flushing or cleaning with solvents.
NOTE
CARC application requires extremely clean surface preparation. Prior to painting,
check cleanliness with the red litmus or water break tests.
d. Coating, Epoxy Polyamide Enamel, Chemical Agent Resistant (MIL-C-22750) - Two-Component.
(1) Characteristics. This specification is for use on the interior surfaces of equipment, vehicles, vans, and
shelters. CARC is designed for easy decontamination after liquid chemical agent exposure. Interior surfaces which
become exterior surfaces upon opening (ramps, hatches, etc.) should be painted with MIL-C-46168 or MIL-C-53039.

Change 3 2-12

TM 43-0139
(2) Use. CARC is intended for use over new or previously painted surfaces. It is applied over pretreated
surfaces after priming with an epoxy primer (MIL-P-53022, MIL-P-53030, or MIL-P-23337).
(3) Application. Pigments of Component A have a tendency to settle. Stirring for 20 minutes is necessary to
disperse these solids into a smooth, uniform solution prior to the addition of a catalyst. The catalyst, Component B, must
be clear. Thickening or gelling with the presence of crystals indicates that the catalyst is not usable. M IL-C-22750 should
be mixed in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. The mixed components shall stand for an induction time
specified by the manufacturer before using. This coating can be thinned, if necessary, by using MIL-T-81772, Type II. For
adequate resistance properties, the coating should be applied to a minimum dry film thickness of .0018 inch (.0048 cm).
Mixed coating must be used within the pot life specified by the manufacturer, and cannot be stored. Component B is water
sensitive and caution must be taken to insure water or high humidity does not come in contact with the coating before it is
cured.
(4) Drying Time. At 70"F (21"C) and above, MIL-C-22750 will dry within the specification requirements (sets to
touch in approximately 20 minutes, dries hard in 90 minutes, dries through in 4 hours, with a complete cure within 7 days).
CAUTION
Components of different colors are not interchangeable. Component A of one color
may not be used with Component B of another color. Components from different
manufacturers may not be mixed.
CAUTION
Neither component of MIL-C-22750 is compatible with the single component MIL-C53039, and should never be mixed with it.
CAUTION
Spray lines used for epoxy should not be used with polyurethanes without
complete flushing or cleaning with solvents.
NOTE
CARC application requires extremely clean surfaces.
cleanliness with the red litmus or water break tests.

Prior to painting, check

e. CARC Shelf Life Extension.
(1) To determine if the shelf life of CARC can be extended, perform the following inspections:
(a) Condition in container - should be no excessive skinning, hard settling or resin separation.
(b) Viscosity - should be no excessive increase in viscosity from specification requirements.
(c) Drying time - should conform to specification.
(d) Application - should conform to specification label instructions.
(e) Thinning - should thin adequately with designated thinners.
(f) Gloss - should conform to specification requirements.
Change 3 2-13

TM 43-0139
(g) Color - should conform to specification requirements.
(2) If paint meets criteria in (a) through (g), shelf life may be extended by 50%. For example, a paint with a self
life of 1 year could be extended six months if it passes inspection above.
(3) For further information about CARC paint inspection, testing and shelf life extension, write to: Commander,
U.S. Army Belvoir Research, Development and Engineering Center, ATTN: STRBE-VO, Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060-5606.
2-32. ENAMELS
a. General. Enamels are pigmented finishing materials that, in general, dry to a hard gloss, semigloss, or lusterless
finish. The nonvolatile vehicles in enamels may be oils, natural or synthetic resins, soluble cottons, or their combinations.
For CARC enamels, refer to para 2-31d.
b. Walkway Compound, Nonslip and Walkway Matting, Nonslip (MIL-W-5044).
(1) Characteristics. This enamel provides a very coarse, gritty coating, similar to coarse sandpaper. It is to be
applied over any previously painted or primed surface, including surfaces previously painted with CARC, alkyd, or enamel.
(2) Use. A heavy coating is to be applied on surfaces that might become wet in order to provide a more secure
footing. For painting tank turret floors, a heavy coating of white enamel is to be used.
(3) Application. When brushing, apply as issued or thin to not more than 5 percent by volume. If enamel is to
be sprayed, thin to 15 percent by volume. Use thinner specified by the manufacturer. The enamel can also be trowelled
on; apply as issued. The thickness of the coating should be from 1/32 to 1/16 of an inch to insure retention, with maximum
durability, and nonskid properties. For tactical equipment, apply compound over CARC primer, and apply CARC topcoat
cover compound; for non-tactical equipment, do not apply CARC topcoat over the compound.
c. Enamel, Synthetic, Gloss (T-E-489).
(1) Characteristics. This is a high-gloss, air-drying, alkyd-resin base enamel, with excellent weather-resistant
properties. It is flexible and has satisfactory gloss and color retention.
(2) Use. This enamel is used on exterior and interior metal surfaces, particularly on smooth exterior surfaces.
The main use of the enamel is for refinishing automobiles. For this purpose, it should be noted that when alkyd enamels
of this type are applied to steel surfaces, the bare or phosphatized steel should first be given a priming coat with an oxide,
zinc-chromate alkyd, or priming surfacer.
(3) Application. Apply as issued when brushing on; thin in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions
when spraying. The enamel dries hard in 8 hours and dries through in 48 hours. It is ready for recoating after 24 hours of
air-drying.
d. Enamel, Synthetic, Lusterless (7T-E-527).
(1) Characteristics. This is a combination air-drying and baking enamel with an oil-modified, alkyd-resin base.
It has satisfactory weather characteristics with regard to chalking, fading, and color changes, but because of film porosity,
the enamel is applied in a finish system requiring the use of a corrosion-inhibiting primer.
(2) Use. Apply the enamel over a primer when weathering conditions are encountered. Use as a two-coat,
lusterless, alkyd finish for both general use and on the outer surfaces of optical instruments.
(3) Application. When brushing on, thin to a ratio of not more than 5 parts of thinner to 95 parts of paint. When
spraying, thin to a ratio of not more than 15 parts of thinner to 85 parts of paint.
2-14 Change 3

TM 43-0139
(4) The required thickness for acceptable covering depends to a great extent on the color of the paint. Black,
gray, red, and olive-drab colors have satisfactory hiding power, and a relatively thin film will suffice. Orange and yellow
paints require a film of at least twice that thickness. White enamel requires a heavy film to obtain complete hiding.
WARNING
The dried spray dust of lusterless enamels is an extreme fire hazard. Remove this
dust daily. The danger of fire can be greatly reduced by the use of a water-wash or
waterfall type of spray booth.
e. Enamel, Synthetic, Semigloss (TT-E-529).
(1) Characteristics. This is an alkyd-resin base enamel issued in two types: Class A, air-drying, and Class B,
baking. Both have satisfactory weathering qualities.
(2) Use. Use on exterior applications when extreme weathering conditions exist.
(3) Application. To brush on, apply as issued or by thinning with not more than five parts by volume of synthetic
enamel thinner, TT-T-306, to 95 parts by volume of enamel When spraying, thin with not more than 15 parts by volume of
synthetic enamel thinner, TT-T-306, to 85 parts by volume of Class A enamel, or 15 parts by volume of xylene, TT-X-916,
to 85 parts by volume of Class B enamel.
(4) Thickness of Coating. A light coat of olive-drab or black enamel will provide sufficient hiding.
considerably heavier coat is required when yellow or white enamel is applied.

(5) Drying Time. Air-dry Class A enamel for eight hours, and bake Class B at 250°F (121.11°C) for 45 minutes
before handling.
2-33. LACQUERS
a. General. Lacquers are finish materials that dry by evaporation of the volatile portion only, and deposit a strong
film that is generally thinner than the film provided by oleoresinous products. The lacquers described in this paragraph are
of this type.
b. Lacquer, Lusterless, Hot Spray (MIL-L-11195).
(1) Characteristics. This lacquer is a one-type and one-grade cellulose-nitrate material which can be applied at
room or above-average temperatures.
(2) Use. Use as a one-coat, lusterless finish for projectiles, grenades, etc., and as a two-coat, lusterless finish
for automotive and general use.
(3) Application. Apply by dipping when thinned with one (+0.2) part of thinner; hot spray as issued. Apply by
cold spray when thinned with one part by volume of thinner to two parts by volume of packaged material. Use the
manufacturer's recommended thinner.
c. Lacquer, Automotive, Hot Spray (MIL-L-12277 and MIL-L-52043).
(1) Characteristics. This lacquer is a one-type and one-grade, high gloss, cellulose-nitrate material which can
be applied at room or above-average temperatures.
(2) Use. Use as a two-coat or three coat, semigloss finish for automotive materials. Use as a threecoat, semigloss
finish on aluminum and magnesium surfaces.
2-15

TM 43-0139
(3) Application. Apply by hot spray as issued; by cold spray, thin with three parts by volume of thinner to five
parts by volume of lacquer. Use the manufacturer's recommended thinner.
d. Lacquer, Aircraft (MIL-L-46159).
(1) Characteristics. This is a single-color (Aircraft Green), low reflective, single-component, lead and chromate
free lacquer.
(2) Use. Use as a two-coat finish for the exterior surfaces of Army aircraft. It can be used in a wide variety of
temperatures (40°F to 90°F (4°C to 320C)) and humidities (15 percent to 70 percent). Excessively high temperature with
low humidity can result in dry spray, however, and excessively high temperature with high humidity can result in blushing.
Apply over primer MIL-P-23377 or TT-P-1757.
(3) Application. Apply by spray when thinned with up to one and one-half parts by volume of thinner, MILT19544, to one part by volume of MIL-L-46159. Mix only the amount necessary for use that day. MIL-L-46159 must be
thoroughly mixed in its container prior to adding thinner. Constant agitation is also required throughout the painting
process. Test on another surface prior to painting aircraft to ensure proper spray viscosity. If excessively high
temperatures and/or humidity are encountered, the lacquer/thinner mixture may be combined with up to 30 percent by
volume of acrylic lacquer retarder, MIL-E-7125. Apply two coats of mixture to a dry film thickness of 1.5 mils.
WARNING
Use impervious, not cloth, gloves when mixing any component containing MIL-E7125.
(4) Drying Time. The first coat will air dry in 30 minutes. Lightly wipe prior to applying second coat. The
second coat will dry to touch in 30 minutes and is ready for flight in four hours.
2-34. PAINTS
a. General. Paints are mechanical mixtures or dispersions of pigments in a nonvolatile liquid. A volatile solvent or
thinner is used to reduce the paint to the proper consistency for application. The pigmented liquid, after application to the
surface by brushing, spraying, or dipping, dries to form a solid and opaque coating. An oil paint contains a drying oil or oil
varnish as the basic ingredient. A paste paint is one that permits a substantial addition to the vehicle of thinner to obtain
the consistency required for application. An asphalt paint contains asphaltum or a similar substance as the principal
nonvolatile ingredient; this also provides the coloration of black or brown.
b. Paint, Acid-Proof, Black (MIL-C450).
(1) Characteristics. This paint consists of a material of petroleum or asphalt (bitumen) or a combination of both,
thinned with aromatic petroleum naphtha or mineral spirits paint thinner, TT-T-291, to the required nonvolatile content. It
contains no drying oils resins, or pigments. This paint is highly resistant to acids.
(2) Use. It is used on metal or wood battery boxes and their supports, and also in the assembly of certain
ammunition items.
c. Coating, Underbody (FT-C520).
(1) Characteristics. This compound is a mixture of asphalts, fillers, solvents, and additives processed to meet
specified requirements.
(2) Use. Use as a protective underbody coating for automotive equipment and as a sound deadener.
2-16

TM 43-0139
(3) Application. Spray at a temperature of 65°F ±5 F (18.33°C ±2.78°C), with a tank pressure of 80 pounds per
square inch (psi) and with no more than 80 psi on the gun nozzle.
d. Paint, Heat-Resisting, Silicone-Aluminum (TT-P-28).
(1) Characteristics. This is a one-type and one-grade, aluminum, heat resistant paint which will withstand
solvents and normal weather exposure. It is an air-drying, or air-drying and baking, product with an aluminum pigment of
powder or paste, suspended in a liquid vehicle.
(2) Use. It is used for painting equipment where operating temperatures preclude the use of conventional
paints and for applications where engraved, stamped, or stenciled lettering would be exposed to temperatures up to
1000°F (537°C).
(3) Application. Spray as issued; brush when required.
e. Paint, Heat-Resisting (For Steel Surfaces) (MIL-P-14105).
(1) Characteristics. This paint contains a blend of ceramic frits, refractories, and pigments in a vehicle of pure
or modified silicone resins.
(2) Use. This paint is intended for use on solvent degreased and blasted steel surfaces of components which
are subject to temperatures as high as 1,400°F (760°C) and exterior weathering. Components such as mufflers,
manifolds, and stacks may be protected by the use of this paint. The paint provides excellent protection against corrosion
and chemical attack. It has also been found to perform satisfactorily when applied to parts that do not lend themselves to
sand blasting. In application to such parts, however, it is absolutely necessary that all loose rust and tight and loose mill
scale be removed by wire brushing and chipping. Coatings should then be applied by brushing, taking care to work the
paint well into the roughened surfaces.
(3) Application.
recommendations.
(4) Drying Time.

Apply by brushing as received, or by spraying reduced in accordance with manufacturer's

Paint air dries tack-free within 1 hour.

Dries hard when baked at 400°F (204°C) for 30

minutes.
f. Coating, Red Fuming, Nitric, Acid-Resistant (MIL-P-22636 and MIL-P-14458).
(1) Characteristics. This coating consists of a primer conforming to MIL-P-22636 and a paint conforming to
MIL-P-14458.
(2) Use. When using red fuming, nitric, acid-resistant coating, refer to the specifications on this material. These are
listed in the Reference appendix in the back of this publication.
g. Paint, Stencil, Flat (TT-P-98).
(1) Characteristics. Stencil paint is of one grade and two types. The paint-consistency type comes in black,
white, and gray primary and secondary colors; the paste-form type comes in black, white, red. and yellow colors.
(2) Use. For marking bales, crates, fiberboard boxes, ammunition, etc.
(3) Application. Apply with a brush and stencil board, or mask to surfaces of varying textures and absorptive
properties.
2-17

TM 43-0139
2-35. VARNISHES
a. General. Varnishes are nonpigmented liquids that, when applied as a thin film, dry on exposure to the air and
provide a protective coating. Most varnishes are clear or translucent, but certain asphaltic base materials, which are used
for protection against moisture or acids and for technical purposes such as electrical insulation, are called varnishes
although they are black due to the use of dyes.
b. Varnishing, Moisture and Fungus Resistant (MIL-V-173).
WARNING
This varnish contains a fungicidal ingredient that is harmful if ingested. Observe
the manufacturer's precautions in its handling.
(1) Characteristics. This is a transparent, phenolic-resin base varnish. The presence of this varnish can be
determined by inspection under a "black light", which activates a fluorescent dye. The dye can be added for this purpose
prior to the application of the varnish. This varnish has a high dielectric strength.
(2) Use. It is used as a surface or finish coat on electrical equipment and components such as coils, circuit
wiring, and the chassis of radar and radio assemblies as protection against moisture and fungi.
(3) Application. Apply by brush as issued, or after thinning with not more than five percent by volume of thinner.
For spraying, apply after thinning with not more than 15 percent by volume of thinner. Dipping consistency depends on
the type, shape, and construction of components and assemblies. The degree of thinning required is determined by trial.
Use the manufacturer's recommended thinner.
c. Varnish, Spar, Water-Resisting (TT-V-121).
(1) Characteristics. This is a durable, waterproof varnish with satisfactory weathering qualities. It is composed
of high-grade resins and polymerizing drying oils.
(2) Use. Use as issued on exterior surfaces where durability is important and a high gloss is not required. It can also
be used as a vehicle for exterior enamels where high resistance to the elements is required.

2-18

TM 43-0139

CHAPTER 3
FINISH SYSTEMS

Section I. CLEANING AND TREATMENT OF SURFACES
WARNING
Before beginning any painting-related activity, read Section II, Safety Summary.
3-1. GENERAL.
This chapter describes finish systems. It covers the material to be used and procedures to be followed in the cleaning,
treatment, and painting of equipment to provide protection against rust, corrosion, detection, and/or deterioration. For
more information on specific systems not addressed in this chapter, refer to applicable finishing documents such as
MILSTD-171, Finishing of Metal and Wood Surfaces; MIL-T-704, Treatment and Painting of Materiel; MIL-STD-186,
Protective Finishing Systems for Rockets, Guided Missiles, Support Equipment, and Related Materials; MIL-STD-193,
Painting Procedures and Marking for Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Material Handling Equipment; M IL-STD-194,
System for Painting and Finishing Fire-Control Material; MIL-STD-709, Ammunition Color Coding; MIL-F-14072, Finishes
for Ground Electronic Equipment; and TT-C-490, Cleaning Methods and Pretreatments of Ferrous Surfaces for Organic
Coatings.
3-2. SURFACE PREPARATION
a. General. Surfaces to be painted must be thoroughly cleaned. All rust, corrosion products, oil, grease, moisture,
dirt, fouling organisms, loose and blistered paint, deteriorated areas of old paint, and other surface contaminants will be '
removed prior to painting in accordance with MIL-T-704. Surfaces that require removal of loose paint shall be prepared in
the following manner:
(1) The initial step shall be to remove all loose paint by light sand blasting or orbital sanding.
(2) The edges of good paint surrounding the prepared areas shall be feathered using abrasive sanding disks or
stainless steel scouring pads.
(3) The newly cleaned areas shall be washed with liquid detergent cleaner (e.g. MIL-D-16791, Type 1) and
thoroughly rinsed with fresh water until the surface can pass a water break test. The surface shall be allowed to dry
completely; pretreatment should begin within four hours after cleaning.
b. Paint Remover. Paint and varnish remover will conform to TT-R-251, Type IV, Class A, low viscosity, for
horizontal surfaces, and Class B, high viscosity, to be used for vertical and near vertical surfaces. These paint removers
will have minimal effect on CARC coated surfaces, however. For CARC-coated surfaces, use paint remover, epoxy,
polysulfide, and polyurethane systems, MIL-R-81294, Type I, according to manufacturer's instructions.
c. Solvent Cleaning. Surfaces intended for conventional paint will be cleaned with the currently approved cleaning
agent. Surfaces intended for CARC coatings will be cleaned with a solvent conforming to MIL-T-81772 or TT-T-266.
Metal surfaces intended for vinyl paints will be cleaned with naptha solvent, Type A, of MIL1-N-15178. Surfaces already
painted with vinyl, acrylic, or acrylic nitrocellulose paint will be cleaned with either Toluene, TT-T-548, or Xylene, TT-X916, Grade A, prior to over-painting. Mineral-spirit type solvents will not be used on surfaces to be coated with paint
because these solvents leave an oily film which interferes with proper adhesion.
WARNING
Toluene, xylene, and naphtha are highly flammable. Exercise extreme care when
using these solvents. Do not expose to heat or open flames.
Change 3 3-1

TM 43-0139
3-3. CLEANING OF SPECIFIC SURFACES
a. General. Unless otherwise stated in the end item specification, cleaning shall be accomplished by chemical
methods (such as solvent cleaning, alkaline cleaning, acid cleaning, pickling, descaling with hydride or paint stripping), by
electromechanical cleaning methods (such as electropolishing, electrolyte alkaline, or electrolytic pickling), or by
mechanical means such as blasting, chipping, wire brushing, or grinding. After cleaning, all surfaces shall be kept free
from dirt, dust, finger marks, and other contaminants. Various surfaces, such as ferrous metals, zinc, aluminum and
aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, wood, and previously painted surfaces, require special handling.
b. Ferrous Metal Surfaces. Unless otherwise specified, ferrous metal surfaces to be painted shall be blast cleaned in
accordance with Steel Structural Painting Council (SSPC) Specification SSPC-6 to remove milliscale, products of
corrosion, dirt, casting, sand, slag, and other foreign substances. Also, when stated, blast-cleaning shall be in accordance
with specifications SSPC-5 or SSPC-10, as required (see Steel Structures Painting Council Manual, Volume 2, SSPCSP6-63 for more information). Blast-cleaned surfaces shall be given a prime coat as soon as possible after cleaning and
in no case more than four hours later. Blast-cleaning shall not be used on surfaces which could be damaged, such as
machine parts and sheet metal thinner than 0.0625 inch (16 gage U.S. Standard).
(1) Blast-cleaning is optional on components painted for protection during limited storage, from which the paint
will be worn off as soon as the equipment is placed in use. Examples are truck assemblies, track roller assemblies
(including mounting frames), interiors of weld-type box sections, bulldozer components (including rippers, scarifiers,
ejectors, push plates, blades, bowls, and buckets), scrapers and crane shovels, interiors of cement mixer drums, and
interiors of aggregate driers. However, these surfaces shall be dry and free from oil, grease, dirt, and rust prior to painting.
(2) Ferrous metal surfaces of vehicles shall be cleaned for painting in accordance with paragraph 3-3b above,
except as specified herein. Surfaces of malleable iron or steel castings shall be cleaned as stated in paragraph 3-3b(1)
above. Other surfaces that cannot be cleaned by blasting may be cleaned to base metal by chipping, powered wire
brushing, or grinding to the required degree specified above for commercial sand blasting. Sheet metal and sheet metal
parts of eight gage and thinner may be cleaned to bare metal by acid pickling in accordance with TT-C-490, with a
maximum of five percent sulfuric acid included. Old paint may be removed from vehicles requiring repainting by the use of
a paint remover.
c. Zinc Surfaces. Zinc surfaces, including zinc-coated ferrous material, shall be thoroughly cleaned, as specified in
paragraph 3-3a above, to remove all traces of oil, grease, dirt, and other foreign substances.
d. Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces. These surfaces shall be thoroughly cleaned, as specified in paragraph
3-3a above, to remove all traces of oil, grease, dirt, and other foreign substances. This shall be followed by a three to five
minute immersion or pressure spray in a hot, 10 percent solution of chromic acid, after which the surfaces shall be
thoroughly rinsed with clean, warm water to remove excess chromic acid from cavities, joints, and recesses. The
concentration of chromic acid shall be checked at regular intervals to ensure that the solution is maintained at the specific
strength. Aluminum surfaces that cannot be immersed or sprayed with chromic acid shall be mechanically cleaned,
swabbed with a solution of MIL-C-5541, Type II, Grade B, Class 2.
e. Magnesium Alloy Surfaces. Magnesium alloy surfaces shall be cleaned in accordance with MIL-M-3171.
f. Wood Surfaces. Wood surfaces to be painted shall be dry and cleaned of all dirt, oil, grease, and other foreign
substances with a straight, petroleum-aliphatic solvent.
g. Previously Painted Surfaces. Any coating showing corrosion, cracking, blistering, or flaking must be sanded down
to bare substrate and solvent cleaned. Consider such surfaces bare and treat as required.
(1) For CARC application.

3-2

TM 43-0139
Over CARC. CARC may be applied over sound CARC surfaces that have been solvent cleaned. Items
painted I with CARC will not normally require stripping. Exceptions are corroded areas and aircraft with severe weight
restrictions. These surfaces shall be cleaned of paint by Plastic Media Blasting (PMB) at 40 psi, whenever possible. This
is the preferred method of removing CARC primers and enamels. After paint removal, the entire surface will be cleaned in
accordance with MIL-STD-186 or MIL-T-704 and tested for cleanliness using the water break or red litmus test.
(2) For application of other finish systems. Previously painted surfaces that are to be painted with finish
systems other than CARC should follow the requirements and procedures of the individual finish systems and
specifications involved.
3-4. SURFACE TREATMENT
a. General. Bare metal surfaces to be painted with CARC coatings or vinyl paints will be coated immediately after
cleaning with pretreatment primer conforming to DOD-P-15328; this pretreatment will be used under conventional paints
only where specified. This wash primer will not stick to steel surfaces which have been treated with metal conditioner,
MIL-C-1 0578, Type II. Anti-fouling paint will not be applied over bare metal, since the copper in this paint will corrode the
steel. Aluminum may require pretreatment with MIL-C-5541. Whenever possible, MIL-STD-193, MIL-T-704, or other
applicable finishing documents should be consulted.
b. Use. Pretreatment primer DOD-P-15328, is used as a bonding agent and to provide temporary protection against
corrosion. In general, it may be applied to all bare surfaces, both exterior and interior. Ventilate and take proper
precautions pertaining to flammable materials.
3-5. TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC SURFACES
a. Treatment. Pretreatment of surfaces is generally used as bonding agent between the surface of the equipment
and follow-on coatings. It provides temporary protection against corrosion.
b. Ferrous Metal, Zinc, or Cadmium Surfaces. Ferrous metal, zinc, or cadmium surfaces shall be treated as soon as
possible after cleaning, as specified in paragraph 3-3 above, and as follows:
(1) With an organic pretreatment primer conforming to DOD-P-15328, or with a zinc phosphate (Type I) or iron
phosphate (Type II) chemical conversion containing in accordance with TT-C-490.
(2) Any evidence of rust or contamination on a previously cleaned surface shall be cause for recleaning prior to
painting.
c. Aluminum Surfaces. Aluminum surfaces shall be treated as soon as possible after cleaning, as specified in
paragraph 3-3 above, and as follows:
(1)
MIL-C-5541.

With an organic pretreatment primer conforming to DOD-P-15328, or in accordance with MIL-A-8625 or

(2) Any evidence of corrosion or contamination or previously cleaned surface shall be cause for redeaning prior
to painting.
d. Magnesium Alloy Surfaces. Prior to painting, magnesium alloy surfaces shall be treated in accordance with MILM-3171, Type I or III. Treated surfaces that become scratched in handling shall be touched up in accordance with MIL-M3171, Type I.
e. Wood Surfaces. Properly seasoned wood shall be sealed prior to application of CARC with a polyurethane sealer
covered by NSN in Table B-12. Single and two component sealers are listed. Glue used during construction with wood
shall be treated with sealer after construction. Unless otherwise specified, wood shall be treated prior to sealing in
accordance with MIL-T-704; i.e., dried to a moisture content no greater than 20% and pressure treated in accordance with
American Wood Preservers Bureau (AWPB) LP-2 (above ground) or LP-22 (ground contact). Only Ammoniacal Copper
Arsenate (ACA) or Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) preservatives shall be used. Alternate processes are available
when repainting or when pressure treatment is not available.
Change 3 3-3

TM 43-0139
f. Hardware and Hardware Items. Hardware and hardware items such as bolts, capscrews, washers, pins, springs,
and grease fittings are not to be cleaned and treated prior to assembly and painting if there is no evidence of rust or
corrosion.
g. Corrosion-Resisting Steel Surfaces. Corrosion-resisting steel surfaces shall be cleaned as specified in paragraph
3-3 above, then treated as follows (unless the corrosion-resisting steel has already been passivated and has not been
contaminated or depassivated by working, forming, or shaping the end item). The process specified below is primarily a
passivating treatment for corrosion-resisting steels and is not cleaning treatment.
(1) Degrease, as in MIL-S-5002.
(2) Immerse for 30 minutes in a solution containing 20 percent by volume of nitric acid and two percent by
weight of sodium dichromate at 120°F to 1300F.
(3) Rinse in clean hot water.
(4) Immerse for one hour in a solution containing five percent by weight of sodium dichromate, at 140°F to
160°F.
(5) Rinse in clean hot water.
(6) Rinse in hot water (160°F to 210°F) with the rinse maintained at pH 3 to 5 by the addition of flake chromic
acid or proprietary mixtures of chromic and phosphoric acid. Surfaces to be painted shall be treated with wash primer
conforming to DOD-P-15328 or MIL-C-8514.
Section II. PAINTING
3-6. APPLICATION
The first coat of paint of primer shall be applied to a dry, clean surface as soon as is practical. The coatings shall be
o
applied in an ambient temperature 50 F, or higher. The paint and surface shall be approximately the same temperature
except when hot spray is sued. Painting shall conform to the finish systems listed in tables 3-3 and 3-4 and shall be
applied by any method (dip, flowcoat, brush or spray) which will deposit the dry film coat-thickness specified in table 3-1.
Panels or subassemblies prepainted prior to the final assembly shall be treated and painted as specified herein. A
smooth, even surface, free from runs, sags, or other defects which might interfere with the application and adhesion of
subsequent coats, shall be applied. When applying the priming coat, sufficient time must be allowed for the paint to dry
prior to applying the finish coat. Baked finishes, except on materials that would be adversely affected by such treatment,
will be permitted if the baked finish conforms to performance requirements of the applicable paint specification.
NOTE
CARC primers and coatings cannot be applied using dip or flowcoat methods.
3-7. FILM THICKNESS
The dry film thickness of some of the more common coatings are listed in table 3-1.
individual specifications.

Change 3 3-4

For other coatings, reference

TM 43-0139
Table 3-1. Dry Film Thickness of Each Applied Coat
Specification

DOD-P-15328
MIL-C-22750
MIL-C-46168
MIL-C-53039
MIL-L-52043
MIL-P-14105
MIL-P-15931
MIL-P-23377
MIL-P-24441
MIL-P-53022
MIL-P-53030
TT-E-485
TT-E-489
TT-E-522
TT-E-527
TT-E-529
TT-E-1593
TT-P-636
TT-P-645
TT-P-664
TT-P-1757

Pretreatment Coat

Prime Coat

Intermediate Coat

Finish Coat

Mils
0.3-0.5
-

Mils
2
0.6-0.9
2.8-3.2
5
1.0-1.5
5
1.0-1.5
1.0-1.5
1.0-1.5
1.3-1.7
1.0-1.5
0.7-1.0

Mils
2.8-3.2
-

Mils
3
min. 1.0
3
min. 1.8
3
min. 1.8
0.8-1.2
1.5-2.5
1.8-2.2
2.8-3.2
1.0-1.5
0.8-1.2
1.0-1.5
0.8-1.2
0.8-1.2
1.3-1.7
-

For Army use on exterior surfaces, only forest green lusterless finish coats shall be used, except green 383 shall be the
base color when chemical agent resistance is required. Interior surfaces shall be painted as specified. This does not
apply to camouflage coatings, which shall be painted as specified on applicable patterns.
2
For use on nonferrous metals when a chemical agent resistant topcoat will be applied.
3
For use when chemical agent resistance is required.
4
For use on ferrous metals when a chemical agent resistant topcoat will be applied.
5
For use on ferrous and nonferrous metals when a chemical agent resistant topcoat will be applied.

Change 3 3-5

TM 43-0139
3-8. TECHNIQUES OF MIXING AND THINNING
a. Method. The best, quickest, and easiest method of painting is by spraying. Paint rollers are used on large
surfaces when spraying is impractical. Paints are brushed on when other methods are impractical or special equipment is
not available. In general, the use of brushes is confined to touchup jobs.
b. Readiness. In most cases, paints issued ready mixed, hence color blending is not required. CARC paints MIL-C56168 and MIL-C-22750, however, are issued in a two-component form and require accurate mixing techniques.
c. Preservation.
(1) String. Stir paints well before use. If the vehicle (liquid portion) has separated from the pigment, pour off
most of the liquid portion into a clean container. Stir the thick settled portion (pigment) in the bottom until all chunks are
softened and dissolved. Restore the poured off portion a little at a time, stirring constantly with a lifting and beating
motion. "Box" the paint thoroughly by pouring it from one container to another several times, stirring the paint for a few
minutes between each transfer.

NOTE
Do not "box" lacquer, as this will cause a loss of the liquid portion by evaporation.
(2) Straining. When paint stands over a period of time, a skin may form over the surface and the pigment may
form into chunks to the extent that stirring will not mix all of the ingredients properly. In such cases, strain the paint
through a strainer into a clean container, discarding the residue left ion the strainer. Do not strain CARC coatings,
however. CARC coatings which cannot be properly mixed will be resealed and disposed of as hazardous wastes.
(3) Thinning.
(a) When it is necessary to thin paint, use a small amount of the prescribe thinner. Because of its
volatility, thinner will evaporate from the paint film, leaving practically the same ratio of vehicle to pigment per square foot
of surface as the paint would have provided before thinning. The warmer and drier the weather, the less thinner is needed
because heat tends to thin the vehicle. More thinner is required in cold weather to hasten the drying and hardening of the
film. Thinner should be used with care, as the less used, the more durable the applied coat will be.
(b) Polyurethane coatings may be thinned up to 20 percent by volume with thinner MIL-T-81772, Type I,
or with the manufacturer's recommended thinner. Epoxy primers which are admixed (blended) four to one by volume,
such as MIL-P-53022, may be thinned up to 20 percent by volume with epoxy thinner MIL-T-81772, Type II. Epoxy
enamels and primer which are admixed one to one by volume, such as MIL-C-22750 and MIL-P-23377, usually have
satisfactory spray viscosities, but may be thinned with small amounts of MIL-T-81772, Type II, if necessary. Water is used
to thin MIL-P-53030.
(c) Paints which contain a slow-drying vehicle may require additional thinner.
(d) Varnish should not be thinned except when used as a primer coat; it should then be thinned with a
small amount of its recommended thinner.
NOTE
Do not shake varnish. This may entrap air which will be difficult to eliminate from
the film.
(e) To thin synthetic enamels, use synthetic enamel thinner, TT-T-306.

Change 3 3-6

TM 43-0139
(f) When painting with acrylic or acrylic nitrocellulose lacquers, it is advisable to add 15 to 30 percent by
volume of acrylic lacquer retarder, MIL-E-7125. The retarder tends to slow the drying of the lacquer and evens out its
viscosity. The amount of retarder will vary depending on temperature and/or humidity.
(g) Should linseed or other oils be used, the ratio of pigment to vehicle should be reduced, giving the
paint less hiding power and greater penetrating power. On certain primary coats on wood or plaster, this is desirable.
d. Shop Atmospheric Conditions. If painting is to be done in an enclosed area, efforts should be made to control the
temperature to approximately 75°F to 80°F (24°C to 27°C), and the relative humidity to approximately 45 to 50 percent.
Humidity may be lowered by raising the shop temperature.
3-9. OPACITY AND COVERING DATA
a. Oil paints. Table 3-2 indicates the approximate area, in square feet, which can normally be covered per gallon of
oil paint. This information can be used as a guide in estimating the amount of paint required for a specific job.
Table 3-2. Oil Paint Coverage

Material
Steel:
Sheet
Heavy construction
Medium
Light
Wood:
New
Weathered
Repainted
Concrete and brick
Plaster, etc.

Prime Coat
(In Sq. Feet)

Second Coat
(In Sq. Feet)

Third Coat
(In Sq. Feet)

400-600
400-550
350-500
300-500

500-600
450-600
450-550
400-550

600-700
550-650
500-600
450-550

500-600
2
400-500
500-600
4
300-400
300-400

500-600
400-500
500-600
350-450
400-500

500-600
1
300-400
400-500
3
150-300
2
250-350

To each gallon of paint is added approximately two quarts of raw linseed oil and one pint of thinner.
To each gallon of paint is added approximately one pint of raw linseed oil and one-half pint of thinner.
3
Special primer or reducer added.
4
Approximately one pint of reducer is added to each gallon of paint.
2

b. Enamels, Varnishes, Lacquers, and Stains. In general, the approximate area, in square feet, which can be
covered per gallon, depending on surface and consistency of paint, is as follows: enamels. 400-600: varnishes, 500-700;
lacquers, 75-200; and stains, 500-600.
3-10. STORAGE OF PAINT MATERIALS
WARNING
Post "NO SMOKING" signs in paint warehouses.
a. The materials covered in this paragraph include the primers, fillers, paints, varnishes, lacquers, and other liquid
products that are required for protective finishes.
b. Store these materials where they will be protected from the elements and extreme temperature changes. While
freezing temperatures may cause a separation of some ingredients, which are difficult to mix again with
3-7

TM 43-0139
uniform consistency, the majority of the products described in this manual are not damaged by freezing. CARC coatings
(MIL-C-46168, MIL-C-53039, and MIL-C-22750) cannot be used after being frozen, however. Low temperatures do tend
to increase the viscosity of paints, varnishes, and like materials. This makes their application difficult, and impairs the
adhesion if they are applied when temperatures are very low. High temperatures may cause a soapy, foamy condition, or
a chemical change of the oils in a paint or varnish, and make them unusable.
NOTE
CARC paints have a shelf life of one year. This one-year shelf life can only be
reached if CARC paint is stored at a proper temperature range of between 32°F and
120°F.
c. Up-end containers every 90 days when they are stored on end, or rotate them one-half turn every 90 days when
they are stored horizontally.
d. Do not store partially filled containers without tightly installing lids, covers, or caps.
e. Do not store paints, varnishes, or other flammable materials near steam pipes, open flames, or where there is a
danger of flying sparks, such as from welding equipment.
f. Paint and paint thinners shall be stored separately from other materials such as grease, oil, and spare parts.
Rags, wood, and similar matter shall not be stored in the same area as paints and paint thinners.
g. To avoid possible leakage from rusted containers, protect containers against rain, snow, steam leaks, and other
sources of water.
h. Each container should be labeled with complete instructions as to the type of material, the thinning ratio, the
thinning material, and color, gloss, and application data. Each container should also be labeled with safety warnings and
cautions.
i. Maintain a perpetual inventory of all materials when the volume is large enough to warrant the effort. Install a
system of dating for each shipment received. Use the oldest stock first since aging causes certain types of coatings to
lose their gloss and to thicken to such an extent that they are rendered useless. Black enamels have a particular tendency
to lose their gloss and drying properties upon aging.
j. After the shelf life of a paint has been reached, if samples of the paint conform to the specification requirements
for viscosity, drying time, application, thinning, gloss, and color, and if the condition in the container reveals no excessive
skinning, hard settling, or resin separation, the shelf life may be extended by 50 percent (i.e. a one-year shelf life would be
extended by six months). This includes storage extension for CARC paints.
3-11. TIPS ON PAINTING
Certain basic precautions are applicable to paint, varnish, enamel, and lacquer. The following should be observed at all
times:
a. Do not paint over an unclean surface. Be sure all dirt, rust, scale, etc., are removed.
b. Do not fail to stir paint thoroughly.
c. Do not mix one paint with another unless instructed to do so.
d. Do not fail to follow instructions which appears on containers, particularly those concerning safety, the addition of
thinner, and the application instructions.
e. Do not apply paint or varnish unless the drying conditions are satisfactory.
3-8

TM 43-0139

f. Do not paint in wet or extremely cold weather (below 50°F (10°C)).
g. Do not apply abnormally heavy coats.
h. Do not add too much thinner.
i. Do not use paint buckets, cans, paint rollers, spray guns, or brushes with are not clean.
j. Do not apply cold paints on varnishes.
k. Do not leave old paint and oil-soaked cloths laying around in the paint shop; they are a fire hazard.
I. Do not fail to clean brushes, paint rollers, and spray guns immediately after using.
m. Do not smoke when painting. Do not smoke near paint storage areas or paint booths.
n. Do not release the tops of pressure-feed material containers before releasing the air pressure.
o. Do not use electrical connections that show any inclination to becoming loose.
p. Do not pour paint out of a container in a manner that obscures the label.
q. Do not fail to strain paint before using, if required. CARC paints cannot be strained, however.
r. Do not fail to remove all traces of wax from surfaces where paint or varnish is to be used.
s. Do not paint without proper respiratory equipment and ventilation.
t. Do not waste paint by spraying behind the item being coated.
u. Do not paint over a moist or wet surface.
v. Do not paint between the ground strap and hull of tanks.
w. Do not paint on operator-instruction plates.
3-12. TIPS ON PAINTING WITH CARC
The following precautions should be observed, in addition to those listed in paragraph 3-11 above, when applying
Chemical Agent Resistant Coatings (CARC):
a. Spray lines for epoxy applications should not be used with polyurethane coatings without complete flushing or
cleaning with solvents.
b. Test for cleanliness when applying CARC with the red litmus or water break test.
c. Remember to notify the local safety office and preventive medicine support activity prior to initial CARC painting.
This also applies to all spray painting operations, regardless of the material used.
d. Do not use CARC for items like manifolds and mufflers that exceed 400°F. Do not use CARC on rubber, lacquer
coatings, or vinyl.
e. Use impervious, not cloth, gloves when applying CARC.
f. Do not apply CARC to flexible items. Because of its rigidity the finish may crack when bent
3-9

TM 43-0139
g. When using CARC, mix only the amount needed to do the job (i.e. don't open a large container for a small job)
because unused CARC must be disposed of and cannot be stored.
h. Epoxy-polyamide coatings build up thickness quickly. Thick films are detrimental for good adhesion. Do not apply
CARC beyond its thickness tolerances.
Section III. SPECIFIC FINISH SYSTEMS
3-13. GENERAL
a. Specific finish systems for both camouflage and non-camouflage materials are addressed in this section and in
paragraphs 3-1 through 3-5. Refer to those paragraphs for additional details. Tables 3-3 and 3-4 lists the different finish
systems (i.e. combinations of primers, topcoats, and pretreatment materials used on specific types of surfaces) that are
most frequently encountered. Details on each of the components covered can be found in Chapter 2 and in the individual
specifications. This paragraph and paragraphs 3-14 through 3-16 give additional information on particular finish systems,
including those using CARC.
b. Specifications for CARC camouflage colors contain requirements to protect the military equipment against visual
and infrared detection and chemical agent contamination. CARC paints have this protective ability and also the ability to
be easily decontaminated. Camouflage coatings, especially aircraft coatings, are rough and difficult to clean under field
conditions. Cleaning agent, MIL-C-85570, is very useful in cleaning aircraft and other camouflage (alkyd or CARC)
painted equipment.
c. For further camouflage paint (QPL) information, see Chapter 4, or contact: Commander, Belvoir Research,
Development and Engineering Center, ATTN: STRBE-VO, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060-5606.
Table 3-3. Camouflage Finish Systems
Top Coat

Primer
Aluminum Surfaces

MIL-C-53039
MIL-P-53030

Steel Surfaces

TT-P-1757

TT-P-636
1
TT-E-485

TT-P-1757

TT-P-664
2
TT-E-485

TT-P-1 757
M IL-P-23377

TT-P-664

TT-P-1757

TT-P-664

MIL-C-46168
MIL-P-53022
MIL-P-53030

MIL-P-23377
MIL-P-53022

When using T--E-485, types II or IV can be used.
When using TT-E-485, type IV should be used.
3
Where lead and chromate free topcoats are required, use type II of the camouflage specifications, where applicable.
2

Change 3 3-10

TM 43-0139
Table 3-4. Non-Camouflage Finish Systems
Type
A

Surface

Metal

DOD-P-15328

Metal (For lead and
chromate free)
Metal (For marine
environment)
Wood (For lead and
chromate free)
Metal
13
(B-1 )

DOD-P-15328

Primer

Coats

TT-E-485
TT-P-636

Intermediate

Coats
-

TT-E-485

TT-E-529

TT-E-485
TT-E-1593
TT-E-529
1,2,3
TT-E-529
MIL-P-24441,
formula as
specified
MIL-P-1 5931

TT-E-522
3,9
TT-E-485
1
TT-E-529
MIL-L-52043
8
MIL-C-22750
8
MIL-C-46168
8
MIL-C-53039
8
MIL-C-22750
8
MIL-C-46168
8
MIL-C-53039

1
1
2
2
2

See MIL-T-704
10
See MIL-T-704
-

TT-P-636

MIL-P-24441,
formula 150

(B-2 )

See MIL-T-704
4
DOD-P-15328
4
DOD-P-15328
4
DOD-P-15328
4
DOD-P-15328

1
1
1
1

MIL-P-24441,
formula 150
TT-P-636
-

Wood
Metal
Metal
Metal
Ferrous metal

MIL-P-24441,
formula 150
TT-P-636 1

Non-ferrous metal

DOD-P-15328

MIL-P-53022
12
MIL-P-53030
12
MIL-P-23777
12
MIL-P-53022
12
MIL-P-53030

For vehicles or equipment specified in MIL-T-704, paragraph 3.3.4.5, coat shall conform to TT-E489
2
A maximum of five percent of chrome yellow, TT-P-381, color 7B, shall be added to enamel, TT-E485, when it is used as a primer, or the black may be omitted and the resulting yellow enamel used
as the primer so as to provide a color contrast between coats. The yellow enamel with the black
omitted shall be used as the primer when the color of the finish coat is other than forest green or
dark green. Gloss finish coats shall conform to TT-E-489.
3
When paint conforming to TT-E-485 is used, the type shall be suited to the method of application.
4
Altemates specified in MIL-T-704, paragraph 3.2, can be used interchangeably with DOD-P-15328.
5
TT-E-485 or equal commercial primer.
6
Color optional.

Coats

TT-P-645

TT-P-1757
6
TT-P-1757

Finish

DOD-P-15328

C
D
E
F

Pretreatment

1
-

1
1,2,3

1
1
1

Camouflage coatings must conform to MIL-T-704, paragraph 3.3.4.1 ,except that camouflage
coatings applied over type C finishes must also be compatible with the under coatings used.
8
For use where chemical agent resistance is required, or for greater durability.
9
When using this finish and requiring the camouflage forest green color, an anticorrosive primer must
be used.
10
When lacquer resistance is required, TT-E-485, type IV, or TT-P-664 can be used. When
camouflage painting is required, the camouflage and coatings shall replace these specified topcoats
(See table 3-3).
12
Parts and components may first be primed with alkyd base primer, which has been allowed to cure
for a minimum of 15 days, and then cleaned and primed as specified herein either prior to or at final
end item assembly painting.
13
For general use for water immersion and salt air exposure.
14
For continuous use in sea water; not for salt air exposure.

Change 3

3-11

TM 43-0139

3-14. TOUCHUP AND RECOATING.
a. When touching up damaged areas, the procedure should be as similar to the original method of finishing as
possible; a clean surface is imperative. If the old finish is in good condition, clean the surface with a compatible cleaning
solvent and apply the topcoat. Where general disintegration of the surface is evident, or the under surface is corroded, the
coating must be stripped clean from the part. Corrosion must be removed or neutralized by mechanical or chemical
treatment, or both, and the surface metal must be penetrated, primed, and then topcoated.
b. Camouflage CARC coatings can be applied on MIL-P-53022, MIL-P-53030, MIL-P-23377, MIL-C-46168, MIL-C53039, MIL-C-22750, and fully cured alkyd surfaces. All of these surfaces must be clean and free of all contaminants such
as oil, grease, fuel, hydraulic/transmission fluid, wax, carbon deposits, sanding debris, water, and fingerprints. Clean
surfaces should be tested using the red litmus or water break tests. CARC cannot be applied over lacquer. All lacquer
painted items must be stripped down to the epoxy prior to applicable of CARC.
c. Camouflage alkyd coatings can be applied over enamel primed substrates such as MIL-P-52977, MIL-P-52999t,
TT-P-636, TT-P-664, TT-P-1757, TT-E-485, or enamel topcoats as long as the surface is clean, dry, and fully cured. Alkyd
paints cannot be used over previously CARC painted surfaces.
d. The primary method for determining whether equipment is currently painted with CARC or alkyd is to examine the
area near the equipment data plate. The word "CARC" or "ALKYD" should be stenciled nearby. For equipment without a
data plate, thoroughly wet a rag with acetone (i.e. fingernail polish remover) and briskly rub the painted surface for 20
seconds. Evidence of actual paint removal onto the rag indicates an alkyd painted surface.
3-15. TARGET MATERIAL.
Target materiel is generally governed by the policy that wooden parts destroyed by bullets will not be painted. Timber
frame-supports of sliding targets are, however, given one coat of commercial red paint. The pulleys, sash cord, sash cord
clamps, roller brackets, rollers, slide racks, slide irons, and hook bolts of sliding targets are not painted. All parts of the car
and track of rolling targets for machine guns, and all parts of sled targets, except snatch blocks, ropes, staves, and
pasteboard targets, receive one coat of commercial red paint.
3-16. ENGINE, ENGINE ACCESSORIES, ENGINE COMPARTMENTS.
a. General Instructions.
CAUTION
Mask intake and exhaust ports, breathers, etc., carefully to prevent dust, solution,
water, or metal conditioner from entering the engine.
(1) CARC should be used on all surfaces, interior and exterior, of tactical (combat, combat support and ground
support) equipment where the temperature does not exceed 400"F. This would include engine compartments, for
example. The type and color for interior should be specified to facilitate maintenance or human factors engineering
considerations.
(2) Engines, engine components, and powertrain assemblies which are normally painted should be painted
consistent with (1) above. For areas that exceed 400"F, paint should conform to MIL-P-14105 or TT-P-28, as applicable.
Generally, this means that exposed engines (e.g., on a roadgrader) or engine components should be painted with MIL-P14105 in a camouflage pattern compatible color. Otherwise TT-P-28 or the manufacturer's coating would be acceptable,
because there is no high-temperature CARC.
(3) While the intended use of MIL-P-14105 is on ferrous substrates, it will work on aluminum, but the
o
performance limit of the coating (1400 F) is well above the melting point of aluminum. TT-P-28 has a performance limit of
1200"F. Neither coating should be used with a primer.

Change 3 3-12

TM 43-0139
b. Combat Vehicle Air-Cooled Engines. On combat vehicle air-cooled engines, ferrous metal parts are painted with
olive-drab, rust-inhibiting enamel, TT-E-485. Aluminum portions, including the cylinder fins, are left unpainted. The base
of the cylinders is coated with waterproofing, electrical, ignition varnish, MIL-V-13811.
c. Engine Compartments. All exterior surfaces of combat vehicle engine compartments not exposed to outside view
shall be painted white or light green for better reflection of light.
d. Radiators on Liquid-Cooled Engines. When radiators are stripped to bare metal, an external coat of radiator paint,
NSN 8010-00-728-8228, should be applied to outside of tanks and core after they have been assembled. Ensure paint
does not restrict air flow through core elements, since clogged core elements will not dissipate heat.
3-17. TAPE TEST (PAINT ADHESION TEST) FOR ALL FINISHES
(See figure 3-1.) Test paint adhesion on coated surfaces. Do not use test panels instead of actual production units. Test
the surface after the paint finish has cured on an out of the way place acceptable to quality assurance representatives as
follows:
a. Make a V-shaped scratch through the paint finish with a sharp metal blade. Make the scratch approximately two
(2) inches long and one half (1/2) inch between edges at the widest point.
b. Press a piece of pressure sensitive tape (3M code no.
indicated on figure 3-1. Press out air pockets.

250 or equivalent) firmly over the V, in the direction

c. Wait at least ten seconds, then quickly pull the tape away, in the direction indicated in figure 3-1.
d. Interpret test results as follows:
(1) If no paint comes off of the taped area, the coating is acceptable. (Removal of overspray (para 4-13a) is not
a test failure.)
(2) If the topcoat, primer or pretreatment comes off with the tape, then the coating has failed the test and must
be removed and another coating applied and tested.
(3) After test is passed, repair the scratched area by feathering-in with appropriate pretreatment, primer and
topcoat.

3-13

TM 43-0139

Figure 3-1. Tape Test.

3-14

TM 43-0139

CHAPTER 4
CAMOUFLAGING PROCEDURES

Section I. GENERAL
WARNING
Before beginning any painting-related activity, read Chapter 1, Section II, Safety
Summary.
4-1. CAMOUFLAGE PATTERN PAINTING.
a. This chapter covers methods of applying Camouflage Paint Patterns (CPP) to Army materiel. It also covers
procedures for inspecting applied CPP. Equipment consists mainly of brushes, rollers and spray guns; finish systems
consist of Chemical Agent Resistant Coatings (CARC), such as those listed in table 3-3. The CARC topcoats are suited
for camouflage painting and protect military materiel against visual and infrared detection and chemical agent
contamination. The CARC camouflage topcoats are MIL-C-46168 and MIL-C-53039. The CARC epoxy primers are MILP-23377, MIL-P-53022, and MIL-P-53030. Appendix B contains tables with NSNs for these materials.
b. Information on specific finish systems and kinds of paint to be used for various applications is contained in Chapter
3. Surface preparation is also covered in Chapter 3. Application techniques are covered in Chapter 5. For additional
information on camouflage, refer to the following publications:
AR 750-1
FM 5-20
TM 5-200

Maintenance of Supplies and Equipment, Army Materiel Maintenance Policies
Camouflage
Camouflage Materials

c. Major items to be camouflage painted are weapons systems, vehicles, communications equipment, construction
equipment, and materials handling equipment. The painting procedures described in this chapter do not apply to aircraft.
Three-color camouflage patterns are created for all combat, combat support, and combat service support equipment
having an area greater than 9 square feet on one or more sides. New items of tactical equipment normally will be CARC
coated in a three-color camouflage pattern at the factory or depot. Some items, however, may be painted with lusterless
CARC green 383 when the pattern has not been developed. These items may be three-color camouflage patterned, at the
commanding officer's discretion, any time after CPP design development.
d. Only Intermediate and Depot level personnel with equipment and paint booths meeting OSHA standards are
authorized complete painting and/or repainting of equipment or components; if such equipment/booths are not available,
only touch-up efforts are authorized. Unit personnel are permitted to use topcoats and primers for touch-up efforts only,
4-2. REASON FOR PATTERN PAINTING
a. All military vehicles and equipment have characteristic shapes and shadows. These shapes and shadows
contrast with the material surroundings and make the object stand out. Pattern painting using wavy, irregular patches of
camouflage colors does much to break up the characteristic shapes of the equipment by reducing contrasts with soil and
vegetation, pattern shape, and placement. Patterns have been designed for each type of vehicle to cut off sharp corners,
avoid straight, vertical, and horizontal lines, and extend shadows in shapes similar to natural features and vegetation;
however, the accuracy with which the CPP is applied completely determines how well the CPP camouflages the
equipment.

Change 3 4-1

TM 43-0139

b. Pattern painting is not a magic, cure-all camouflage technique, but it makes the item much harder to see and
recognize as a military object. It also provides an excellent base for applying further natural camouflage such as tree
limbs, shrubs, and grass.
NOTE
Mixing CARC colors with one another will alter their individual effectiveness when
applied to the end item. Blending, therefore, is not permitted.
c. Camouflage finishes better lend themselves to touchup painting than do the current olive-drab coatings. Slight
mismatches in color are expected at times and will not be noticeable except upon close inspection. Likewise, minor
abrasions and scaling of surfaces will be equally inconspicuous. Marring and surface lightening due to handling is
characteristic of camouflage coatings and does not impede camouflage or infrared properties. This is typical of low gloss
and sheen coatings in dark colors and is considered satisfactory.
Section II. PATTERN APPUCATION
WARNING
The local safety office and industrial hygienist must be consulted before
beginning/changing any painting operation.
4-3. PATTERN DESIGNS
Before applying camouflage paint patterns (CPP) to equipment, the pattern design for that equipment must be obtained.
Each type of item has its own CPP design which consists of 5 views of the equipment: front, back left side, right side and
top. Also issued with the designs are inspection worksheets and overspray gauges, which are necessary for inspecting
CPP once it is applied. To obtain design, inspection worksheets, and/or overspray gauges, write to:
Commander
Belvoir Research, Development and Engineering Center
ATTN: STRBE-JDA
R. Belvoir, VA 22060-5606
For the equipment being camouflaged, furnish the following data with your request:
•
•
•
•
•

National Stock Number (NSN)
Nomenclature
Model Number (where applicable)
Standard Study Number (if known)
Line Item Number (if known)

See figure 4-1 for an example of the CPP for the M 113 Personnel Carrier. Within each area is a number that stands for
the color to be painted. The base, or primary" color is designated #2. Color #2 is usually applied first over all surfaces.
Color patches #1 and #3 are then applied over the primary coating.

Change 3 4-2

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Figure 4-1. Pattern Painting Design for the M113 Personnel Carrier

4-3

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4-4. CHOICE OF METHOD
There are four CPP application methods: robotic, template, projection and manual. Robotic application is the most
accurate and consistent, and where a number of like items must be camouflaged, this method merits serious
consideration. Template application is the next most accurate and repeatable method, and where the robotic method is
deemed impractical, the template method should then be considered. The projection method is less accurate and
repeatable; however, where a limited number of like items are to be camouflaged, it may be more practical/cost-effective
than the robotic and template methods. Manual application is the least accurate, least repeatable method, and for this
reason its use is greatly discouraged. It should be used only when the other three methods, for whatever reason, have
been ruled out.
4-5. ROBOTIC METHOD
The robotic method of applying patterns uses an automated robotic program to establish the color boundary lines
simultaneously as the paint is applied to the bands and patches. Each color is automatically applied to its respective color
area by robotics preprogrammed to apply the designated pattern. No human participation is required.
a. Degree of Accuracy/Consistency.
application.

It is considered to be the most accurate and repeatable method of CPP

b. Inspection Requirements. The first pattern applied by a robotic program should be fully inspected (see Section III,
CPP Inspection Procedures); however, once that pattern passes inspection, that robotic painting program is 'certified'.
Subsequent patterns applied using certified programs need be inspected only on a random sample basis.
4-6. TEMPLATE METHOD
The template method of pattern application uses either rigid or soft templates to locate and mark the pattern color
boundary lines on an item that requires a CPP. Templates are fabricated from rigid material (wood, aluminum, etc.) or
soft, flexible material (mylar, plastic sheets, etc.). The fabricated template is precisely positioned on the surface to be
patterned, which must already be completely coated with the base color (#2 on the CPP design). The boundaries are then
located and drawn with soapstone or chalk onto the surface. Finally, the painter fills in color areas #1 and #3 of the CPP
with the colors designated on the design.
a. Degree of Accuracy/Consistency. After the robotic method, it is the next most accurate and repeatable.
b. Inspection Requirements. The first pattern applied using a template must be fully inspected in accordance with
Section III, Inspection Procedures; however, once that pattern passes inspection, the template is 'certified'. Subsequent
patterns applied with this template need be inspected only on a random-sample basis.
4-7. PROJECTION METHOD
The projection technique utilizes transparent reductions of the CPP drawings which are transferred directly onto the item
by illuminated projection. This technique permits the color boundary lines to be traced manually using chalk or soapstone.
a. Degree of Accuracy/Consistency. It is an inaccurate, inconsistent method of CPP application, but it is slightly
more desirable than the manual pattern application technique. Its use, however, may be necessitated by practicality and
cost effectiveness constraints, especially when there are only a small or limited number of the same item requiring the
CPP application (i.e., when the cost tradeoff may not justify the development of soft or hard templates or robotic
programs).

4-4

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b. Inspection Requirements. Every pattern applied using the projection method must be fully inspected in
accordance with Section III, Inspection Procedures. No random sampling is permitted.
4-8. MANUAL METHOD
The manual application of color boundary lines is considered to be the least accurate and least repeatable method of CPP
application. This method uses a modified "free-hand" approach for applying the color boundaries with the aid of various
pattern point guideline techniques such as grid layout, transfer of scaled points from CPP drawings, etc.
a. Degree of Accuracy/Consistency. The manual method is the least accurate, least repeatable application method.
Therefore, its use is greatly discouraged. It is considered a last resort' method.
b. Inspection Requirements. Every pattern applied using the manual method must be fully inspected in accordance
with Section III, Inspection Procedures. No random sampling is permitted.
4-9. MARKINGS ON CAMOUFLAGED EQUIPMENT
After the equipment has been pattern painted, only the following markings are to be applied:
NOTE
Markings on CARC camouflaged equipment will be CARC in colors designated in
figure 4-2.
a. Unit Identification. Type and location remain the same.
b. National Symbol. Paint a 3-inch star on both front and rear. Symbol should be centered on the equipment, on line
with unit ID markings. On the rear of wheeled vehicles, the star may be placed on the tailgate.
c. Agency Identification and Registration Number. The identification and registration number shall be placed on any
appropriate interior area, if available, which is visible from outside a locked or secured item.
d. Safety and Instructional Markings. Markings such as tire pressure, fuel type, and fill level will be in letters no
larger than one inch. Markings directly related to troop safety, such as wrecker boom capacity and danger zones, must be
evaluated by safety personnel.
e. CARC Markings. Equipment with data plates shall have the word "CARC" painted in a conspicuous area as near
the data plate as possible. Painting shall be in block letters, as large as possible, not to exceed one inch. All major items
having a log book shall have the Equipment Control Record, DA Form 2408-9, annotated in the lower left corner of Block
21, Remarks, reflecting the word "CARC", and the date applied.

Change 2 4-5

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Figure 4-2. Markings on Camouflaged Equipment.
Section III. INSPECTION PROCEDURES
4-10. GENERAL
The full CPP inspection consists of three levels of inspection: Level I, Level II, and Level III. Level I is essentially a visual
conformance check from 50 feet or more. Level II is a close-up boundary inspection using a CPP overspray gauge. Level
III is a detailed comparison of actual physical measurements to nominal dimensions.
4-11. MATERIALS/TOOLS REQUIRED
After becoming completely familiar with the inspection procedures outlined below, the inspector should assemble the
following materials/tools:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

CPP designs, including inspection worksheet (para 4-3) and overspray gauge (fig 4-3)
One (1) 6-foot steel measuring tape, graduated in sixteenths (or thirty-seconds) of an inch
One (1) 6-foot steel measuring tape, graduated in tenths of an inch
Small T-square and/or straight edge
Soapstone or chalk
Pen, pencils, colored pencils
Paper/notebook
One plumb bob, with string
4-6

TM 43-0139
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

CPP designs, including inspection worksheet (para 4-3)
One (1) 6-foot steel measuring tape, graduated in sixteenths (or thirty-seconds) of an inch
One (1) 6-foot steel measuring tape, graduated in tenths of an inch
Small T-square and/or straight edge
Soapstone or chalk
Pen, pencils, colored pencils
Paper/notebook
One plumb bob, with string
Overspray gauge (figure 4-2)

Figure 4-3. Overspray Gauge
4-12. LEVEL I INSPECTION
In this level of inspection, the inspector, from a distance of 50 feet or more from the item, visually compares the colors,
shapes and boundaries of the applied pattern to those of the design pattern, by using the following sequence of steps:
a. Ensure the data on the identification plate of the item to be inspected corresponds to the data on the CPP
drawings. If not, the CPP inspection cannot be performed until the correct drawing set is obtained (para 4-3).
b. With 2 different colored pencils, shade color areas #1 and #3 of the drawing set, including inspection worksheet.
c. Begin with the right side view. If from that view the items 20 feet or less long, stand 50 feet from it. If item is over
20 feet but less than 40 feet in length, stand 75 feet from it. If item is longer than 40 feet. stand 100 feet from it.
d. Compare the right side as drawn with the actual right side view of the item:
(1) Ensure all black disruptive bands have been properly located on the item.
(2) Verify comparative size and direction of black bands with those on drawing.
(3) Ensure black boundary lines closely conform to the shape of boundaries depicted on CPP drawings.
(4) Ensure all brown patches have been properly located on item.
(5) Ensure contours are sharply defined, and shapes of brown patches closely conform with those on CPP
drawings.
e. Document any failures (differences found between applied pattern and drawing pattern) as follows:
(1) Mark failed area on item with chalk or soapstone.
4-7

TM 43-0139
(2) Record failure on inspection worksheet.
(3) Describe failure in notebook for painter/contractor debriefing.
(4) Report failure in specific detail to painter/contractor to facilitate correction. Reference points may be used to
show failure location.
(5) Provide constructive guidance on corrective action (e.g., inspector may even draw correct contour line on item
and direct repainting within this line).
f. Repeat c through e for the other four drawing views. Level I inspection is complete when each view is examined
in this manner, and when all corrections have been witnessed and accepted by inspector.
4-13. LEVEL II INSPECTION
In this level of inspection, the borders are examined to ensure color definition. The contrast between color areas is key to
CPP effectiveness, and, for this reason, overspray of one color into another color area must be minimized to a 1-1/2 inch
tolerance. An overspray gauge (figure 4-3) is used to determine whether overspray on the applied CPP is within this
narrow tolerance.
a. Overspray. Unless applied robotically, pattern colors are applied in sequence, beginning with a base coat in the
primary color (#2 on CPP drawings). The other two color patches/bands are spray-painted, one after the other, over this
base coat. A normal result of this process is overspray, the overlapping mist of one paint color on an adjacent color area
which impairs CPP effectiveness. With experience, painters can minimize overspray.
b. Overspray Gauge. The overspray gauge (figure 4-3) is a card-like, transparent sheet of plastic with white
markings (to contrast with camouflage colors) which indicate the tolerance, or 'transition' zone. The gauge is overlayed on
the border area; the actual border line is then located and aligned under the gauge boundary line DESIGNATOR, and the
overspray is examined. When overspray extends into the 'FAIL ZONE', the failure location is noted by marking the
notches at both ends of the gauge boundary line DESIGNATOR with chalk or soapstone.
c. Areas to be Inspected. Level I inspection included a visual check from a distance of contour definition. Any areas
noted where contours were NOT sharply defined should be inspected for overspray failure. Special attention should be
given to black disruptive bands, which are especially important to CPP effectiveness.
d. Level II Inspection Procedure. For each area noted as in sub para c, complete the following steps:
(1) Lay overspray gauge over border, so that FAIL ZONE lays over color area applied first.
(2) Align DESIGNATOR, or boundary line marking, as close as possible to fog/boundary transition area, so that
it is just short of overlapping spray, but so that no primary color can be seen in secondary section.
(3) Examine overspray. If it extends into FAIL ZONE, record Level II failure as follows:
(a) Mark notches at both ends of DESIGNATOR line on gauge with chalk or soapstone.
(b) Record overspray failure on inspection worksheet.
(C) Make descriptive entry in notebook for painter/contractor debriefing.
(d) Report overspray failure in specific detail to painter/contractor. Show failure location.
(e) Provide constructive guidance on corrective action.
4-8

TM 43-0139

Figure 4-4. Typical Views on Inspection Worksheet.
4-9

TM 43-0139
e. Level II Inspection Completion. This level of CPP inspection is complete when each view of the item is inspected
in this manner, and when inspector has witnessed and accepted all corrections.
4-14. LEVEL III INSPECTION
This level of inspection entails contrasting actual versus nominal dimensions of the CPP. Specifically, the inspector
verifies that all black disruptive bands were applied within + 1 inch of the location specified on the worksheet. Reference
points are used to make these measurements. At least one point on each boundary of the black bands must be
measured from a nearby reference point. Inspections, however, are not limited to one point per border, nor to the
reference points indicated on the worksheet.
a. Reference Points (RPs). RPs are denoted on inspection worksheets (figure 4-4) by small circles (o). They are
usually (not always) located at the intersection of two physical line features, such as the corner of a door.
b. Deltas. Deltas are denoted by triangles (A) on the inspection worksheets (figure 4-4). They are reference points
which are located within an inch radius of a black band border.
c. Locating Dimensions (LDs). The LD is the horizontal distance between a reference point and a black band
border. The LD must be within + 1 inch of the dimension specified on the inspection worksheet (figure 4-4).
d. Bandwidths (BWs). The BW is the distance between a point on one border of a black band and a point on a
different border of the same band. Like the LDs, actual BWs must be within + 1 inch of those specified on the inspection
worksheet.
e. Level III Inspection Procedure. The simplest way to inspect the CPP at this level is to check each delta, LD and
BW indicated on the worksheet.
(1) Deltas. A delta on the worksheet (figure 4-4) is indicated by a small triangle. Check these as follows:
(a) Locate delta on worksheet. Some physical equipment feature, such as the top of a door handle or a
panel corner, should intersect a black band border within ± 1 inch.
(b) Go to equipment being inspected, and locate this feature.
(c) On the applied CPP, locate the corresponding black band border, and using the overspray gauge,
find the actual border line, marking the notches with chalk or soapstone (para 4-13d(2)).
(d) Use a ruler to determine whether any point on the actual border line is within a 1 inch radius of the
actual physical feature.
(e) If no point on the border line is within this radius, a level III failure must be documented. As with level
II failures, the failure location on the applied CPP should be marked with chalk or soapstone, and the failure should also
be recorded on the worksheet. A notebook entry and detailed report to painter, as with level II failures, should also be
made. The inspector must guide, witness and accept corrections of failures. Follow documentation procedure in para 413d(3).
(2) LDs. A LD on the inspection worksheet (figure 4-4) is a dimension (in inches) with arrows and lines from a
RP, denoted by a small circle, to a point on a black band border. Check LDs as follows:
(a) Locate LD on worksheet. Note the RP and the point on the black band border.
(b) Go to equipment, and locate the equipment feature which corresponds to the RP on the worksheet.
(c) On the applied CPP, locate the corresponding black band border.
4-10

TM 43-0139
(d) If the border is at some point straight across from (on the same horizontal plane as) the RP, use the
overspray gauge to locate the actual border line (para 4-13d) where border intersects RP's horizontal plane.
(e) Mark point on border line where it intersects this plane, and measure distance from this point to RP.
(f) If border is not on same horizontal plane as RP (see figure 4-4 for example), drop a plumb bob from the
higher point, and measure distance from lower point to that point where its horizontal plane intersects plumb line. (Again,
the overspray gauge can help distinguish the actual border line (para 4-13d(2).)
NOTE
Vehicle must be level to get accurate measurement.
(g) This distance must be within + 1 inch of the LD on worksheet. If it is not, document a level III failure in
same way as level II failures (para 4-13d(3)(a)-(g)).
(3) BWs. A BW on the inspection worksheet (figure 4-4) is a dimension (in inches) with arrows and lines from a point
on a black band border to a point on an opposite border of same black band. Check these as follows:
(a) Locate BW on worksheet. Note points on opposite borders of same black band.
(b) Go to equipment and locate corresponding points on actual applied borders.
(c) Use overspray gauge to distinguish each actual border line (para 4-13d(2)).
(d) Measure distance between these lines at points corresponding to those marked on worksheet.
(e) If this distance is not within + 1 inch, document level III failure in same way as level II failures (para 413d(3)(a)-(g)).
f. Level III Inspection Completion. This level of CPP inspection is complete when at least one point on each black
band border in each view of the equipment has been checked to ensure its location is within ± 1 inch of that specified on
the drawings. Checking each LD, delta and BW on the inspection worksheet minimally fulfills this requirement; however,
additional measurements may be made to increase confidence levels at discretion of inspector. Inspector must witness
and accept correction of all failures found.
4-15. COMPLETION OF FULL CPP INSPECTION
The CPP inspection is complete when all three levels of inspection are complete.
4-16. SUMMARY OF CPP INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS
Inspection requirements vary with the method of CPP application. As stated in Section II, robotic and template methods
require the first applied pattern to pass inspection (all levels), thereby making that robotic program or template certified.
Subsequent patterns applied using that program or template shall be inspected on a random sample basis. Manual and
projection methods require each and every applied pattern to be inspected (all levels).

4-11/(4-12 blank)

TM 43-0139
CHAPTER 5
APPLICATION TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT
Section I. SPRAY GUNS AND PRESSURE CANS
WARNING
Before beginning any painting-related activity, read Chapter 1, Section II, Safety Summary.
5-1. SPRAY GUN APPLICATION
a. Use. Spray gun equipment can be used for any type of finish and on any surface. It does not replace the brush
for certain operations, yet there are definite types of work it can do more easily and better than the brush. The spray gun
is obviously a tremendous time-saver and its use is recommended when a large volume of work is encountered. The
spray gun is particularly adaptable to touchup and maintenance work when the ability to blend old and new surfaces is
important. Spray application of any finish type requires respiratory equipment.
b. Training. The proper operation of spray guns and auxiliary equipment is not difficult to learn, but the necessity
exists for training operators. Only through such training can the full flexibility and operation of spray guns be realized.
5-2. SELECTION OF SPRAY GUNS
a. Definition. A paint spray gun (see figure 5-1) is a mechanical means of bringing compressed air and paint
together, atomizing or breaking up the paint stream into a spray, and ejecting it for the purpose of applying a coating.
b. Types. There are two types of spray guns: attached containers and separate containers. These types can be
further subdivided into bleeder and non bleeder, external and internal mix, and suction and pressure feed types. The
commercially available pressure cans belong to the attached container type. They have a limited use for touchup where
compressed air is inaccessible to the job. Airless, portable spray equipment that requires an electric connection also
belongs to this type.
(1) Bleeder and nonbleeder guns.
(a) A bleeder-type gun is characterized by an intentional continuous leakage of air from some part of the
gun. This prevents building up air pressure within the hose and permits its use with small compressing systems that are
not equipped with an automatic pressure-controlling device. The trigger in a bleeder-type gun controls only the flow of
fluid.
(b) A nonbleeder-type gun is one in which the trigger controls the passage of both air and fluid. Some
type of pressure-controlling device must be used with it.
(2) External and Internal Mix.
(a) An external-mix gun is one which mixes air and fluid outside the air cap.
(b) An internal-mix gun mixes air and fluid within the air cap.
NOTE
The term internal mix applies to the air cap alone.
(3) Suction and Pressure Feed.
(a) A suction-feed gun is designed to feed the fluid into the air stream through a vacuum created by
raising the fluid tip above the air cap. Generally, guns of this type are used with quart-size or smaller containers.
5-1

TM 43-0139

Figure 5-1. Spray Gun Types
5-2

TM 43-0139

(b) A pressure-type gun feeds fluid into the air stream (the air cap and fluid tip are flush), by means of applied
air pressure that forces fluid from the container to the gun.
(4) Airless Spray Equipment.
Airless spray equipment uses an electrically operated vibration element which forces the paint up through a tube from the
bottom of the container to a nozzle in the cover. This type can be recharged with paint See the manufacturer's
instructions for the type of current and voltage required.

5-3. SELECTION OF AIR CAPS. NEEDLES. AND NOZZLES
The performance of an air gun with any kind of material depends primarily on the selection of the proper air cap, fluid
needle, and fluid tip (or nozzle). Manufacturers identify combinations of these parts intended to be used together, and
their recommendations should be followed in respect to the proper combination for a particular material. Occasionally,
changing the type of feed will necessitate a different combination of air cap, fluid tip, and fluid needle.
5-4. SPRAY GUN TECHNIQUES
WARNING
All personnel who work in a spray painting booth must wear a NIOSH approved
respirator as well as personal protective equipment (PPE), when spray painting
operations are underway. Refer to para 1-7.

WARNING
Spray painting will be done only in areas designated for that use. All personnel
within a paint booth must be equally protected with proper PPE in accordance
with para 1-7. No unprotected personnel may enter a paint booth without
protection until 30 minutes after all painting/cleaning is completed.
WARNING
Only one person will spray paint on an item at a time, unless all people are
protected in accordance with para 1-7. This is to eliminate the hazard of
accidently spraying paint on another person.
Figure 5-2. Deleted

Change 3 5-3/(5-4 blank)

TM 43-0139

Figure 5-3. Proper Method for Making Spray Glen Strokes
5-5

TM 43-0139
f. Masking. When spraying, cover or mask all parts such as windows, gages, lubrication fittings, instruments, and
other parts which are not to be painted.
(1) Small areas or irregular-shaped parts are covered with crepe-backed masking tape. On larger areas, a
sheet of paper slightly smaller than the part to be masked is used, with the paper being held in place by a srip of masking
tape, which overlaps the edge of the paper, and holds the paper to the surface being masked. Masking tape is available
in various widths and is a convenient material with which to work when covering irregular outlines. The method of
applying and trimming the tape is shown in figure 5-4.
(2) Liquid or past-like materials are also available to mask out areas where paint is not desired. After the paint
is dry, these areas may be wiped or stripped clean.
(3) When spraying vehicle engines, the use of cloth bandages and socks will protect rubber hose, ignition
wires, and flexible tubing, and save much time and material. Cut the cloth bandage to fit the object to be covered,
allowing for hose clamps and other parts of the engine. Drawstrings at each end, with a string wrapped around the middle
of the bandage and tucked under a flap, prevent overspray from striking the protected object. Fit the sock over the
ignition wires and distributor cap, and use the drawstring tie to secure it around the base of the distributor.

5-5. LEAKAGE AND CORRECTION
a. Material Leakage from Fluid Needle Packing Nut. This condition is caused by a loose packing nut or by dry fluid
needle packing. To remedy, remove and soften the packing with a few drops of light oil. Re-install and tighten packing
nut to prevent leakage. See figures 5-5 and 5-6.

Figure 5-4. Masking
5-6

TM 43-0139
Key to figure 3-5:
1. Air cap retaining ring
2. Air cap
3. Fluid tip
4. Gasket
5. Baffle plate
6. Housing
7. Fluid nipple
8. Packing
9. Packing nut
10. Packing nut
11. Packing
12. Air valve body
13. Air valve
14. Spring
15. Gasket

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

Trigger
Air inlet nipple
Setscrew
Gun body
Plunger cylinder
Needle plunger
Spring
Adjusting screw
Adjusting nut
Adjusting valve
Housing
Stud
Screw
Gasket
Fluid needle

Figure 5-5. Removable Spray-Head Type Spray Gun, Exploded View
5-7

TM 43-0139
Key to figure 3-6.
1. Air cap retaining ring
2. Air cap
3. Fluid tip
4. Gasket
5. Baffle
6. Gun body
7. Trigger screw
8. Stud
9. Adjustment valve
10. Adjustment assembly
11. Adjustment screw
12. Spring
13. Adjusting screw
14. Fluid needle

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.

Air valve plug
Air tube
Nut
Gun handle
Air inlet connection
Spring
Packing nut
Packing
Fluid nipple
Air valve
Trigger
Air valve body
Packing
Packing nut

Figure 5-6. Solid-Body Type Spray Gun, Exploded View
5-8

TM 43-0139
b. Air Leakage from Front of Gun. This condition is caused by the air valve not seating properly due to:
(1) Foreign matter on the valve or seat.
(2) A worn or damaged valve or seat.
(3) A broken air valve spring.
(4) A sticking valve stem due to lack of lubrication.
(5) A bent valve stem.
(6) A tightly closed packing nut.
c. Material Leakage from Front of Gun. This condition is caused by the fluid needle not seating properly due to:
(1) A worn or damaged fluid tip or needle.
(2) Lumps of material or foreign matter lodged in the fluid tip.
(3) A tightly closed packing nut.
(4) A broken fluid needle spring.
(5) An improper size needle.
d. Jerky or Fluttering Spray.
(1) In pressure or suction-feed guns, this condition is caused by air leakage into the material line due to:
(a) A lack of sufficient material in the container.
(b) Tipping the container at an acute angle.
(c) An obstructed fluid passageway.
(d) A loose or cracked fluid tip in the cap.
(e) A loose fluid tip or damaged valve seat.
(2) Conditions which apply only to suction feed are:
(a) Material being too heavy for the suction feed.
(b) A clogged air vent in the container lid.
(c) A loose, dirty, or damaged fluid inlet connection.
(d) The material feed tube (see figure 5-7) is resting on the bottom of the container.
5-9

TM 43-0139

Figure 5-7. Attached-Container Type Spray Gun
5-10

TM 43-0139
e. Defective Spray Patterns
(1) Heavy top pattern is due to:
(a) Horn holes that are partially plugged.
(b) An obstruction on top of the fluid tip.
(c) Dirt on the air cap seat or fluid tip seat.
(2) Heavy bottom pattern is due to:
(a) Horn holes that are partially plugged.
(b) An obstruction on the bottom side of the fluid tip.
(c) Dirt on the air cap seat or fluid tip seat.
(3) Heavy right side pattern is due to:
(a) The right side of the horn holes is partially clogged.
(b) Dirt on the right side of the fluid tip.
(c) On a twin-jet cap, the right jet is clogged.
(4) Heavy left side pattern is due to:
(a) The left side of the horn holes is partially clogged.
(b) Dirt on the left side of the fluid tip.
(c) On a twin-jet cap, the left jet is clogged.
(5) Heavy center pattern is due to:
(a) The spray width of the adjusting valve is set too low.
(b) The twin-jet cap, because the atomizing pressure is too low, or the material is of too great a viscosity.
(c) The pressure-feed fluid pressure is too high for the air cap's capacity.
(d) The nozzle is too large for the material being used.
(6) Split spray pattern is due to an imbalance in the air and fluid pressure.
(7) To remedy the conditions described in (1) through (4) above, determine if the obstruction is on the air cap
or the fluid tip. Rotate the cap one-half turn and spray a test pattern. If the defect is inverted, the obstruction is on the air
cap; if it is not inverted, the obstruction is on the fluid tip. Clean the air cap as instructed in paragraph 5-6. See figure 5-8
for examples of the conditions described in (1) through (4) above.
(8) To remedy the conditions in (5) and (6) above, readjust the atomizing pressure, fluid pressure, and spray
width adjustment until the desired spray is obtained. See figure 5-8 for examples of the conditions described in (5) and (6)
above.
5-11

TM 43-0139
f. Orange Peel Finish. A common cause of this effect is the use of an improper or inferior thinner. With some
thinners and paints, this condition may be noticed at certain times of the year due to atmospheric changes. Other causes
are:
(1) Insufficient atomization.
(2) The gun is held too far from the surface.
(3) The gun is held too close to the surface, allowing air to ripple the surface.
(4) The material is not thoroughly dissolved or agitated.
(5) With synthetics and lacquers, drafts exist in the finishing room.
(6) With synthetics, there is low humidity.
(7) Improper (generally high) viscosity; the material should be reduced to specification requirements.
g. Streaks in Finish. Streaks are caused by:
(1) Tipping the gun, thereby causing one side of the pattern to deposit more material than the other. See figure
5-9.
(2) An improper spraying pattern.
h. Sags and Runs in Finish. Sags and runs are caused by:
(1) Tipping the gun, resulting in an uneven deposit of material.
(2) Too much material on the surface due to too much pressure, or gun travel that is too slow.
(3) Improper (generally high) viscosity; the material should be reduced to specification requirements.
i. Mist or Fog.
(1) This condition is caused by high atomization due to:
(a) An atomizing pressure that is too high.
(b) The wrong air cap for the material used.
(c) The wrong fluid tip for the material used.
(d) In pressure-feed systems, the fluid pressure is too low.
(2) It is also caused by improper use of the gun, specifically:
(a) Incorrect stroking.
(b) A gun that is held too far from the painting surface.
j. Starving. This condition is caused by insufficient air reaching the spray gun due to:
(1) The waste in the air transformer is packed too tightly or the air transformer is clogged with rust or dirt.
(2) The air cocks are too small.
5-12

TM 43-0139

Figure 5-8. Defective Spray Patterns

Figure 5-9. Spray Painting Faults
5-13

TM 43-0139
(3) The air lines are clogged.
(4) The air line is of an improper diameter.
(5) An inadequate air supply. This refers to the volume of air that is being delivered by the compressor, and
not necessarily the pressure at which the air is delivered.
(6) The air intake is clogged.
5-6. CARE OF SPRAY EQUIPMENT
a. General. A spray gun is an instrument that has been designed and machined to close tolerances. Handle it with
care so that the balance between the functional parts is not destroyed. Spray guns and related equipment require
cleaning immediately after use. Paint that has hardened in a gun or hose is extremely difficult to remove, and usually
causes a malfunction of the equipment. Be sure that the solvent used to clean the equipment is one in which the finishing
material is soluble. Be sure to read the instructions that come with the pressure can regarding preservation of the nozzle.
b. Suction Cup Type. Remove the cup, keeping the fluid stem inside the cup or container, as shown in figure 5-10,
then hold a cloth over the air cap and pull the trigger. This directs air into the fluid passageways, and blows any paint that
may be in the gun back into the container. After cleaning out the cup, clean the gun by spraying a small amount of clean
naphtha or thinner through it. Extreme care should be exercised in the removal of the fluid top so as not to split the tip or
otherwise injure it or the fluid needle. When loosening the fluid tip, the trigger of the gun should be compressed so that
the needle is not in contact with the tip; this eliminates the possibility of splitting the tip due to friction or sticking that is
caused by dried paint. The entire spray gun should never be immersed in naphtha or thinner, as this removes lubricants
and dries out the packing. Under no circumstances should the air or fluid ports of a gun or nozzle be reamed with any
substance harder than soft wood, as a deformation of the spray pattern may result, and the spray gun may be rendered
useless. To prevent wear, the working parts of guns should be kept lubricated with light machine oil. This requirement is
especially true of the needle. The needle packing should also be kept pliable with an occasional drop of light lubricating
oil.
c. Pressure Feed Type. Shut off the air supply to the pressure tank (see figure 5-11), release pressure in the tank,
and blow back fluid as in the suction cup equipment (paragraph 5-6b above). Empty and clean the pressure tank. Place
a container of clean naphtha or thinner inside the pressure tank and install the lid, making sure that the fluid delivery tubes
(see figure 5-11) are immersed in the container of naphtha or thinner. Apply pressure and operate the spray gun to clean
the hose and spray equipment. Disconnect the fluid hose from the gun and pressure tank and allow the hose to dry
thoroughly before reconnecting. Clean the air cap and fluid tip as in the suction-cup equipment (paragraph 5-6b above).
5-7. TOUCHUP PAINTING
a. General. When equipment or material has spots from which the protecting paint has disappeared, and the rest of
the paint surface is in a satisfactory condition, it is often advantageous to do a touchup, rather than a complete, painting
job. The bare spots may have been caused by natural wear, abrasion, mechanical injury, or by rust or corrosion of the
surface under the original paint. In such cases, it is necessary to clean the material beneath the spots and repaint using a
method as near as possible to that used on the original paint job.
b. Cleaning. The spots to be painted must be thoroughly cleaned so that no decay, dirt, rust, corrosion, etc.,
remains. The remaining paint should also be worked down to a feather-edge if it is desirable to hide the lap.
.
c. Painting. While touchup painting may be done by the brush method, spraying is superior because the edges of
the new paint can be feathered out to blend with the old surface. If the old and new colors match, the areas of the new
paint will not be noticeable. In touchup work, use fillers, primers, and paints that are compatible with the existing
undercoats, finish coats, etc. The general instructions for spray painting given in paragraphs 5-1 through 5-5 are also
applicable to touchup work.
5-14

TM 43-0139

Figure 5-10. Spray Gun Cleaning

Figure 5-11. Pressure-Feed Paint Tank
5-15

TM 43-0139
5-8. ADDITIONAL SPRAY EQUIPMENT
a. Compressors.
(1) General. An air compressor is a mechanism designed to supply compressed air continuously at a
predetermined pressure and volume. Compressors designated for spray painting are of two general types: single-stage
and two-stage. These can be further divided into many other types, some of which are portable or stationary, unloader or
pressure-switch controlled, have horizontally or vertically mounted tanks, are air or water cooled, and have a gasoline
engine or an electric motor drive. Technical Manuals on air compressors are listed in AMC Pamphlet 750-9.
(a) Single-stage compressors. A single-stage compressor (see figure 5-12) is one having one or two cylinders
in which air is drawn from the atmosphere, compressed to a usable pressure, and delivered through an after cooler to the
air receiver. Compressors of this type are intended for use where maximum pressures do not exceed 100 pounds per
square inch (psi).
(b) Two-stage compressors. A two-stage compressor (see figure 5-12) is one in which a relatively large
cylinder first compresses the air to an intermediate pressure. Air compressed to this point is delivered through an
intercooler to a small cylinder where it is compressed to the final pressure. It is then delivered through an after cooler to
the air receiver. A system of this type is intended for use where required pressures exceed 100 psi. Such pressures will
be encountered infrequently in everyday painting.
(c) Gasoline engine drive. Gasoline engines of approximately three to five horsepower are used with
compressors under the following conditions: where electric current is not available; where spray painting systems are
used in localities served with different types of current; and in localities where insufficient current is supplied.
(d) Electric motor drive. A majority of spray painting compressors are powered by electric motors of onefourth
to five horsepower. The use of a system of this type is confined to locations in which the proper current is available.
Electric motor-drive is generally chosen for more or less permanent installations, while a gasoline drive is preferred where
portability is the prime consideration.

Figure 5-12. Single and Two-Stage Compressors
5-16

TM 43-0139
(e) Unloader and pressure switch control.
Engine-drive compressors have unloaders which
automatically disconnect the compressing cylinders from the air storage tank and allow the engine to continue to run at an
idling speed until the tank pressure decreases to a preset minimum pressure. When the tank pressure reaches its preset
minimum, the unloader valve automatically advances the engine throttle, opens the valves, and causes the pressure to be
built up again. Electric motor-driven compressors have a pressure switch which shuts off the motor when a
predetermined pressure has been established and restarts it when the pressure has fallen to a predetermined point.
(f) Horizontal and vertical tanks. Normally, compressor tanks are mounted in a horizontal position,
serving as a base for the compressing unit. Where space is limited, or where ground clearance ora corner installation is
important, tanks can be mounted in a vertical position.
(g) Air or water cooled compressors. The physical process of compression produces heat, and for that
reason it is particularly important that air compressors be adequately cooled. Most compressors intended for use with
spray painting equipment are air cooled. To accomplish this, the exterior surfaces of cylinders, intercoolers, and aftercoolers are greatly increased in area by the use of fins. Increased surface area allows heat to be radiated more rapidly.
Larger compressors, when used continuously, cannot be adequately cooled by air. Such compressors use a water
cooling system consisting of a radiator, pump, fan, and water jackets built around the cylinders and are similar to those of
automobile engines.
(h) Truck outfits. Air compressors, usually with gasoline engines for power, are often mounted on light,
easily moved trucks. These portable units are ideal where painting is to be done at various locations.
(2) Inspection and lubrication of compressors.
(a) Gasoline engine.
NOTE
Do not make adjustments or repairs to gasoline engines unless qualified to do so.
Gasoline-driven air compressors are furnished with engines manufactured by many different companies. Generally
speaking, they are of low horsepower and simple construction. For instructions on how to lubricate and adjust, refer to
pertinent Technical Manuals. Adjustments to the carburetor, gasoline lines, and ignition systems should not be made in or
near the paint shop. While the maintenance and repair of gasoline engines is not the responsibility of the painter, he
should be sufficiently familiar with them to correct any minor stoppages caused by improper adjustment. Most gasoline
engines used on compressors are adjusted at the factory to run at a constant speed and no throttle adjustments should be
necessary.
(b) Electric motor. For lubrication of electric motors, refer to pertinent Technical Manuals. The
adjustment of electric motors, even of a minor nature, is not the responsibility of the painter and should be undertaken
only by qualified personnel. It is, however, the reponsibility of the operator to see that the electric motor on his
compressor is not damaged through improper use. All electric motors, when overloaded, overheat, usually very rapidly. If
this condition is allowed to persist for even a brief interval, the insulation on the winding may burn away. The use of fuses
and circuit breakers is intended to prevent this, and the operator should familiarize himself with them. In no event should
fuses be shorted or circuit breakers tied down.
(c) Care and preservation.

For care and preservation of compressors, refer to pertinent Technical

Manuals.
(3) Operation of compressors.
(a) Installation. Proper operation of a compressor system depends to a great extent on the correct initial
installation of the equipment. The following points are important to proper installation: electrical wiring, whether for a
permanent or portable installation, presents a fire hazard at all times, and should be installed and inspected by a
competent electrician, as fire in a paint shop is devastating and almost impossible to control.
5-17

TM 43-0139
overload protection should be furnished for the electrical circuit; compressors should be located in an adjacent room and
not in the paint shop, as this reduces the fire hazard considerably, improves the performance of the compressor, and
reduces operator fatigue caused by the compressor noise; permanent installations should be at least one foot from
adjacent walls to allow free air circulation over the cooling fins; air intakes should be piped to the outside of the building,
where they can pick up clean, cool air; air pipe lines should be of sufficient size; an air compressor should be mounted on
a solid foundation, because unless the weight is equally distributed, excessive vibrations will result in noisy operation and
may cause a break in the tank supports or the compressing equipment; and the compressor should be installed so that it
is level, with regard to a horizontal tank, and plumb, in the case of a vertically mounted tank, as this will assure the proper
function of the compressor oiling system.
(b) Replacement. Like all mechanical devices, air compressors eventually wear out and should be
replaced or rebuilt when: operational efficiency has decreased through wear and mechanical adjustments fail to restore it;
or there is an insufficient air output which cannot be corrected by normal equipment adjusting; or the time interval from
cut-in to cut-out is prolonged to the point of wasting power (a 50 percent deviation from the expected time interval is
sufficient reason for replacing or rebuilding the system).
(c) Draining. The operation of compressing air, which always contains some moisture, induces
condensation. Water condensed in this manner collects in the air receiver of the compressing outfit and must be removed
each day by draining through the air receiver petcock. Proper location of the air intake will cut down the amount of water
condensed in this manner.
(d) Servicing. Servicing of air compressors by personnel should be confined to the instructions given in
this paragraph. Any further servicing by maintenance personnel should be performed in accordance with Technical
Manuals on the specific compressors.
b. Tanks (Paint Containers).
(1) General. Material containers for spray painting systems are metal or glass vessels which are connected to
the spray gun. These containers serve as supply reservoirs for the material to be sprayed, and are of a cup or tank type.
CAUTION
Painters planning to use coatings formulated with chlorinated solvents (such as MIL-C-46168,
Type III) must remove all aluminum components from their painting system and replace with
aluminum-free or stainless steel parts.
(2) Cup containers. Containers of this type are generally used where a variety of colors in rather small
quantities are to be sprayed. There are two types: suction and pressure feed. Pressure-feed cups are recommended for
small quantities of enamels, plastics, and other materials too heavy for suction feed, and where fine adjustment and
speed of application are desired. The commercial preloaded and precharged pressure spray cans are unrechargeable.
(3) Tanks. Spray gun tanks are material containers for pressure-feed systems and provide a constant flow of
paint at a uniform pressure. Their capacities range from two to 55 gallons. They consist of a container with a clamp-on
lid, a fluid tube, outlet valves, a pressure gage, an agitator, and a safety valve. They also have an insertable paint
container. They are furnished with either a top or bottom outlet and various accessories. There are two distinct types:
Regulator type tanks offer the advantage of supplying large quantities of material to the gun under accurately controlled
fluid pressure. Regulator-type tanks are frequently further subdivided into single and double regulator types, depending
on whether the control is applied to the material pressure alone or to both the material and gun pressures. Regulator-type
tanks are equipped with a pressure regulator, safety valve, release valve, etc., and are operated with different pressures
on the air line and material. Equalized pressure tanks are equipped with only a safety and release valve, and operate with
the same pressure on the air line and on the material.
5-18

TM 43-0139
(4) Insert containers. Insert containers are pail-like metal vessels designed to sit inside the tank. This
eliminates cleaning the tank and facilitates the rapid change from one color to another. Their use permits several batches
of material or colors to be mixed ahead of time. This construction also permits feeding directly from small cans of paint
instead of from the full-sized container inside of the tank.
(5) Agitators. Certain materials require constant or frequent agitation while in the tank, and to meet this
requirement, tanks are frequently supplied with mechanical agitators which can be activated by an air motor, by an electric
drive, or by a manual crank.
(6) Material containers.
(a) General. Most metal containers are rugged, substantially built. and should present few, if any,
operating difficulties. If regulator-type tanks are properly adjusted, air vents are kept free, and agitators are used when
needed, little maintenance will be required beyond thorough and adequate cleaning procedures. Mounting a tank upon a
dolly greatly extends the working area when used for multiple-gun operation. Tanks are available which provide for
simultaneous two-gun operation.
(b) Precautions.

Observing the following precautions will insure the proper operation of material

containers:
WARNING
Never remove the cover from a pressure-feed container unless the pressure has
been released.
Clean thoroughly after use, as many spray gun malfunctions can be traced to improper cleaning of the material container;
be sure the fluid and air valve connections on the container are the proper size for the hose being used; test the tank
safety valve regularly; keep the material containers full, as they do not function efficiently "I-' when nearly empty; and use
the agitator regularly (where paint is being applied very rapidly, agitators are seldom needed, yet failure to agitate certain
materials results in the formation of a surface skin which rapidly clogs filters and hose).
c. Hoses.
(1) Construction. Two types of hoses are used with spray guns: and fluid. An air hose has a red or orange
cover while a fluid hose is black. The inner tube of a fluid hose is constructed of a solvent-resisting material that is
generally impervious to any of the common solvents used in paint.
(2) Size. Hose of adequate inside diameter must be used with all spray gun systems. Too often a spray gun is
blamed for improper paint feeding, or a material is considered of inferior quality, when the real cause of the trouble is low
air pressure at the spray gun. Usually, this condition is caused by a hose that is too small. As seen in table 5-1, there is a
natural pressure drop whenever compressed air is transmitted, and the amount of this pressure drop increases as the
hose gets smaller.
(3) Pressure drop. Table 5-1 shows the air pressure drop expected from various lengths of one-fourth and fivesixteenths inch hose when used with a spray gun. For example, with 70 pounds of air pressure at the transformer, only
47 and one-half pounds of pressure (70 minus 22.5) will exist at the spray gun when 25 feet of one-fourth inch hose is
used to connect the two units.
(4) Cleaning. The fluid hose should be cleaned immediately after use. In no event should a fluid hose be left
uncleaned overnight.
(5) Storage. When not in use, the hose must be coiled and hung where it will be free from possible damage.
5-19

TM 43-0139
Table 5-1. Drop In Air Pressure
Air pressure drop at spray gun (psi)
Air pressure at
transformer
(psi)
air hose = 1/4 inch diameter
40
50
60
70
80
90
air hose = 5/16 inch diameter
40
50
60
70
80
90

5-foot
length

10-foot
length

15-foot
length

6
7 1/2
9
10 3/4
12 1/4
14

8
10
12 1/2
14 1/2
16 12
18 34

9 1/2
12
14 1/2
17
19 1/2
22

11
14
16
19
22
25

2
3
3
4
5
6

2
3
4
5
6
7

3 1/4
4
5
6
7
8 1/2

3
4
5
6
8
9

1/4
3/4
1/2
1/2
1/2

3/4
1/2
1/2
1/4
1/4
1/2

20-foot
length

3/4
1/2
1/2
1/4

1/2
1/2
1/2
3/4
1/2

25-foot
length

50-foot
length

12 3/4
16
19
22 1/2
25 1/2
29

24
28
31
34
37
39 1/2

4
5
6
7 1/4
8 3/4
9 1/2

8 1/2
10
11 1/2
13
14 1/2
16

d. Valves and Gages.
(1) Valves and gages used on spray painting equipment are of rugged construction and normally will need little
attention to insure their correct operation. The following suggestions may be helpful in maintaining this equipment in good
condition:
(2) Keep valves free from paint by wiping with a cloth dipped in solvent or thinner. Do not immerse valves in
solvents or thinners, as this will dry out the packing.
(3) Be sure that valve nipples are of the correct size for the inside diameter of the hose being used. Incorrect
mating of hose and nipple is a common cause of spray gun malfunction.
(4) Do not repair air gages in the field. Have this done by experienced and qualified personnel using the
special tools and skills required for their proper adjustment.
e. Air Transformers.
(1) General. An air transformer, or separator, is a device which condenses oil and moisture, regulates and
filters the air, and provides outlets to which spray guns and dusters may be connected (see figure 5-13).
(2) Operation.
(a) Oil and moisture are collected by the baffles and filter pack, allowing only clean, dry air to reach the
spray gun. Further drying may be accomplished by the use of cartridges filled with a desiccant, such as silica gel, and
installed in the outlets.
(b) Oil and moisture collect at the bottom of the air separator or transformer and should be removed daily
(see figure 5-14).
(3) installation. Proper installation of the air transformer is essential to maintain correct operation. The
following points are to be observed:
5-20

TM 43-0139

Figure 5-13. Air Transformer Installations
(a) Install the transformer at least 15 feet from the compressor.
(b) Air takeoffs from the compressor line to the transformer should be from the top of the line.
(c) The compressor air line to which the air transformer takeoff is attached should slant toward a
permanently installed drain leg which should be drained daily. In localities where regulated air is available and only
cleaning and filtering are needed, an air conditioner may be used to supplant the air transformer. The size of all
necessary air lines is given in figure 5-13.
(4) Filter replacement. The filter pack in an air transformer should be inspected and replaced whenever it
shows signs of becoming clogged by dirt or oil.
5-9. SHOP EQUIPMENT
a. Paint Booths.
(1) A paint booth is designed to collect, filter, and exhaust the fumes arising from the use of spray paint
equipment. Due to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and
specific state and local requirements, any large scale (more than touchup) painting must be done in a paint booth. This is
to minimize the release of toxic fumes into the environment and protect workers.
(2) Spray booths can be classified into two basic designs based on direction of airflow:
(a) Sidedraft Booths. Sidedraft booths have horizontal airflow. These booths take advantage of
momentum of the spray mist and can be used when painting small to medium articles.
5-21

TM 43-0139
(b) Downdraft booths. Downdraft booths have vertical airflow. These booths permit greater protection
while allowing more freedom of movement for the painter.
(3) Spray booths range in size from small, bench-type models to huge chambers capable of holding a large
airplane. The basic consideration in determining the size of a spray paint booth is ensuring adequate space to permit the
painters easy access to the top and sides of the object. If the object is transported by conveyor, the booth must be
sufficiently long to allow coating within the time the object remains inside the booth.
(4) Booth exhaust air must be replaced for plant environmental control. The spray booth can be equipped with
filter doors or fresh air inlets to reduce the amount of dust entering the booth. Air should enter the booth at low velocity
(200 feet per minute (fpm) or less) and in the same direction as it is being exhausted to avoid unnecessary turbulence.

Figure 5-14. Operation of Air Transformer
5-22

TM 43-0139
(5) The booth air cleaning section not only removes paint mist from the exhausted air but acts as a means of
air distribution within the booth. There are several types:
(a) Baffle type. An arrangement of metal baffles is simplest and provides a constant flow of air. Mist
removal and clean-up difficulties limit its use to low production applications.
(b) Dry filter. These booths combine low cost with highly efficient paint mist removal, but have the
disadvantage of a variable airflow. The airflow continuously decreases to a point where the filters require replacement.
Dry filters must be disposed of carefully or a fire hazard will be created.
(c) Water wash. These incorporate various combinations of water curtains and sprays to scrub the paint
mist from the exhausted air. They have the advantage of constant airflow, inherent fire protection, and high mist removal,
but at a greater cost.
(6) Thought should be given as to how the booth will be maintained.
reduced if:

Maintenance requirements can be

(a) The booth is lined with strippable coating, such as wrapping paper or masking tape.
(b) Air filters are disposable.
(c) The glass shields over the booth lights are cleaned and coated with a light layer of white petroleum
grease.
b. Portable Floodlights. Portable floodlights provide good illumination directly on areas to be painted. Their use will
avoid uneven paint coverage. All lights used should be of the vaporproof type.
c. Can Shakers. A motor-driven paint can shaker (mixer) is a valuable piece of paint shop equipment. It saves
considerable time and eliminates stirring by hand and paddle.
Section II. BRUSH OR ROLLER APPLICATION
5-10. WHEN TO USE BRUSH OR ROLLER APPLICATION
Brush or roller application is used when:
a. The volume of work does not justify setting up the spray apparatus.
b. Spray equipment is not available or is inaccessible to the job.
c. The operation is that of priming wood or other porous surfaces.
d. The task of masking-out non-painted parts is extensive.
e. Mist from the spray gun would damage the surroundings or create a fire hazard.
f. Respiratory equipment, required for spray application, is not available.
5-11. Selection of Brushes and Rollers
a. General. Factors determining the proper selection of a brush (see figure 5-15) for a specific task are:
(1) The material to be applied.
5-23

TM 43-0139

Figure 5-15. Types of Brushes and Rollers
5-24

TM 43-0139

(2) The nature of the surface on which the material is to be applied.
(3) The area to be covered.
b. For Stains. Brushes with rather stiff bristles, preferably set in rubber, are used to apply stains on wood with open
pores. The stiffness of the bristles is essential in working the stain into the pores of the wood. A softer brush is needed
for close-grained wood.
c. For Paints. Flat brushes with long soft bristles or hair are required to apply paint. The width will vary with the
area and nature of the surface to be covered.
d. For Enamels. Brushes used for enamels should be relatively large, with a chisel point. Skunk hair (fitch), rubberset, varnish brushes with moderately soft and fine bristles are best. This type of brush, slightly moistened with water, can
be used to touch up a non-CARC surface by rebrushing the coat, providing the brushing is done soon after the enamel
film has been applied.
e. Paint Rollers. Paint rollers are replacing brushes more and more. There are three types: quench, fill, and power.
The quench roller requires a tray for quenching with paint. The fill roller does not require a tray, but a funnel is needed for
filling. Both rollers require buckets and/or trays for easy handling. The power roller has an electric motor that pumps
paint directly from the container to the roller. These rollers are used mostly on large wall areas, floors, and ceilings. The
material to be applied and the nature of the surface to be treated are factors that will govern their usefulness.

5-12. BRUSHING VARIOUS MATERIALS
a. General. Brushing is used where rolling is impractical. A right-handed operator should start at the right edge of
the surface to be painted and proceed toward the left. Using this procedure, the full paint brush is applied to the uncoated
surface by brushing back into the wet film. By decreasing pressure at the end of a stroke, brush marking is minimized. A
left-handed operator should start at the left edge of the surface to be painted and proceed toward the right.
b. Stain. Apply freely, rapidly, and evenly in the direction of the wood grain, and brush well into the pores. Certain
types of stain must be wiped off with clean, lint-free cloths in order to produce a uniform effect.
c. Paint. On exterior woodwork, use a long, sweeping, straight stroke.
d. Slow Drying Enamel. Make short strokes in one direction until a small area is covered, then go back over the
area with strokes at right angles to the first, in order to obtain a smooth even coat. This operation is called "laying-off' the
finish. Follow with an adjacent area of similar size before the enamel in the first area sets.
e. Lacquer, Quick Drying Enamel, and Shellac. These materials must be applied rapidly. Each stroke of the
brush must completely cover the area to be traversed, and the brush must be kept well-charged with material so that no
retouching of spots is required; retouching results in a rough finish. This procedure is sometimes referred to as "flowing
on" a coat.
f. Varnish. Use a well-charged brush, and depending upon the speed with which the varnish dries, quickly "flow on"
the coat. If possible, "lay-off' the finish to give a smooth film.
g. Brushing Technique. See figure 5-16.

5-25

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Figure 5-16. Brushing Techniques (Sheet 1 of 2)

5-26

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Figure 5-16. Brushing Techniques (Sheet 2 of 2)

5-27

TM 43-0139
5-13. CLEANING OF BRUSHES AND ROLLERS
a. General. In order to keep paint brushes soft and pliable, they should be cleaned immediately after use. Once the
material has been allowed to stand overnight, no amount of cleaning will restore the original pliability or remove the
hardened material from the heel of the brush. Solvents or thinners used with the material just applied by the brush are the
best possible cleaners. Mineral spirits paint thinner, xylene (ASTM D846), turpentine, and synthetic enamel thinner are
some of the common brush-cleaning fluids.
WARNING
Xylene is a hazardous material and must be disposed of in accordance with AR
420-47, Solid and Hazardous Waste Management.
b. Steps in Cleaning.
(1) Save cleaning materials by first pressing the brush firmly against the rim or side of the paint container, thus
squeezing out as much paint as possible.
(2) In the event the paint has hardened in the brush, it should be softened and carefully worked out with a putty
knife.
(3) Pour a small amount of brush cleaning fluid into a shallow, wide-mouthed container and work it thoroughly
into the brush, making sure that the fluid gets up to base of the bristles.
(4) When this small amount of fluid is loaded with paint from the brush, discard the fluid. Take a somewhat
larger amount of fresh fluid and repeat the operation as many times as necessary until all traces of pigment and paint
disappear and the bristles are soft and pliable.
(5) Paint rollers are cleaned in much the same manner. Use a pan instead of' a pail and soften by following the
instructions given by the roller manufacturer.
5-14. CARE AND STORAGE OF BRUSHES AND ROLLERS
a. General. The proper care of paint brushes and rollers requires the use of a few basic rules:
(1) Never stand brushes, wet or dry, on their bristles. This will cause the bristles to become permanently bent
or deformed and will ruin the brush.
(2) A brush used periodically should be stored in a keeper, such as a container of linseed oil or another
appropriate thinner. Suspend the brush from a nail or hook so that the bristles are covered with thinner but are not
touching the bottom of the container.
(3) Brushes that are not frequently used should be thoroughly cleaned with the proper paint thinner or cleaning
agent. After drying, they should be stored in a wrapper to retain their shape.
(4) For care of rollers, follow the manufacturer's instructions.
b. Storage Overnight.
(1) Paint brushes in daily use should be kept overnight in a brush keeper. Immersion of the cleaned brush in
oil or thinner will assure that the bristles will remain soft and pliable. Segregate brushes in their keepers according to the
type of material used. Use a MIL-T-81772 keeper for brushes used with CARC; use a linseed oil keeper for brushes that
are for use with paints and varnishes; place dope and lacquer thinner in the keeper for brushes used with lacquers; use
synthetic-resin enamel thinner for brushes that are used with enamels; and use alcohol, MIL-STD-1201 or O-E-760, for
brushes that are used with shellacs. A keeper cover should be used to prevent evaporation and contain the flammable
vapors of solvents and thinners.
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If necessary, drill a hole in the brush handles for suspension in the keepers.
(2) Use enough oil, solvent, or thinner in the keeper so that the bristles of the brushes are covered. These
brushes should not touch each other or the bottom of the container. Brushes kept in linseed oil should be cleaned before
use by washing in thinner.
NOTE
Brushes used for CARC, lacquer, synthetics, or shellac should be placed in brush
keepers containing CARC thinner, lacquer thinner, synthetic thinner, or alcohol,
respectively. Traces of linseed oil will spoil such materials and the finishing job
performed with these brushes.
(3) For rollers, follow the manufacturer's instructions.
c. Indefinite Storage. When brushes are not to be used for a long time, they may be prepared for storage as follows:
(1) Clean thoroughly.
(2) Immerse in raw linseed oil or another appropriate thinner for a few days. This can be done in the brush
keeper.
(3) Remove from the keeper and press out most of the thinner.
(4) Straighten the bristles and wrap the brush in paper. Brushes treated in this manner should be stored flat
with no weight applied to the bristles. Open the package and repeat the procedure every six months or less.
(5) A procedure similar to this should be followed for storage of rollers. Follow the instructions given by the
manufacturer for these items.
5-15. MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT
a. Scrapers. Scrapers of various sizes, made of bronze, which do not produce sparks when rubbed on other metals
or concrete surfaces, are used for cleaning paint residue from spray booths, the floor, and from metal and wood surfaces.
Flexible carbon scrapers should be used on aluminum and magnesium since metal scrapers may leave deposits of metal.
These deposits promote galvanic corrosion, and in some instances, could even cause shorting of electrical circuits.
b. Stencil Sets.
(1) Brass stencils. Brass stencils in one to four inch sizes are sometimes used for stenciling.
(2) Paper stencils.
(a) Star-insignia cardboard stencils are available in various diameters.
(b) Paper stencil sets are available in various sizes.
(3) Gummed-back paper stencils.

Gummed-back paper stencils are available for applying registration

numbers.
c. Miscellaneous Tools and Supplies.
(1) Layout Tools. Straightedges, a yardstick, a steel square, and dividers are used for laying out lines to guide
in the location of letters and insignia when stenciling. Guidelines can also be made by snapping chalked string against
the surface to be painted.
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(2) Hydraulic jack. A good hydraulic jack is required for the removal of vehicle wheels before painting.
Wooden or iron horses are sometimes needed for this operation to support the vehicle with its wheels removed. Inspect
jacks prior to each use to ensure that they are safe for use (i.e. no leaks, cracks, etc.).
(3) Supplies for preparing surfaces.
materials are required for preparing surfaces.

Painting, removing, cleaning, rust-removing solutions, and sanding

(4) Masking tape. Masking tape is required to cover all body parts that are to be protected from paint spray.
Tape alone is used to mask small areas. For larger areas, such as windows, the tape is used to fasten paper over the
area to be protected.
(5) Sanding disks. Sanding disks are used with a motor sander and polishing pads and solutions are used with
an electric buffer.
(6) Other tools. Other tools required in the paint shop include paint brushes, wire brushes for cleaning off loose
paint and rust, and putty knives or scrapers for removing old paint. Razor blade scrapers are useful for removing paint
from glass. A 16 ounce graduated glass container is needed for mixing paint and thinners in the required proportions.
(7) Cloths. An abundance of wiping cloths is required for wiping off spilled paint and for cleaning spray guns
and related equipment.
WARNING
Do not use electric sanders in a paint shop or near a spray paint area.
d. Electric Sanders. Portable, motor-driven, disk or orbital sanders are occasionally required for smoothing a
vehicle's body or fender before it is painted, although this is not usually the work of the paint shop.
e. Electric Buffers. Ordinarily, the same tool is not used for both sanding and buffing because the sander rotates
much faster than the buffer. There are combination sanding/buffers, however, that run at different speeds to
accommodate both operations.
Section III. DIP APPLICATION
5-16. WHEN TO USE DIP APPLICATION
The dipping method of applying paint is generally used for small articles and is especially suited to the coating of items of
irregular design that are difficult to reach by brush or spray; for example, the interior of a narrow tube. Dipping is not time
or cost effective except when a large number of items are to be painted in a production line manner. CARC primers and
coatings should not be used for dipping.
5-17. DIPPING TECHNIQUES
Ensure that the paint has been thinned to dipping consistency. Suitable consistencies vary with each article, and must be
arrived at by trial and error. Suspend the article with a cord or wire and immerse in paint. Remove the article slowly,
hang from a line, and allow it to dry in a comparatively draft-free location over a dipping tank or draining pan.
5-18. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
A receptacle to hold the paint is required. This can be a pail or a specially constructed tank. In general, the receptacle
should be just large enough to conveniently permit the insertion of the article to be coated. Replenish the paint as needed
and use paddles to stir at frequent intervals. If the receptacle is large, a drain-off valve should be provided so that the
paint may be removed and placed in sealed containers when the dipping operations are completed.
Change 2 5-30

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Section IV. TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES
5-19. GENERAL PAINT FAILURES
a. There is a cause for every paint failure, and in most instances, the failure can be prevented by observing specific
precautions and instructions. The weather, with its humidity, heat, cold, sudden rainstorms, etc., can damage a paint film,
and for this reason the painter should take into consideration the atmospheric conditions prior to painting.
CAUTION
Coatings should not be applied at temperatures below 500°F (10°C).
b. The most frequent causes of paint failure are discussed in paragraphs 5-20 through 5-34.
5-20. ALLIGATORING AND CHECKING
a. Characteristics. When a rupturing of the top paint coat causes the surface to break up into irregular areas
(separated by wide cracks in alligator-hide style), the condition is referred to as "alligatoring" or "checking." Alligatoring on
a painted surface can be detected by the appearance in the top coat of small openings or ruptures which divide the
surface into small irregular areas, leaving the undercoat visible through the breaks in the top coat.
b. Probable Cause. Alligatoring is usually caused by too soft an undercoat or by applying a coat over an underlying
coat which has not thoroughly dried.
c. Corrective Measures. Remove the entire paint coat using a scraper or paint remover. Mild cases should be
thoroughly wire brushed. Before repainting, clean the surface after the old paint has been removed.
5-21. BLEEDING
a. Characteristics. When the color of a previous coat is absorbed into the topcoat, the condition is called "bleeding.”
b. Probable Causes. Bleeding is usually caused by the partial solution of the old pigment into the new coat.
Bleeding may also occur with asphalt and colored resins.
c. Corrective Measures. The corrective measures to be taken depend on the severity of the bleeding and the
quality of the appearance required. If bleeding is not severe, and appearance is not important, apply another coat of paint
after the previous coat (in which bleeding occurred) has dried thoroughly. If this method fails to provide an acceptable
finish, remove all paint coatings, clean the surface thoroughly, and repaint.
5-22. BLISTERING
a. Characteristics. Blistering is evidenced by blister-like irregularities on the film of a painted surface, with the paint
coat detached and raised from the surface upon which it is applied.

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b. Probable Causes. Blistering is the result of gases or liquids (usually water) forming under the coating. The most
common cause of blistering on wood surfaces is the application of paint over a damp or wet surface. The breaking of the
blisters may result in a peeling of the paint coat. Blistering is also caused by using a paint that is incompatible with that
used in a previous coating.
c. Corrective Measures.
thoroughly, then repaint.

Use a wire brush or scraper to remove all defective paint.

Permit the surface to dry

5-23. BLUSHING
a. Characteristics. A surface on which blushing has occurred is characterized by a white discoloration in the coating
and sometimes by the separation of ingredients from the coating. Blushing most commonly occurs in nitrocellulose
lacquers.
b. Probable Causes. Blushing may be caused by condensation of moisture on the film or by improper composition
of the vehicle (pigment-carrying liquid portion of paint) or solvent.
c. Corrective Measures. Remove or sand the film where blushing has occurred and repaint (after insuring that the
surfaces are dry). Blushing on acrylic lacquer may be prevented by adding acrylic lacquer retarder to the liquid lacquer.
5-24. CHALKING
a. Characteristics. Chalking can be detected by the existence of dry, loose powder on the paint film. Rain tends to
wash this powder off of exterior surfaces.
b. Probable Causes. The chalking of a painted surface is governed partially by the composition of the paint.
Chalking, loss of luster, and deterioration of the surface film are also affected by atmospheric conditions. Paints low in
binder content, or high in inert pigments, have a tendency toward early and excessive chalking.
c. Corrective Measures. A paint which chalks moderately affords a better repainting surface than one which does
not chalk at all; however, if excessive chalking has taken place, remove all the loose and powdery substance from the
surface with a wire brush and repaint.
5-25. CRACKING, FLAKING, SCALING, AND PEELING
a. Characteristics. Breaks which extend through the paint film to the bottom surface are called cracks. Cracking is
usually followed by flaking, scaling, or peeling. Flaking is the dropping off of small pieces of the paint coat. Scaling is an
advanced form of flaking and is evidenced by larger flakes. Peeling is the curling and dropping off of relatively large
pieces of paint film.
b. Probable Causes. Paints which become brittle when dried cannot contract or expand with moisture and
temperature changes, and are very susceptible to cracking. Cracking may also be caused by too many coats being built
up due to previous painting. Cracking advances to scaling and peeling as the old paint, which has lost its elasticity and
much of its adhesive grip, is pulled loose by the surface tension of the new paint film as it dries. Low grade paints usually
lack elasticity because they are deficient in oil and contain too much inert material for extended exposure. Since flaking
and scaling are usually preceded by cracking, their causes are much the same as for cracking. Scaling and peeling
frequently occur when paint has been applied to unseasoned or damp lumber. Peeling may also occur around knots, and
where cracks in the paint permit water to get behind the paint film.
c. Corrective Measures. Use a wire brush to remove all loose paint. In the case of cracking, remove the entire paint
coat using a scraper or paint remover. Clean the surface thoroughly with a duster before repainting, and be sure that the
first coat is thoroughly dry before applying a second coat.

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5-26. CRAWLING OR CREEPING
a. Characteristics. Crawling or creeping of paint is noted by little drops (or islands) which form on the paint film.
b. Probable Cause. Crawling often occurs when varnish or enamel is applied on an oily or greasy surface. Painting
over a very smooth surface will sometimes cause crawling.
c. Corrective Measures. Remove the little islands of paint which have formed on the film by sanding them, and
wash off any grease or oil which may be underneath. If a glossy coat has been applied over another glossy coat, remove
both coats using varnish and paint remover. Apply a prime coat without gloss before applying a high gloss topcoat.
5-27. DULLING
a. Characteristics. Dulling is characterized by the loss of gloss which should be present in a high gloss varnish,
paint, or enamel film after it has dried.
b. Probable Cause. Dulling may be caused by the action of gases, inferior products, use of very old stock, or the
use of too much turpentine or thinner.
c. Corrective Measures. Remove the dulled coat, or sand it down with fine sandpaper, and apply a varnish, paint or
enamel of known good quality.
5-28. MILDEWING
a. Characteristics. Mildew is a fungus frequently found on exposed surfaces in warm, damp climates, particularly on
soft paint films.
b. Probable Causes. Paint film that has become sticky or tacky attracts windblown spores and decayed and dried
vegetation to its surface. The oil in the paint sometimes becomes infested, and the breeding of mildew spores takes
place.
c. Corrective Measures. To prevent the recurrence of mildew, the old coat of paint should be removed and a new
coat of hard-drying paint applied. A fungus growth can be partially removed by scrubbing the affected surface with a
solution of trisodium phosphate and water. The surface should then be rinsed with clear water and allowed to dry. The
use of less paint and more thinner is advised in environments where mildew is a common occurrence.
WARNING
Extreme care must be observed in the handling of paints containing mercury or
other fungicides to prevent poisoning or skin irritation.
5-29. STREAKING AND LUMPING
a. Characteristics. Streaks or lumps on painted wood surfaces are caused by resin and pitch exuding from knots
and unseasoned lumber.
b. Probable Causes. This condition is caused by painting over unseasoned lumber and by painting over knots or
resinous streaks which have not been properly treated before painting. On metal, it is an indication that the paint has
been applied incorrectly.
5-33

TM 43-0139
c. Corrective Measures. Apply shellac, varnish, or aluminum paint to wood knots before painting. Do not paint
unseasoned wood. For metal, apply paint with a spray gun, holding the gun level so that an even coat is applied.
5-30. RUNNING AND SAGGING
a. Characteristics. An effect of ripples or irregularities in a film of paint, varnish, or lacquer is known as runs or sags.
b. Probable Causes. Runs or sags are usually produced by the application of a paint, varnish, or lacquer which has
been thinned excessively, or by the application of too much material. It is usually evident on a sloping or vertical surface.
Other causes are incomplete brushing or the use of a stiff brush.
c. Corrective Measures. Sand the surface until runs or sags have been removed, then recoat with material of the
correct consistency, taking care not to apply excessive amounts. Use a flexible brush for this operation.
5-31. SLOW DRYING
a. Characteristics. Although the time required for drying is dependent upon the type of paint, enamel, varnish, or
lacquer used, certain weather conditions may prolong the drying period. Paints which, under normal drying conditions,
are tacky or sticky for long periods (12 hours or longer) are likely to attract dust and dirt, to promote mildew, or to develop
checking or alligatoring.
b. Probable Causes. Cold weather retards drying. Drying agents also may lose their effectiveness in prepared
paints that are dark in color. The use of old thinner, or the use of inferior driers and thinners, are other factors frequently
contributing to slow drying of paint films.
c. Corrective Measures. Do not paint when the temperature is below 50°F (10°C). A standard procedure is to paint
a test area and let it dry overnight before adding additional drier to the paint. This is done to assure a correct drying
period. In cold weather, apply a thin uniform film on a dry surface.
5-32. SPOTTING
a. Characteristics. The appearance of discolored spots on a painted surface is known as spotting.
b. Probable Causes. Color changes and loss of gloss in irregular patches may be caused by spots in the surface
which absorb oil from the paint unevenly. This may be the result of too few coats, or the lack of controlled penetration of
the paint, and may occur on new items which have been given only two coats, or an old item painted with just one coat.
In white paints, this is accompanied by the loss of gloss. Colored paints usually appear to fade when the oil is absorbed
unevenly. Spots are sometimes caused by nail heads which rust. Splashes of liquid on a freshly varnished surface will
cause spotting, and rain or hail on a freshly painted surface will also leave spots.
c. Corrective Measures. Apply an additional coat of paint. Apply paint during dry weather. The use of paint
containing zinc oxide is effective in minimizing spotting on older items. In cases of spotting due to rain or sandstorms,
sand off rough spots before repainting.
5-33. SWEATING
a. Characteristics. The reappearance of luster on a varnished surface which has been rubbed to a dull finish is
known as sweating.
b. Probable Causes. Sweating of a varnished surface is usually caused by inadequate rubbing to attain a dull finish,
or the application of a finish coat before the undercoats have thoroughly hardened.
5-34

TM 43-0139
c. Corrective Measures. After the surface is thoroughly hardened, rub down the finish thoroughly and then apply
another finish coat.
5-34. WRINKLING
a. Characteristics. Wrinkling of a paint coat is evidenced by the paint film gathering in small wrinkles.
b. Probable Causes. Wrinkling may be caused by the application of an excessively thick coat, or by a failure to
brush out the paint properly. Wrinkling may also be caused by too much drier in the paint. Paints which have been
excessively thinned with oil and applied thickly are also subject to wrinkling.
c. Corrective Measures. Sand off the wrinkles with rough sandpaper and paint with properly thinned paint which
does not have an excessive amount of drier or oil in it. In cases of excessive wrinkling, strip off the old coats and repaint.
Wrinkling in acrylic lacquer may be prevented by adding acrylic lacquer retarder.

(5-35/5-36 Blank)

TM 43-0139
CHAPTER 6
MARKING PROCEDURES
Section I. LETTERING AND SIGN PAINTING
WARNING
Before beginning any painting-related activity, read Chapter 1, Section II, Safety
Summary.
6-1. PURPOSE
The directions given in this section are designed to acquaint the painter with the basic principles of lettering and sign
painting.
6-2. LETTERING STYLE
The lettering style suitable for all military requirements is known as the Vertical Gothic Style, illustrated in figure 6-1.
There will be times when stencils and decals are not available, requiring the soldier to utilize hand lettering. The types of
brushes required, and lettering and painting techniques used, are described in the following paragraphs.
6-3. BRUSHES
a. Rough Surfaces. Painting brick, concrete, stucco, rough plaster, and boards that have been painted before will
require a flat bristle brush. The size depends upon the width of the letter. Brushes for these surfaces are classified as
fitches, angular fitches, and cutters.
b. Smooth Surfaces. Painting metal, glass, vehicles, boards, hardboard, and cardboard, will require a softer, flat
bristle, artist-type brush, or an oval wash brush, to obtain a finer degree of finish. These brushes are classified as single
stroke, lettering brushes, and come in a variety of soft bristle combinations. For beginner's use, a flat oxhair-and-sable
combination is suggested. This type of lettering brush has a knifelike precision edge and will hold a large load of paint,
which feeds evenly and accurately to the surface; it is also easy to control.
6-4. LETTERING TECHNIQUE
a. Preparation of the Brush. Dip the brush into the paint until all the bristles are immersed. Raise the brush straight
up until all excess paint drips from it. Stroke the brush back and forth on a smooth, flat surface in razor strop style until
the paint is worked well up into the bristles and until the end of the bristles form a sharp chisel-like edge (see figure 6-2).
This makes it possible to form a sharp, uniform stroke.
b. Basic Strokes. For lettering, an oval wash brush should be used because of its rounded end. Three basic
strokes form the basis of all Vertical Gothic Lettering. The three basic strokes are: straight (vertical, horizontal, slant), left
curve, and right curve. The basic principles of these strokes are demonstrated in figure 6-3. To differentiate still further,
the basic strokes can be separated into nine subdivisions: vertical, horizontal, left slant, right slant, left curve, right curve,
top curve, bottom curve, and "S", as shown in figure 6-3.
c. Direction of Brush Strokes. The appearance of a hand-drawn letter depends, to a very considerable degree, upon
the direction given to each brush stroke. It is therefore important to closely follow the standard directions shown in figure
6-4 using the oval wash brush.
d. Right and Wrong Ways of Lettering. Avoid the mistakes indicated in figure 6-5, and follow the right methods
shown.
e. Spacing and Balance. It is particularly important for the less experienced sign painter to pencil-in the letters upon
the working surface before painting, making sure that they are accurately spaced and balanced and of uniform size and
relationship. It may be necessary to letter under difficult conditions, at times, and with limited materials. In this event, the
following method should be used.
6-1

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Figure 6-1. Lettering and Stencil Alphabet
6-2

TM 43-0139

Figure 6-2. Brush Preparation for Lettering
6-3

TM 43-0139

Figure 6-3. Lettering Techniques (Sheet 1 of 3)
6-4

TM 43-0139

Figure 6-3. Lettering Techniques (Sheet 2 of 3)
6-5

TM 43-0139

Figure 6-3. Lettering Techniques (Sheet 3 of 3)
6-6

TM 43-0139

Figure 6-4. Brush Strokes for Lettering
6-7

TM 43-0139

Figure 6-5. Lettering Method
6-5. HAND SIGN PAINTING
a. Identify the area to be marked and clean it of dirt, grease, and base paint. Using chalk, draw parallel lines the
width of the desired letters and numbers, as shown in figure 6-5.
b. Using the techniques described above, draw letters and numbers, with chalk, between parallel lines in preparation
for painting.
c. Paint the letters and numbers using the proper paint brush and paint.
d. Allow the paint to dry before touching. The time for drying is dependent upon the kind of paint used, the
temperature, and the thickness of the paint film. Protect the markings from dust and dirt until dry.
e. Once thoroughly dry, use a cloth and rub off the chalk guidelines.

Section II. STENCIL AND PAINT MAKING
6-6. PURPOSE
Stencils enable untrained personnel to apply lettering and designs to materiel quickly and efficiently. A stencil is a paper
or metal pattern which has the letters or design cutout, so that when the stencil is held in position over a surface and paint
is applied to the cutout portions, the lettering or design will be accurately reproduced. When a large number of signs,
identification marks, or designs are to be reproduced, time is saved by using a stencil.
6-7. STENCILING TECHNIQUES
a. General.
(1) This method of painting requires the use of gummed-back (pressure-sensitive) paper stencils.
(2) Paper stencils are available as individual letters, numerals, and legends of various sizes.
(3) The surface to which the marking is to be applied must have all oil, dirt, and grease removed and must be
dry to prevent contamination of the stencil adhesive and the marking paint. Use liquid detergent cleaner, MILD-16791,
Type I, or another approved cleaning solution for this purpose.
6-8

TM 43-0139
b. Paper Stencil Application Techniques.
(1) Identify the area to be marked. Draw a straight guideline for proper positioning of the letters, numbers, or
legend.
(2) Peel off gum-protector paper from the paper stencil; avoid touching the adhesive.
(3) Handle the stencil with caution to avoid wrinkling or distorting the characters, and apply to the proper
location on the vehicle or equipment.
(4) After fixing the stencil in place, remove the webs from the letters and numerals so that the finished marking
appears with unbroken lines.
(5) Mask the areas between, above, and below the stencils using masking tapes and paper to prevent
overpainting.
(6) Apply paint to the stenciled area by spraying or brushing; spraying is preferred. Use CARC lusterless Black
37030 or 37038, or Green 383 (from table 4-1 in Chapter 4) for applications requiring chemical agent resistant systems.
(7) A few minutes after painting, remove the stencils. This must be done with care to avoid smudging the
marking or the adjacent surface area.
(8) Do not touch the painted marking until thoroughly dry; drying time is dependent upon temperature, type of
paint, method of application, and the thickness of the paint film. Take care to protect the marking from dust and dirt during
the drying period.
(9) Carefully clean all paint overspray, smudges, and residue from the area. Use mineral spirits paint thinner
and a cloth. This must be done with care; avoid contact of the marking with the thinner.
Section III. PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVE VINYL MARKERS (DECALS)
6-8. GENERAL
a. These markers are available as die-cut letters, numerals, and legends in various sizes.
b. The vinyl markers are applied to the surface without water or other solvent to activate the adhesive. They are
mounted on a protective paper lining that is removable without the use of a solvent. The marker face is covered by a
translucent application tape which is removed after marker application.
c. The markers are resistant to grease, oil, water, salt spray, gasoline, and aromatic fuels. Cleaning of the marking
requires only water and soap or detergent.
6-9. APPLICATION TECHNIQUES
a. Surface. The surface on which the marker is to be applied must be clean and dry. All oil, grease, and dirt must
be removed by washing with liquid detergent cleaner or an approved cleaning solution to prevent contamination of the
adhesive. Allow sufficient time for the cleaning agent to evaporate. Vinyl markers cannot be adequately applied to
extremely irregular or rough surfaces. Complete contact of the marker to the surface is necessary for proper adhesion.
Old markers must be removed completely prior to applying a new marker.
(1) Old pressure sensitive vinyl markers may be removed by soaking the markers with a rag or sponge dipped
in technical methyl ethyl ketone or technical xylene, TT-X-916, which acts on the adhesive to soften it. A mixture of 75
percent methyl ethyl ketone and 25 percent technical xylene is recommended. The marker may then be removed with a
putty knife or scraper without damaging the materiel surface.
6-9

TM 43-0139
WARNING
Methyl ethyl ketone and technical xylene are hazardous substances and must be
disposed of in accordance with AR 420-47, Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management.
(2) Alternate but less effective methods of removing the markers involve the use of common paint removers or
a sharp bladed instrument. Avoid materiel surface damage and self-inflicted personal injury.
CAUTION
The vinyl marker cannot satisfactorily be removed by power sanding or abrasion.
These methods will damage the materiel surface, necessitating refinishing.
b. Temperature. Application of the vinyl marker should be made at moderate temperatures above 40°F (4.44°C),
but may be made at lower temperatures if the surface is prewiped with technical isopropyl alcohol. If the surface
temperature is warm or hot, insure that application is exact at first contact since the decal will stick quickly.
c. Sealing. Sealing of the marker or its edges with varnish or other sealant is neither required nor recommended.
d. Legend Marker Application.
(1) Each legend marker is prespaced and precentered on the application tape and backed with a protective
liner over the pressure sensitive adhesive.
(2) Mark a straight horizontal guideline on the materiel surface in the appropriate location. This guideline will
be used for properly positioning the legend.
(3) Place the legend on a flat surface with the translucent application tape side down and carefully remove the
protective liner. Avoid handling the adhesive on the legend marker.
(4) Position the legend to the guideline on the materiel. Press one edge down while holding the rest of the
legend taut and slightly away from the surface (see figure 6-6A).
(5) Roll the legend down firmly with a roller or applicator to remove any trapped air bubbles or wrinkles (see
figure 6-6B).
(6) Starting at one corner of the marker, remove the application tape by carefully peeling it back flat against
itself (see figure 6-6C).
(7) Roll the legend again to insure complete and firm adhesion.
e. Character (Letter or Numeral) Marker Application.
(1) Each character (letter or numeral) is precentered on the application tape and backed with a protective liner
over the pressure sensitive adhesive.
(2) Mark a straight horizontal guideline on the materiel surface in the designated location. This guideline will be
used for proper alignment of the characters.
6-10

TM 43-0139
(3) Place the first character on a flat surface with the translucent application tape side down and carefully
remove the protective liner. Avoid handling the adhesive on the character.
(4) Position the character to the guideline on the materiel. Press one edge down while holding the rest of the
character taut and slightly away from the surface.
(5) Roll the character down firmly with a roller or applicator to remove any trapped air bubbles or wrinkles. Do
not remove application tape at this time.

Figure 6-6. Applying Adhesive Vinyl Markers (Decals)
6-11

TM 43-0139
(6) Repeat steps (3), (4), and (5) above, in order, for each remaining character in the desired marking. Place
the left edge of the application tape against the right edge of the preceding application tape (see figure 6-7A).
(7) When the entire marking is properly positioned and applied, remove the application tape. Start at a corner
and carefully peel each application tape back, flat against itself (see figure 6-7B).
(8) Roll the characters again to insure firm adhesion.

Figure 6-7. Letter or Numeral Application
6-10. VEHICLE NATIONAL SYMBOL MARKINGS
a. This paragraph is concerned with the application of the National Symbol (star) to vehicle surfaces. This method
applies to National Symbols made of vinyl material.
b. The National Symbol markings are available in various sizes from six to 36 inches (measurement between
opposite points).
c. The vinyl material National Symbol is applied directly to the equipment surface without the use of water or other
solvent to activate the pressure sensitive adhesive. The symbol is mounted on a protective liner with the symbol face
covered by a premask tape.
6-12

TM 43-0139
d. The vehicle or equipment surface must be cleaned of dirt, grease, dust, and loose paint prior to application.
e. Application.
(1) Place the symbol on a flat surface, face up. Cover one point of the symbol with a small piece of masking
tape, rubbing the tape down firmly onto the symbol.
(2) Hold the symbol by the tape, in one hand. Begin separation of the protective paper liner from the adhesive
side of the symbol.
(3) Place the symbol on a flat surface, face down. Carefully continue pulling the paper liner from one point of
the symbol past the horizontal base of the point. Fold the liner as it is freed from the symbol.
(4) Position the symbol on the equipment surface. Apply the exposed symbol tip to the surface while holding
the rest of the symbol taut and slightly away from the surface. Apply the exposed portion of the symbol while rolling and
pressing the material to remove wrinkles and air bubbles.
(5) Continue removing the paper liner as stated in (3) and (4) above, rolling and pressing the unapplied portion
of the symbol to the surface until the entire marking is applied.
(6) Roll the entire marking again, with particular attention to the edges, to insure firm and complete adhesion.
(7) Remove the premask tape on the face of the symbol by pulling carefully on the masking tape piece (applied
in (1) above), folding the premask tape back against itself. Carefully pull back to the opposite edge of the symbol. With
this operation, the protective premask tape will tear. The remaining pieces may be removed by pulling them, folded back,
from the center of the symbol to the remaining symbol points. Roll the marking again with particular attention to the
edges.
(8) Any remaining small air bubbles may be punctured with a pin and the air may be worked out with a finger.
Section IV. POUNCING
6-11. DESCRIPTION AND PURPOSE
a. When it is necessary to make a quantity of the same legends, signs, identification marks, or designs, and a stencil
legend is not already available, work can be speeded up by a process known as pouncing. Pouncing is the term applied
to the use of a perforated pattern in transferring the outline of the legend, sign, or design to be painted to the painting
surface.
b. Pouncing should also be used when more accurate lettering and designs are desired than can be attained by
stenciling letters individually, and particularly when working over larger areas.
6-12. Equipment
The following equipment and materials are needed to prepare a pouncing pattern:
a. Thin, durable paper (large enough to cover the lettering or design).
b. Light cardboard.
c. A pouncing wheel.
6-13

TM 43-0139
d. Dry color, powdered chalk, or other powder.
e. Flint sandpaper, grade 2/0.
f. Masking tape.
g. A thin cloth.
6-13. PROCEDURE
a. Pencil-in (draw) the letters, numerals, or design on a plain sheet of paper.
b. Place the penciled-in paper on top of cardboard or other material which can be easily perforated by a pouncing
wheel. Then, by using a pouncing wheel, perforate the outline of the markings which have been penciled-in (See figure 68A). If a pouncing wheel is not available, use a large needle or other sharp pointed object to perforate the outline.
c. Turn the pattern over and use flint sandpaper, grade 2/0, to sand off all rough edges of the perforations (see
figure 6-8B).
d. Prepare a pouncing bag by placing dry color, powdered chalk, or any other available powder in a thin cloth. Tie
the cloth so it forms a bag with the powder inside.
e. Place the pattern in the desired position on the surface to be painted. Secure it in position with masking tape.
Then gently tap all perforations with the pouncing bag until the powder is worked through the perforations and onto the
painting surface (see figure 6-8C).

Figure 6-8. Pouncing Techniques (Sheet 1 of 3)
6-14

TM 43-0139

Figure 6-8. Pouncing Techniques (Sheet 2 of 3)
6-15

TM 43-0139
f. Remove the pattern (see figure 6-8D), taking care not to smudge the perforation dots on the painting surface.
g. Select the proper paint brush and paint in the legend or design (see figure 6-8E), taking care not to go outside the
dotted pattern.

Figure 6-8. Pouncing Techniques (Sheet 3 of 3)
6-16

TM 43-0139
h. Allow the paint sufficient time to dry before touching it. Drying time is dependent upon the kind of paint used, the
temperature, and the thickness of the paint film. Protect the markings from dust and dirt until dry.
i. Once the paint is thoroughly dry, use a cloth and rub off any leftover powder residue.

Section V. SILK SCREEN PRINTING PROCESS
6-14. GENERAL
a. The silk screen process is a method of printing, in one or more colors, on almost any type of flat surface with
components such as oil colors, water colors, lacquers, enamels, and polyurethanes. This process is used when large
quantities of the same design are desired in a relatively short time.
b. The basic principles of this process are simple but require special equipment. Care and accuracy in performing
preparatory work will assure the success of the operation.
6-15. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
a. Baseboard. A baseboard must be larger than the design, with a surface that is absolutely level and flat. This
board may be a drawing board, ply board, or table-top, and its surface should be covered with stiff cardboard. If either the
baseboard or its mating screen frame become warped, it will be impossible to produce an acceptable print.
b. Frame. The frame on which the silk, or a synthetic such as nylon, is attached may be a simple wooden frame or
the standard grooved frames stocked by artist supply dealers in various sizes. This frame should be at least one and onehalf times longer and wider than the size of the image that is to be printed (see figure 6-9).
c. Silk . Silk or synthetic-silk type material should be used for screening. This material is available in different
meshes. For best results, use the "medium size" mesh or numbers "14XX" or "16XX". The double "X" denotes that the
material has a double weight or double strength rating.
d. Loose Pin Hinges. The frame should have a pair of loose pin hinges attached to one of the long sides of the
frame and to the baseboard. The hinges are placed so that the silk surface of the frame lies in flat contact with the
baseboard. Masking tape is then placed on the inside of the frame so that half of the tape's width is on the frame and the
other half is on the silk. The masking tape will prevent the paint from oozing between the silkscreen and frame and onto
the print and/or baseboard.
e. Tacking. The material must be stretched drum-tight over the frame and secured by tacking to the frame's outer
surface. The material or silk is then washed with water to remove the sizing and facilitate tightening. Failure to achieve
the drum-tightness will result in unsatisfactory reproductions.
f. Squeegee. The squeegee consists of a rubber straight edge embedded in a length of wood that has clearance
with one of the interior dimensions of the frame, and is shaped to conveniently fit the hands. The squeegee must be at
least two inches larger than the width of the design being reproduced so that one pull over the screen will complete the
printing. To assure flat contact with the silk, draw the rubber edge of the squeegee across a piece of flat sandpaper while
holding the squeegee in a vertical position.
g. Other Materials. Stencil knives, dividers, a steel rule, a T-square, a triangle, translucent paper-backed film, and
adhesive tape are also necessary items for the silk screening process.
6-17

TM 43-0139

Figure 6-9. Silk Screen Process
6-18

TM 43-0139
6-16. SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
a. Preparatory Work.
(1) Thumbtack the original sketch or layout sheet to either a drawing board or worktable. A drawing board will
be found to have many advantages over a worktable as the operator can turn it at will and sit in a more comfortable
position during the cutting operation.
(2) With pencil or pen draw a "cross" in each of the four corners of the original sketch to help in replacing the
film in the exact location each time cutting is interrupted.
(3) Cut a piece of film for each of the colors found in the sketch, making each a little larger than the sketch.
(4) With adhesive tape, fasten the film over the original sketch with the film side up and the translucent paper
side down, in contact with the sketch. Use enough tape so that the film is firmly held in place and will not shift. Using a
pen, trace the "cross" appearing in each of the four corners of the sketch onto the film. The film is now ready for cutting.
b. Film Cutting.
(1) This specially prepared film is laminated to a sheet of translucent paper (the paper acts only as a temporary
carrier of the film until such time as the transfer to the silk is made). The proper method is to cut only through the film and
not through the backing paper.
(2) The order in which the colors are to be processed must be determined before any cutting occurs and may
not thereafter be changed. The general practice is to process the lightest color first and the darkest color last. The
makeup of the sketch occasionally requires a change from this procedure.
(3) The cutting operation must be performed in a manner to allow the first color applied to extend under the
edge of the succeeding colors. In a tracing manner, using a sharp stencil knife, cut through the film to the backing paper,
but not through the backing paper (an hour or so of practice in cutting should be sufficient to become used to this
procedure). When the cutting has been completed, strip out the film representing the portion of the design to be applied in
the first color. When finished, remove this cut film sheet from the sketch and place carefully to one side. Repeat this
operation for each remaining color. Particular attention must be given to the accuracy of the cutting which follows along
the lines in the original sketch, as these must interface and mate with the masks of the other colors in the reproduction.
To prevent blurring of corners the cuts should extend just past the intersections.
c. Attaching the Film to the Screen.
(1) In all the larger open spaces from which the film has been stripped, cut a slit through the backing paper.
The purpose of this is to allow air to escape during the adhering operation.
(2) Place the silk screen frame in the hinges on the printing table. Secure the layout sheet to the table and
apply registration strips of the same thickness as the material that is to be imprinted. These strips should fit closely with
the aforementioned material. Bring down the screen so that the silk is in contact with the imprintable material and make
certain that the contact is good. If the contact is poor, build up the surface by using a piece of paper, or other material,
under the layout sheet. Replace the film for the first color, taking care to align the registration marks with those on the
layout sheet, and fasten the layout sheet with adhesive tape.
(3) Examine the stencil to make sure that no small pieces of film have been left in the cut portions.
(4) Obtain two pieces of soft cotton cloth, one large and one small. Do not use cheesecloth or similar cloths as
difficulty will be encountered in judging the amount of liquid applied. Roll up the large pieces in a loose ball and wet the
small piece with the adhering liquid. With the silkscreen frame resting on the first color film, dampen (do not soak) a small
portion of the screen by taking a single stroke and dry it immediately with the dry
6-19

TM 43-0139
cloth using a rubbing motion. When this has been done, adhesion will be instantaneous. Continue in the same manner
until the entire film has been adhered, wetting the small cloth as often as it is necessary. In adhering, always start from
one side of the screen and continue in the same direction to avoid wrinkles.
(5) When the entire film has been adhered, take a thin straightedge or ruler and slip it under the film to carefully
free the screen from the layout sheet while loosening the restraining adhesive tape. Remove the silk screen frame from
the hinges and lay it on the table with the film paper side up. Allow the film to dry about 10 minutes.
d. Removing the Backing Paper.
(1) Start in any one of the four corners and slowly peel off the backing paper. Peel the backing paper so that
one can, at all times, see the film in order to prevent tearing any portion of it that has not adhered. Should any portion of
the film not adhere properly, do not remove the backing paper, but turn the screen over again and wet and dry that portion
(as in paragraph c.(4) above) to obtain the proper adhesion.
(2) When the backing paper has been completely removed, if there are still some loose places, wet the cloth
with the adhering liquid and dampen the loose part from the under side of the frame. Pat the loose portion down from the
film side, thus completing the adhesion.
(3) Fill in the open silk bordering the film with lacquer.
e. Printing or Reproducing.
(1) If the original sketch is the exact size of the copy to be processed, the original registration strips applied
should suffice. If this is not the case, new registration strips should be set in place without disturbing or moving the layout
sheet.
(2) Place one of the pieces to be printed on the table, snugly against the registration strips, and lower the silk
screen.
(3) Place a small quantity of the first color of paint across the screen just above the design. Starting just above
the paint, pull the squeegee across the screen while making certain to apply firm and even pressure across the ,width of
the squeegee (see figure 6-9).
(4) Lift the screen, remove the printed piece, and place it on a drying rack, as illustrated in figure 6-10. To
continue the process, insert an unpainted piece, lower the screen, and squeegee in the opposite direction.
(5) When the first color has been applied to all of the pieces that are to be printed, the film or mast must be
removed from the silk and replaced with the film that was cut for the second color.
f. Removing Film from the Silk.

WARNING
Avoid skin contact with lacquer thinner. It can cause a skin rash.
WARNING
Lacquer thinner is highly flammable. Keep away from flames and sparks.
6-20

TM 43-0139
Lay a sheet of smooth wrapping paper on a flat table, placing the silk screen frame on top with the film side down. Soak a
cloth with lacquer thinner and wipe over the film portions of the screen while keeping the rag well saturated. After the
lacquer has softened, pull the paper and the attached film away from the silk screen. Use several clean cloths to
alternately wash the old lacquer from the silk screen. Dry the silk with a soft cloth.
g. Facts Pertinent to the Silk Screen Printing Process.
(1) When a job is to be repeated at frequent intervals, the silkscreen frames, with cut film applied, may be
stored for future use.
(2) In the handling and storage of silk screen frames, care must be exercised to avoid stretching or puncturing
the silk.
(3) , an average of 5,000 to 10,000 impressions may be made before the silk wears out.
(4) Experience will indicate the proper consistency at which the paint should be applied. Because solvent
continually evaporates, it is customary to have the replenishing paint slightly thinner than the first portion put into the
screen. This procedure brings the consistency of the paint back to that desired immediately after replenishment.
(5) There are various types of space-saving drying racks employed in silk screening. Figure 6-10 illustrates a
typical unit.

Figure 6-10. Drying Rack
6-21/(6-22 blank)

TM 43-0139
APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
AMC-P-750-9
AR 40-5
AR 200-1
AR 200-2
AR 381-143
AR 385-30
AR 385-63
AR 420-47
AR 708-1
AR 750-1
AR 750-4
AR 840-10
ASTM D846
CFR 1910
DOD-P-15328D
DODI 4145.19-R.1
DOT AC 70/7460-1
FAA TSO C26

Fed Std 595
FM 5-20
FM 55-30
MIL-A-8625
MIL-C-450
MIL-C-5541
MIL-C-8514
MIL-C-10578
MIL-C-22750
MIL-C-46168
MIL-C-53039
MIL-C-53072
MIL-C-85570
MIL-D-16791
Mll-D-23003
MIL-E-7125
MIL-F-14072
MIL-L-11195
MIL-L-12277
MIL-L-46159
MIL-L-52043

Maintenance of Supplies and Equipment
Preventive Medicine
Environmental Protection and Enhancement
Environmental Effects of Army Actions
(C) Logistic Policies and Procedures, (U)
Safety Color Code Markings and Signs
Policies and procedures for Firing Ammunition for Training, Target Practice and
Combat
Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
Cataloging and Supply Management Data
Maintenance of Supplies and Equipment, Army Materiel Maintenance Policies
Maintenance of Supplies and Equipment-Depot Materiel Maintenance and
Support/Training Activities
Flags, Guides, Streamers, Tabards, and Automobile and Aircraft Plates
Xylene, Standard Specification for Ten Degree
OSHA Safety and Health Standards
Primer (Wash), Pretreatment (Formula No. 117 for Metals) (Metric)
Hazardous Materials Handling and Storage Criteria
Obstruction, Marking and Lighting
Aircraft Wheels and Brakes
Federal Specification L-S-300
Sheeting and Tape, Reflective: Nonexposed Lens, Adhesive Backing
Colors
Camouflage
Army Motor Transport Units and Operations
Anodic Coatings, for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Coating-Compound, Bituminous Solvent Type, Black (for Ammunition)
Chemical Conversion Coatings on Aluminum Alloys
Coating Compound, Metal Pretreatment, Resin-Acid
Corrosion Removing and Metal Conditioning Compound (Phosphoric Acid
Base)
Coating, Epoxy Polyamide
Coating, Aliphatic Polyurethane, Chemical Agent Resistant
Coating, Aliphatic Polyurethane, Single Component, Chemical Agent Resistant
Chemical Agent Resistant Coating (CARC) System Application Procedures
and Quality Control Inspection
Cleaning Compound, Aircraft, Exterior
Detergent, General Purpose (Liquid, Nonionic)
Deck Covering Compound, Nonslip, Lightweight
Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Acetate, Technical
Finishes for Ground Electronic Equipment
Lacquer, Lusterless, Hot Spray
Lacquer, Automotive, Hot Spray
Lacquer, Acrylic, Low Reflective, Olive Drab
Lacquer, Semigloss, Cellulose Nitrate
A-1

TM 43-0139
MIL-M-3171
MIL-M-13231 (ER)
MIL-M-43719
MIL-N-15178
MIL-P-11414
MIL-P-14105
MIL-P-14458
MIL-P-14631
MIL-P-15931
MIL-P-22636
MIL-P-23377
MIL-P-24411
MIL-P-52905
MIL-P-53022
MIL-P-53030
MIL-P-53032
MIL-P-53044
MIL-P-85582
MIL-R-81294
MIL-S-5002
MIL-S-11030
MIL-S-11031
MIL-STD-171
MIL-STD-186
MIL-STD-193
MIL-STD-194
MIL-STD-642
MIL-STD-709
MIL-STD-1201
MIL-STD-1247
MIL-STD-1473
MIL-T-704
MIL-T-6095
MIL-T-19544
MIL-T-81772
MIL-V-173
MIL-W-5044
MIL-W-13518
NFPA Article 70
O-E-760

Magnesium Alloy, Processes for Pretreatment and Prevention of Corrosion On
Marking of Electronic Items
Marking Materials and Markers, Adhesive, Elastomeric, Pigmented Legends
Solvent, Naphtha
Primer Coating, Lacquer, Rust Inhibiting
Paint, Heat Resisting (for Steel Surfaces)
Paint, Rubber, Red Fuming Nitric Acid Resistant
Plate, Automobile, Distinguishing, General Office
Paint, Antifouling, Vinyl (Formulas No. 121 and No. 129)
Primer Coating, for Red Fuming Nitric Acid Resistant Paint
Primer Coating, Epoxy Polyamide, Chemical and Solvent Resistant
Paint, Epoxy Polyamide, General Specification for
Paint, Arctic Camouflage, Removable
Primer, Epoxy Coating, Corrosion Inhibiting, Lead and Chromate Free
Primer Coating, Epoxy, Water Reducible, Lead and Chromate Free
Primer Coating, Water Reducible, Epoxy Ester-Latex Type, Lead and
Chromate Free
Painting and Marking Freight and Maintenance Cars, Railway Motive Power
and Work Equipment
Primer Coating: Epoxy, VOC Compliant, Chemical and Solvent Resistant
Remover, Paint, Epoxy, Polysulfide and Polyurethane Systems
Surface Treatments and Inorganic Coatings for Metal Surfaces of Weapons
Systems
Sealing Compound, Non-Curing, Polysulfide Base
Sealing Compound, Adhesive, Curing, Polysulfide Base
Finishing of Metal and Wood Surfaces
Protective Finishing for Army Missile Weapon Systems
Paint Procedures and Marking for Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and
Material Handling Equipment
System for Painting and Finishing Fire-Control Material
Identification Marking of Combat and Tactical Transport Vehicles
Ammunition Color Coding
Alcohol, Denatured and Ethyl, Technical
Marking Functions and Hazard Designation of Hose, Pipe and Tube Lines for
Aircraft, Missiles and Space Systems
Standard General Requirements for Color and Marking of Army Materiel
Treatment and Painting of Materiel
Thinner, Cellulose-Nitrate-Dope, Blush Retarding
Thinner, Aircraft Lacquer
Thinner, Aircraft Coating
Varnish, Moisture and Fungus Resistant for Treatment of Communications,
Electronic, and Assorted Equipment
Walkway Compound, Nonslip and Walkway Matting, Nonslip
Wood Preservative, Tetrachlorophenol and Pentachlorophenol, Surface
Sealing Compound
The National Electric Code
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol), Danatured Alcohol, Proprietary Solvents, and Special
Industrial Solvents
Change 3 A-2

TM 43-0139
Quadripartite
Standardization
Agreement 248
SSPC-SP5-85
SSPC-SP6-85
SSPC-SP10-85
TB MED 502
TB MED 514
TB 43-0118
TB 43-0144
TB 43-0147
TB 43-0166
TB 43-0209
TB 43-0213
TB 746-95-1
TB 750-10
TG 141
TM 5-200
TM 9-1425-601-14
TM 9-1425-2585-14

TM 9-1430-588-20-1
TM 55-1500-204-25/1
TM 55-1500-345-23
TT-C-490
TT-C-520
TT-E-485
TT-E-489
TT-E-522
TT-E-527
TT-E-529
TT-L-215
TT-P-28
TT-P-98
TT-P-636
TT-P-645
TT-P-664
TT-P-1757

Identification of Medical Materiel to Meet Urgent Needs

Steel Structures Printing Council Manual, Volume 2, White Metal Blast Cleaning
Steel Structures Printing Council Manual, Volume 2, Commercial Blast Cleaning
Steel Structures Printing Council Manual, Volume 2, Near-White Blast Cleaning
Occupational and Environmental Health Respiratory Protection Program
Occupational and Environmental Guidance for Painting Operations
Field Instruction for Painting and Preserving Electronics Command Equipment
Painting of Vessels
Color, Marking and Camouflage Patterns Used on Military Equipment
Color, Marking, and Camouflage Pattern Painting of Improved HAWK
Guided Missile System Ground Support System
Color and Marking of Military Vehicles, Construction Equipment and
Materials Handling Equipment
Corrosion Prevention and Control
Color, Marking, and Camouflage Pattern Painting for Armament
Command Equipment
Painting, Replating and Preserving Instructions for Communications
Security Equipment
Industrial Hygiene Sampling Instructions
Camouflage Materials
Color, Marking, and Camouflage Pattern Painting of PATRIOT Air
Defense Guided Missile System Ground Support Equipment
M48A2: General Maintenance Manual for M48A2: General Maintenance;
Service Upon Receipt: Shipping and Storage and Demolition to Prevent
Enemy Use, CHAPARRAL Air Defense Guided Missile System
Radar Set AN/MPQ-49, Forward Area Alerting Radar System
General Aircraft Maintenance Manual
Painting and Marking of Army Aircraft
Cleaning Method and Pretreatment of Ferrous Surfaces for Organic
Coatings
Coating Compound, Bituminous, Solvent Type, Underbody (for Motor
Vehicles)
Enamel, Semigloss, Rust Inhibiting
Enamel, Alkyd, Gloss (for Exterior and Interior Surfaces)
Enamel, Phenolic, Outside
Enamel, Alkyd, Lusterless
Enamel, Alkyd, Semigloss
Linseed Oil, Raw (for Use in Organic Coatings)
Paint, Aluminum Heat Resisting (1200 Degrees F.)
Paint, Stencil, Flat
Primer Coating, Alkyd, Wood and Ferrous Metal
Primer, Paint, Zinc Chromate, Alkyd Type
Primer, Coating, Synthetic, Rust Inhibiting, Lacquer Resisting
Primer Coating, Zinc Chromate, Low Moisture Sensitivity
A-3

TM 43-0139
TT-R-251
TT-S-300
TT-S-720
TT-T-291
TT-T-306
TT-T-548
TT-T-801
TT-V-51
TT-V-121
TT-W-571
TT-X-916
US/GE Standard
USAEHA Water Quality
Information Paper
No. 13

Remover, Paint and Varnish
Shellac, Cut
Stain (Wood, Nongrain Raising, Solvent-Dye Type)
Thinner, Paint, Mineral Spirits, Regular and Odorless
Thinner, Synthetic Resin, Enamels
Toluene, Technical
Turpentine, Gum Spirits, Steam Distilled, Sulphate Wood, and
Destructively Distilled
Varnish, Asphalt
Varnish, Spar, Water Resisting
Wood Preservation, Treating Practices
Xylene, Technical
Camouflage Pattern Painting

Pretreatment Regulations

A-4

TM 43-0139
APPENDIX B
NSN TABLES

B-1. SCOPE
This appendix contains tables of NSN's for various colors and sizes of coatings. It does not cover all coatings; however,
most Chemical Agent Resistant Coatings (CARC) are covered. Also covered are some primers, Primer (Wash)
Pretreatment DOD-P-15328, and Thinner MIL-T-81772. Table shows what each table covers.

Table B-1. NSN Tables
Table Number
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
B-6
B-7
B-8
B-9
B-10
B-11

Title
Coating, Aliphatic Polyurethane, CARC, MIL-C-46168, Type II
Coating, Aliphatic Polyurethane, CARC, MIL-C-46168, Type IV
Coatings, Aliphatic Ployurethane, CARC, MIL-C53039
Epoxy Coating (Interior), MIL-C-22750
Non-CARC Coatings (MIL-C-83286, MIL-P-14105, MIL-P-52905)
Primers (MIL-P-23377, MIL-P-53022, MIL-P-53030, MIL-P-85582)
Primer (Wash) Pretreatment (Formula No. 117 for Metals) Metric, DOD-P-15328
Remover, Paint, Epoxy, Polysulfide and Polyurethane Systems, MIL-R-81294
Thinner, MIL-T-81772
Miscellaneous

Change 3 B-1

TM 43-0139

Table B-2. Coating, Aliphatic Polyurethane, Chemical Agent Resistant (CARC)
2-Component (Topcoat) MIL-C-46168 Type II (Cont'd)

COLOR
Green 383*
Green 383*
Green 383*
Green 383*
Brown 383*
Brown 383*
Brown 383*
Brown 383*
Dark Green
Dark Green
Dark Green
Dark Green
Field Drab
Field Drab
Field Drab
Field Drab
Earth Yellow
Earth Yellow
Earth Yellow
Earth Yellow
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Black*
Black*
Black*
Black*
Aircraft Green
Aircraft Green
Aircraft Green
Aircraft Green
Olive Drab
Olive Drab
Olive Drab
Aircraft Gray
Aircraft Gray
Aircraft Gray
Aircraft White

COLOR
NUMBER
34094
34094
34094
34094
30051
30051
30051
30051
34082
34082
34082
34082
33105
33105
33105
33105
33245
33245
33245
33245
33303
33303
33303
33303
37030
37030
37030
37030
34031
34031
34031
34031
34088
34088
34088
36300
36300
36300
37875

NSN
8010-01-160-6741
8010-01-162-5578
8010-01-160-6742
8010-01-160-6743**
8010-01-160-6744
8010-01-160-6745
8010-01-160-6746
8010-01-160-6747**
8010-01-141-2412
8010-01-130-3343
8010-01-131-0611
8010-01-132-2977**
8010-01-141-2414
8010-01-130-3345
8010-01-148-3662
8010-01-127-8911**
8010-01-141-2415
8010-01-130-3346
8010-01-131-0612
8010-01-133-1986**
8010-01-141-2416
8010-01-130-3347
8010-01-131-6259
8010-01-141-2419
8010-01-131-6254
8010-01-131-6261
8010-01-141-2420
8010-01-131-6255
8010-01-131-6262
8010-01-146-2650
8010-01-055-2319
8010-01-144-9875
8010-01-144-9882
8010-01-127-8908
8010-01-144-9876
8010-01-144-9883

Change 3 B-2

SIZE
1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
55 Gal Drum
1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
55 Gal Drum
1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
55 Gal Drum
1 1/4 Qt Kit
2 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
55 Gal Drum
1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
55 Gal Drum
1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
55 Gal Drum
1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
55 Gal Drum
1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
55 Gal Drum
1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
1 1/4 Qt Kit

TM 43-0139

Table B-2. Coating, Aliphatic Polyurethane, Chemical Agent Resistant (CARC)
2-Component (Topcoat) MIL-C-46168 Type II (Cont'd)

COLOR
Aircraft White
Aircraft White
Aircraft Red
Aircraft Red
Aircraft Red
Aircraft Black
Aircraft Black
Aircraft Black
Interior Aircraft
Black (w/Glass
Beads)
Interior Aircraft
Black (w/Glass
Beads)
Interior Aircraft
Black (w/Glass
Beads)
Insignia Blue
Insignia Blue
Insignia Blue
Interior Aircraft Gray
Interior Aircraft Gray
Interior Aircraft Gray
Aircraft Yellow
Aircraft Yellow
Aircraft Yellow
Dark Sandstone
Dark Sandstone
Dark Sandstone
Tan
Tan
Tan

COLOR
NUMBER
37875
37875
31136
31136
31136
37038
37038
37038

NSN
8010-01-144-9872
8010-01-144-9877
8010-01-144-9884
8010-01-144-9873
8010-01-144-9878
8010-01-144-9885
8010-01-146-2646
8010-01-144-9879

1
5
1
1
5
1
1
5

37031

8010-01-144-9886

1 1/4 Qt Kit

37031

8010-01-146-2647

1 1/4 Gal Kit

37031
35044
35044
35044
36231
36321
36231
33538
33538
33538
33510
33510
33510
33446
33446
33446

8010-01-146-4376
8010-01-144-9887
8010-01-146-2648
8010-01-144-9880
8010-01-170-7583
8010-01-146-2649
8010-01-170-0132
8010-01-247-8885
8010-01-235-8059
8010-01-235-5079
8010-01-260-7480
8010-01-160-7479
8010-01-260-7478
8010-01-260-0910
8010-01-260-0909
8010-01-260-0908

5
1
1
5
1
1
5
1
1
5
1
1
5
1
1
5

SIZE
1/4 Gal Kit
Gal Kit
1/4 Qt Kit
1/4 Gal Kit
Gal Kit
1/4 Qt Kit
1/4 Gal Kit
Gal Kit

Gal Kit
1/4 Qt Kit
1/4 Gal Kit
Gal Kit
1/4 Qt Kt
1/4 Gal Kit
Gal Kit
1/4 Qt Kit
1/4 Gal Kit
Gal Kit
1/4 Qt Kit
1/4 Gal Kit
Gal Kit
1/4 Qt Kit
1/4 Gal Kit
Gal Kit

*Color for 3-color camouflage system
**This NSN for Component A only; Component B for all 55 Gal Drum Sizes has NSN 8010-01-132-0205. If four 55 Gal
Drums of Component A are ordered, one 55 Gal Drum of Component B will also be shipped. (MIL-C-46168 is mixed 4
parts Component A with 1 part Component B.)

B-3

TM 43-0139

Table B-3. Coating, Aliphatic Polyurethane, Chemical Agent Resistant (CARC)
2-Component (Topcoat) MIL-C-46168 Type IV

COLOR
Green 383*
Green 383*
Green 383*
Brown 383*
Brown 383*
Brown 383*
Field Drab
Field Drab
Field Drab
Sand
Sand
Sand
Black*
Black*
Black*
Tan 686
Tan 686
Tan 686

COLOR
NUMBER
34094
34094
34094
30051
30051
33105
33105
33105
33105
33303
33303
33303
37030
37030
37030
33446
33446
33446

NSN
8010-01-260-7481
8010-01-260-0911
8010-01-260-0912
8010-01-260-7482
8010-01-260-0916
8010-01-260-0917
8010-01-260-0918
8010-01-260-0919
8010-01-260-0920
8010-01-260-0921
8010-01-260-0922
8010-01-260-7483
8010-01-260-0913
8010-01-260-0914
8010-01-260-0915
8010-01-306-9680
8010-01-306-9681
8010-01-306-9682

*Color for 3-color camouflage system

Change 3 B-4

SIZE
1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit
Qt Kit
5 Gal Kit

TM 43-0139

Table B-4. Coating, Aliphatic Polyurethane, Chemical Agent Resistant (CARC)
Single Component (Topcoat) MIL-C-53039

COLOR
Green 383*
Green 383*
Green 383*
Green 383*
Brown 383*
Brown 383*
Brown 383*
Brown 383*
Black*
Black*
Black*
Black*
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Aircraft Green
Aircraft Green
Aircraft Green
Aircraft Green
Tan 686
Tan 686
Tan 686
Tan 686
Aircraft Red
Aircraft Black

COLOR
NUMBER
34094
34094
34094
34094
30051
30051
30051
33051
37030
37030
37030
37030
33303
33303
33303
33303
34031
34031
34031
34031
33446
33446
33446
33446
31136
37038

NSN
8010-01-229-7546
8010-01-229-9561
8010-01-229-7547
8010-01-232-8514
8010-01-229-7543
8010-01-229-7544
8010-01-229-7545
8010-01-233-0600
8010-01-229-7540
8010-01-229-7541
8010-01-229-7542
8010-01-233-1568
8010-01-234-2934
8010-01-234-2935
8010-01-234-2936
8010-01-246-0717
8010-01-246-0718
8010-01-246-0719
8010-01-246-0255
8010-01-276-3638
8010-01-276-3639
8010-01-276-3640
8010-01-276-3641
8010-01-254-5850
8010-01-254-8444

*Color for 3-color camouflage system

Change 3 B-5

SIZE
1 Qt Can
1 Gal Can
5 Gal Can
55 Gal Drum
1 Qt Can
1 Gal Can
5 Gal Can
55 Gal Drum
1 Qt Can
1 Gal Can
5 Gal Can
55 Gal Drum
1 Qt Can
1 Gal Can
5 Gal Can
55 Gal Drum
1 Qt Can
1 Gal Can
5 Gal Can
55 Gal Drum
Qt
Gal
5 Gal
55 Gal
Gal
Gal

TM 43-0139

Table B-5. Epoxy Coating (Interior) MIL-C-22750

COLOR
Gray
Gray
Gray, Lt
Gray, Lt.
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gull Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Gray
Orange-Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
White
White
White
White
White
Insignia Blue
Insignia Blue
Blue
Blue
Blue
Maroon
Insignia Red
Red
Orange-Red
International
Orange
International
Orange
Olive Drab
Olive Drab
Olive Drab
Olive Drab
Clear
Aluminum

COLOR
NUMBER
16473
36099
36495
36495
36320
36320
36375
36375
16440
36440
36231
26492
26492
26622
26081
16081
36231
36231
13538
13538
23538
13538
17925
17925
17925
27875
17925
15044
35044
35237
35237
35299
10049
11136
31302
12199
12197

NSN
8010-01-350-2072
8010-01-350-6253
8010-01-314-6066
8010-01-314-6067
8010-01-316-3034
8010-01-316-3035
8010-01-117-7689
8010-01-316-3039
8010-01-313-8119
8010-01-316-3043
8010-01-316-2551
8010-01-350-2679
8010-01-350-2679

8010-01-350-4729
8010-01-053-2649
8010-01-350-6255
8010-01-350-5241
8010-01-313-7288

SIZE
2 Qt Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Gal Kit
1 Gal Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Gal Kit
10 Gal Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Qt Kit

12197

8010-00-948-6733

2 Gal Kit

34088
24084
24084
34088
Full Gloss
Full Gloss

8010-01-350-2070
8010-01-350-5240
8010-01-350-5240
8010-01-350-2070
8010-01-313-8702

2
2
2
2
1
1

8010-01-350-2074
8010-01-350-2071
8010-01-316-2550
8010-01-316-2550
8010-01-313-7292
8010-00-148-3166*
8010-01-350-4735
8010-01-313-8110
8010-01-313-8700
8010-01-313-8700
8010-00-082-2439
8010-01-350-4733
8010-01-314-4497
8010-01-314-2524
8010-01-350-4732
8010-01-118-9981
8010-01-314-4704

*Not Listed on AMDF; must be specially ordered.

Change 3 B-6

Gal Kit
Gal Kit
Gal Kit
Gal Kit
Qt Kit
Pt Kit

TM 43-0139

Table B-5. Epoxy Coating (Interior) MIL-C-22750 (Cont'd)
COLOR
NUMBER
37038
37038
14062
24052
14187
24533
24533
24533

COLOR
Black
Black
Dark Green
Green
U Green
Seafoam Green
Seafoam Green
Seafoam Green

NSN
8010-01-314-6071
8010-01-314-6072
8010-01-350-4730
8010-01-350-2678
8010-01-313-7293
8010-01-211-9645
8010-01-212-1710
8010-01-314-2528

SIZE
2 Qt Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Gal Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Qt Kit
2 Gal Kit
10 Gal Kit

*Not listed on AMDF; must be specially ordered.

Table B-6. Non-CARC Coatings
COLOR
COATING
Coating, Urethane,
Aliphatic Isocynate
For
Aerospace
Applications
(Contains Lead)

MILSPEC
MIL-C-83286
MIL-C-83286

COLOR
Yellow
Yellow

NUMBER
34079
13538

NSN
8010-00-181-8297
8010-00-181-8292

SIZE
2 Qt Kit
2 Gal Kit

MIL-C-83286

Yellow

33538

8010-00-181-8302

2 Qt Kit

MIL-C-83286

Yellow

33538

8010-00-181-8300

2 Gal Kit

Paint, Heat
Resistant (For
Use on Surfaces
Exceeding
400°F (204°C)
MIL-P-14105
MIL-P-14105
MIL-P-14105
Paint, Arctic
Camouglage,
Removable (White)

MIL-P-14105

Green

34094

8010-01-235-2693

1 Qt Can

MIL-P-14105

Green

34094

8010-01-235-4164

1 Gal Can

MIL-P-14105
Brown
Black
Black
MIL-P-52905

Brown

30051
30051
37030
37030

8010-01-235-2694
8010-01-235-2695
8010-01-235-4165
8010-01-235-4166

1 Qt Can
1 Gal Can
1 Qt Can
1 Gal Can
1.Gal Can

White

Change 3 B-7

TM 43-0139

Table B-7. Primers
COLOR
PRIMER
Primer Coating,
Epoxy-Polyamine
Chemical and Solvent
Resistant (Contains
Chromate for use on
Non-ferrous
Surfaces)

MILSPEC

TYPE

MIL-P-23377

Primer, Epoxy
Coating (Corrosion
Inhibiting - For Use
Ferrous
and Non-ferrous Surfaces)

MIL-P-53022
MIL-P-53022
MIL-P-53022

Primer Coating,
Epoxy, Water
Reducible (For Use on
Ferrous and
Non-ferrous Surfaces)
Brown

MIL-P-53030

Primer Coating:
Epoxy, VOC Compliant
Chemical and Solvent
Resistant (Lead-Free,
Water Reducible

MIL-P-85582

COLOR

NUMBER

NSN

SIZE

Deep
Yellow
Deep
Yellow
Deep
Yellow
Yellow

8010-00-229-4813

1 Pt Kit

8010-00-142-9279

1 Qt Kit

8010-00-935-7080

2 Qt Kit

8010-00-082-2450

2 Gal Kit

Dark
Green
Deep
Yellow
White
White
White

34052

8010-01-048-6539
8010-00-082-2477

2 Gal Kit
10 Gal Kit

8010-01-193-0516
8010-01-193-0517
8010-01-187-9820

1 1/4 Qt Kit
1 1/4 Gal Kit
5 Gal Kit

Reddish
Brown
Reddish
Brown
Reddish

8010-01-193-0519

1 1/4 Qt Kit

8010-01-193-0520

1 1/4 Gal Kit

8010-01-193-0521

5 Gal Kit

Light
Green
Light
Green

8010-01-218-0856

1 Qt Kit

8010-01-218-7354

1 Gal Kit

Change 3 B-8

TM 43-0139

Table B-8. PRIMER (Wash) PRETREATMENT
(Formula No. 117 for Metals)
METRIC, DOD-P-15328
NSN
8030-00-850-7076
8030-00-281-2726
8030-00-165-8577

SIZE
1.25 Qt Kit
1gal kit
5 Gal Kit

TYPE
I
I
I
I

Table B-10. THINNER, MIL-T-81772
TYPE
l
(Polyurethane)
I
(Polyurethane)
I
(Polyurethane)
II
(Epoxy)
II
(Epoxy)
II
(Epoxy)

NSN

SIZE

8010-00-181-8080

1 Gal Can

8010-00-181-8079

5 Gal Can

8010-00-280-1751

55 Gal Drum

8010-01-200-2637

1 Gal Can

8010-01-212-1704

5 Gal Can

8010-01-168-0684

55 Gal Drum

Table B-11. MISCELLANEOUS
SIZE/
ITEM
TYPE
NSN
P/N
ViscosiVG-8202
meter,
No. 2
Cup

Table B-9. REMOVER, PAINT, EPOXY,
POLYSULFIDE AND POLYURETHANE
SYSTEMS, MIL-R-81294

CAGEC
96173

Change 3 B-9

NSN
8010-00-142-9273
8010-00-181-7568
8010-00-926-1488
8010-00-926-1489

SIZE
1 Pt
1 Gal
5 Gal
55 Gal Drum

TM 43-0139

Table B-12. WOOD SEALERS
TYPE
1 -Component
1 -Component
2-Component
2-Component

NSN
8010-01-327-6479
8010-01-327-6480
8010-01-327-5190
8010-01-327-5189

SIZE
5 Gallon
55 Gallon
10 Gallon
110 Gallon

Change 3 B-10

TM 43-0139
APPENDIX C
COLORS FOR ARMY MATERIEL
C-1. This appendix contains guidelines for colors used in painting Army materiel. Tables C-2 through C-9 cover the
various types of Army equipment. Refer to Table C-1 to find which table covers a given equipment type.
Table C-1. Color Tables.
Table Number
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
C-6
C-7
C-8
C-9

Equipment Type
Amphibians and Vessels
Army Aircraft and Surveillance Drones
Railroad Equipment
Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment
Missiles, Heavy Rockets, and Related Missile Ground Support Equipment
Communications-Electronic Equipment
Bridging Equipment
Other Equipment

Table C-2. Amphibians and Vessels

ITEM
NO

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

Mobile floating assault bridge
(MAB) transporter and
superstructure

Camouflage paint pattern using
MIL-C-46168 or MIL-C-53039
Aircraft white 37875 using
MIL-C-22750

Lighter, Air Cushion Vehicle
(LACV-30)

Not to be painted unless deemed
necessary by operating command.

Lighter, Amphibious
Resupply Cargo (LARC)
LX

Camouflage paint pattern
using MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039.

PLACEMENT

Exterior
Interior ferrous
components

Exterior

NOTE
Markings may be adhesivebacked markers or paint
conforming to color
requirements.
4.

Unit Identification

Lusterless Black 37030

Other

See TB 43-0144

C-1

See TB 43-0144

TM 43-0139
Table C-3. Army Aircraft and Surveillance Drones

ITEM
NO

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

Army aircraft andSee
surveillance drones

TM 55-1500-345-23 andSee
TM for specific aircraft

PLACEMENT

TM 55-1500-345-23 and
TM for specific aircraft

Table C-4. Railroad Equipment

ITEM
NO

EQUIPMENT

Locomotive, tenders, and
work equipment

Rolling stock

COLOR

PLACEMENT

Semigloss Black 27038

Exposed exterior surfaces

a. Freight passenger,
hospital, kitchen and
caboose cars

Gloss Olive Green

Exposed exterior surfaces

b. Gondola, hopper, and
tank cars

Gloss Black 17038

Exposed exterior surfaces

NOTE
Markings may be adhesive
backed markers or paint
conforming to color
requirements
3.

Agency identification, "US Army”

Gloss White 17875

On both sides of all
railroad equipment;
exception in theaters of
operation, do not apply to
freight cars and cabooses

Identification Numbers

Gloss White 17875

a. On both sides and each
end of all locomotives,
locomotive tender units,
work equipment, and roling
stock
b. On rolling stock, car
numbers will be prefixed
with letters "USA"
immediately to the left of or
above car number

C-2

TM 43-0139
Table C-4. Railroad Equipment-Continued

ITEM
NO

EQUIPMENT

Identification Numbers
(cont'd)

Army Medical Department
markings:

COLOR

PLACEMENT

Gloss White 17875

c. In CONUS, freight and
caboose cars acceptable
for interchange on
commercial railroads will
use the prefix "USAX" in
lieu of the above where
specifically authorized by
the Director of Supply,
USAMC. In such cases
the identification number
and "USAX" prefix also will
be marked on the ends of
the car.

a. Red Cross insignia

Gloss Red 11136 and Gloss
White 17875

On both sides and on the
roof of all kitchen,
baggage, ambulance ward,
and personnel cars
assigned Army Medical
Department. The insignia
applied to the side of the
cars will be located near
the end of the car.

b. "ARMY MEDICAL
DEPARTMENT"

Gloss White 17875

These words and type of
car will be marked on both
sides of Army Medical
Department car near the
center of the car. The type
of car also will be marked
in conjunction with
identification number of the
car.

c. Army Medical Department insignia (red caduceus
on a circular white field)

Gloss Red 11136 and Gloss
White 17875

On both sides of Army
Medical Department cars
near the center of the car.
Place on each side of or or
ad jacent to the words,
ArMY MEDICAL
DEPARTMENT", and type
of car marked as in b.
above.

C-3

TM 43-0139
Table C4. Railroad Equipment-Continued

ITEM
NO

EQUIPMENT

Safety markings (CONUS
only)

COLOR

Gloss Yellow 13538 or
reflective yellow adhesive
backed marker conforming
to Federal Specification LS-300, color j.

PLACEMENT

A stripe will be marked
across each side and
across each and of all
locomotive tender units.
Access steps to
locomotive and locomotive
tenders also will be
painted.

NOTE
All colors and markings for
railroad equipment to conform to MIL-P-53044.

Table C-5.

ITEM
NO

Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment

EQUIPMENT

Vehicles, construction
equipment, and materials
handling equipment from
new production, depot
reconditioning, or depot
stocks; exceptions listed
below.

Firefighting vehicles auxiliary vehicles assigned exclusively for firefighting or
protection against fires,
and air field crash rescue
vehicles

COLOR

PLACEMENT

Three-color camouflage pattern using MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039

Exterior surface unless
otherwise directed

Lusterless Green 383

Interior surfaces unless
otherwise directed

Walkway Compound (MIL-W-5044)

Under topcoat over walking areas (catwalks,
walkways, platforms, cabs,
fenders, frames, guards,
foot-operated controls,
mounting steps, ladders,
top bumpers, slope and
deck plates, turret floors,
crew compartments,
ramps, van floors, etc.),
and interior surfaces

Gloss Red 11136 or Gloss
Yellow 13670 when in nontactical use; in hot
climates, Gloss White
17875 may be used.

Exterior and interior
surfaces

C-4

TM 43-0139
Table C-5. Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment-Continued

ITEM
NO

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

PLACEMENT

Repair and utility vehicles
including attachments used
for highway construction
or maintenance (excluding
construction equipment
assigned to tactical units)

Gloss Yellow 13538

Exterior and interior
surfaces

a. Materials handling
equipment, including aircraft towing, and fuel and
oil dispensing vehicles used
in nontactical areas

Gloss Yellow 13538
surfaces

Exterior and interior

b. Materials handling
equipment, including fuel
and oil dispensing equipment used in tactical areas

Three-color camouflage pattern using MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039

Exterior surfaces

Lusterless Green 383

Interior surfaces

Garbage and refuse collection trucks in nontactical
areas

Gloss White 17875 and
Gloss Black 17038

Exterior and interior surfaces; top of hood handles,
and control levers, and
stepping areas of running
board. Stepping area may
be covered with black nonslip walkway compound
MIL-W-5044, type IV.

Commercial design vehicles
in administrative use
(Bodies on vehicles need
not be painted if constructed of aluminum,
stainless steel or other corrosive resistant material,
and when ordinarily not
painted in common commercial practice)

Gloss Green 14050 except
where otherwise provided
for special type vehicles
assigned to special use. In
tactical use, colors will conform to 3-color camouflage
pattern using MIL-C-46168
or MIL-C-53039.

Exterior and interior
surfaces

C-5

TM 43-0139
Table C-5. Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment-Continued

ITEM
NO

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

PLACEMENT

Vehicles and equipment
used in connection with approved research and
development test projects

Any color deemed appropriate by the head of
the responsible activity

Exterior and interior
surfaces

Calibration vehicles in
CONUS
tactical environment,
3-color camouflage pattern
using MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039. Otherwise,
solar heat-reflecting
Semigloss Olive Drab
Enamel 24087 or Gloss
White 17875 conforming to
MIL-E-46136.

In overseas commands
where vehicles may be in

Exterior surfaces

Semigloss Green 24533

Walls, ceiling, doors, fittings, and mounted
equipment
Floors
Applicable exterior surfaces, upon authorization
by the theater commander

Refrigerator vans in nontactical use in hot climates;
water tank vehicles in nontactical use in hot climates;
van type vehicles in nontactical use in hot climates
assigned to centers or
schools for the purpose of
training personnel in the
operation of equipment installed therein; van type
vehicles and shelters in
non-tactical use in hot
climates in which installed
equipment would be
adversely affected, or personnel would not be able to
accomplish assigned
technical functions due to
excessive heat from solar
radiation.

10.

a. Tracked combat
vehicles and special purpose armored hull-type
vehicles. Exceptions: b and
c below

Lusterless Gray 36118
Gloss White 17875 or solar
heat-reflecting Semigloss
Olive Drab Enamel 24087
conforming to MILE-46136 or solar heatreflecting Lusterless Olive
Drab Enamel conforming
to MIL-E-46117

Three-color camouflage pattern using MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039.

C-6

Exterior and surfaces
which become exterior surfaces during use(i.e. doors,
hatches)

TM 43-0139
Table C-5. Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment-Continued

ITEM
NO

EQUIPMENT

PLACEMENT

White conforming to MILC-22750

Interior

Walkway Compound MILW-5044, Type IV

Walkways, floors, ramps

Three-color camouflage pattern using MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039

Exterior surfaces and surfaces (hatches, ramps,etc.)
which become exterior
surfaces during operational
use

Seafoam Green (Color
24533) Epoxy MIL-C-22750

Interior surfaces

Walkway compound MILW-5044

Floors (under MIL-C-22750
topcoat)

c. Vehicles and construction equipment in nontactical use, in Army units not
subject to the Army
camouflage policy, not
already camouflaged with
three color MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039 and not identified in items 2, 3, 4a, 4b,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, and
16

Lusterless Green 383,
34094, MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039

Exterior and interior surfaces unless otherwise
directed

Interior surfaces of van
type bodies equipped with
interior lighting in which
personnel are required to
perform certain detail
operations

Seafoam Green Epoxy
MIL-C-22750, color 24533

Interior surfaces

Walkway Compound MILW-5044

Floors, under MIL-C-22750
topcoat

b. Ml113 personnel carrier
family of vehicles, and the
M2 and M3 Bradley
Fighting vehicles

11.

COLOR

12.

Commercial design vehicles
assigned to Armed Forces
Policy Units

Gloss Black 17038
surfaces

Exterior and interior

13.

Commercial design vehicles
used for military police
traffic accident prevention

Gloss White 17875 when
deemed necessary by the
responsible commander

Exterior and interior
surfaces

C-7

TM 43-0139
Table C-5. Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment-Continued

ITEM
NO

14.

EQUIPMENT

Vehicles used for intelligence, criminal investigation, and similar
purposes, requiring concealment of the true identity of the activity involved

COLOR

Painted and marked as
deemed appropriate by the
responsible commander

15.

Ground support equipment
in Army units subject to
the Army camouflage
policy

3-color camouflage pattern
using MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039

16.

Ambulances in tactical use

3-color camouflage pattern
using MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039
Seafoam Green, MILC-22750, color 24533

17.

National symbol (5-pointed
star)

PLACEMENT

Exterior and interior
surfaces

NOTE
Proper identification of
such vehicles will be
marked in an
inconspicuous location
as prescribed in applicable technical
publications and AR 381143.
Exterior surfaces

Exterior surfaces, and surfaces (doors, etc.) which
become exterior surfaces
during operational use
Interior surfaces

Lusterless Black 37030,
MIL-C-46168 or MILC-53039

Interior of cab when vehicle is commercial design
procured with standard color options

Star will be a size to fit into
a 3" diameter circle in
Lusterless Black 37030,
MIL-C-46168 or MILC-53039

Star will be applied at time
of manufacture or by
depots only when material
is specifically designated
for issue to US Army units.

C-8

TM 43-0139
Table C-5. Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment-Continued

ITEM
NO

18.

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

PLACEMENT

a. Tactical and combat
front
vehicles and related equipment, including support
and special purpose
vehicles in CONUS and
overseas

Lusterless Black 37030,

One each, centered on

MIL-C-46168 or MILC-53039

and rear, on any suitable
vertical or near vertical
surface such as bumper or
tailgate, where it will not
be obscured by canvas
items, gasoline cans,
pioneer tools or other objects. Normally, stars will
not be applied to ambulances or other medical
dedicated vehicles, or to
ground support equipment
at Army airfields in
CONUS.

b. Mounted equipment

Lusterless Black 37030,
MIL-C-46168 or MILC-53039

Wherever there is suitable
surface on the vehicle

Unit identification (abbreviations representing
the complete identification
of the unit to which the
vehicle or equipment is
assigned). Specific abbreviations to be used, and
methods of application are
prescribed in TB 43-0209.
(See c and d of note at end
of this item.)

Lusterless Black 37030,
MIL-C-46168 or MILC-53039

a. Markings will be in
uniform Gothic style letters, the numerals to be
thelargest size practical for
use in available space, but
not to exceed 4 inches in
height.
b. Normally markings will
appear on both front and
rear of each item of equipment; usually on the
bumpers when so
equipped.
Where a more suitable
surface is available, such
surface may be used
provided
the location is not in conflict with the location of
other prescribed markings.
Where a suitable surface is
not available on the front
or rear of equipment, use
an appropriate location on
the sides of the item.

C-9

TM 43-0139
Table C-5. Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment-Continued

ITEM
NO

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

PLACEMENT

c. Markings will be applied to vehicles and equipment by the organization
to which material is assigned. Such markings will be
maintained on vehicles and
equipment at all times, but
will be removed when the
item is permanently
transferred from the
operating unit.
d. When directed by the
responsible Commander
for security
purposes, the first
two categories of markings
(see a and b of footnote
below) will be thoroughly
removed from all vehicles
and equipment being shipped with units from
CONUS to overseas commands. To insure effective
removal, the original
figures must be physically
erased rather than painted
over.

NOTE
Unit Identification markings are divided into four elements arranged from left to right, as follows:
a. Major command, organization, or activity. The major headquarters having jurisdiction over the vehicle or
equipment, normally not lower than a division, brigade, group, or major subordinate command.
b. Intermediate organization or activity. The next lower headquarters having jurisdiction over the vehicle or
equipment, normally the headquarters above the unit to which the vehicle or equipment is assigned. This includes
regiments, separate battalions, installations, and separate companies or detachments not assigned to an intermediate
headquarters.
c. Unit or activity. The lowest unit or activity to which the vehicle is assigned, normally a company type unit. This
space may be used to identify the type of separate company or detachment already identified above.
d. Vehicle or equipment number. The sequence number of the vehicle or equipment in the normal order of march
within the unit to which it is assigned.

C-10

TM 43-0139
Table C-5. Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment-Continued

ITEM
NO

19.

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

PLACEMENT

* Agency identification and
registration number:
a. Vehicles and construction
equipment

Colors specified on
3-color camouflage
drawings, but
constrasting with color
patch painted over.

Exterior surfaces

b. Agency identification;
e.g., "US ARMY", will be
painted on those vehicles,
construction equipment
and materials handling
equipment in nontactical use,
in Army units not subject
to the Army camouflage
policy, and vehicles
and equipment as identified
in items 2, 3, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10c, 12, and 13

Lusterless Black 37030,
MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039
practical for use in available
space, but not to exceed
4 inches in height. Normally
agency identification will
appear on both sides of each
item of equipment.

Marking will be in uniform
Gothic style letters, the
letters to be the largest
size

c. Registration number
assigned in accordance with
AR 708-1 will be carried
by those vehicles construction
equipment, and materials
handling equipment which
they carry agency identification
marking (e.g., US ARMY), in
accordance with criteria set
forth in b above.

Lusterless Black 37030,
MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039

Exterior: Both sides an rear
in uniform Gothic letters,
no larger than 4 inches
high.

d. Mounted equipment
MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039

Lusterless Black 37030,
necessary.

May be applied when

* The identification and registration number shall be placed on any appropriate interior area which is visible from
outside a locked or secured item.
Change 1 C-11

TM 43-0139
Table C-5. Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment-Continued

ITEM
NO

20.

21.

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

PLACEMENT

General officer vehicle
identification
a. Plate

Gloss enamel, color in accordance with AR 840-10
and MIL-P-14631

b. Flag

See AR 840-10

Weight classification for
bridge crossing

Black numerals on a yellow
circular background 9
inches in diameter. When
towing another vehicle, the
weight classification
number of the combination
will be shown with the letter "C" in red above the
number.

a. All vehicles with a
gross weight of over 3 tons;
all trailers with a rated
payload of 1-1/2 tons and
over

On vehicles painted MILC-46168 or MIL-C-53039
lusterless colors in accordance with camouflage
policy, numbers 3 inches
high will be painted in contrasting colors directly
over camouflage pattern.
On vehicles painted in
gloss colors, use Gloss
Yellow 13538 or Gloss Red
11136.
On vehicles painted in
semigloss or lusterless colors, use Lusterless Yellow
33538, Gloss Black 17038,
and Gloss Red 11136.

C-12

Right end of the front
bumper. If plate interferes
with lights or functional
components of the vehicle,
mount in front center.
Remove or cover when
general officer is not riding
in vehicle.

On the front of applicable
self-propelled vehicles

For design of plate and
mounting, see TB 43-0209.

TM 43-0139
Table C-5. Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment-Continued
ITEM NO

EQUIPMENT
b. Combination vehicles

22.

COLOR

PLACEMENT

Black (17038) numerals on a
yellow (33538) circular
background 6 inches in diameter

The gross weight classification of
the prime mover alone and of the
towed vehicle alone, will be
marked on the right side of the
vehicles.

a. Stripes (vehicles and
equipment in nontactical use,
which because of size,
construction, or function present a
possible hazard)

Alternate Gloss Yellow 13655 and
Gloss Black 17038 stripes in
accordance with AR 385-30

Normally, stripes are applied only
to the rear, but also may be
applied to the front and certain
side surfaces when the conditions
warrant.

b. "FLAMMABLE" and "NO
SMOKING WITHIN 50 FEET"vehicles used for bulk
transportation of gasoline, fuel oil,
or other flammable liquids by
Army units subject to the Army
camouflage policy

Brown 383 over green and black.
Lusterless Black 37030 or 37038
over brown. The word
"FLAMMABLE" will be in 6 inch
letters; the words "NO SMOKING
WITHIN 50 FEET" will be in 3
inch letters.

On both sides and rear of body,
"NO SMOKING WITHIN 50
FEET" should be on a line below
"FLAMMABLE".

"FLAMMABLE" and "NO
SMOKING WITHIN 50 FEET"vehicles used for bulk
transportation of gasoline, fuel oil,
or other flammable liquids by
Army units not subject to the
Army camouflage policy, or in
nontactical use

When vehicle is commonly used
on public highways in CONUS,
Title 49, Sec. 177.823, Code of
Federal Regulations, requires 6
inch block letters in Gloss Red
11105 or 11136 for word
"FLAMMABLE" and 3 inch block
letters "NO SMOKING WITHIN 50
FEET" also in Gloss Red 11105
or 11136. Gloss White 17875 will
be used as background extending
one inch all around the lettering.
If available, reflective markings
should be used.

On both sides and rear of body.
"NO SMOKING WITHIN 50
FEET" should be on a line below
"FLAMMABLE". Vehicles used
infrequently on public highways
must employ removable or
reversible signs which are
securely fastened while in use.
These safety markings will be
applied upon receipt by the using
service.

Safety.

C-13

TM 43-0139
Table C-5. Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment-Continued
ITEM NO

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

c. "GALS CAP" - Fuel and oil
dispensing vehicles and
equipment used for servicing
aircraft

PLACEMENT
On side of tank near each
manhole cover. In addition, type
of fuel or oil by military
designation will be clearly
marked.

d. Placards for vehicles carrying
explosive or other dangerous
articles
(1) Over public highways

Placards will be used in
accordance with applicable DOT
regulations and AR 55-355.

(2) In training areas

Placards will be used in
accordance with applicable DOT
regulations and AR 385-63.

e. Reflective markings (vehicles
and ground support equipment
used on airfield flight lines)

As Specified in TM 55-1500-20425/1

f. Flags (all vehicles not painted
in accordance with items 2 and 9
of this table and e above).

Vehicles will bear a distinctive flag
whenever operating on landing
areas, runways, taxiways, or
peripheral roads at airfields. The
flag will be square, at least 3 feet
on each side, and will be divided
into 9 equal size squares forming
a checkerboard pattern with the
center and the corner squares in
international orange and the
remaining 4 squares in white.
A red flag will be mounted on
vehicles to indicate danger when
considered necessary to caution
personnel of a hazardous
condition in the area.

C-14

TM 43-0139
Table C-5. Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment-Continued
ITEM NO

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

g. DA Label 76 (A Good Driver),
to promote good driving

23.

Red Cross insignia

24.

Military police and security guard;
tactical type vehicles:

PLACEMENT
Display in all motor vehicles to be
readily visible to the driver.
Requisition through normal
publication channels.

Aircraft Red 31136 on Aircraft
White 37875, MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039

See table C-4, item 5. On tactical
ambulances, cross will be
approximately 36" to 48" square
and will be placed on roof, both
sides, rear and front if practicable.
On other medical dedicated TOE
vehicles, a 3" square cross will be
placed on front and rear in lieu of
the national symbol.

a. "MILITARY POLICE”

Gloss Black 17038 on Aircraft
White 37875 (MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039) black letters on
white background

As specified in applicable DA
technical publications. On 1/4 ton
military trucks, a horizontal strip
with lettering will be placed under
the windshield and on a disc
covering the spare wheel.

b. "SECURITY POLICE” (at class
II installations and activities)

Same as above, except the words
"SECURITY POLICE" will be
used in lieu of "MILITARY
POLICE ".

Same as above

25.

Rifle and pistol team vehicles
(decals of approved design)

On both sides of vehicles

26.

Calibration service vehicles

In accordance with applicable DA
technical publications

27.

Convoy markings (as prescribed
by FM 55-30)

Serial letter or number may be
black on reflective signboard
background.

C-15

TM 43-0139
Table C-5. Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment-Continued
ITEM NO

EQUIPMENT

28.

Tactical markings (may consist of
stripes, geometrical figures, other
simple designs, or naming of
individual vehicle). The markings
will be used to provide a more
visible means of identifying the
vehicles of tactical units by
personnel of those units during
tactical operations. They will be
of a suitable size to facilitate
identification from ground or from
a reasonable distance. They will
be designed to be as nearly
unintelligible as possible to
enemy observation. Under no
circumstances will the markings
represent the numerical
designation or distinctive insignia
of any unit. Under actual combat
conditions, no written record will
be made, nor published system of
tactical markings used.

29.

Priority signs (The signs will be
authorized by the area
commander. They are valid only
within the area under his
jurisdiction. Signs must not be
displayed when vehicle is not
actually being used for a priority
mission and must be removed
when no longer required for that
mission.)

COLOR
Any appropriate color

PLACEMENT
As prescribed by commanders of
major Army commands; any
changes must be approved by
these commanders.

On front and rear of vehicle.
They will be fabricated and
mounted on vehicles in
accordance with TB 43-0209.

C-16

TM 43-0139
Table C-5. Vehicles, Construction Equipment, and Materials Handling Equipment-Continued
ITEM NO

EQUIPMENT

30.

Air recognition panels

31.

Commercial design vehicle
markings (unless otherwise
specified, vehicles assigned to
TOE or TD units, or to other
organizations and activities for
nonadministrative use)

COLOR

PLACEMENT

Red fluorescent on one side and
yellow fluorescent on the reverse
side

Marked as directed by the
appropriate major commander as
to the arrangements and
conditions under which they will
be used. They will be draped on
vehicle in a standard unchanging
pattern different from displays
prescribed for other recognition
purposes, such as front lines,
targets, etc.. Size: 6' X2'3", each
panel having a tie cord of
adequate length in each corner.
Similar to markings used on
military design vehicles

NOTE
For additional information on painting and marking of military vehicles,
construction equipment and materials handling equipment, refer to TB 43-0209.

C-17

TM 43-0139
Table C-6. Missiles, Heavy Rockets, and Related Ground Support Equipment for Missile Systems
ITEM NO
1.

EQUIPMENT
Missiles, heavy rockets and
related ground support equipment
and containers.

COLOR

PLACEMENT

Camouflage paint pattern in
accordance with applicable
pattern drawing.

Exterior surfaces.

On items for which pattern
drawings have not been
developed, green 383, color
#34094.

Exterior surfaces.

On items requiring desert color,
tan 686, color #33446.

Exterior surfaces.

Surfaces thru which RF energy
passes, including but not limited
to: radars, radomes, antenna, and
radiating elements and covers.

Not painted unless specifically
authorized by pattern drawing or
applicable TM.

Vehicles (wheeled & tracked),
including materials handling,
personnel carrying, special
purpose armored hull-type, and
fighting.

As set forth in Table C-5 unless
specified in applicable TM.

Exterior and interior surfaces.

Electronic-Communication
Shelters

As set forth in Table C-7, unless
specified in applicable TM.

Exterior and interior surfaces.

Markings
For camouflage patterns,
lusterless black, color #37030, on
green or brown background; and,
green 383, color #34094, on
black background.
On all other backgrounds,
lusterless black, color #37030.

As specified in the applicable TM,
or marked on at least two of the
missile or rocket components.
Placement will be along the
longitudinal axis so that when the
missile is in the horizontal
position, the letters will be
vertical.

Same as 5.a.

As specified in applicable TM.

a. Agency identification (US
ARMY)

b. Other. (See notes.)

NOTES
(1) Paints on exterior surfaces shall conform to MIL-C-46168 or MIL-C-53039.
(2) Paints on interior surfaces shall conform to MIL-C-22750.
(3) Marking colors shall conform to the color requirements of 5.a., except for special requirements, e.g.,
ammunition, transportation, safety, etc.
(4) Markings shall be made using the same type paint used for painting.

C-18

TM 43-0139
Table C-7. Communications-Electronic Equipment
ITEM NO

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

Photographic and audio-visual

Lusterless Green 383 (34094) or
Black (37030) MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039 as appropriate

Tactical communications (see TB
750-10)

Lusterless Green 383, MIL-C46168 or MIL-C-53039

Avionics

Lusterless Green 383 (34094) or
Black (37030) MIL-C-46168 or
MIL-C-53039 as appropriate

Meteorological

Lusterless Green 383, MIL-C46168 or MIL-C-53039

Radiac

Same as above

Marine communication and
electronics

Same as above, except as noted
in 7 and 16 below

Antenna towers for use under
nontactical conditions

Alternating bands of Gloss
Orange 12197 and Gloss White
17875 with the band at each end
colored orange

Armed Forces Radio and
Television Network

Lusterless Green 383 (34094) or
Aircraft Gray (36300), MIL-C46168 or MIL-C-53039

Antenna Radomes

Lusterless Green 383 (34094) or
Aircraft White (37875), MIL-C46168 or MIL-C-53039

10.

Automatic data processing

Lusterless Green 383 (34094) or
Aircraft Gray (36300), MIL-C46168 or MIL-C-53039

C-19

PLACEMENT
Exterior surfaces

As specified in DOT's AC
70/7460-1, Obstruction, Marking
& Lighting, the bands should be
of equal width with each band
approximately one-seventh the
height of the tower. Each band
will have a width of 1-1/2 to 40
feet.

CAUTION
See NOTE 2 before applying
any paint.

TM 43-0139
Table C-7. Communications-Electronic Equipment-Continued
ITEM NO
11.

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

PLACEMENT

Lusterless Green 383 (34094),
MIL-C-46168 or MIL-C-53039,
including wave guides & antenna
reflectors

CAUTION

Ground controlled approach
(GCA) radar equipment used at
Army airfields:
a. Tactical equipment authorized
by TA/TOE

b. Equipment authorized for
CONUS Army airfields by TA

In accordance with Federal
Aviation Administration Technical
Standards Order, TSON 26

12.

Communications equipment
installed at fixed facilities such as
radio station equipment,
telephone control office sets

Lusterless Green 383 (34094) or
Aircraft Gray (36300), MIL-C46168 or MIL-C-53039

13.

Electronics test equipment

a. For bench use, semigloss
Gray 26307 or Aircraft Yellow
(33538)

See NOTE 2 before applying
any paint.

b. For field use, Lusterless Green
383 (34094) or Aircraft Gray
(36300), MIL-C-46168 or MIL-C53039
14.

COMSEC (FSN 5810)

See TB 750-10

15.

Special intelligence

See AR 381-143 equipment

16.

Antenna or radiating elements,
antenna base insulators or
fiberglass casing

Will not be painted unless special
approval is obtained from the
design activity

C-20

Communication Security
(COMSEC) equipment used by
the Department of the Army but
design controlled by the National
Security Agency (NSA), will be
painted or marked or both in
accordance with NSA's
requirements.

CAUTION
See NOTE 2 before applying
any paint.

TM 43-0139
Table C-7. Communications-Electronic Equipment-Continued
ITEM NO
17.

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

PLACEMENT

Three-color MIL-C-46168 or MILC-53039 camouflage pattern

Exterior surfaces and doors which
may become exterior surfaces
during operational use

Semigloss Green 24533
conforming to MIL-C-22750

Interior surfaces (walls, floors,
doors except above and 11
fittings)

White 27875 or green 24533,
conforming to MIL-C-22750

Ceiling

Lusterless Green 383 (34094),
MIL-C-46168 or MIL-C-53039

Exterior surfaces, and doors
which may become exterior
surfaces during operational use

Semigloss Green 24533
conforming to MIL-C-22750

Interior surfaces (walls, floors,
doors, except above and fittings)

White 27875 or green 24533,
conforming to MIL-C-22750

Ceiling

Electronic-communication
shelters (see TB 43-0118):
a. Configured (Shelter includes
internally mounted equipment)

b. Nonconfigured (Bare shelter)

NOTES
Markings may be adhesive
backed markers or paint
conforming to color
requirements
18.

Unit identification

Lusterless Black 37030, MIL-C46168 or MIL-C-53039

As prescribed in applicable DA
technical publication

NOTE
NOTE 1 Communications-electronic equipment already in use, or that purchased as a
nonmilitary item direct from commercial stocks, need not be painted in accordance with
this table if the color does not adversely affect equipment operation or the tactical
situation. This will hold true particularly in the case of equipment that is housed in
shelters, aircraft, vehicles, or vessels.
NOTE 2 Do NOT paint radiating elements, reflectors, radomes, wave guides and insulators until
special approval is obtained from the design activity, or unless item(s) are known to
have been painted previously with CARC.

C-21

TM 43-0139
Table C-8. Bridging Equipment
ITEM NO
1.

EQUIPMENT
M48A2 and M60 armored vehicle
bridge launchers

COLOR

PLACEMENT

Semigloss Green 24533

Interior

MIL-C-46168 or MIL-C-53039
camouflage pattern

Exterior

Ribbon bridge

MIL-C-46168 or MIL-C-53039
camouflage pattern

M2 panel bridge (Bailey), Bailey
bridge erection equipment, Bailey
bridge conversion set, and Bailey
bridge cable reinforcing kit

Aircraft Gray 36231, MIL-C-46168
or MIL-C-53039

Bridge erection set, fixed bridges

Aircraft Gray 36231, MIL-C-46168
or MIL-C-53039, except as
follows:

a. Parts E159-E-191

Aircraft Yellow 33538

b. Parts E36N-E41N, E58NEG0AN, E122-E129BN and
E131N-E133N

Aircraft Red 31136, MIL-C-46168
or MIL-C-53039

Fixed steel I-beam railway bridge

Aircraft Yellow 33538

Fixed steel railway bridge, 70 foot

Aircraft Red 31136, MIL-C-46168
or MIL-C-53039

V-type steel trestle

Insignia Blue 35044, MIL-C46168 or MIL-C-53039

Certain parts of the aluminum
footbridge structure as outlined in
the item specification

Aircraft White 37875, MIL-C46168 or MIL-C-53039

Black conformable non-slip
Walkway Compound MIL-W5044, Type IV, applied while the
initial MIL-C-46168 or MIL-C53039 topcoat is still wet

C-22

Interior

Walkways

TM 43-0139
Table C-8. Bridging Equipment-Continued
ITEM NO
9.

EQUIPMENT
All other bridging equipment

COLOR
MIL-C-46168 or MIL-C-53039
camouflage pattern in accordance
with applicable technical
publications
NOTE
Markings may be adhesive
backed markers or paint
conforming to color
requirements

10.

Stenciling and identification

Lusterless Black 37030, MIL-C46168 or MIL-C-53039

C-23

PLACEMENT
Exposed Surfaces

TM 43-0139
Table C-9. Other Materiel
ITEM NO

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

PLACEMENT

Towed artillery and multiple
rocket launchers

Three-Color MIL-C-46168 or MILC-53039 camouflage pattern.
Apply identification markings
according to MIL-STD-642.

Exterior surfaces

Army materiel intended for field
use and not otherwise specified
herein

Three-Color MIL-C-46168 or MILC-53039 camouflage pattern

Exterior surfaces

Fire control material

Lusterless Green 383, MIL-C46168 or MIL-C-53039 White
17185, MIL-C-22750, other colors
consistent with existing colors

Exterior surfaces of Fire Control
Materiel that are external to
vehicles and other field
equipment

Fire control instruments inside
vehicles
4.

Conventional and chemical
ammunition

Lusterless Green 383, MIL-C46168 or MIL-C-53039 (34094);
other colors according to
particular requirements.

Chemical warfare

Lusterless Green 383 (34094),
except such equipment mounted
on vehicles will be painted the
same color specified for the
vehicle.

Fire extinguishers (regardless of
type, size or location on
equipment)

Semigloss Red 21136 in
accordance with the military or
Federal Specification under which
they were procured.
Commanders in theaters of
operation are authorized to
repaint extinguishers in
camouflage colors.

Exterior surfaces

Reusable shipping
containers/transporters
(ammunition packaging,
CONEX/MILVAN containers)

Lusterless Green 383 (34094),
MIL-C-46168 or MIL-C-53039

Exterior surfaces

C-24

Non-tube fired Ammunition and
Chemical Ammunition currently
painted that do not have special
requirements

TM 43-0139
Table C-9. Other Materiel--Continued
ITEM NO

EQUIPMENT

COLOR

PLACEMENT

Petroleum distribution equipment
and water supply equipment

Three-Color MIL-C-46168 or MILC-53039 camouflage pattern

Exterior surfaces

Machine tools and associated
shop equipment

Gloss Gray 16187. Exceptions:
at fixed facilities such equipment
may be painted Semigloss Green
24272. Safety color code
markings are in AR 385-30.
Emergency stopping switches
and bars on such equipment will
be painted Gloss Red 11105 or
11136.

Exterior surfaces

10.

Miscellaneous equipment at fixed
facilities

See AR 385-30.

11.

Commercial type items originally
procured in nonstandard colors

Maintain in existing colors. When
repainting becomes necessary,
use appropriate standard colors.

12.

Equipment used for instructional
purposes

Use standard colors except when
varied colors may add
significantly to the effectiveness
of instruction. When equipment is
returned to stock, it will be
repainted and marked with
authorized colors.
NOTE
Markings may be adhesive
backed markers or paint
conforming to color
requirements.

13.

Unit identification

As prescribed in applicable DA
technical publications.

14.

Static training equipment

The national symbol and other
markings are not required on this
equipment

C-25

TM 43-0139
Table C-9. Other Materiel-Continued
ITEM NO

EQUIPMENT

15.

Aviation Ground Support
Equipment

16.

Reusable Metal Shipping
Containers (other than
transporters):

COLOR

PLACEMENT

See TM 55-1500-204-25/1

a. Container that is attached to
the weapon system during
operation

Three color MIL-C-46168 or MILC-53039 system during operation
camouflage pattern

Exterior surfaces

b. All other containers

Lusterless Green 383 (34094),
MIL-C-46168 or MIL-C-53039

Exterior surfaces

C-26

TM 43-0139
APPENDIX D
CARC PAINT PLANNING MATRIX

D-1. This appendix contains resource planning information for large painting operations. For certain end items subject to
Army CARC and camouflage policy, the matrix furnishes guidelines for estimating required primer/paint quantities and
task-hours. The matrix does not cover all Army equipment.

D-1

TM 43-0139
Abbreviated Item Name
and NSN

Primer

383GN

Exterior Paint
383BR

Blk

Interior
Paint

Prep/Final

Int

Task-hours Required
Ext B/C
CPP

Total

(Example)
M-109SPH
2815-01-___-_____

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Abbreviated Item Name and NSN-Abbreviated name of end item, model number as applicable, and national stock number.
Primer-Total number of gallons of primer required, includes both interior and exterior requirements.
Exterior Paint-Total number of gallons of exterior CARC color required (MIL-C-46168 or MIL-C-53039).
Interior Paint-Total number of gallons of interior paint required (MIL-C-22750).
Task-hours Required-Task-hours required to paint item, stratified as follows:
a.
Prep/Final-Total task-hours required to prepare item for painting plus total task-hours required after painting (removal of tape, paper, etc.).
b.
Int-Total task-hours required to paint the interior of the item.
c.
Ext B/C-Total task-hours required to apply the exterior base coat.
d.
CPP-Total task-hours required to apply and paint the camouflage paint pattern.
e.
Total-Total task-hours required (sum of 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d).

Table D-1. CARC PAINT PLANNING MATRIX

D-2

TM 43-0139
Abbreviated Item Name
and NSN
AH-IG COBRA
1520-00-999-9821

Primer

383GN

Exterior Paint
383BR

Blk

Interior
Paint

Prep/Final

Int

107

3.5

1.5

126

164

OH-6A CAYUSE
1520-00-918-1523

1.5

OH-58 KIOWA
1520-01-169-7137

1.5

4.5

224

280

CARRIER APC
M113A2
2350-01-068-4077

1.5

4.788

7.612

8.39

24.79

CARRIER CP M577A2
2350-01-068-4089

1.5

4.788

7.612

8.39

24.79

VULCAN TWD
M 167A1
1005-01-014-0837

3.5

1.5

2.788

5.612

3.49

13.89

VULCAN SP M163A1
2350-01-017-2113

3.5

1.5

5.788

7.612

8.39

25.79

CARRIER CP 577A1
2350-00-056-6808

1.5

4.788

7.612

8.39

24.79

INF FIG VEH XM2
2350-01-048-5920

CFV XM3
2350-01-049-2695

1.5

UH-1 IROQUOIS HUEY
1520-00-087-7637

UH-60A BLACKHAWK
1520-01-033-0266

Table D-1. CARC PAINT PLANNING MATRIX
D-3

Task-hours Required
Ext B/C
CPP

Total

TM 43-0139
Abbreviated Item Name
and NSN
CARRIER M901
1450-00-176-2697

Primer

383GN

Exterior Paint
383BR

Blk

Interior
Paint

Prep/Final

Int

3.5

1.5

4.788

7.612

8.39

24.79

CARRIER CARGO
M548
2350-00-078-4545

3.289

1.777

6.9

14.96

CARRIER M548A1
2350-01-096-9356

3.289

1.777

6.9

14.96

CHAPARRAL SYS
M48A2
1425-01-106-3089

5.788

8.9

21.68

LAUNCHER G/M
1425-01-074-6799

2.5

5.788

8.9

21.68

CHAP G/M SYS M48
1425-01-069-8877

5.788

8.9

21.68

CARRIER MORTAR
M125A1
2350-00-071-0732

1.5

4.788

7.612

8.39

24.79

CARRIER MORTAR
M106A1
2350-00-076-9002

1.5

2.5

4.788

7.612

8.39

24.79

CARRIER MORTAR
M125A2
2350-01-068-4087

1.5

4.788

7.612

8.39

24.79

CARRIER MORTAR
M106A2
2350-01-069-6931

3.5

1.5

4.788

7.612

8.39

24.79

Table D-1. CARC PAINT PLANNING MATRIX

D-4

Task-hours Required
Ext B/C
CPP

Total

TM 43-0139
Abbreviated Item Name
and NSN
COMBAT VEH ITV M901
2350-01-045-1123

Primer

383GN

Exterior Paint
383BR

Blk

Interior
Paint

Prep/Final

Int

1.5

4.788

7.612

8.39

24.79

COMBAT VEH ANT
2350-01-103-5641

1.5

4.788

7.612

8.39

24.79

FIRST V CONVERSION
2350-01-085-3792

1.5

4.788

7.612

8.39

24.79

MLRS

3.5

1.5

9.788

11.612

49.4

TRK CGO 2 1/2T
2320-00-926-0873

13.6

29.6

TRK CGO 5T
2320-00-055-9265

TRLR, SEMI 60T
2330-00-089-7265

16.8

28.8

TRLR, SEMI VAN 6T
2330-00-569-9372

CONTAINER, SHIPPING
8115-01-015-7039

2.5

LAUNDRY UNIT
3510-00-782-5294

3.5

WTR PURIF (1500)
4610-00-202-6925

58.7

82.7

WTR PURIF (3000)
4610-00-202-8701

61.5

85.5

Table D-1. CARC PAINT PLANNING MATRIX

Change 3 D-5

Task-hours Required
Ext B/C
CPP

Total

TM 43-0139
Abbreviated Item Name
and NSN
MINE DISP
1095-00-397-3456

Primer

383GN

Exterior Paint
383BR

Blk

Interior
Paint

Prep/Final

Int

LUBE UNIT
4930-00-935-4951

2.5

CLOTH REP TRLR MTD
3530-01-017-9124

2.5

6.7

10.7

CRANE WHLD
3810-00-043-5354

120

TRLR, SHOP EQ
4940-00-164-2719

TRLR, SHOP EQ
4940-01-022-5322

M9 ACE
2350-00-808-7100

107

171

TRK, VAN EXP
2320-00-907-0707

TRANSP, RIB BRIDGE
5420-00-071-5321

2.5

40.5

62.5

TRLR CGO 1 1/2T
2330-00-141-8050

6.7

8.7

YELLOW
2

FK LFT 4K ELECT
3930-00-327-1603

Table D-1. CARC PAINT PLANNING MATRIX

D-6

Task-hours Required
Ext B/C
CPP

Total

TM 43-0139
Abbreviated Item Name
and NSN
CRANE, CRAWLER 12T
3910-00-689-3092

Primer

383GN

Exterior Paint
383BR

Blk

Interior
Paint

Prep/Final

Int

8.5

TRK WRKR 5T
2320-00-055-9258

S-280 SHELTER
5411-01-092-0892

2.5

.25

1.0

2.5

2.8

21.6

S-250 SHELTER
5411-00-489-6076

2.3

2.5

4.5

19.3

1 1/2 TRAILER M998

N/A

64.30

N/A

2.5

3.5

70.3

1.5

N/A

2.5

3.5

2.5

N/A

3.5

8.5

28.85

1 1/4T TRUCK UTIL
M-105 CUCV

1.5

N/A

MRP003A
GENERATORS
6115-00-465-1030

1.8

N/A

5.5

21.5

GEN 200 KW 60 HZ
6115-00-133-1904

1.5

N/A

3.5

37.5

400 GL WATERTANKER
M149A2
5T TRUCK M923
2320-01-050-2084

Table D-1. CARC PAINT PLANNING MATRIX

Change 3 D-7

Task-hours Required
Ext B/C
CPP

Total

TM 43-0139
Abbreviated Item Name
and NSN
PU-650
6115-00-258-1622

Primer

383GN

Exterior Paint
383BR

Blk

Interior
Paint

Prep/Final

Int

2.5

N/A

2.9

N/A

13.9

1.5

2.5

N/A

5.87

N/A

16.37

1.5

N/A

5.81

N/A

2.5

3.5

11.81

AN/MJQ-15
6115-00-400-7591

N/A

5.87

N/A

16.87

ANTENNA TPN-18
5840-00-944-2452

.25

N/A

1.75

2.5

16.25

AN/VS5-3 SEARCH
LIGHT
5855-00-405-0404

.25

.12

N/A

.75

1.5

4.25

8.0

2 1/2T TRUCK M35A2

2.5

.25

1.5

N/A

6.5

45.5

PU-753/M 10KW 60HZ
6115-PU753

1.5

N/A

3.5

5.5

MUST WARD
CONTAINER
5410-00-809-6634

2.5

3.5

33.5

AN/MSC-25
5895-00-021-2088

1.5

3.5

213

241

MJQ-10
6115-00-394-9582
V-528/T CABLE REEL
TRAILER
2330-01-141-6330

RAPID COMPUTER VAN
5820-SF-P83-33T

Table D-1. CARC PAINT PLANNING MATRIX

D-8

Task-hours Required
Ext B/C
CPP

Total

TM 43-0139
Abbreviated Item Name
and NSN
PU-732/M 15/400
6115-PU-732/M

Primer

383GN

Exterior Paint
383BR

Blk

Interior
Paint

Prep/Final

Int

2.5

N/A

2.93

N/A

13.93

GEN ST TM 5 KW PU620
6115-PU620GEN

1.5

N/A

4.12

N/A

3.5

5.5

13.12

PU-405/A MGEN
15/600T
6115PU405GEN

2.5

N/A

2.93

N/A

13.93

GENST 3 KW PU-625
6115PU625

1.5

N/A

6.51

N/A

3.5

5.5

15.51

GST DIES MJQ-18
6115ANMJQ18

1.5

N/A

5.25

N/A

2.5

4.5

12.25

GEN ST KW PU751
6115PU751

1.5

N/A

3.5

5.5

M60A3
2350-01-061-2306

1.5

5.5

32.63

13.95

12.78

13.5

72.86

M728
2350-00-795-1797

5.5

18.5

5.5

41.57

18.98

17.82

14.5

92.87

M48A5
2350-01-059-1504

1.5

5.5

32.63

13.95

12.78

13.5

72.86

M88
2350-00-122-6826

5.5

18.5

42.01

19.2

17.15

14.5

92.86

M1 ABRAMS
2350-01-061-2445

1.5

13.5

114.5

M551A1
2350-00-140-5151

4.5

13.5

11.5

83.5

Table D-1. CARC PAINT PLANNING MATRIX
D-9/(D-10 blank)

Task-hours Required
Ext B/C
CPP

Total

TM 43-0139
GLOSSARY

The following terms are defined as they are used with respect to painting and related operations.
Abrasive resistance - This property is comparable to toughness rather than hardness. It is that property exhibited by the
surface of a paint, enamel, or varnish which will resist being worn away by rubbing or friction.
Adhesion - As used in reference to paint films, adhesion is the tendency of the film, when dry, to bond to the surface upon
which it has been applied.
Alligatoring - Rupturing of the top paint coat, which causes the surface to break up into irregular areas separated by wide
cracks in an "alligator hide" fashion.
Atomization - A paint and air mixture, whose round or oval pattern is generated by the mixing of paint/material and
compressed air at the air cap of a spray gun.
Binder - The nonvolatile portion of a paint vehicle. Binders may be drying oils, resins, or a number of other substances
such as casein, chlorinated rubber, nitrocellulose, or ethyl cellulose.
Blast cleaning - Blast cleaning to "white metal " is defined as blast cleaning which removes completely all visible mill
scale, rust, paint, foreign matter, and pitted areas from the surface of the metal. The end result must be a light-gray steel
surface of uniform appearance.
Bleeding - When the color of a pigment in a previous coat comes through the topcoat. This usually occurs when a
previously applied pigment is soluble in the medium of the newly applied topcoat. Asphalt and colored resins may also
bleed.
Blistering - A condition in which the paint coat is detached and raised from the surface upon which it is applied as the
result of gases or liquids, usually water, forming beneath the coating.
Blushing - The precipitation of ingredients of a paint film when it dries, which may be caused by condensation of moisture
on the film or by improper composition of the paint.
Body - A paint is said to have "body" or to be "bodied" when it is thickened above its normal condition. Thus the "body " of
a paint is its relative thickness. The degree of "body" is in proportion to a paint's viscosity.
Boxing - The process of mixing paint by pouring it back and forth from one container to another.
Brightness - The brightness of a paint film is measured by the percentage of incident light reflected from the film.
Brushing property - The quality a paint displays when it is applied to a surface, as affected by its viscosity, mobility,
consistency, composition, etc.
CARC - Chemical Agent Resistant Coatings; a system of primers and topcoats that are required on all combat, combat
support, and combat service support equipment. CARC is used to provide camouflage protection and/or chemical agent
resistance to liquid chemical agents. Since CARC does not absorb chemical agents it does not create long term contact
hazards.
Catalyst - A substance used in the manufacture of paint that causes a chemical and/or physical reaction to take place.
Chalking - When loose powder, which can be removed by gentle rubbing, appears on the paint film or just beneath the
surface. A good quality paint applied correctly should chalk very slowly. Chalking should be a

Glossary 1

TM 43-0139
gradual process over a period of years, so that when repainting becomes necessary, the surface is in good condition to
receive the new coat, with little, if any, preparatory work required.
Checking - A paint film condition with slight breaks in the film surface, causing the undercoats to be visible.
Coat-Coating - A protective film of paint, varnish, primer, lacquer, etc.
Confined Space - Any area where dilution ventilation cannot take place, or where air flow is obstructed.
para 1-7b for examples of confined spaces.

Refer to

Cracking - Breaks in a paint film which extend through the film to the underlying material.
Crawling - Creeping-The collection of paint into little drops or islands on the applied surface.
Drying oil - An oil which, when exposed in a thin film to the air, possesses to a marked degree the property of readily
absorbing oxygen and changes to a relatively hard, tough, and elastic substance.
Dulling - The loss of gloss which develops in a varnish film after drying.
Enamel - A paint which has the ability to form an especially smooth film. An enamel always contains pigment and has
moderate hiding power and color. Some enamels dry to a flat or eggshell finish instead of a gloss finish. An enamel is a
finish that comprises a dispersion of pigments in a varnish or resin vehicle or is a combination of both. This includes all
CARC coatings. Enamels dry by a process of oxidation and/or polymerization.
Feathering - The procedure of thinning a coating between a bare and a painted surface by sanding to a fine edge. It is
used when preparing touchup spots for painting and where an invisible lap is required.
Finish system - A particular combination of primers, topcoats, and pretreatment materials that are used on a specific type
of surface in order to obtain a desired result (i.e. camouflage, chemical agent resistance, etc.) Also referred to as a paint
system.
Filler - A special paint used for filling pores or other breaks in a surface to make it smooth for further painting. When
applied and exposed to the air, a filler should dry to a relatively hard, permanent solid, capable of supporting subsequent
coats.
Flaking - When small pieces of the paint coat fall away.
Gloss - The degree of mirror-like reflection of a painted surface.
Hiding power - The ability of a paint or paint material to cover up a surface so that the surface cannot be seen.
Hydrocarbons - An organic compound, such as acetylene or benzene, that contains only carbon and hydrogen, and
occurs in petroleum, natural gas, coal, and bitumens.
Induction - A period of time required for recently mixed materials to begin to react prior to use.
Lacquer - A clear or pigmented finish whose vehicle is cellulosic or phenolic, with or without other resins or plasticizers.
Lacquer dries by solvent evaporation.
Leveling - The ability of a paint to flow, leaving a smooth film when brushed onto a surface.
Mildew - A fungus frequently noted on surfaces exposed to damp, warm climates. This is usually found on surfaces
covered with paint of a soft nature. Such paints act like flypaper and afford lodging for windblown matter from decayed
and dried vegetation. Sometimes the oil with which the paint is made or mixed from is infected and offers a breeding place
for mildew spores.
Opacity - The degree of obstruction of a coating to the transmission of visible light.
Oxidation - In coatings, the curing reaction which requires oxygen from the air to form the film.
Glossary 2

TM 43-0139
Paint - Paint is composed of a pigment and a vehicle. The pigment, or solid component, is dispersed in a paint, provides
color to the paint, and enables it to form a film on the painted surface. T he vehicle is the liquid portion of a paint, which
includes components that serve as binders, as well as volatile components known as thinners. The binder portion of the
vehicle, like the pigment, is film forming. After evaporation of the volatile content, drying is by oxidation.
Paint system - The protective paint barrier that covers a painted object, and may consist of a pretreatment coat, primer
coats, intermediate coats, and/or finish or top coats. Also referred to as a finish system.
Peeling - A more aggravated form of scaling, usually due to the presence of moisture when the paint was applied or to
faulty application of the priming coat.
Pigment - The fine, solid particles used in the preparation of paint, substantially insoluble in the vehicle. Pigments provide
coloration, corrosion resistance, strength, hardness, increased durability, and control of gloss.
Polymerization - The reaction, usually at elevated temperatures, in which two or more components of the substance
combine to form a more complex molecular structure, which has the property of curing or solidifying with or without the
absorption of oxygen.
Pretreatment coat - The wash primer or preprimer paint film that is applied under the regular primer paint coat and is
used for better bonding and corrosion control.
Primer - A paint which is intended for use as the initial covering for a surface and is usually followed by other coats, often
of a different type of paint. Primers are also called undercoats, and usually contain corrosion resistant properties.
Respiratory protection, approved - Approved respiratory protection equipment is that equipment tested and listed as
satisfactory according to standards established by a competent authority, such as the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH), or the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), to provide respiratory protection
against the hazard for which it is designed. The specific approval authority may be specified by law for particular hazards.
Runs - Sags - Irregularities of the paint film due to uneven flow of the paint.
Scaling - Flaking of the paint film in an aggravated form in which the paint coating falls off in large sections.
Solvent - A volatile thinner, particularly for varnishes and lacquers.
Spotting - The appearance of discolored spots on a painted or varnished surface.
Spray coat - A spray coat consists of one or more coats, depending on the paint, and should be considered as that
amount of paint applied at one time, just short of sagging, running, or wrinkling.
Stripper - Any solution used for paint removal.
Stripping - The process of removing paint from a painted surface by means of a stripper.
Sweating - A term used to describe the reappearance of luster on a varnished surface which has been rubbed to a dull
finish.
Thinner - Thinners make a paint workable, adjusting the consistency for easy application, and producing a uniform film
that will penetrate and adhere to the surface. The thinner, being volatile, evaporates and does not provide part of the dried
surface film.
Toxic - A paint or other product that has poisonous qualities. While some paints and related materials have toxic qualities
with respect to the using personnel, products which are named "toxic paints" are developed for their poisonous qualities
against fungi, teredo, barnacles, etc.

Glossary 3

TM 43-0139
Varnish - An unpigmented (clear) finish whose vehicles consists of resins and both drying and non-drying oils. After
evaporation of the volatile content, drying is by oxidation and/or polymerization.
Vehicle - The liquid portion of a paint which carries the pigments. Anything that is dissolved in the liquid portion of a paint
becomes a part of the vehicle.
Washing - Paint films sometimes allow the pigment to "wash" out under action of the elements. When rubbed, a wet,
soapy, emulsion will be formed. This is termed "washing".
Wrinkling - Sometimes referred to as "crinkling", "puckering", or "crimping", this describes a condition in which the paint
film gathers in wrinkles. It frequently occurs when paint or varnish is applied at low temperatures.

Glossary 4

TM 43-0139
INDEX

Paragraph

Page

A
Accessories, miscellaneous:
Air transformers ....................................................................................................
Hoses ..................................................................................................................
Valves and gages .................................................................................................
Air caps ......................................................................................................................
Air leakage from front of gun .........................................................................................
Air transformers ...........................................................................................................
Alligatoring and checking, .............................................................................................
Aluminum surfaces, cleaning of ....................................................................................
Application (See also specific term) ...............................................................................
B
Bleeding ......................................................................................................................
Blistering .....................................................................................................................
Blushing ......................................................................................................................
Booths, paint ...............................................................................................................
Brass stencils ..............................................................................................................
Brush and roller:
Care and storage ..................................................................................................
Cleaning ..............................................................................................................
Methods of brushing various materials ...................................................................
Selection of ..........................................................................................................
When to use, application .......................................................................................
Buffers, electric ...........................................................................................................
C
Camouflaging ..............................................................................................................
Can shakers ................................................................................................................
CARC:
Admixing Components ..........................................................................................
Camouflage:
Colors:
Blending of ............................................................................................
Listing of ................................................................................................
Painting ........................................................................................................
Painting, pattern ............................................................................................
Purpose ........................................................................................................
Cleaning:
Method .........................................................................................................
Test .............................................................................................................
Markings, identification .........................................................................................
Primers:
Coating, epoxy ..............................................................................................
Coating, epoxy, corrosion inhibiting ................................................................
Coating, epoxy-polyamide ..............................................................................
Coating, epoxy, water reducible .....................................................................

Index 1

5-8
5-8
5-8
5-3
5-5
5-8
5-20
3-3
2-1

5-20
5-19
5-3
5-3
5-9
5-20
5-31
3-2
2-1

5-21
5-22
5-23
5-9
5-15

5-31
5-31
5-32
5-21
5-29

5-14
5-13
5-12
5-11
5-10
5-15

5-28
5-28
5-25
5-23
5-23
5-30

1-5, 4-1
5-9

1-6, 4-1
5-23

3-8

3-6

4-3
4-1
4-8
4-1
4-2

4-2
4-1
4-6
4-1
4-2

3-3, 3-14
3-3, 3-14
3-14, 4-6

3-2, 3-12
3-3, 3-12
3-12, 4-4

2-10
2-11
2-9
2-12

2-3
2-3
2-3
2-4

TM 43-0139
Paragraph
Safety requirements:
General ........................................................................................................
Stripping of ...........................................................................................................
Thinners and Solvents:
Aircraft .........................................................................................................
Trichloroethane .............................................................................................
Tips on painting with .............................................................................................
Topcoats (finish coats):
Application:
Exterior ..................................................................................................
Interior ...................................................................................................
Coating, aliphatic polyurethane ......................................................................
Coating, epoxy polyamride enamel .................................................................
Touchup and rec oating ..................................................................................
Care and Storage of Brushes and Rollers ......................................................................
Care of Spray Equipment .............................................................................................
Chalking ......................................................................................................................
Chemical Agent Resistant Coating (CARC) ...................................................................
Cleaning of brushes and rollers ....................................................................................
Cleaning of specific surfaces ........................................................................................
Cloths .........................................................................................................................
Coating, underbody (for motor vehicles) ........................................................................
Compressors:
Description of types .......................................................................................
Inspection and lubrication ..............................................................................
Installation ....................................................................................................
Operation .................................................................................................... .
Precautions ..................................................................................................
Replacement ................................................................................................
Servicing ......................................................................................................
Container, cup .............................................................................................................
Container, material ......................................................................................................
Comers, spraying ........................................................................................................
Corrective measures (see specific item)
Cracking .....................................................................................................................
Crawling ......................................................................................................................
Creeping .....................................................................................................................
D
Data, opacity and covering ...........................................................................................
Decal (marker) transfers:
Application ...........................................................................................................
Description ...........................................................................................................
Defective spray patterns ...............................................................................................
Dip application:
Equipment required ..............................................................................................
Technique ............................................................................................................
When to use .........................................................................................................
Dipping .......................................................................................................................
Disks, sanding .............................................................................................................
Draining precautions, compressors ...............................................................................
Dulling ........................................................................................................................
Dusting, spray gun .......................................................................................................
Change 3 Index 2

Page

1-3
3-3

1-1
3-3

2-24
2-30
3-12

2-9
2-10
3-9

2-31
2-31
2-31
2-31
3-14
5-14
5-6
5-13

2-10, 2-12
2-13
2-12
2-13
3-12
5-28
5-14
5-28

5-13
3-3
5-15
2-33

5-28
3-2
5-30
2-17

5-8
5-8
5-8
5-8
5-8
5-8
5-8
5-8
5-8
5-4

5-16
5-17
5-17
5-17
5-17
5-18
5-18
5-18
5-19
5-4

1-14
1-15
1-15

1-8
1-8
1-8

3-9

3-7

6-9
6-8
5-5

6-9
6-9
5-11

5-18
5-17
5-16
5-16
5-15
5-8
1-16
5-4

5-30
5-30
5-30
5-30
5-30
5-18
1-8
5-4

TM 43-0139
E
Electric buffers ............................................................................................................
Electric-motor drive, compressors:
Description................................................................................................................
Inspection and lubrication ..........................................................................................
Electric sanders ...........................................................................................................
Enamels:
Chemical agent resistant:
Aliphatic polyurethane ............................................................................................
Epoxy ....................................................................................................................
Coverage .................................................................................................................
General ....................................................................................................................
Lusterless, quick-drying .............................................................................................
Method of brushing:
Quick-drying ..........................................................................................................
Slow-drying ...........................................................................................................
Nonslip .....................................................................................................................
Rust-inhibiting, olive-drab ..........................................................................................
Synthetic:
Gloss ....................................................................................................................
Lusterless .............................................................................................................
Semigloss .............................................................................................................
Engines, engine accessories and engine compartments, painting of ...............................
Engraving filler .............................................................................................................
Equipment, miscellaneous:
Electric buffers .........................................................................................................
Electric sanders ........................................................................................................
Pouncing ..................................................................................................................
Scrapers ..................................................................................................................
Silk screening ...........................................................................................................
Stencil sets ..............................................................................................................
Tools and supplies ....................................................................................................
Equipment, shop (See Shop equipment)

Paragraph

Page

5-15

5-30

5-8
5-8
5-15

5-16
5-17
5-30

2-31
2-31
3-9
2-31
2-31

2-10, 2-12
2-13
3-7
2-10
2-14

5-12
5-12
2-31
2-13

5-25
5-25
2-14
2-4

2-31
2-31
2-31
3-16
2-7

2-15
2-15
2-15
3-12
2-2

5-15
5-15
6-11
5-15
6-14
5-15
5-15

5-30
5-30
6-13
5-29
6-14
5-29
5-29

3-5

3-3

2-4
2-7

2-1
2-1

2-5
2-6
3-7
2-31
2-3
2-2, 3-13
1-14
5-9

2-2
2-6
3-7
2-10
2-1
2-1, 3-10
1-8
5-23

5-8

5-20

5-8
5-8
2-7

5-16
5-17
2-2

F
Ferrous metal, zinc, or cadmium surfaces, treatment of ..................................................
Fillers:
General ....................................................................................................................
Graduation or engraving ............................................................................................
Sealing compound:
Curing ...................................................................................................................
Noncuring .............................................................................................................
Film thickness .............................................................................................................
Finish coat ..................................................................................................................
Finish system materials ................................................................................................
Finish systems ............................................................................................................
Flaking ........................................................................................................................
Floodlights, portable .....................................................................................................
G
Gages and valves ........................................................................................................
Gasoline engines, for compressors:
Description. ...............................................................................................................
Inspection and lubrication ..........................................................................................
Graduation filler ...........................................................................................................
Index 3

TM 43-0139
Paragraph

Page

H
Hand sign painting .......................................................................................................
Handling, method of (see specific item)
Holding spray gun ........................................................................................................
Hoses, cleaning of .......................................................................................................
Hydraulic jacks ............................................................................................................

6-5

6-8

5-4
5-8
5-15

5-4
5-19
5-30

5-14
5-8
5-8
5-12

5-29
5-19
5-17
5-25

5-15
5-5

5-30
5-9

5-12

5-25

2-32
2-32
2-32
2-32
2-32
5-9
5-15

2-16
2-16
2-16
2-16
2-16
5-23
5-29

5-5
5-5
6-1
6-4
2-21, 2-25
1-18

5-6
5-9
6-1
6-1
2-8, 2-9
1-9

3-5

3-3

6-9
6-8
5-4
5-15

6-9
6-9
5-6
5-30

5-5
5-5
3-15
1-17
5-15
5-5
2-2

5-6
5-9
3-12
1-8
5-29
5-12
2-1

I
Indefinite storage, brushes and rollers ...........................................................................
Insert containers ..........................................................................................................
Installation of compressors ...........................................................................................
Instructions, brushing ...................................................................................................
J
Jacks, hydraulic ...........................................................................................................
Jerky or fluttering spray ................................................................................................
L
Lacquer, method of brushing ........................................................................................
Lacquers:
Aircraft .....................................................................................................................
Automotive, hot spray ...............................................................................................
General ....................................................................................................................
Lusterless, hot spray .................................................................................................
Spraying, general use ...............................................................................................
Lamps, vaporproof .......................................................................................................
Layout tools .................................................................................................................
Leaking:
Material leakage from fluid needle packing nut ............................................................
Material leakage from front of spray gun .....................................................................
Lettering style ..............................................................................................................
Lettering technique ......................................................................................................
Linseed oil, raw ...........................................................................................................
Lumping and streaking .................................................................................................
M
Magnesium, treated surfaces for ...................................................................................
Markers (decals):
Application techniques ..............................................................................................
Description................................................................................................................
Masking, spraying preparation ......................................................................................
Masking tape ...............................................................................................................
Material leakage:
From fluid needle packing nut ....................................................................................
From front of gun ......................................................................................................
Materiel, target, painting of ...........................................................................................
Mildewing ....................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous equipment .............................................................................................
Mist or fog ...................................................................................................................
Moisture and fungi, finish system for protection against ..................................................
Index 4

TM 43-0139
N
National symbols (stars) ...............................................................................................
Needles ......................................................................................................................
Nozzles .......................................................................................................................
Nut, packing, fluid needle .............................................................................................

Paragraph

Page

6-10
5-3
5-3
5-5

6-12
5-3
5-3
5-6

2-21, 2-25
3-9
3-9
5-5

2-8, 2-9
3-7
3-7
5-12

2-33
2-33
1-8
2-33
2-33
5-12
3-9
2-33
2-33
3-8

2-17
2-17
1-6
2-17
2-17
5-25
3-7
2-17
2-18
3-6

3-6

1-5
1-7
1-4
1-6
4-1
3-8
3-11

1-6
1-6
1-5
1-6
4-1
3-6
3-8

5-15
5-15
5-15
5-15
5-15
1-14
5-9
6-13
1-3, 3-17
5-2
5-6

5-30
5-30
5-29
5-29
5-29
1-8
5-23
6-14
1-1, 3-13
5-1
5-14

2-10
2-11
2-9
2-12
2-19
2-18
2-15

2-3
2-3
2-3
2-4
2-7
2-7
2-6

0
Oil, linseed, raw ...........................................................................................................
Oil paints, coverage of .................................................................................................
Opacity and covering data ............................................................................................
Orange peel finish ........................................................................................................
P
Paint:
Acid-proof, black .......................................................................................................
Coating, underbody (for motor vehicles) .....................................................................
Failures ....................................................................................................................
General ....................................................................................................................
Heat-resisting, silicone aluminum ...............................................................................
Method of brushing ...................................................................................................
Oil, Coverage of ........................................................................................................
Red fuming, nitric, acid-resistant coating ....................................................................
Stencil, flat ...............................................................................................................
Straining ...................................................................................................................
Painting:
Application ...............................................................................................................
Purpose of:
Camouflage ...........................................................................................................
Chemical agent resistance ......................................................................................
Functions ..............................................................................................................
Visibility ................................................................................................................
Pattern painting .....................................................................................................
Techniques of mixing ................................................................................................
Tips on .....................................................................................................................
Tools and equipment:
Electric buffers ......................................................................................................
Electric sanders .....................................................................................................
Miscellaneous equipment .......................................................................................
Scrapers ...............................................................................................................
Stencil sets ...........................................................................................................
Peeling .......................................................................................................................
Portable floodlights ......................................................................................................
Pouncing, procedures ..................................................................................................
Precautions, safety ......................................................................................................
Pressure cans .............................................................................................................
Pressure-feed type spray gun, care of............................................................................
Primers:
Coating, epoxy .........................................................................................................
Coating, epoxy, corrosion inhibiting, lead and chromate free ........................................
Coating, epoxy-polyamide chemical and solvent resistant ...........................................
Coating, epoxy, water reducible, lead and chromate free .............................................
Coating, water reducible, epoxy ester-latex type, lead and chromate free .....................
Coating, zinc chromate, low moisture sensitivity .........................................................
Coatings ...................................................................................................................
Index 5

TM 43-0139
Paragraph
Coating, rust-inhibiting and corrosion-inhibiting ...........................................................
Enamel, rust-inhibiting, olive-drab ..............................................................................
General ....................................................................................................................
Lacquer, rust-inhibiting ..............................................................................................
Surfacer ...................................................................................................................
Purpose of manual .......................................................................................................

Page

2-16
2-13
2-8
2-17
2-14
1-1

2-7
2-4
2-3
2-7
2-5
1-1

2-33
4-6
5-8
1-7

2-17
4-4
5-18
1-4

1-19
1-19, 5-5

1-9
1-9, 5-12

1-3
1-19,5-5
5-15
5-15
1-14
1-2
5-15

1-1
1-9, 5-12
5-30
5-30
1-8
1-1
5-29

2-20
2-21
2-22
2-23

2-8
2-8
2-8
2-9

2-5
2-6
5-8
5-12
5-9

2-2
2-2
5-18
5-25
5-23

5-9
5-9
5-9
5-9
6-5
6-14
1-20
5-4
1-21

5-21
5-23
5-23
5-23
6-8
6-17
1-9
5-4
1-9

5-8
5-8
5-8
5-8
5-8
5-8
5-5

5-16
5-17
5-17
5-17
5-17
5-18
5-18

R
Red fuming, nitric, acid-resistant coating .......................................................................
Registration marking, camouflage .................................................................................
Replacement of compressors .......................................................................................
Respirator protection ....................................................................................................
Roller and brush (see brush and roller)
Running, paint .............................................................................................................
Runs and sags in finish ................................................................................................
S
Safety summary ..........................................................................................................
Sagging ......................................................................................................................
Sanders, electric ..........................................................................................................
Sanding disks ..............................................................................................................
Scaling ........................................................................................................................
Scope of manual ..........................................................................................................
Scrapers .....................................................................................................................
Sealers:
General ....................................................................................................................
Oil, linseed, raw ........................................................................................................
Stain, wood ..............................................................................................................
Varnish, shellac ........................................................................................................
Sealing compound:
Curing ......................................................................................................................
Noncuring ................................................................................................................
Servicing, compressors ................................................................................................
Shellac, method of brushing .........................................................................................
Shakers, can ...............................................................................................................
Shop equipment:
Booths .....................................................................................................................
Can shakers .............................................................................................................
Portable floodlights ...................................................................................................
Vaporproof lamps .....................................................................................................
Sign painting ...............................................................................................................
Silk screen printing process ..........................................................................................
Slow drying .................................................................................................................
Speed of spray gun travel .............................................................................................
Spotting ......................................................................................................................
Spray equipment, compressors:
Description of types ..................................................................................................
Inspection and lubrication ..........................................................................................
Installation ................................................................................................................
Operation .................................................................................................................
Precautions ..............................................................................................................
Replacement ............................................................................................................
Servicing ..................................................................................................................
Change 1 Index 6

TM 43-0139
Paragraph
Spray guns:
Air leakage from front of gun ......................................................................................
Application ...............................................................................................................
Care of .....................................................................................................................
Defective spray patterns ............................................................................................
Dusting ....................................................................................................................
Equipment, additional ................................................................................................
Holding ....................................................................................................................
Jerky or fluttering spray .............................................................................................
Leakage and correction .............................................................................................
Making proper stroke ................................................................................................
Masking ...................................................................................................................
Material leakage:
From fluid needle packing nut .................................................................................
From front of gun ...................................................................................................
Mist or fog ................................................................................................................
Orange peel finish .....................................................................................................
Pressure feed type ....................................................................................................
Runs and sags in finish .............................................................................................
Selection of:
Air caps, needles, and nozzles ...............................................................................
Definition ...............................................................................................................
Types:
Bleeder and nonbleeder . .....................................................................................
External and internal mix .....................................................................................
Suction or pressure feed .....................................................................................
Speed of travel .........................................................................................................
Spraying corners ......................................................................................................
Starving ...................................................................................................................
Streaks in finish ........................................................................................................
Suction cup type, care of ...........................................................................................
Technique ................................................................................................................
Touchup painting ......................................................................................................
Stains:
Coverage of .............................................................................................................
Methods of brushing .................................................................................................
Selection of brush and roller ......................................................................................
Wood .......................................................................................................................
Starving ......................................................................................................................
Stencil sets .................................................................................................................
Stenciling:
Application ...............................................................................................................
Purpose ...................................................................................................................
Techniques ..............................................................................................................
Storage:
Brushes or rollers .....................................................................................................
General ....................................................................................................................
Streaking .....................................................................................................................
Streaks in finish ...........................................................................................................
Suction-cup-type spray gun, care of ..............................................................................
Surface preparation .....................................................................................................
Sweating .....................................................................................................................
Index 7

Page

5-5
5-1
5-6
5-5
5-4
5-8
5-4
5-5
5-5
5-4
5-4

5-9
5-1
5-14
5-11
5-4
5-16
5-4
5-9
5-6
5-4
5-6

5-5
5-5
5-5
5-5
5-2
1-19, 5-5

5-6
5-9
5-12
5-12
5-1
1-9, 5-12

5-3
5-2

5-3
5-1

5-2
5-2
5-2
5-4
5-4
5-5
5-5
5-6
5-4
5-7

5-1
5-1
5-1
5-4
5-4
5-12
5-12
5-14
5-3
5-14

3-9
5-12
5-11
2-22
5-5
5-15

3-7
5-25
5-23
2-8
5-12
5-29

6-7
6-6
6-7

6-9
6-8
6-8

5-14
3-10
1-18
5-5
5-6
3-2
1-22

5-28
3-7
1-9
5-12
5-14
3-1
1-10

TM 43-0139
T
Tanks (Paint containers):
Agitators ...................................................................................................................
Description................................................................................................................
Precautions ..............................................................................................................
Tape, masking .............................................................................................................
Target materiel, painting of ...........................................................................................
Techniques of mixing and thinning ................................................................................
Thinners:
Aircraft .....................................................................................................................
Enamel, synthetic .....................................................................................................
General ....................................................................................................................
Lacquer, cellulose nitrate ...........................................................................................
Oil, linseed, raw ........................................................................................................
Paint, mineral spirits .................................................................................................
Trichloroethane, 1,1,1 ...............................................................................................
Turpentine, gum spirits ..............................................................................................
Tips on painting ...........................................................................................................
Tips on painting with CARC ..........................................................................................
Tools, miscellaneous ...................................................................................................
Topcoat........................................................................................................................
Touchup and recoating procedures ...............................................................................
Touchup painting, spray gun .........................................................................................
Transformer, air ...........................................................................................................
Treatment, surface .......................................................................................................
Troubleshooting techniques ..........................................................................................
Turpentine, gum spirits .................................................................................................

Paragraph

Page

5-8
5-8
5-8
5-15
3-15
3-8

5-19
5-18
5-19
5-30
3-12
3-6

2-24
2-26
3-8
2-27
2-25
2-28
2-30
2-29
3-11
3-12
5-15
2-3,2-31
3-14
5-7
5-8
3-4
1-8
2-29

2-9
2-9
3-6
2-9
2-9
2-10
2-10
2-10
3-8
3-9
5-29
2-1,2-10
3-12
5-14
5-20
3-3
1-6
2-10

3-5

3-3

5-8
5-9

5-20
5-23

2-34
3-9
2-34
5-12
2-34
2-23
2-34
1-6

2-18
3-7
2-18
5-25
2-18
2-9
2-18
1-6

3-5
1-23

3-3
1-10

U
Unpainted surfaces, treatment of ..................................................................................
V
Valves and gages ........................................................................................................
Vaporproof lamps ........................................................................................................
Varnishes:
Asphalt ....................................................................................................................
Coverage of .............................................................................................................
General ....................................................................................................................
Method of brushing ...................................................................................................
Moisture and fungus-resistant ....................................................................................
Shellac, bleached .....................................................................................................
Spar, water-resisting .................................................................................................
Visibility .......................................................................................................................
W
Wood surfaces, treatment of .........................................................................................
Wrinkling......................................................................................................................

Index 8

TM 43-0139

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

Official:

JOHN A. WICKHAM, JR.
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff

R. L. DILWORTH
Brigadier General, United States Army
The Adjutant General
DISTRIBUTION:
To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-34B, Maintenance requirements for Painting Instructions for Field Use

*U.S. Government Printing Office: 1997 - 418-292/67279

The Metric System and Equivalents
Linear Measure
1
1
1
1
1
1

centimeter = 10 millimeters = .39 inch
decimeter = 10 centimeters = 3.94 inches
meter = 10 decimeters = 39.37 inches
dekameter = 10 meters = 32.8 feet
hectometer = 10 dekameters = 328.08 feet
kilometer = 10 hectometers = 3,280.8 feet

1
1
1
1
1
1

Liquid Measure
centiliter = 10 milliters = .34 fl. ounce
deciliter = 10 centiliters = 3.38 fl. ounces
liter = 10 deciliters = 33.81 fl. ounces
dekaliter = 10 liters = 2.64 gallons
hectoliter = 10 dekaliters = 26.42 gallons
kiloliter = 10 hectoliters = 264.18 gallons

1
1
1
1
1
1

sq.
sq.
sq.
sq.
sq.
sq.

Weights
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

centigram = 10 milligrams = .15 grain
decigram = 10 centigrams = 1.54 grains
gram = 10 decigram = .035 ounce
dekagram = 10 grams = .35 ounce
hectogram = 10 dekagrams = 3.52 ounces
kilogram = 10 hectograms = 2.2 pounds
quintal = 100 kilograms = 220.46 pounds
metric ton = 10 quintals = 1.1 short tons

Square Measure
centimeter = 100 sq. millimeters = .155 sq. inch
decimeter = 100 sq. centimeters = 15.5 sq. inches
meter (centare) = 100 sq. decimeters = 10.76 sq. feet
dekameter (are) = 100 sq. meters = 1,076.4 sq. feet
hectometer (hectare) = 100 sq. dekameters = 2.47 acres
kilometer = 100 sq. hectometers = .386 sq. mile
Cubic Measure

1 cu. centimeter = 1000 cu. millimeters = .06 cu. inch
1 cu. decimeter = 1000 cu. centimeters = 61.02 cu. inches
1 cu. meter = 1000 cu. decimeters = 35.31 cu. feet
Approximate Conversion Factors
To change
inches
feet
yards
miles
square inches
square feet
square yards
square miles
acres
cubic feet
cubic yards
fluid ounces
pints
quarts
gallons
ounces
pounds
short tons
pound-feet
pound-inches

To
Multiply by
centimeters
2.540
meters
.305
meters
.914
kilometers
1.609
square centimeters
6.461
square meters
.093
square meters
.836
square kilometers
2.590
square hectometers
.405
cubic meters
.028
cubic meters
.765
milliliters
29,573
liters
.473
liters
.946
liters
3.785
grams
28.349
kilograms
.454
metric tons
.907
newton-meters
1.356
newton-meters
.11296

To change
ounce-inches
centimeters
meters
meters
kilometers
square centimeters
square meters
square meters
square kilometers
square hectometers
cubic meters
cubic meters
milliliters
liters
liters
liters
grams
kilograms
metric tons

To
newton-meters
inches
feet
yards
miles
square inches
square feet
square yards
square miles
acres
cubic feet
cubic yards
fluid ounces
pints
quarts
gallons
ounces
pounds
short tons

Temperature (Exact)

°F

Fahrenheit
temperature

5/9 (after
subtracting 32)

Celsius
temperature

°C

Multiply by
.007062
.394
3.280
1.094
.621
.155
10.764
1.196
.386
2.471
35.315
1.308
.034
2.113
1.057
.264
.035
2.205
1.102

PIN: 014917-000

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Subject                         : TECHNICAL MANUAL
Author                          : LOGSA
Keywords                        : PAINTING, INSTRUCTIONS, FOR, ARMY, MATERIEL

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TM 43 0139 Camo Paint Manual

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