KFC RF130 Colleges Univ Ukrainian

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Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè

Ht­lfr­njh...........................................................Vfqrk Ctq­lty­cnhè­rth
Dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­ybq ht­lfr­njh............................................................Hj­åèy K. Æuth
Ht­lfr­nj­hb......................................................................... Vfqrk Ahèl­vfy
Hj­pf­kè Nfh­ujy­crè
Af­öèd­wè p gèl­åj­he lj­dèl­rj­djÿ èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ................................... Vf­hè Tyy Utvåk
Rt­nè Igè­utkm
Lb­pfqy jå­r kf­lby­rb........................................................ Lf­qfy Dj­kdth­njy
Aj­nj­ht­lfr­njh........................................................Tyy Vjy­hj Lét­rjåc
Db­lf­dtwm..............................................................................Lée­lèn C.Cè­utk
Cnfh­ibq ht­lfr­njh .................................................................Léjhlé Rkfr
Uj­kjd­ybq ht­lfr­njh..............................................................Hè­xfhl D. Uf­rt­åè
Ntö­yèx­ybq lb­htr­njh........................................................... Rhèc­nè­fy Kfh­cjy
Gj­vèx­ybr ntö­yèx­yj­uj lb­htr­nj­hf............................................................Rkj Tk­kèc
Htl­rj­kt­uèz.................................................. Fktr­cfy­lth C. Atkml­vfy
Lét­ht­vè A. Reh­nèy
Rtn­kèy Ltq­dèc
Rf­hf Ufkkc
Gt­htr­kfl yf er­hf­ÿycm­re vj­de................................................. Kt­cz Åf­n eh­cmrf
Ht­lfr­njh er­hf­ÿycm­rj­uj gt­htr­kf­le............................................. Jr­cf­yf Ktd­xey

Hf­qfy Vfr-Dtq/Taxi/Getty Images

Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv Lth­éfd­yj­uj
lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e CIF geå­kè­reæ tktr­nhj­yyè xf­cj­gb­cb pf g’znm­vf
nt­vf­nbx­yb­vb yf­ghzvf­vb gèl pf­ufkm­ybv kj­uj­nb­gjv “eJournal
USA”. Wt nf­rè éeh­yf­kb, zr ≤Trj­yj­vèx­yè gth­cgtr­nb­db≥, ≤Cdè­nj­dè
ghj­åkt­vb≥, ≤Gb­nfy­yz lt­vjr­hf­nèÿ≥, ≤Yf­ufkm­yè gb­nfy­yz pjd­yèi­
ymjÿ gj­kè­nb­rb≥ nf ≤Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè≥, lt db­cdèn­kñ­ñnm­cz
jc­yjd­yè gb­nfy­yz, zrè cnj­znm gt­htl Cgj­ke­xt­yb­vb Inf­nf­vb q
vèé­yf­hjl­yjñ cgèkm­yj­njñ, f nf­rjé fvt­hb­rfy­cmrt cec­gèkm­cndj,
qj­uj wèy­yjc­nè, gj­ukz­lb q èy­cnb­n e­wèÿ.
Oj­vè­cz­wz db­öj­lbnm jlby yj­dbq xf­cj­gbc fy­ukèq­cmrjñ
vj­djñ, zrbq gj­nèv gt­htr­kf­lf­ænm­cz ahfy­wepm­rjñ, gj­hne­
ufkmcmrjñ, hj­cèq­cmrjñ nf èc­gfy­cmrjñ vj­df­vb. Jr­ht­vè db­gec­rb
nf­rjé gt­htr­kf­lf­ñnm­cz fhfå­cmrjñ, rb­nfq­cmrjñ nf èy­ib­vb
vj­df­vb. Rj­éty xf­cj­gbc rf­nf­kj­uè­pe­ænm­cz pf nj­vjv (rèkm­rècnm
hj­rèd geå­kè­rf­wèÿ) è xbc­kjv (rèkm­rècnm yj­vt­hèd, oj db­öj­lznm lhe­
rjv ghj­nz­ujv hj­re).
Lev­rb, db­c kjd­kt­yè d xf­cj­gb­cfö, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­
ñnm gj­ukz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­re ehz­le CIF. Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn
CIF yt dèl­gj­dè­lfæ pf pvècn xb gj­cnèq­ye lj­cneg­yècnm Èy­nth­ytnht­ceh­cèd, gj­cbkfy­yz yf zrè gjl­fñnm éeh­yf­kb; nf­rf dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­
yècnm kz­ufæ nèkm­rb yf db­lfd­wèd wbö cfq­nèd. Cnfn­nè, aj­nju­hf­aèÿ
nf èkñc­nhf­wèÿ, dvè­ot­yè d éeh­yf­kfö, vjé­yf dèl­ndj­hñ­df­nb è
gt­htr­kf­lf­nb gj­pf vt­éf­vb Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nèd, pf db­yzn­rjv
nbö db­gfl­rèd, rj­kb dj­yb vf­ñnm xèn­rè jå­vt­éty­yz oj­lj fd­njh­
cmrj­uj ghf­df. E nf­rj­ve hf­pè ckèl jn­hb­vf­nb lj­pdèk dkfc­yb­rèd
fd­njh­cmrbö ghfd, pf­pyf­xt­ybö e xf­cj­gb­cè.
Yf cfq­nè Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv
ht­tp://usinfo.st­ate.gov/pub/ejournalusa.html db vj­ét­nt pyfq­nb
gj­njx­yè nf gj­gthtl­yè db­gec­rb xf­cj­gb­cèd e rèkm­rjö tktr­nhj­y­
ybö ajh­vf­nfö, f nf­rjé gt­ht­kèr xf­cj­gb­cèd, oj uj­n e­ñnm­cz lj
db­gec­re. Ghj­cb­vj yf­lcb­kf­nb rj­vty­nf­hè lj Gj­cjkm­cndf CIF e
df­ièq rhfÿ­yè fåj lj ht­lfr­wèÿ yf nf­re fl­ht­ce:
Ed­itor, eJournal USA
IIP/PUBS
U.S. Dep­artme­nt of St­ate
301 4th St­reet SW
Washington, DC 20547
Unit­ed St­ates of America
Tktr­nhj­yyf gj­inf: eJournalUSA@st­ate.gov

Kfc­rf­dj ghj­cb­vj

Pf­cneg­ybr Lth­éfd­yj­uj ctr­ht­nf­hz Rf­hty U’ñp

G

hj­gj­yeæ­vj dfv jp­yf­qj­vb­nb­cz p yj­dbv yj­vt­hjv
tktr­nhj­yyj­uj xf­cj­gb­ce CIF. Lz­reæ­vj pf dfi
èy­nt­htc lj db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö
Fvt­hb­rb – xe­lj­dj­ve vèc­wè lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb è plj­åe­nz
pyfym. Vb­ye­kjÿ jct­yè vèq cby hjp­gj­xfd yf­dxfy­yz d rj­kt­
léè, nj­ve z pyfñ, zrbq wt wè­rf­dbq gt­hè­jl lkz cne­lty­nèd nf
ÿö­yèö cè­vtq. Oj å db yt öj­nè­kb db­dxf­nb, lt å db yt öj­nè­kb
jn­hb­vf­nb jc­dè­n e – xb nj e dt­kb­rj­ve, xb d vf­kj­ve, fåj é
e ct­htl­yèö hjp­vè­hèd yf­dxfkm­yj­ve pf­r kf­lè – db pyfq­lt­nt e
CIF cghfd­lè yt­jå­vt­ét­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè. Cgj­lè­dfæ­vjcm, oj
yfi éeh­yfk lj­gj­vj­ét dfv phj­åb­nb gth­iè rhj­rb e wmj­ve
yf­ghz­vè.
Vjé­kb­dècnm plj­åe­nb jc­dè­n e æ kb­it jl­ybv èp fh­u e­vty­nèd
yf rj­hbcnm db­åj­he yf­dxfy­yz d CIF. Nen cne­lty­nb vf­ñnm
cdj­åj­le èy­nt­ktr­n e­f km­yj­uj gj­ie­re, gj­kè­nbx­yjÿ gj­kt­vè­rb
nf dèl­rhb­nj­uj ht­kè­uèq­yj­uj è öe­ljé­ymj­uj cf­vj­db­hf­éty­yz.
Yf­dxfy­yz e de­pfö wèæÿ rhfÿ­yb cghbzæ pvèw­yty­yñ lheé­åb nf
dpfæ­vj­hj­pe­vèy­yz vèé cne­lty­nf­vb hèp­ybö rhf­ÿy è rekm­n eh.

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Vfq­ét dcè rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb CIF nèkm­rb db­uhf­
ñnm dèl dytc­re èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd. Gj­yfl 565 000 cne­lty­
nèd èp 190 rhf­ÿy yf­dxf­kb­cz e 2004–2005 yf­dxfkm­yj­ve hj­wè
e de­pfö CIF. Åf­uf­nj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd pf­jöj­xe­
ñnm cne­lty­nèd hjp­ib­hñ­df­nb uj­hb­pjy­nb pyfym è jcj­åbc­nj
pyf­qj­vb­nb­cz p åf­ufn­cndjv èy­ibö rekm­n eh, åhf­nb exfcnm e
ghj­uhf­vfö gj­ÿp­ljr pf rjh­ljy è yf­dxfy­yz d èy­ibö rhfÿ­yfö.
Cgj­lè­dfæ­vj­cz, oj wtq yj­vth tktr­nhj­yyj­uj xf­cj­gb­ce
lj­gj­vj­ét dfv eö­df­kb­nb hè­ity­yz cnf­nb ghtl­cnfd­yb­rjv
yf­cneg­yj­uj gj­rj­kèy­yz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd, zrè plj­åe­lenm
jc­dè­n e d CIF. Èp pf­lj­dj­kty­yzv xt­rfæ­vj yf­uj­lb ghb­dè­nf­nb
dfc e yf­ièq rhfÿ­yè.

Rf­hty U’ñp
Pf­cneg­ybr Lth­éfd­yj­uj ctr­ht­nf­hz CIF p gb­nfym
uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ lbg­kj­vf­nèÿ nf pd’zp­rèd p uhj­vfl­cmrèc­nñ

i

eJournal USA

Dcneg
Vfh­uf­htn Cgtk­kèyuc
Vè­yècnh jc­dè­nb CIF

Vè­yècnh jc­dè­nb CIF Vfh­uf­htn Cgtk­kèyuc

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j­xe gjl­zre­df­nb dfv pf èy­nt­htc lj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ
cbc­nt­vb db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb. Vb gb­ifæ­vj­cz yf­ib­vb
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb nf rj­kt­léf­vb. Dj­yb lf­ñnm jc­dè­n e
yf­cneg­yj­ve gj­rj­kèy­yñ cdè­nj­dbö kè­lt­hèd.
Oj­hj­re lj CIF ghb­ÿp­lznm yf yf­dxfy­yz cj­nyè nb­czx
cne­lty­nèd p ecmj­uj cdè­n e. Èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb dyj­cznm gtd­ye
cgt­wb­aè­re d cbc­nt­ve jc­dè­nb, påf­uf­xeñ­xb cne­ltyncmrt ébn­
nz d rj­kt­léfö.
D Fvt­hb­wè db­of jc­dè­nf vfæ cdjÿ jcjå­kb­djc­nè gj­hèd­yz­
yj p èy­ib­vb rhfÿ­yf­vb. D CIF cbc­nt­vf jc­dè­nb pyfx­yjñ
vè­hjñ lt­wty­nhf­kè­pj­df­yf, oj cghbzæ vjé­kb­djc­nè ib­hj­rj­
uj db­åj­he vèc­wz jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb – dèl dt­kb­rbö eyè­dth­
cb­nt­nèd lj vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léèd, ghja­tcèq­yj-ntö­yèx­ybö
exb­kbo è ntö­yè­re­vèd. Yt­pdf­éfñ­xb yf nt, oj Lt­gfh­nf­vtyn
jc­dè­nb CIF gèl­nhb­veæ q aè­yfy­ceæ db­oe jc­dè­n e, dèy yt æ
wty­nhfkm­ybv jh­uf­yjv eg­hfd­kèy­yz. Plt­åèkm­ij­uj rj­kt­léè
q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb aeyr­wèj­ye­ñnm zr cf­vjd­hzl­yè ecnfy­jdb è
vf­ñnm pyfx­ye yt­pf­kté­yècnm è cdj­åj­le.
Wmj­uj hj­re vjz cnfh­if lj­ymrf gj­xf­kf yf­dxf­nb­cz yf
gth­ij­ve reh­cè rj­kt­lée. Vt­yè åe­kj ghb­rhj, oj dj­yf pf­
kb­ifæ lj­vèd­re, fkt, djl­yj­xfc, wt åed njq vj­vtyn e ébn­nè,

rj­kb z dèl­xe­kf ujh­lècnm. Z öj­xe, ojå ecè åfnm­rb vf­kb
pvj­u e dèl­xe­nb nf­re cf­ve ujh­lècnm. Jl­ybv èp jc­yjd­ybö
ghèj­hb­nt­nèd Lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e jc­dè­nb æ hjp­ib­hty­yz vjé­kb­
djc­ntq. Vb ddf­éfæ­vj cdj­ÿv pf­dlfy­yzv yf­lfy­yz aè­yfy­cj­
djÿ lj­gj­vj­ub zr­yfq­ibh­ij­ve rj­ke cne­lty­nèd, ojå dj­yb
plèq­cyb­kb cdjñ vhèñ ghj jn­hb­vfy­yz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb.
Yt­oj­lfd­yj z cndjhb­kf yj­de rj­vè­cèñ, gj­r kb­rf­ye lj­gj­
vju­nb yfv hjp­hj­åb­nb yf­wèj­yfkm­ye cnhf­nt­uèñ oj­lj yf­lfy­
yz ibh­ibö vjé­kb­djc­ntq e uf­ke­pè db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb. D evj­dfö
ce­xfc­yjÿ ukj­åfkm­yjÿ trj­yj­vè­rb yfq­rhf­oè hj­åj­xè vèc­wz
dèl­lf­ñnm yfq­rdf­kè­aè­rj­df­yè­ibv ghf­wèd­yb­rfv. Åkbpm­rj 80fi
hj­åj­xbö vècwm e uf­ke­pzö, oj yfq­idbl­it hjp­db­df­ñnm­cz,
db­vf­uf­ñnm jc­dè­nb, db­ojÿ pf ct­htl­yñ. Jn­ét, zr yè­rj­kb hf­
yè­it, dfé­kb­dj cmj­ujl­yè vf­nb db­oe jc­dè­n e.
E wmj­ve yj­vt­hè db pyfq­lt­nt rj­hjn­rbq ju­k zl yfq­hèp­yj­
vf­yèn­yè­ibö vjé­kb­djc­ntq plj­åen­nz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb d CIF.
Cgj­lè­df­ñcm, dèy åe­lt rj­hbc­ybv, f zr­oj e dfc p’zd­k znm­cz
lj­lfn­rj­dè gb­nfy­yz, le­ét hf­lée dèl­dè­lf­nb dtå-cfq­n
ht­tp://www.educationunsa.st­ate.gov.

ii

Ghj wtq db­gecr

F

vt­hb­rfy­cmrè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb è rj­kt­léè, ct­htl zrbö
vjé­yf pyfq­nb hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè nb­gb pf­r kf­lèd è ghfr­nbx­
yj yt­jå­vt­ét­ybq yf­åèh ghj­uhfv è cgt­wè­f km­yjc­ntq,
dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm, nj­kt­hfyn­yt cnfd­kty­yz lj
ghtl­cnfd­yb­rèd hèp­ybö rekm­n eh è ghfu­yty­yz lj dljc­rj­yf­
kty­yz – dct nt yfq­rhf­ot, oj pf­uf­kjv dkfc­nb­dt rhfÿ­yè. Pf
lj­gj­vj­ujñ wmj­uj xf­cj­gb­ce gj­nty­wèq­yè èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb,
ÿö­yè åfnm­rb q rjy­cekm­nfy­nb pvj­é enm jp­yf­qj­vb­nb­cz p fvt­hb­
rfy­cmrjñ cbc­nt­vjñ db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, p yf­dxfkm­ybv ghj­wt­cjv
è cne­ltyncmrbv ébn­nzv d fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­léfö nf
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö.
Cne­lty­nb, zrè db­dxf­ñnm crkfl­ybq rehc p öè­vèÿ fåj yf­åe­
df­ñnm lj­cdè­le ghfr­nbx­yjÿ hj­åj­nb yf cnf­é e­dfy­yè, gèl­db­oe­
ñnm cdèq jc­dèn­yèq hè­dtym ikz­öjv lb­cnfy­wèq­yj­uj yf­dxfy­yz
xb db­rj­hbc­nj­de­ñnm hjp­ib­ht­yè reh­cb è lét­ht­kf pyfym, oj
ÿö ghj­gj­yeæ Èy­nth­ytn, fåj é yf­vf­uf­ñnm­cz yf­åe­nb vfq­cnth­
yjc­nè yf reh­cfö, gj­d’zpf­ybö èp vbc­ntw­ndjv, – ecè dj­yb d
Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö vj­é enm pyfq­nb ghj­uhf­vb q pf­r kf­lb,
zrè lf­lenm ÿv pvj­u e htf­kè­pe­df­nb cdèq gj­nty­wè­f k.
Cbc­nt­vf db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb d CIF yt æ pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­
yjñ, xbv è dèl­hèp­yz­ænm­cz dèl åèkm­ijc­nè èy­ibö cbc­ntv.
Rjy­cnb­n e­wèz CIF pf­kb­ifæ pf inf­nf­vb dcè nè aeyr­wèÿ eg­hfd­
kèy­yz, zrè rjy­rhtn­yj yt jöf­hfr­nt­hb­pj­df­yè zr at­lt­hfkm­yè.
Nj­ve d åèkm­ijc­nè db­gfl­rèd inf­nb yt­cenm dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yècnm
pf dèl­rhbn­nz eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd nf èy­ibö pf­r kf­lèd db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb,
pf eg­hfd­kèy­yz yb­vb nf ht­u e­kñ­dfy­yz ÿöymjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè.
Inf­nb lf­ñnm lj­pdèk yf cndjhty­yz yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd,
fkt yt fr­ht­lb­nj­de­ñnm ÿö è yt uf­hfy­n e­ñnm zrjc­nè ÿöymjÿ
lè­z km­yjc­nè. Yf­nj­vècnm fr­ht­lb­nf­wèæñ pfq­vf­ñnm­cz ghb­dfn­yè
yt­rj­vth­wèq­yè jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ. Jl­ye èp dcnf­djr ghb­cdz­xt­yj wèq
nt­vè.
E xf­cj­gb­cè jgb­cf­yj hèp­yè db­lb db­obö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­
rkf­lèd, gèc­k z xj­uj gjl­fyj cnfn­nè, oj ibh­it db­cdèn­kñ­ñnm
cgt­wb­aè­re jr­ht­vbö eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrbö ghj­uhfv, zrè hj­p’zc­
yñ­ñnm, oj nf­rt ≤cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz≥, zrbv æ cne­ltyncmrt ébn­nz,
zrbq cnbkm yf­dxfy­yz d Fvt­hb­wè. Lkz gj­kèg­ity­yz cghbq­yzn­
nz èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ d éeh­yf­kè hjp­vè­ot­yj xbc­kty­yè aj­nj nf ghj­
gj­ye­ænm­cz gj­cbkfy­yz yf dè­ltj­vf­nt­hè­f k. Vb nf­rjé yf­lfæ­vj
èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj lét­ht­kf lkz cne­lty­nèd, zrbv gj­nhèå­yf
lj­gj­vj­uf e db­åj­hè rj­kt­lée, yf­gb­cfy­yè pf­zd è pf­åtp­gt­xty­yè

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz jc­dè­nb d CIF. Rjy­cekm­nf­wèq­yè wty­nhb p gb­
nfym jc­dè­nb, zrè lè­ñnm e hfv­rfö ghj­uhf­vb ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥,
nf ÿö­yèq dtå-cfqn (ht­tp://educationusa.st­ate.gov/) – yfq­rj­hbc­
yè­iè ht­ceh­cb e wmj­ve db­gfl­re. Vb ht­rj­vty­leæ­vj gj­nty­
wèq­ybv èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv nf fc­gè­hfy­nfv gj­xb­yf­nb
ghj­wtc gjl­fxè pf­zd ghb­yfq­vyè pf hèr lj rèy­wt­dj­uj nth­vè­ye
ghbq­jve lj­re­vty­nèd, èp nbv, ojå jn­hb­vf­nb q gjl­fnb dcè
yt­jå­öèl­yè lj­re­vty­nb ghj db­dxt­yè reh­cb q jlth­éf­yè jwèy­rb,
f nf­rjé ghj­qnb yt­jå­öèl­yè ntc­nb.
Rj­kb vb pfq­vf­kb­cz db­gec­rjv wmj­uj xbc­kf tktr­nhj­yyj­
uj xf­cj­gb­ce CIF ≤Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè≥, yfv gj­cnèq­yj
yf­uf­le­df­kb, yf­crèkm­rb dfé­kb­dbq lkz cne­lty­nèd lj­cdèl
yf­dxfy­yz e rj­kt­léè. Dcè åtp db­yzn­re yf­iè cgèd­hjp­vjd­yb­rb
ghj­gj­ye­df­kb yf­gb­cf­nb ghj ÿö­yèq rj­ktlé fåj ghj rj­ktlé,
e zrj­ve dxbnm­cz xb dxbd­cz önjcm èp xkt­yèd ÿöymjÿ hj­lb­yb.
Yf­dènm xt­htp åf­uf­nj hj­rèd jcj­åbc­nè pd’zp­rb, zrè db­yb­rf­ñnm e
cne­ltyncmre gj­he, æ dfé­kb­dbv yf­uf­le­dfy­yzv ghj ne hjkm,
zre dè­lèu­hfæ lj­cdèl yf­dxfy­yz d gt­hè­jl cnfy­jd­kty­yz jcj­
åbc­njc­nè, hjp­d’z­pfy­yz crkfl­ybö èy­nt­ktr­n e­f km­ybö pf­dlfym,
gj­ie­re cgèkm­yjc­nè èy­nt­ht­cèd è gj­ukz­lèd.
Vb db­cj­rj wè­yeæ­vj fr­nbd­ye gèl­nhbv­re, yf­lf­ye wmj­ve
ghj­tr­nj­dè lt­czn­rf­vb rj­kt­léèd, eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd nf jc­dèn­yèö pf­
rkf­lèd, zrè yf­lcb­kf­kb yfv èy­ajh­vf­wèñ, aj­nju­hf­aèÿ è cnfn­nè.
Dj­yb lj­gj­vju­kb yfv pvf­kñ­df­nb zr­yfq­gj­dyè­ie rfh­nb­ye db­
ojÿ jc­dè­nb d CIF. Jl­yfr yt ckèl cghbq­vf­nb db­rj­hb­cnfye
yf­vb èy­ajh­vf­wèñ zr jcjå­kb­dt cödf­kty­yz zrj­ujcm jr­ht­vj­
uj jc­dèn­ymj­uj pf­r kf­le xb jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ.
Db­gecr wmj­uj xf­cj­gb­ce åe­kj ghb­ehj­xt­yj lj ghj­dt­lty­yz
Vèé­yf­hjl­yj­uj nbé­yz jc­dè­nb – cgèkm­yjÿ èyè­wèf­nb­db Lth­éfd­
yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e CIF nf Lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e jc­dè­nb CIF,
oj vf­kf yf vt­nè cghbz­nb db­rj­yfy­yñ ghj­uhfv, zrè rhf­ot
uj­n e­df­kb å fvt­hb­rfy­wèd lj evjd ukj­åfkm­yjÿ trj­yj­vè­rb nf
pf­jöj­xe­df­kb vfq­åen­yèö kè­lt­hèd èy­ibö lth­éfd jn­hb­ve­df­nb
jc­dè­n e, plj­åe­df­nb pyfy­yz è jå­vè­yñ­df­nb­cz lj­cdè­ljv e CIF.
Ht­lfr­nj­hb



eJournal USA

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè
Lth­
é fd­
ybq lt­
gfh­
nf­
vtyn CIF/Kbc­
nj­
gfl 2005/Njv 10/Xbc­
kj 2

www.usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm

Rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb CIF
è

Kfc­rf­dj ghj­cb­vj
Rf ­hty U’ñp, pf­cneg­ybr Lth­é fd­yj­uj ctr­ht­nf ­hz CIF p
uhjv
­ f l­cmrjÿ lbg ­kj­vf­nèÿ nf pd’zp­rèd p uhj­vf l­cmrèc­n ñ

12 Db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­rkf­lb, lt gt­ht­df­éf­ñnm
ghtl­cnfd­yb­rb yf­wèj­yfkm­ybö vty­iby

gb­nfym

E wbö rj­kt­léfö jcjå­kb­df edf­uf ghb­lè­k z­ænm­cz cne­lty­nfv – ghtl­
cnfd­yb­rfv yf­wèj­yfkm­ybö vty­iby, e nj­ve xbc­kè fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­

èè

Dcneg

wzv, kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­w zv nf fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbv èy­lè­fy­w zv.

Vfh­uf ­htn Cgtk ­kèyuc,

vè­yècnh jc­dè­n b CIF

15 Xt­htp 50 hj­rèd gèc­kz ≤cghf­db Åhfe­yf≥: xj­ve
nhf­lb­wèq­yj fa­hj-fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè nf
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb gj­nhèå­yè q lj­cè

èèè Ghj wtq db­gecr
Nb­gb yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­rkf­lèd

Åt­dth­kè Lt­yè­t k Ntq­n ev,

ght­pb ­l tyn rj­kt ­l ée Cgtk ­vf ­y f

Db­r kf­lfx hjp­gj­dè­lfæ ghj eyè­rfkm­ye hjkm nf­rbö yf­dxfkm­ybö

4

Geå­kèx­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö

pf­r kf­lèd e gb­nfy­yzö ajh­ve­dfy­yz cf­vjc­dè­lj­vjc­nè fa­hj-fvt­hb­

Hj­åthn U. Åheÿ­yèyrc,

rfy­cmrbö cne­lty­nèd.

ght­pb ­l tyn eyè­dth­cb­n t­n e Vèy­yt­cj­n b

E nb­gj­dj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè inf­ne yf­dxf­ñnm­cz lt­czn­rb nb­czx

17 Ht­kè­uèq­yè rj­kt­léè

cne­lty­nèd nf ghj­gj­ye­ñnm­cz cj­nyè reh­cèd.

6

Ght­gj­ljå­ybq Lt­dèl V. J’Rjy­ytkk,
eyèd
­ thc­ bn­ tn­ e Fvt­hb­rb

Oj nf­rt dt­kb­rbq ghb­dfn­ybq eyè­dth­cb­ntn
p yf­erj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rjñ åf­pjñ?
Létqvc D.Dfu­yth,

ght­pb ­l tyn

Rf­nj­kbwm­rj­uj

E ht­kè­uèq­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö ghja­tce­hf gt­ht­rj­yf­yf, oj

ght­pb ­l tyn eyè­dth­cb­n t­n e Tvj­hè

yf­dxfy­yz d evj­dfö dè­hb påf­uf­xeæ db­oe jc­dè­ne.

Lj­cneg­yècnm rji­nèd p ghb­dfn­ybö ajy­lèd lfæ ghb­dfn­ybv eyè­dth­

20 Cgt­wè­fkm­yè db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­rkf­lb

cb­nt­nfv vjé­kb­dècnm pfq­vf­nb­cz cvè­kb­db­vb yf­erj­db­vb gj­ie­rf­

8

vb d yj­dbö yf­ghz­vfö.

Vfqrk Létq Ahèl ­vfy, ghf­wèd­ybr Åñ­hj vèé ­yf ­hjl ­ybö ­
èya
­ jh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv Lth­é fd­yj­uj lt­gfh ­nf ­vty­n e CIF

Uhj­vfl­cmrè ldj­hèx­yè rj­kt­léè CIF:
ikzö lj db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb lkz åf­uf­nmjö

Rj­kt­léè, zrè yf­lf­ñnm dt­kb­rjÿ edf­ub db­r kf­lfy­yñ reh­cèd, gj­d’zpf­

Léjhlé H.Åjuup, ght­pb ­l tyn Fvt­hb­r fy­cmrjÿ
cmrbö ldjh­ èxy
­ bö rj­kt ­l éèd

ghb­r kf­ljv yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd èp cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yb­vb ghj­uhf­vf­vb

ybö èp vbc­ntw­ndjv, åèp­yt­cjv xb dèq­cmrj­db­vb yf­erf­vb, cke­u e­ñnm

fcj­wèf­wèÿ uhj­vf l­

yf­dxfy­yz.

Ldj­hèx­yè rj­kt­léè – wt ghb­dfå­kb­df fkm­nth­yf­nb­df lkz nbö, önj

Dcnfd­rb: Rkf­cb­aè­rf­wèz rj­kt­léèd. Yfq­rhf­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb

öj­xt ghj­ljd­é e­df­nb yf­dxfy­yz yt­gj­lf­kèr dèl vèc­w z ghj­éb­dfy­yz,

F vt­hb­rb. Ghj­dèl­yè ghj­uhf­vb db­dxty­yz åèp­yt­c e è ntö­yèx­ybö yf­er.

pt­rj­yj­vbd­ib ghb wmj­ve rji­nb.

Yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb ≤Kè­ub gkñ­of≥. ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥. Dèl­pyf­xfæ­vj
Vèé­yf­hjl­ybq nbé­ltym jc­dè­nb.

10 Gj­ukbå­kty­yz hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yjc­nè: yt­pf­kté­ybq
ctr­njh db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb CIF
Hè­x fhl Tr­vfy,

ght­pb ­l tyn Hf ­l b yt­pf ­kté ­ybö rj­kt ­l éèd

E yt­dt­kb­rbö ghb­dfn­ybö rj­kt­léfö yf­dxfy­yz dèl­å e­df­ænm­cz d
jå­cnfy­jd­wè nèc­yjÿ dpfæ­vj­lèÿ cne­lty­nèd è db­r kf­lf­xèd.
eJournal USA



Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

26 Aj­nj: Cne­ltyncmrt ébn­nz

Dè­ltj jy-kfqy

Gj­ukzl påkbpm­rf

Oj

31 Ghj­uhf­vb db­dxty­yz vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby e
Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè

pyf­x bnm åe ­n b èyj­ptv­ybv
cne­l ty­njv d

Vfqrk Létq Ahèl ­vfy, ghf­wèd­ybr Åñ­hj vèé ­yf ­hjl ­ybö ­
èya
­ jh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv Lth­é fd­yj­uj lt­gfh ­nf ­vty­n e CIF

Fvt­hb­wè

Ahfu­vty­nb dè­ltj­aèkm­ve Lfh­ven­cmrj­uj rj­kt­lée hjp­gj­dè­
lf­ñnm ghj gth­iè vè­cz­wè yf­dxfy­yz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd
e CIF.

Vèé­lbc­wbg­kè­yfh­yf ghj­uhf­vf uj­neæ cne­lty­nèd lj hj­åj­nb d åelmz­rèq xfc­nb­yè cdè­ne.

http://www.usinfo.state.gov/journals/itsv/1105/ijse/ijse1105.htm

Dcnfd­rf: Rj­hjn­rbq ju­k zl fr­ht­lb­nf­wèÿ db­obö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd
CIF

50 Pf­yzn­nz d fe­lb­nj­hè­zö ghj­nz­ujv gth­ibö
xj­nb­hmjö hj­rèd yf­dxfy­yz

33 Èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb pyf­öj­lznm yj­dbq lèv è
gth­cgtr­nbd­yè ukj­åfkm­yè wè­kè
Hè­x fhl Ujk ­l ty, rj­kbi­yèq
d rjk
­ t ­l éè Th­kutv

Kèy ­l f Nj­åfi, lb­htr­njh
vèé y
­ f h­ jl y­ jÿ jc­dè­n b

lb­htr­njh pè pd’zp­rèd p uhj­vf l­cmrèc­n ñ

cne­l tyncmrjÿ ckeé ­åb Èy­cnb­n e ­n e

­

Cne­lty­nb p Fa­uf­yè­cnfye nf Rt­yèÿ hjp­gj­dè­lf­ñnm ghj cdjæ ébn­n z

Fd­njh hjp­gj­dè­lfæ ghj nt, xj­uj xt­rf­ñnm dèl cne­lty­nèd e rj­kt­léè,

è gkf­yb.

nf ghj nè reh­cb, zrè dj­yb db­dxf­nb­venm.
Dcnfd­rf: Cbc­nt­vf jwè­yñ­dfy­yz pyfym

35 Ghf­wz yf åkf­uj uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè
Hj­åèy K. Æuth, ghf­wèd­ybr Åñ­hj vèé ­yf ­hjl ­ybö
ghju­ hfv Lth­é fd­yj­uj lt­g fh ­nf ­vty­n e CIF

53 Dfh­nècnm yf­dxfy­yz d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö

èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö

Åf­uf­nj rj­kt­léèd yf­lf­ñnm vjé­kb­dècnm cne­lty­nfv db­zdb­nb ct­åt

Èyj­ptv­yè cne­l ty­n b, pf­wè­r fd­kt­yè e aè­yfy­c e ­dfy­yè ÿöymjÿ
CIF, vf ­ñnm lj­cneg lj èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö ht­c eh­cèd.

jc­dè­n b d

e cat­hè jå­c ke­uj­de­dfy­yz, d lj­åhj­dèkm­ybö fr­wè­z ö, gèl­nhb­veñ­xb vèc­wt­

Dcnfd­rf: Jg­kf­nf yf­dxfy­yz nf èy­iè db­nhf­nb gj­hèd­yz­yj èp pf­ufkm­

dt yf­ct­kty­yz, – nf­rbv xb­yjv cne­lty­nb jlthée­ñnm ghfr­nbx­yè

yb­vb db­nhf­nf­vb yf db­oe jc­dè­ne

yf­dbx­rb cke­éèy­yz kñ­lzv è cgèk­r e­dfy­yz p yb­vb.

Cöt­vf: Nb­gj­dbq åñ­létn yf­dxfy­yz e rj­kt­léè

56 Vjé­kb­dè lét­ht­kf aè­yfy­cj­djÿ lj­gj­vj­ub

38 Hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb
yf ghb­rkf­lè ct­vb rjy­rhtn­ybö rj­kt­léèd
Ht­pñ­vt lj­gj­dè­lè, gèl­uj­nj­df­yjÿ ghf­wèd­yb­rf­vb gj­cjkm­cnd CIF –

Vfh ­nè­yf Iekm­wt, cgt­wèf ­kècn p gb­nfym rekm­n e ­hb Ut­yt­hfkm­yj­uj
rjyc
­ ekmc­ ndf CIF d Ufv­åeh­pè, Yè­vtx­xb­yf

uhj­vf­lz­yf­vb èy­ibö rhf­ÿy, ghj jc­dèn­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè lkz èyj­ptv­ybö

Aè­yfy­cj­df lj­gj­vj­uf lj­cneg­yè­if lkz fc­gè­hfy­nèd, yèé lkz

cne­lty­nèd e cè­vjö rj­kt­léfö CIF.

cne­lty­nèd.

57 Cgj­ke­xt­yè Inf­nb hf­lè dè­nf­nb èyj­ptv­ybö
cne­lty­nèd e vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léfö

Zr ghf­wñæ cbc­nt­vf

Léty­yè­ath Åth­x fv, “Community Colle­ge Times”, Fvt­hb­r fy­cmrf
fcjw
­ èfw
­ èz vècw
­ td­ bö ldj­hèx­ybö rj­kt ­l éèd

42 Db­åèh jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ d rj­kt­léè
Kèy ­l f Nj­åfi, lb­htr­njh
vèé y
­ f h­ jl y­ jÿ jc­dè­n b

cne­l tyncmrjÿ ckeé ­åb Èy­cnb­n e ­n e

­

E wèq cnfn­nè, ahfu­vty­nb zrjÿ dpz­nj p uf­pt­nb “Community Colle­ge

Cgt­wèf­kècn lfæ ghfr­nbx­yè gj­hf­lb cne­lty­nfv rj­kt­lée, zr

Times”, pdèc­yj, uj­kjd­ye edf­u e pj­ct­ht­lét­yj yf vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léfö, fkt

ghf­dbkm­yj db­pyf­xb­nb cat­he jc­dèn­yèö èy­nt­ht­cèd.

pf­ghj­ity­yz ≤Kfc­rf­dj ghj­cb­vj≥ cnj­c e­ænm­cz dcèö èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­

Dcnfd­rb: Db­åèh cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ nf db­åèh èy­nt­ht­cèd. Yf­dxfkm­ybq hèr.

nèd, zrè dxfnm­cz e dcèö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö CIF.

Db­vj­ub lj jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz åf­rf­kfd­hf. Dtå-cfq­nb d

Dcnfd­rf: Oj nf­rt ≤rjy­c ekm­nfyn èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd≥?

Èy­nth­yt­nè.

59 Åèå­kè­ju­hf­aèz
62 Lét­ht­kf d Èy­nth­yt­nè

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005



eJournal USA

Nb­gb yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­rkf­lèd

Geå­kèx­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb ­
d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö
Hj­åthn U. Åheÿ­yèyrc

Tk­kè­jn Vfq­yjh. FH/WWP

Cne­lty­nb èy­ét­yth­yj­uj af­rekm­nt­ne eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne inf­ne Fhè­pj­yf ghf­wñ­ñnm yfl cndjhty­yzv ­
vj­lt­kè kè­nf­rf-hj­åj­nf, zrf puj­ljv gt­ht­vjét yf jl­yj­ve p rjy­reh­cèd.

Geå­kèx­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, fåj eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb inf­nèd, pf­
pdb­xfq ghbq­vf­ñnm nb­cz­xè cne­lty­nèd è ghj­gj­ye­ñnm cne­
gt­yè p cj­ntym lbc­wbg­kèy. Hj­åthn U. Åheÿ­yèyrc hjp­gj­dè­lfæ
ghj cnher­ne­he q aè­yfy­c e­dfy­yz dt­kb­rbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd
inf­nèd, vjé­kb­djc­nè yf­dxfy­yz q lj­c kèl­ybwm­rjÿ hj­åj­nb,
zrè yf­lf­ñnm­cz èyj­ptv­ybv uhj­vf­lz­yfv. Dèy æ ght­pb­lty­
njv eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Vèy­yt­cj­nb p 2002 hj­r e è döj­lbnm lj
crkf­l e Hf­lb ghj­uhf­vb cnb­gty­lèq èvt­yè Aek­åhfq­nf.

ib­hj­rbq jå­czu yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhfv. Yf­ghb­r kfl, e de­pè,
lt z ghf­wññ – d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Vèy­yt­cj­nb, – cne­ltyncmrt
vèc­ntx­rj yf­kè­xeæ 50 nb­czx cne­lty­nèd. E wmj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè
èc­yeæ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz èp cj­ntym hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybö lbc­wbg­kèy, dèy
gj­cè­lfæ xèkm­yt vèc­wt d nf­rbö uf­ke­pzö, zr yt­dhj­kj­uèz è nhfyc­
gkfy­nf­wèq­yf öè­heh­uèz, trj­yj­vè­rf q gj­kè­nj­kj­uèz, cndjhty­yz
yj­dbö vf­nt­hèf­kèd è yf­yj­ntö­yj­kj­uèz, cèkmcmrj­ujc­gj­lfh­cmrè
yf­e rb nf trj­kj­uèz.
Eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb inf­nèd dè­lèu­hf­ñnm le­ét dfé­kb­de hjkm d
trj­yj­vèx­yj­ve, rekm­n eh­yj­ve è cec­gèkm­yj­ve hjp­dbn­re, è åf­uf­
nj p ybö, d nj­ve xbc­kè q eyè­dth­cb­ntn Vèy­yt­cj­nb, pfq­vf­ñnm­
cz cth­qjp­yjñ yf­e rj­djñ hj­åj­njñ. Wè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb yf­kt­
éfnm lj xbc­kf jc­yjd­ybö yf­e rj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rbö pf­r kf­lèd
CIF q xfc­nj åt­henm exfcnm e vèé­yf­hjl­ybö ghj­uhf­vfö hèp­
ybö rhf­ÿy cdè­n e. Wè­kf ybp­rf at­lt­hfkm­ybö pf­öj­lèd, déb­nbö e
lhe­uèq gj­kj­db­yè ÖÈÖ cnj­kèn­nz, lf­kf inf­nfv vjé­kb­djc­nè lkz
cndjhty­yz q hjp­åe­lj­db eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd.
Eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, zrè p’z­db­kb­cz pf­dlz­rb wbv pf­öj­lfv, gj­r kb­
rf­yè jöj­gb­nb cdjæñ lè­z km­yèc­nñ yf­ct­kty­yz è lj­gj­vju­nb e
cghf­dè db­dxty­yz yj­dbö ntö­yj­kj­uèq, gèl­nhbv­rb cèkmcmrj­uj
ujc­gj­lfh­cndf, dpfæ­vj­lèÿ p gj­xfn­rj­db­vb q ct­htl­yè­vb irj­kf­

D

t­kb­rè geå­kèx­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb d CIF, zrè nf­rjé
yf­pb­df­ñnm eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb inf­nèd, jn­hb­ve­ñnm hèp­
yj­vf­yèn­ye gèl­nhbv­re dèl nbö inf­nèd, e zrbö dj­yb
hjp­nf­ij­df­yè. Wt wè­rf­dè q lb­yf­vèx­yè wty­nhb db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb p
db­cj­rjñ ht­ge­nf­wèæñ, eyè­rfkm­yb­vb nhf­lb­wèz­vb, ukb­åj­rj gj­
d’zpf­yè p yf­ct­kty­yzv inf­n e. Rhèv nj­uj, dj­yb ghb­dfå­kñ­ñnm
nf­kf­yj­db­nbö kñ­ltq p ecèæÿ rhfÿ­yb è p ecmj­uj cdè­n e.
Pf­uf­kjv nf­rè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb ghbq­vf­ñnm lt­czn­rb nb­czx
cne­lty­nèd. Dj­yb db­gec­rf­ñnm åèkm­iècnm af­öèd­wèd pè cne­gt­
yz­vb, db­ob­vb pf cne­gèym åf­rf­kfd­hf, nf p ghja­tcèq­yb­vb
lbg­kj­vf­vb lkz gj­nhtå rhfÿ­yb, f nf­rjé pyfx­ye rèkm­rècnm åf­
rf­kfd­hèd. Dt­kb­rè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb inf­nèd pf­pdb­xfq ghj­gj­ye­ñnm

eJournal USA



Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

eg­hfd­kèy­yz inf­n e. Yf dèl­vè­ye dèl åf­uf­nmjö èy­ibö rhf­ÿy, wè
fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb yt gèl­pdèn­yè vè­yèc­nhj­dè jc­dè­nb
CIF è jc­dèn­yz gj­kè­nb­rf db­ojÿ irj­kb æ ght­hj­uf­nb­djñ, d jc­
yjd­yj­ve, inf­nèd, öj­xf aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz yf­e rj­dbö lj­c kè­létym
nf aè­yfy­cj­df lj­gj­vj­uf cne­lty­nfv plèq­cyñ­ñnm­cz xt­htp nf­rè
at­lt­hfkm­yè ecnfy­jdb, zr Yf­wèj­yfkm­ybq yf­e rj­dbq ajyl,
Yf­wèj­yfkm­yè èy­cnb­n e­nb jöj­hj­yb plj­hj­d’z nf åf­uf­nj èy­ibö
at­lt­hfkm­ybö ecnfy­jd.
Ltz­rè pf­cf­lb geå­kèx­ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd e CIF pyfx­yj dèl­
hèp­yz­ñnm­cz dèl pf­cfl eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd d èy­ibö rhfÿ­yfö. Yf­dènm
e nbö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö, zrè jlthée­ñnm aè­yfy­cj­de gèl­
nhbv­re dèl inf­n e, cne­lty­nb, pf­pdb­xfq, xfc­nrj­dj jg­kf­xe­ñnm
yf­dxfy­yz nf gj­d’zpf­yè p ybv db­nhf­nb, ghb­xj­ve ce­vf nf­rbö
db­nhfn påèkm­ie­ænm­cz. Cmj­ujl­yè cne­lty­nb åt­henm rht­lb­nb
d åfy­re, ojå vf­nb pvj­u e gj­rhb­nb db­nhf­nb yf yf­dxfy­yz.
Dct åèkm­it pf­ke­xf­ænm­cz rji­nèd p ghb­dfn­ybö lét­htk, ojå
ghjaè­yfy­ce­df­nb yf­e rj­dè ghj­tr­nb, yf­lf­nb cnb­gty­lèÿ nf db­
gkf­nb­nb pf­hj­åèn­ye gkf­n e ghja­tcj­hfv. Yf­hti­nè, dt­kb­rbq
èy­nt­htc e cne­lty­nèd, db­gec­ryb­rèd è pdb­xfq­ybö uhj­vf­lzy
db­r kb­rf­ñnm cgjh­nbd­yè pvf­ufy­yz. Ghj­dt­lty­yz nf­rbö cgjh­
nbd­ybö pvf­ufym ghb­yj­cbnm lj­lfn­rj­dè ghb­åen­rb.
Ct­htl ecèö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd CIF dt­kb­rè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb inf­
nèd xfc­nj vf­ñnm yfq­åèkm­ibq dèl­cj­njr èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd
è yf­e rj­dbö cgèd­hj­åèn­yb­rèd.
D eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Vèy­yt­cj­nb yf­kè­xe­ænm­cz gj­yfl 4500 èyj­
ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd è yf­e rjd­wèd p gj­yfl 130 rhf­ÿy. Eyè­dth­cb­
ntn Vèy­yt­cj­nb rjy­cekm­n eæ èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd p ñhb­lbx­
ybö nf jcj­åbc­nbö gb­nfym, lj­gj­vf­ufñ­xb ÿv db­åhf­nb reh­cb,
phj­pe­vè­nb rekm­n e­he CIF d wè­kj­ve nf eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmre
rekm­n e­he pjr­ht­vf, yf­lfæ rjy­cekm­nf­wèÿ p gb­nfym èv­vèu­hf­wèÿ,
dè­pj­dj­uj ht­é b­ve, lj­lfn­rj­dj­uj db­dxty­yz fy­ukèq­cmrjÿ vj­db q
jcjå­kb­djc­ntq cgèk­re­dfy­yz d åf­uf­nj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­ve ct­ht­lj­
db­oè. D åf­uf­nmjö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö inf­nèd èc­ye­ñnm fyf­kj­uèx­yè
ghj­uhf­vb, zrè lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv jhè­æy­
ne­df­nb­cz d eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrèq fl­vè­yèc­nhf­nbd­yèq cbc­nt­vè q
frf­lt­vèx­ybö db­vj­ufö, oj èy­rj­kb db­lf­ñnm­cz crkfl­yb­vb.
Jl­yfr yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb dèl­hèp­yz­ñnm­cz vfc­inf­åf­vb nf­rbö
gj­c keu.
D evj­dfö phj­cnfy­yz rjy­re­hty­wèÿ p èy­ib­vb rhfÿ­yf­vb éj­
lty èp dt­kb­rbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd CIF yt vj­ét cj­åè lj­pdj­kb­nb
èu­yj­he­df­nb èy­nt­ht­cb èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd. Nj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­
nb inf­nèd ghb­lè­k z­ñnm dct åèkm­it q åèkm­it edf­ub pf­ke­xty­
yñ yfq­rhf­obö cne­lty­nèd p ecèö re­njx­rèd cdè­n e. Zr­oj db
gj­cnf­db­kb pf vt­n e jn­hb­vf­nb pyfy­yz e yfq­gt­ht­lj­dè­ibö
uf­ke­pzö yf­e rb è vjé­kb­dècnm ndjh­xj ghf­wñ­df­nb, z ob­hj hf­
lée dfv lèp­yf­nb­cz ghj ib­hj­rè vjé­kb­djc­nè, oj ÿö yf­lf­ñnm
dt­kb­rè geå­kèx­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb d CIF. 3

Lét­ytn Ujc­ntn­nth. AP/WWP

Öj­rtq p ifq­åjñ, jlby èp åf­uf­nmjö db­lèd cgjh­ne, zrbv pfq­vf­ñnm­cz d ­
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Vèy­yt­cj­nb.

vb, f nf­rjé èp nb­vb, önj ajh­veæ gj­kè­nb­re inf­n e q gj­kè­nb­
re yf vèc­wzö.
Eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb inf­nèd hèp­yznm­cz pf cne­gt­ytv èy­nty­cbd­yjc­
nè yf­e rj­dbö lj­c kè­létym.
Pf­pdb­xfq, uhfy­nb è rjy­nhfr­nb, zrè db­åj­hñ­ñnm­cz yfq­
ghtc­nbé­yè­ib­vb eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb inf­nèd yf ghj­dt­lty­yz
yf­e rj­dbö lj­c kè­létym, oj­hj­re cz­uf­ñnm cj­ntym vèkm­qj­yèd
lj­kf­hèd. Jå­czu gèl­nhbv­rb, oj yf­lf­ænm­cz inf­nf­vb, nf­rjé yt
jl­yf­rj­dbq. Eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb inf­nèd p dt­kb­rbv åñ­lét­njv yf
ghj­dt­lty­yz yf­e rj­dbö lj­c kè­létym jn­hb­ve­ñnm dèl 10 lj 30
dèl­cjn­rèd cdj­ÿö åñ­lét­nèd dèl inf­n e, d zrj­ve dj­yb hjp­nf­ij­
df­yè. Lj­lfn­rj­df xfc­nb­yf ÿöymj­uj åñ­lét­n e crkf­lf­ænm­cz p
jg­kf­nb pf yf­dxfy­yz nf èy­ibö db­g kfn, uhfy­nèd, rjy­nhfr­nèd,
gjl­fhey­rèd.
Pf­dlz­rb yf­zd­yèq aè­yfy­cj­dèq cnher­n e­hè dt­kb­rbö eyè­dth­
cb­nt­nèd inf­nèd åf­uf­nj fc­gè­hfy­nèd jn­hb­ve­ñnm aè­yfy­cj­de
lj­gj­vj­u e, ghf­wññ­xb fcbc­nty­nf­vb d hfv­rfö lj­c kèl­ybwm­
rbö uhfy­nèd è rjy­nhfr­nèd. Yt­pdf­éfñ­xb yf nt, oj åf­uf­nj
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd ghfu­yenm jlthéf­nb påèkm­it­yt aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz
lkz vèé­yf­hjl­yj­uj jå­vè­ye cne­lty­nf­vb nf ÿöymj­uj yf­dxfy­yz,
lj­cneg lj aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz le­ét jå­vt­ét­ybq gj­pf drf­pf­ybv
aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yzv yf­e rj­dbö lj­c kè­létym è uhfy­nèd. Jc­rèkm­rb
cne­lty­nb gth­ibö xj­nb­hmjö reh­cèd pf­uf­kjv yt pfq­vf­ñnm­cz
yf­e rj­db­vb lj­c kè­léty­yz­vb, yf­lf­dfy­yz cnb­gty­lèq èyj­ptv­
ybv cne­lty­nfv, zrè öj­xenm jn­hb­vf­nb cne­gèym åf­rf­kfd­hf,
lj­cbnm jå­vt­ét­yt.
Dt­kb­rè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb inf­nèd vèc­nznm­cz d hèp­ybö hf­qj­yfö:
zr e yt­dt­kb­rbö vèc­ntx­rfö, nfr è d vèc­nfö èp åf­uf­nj­vèkm­qjy­
ybv yf­ct­kty­yzv. Åf­uf­nj eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd vf­ñnm aè­kèf­kb,
hjp­rb­lf­yè gj dcèq nt­hb­nj­hèÿ inf­n e. Lj nj­uj é e åf­uf­nmjö
inf­nfö èc­yeæ gj rèkm­rf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd.
Rt­heæ eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb inf­nèd hf­lf jgè­re­yèd, zrf vfæ
åèkm­ijñ xb vty­ijñ vè­hjñ pdè­n e­df­nb gt­htl jh­uf­yf­vb
Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb
xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.



eJournal USA

Oj nf­rt dt­kb­rbq ghb­dfn­ybq ­
eyè­dth­cb­ntn p yf­erj­dj-­
ljc­kèl­ybwm­rjñ åf­pjñ?
Létqvc D. Dfu­yth

Kèy­lf F. Cèct­hj/Sta­nford News Service

Cne­lty­nrf ghj­dj­lbnm lj­ckè­lb d lth­vf­nj­kj­uèx­yèq kf­åj­hf­nj­hèÿ vt­lbx­yj­uj af­rekm­nt­ne Cnty­ajhlcmrj­uj ­
eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne d Rf­kè­ajh­yèÿ.

Létqvc D. Dfu­yth, ght­pb­ltyn eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Tvj­hè d
Fn­kfy­nè, infn Léjhléèz, ddf­éfæ, oj ghb­dfn­yè eyè­
dth­cb­nt­nb vf­ñnm åèkm­ie aè­yfy­cj­de yt­pf­kté­yècnm, yèé
geå­kèx­yè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb. Nj­ve ghb­dfn­yè ecnfy­jdb
vj­é enm pf­ghj­gj­ye­df­nb wè­rf­dè­iè yf­dxfkm­yè ghj­uhf­vb.

e ybö gj­r kb­rfy­yz, zrè aè­yfy­cj­dè vjé­kb­djc­nè, xb öj­xenm
dj­yb pf­kb­if­nb lj­vèd­re. Phti­njñ, yfq­dfé­kb­dè­ibv xby­yb­
rjv æ dèl­gj­dèl­yècnm yf­dxfkm­yjÿ ecnfy­jdb pf­gb­nfv cne­lty­nf.
D CIF 92 pè 100 yfq­åèkm­ibö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd aè­yfy­ce­
ñnm­cz yt at­lt­hfkm­ybv ehz­ljv, f jl­ybv èp 50 inf­nèd. 77fi
cne­lty­nèd e rhfÿ­yè jn­hb­ve­ñnm db­oe jc­dè­n e cf­vt d wbö
yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö. Jl­yfr e åèkm­ijc­nè htq­nby­uèd ghb­dfn­
yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, pf db­yzn­rjv nhmjö-xj­nb­hmjö, pfq­vf­ñnm
vfq­ét dcè 25 gth­ibö vècwm. Nj­ve d CIF è d ecmj­ve cdè­nè
db­cj­rj wè­ye­ñnm­cz cf­vt ghb­dfn­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb p vèw­yjñ
yf­e rj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rjñ åf­pjñ.
Fkt oj vb vfæ­vj yf edf­pè, hjp­gj­dèlfñ­xb ghj ghb­dfn­yè
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb p ib­hj­rjñ lj­c kèl­ybwm­rjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ, xbv
dj­yb ghb­dfå­kñ­ñnm?
Ghb­dfn­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb p yf­e rj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rjñ ghj­
uhf­vjñ ghj­gj­ye­ñnm ghja­tcèq­ye gèl­uj­njd­re (yf­ghb­r kfl,
e cat­hè ñhbc­ghe­lty­wèÿ, vt­lb­wb­yb, d èy­ét­yth­yèq cghf­dè), f
nf­rjé ghj­uhf­vb yf­dxfy­yz, zrè gt­htl­åf­xf­ñnm jn­hb­vfy­yz
cne­gt­yz lj­rnj­hf (PhD). Jr­hèv db­r kf­lfy­yz, ghja­tcjh­cmrj-

J

l­yèæñ èp cbkm­ybö hbc fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ cbc­nt­vb
db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb æ ÿÿ dt­kb­rf hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm. Db­of
jc­dè­nf d Fvt­hb­wè vj­ét pf­lj­djkm­yb­nb yfq­ibh­it
rj­kj gj­nhtå – dèl yt­dt­kb­rbö rj­kt­léèd, hjp­hf­öj­df­ybö yf
rèkm­rf cj­ntym cne­lty­nèd, lj dt­kb­rbö lth­éfd­ybö eyè­dth­cb­
nt­nèd p lt­czn­rf­vb nb­czx cne­lty­nèd; dèl ldj­hèx­ybö vèc­wt­dbö
rj­kt­léèd p ghj­uhf­vf­vb ghja­tcèq­yj-ntö­yèx­yj­uj yf­dxfy­yz
– lj aè­yfy­cj­df­ybö ghb­dfn­ybv ikz­öjv eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd p ib­
hj­rbv cgtr­nhjv yf­e rj­dbö lj­c kè­létym. Rjy­rhtn­ybq db­åèh
yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le åf­uf­nj d xj­ve db­pyf­xf­ænm­cz gkf­yf­vb
cne­lty­nèd oj­lj vfq­åen­ymjÿ ghja­tcèq­yjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè, ÿö­yè­vb
aè­yfy­cj­db­vb vjé­kb­djc­nz­vb nf vèc­wtv hjp­nf­ie­dfy­yz wbö
pf­r kf­lèd. Èy­ib­vb ckj­df­vb, db­åèh pf­kt­é bnm dèl nj­uj, zrt

eJournal USA



Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

yj­lfd­xbö jh­uf­yèd inf­n e, f rji­nb yf­löj­lznm dèl db­gec­ryb­
rèd, åkf­uj­lèq­ybö ajy­lèd, yf­e rj­dbö nf èy­ibö ghja­tcèq­ybö
jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq, zrè yf­lf­ñnm lj­gj­vj­u e eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfv ikz­öjv
aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz ghj­uhfv, cnb­gty­lèq, en­hb­vfy­yz åe­lè­dtkm è
ghja­tcjh­cmrbö gj­cfl. Öj­xf d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö inf­nèd nfr
cf­vj phj­cnfæ rèkm­rècnm nf­rbö lét­htk aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz, dct
é nf­rb ÿö yf­zd­yècnm dèl­rhb­dfæ gt­htl ghb­dfn­yb­vb eyè­dth­
cb­nt­nf­vb åèkm­it vjé­kb­djc­ntq lkz påt­ht­éty­yz kè­lth­cndf
è lkz cndjhty­yz cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd è
cgt­wè­f km­ybö ghj­uhfv p vt­njñ ghj­dt­lty­yz lj­c kè­létym e
yj­dbö gth­cgtr­nbd­ybö uf­ke­pzö. Cf­vt wz uyex­rècnm lfæ pvj­u e
cne­lty­nfv plèq­cyñ­df­nb yf­e rj­dè lj­c kè­léty­yz d nbö cat­hfö,
zrè yf­dhzl xb pf­jöj­xe­df­kb­cz å d èy­ibö vèc­wzö.
Aè­yfy­cj­df yt­pf­kté­yècnm ghb­dfn­ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd yf­lfæ
ÿv åèkm­it vjé­kb­djc­ntq lkz dèl­rhbn­nz aè­kèf­kèd d èy­ibö
rhfÿ­yfö. Yf­ghb­r kfl, vti­rfy­wè inf­n e Léjhléèz yf­dhzl xb
gjuj­lznm­cz db­rj­hbc­nf­nb cdjÿ gjl­fn­rj­dè rji­nb lkz dèl­rhbn­
nz yf­dxfkm­yj­uj wty­nhe d Kjy­lj­yè. Fkt, jxt­dbl­yj, dj­yb dè­
nf­kb å dèl­rhbn­nz nf­rj­uj wty­nhe ghb­dfn­ybv eyè­dth­cb­nt­njv
Tvj­hè. Pf­uf­kjv, ghb­dfn­ybv eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfv ktu­it dèl­rhb­df­nb
pf vt­éf­vb rhfÿ­yb lj­c kèl­ybwm­rè wty­nhb q jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ, oj
pf­åtp­gt­xe­ñnm cne­lty­nèd gj­c ke­uf­vb xb yf­dxfkm­yb­vb ghj­
uhf­vf­vb. Yf­ghb­r kfl, eyè­dth­cb­ntn Tvj­hè vfæ ghj­uhf­vb p
vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jöj­hj­yb plj­hj­d’z d hèp­ybö rhfÿ­yfö Fa­hb­rb,
yf Rfd­rf­pè è d Fpèÿ. Qj­uj åèp­ytc-ghju­hf­vb èc­ye­ñnm e hèp­ybö
rhfÿ­yfö Æd­hj­gb q Fpèÿ. Wè ghj­uhf­vb lf­ñnm pvj­u e fvt­hb­rfy­
cmrbv cne­lty­nfv è db­r kf­lf­xfv zr d Fvt­hb­wè, nfr è pf rjh­lj­
yjv pf­ke­xf­nb yfq­rhf­obö cgt­wèf­kèc­nèd p èy­ibö rhf­ÿy.
Yf­hti­nè, åèkm­iècnm ghb­dfn­ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd p yf­e rj­djljc­kèl­ybwm­r bv eöb­kjv, zrè gj­cne­gf­ñnm­cz pf hjp­vè­hf­vb
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfv inf­nèd, dlf­kj gj­æl­y e­ñnm pyfx­yè ht­c eh­cb q
rèkm­rèc­ybq crkfl cne­lty­nèd è db­r kf­lf­xèd. Öj­xf d åelm-zrj­ve
p yf­ibö ghb­dfn­ybö xb geå­kèx­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd
yf­lf­ñnm­cz ght­rhfc­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè lkz yf­dxfy­yz è lj­c kèl­
ybwm­rjÿ hj­åj­nb, d ghb­dfn­ybö pf­r kf­lfö nt­hb­nj­hèz eyè­dth­cb­
ntn­cmrj­uj vèc­ntx­rf vty­if, nj­ve dxt­ybv, zrè ghf­wñ­ñnm e
hèp­ybö uf­k e­pzö, ktu­it cgèk­r e­df­nb­cz, jc­rèkm­r b af­r ekm­nt­nb
è rf­atl­hb pf­pdb­xfq hjp­nf­ij­df­yè yf dèl­cnfyè yt­dt­kbx­rjÿ
ghj­u e­k zy­r b. Yfq­dfé­kb­dè­iè dèl­rhbn­nz yb­yè plèq­cyñ­ñnm­cz
gèl xfc vèé­lbc­wbg­kè­yfh­yj­uj cgèd­hj­åèn­ybw­ndf, nj­ve, jxt­
dbl­yj, yfq­ghb­dfå­kb­dè­ijñ hb­cjñ ghb­dfn­ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd
æ ÿö­yz plfn­yècnm gèl­nhb­ve­df­nb q cnb­ve­kñ­df­nb cgèd­ghf­wñ
zr ect­ht­lb­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e, nfr è pf qj­uj vt­éf­vb, d ecèö
re­njx­rfö cdè­n e. 3

Flfv Öfy­uth. AP/WWP

E Vfc­cf­xe­ctn­cmrj­ve ntö­yj­kj­uèx­yj­ve èy­cnb­ne­nè èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb db­ghj­åj­de­
ñnm yf vèw­yècnm è vf­ytd­ht­yècnm cndjht­yj­uj yb­vb hj­åj­nf.

Léjy Åtq­pvjh. AP/WWP

D eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Tvj­hè d Fn­kfy­nè, infn Léjhléèz, cne­lty­nrf gj­æl­yeæ hj­åj­ne
p ghj­ue­kzy­rjñ yf gj­dèn­hè.

dbr­kf­lfwm­rbq crkfl af­rekm­nt­n e ghb­lè­k zæ åf­uf­nj edf­ub è
yf­e rj­dèq ghf­wè.
Yf­cghfd­lè jg­kf­nf ghf­wè q gèl­db­oty­yz gj ckeé­åè ghjat­
cj­hèd e wbö pf­r kf­lfö db­pyf­xf­ænm­cz zr zrèc­nñ db­r kf­lfy­yz,
nfr è yf­e rj­djñ q lj­c kèl­ybwm­rjñ hj­åj­njñ. Fkt d eyè­dth­cb­
nt­nfö inf­nèd nf­rjé èc­ye­ñnm ghj­uhf­vb ghja­tcèq­yjÿ gèl­uj­
njd­rb, ghj­uhf­vb yf­dxfy­yz lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz lj­rnj­hf
è åf­uf­nj edf­ub ghb­lè­k z­ænm­cz yf­e wè q lj­c kè­léty­yzv. Nj xbv
ét dèl­hèp­yz­ñnm­cz dèl ybö ghb­dfn­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb?
Yfq­gth­it, ghb­dfn­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb pf­uf­kjv vf­ñnm åèkm­ie
aè­yfy­cj­de uyex­rècnm. Ÿö­yèq åñ­létn yt pf­kt­é bnm dèl pf­rj­
Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb
xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.



eJournal USA

Uhj­vfl­cmrè ldj­hèx­yè rj­kt­léè
CIF: ikzö lj db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb ­
lkz åf­uf­nmjö
Léjhlé H. Åjuup

Vfqrk Ktv­rñö­kt. AP/WWP

Cne­lty­nrf Jetycm­rj­uj uhj­vfl­cmrj­uj rj­kt­lée d inf­nè Juf­qj ghf­wñæ yfl rhtc­kty­yzv gkf­ye åe­lby­re.

Rj­kt­léè p ldj­hèx­ybv nth­vè­yjv yf­dxfy­yz lf­ñnm cne­lty­
nfv pvj­u e plj­å e­df­nb db­o e jc­dè­ne d yt­dt­kb­rbö hf­qj­yfö
pf vèc­wtv ghj­éb­dfy­yz, plt­åèkm­ij­uj p vty­ib­vb db­nhf­nf­
vb, yèé e pf­r kf­lfö èp xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybv nth­vè­yjv yf­dxfy­
yz. Ght­pb­ltyn F vt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ fcj­wèf­wèÿ uhj­vfl­cmrbö
rj­kt­léèd Léjhlé H. Åjuup rj­hjn­rj pe­gb­yz­ænm­cz yf nbö
jcjå­kb­djc­n zö uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd, zrè hjå­k znm ÿö ghb­
dfå­kb­djñ fkm­nth­yf­nb­djñ lkz cne­lty­nèd.

ghj­gj­ye­ñnm reh­cb gj­lfkm­ijÿ jc­dè­nb q èy­lb­dè­le­f km­yj­uj
hjp­dbn­re lkz ib­hj­rj­uj rj­kf lj­hjc­kbö.
Uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè æ yfq­åèkm­ibv ctr­nj­hjv db­ojÿ jc­
dè­nb d CIF, zrbq yfq­idbl­it phj­cnfæ. Cmj­ujl­yè d rhfÿ­yè
yf­kè­xe­ænm­cz vfq­ét 1200 uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd, zrè vf­ñnm
ht­uèj­yfkm­ye fr­ht­lb­nf­wèñ. Dj­yb jå­c ke­uj­de­ñnm gj­yfl 11
vèkm­qj­yèd cne­lty­nèd (åkbpm­rj 46fi ecèö cne­lty­nèd CIF
gth­ibö xj­nb­hmjö hj­rèd yf­dxfy­yz yf plj­åen­nz cne­gt­yz
åf­rf­kfd­hf).
Uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè CIF ghj­gj­ye­ñnm èyj­ptv­ybv cne­
lty­nfv ib­hj­rbq cgtrnh gj­c keu, ct­htl zrbö – vjé­kb­dècnm
eljc­rj­yf­kb­nb fy­ukèq­cmre vj­de è phj­pe­vè­nb ukbå­it fvt­hb­
rfy­cmre rekm­n e­he.
Lj gt­ht­dfu yf­dxfy­yz d uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léfö yf­kt­éfnm:
– Vty­iè db­n hf­n b yf jg­kf­n e yf­dxfy­y z. Dj­yb pyfx­
yj ybé­xè, yèé e rj­kt­léfö èp xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybv nth­vè­yjv yf­
dxfy­yz nf d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö (åkbpm­rj 5000 lj­kf­hèd CIF yf
hèr gj­hèd­yz­yj p 12 000–20 000 lj­kf­hèd CIF, f nj q åèkm­it
d pf­r kf­lfö èp xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybv nth­vè­yjv yf­dxfy­yz).
– Vjé­kb­dècnm ktu­rj­uj gt­ht­dt­lty­y z lj rj­kt­lée
xb eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e. D CIF èc­yeæ cbc­nt­vf ≤2+2≥, zrf æ

E

ct åèkm­it cne­lty­nèd ddf­éf­ñnm, oj uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­
kt­léè dèl­rhb­df­ñnm ÿv lj­hj­u e lj db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb. Wè
rj­kt­léè lf­ñnm pvj­u e dghj­ljdé ldj­hèx­yj­uj yf­dxfy­yz
jn­hb­vf­nb ne rèkm­rècnm pf­kè­rèd (xb ≤rht­lb­nèd≥), oj pf­hf­öj­de­
ænm­cz zr gth­iè ldf hj­rb yf­dxfy­yz pf ghj­uhf­vjñ d fr­ht­lb­
nj­df­ybö xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybö rj­kt­léfö, lt ghb­cdjñænm­cz cne­gèym
åf­rf­kfd­hf. Uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè, lt gkf­nf pf yf­dxfy­yz ybé­
xf, lf­ñnm vjé­kb­dècnm cne­lty­nfv pt­rj­yj­vb­nb rji­nb, yf­dxf­
nb­cz yt­lf­kt­rj dèl lj­vèd­rb q jlth­é e­df­nb gèl­nhbv­re cè­v’ÿ. Wè
rj­kt­léè nf­rjé lf­ñnm pvj­u e jn­hb­vf­nb ghja­tcèq­yè cne­gt­yè
gj­xfn­rj­dj­uj hèd­yz fåj é ghja­tcèq­ye gèl­uj­njd­re lkz hj­åj­
nb d nbö uf­ke­pzö, lt cne­gèym yt gj­nhè­åty. Ghb wmj­ve dj­yb

eJournal USA



Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

P lj­pdj­ke uhj­vfl­cmrj­uj Wty­nhfkm­yj­uj G’æl­vjyncmrj­uj rj­kt­lée

tatr­nbd­yjñ cbc­nt­vjñ ≤jå’æl­yfy­yz≥ rj­kt­lée p ldj­hèx­ybv
nth­vè­yjv yf­dxfy­yz nf rj­kt­lée p xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybv nth­vè­yjv
yf­dxfy­yz fåj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e. Åèkm­iècnm uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­
léèd vf­ñnm euj­lb p rj­kt­léf­vb èp xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybv nth­vè­
yjv yf­dxfy­yz nf p eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb. Wè euj­lb uf­hfy­n e­ñnm,
oj pf­kè­rj­dè åf­kb (≤rht­lb­nb≥), jn­hb­vf­yè d uhj­vfl­cmrj­ve
rj­kt­léè, åe­lt pf­hf­öj­df­yj ghb yf­dxfy­yè pf xj­nb­hb­hèx­yjñ
ghj­uhf­vjñ åf­rf­kfd­hf.
– Fr­ht­l b­nj­df­yè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­l b. Dcè fvt­hb­rfy­
cmrè uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè, xj­nb­hb­hèx­yè rj­kt­léè q dt­kb­rè
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb fr­ht­lb­n e­ñnm­cz jl­yb­vb q nb­vb cf­vb­vb jh­uf­
yè­pf­wèz­vb. Jcm xj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb db­pyf­ñnm pf­kè­rj­dè åf­kb
(≤rht­lb­nb≥), jn­hb­vf­yè d uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léfö.
– Dt­kb­rf hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm ghj­u hfv. E uhj­vfl­cmrbö
rj­kt­léfö èc­yeæ dt­kb­rbq db­åèh uf­ke­ptq cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ, ct­htl
zrbö nf­rè gj­gekzh­yè ghja­tcèÿ, zr eg­hfd­kèy­yz åèp­yt­cjv, rjv­
g’ñ­nth­yè ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ, èy­ét­yth­ybq nf vt­lbx­ybq afö.
– Db­r kf­lfy­y z fy­ukèq­cmrjÿ zr lhe­u jÿ vj­db. Åèkm­
iècnm uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd ghj­gj­ye­ñnm ib­hj­rbq db­åèh
reh­cèd fy­ukèq­cmrjÿ vj­db hèp­ybö hèd­yèd è åf­uf­nj lj­lfn­rj­dbö
gj­c keu, ojå cne­lty­nb p hèp­ybv hèd­ytv gèl­uj­njd­rb vju­kb
ec­gèi­yj db­dxf­nb vj­de.
– Cghb­zn­kb­dè evj­db lkz jn­hb­vfy­y z pyfym. Uhj­
vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè ghj­gj­ye­ñnm yf­dxfy­yz d rkf­cfö p yt­dt­kb­
rjñ rèkm­rèc­nñ cne­lty­nèd, e ct­htl­ymj­ve lj 30 jcèå, oj lfæ
pvj­u e db­r kf­lf­xfv ghb­lè­k z­nb lj­cnfn­ymj edf­ub rjé­yj­ve
cne­lty­nj­dè. Nen cndjht­yj nf­rè evj­db, ojå rj­éty cne­ltyn
vèu ec­gèi­yj jgf­ye­df­nb ghj­uhf­ve pf­kté­yj dèl jcj­åbc­njÿ
plfn­yjc­nè pf­cdj­æy­yz vj­db è dkfc­ybö gj­nhtå. Lj­gj­vj­uf cne­
lty­nfv drkñ­xfæ lj­lfn­rj­dè èy­lb­dè­le­f km­yè pf­yzn­nz, gbcm­vj­dè
pf­dlfy­yz, pf­öj­lb, oj ghj­dj­lznm­cz d vèé­yf­hjl­yj­ve cne­
ltyncmrj­ve rke­åè nf wty­nhfö jå­c ke­uj­de­dfy­yz èyj­ptv­ybö
cne­lty­nèd.
– Hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm. Cne­lty­nb uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd
CIF – ghtl­cnfd­yb­rb hèp­ybö rekm­n eh è yf­kt­éfnm lj hèp­
yj­vf­yèn­ybö tn­yèx­ybö uheg. Rj­kt­léè lf­ñnm vjé­kb­dècnm
pf­gb­cf­nb­cz lj hèp­ybö rke­åèd, åhf­nb exfcnm e pf­öj­lfö, zrè
en­dth­léeñnm hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm, ghb­nf­vfy­ye fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­
ve cec­gèkm­cnde.
– Lj­cneg lj rekm­n e­hb CIF. Jc­rèkm­rb uhj­vfl­cmrè
rj­kt­léè htg­ht­pty­n e­ñnm ébn­nz nbö hf­qj­yèd, e zrbö dj­yb
hjp­nf­ij­df­yè, è htf­u e­ñnm yf ymj­uj, dj­yb pf­délb hjp­db­df­
ñnm vèw­yè pd’zp­rb p vèc­wt­dbv yf­ct­kty­yzv. Wt lfæ èyj­
ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv pvj­u e cgèk­re­df­nb­cz p fvt­hb­rfy­wz­vb
åtp­gj­ct­htl­ymj q jn­hb­ve­df­nb pyfy­yz ghj fvt­hb­rfy­cmre
rekm­n e­he.
– Hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm hjp­nf­i e­dfy­y z nf hjp­vè­hèd rj­
kt­léèd. Uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè, zr è èy­iè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb,
pyfx­yj dèl­hèp­yz­ñnm­cz jlby dèl jl­yj­uj. Ltz­rè p ybö dt­kb­rè,
hjp­nf­ij­df­yè e vèc­nfö, vf­ñnm åf­uf­nj rjh­ge­cèd, hjp­rb­lf­ybö

Cne­lty­nfv Wty­nhfkm­yj­uj G’æl­vjyncmrj­uj rj­kt­lée d inf­nè Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­
yf gjl­jåf­ænm­cz cne­ltyncmrt ébn­nz.

gj dcèq nt­hb­nj­hèÿ vèc­nf, f èy­iè yf­åf­uf­nj vty­iè, hjp­vè­ot­yè d
cèkmcmrèq vèc­wt­djc­nè è jå­cke­uj­de­ñnm gj­hèd­yz­yj yt­åf­uf­nj cne­
lty­nèd. Pf­uf­kjv, rèkm­rècnm è hjp­nf­ie­dfy­yz uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­
léèd jhè­æy­nj­df­yj yf phex­yècnm lkz 90fi yf­ct­kty­yz CIF.
– Db­lfn­yè db­g ec­r yb­r b. Db­gec­ryb­rf­vb uhj­vfl­cmrbö
rj­kt­léèd CIF æ ue­åth­yf­njh Rf­kè­ajh­yèÿ Fh­yjkml Idfh­wt­
ytu­uth nf rj­kbi­yèq ue­åth­yf­njh inf­n e Vt­hè­ktyl Gth­hèc
Gth­hèc­uukt­lt­yèyu, rj­vfy­lbh cndjht­yj­uj YF­CF rjc­vèx­yj­uj
rj­hfå­k z ≤Ifnnk≥ Fq­kèyu Rjk­kèyp, ht­é b­cth rè­yj­ct­hèf­ke ≤Pj­
hz­yè dèq­yb≥ Léjhlé Ke­rfc, rè­yj­fr­nj­hb Njv Ötyrc è Rkèyn
Ècndel, vj­lt­kmæh Rtkm­dèy Rkzqy, dxt­ybq – lj­c kèl­ybr ut­yj­
vf kñ­lb­yb – Rhtqu Dty­nth è uj­kjd­ybq öè­hehu Lth­éfd­yjÿ
ckeé­åb jöj­hj­yb plj­hj­d’z Hè­xfhl Rfh­vj­yf.
Lj­lfn­rj­de èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj yf­dxfy­yz d uhj­vfl­cmrbö
rj­kt­léfö CIF vjé­yf jn­hb­vf­nb pf tktr­nhj­yyjñ fl­ht­cjñ:
ht­tp:/www.CC-USA.org fåj d lj­dèl­yb­re “A Guide to Studying at
U.S. Comu­nity Colle­ges” (≤Lj­dèl­ybr ghj yf­dxfy­yz d uhj­vfl­
cmrbö rj­kt­léfö CIF≥), zrbq vjé­yf pyfq­nb d rjy­cekm­nf­
wèq­ybö wty­nhfö ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥.
Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb
xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.



eJournal USA

Gj­ukbå­kty­yz hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yjc­nè: ­
yt­pf­kté­ybq ctr­njh db­ojÿ ­
jc­dè­nb d CIF
Hè­xfhl Tr­vfy

Yt­ycè Gfk­vèæ­hè. FH/WWP

Cne­lty­nrf èp Pèv­åfå­dt dèl­pyf­xfæ pf­rèy­xty­yz yf­dxfy­yz d rj­kt­léè ­
Vfeyn-Öj­kè­jr e inf­nè Vfc­cf­xe­ctnc.

Ghb­dfn­yè rj­kt­léè p xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybv nth­vè­yjv yf­dxfy­yz
dghj­df­léeñnm hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybq lj­cdèl jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­
nb, yf­cfv­gt­htl cne­lty­nf­vb, zrè plj­å e­df­ñnm cne­gèym
åf­rf­kfd­hf. Hè­xfhl Tr ­vfy, ght­pb­ltyn Hf­lb yt­pf­kté­ybö
rj­kt­léèd, hjp­gj­dè­lfæ ghj dèl­vèy­yècnm vèé yt­pf­kté­yb­vb,
fåj é ghb­dfn­yb­vb, rj­kt­léf­vb q yf­dxfkm­yb­vb pf­r kf­lf­
vb geå­kèx­yj­uj ctr­nj­hf.

lj­r kf­lfæ xb­vf­kj pe­cbkm, ojå db­öj­df­nb e cne­lty­nèd låfq­
kb­dt cnfd­kty­yz lj yf­drj­kbi­ymj­uj ct­ht­lj­db­of; e rj­ktlé
Fy­lth­cj­yf Åhjl­l e­cf d inf­nè Pf­öèl­yf Dèh­uè­yèz cne­lty­nèd yf­
åb­hf­ñnm èp vf­ktym­r bö vèc­nt­xjr, hjp­r b­lf­ybö gj gf­ujh­åfö
Pf­öèl­yjÿ Dèh­uè­yèÿ, è åf­uf­nmjö èp ybö uj­n e­ñnm lj yf­e rj­djÿ
xb vt­lbx­yjÿ rf­h’æ­hb; d pf­cyj­df­yj­ve rdf­rt­hf­vb rj­kt­léè
Th­kutv, hjp­nf­ij­df­yj­ve d inf­nè Èy­lèf­yf, jc­yjd­yjñ ajh­vjñ
ghbq­yzn­nz hè­itym æ lj­czu­yty­yz rjy­cty­c e­c e ct­htl ecèö
cne­lty­nèd; éè­yj­xbq rj­ktlé Cè­lfh Rhtcn e inf­nè Gty­cbkm­
df­yèz cghjc­nj­deæ cnt­htj­nbg ghj nt, oj éèy­r b yt plfn­yè
lj­cz­uf­nb ec­gè­öèd e yf­e wè, åf­uf­nj p qj­uj db­g ec­rybwm cnf­kb
yf­e rjd­wz­vb.
Yt­pdf­éfñ­xb yf dèl­vèy­yjc­nè, wè 600 yt­pf­kté­ybö rj­kt­
léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd vf­ñnm ybp­re cgèkm­ybö jp­yfr.
• Dj­yb lj­cbnm yt­dt­kb­rè, rèkm­rècnm cne­lty­nèd e ybö hèl­
rj gt­ht­db­oeæ 3000 jcèå.
• Dj­yb gt­ht­dfé­yj fåj gj­dyèc­nñ jhè­æy­n e­ñnm­cz yf xj­nb­
hb­hèx­ybq åf­pj­dbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrbq rehc, vfñ­xb le­ét
vf­kj fc­gè­hfyncmrbö ghj­uhfv.
• Dcè xkt­yb ghja­tcjh­cmrj-dbr­kf­lfwm­rj­uj crkf­le
dèl­lf­yè cdj­ÿq cghf­dè. Öj­xf åèkm­iècnm èp ybö pfq­vf­ñnm­
cz yf­e rj­djñ hj­åj­njñ, dj­yb ddf­éf­ñnm ÿÿ lhe­uj­hzl­yjñ
gj­hèd­yz­yj p jc­yjd­ybv cdj­ÿv jåj­d’zp­rjv – db­r kf­lfy­yzv.
Dj­yb ghj­dj­lznm åf­uf­nj xf­ce pè cne­lty­nf­vb d fe­lb­nj­hèÿ è
pf ÿÿ vt­éf­vb.
• Vt­nj­lb­rf yf­dxfy­yz yj­cbnm èy­nt­hfr­nbd­ybq, pf­jöj­xe­
dfkm­ybq öf­hfr­nth.

Y

fq­èc­njn­yè­ijñ hb­cjñ db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb d CIF æ ÿÿ hèp­yj­
vf­yèn­yècnm. Ehzl rhfÿ­yb yt rjy­nhj­kñæ yè yf­dxfkm­yè
ghj­uhf­vb, yè vt­nj­lb db­r kf­lfy­yz d rj­kt­léfö nf
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö CIF. Hjkm ét lth­éfd­ybö jh­uf­yèd eg­hfd­kèy­
yz lj­cbnm yt­pyfx­yf. È cf­vt d ≤yt­pf­kté­yj­ve≥, fåj é ≤ghb­
dfn­yj­ve≥, ctr­nj­hè db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb cgj­cnt­hè­uf­ænm­cz yfq­åèkm­if
hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm aè­kj­cja­cmrbö gèl­öj­lèd lj jc­dè­nb, yf­dxfkm­
ybö ghj­uhfv è nhf­lb­wèq. Wtq ctr­njh jöjg­kñæ åkbpm­rj 600
yt­dt­kb­rbö rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, ct­htl zrbö è yfq­if­
yj­df­yè­iè db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb CIF.
Pdth­yènm edf­u e yf nf­rè hèp­yè jcjå­kb­djc­nè: rj­ktlé Eh­cb­
yec e inf­nè Gty­cbkm­df­yèz ghj­gj­y eæ vèé­lbc­wbg­kè­yfh­y e
ghj­uhf­ve lkz gth­ij­r eh­cyb­rèd, zrf pyf­qj­vbnm ÿö p hèp­yb­
vb ghf­wz­vb d uf­k e­pè ue­vf­yè­nfh­ybö è cec­gèkm­yj-gj­kè­nbx­ybö
yf­e r; e rj­kt­léè Dj­hht­yf Dèk­cj­yf d inf­nè Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­
yf dcè cne­lty­nb pj­åj­d’z­pf­yè aè­pbx­yj lj­gj­vf­uf­nb en­hb­ve­
df­nb wtq pf­r kfl e yf­kté­yj­ve cnfyè è ddf­éf­ñnm wt jl­ybv
èp dfé­kb­dbö rjv­gj­yty­nèd jc­dèn­ymjÿ aè­kj­cj­aèÿ rj­kt­lée; d
Yjh­nktylcmrj­ve rj­kt­léè d inf­nè Dèc­rjy­cby rt­hèd­ybw­ndj

eJournal USA

10

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

dfé­kb­dbv, jc­rèkm­rb dj­yb lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm cajh­ve­df­nb
db­gec­ryb­rf yt kb­it zr cgt­wèf­kèc­nf, fkt è zr cdè­lj­vj­uj
uhj­vf­lz­yb­yf cdjæÿ rhfÿ­yb.
Ghj­wtc jn­hb­vfy­yz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, pf­ghj­gj­yj­df­ybq wb­vb
rj­kt­léf­vb, yf­lpdb­xfq­yj tatr­nbd­ybq. Yf­ghb­r kfl, cnf­nbc­
nbx­yè lf­yè ghj dèl­cj­njr cne­lty­nèd, zrè pf­dth­ie­ñnm gj­dybq
rehc pf ghj­uhf­vf­vb p jn­hb­vfy­yzv cne­gt­yz, cdèl­xfnm, oj
e yt­dt­kb­rbö ghb­dfn­ybö de­pfö wtq dèl­cj­njr db­obq, yèé
e åèkm­ibö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö inf­nèd. È wt cgj­cnt­hè­uf­ænm­cz yt
kb­it ct­htl yfq­jå­lf­hj­df­yè­ibö cne­lty­nèd, f q ct­htl cne­lty­
nèd, zrè dcne­gf­ñnm lj rj­kt­lée xb eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e p ybé­xb­vb
jwèy­rf­vb pf ct­htl­yñ irj­ke xb pf dèl­åèh­rj­dbq ntcn SAT
(ht­tp://www.colle­ge­board.com). Db­obq dèl­cj­njr cne­lty­nèd,
zrè pf­dth­ie­ñnm gj­dybq rehc yf­dxfy­yz pf ghj­uhf­vf­vb, oj
gt­htl­åf­xf­ñnm jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yèd, cgj­cnt­hè­uf­ænm­cz nf­rjé
d èy­ibö cj­wè­f km­yj-trj­yj­vèx­ybö uhe­gfö, zrbv dkfc­nb­dè
ybpm­rè pf­ufkm­yè gj­rfp­yb­rb jn­hb­vfy­yz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb zr
nf­rjÿ. Lj wbö uheg yf­kt­éfnm, yf­ghb­r kfl, cne­lty­nb gth­
ij­uj gj­rj­kèy­yz èp cè­v’ÿ, lt jn­hb­ve­ænm­cz jc­dè­nf d rj­kt­léè,
cne­lty­nb, pve­it­yè ghf­wñ­df­nb gj­dybq hj­åj­xbq ltym, fåj
cne­lty­nb – ghtl­cnfd­yb­rb hèp­ybö vty­iby.
Gj­zc­yty­yz lj­cbnm db­cj­rjÿ tatr­nbd­yjc­nè vty­ibö ghb­
dfn­ybö de­pèd gj­hèd­yz­yj p èy­ib­vb yf­dxfkm­yb­vb pf­r kf­lf­vb
vjé­yf pyfq­nb d nj­ve, oj cne­lty­nb cf­vè ≤åt­henm exfcnm
e ghj­wt­cè plj­åe­dfy­yz pyfym≥. Léjhlé Reu, rt­hèd­ybr
Yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­uj lj­c kè­léty­yz cne­ltyncmrjÿ fr­nbd­yjc­nè d
yf­dxfkm­yj­ve ghj­wt­cè, zrt ghj­dj­lbnm­cz d cj­nyzö rj­kt­léèd
nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, pf­e df­é eæ, oj ec­gèö cne­lty­nf d rj­kt­léè
pf­kt­é bnm dèl nj­uj, yf­crèkm­rb lj­åht dèy pyfæ db­r kf­lf­xf, xb
åt­ht exfcnm e hj­åj­nè ueh­nrèd nf èy­ibö cne­ltyncmrbö pf­öj­
lfö, xb ghj­öj­lbnm dèy ghfr­nb­re, xb dèl­dè­leæ ct­vè­yf­hb, zrè
db­vf­uf­ñnm qj­uj fr­nbd­yjÿ exfc­nè, ec­ybö db­cne­gèd è xbc­kty­
ybö gbcm­vj­dbö hj­åèn. E yt­dt­kb­rbö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö
èc­yeæ åèkm­if, yèé e dt­kb­rbö de­pfö, èvj­dèh­yècnm nj­uj, oj wè
afr­nj­hb lè­ñnm.
Yt­dt­kb­rè yt­pf­kté­yè de­pb vjé­yf pyfq­nb gj­dcñ­lb d CIF
– e dt­kb­rbö è vf­kbö vèc­nfö, e cèkmcmrèq vèc­wt­djc­nè. Wè
rj­kt­léè jöj­xt ghbq­vf­ñnm jå­lf­hj­df­ybö cne­lty­nèd p hèp­ybö
ghj­ifh­rèd cec­gèkm­cndf, zrè ehèp­yj­vf­yèn­yñ­ñnm lbc­re­cèÿ yf
ct­vè­yf­hfö è vf­ñnm cdjñ lev­re. Db­cj­rj wè­ye­ñnm è cne­lty­nèd
p èy­ibö rhf­ÿy (öj­xf yf­dxfy­yz pf­délb ghj­öj­lbnm fy­ukèq­
cmrjñ vj­djñ).
Lj­lfn­rj­de èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj åelm-z­rbq èp wbö yf­dxfkm­
ybö pf­r kf­lèd vjé­yf ktu­rj jn­hb­vf­nb yf ÿö­yèö dtå-cfq­nfö.
Hf­lf yt­pf­kté­ybö rj­kt­léèd vfæ yf cdjæ­ve dtå-cfq­nè (ht­tp://
www.cic.org/) gj­cbkfy­yz yf åèkm­iècnm èp ybö. 3

Gfn­hb­wèz Vfr-Ljy­ytkk. AP/WWP

Cne­lty­nb rj­kt­lée Dtk­kckè d inf­nè Vfc­cf­xe­ctnc hf­pjv p db­rkf­lf­xtv
åt­henm exfcnm e 24-uj­lby­yj­ve vf­hf­aj­yè – xb­nfy­yè ndj­hèd Itr­cgè­hf.

Rt­dèy U. Hèdp. AP/WWP

Cne­lty­nb pyf­vt­yb­nj­uj Jåth­kèy­cmrj­uj ve­pbx­yj­uj rj­kt­lée d inf­nè Juf­qj
ghj­dj­lznm ht­gt­nb­wèñ jgt­hb hf­pjv p fh­uty­nby­cmrb­vb ve­pb­rfy­nf­vb. Dè­lj­
vbq cdjæñ ve­pbx­yjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ, rj­ktlé nf­rjé ckf­dbnm­cz nbv, oj jl­ybv
èp gth­ibö gj­xfd ghbq­vf­nb éè­yjr è fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wèd nf yf­lf­df­nb ÿv cne­gèym.

• Jc­rèkm­rb d wbö pf­r kf­lfö hj­pe­vè­ñnm, oj pyfx­yf xfc­nb­
yf yf­dxfkm­yj­uj ghj­wt­ce ghj­öj­lbnm gj­pf vt­éf­vb fe­lb­nj­
hèÿ, cndj­hñ­ænm­cz åf­uf­nj vjé­kb­djc­ntq lkz cgèk­re­dfy­yz
cne­lty­nèd vèé cj­åjñ nf p db­r kf­lf­xf­vb; wt cgèk­re­dfy­yz
ddf­éf­ænm­cz d yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhf­vfö dfé­kb­dbv xby­yb­
rjv gt­ht­lf­xè pyfym.
• Wè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb dèl­rhb­nj uj­dj­hznm ghj cbc­nt­vb
wèy­yjc­ntq, zrè kt­éfnm d jc­yj­dè ÿöymj­uj aeyr­wèj­ye­dfy­yz.
Èy­rj­kb wt wèy­yjc­nè ht­kè­uèq­yj­uj öf­hfr­nt­he, zrè cghbz­kb
cndjhty­yñ rj­kt­lée, fåj é dèl­uj­vèy wbö wèy­yjc­ntq,
zr­oj dè­hjc­gj­dèlfy­yz dét yt uhfæ db­hè­ifkm­yjÿ hj­kè d
yf­dxfkm­yj­ve ghj­wt­cè. Èyj­lè d cbc­nt­vè wèy­yjc­ntq dè­ljå­hf­
ét­yj rjy­rhtn­ye jc­dèn­yñ aè­kj­cj­aèñ. Yf­ghb­r kfl, aè­kj­
cj­aèz ≤dt­kb­rbö rybu≥ yfq­gj­dyè­it dnè­kt­yf d yf­dxfkm­ybö
ghj­uhf­vfö rj­kt­lée Cd. Èjfy­yf p ldj­vf dèl­lè­kty­yz­vb d
inf­nfö Vt­hè­ktyl è Ymñ-Vtr­cb­rj. F ≤hj­åèn­yb­xf≥ aè­kj­cj­
aèz öf­hfr­nth­yf lkz rj­kt­lée Dj­hht­yf Dèk­cj­yf è rj­kt­lée
Åt­hèf d inf­nè Rty­n er­rè, lt, rhèv yf­dxfy­yz, cne­lty­nb gj­
dby­yè ghf­wñ­df­nb q en­hb­ve­df­nb wtq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl.
• E wbö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö db­r kf­lfy­yz cec­gèkm­yjgj­kè­nbx­ybö è ue­vf­yè­nfh­ybö lbc­wbg­kèy ddf­éf­ænm­cz le­ét
Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb
xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.

11

eJournal USA

Db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­rkf­lb, lt ­
gt­ht­df­éf­ñnm ghtl­cnfd­yb­rb ­
yf­wèj­yfkm­ybö vty­iby

Ntl C. Dj­hhty. AP/WWP

Jh­rtcnh eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Uhtv­åkèyu e inf­nè Keÿ­pèf­yf yf vfh­iè; ­
dèy dè­lj­vbq d ecèq rhfÿ­yè pf­dlz­rb cdj­ÿv édf­dbv db­cne­gfv.

E wèq cnfn­nè, vf­nt­hèf­kjv lkz zrjÿ gj­c ke­éb­kb dtåcfq­nb nf èy­iè lét­ht­kf, yf­dj­lbnm­cz èy­ajh­vf­wèz ghj
rj­kt­léè, lt åèkm­iècnm cne­lty­nèd – ghtl­cnfd­yb­rb nhmjö
vty­iby: fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wè, kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­wè nf fvt­hb­
rfy­cmrè èy­lè­fy­wè.

cec­gèkm­cndf. Nhmj­vf uhe­gf­vb, zrè döj­lznm lj wèæÿ rf­nt­uj­hèÿ
pf­r kf­lèd, nhf­lb­wèq­yj æ yt­uhb­nzy­cmrè, kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­cmrè
rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb nf yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb, oj jå­c ke­
uj­de­ñnm fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd. Ecè dj­yb jå’æl­yf­yè d
fcj­wèf­wèÿ nf rjy­cjh­wèe­vb. Èc­ye­ñnm nf­rjé èy­iè jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ,
zrè lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm db­obv yf­dxfkm­ybv pf­r kf­lfv jöj­gb­nb
rf­nt­uj­hèñ vty­iby.

R

j­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, d zrbö yf­dxf­ñnm­cz gt­ht­
dfé­yj ghtl­cnfd­yb­rb vty­iby, – wt ot jlby nbg
yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd. Ct­htl ybö vj­é enm åe­nb lth­
éfd­yè, ghb­dfn­yè, ht­kè­uèq­yè, uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè, fkt dcè dj­yb
pf­åtp­gt­xe­ñnm gj­nht­åb, d gth­ie xth­u e, vty­iby. Èc­nj­hbx­yj
crkf­kj­cz nfr, oj dj­yb d jc­yjd­yj­ve jå­c ke­uj­de­ñnm rjy­
rhtn­yè lt­vju­hf­aèx­yè uhe­gb cne­lty­nèd, fkt wt yt jp­yf­xfæ,
oj nfv yt vj­é enm yf­dxf­nb­cz cne­lty­nb, zrè yt yf­kt­éfnm
lj vty­iby. Wè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb cke­éfnm èy­nt­ht­cfv ecmj­uj

eJournal USA

Nhf­lb­wèq­yj yt­uhb­nzy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb
E ntr­cnè Èyè­wèf­nb­db Åè­kj­uj lj­ve ghj nhf­lb­wèq­yj yt­uhb­
nzy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb crf­pf­yj:
Lkz fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wèd, zr è lkz dcèö fvt­hb­rfy­wèd, wè
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb æ lét­ht­kjv lj­czu­ytym è dt­kb­rjÿ ujh­ljc­nè.
12

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Pf­rjy ghj db­oe jc­dè­n e dèl 1965 hj­re p
dyt­ct­yb­vb lj ymj­uj gj­ghfd­rf­vb db­pyf­xfæ
nhf­lb­wèq­yj yt­uhb­nzy­cmrbq yf­dxfkm­ybq
pf­r kfl zr ≤...åelm-z­rbq rj­ktlé xb eyè­dth­cb­
ntn, pf­cyj­df­ybq lj 1964 hj­re, gj­zde zrj­uj
åe­kj èc­nj­hbx­yj pe­vjd­kt­yj, jc­yjd­ybv ghb­
pyf­xty­yzv zrj­uj åe­kj q kb­if­ænm­cz yf­lfy­
yz jc­dè­nb fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wzv. Wtq pf­r kfl
fr­ht­lb­nj­df­ybq pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­ybv
cth­nb­aè­rf­wèq­ybv futyn­cndjv, zrt db­pyf­
ænm­cz vè­yèc­nhjv jc­dè­nb zr fd­nj­hb­ntn­yt q
yf­lèq­yt oj­lj jwè­yñ­dfy­yz zrjc­nè yf­dxfy­yz
fåj é, yf lev­re wmj­uj futyn­cndf, hj­åbnm
pdf­ét­yè rhj­rb yf ikz­ö e lj jn­hb­vfy­yz
fr­ht­lb­nf­wèÿ≥.
P lj­pdj­ke rj­kt­lée Cfy­nf-At
Ghj­uj­kj­ieñ­xb 11–17 dt­htc­yz 2005
Pf­yyz­nz p aèn­yt­ce d rj­kt­léè Cfy­nf-At, lt yf­dxf­ñnm­cz gt­ht­dfé­yj kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­wè.
hj­re Nbé­ytv nhf­lb­wèq­yj fa­hj-fvt­hb­rfy­
cmrbö rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, Ght­pb­ltyn
cb­nt­nèd, zrè pf­åtp­gt­xe­ñnm db­ojñ jc­dè­njñ èc­gf­yj­vjd­ybö
Léjhlé Åei dèl­lfd yf­kté­yt wbv yf­dxfkm­ybv pf­r kf­lfv
fvt­hb­rfy­wèd e CIF, Ge­th­nj-Hb­rj, Kf­nby­cmrèq Fvt­hb­wè q
dèl èvt­yè dcèæÿ rhfÿ­yb pf db­cj­rè cnfy­lfh­nb zrjc­nè jc­dè­nb,
Èc­gf­yèÿ. Yt­pdf­éfñ­xb yf nt, oj yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb Fcj­wèf­wèÿ
db­öj­dfy­yz vj­kj­lj­uj gj­rj­kèy­yz d le­cè lj­czu­yty­yz ec­gè­ö e
kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd cnfy­jd­k znm vty­it yèé 10fi
nf pf cghb­zy­yz db­rj­yfy­yñ dpz­nj­uj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjñ yf­wèæñ
ecèö db­obö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd rhfÿ­yb, d ybö yf­dxf­ænm­cz
pj­åj­d’z­pfy­yz pf­åtp­gt­xb­nb dcèv hèd­ye jc­dè­n e. Dèy crf­pfd:
gj­yfl nhb xdth­nè èc­gf­yj­vjd­ybö cne­lty­nèd CIF. Fcj­wèf­wèz
≤Ghfu­ye­xb lj db­cj­rbö cnfy­lfh­nèd zrjc­nè jc­dè­nb è pf­åtp­gt­
æ ælb­yjñ yf­wèj­yfkm­yjñ jh­uf­yè­pf­wèæñ, oj ghtl­cnfd­k zæ
xeñ­xb dcèv fvt­hb­rfy­wzv hèd­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè ÿÿ jn­hb­vfy­yz,
db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb, zrè jå­c ke­uj­de­ñnm èc­gf­yj­vjd­ybö
wè ukb­åj­rj if­yj­df­yè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm pf­åtp­
fvt­hb­rfy­wèd. E 205 rj­kt­léfö, zrè döj­lznm lj wèæÿ jh­uf­
gt­xb­nb vjé­kb­dècnm ecèv yf­ibv uhj­vf­lz­yfv gj­dyèc­nñ htf­
yè­pf­wèÿ, 25fi cne­lty­nèd – èc­gf­yj­vjd­yè. D èy­ibö rj­kt­léfö
kè­pe­df­nb cdèq gj­nty­wè­f k è dgtd­yt­yj lb­db­nb­cz d vfq­åen­yæ,
– xkt­yfö Fcj­wèf­wèÿ – yf èc­gf­yj­vjd­ybö fvt­hb­rfy­wèd ghb­gf­
zrt ghb­yt­ct lj­åhj­åen è plèq­cyty­yz vhèq≥. Lf­kè dèy crf­pfd:
lfæ vty­it yèé 25fi dèl pf­ufkm­yjÿ rèkm­rjc­nè cne­lty­nèd. Lbd:
≤Vb ghj­ljd­é eæ­vj åj­hj­nb­cz pf nf­rt cec­gèkm­cndj, d zrj­ve
ht­tp://www. hacu.net/hacu/De­fa­ult_EN.asp.
rjé­yf kñ­lb­yf pvj­ét dnè­kb­nb d ébn­nz dt­kb­rt gj­r kb­rfy­yz
Fvt­hb­rb≥.
Èyè­wèf­nb­df Åè­kj­uj lj­ve oj­lj db­obö
Åèkm­iècnm èp 105 yt­uhb­nzy­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd hjp­nf­ij­df­yè d
yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­rkf­lèd fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd
gèd­lty­yj-cöèl­ybö inf­nfö, e at­lt­hfkm­yj­ve jr­he­pè Rj­kev­
åèz nf yf Dèh­uèy­cmrbö jc­nhj­dfö. Ct­htl ybö 40 geå­kèx­ybö
Ght­pb­ltyn Åei db­pyfd ne dfé­kb­de hjkm, zre dè­lèu­hf­
xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybö rj­kt­léèd, 11 geå­kèx­ybö ldj­hèx­ybö rj­kt­léèd,
ñnm rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb d uhj­vf­lfö fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö
49 ghb­dfn­ybö xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybö è 5 ghb­dfn­ybö ldj­hèx­ybö yf­
èy­lè­fy­wèd, è 3 kbg­yz 2002 hj­re gèl­gb­cfd fl­vè­yèc­nhf­nbd­ybq
dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd. Lj­lfn­rj­de èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj ybö vjé­yf
erfp 13270 nf Èyè­wèf­nb­de Åè­kj­uj lj­ve ghj db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè
jn­hb­vf­nb pè cnfn­nè, ghb­cdz­xt­yjÿ Nbé­yñ nhf­lb­wèq­yj fa­hjpf­r kf­lb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd.
fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd pf fl­ht­cjñ:
ht­tp://usinfo.st­ate.gov/scv/Archive/2005/Sep/26-256508.html.
Ght­pb­ltyn crf­pfd:

Kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb

≤Rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd
cghbzñnm påt­ht­éty­yñ vjd­ybö è rekm­n eh­ybö nhf­lb­wèq,
oj pyb­rf­ñnm. Djl­yj­xfc dj­yb, åtp­gt­htx­yj, lf­ñnm nb­cz­
xfv cne­lty­nèd vjé­kb­dècnm jn­hb­vf­nb db­oe jc­dè­n e, ghjat­
cèq­yt yf­dxfy­yz nf èy­iè pf­cj­åb trj­yj­vèx­yj­uj hjp­dbn­re
yf nt­hb­nj­hè­zö, pf­ct­kt­ybö èy­lè­fy­wz­vb. ...Dcè fvt­hb­rfy­wè
pf­c ke­uj­de­ñnm yf jn­hb­vfy­yz xe­lj­djÿ jc­dè­nb, pjr­ht­vf q

Fcj­wèf­wèñ rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, lt yf­dxf­ñnm­cz
gt­ht­dfé­yj db­öèl­wè p Kf­nby­cmrjÿ Fvt­hb­rb, åe­kj cndjht­yj
d 1986 hj­wè. Nj­lè lj ytÿ ddèq­ikj 18 db­obö yf­dxfkm­ybö
pf­r kf­lèd, zrè cnf­kb pf­cyjd­yb­rf­vb wèæÿ Fcj­wèf­wèÿ. Cmj­ujl­yè
Fcj­wèf­wèñ ghtl­cnfd­k z­ñnm gj­yfl 400 rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­
Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

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eJournal USA

nè, önj yf­dxf­ænm­cz d rj­kt­léfö è eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö fvt­hb­rfy­
cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd≥.

ghj­uhf­vb yf­dxfy­yz p jn­hb­vfy­yzv cne­gt­yèd åf­rf­kfd­hf è vf­
uèc­nhf. Nf­rjé wè de­pb ghj­gj­ye­ñnm 200 yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhfv
ghja­tcèq­yjÿ gèl­uj­njd­rb p jn­hb­vfy­yzv cth­nb­aè­rf­n e.
Öj­xf wè de­pb ghbq­vf­ñnm nèkm­rb rj­hèy­ybö fvt­hb­rfy­wèd,
dj­yb lt­vjy­cnhe­ñnm jlby èp db­pyfx­ybö fc­gtr­nèd ecèæÿ cbc­
nt­vb db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb d CIF. Lj­lfn­rj­de èy­ajh­vf­wèñ vjé­yf
jn­hb­vf­nb pf fl­ht­cjñ: ht­tp://www.whit­ehouse.gov/news/
re­leases/2002/07/20020703-16.html. 3

E CIF yf­kè­xe­ænm­cz 34 rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, db­pyf­yè
at­lt­hfkm­ybv ehz­ljv zr yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö
èy­lè­fy­wèd. Hjp­nf­ij­df­yè gt­ht­dfé­yj yf ct­htl­ymj­ve pf­öj­lè nf
gèd­lty­yj­ve cöj­lè, wè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb jå­c ke­uj­de­ñnm
ghb­åkbp­yj 30 000 cne­lty­nèd, zrè dxfnm­cz yf cnf­wèj­yfh­yj­
ve dèl­lè­kty­yè, f nf­rjé nbö, zrè dèl­dè­le­ñnm jr­ht­vè ktr­wèÿ nf
ct­vè­yf­hb. Wè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb ghj­gj­ye­ñnm ldj­hèx­yè
ghj­uhf­vb, zrè lf­ñnm vjé­kb­dècnm cnf­nb rfy­lb­lf­nf­vb d åf­
rf­kfd­hb åèkm­it yèé èp 200 lbc­wbg­kèy. F ltz­rè ghj­gj­ye­ñnm

Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnfn­nè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb
xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.

P lj­pdj­ke ght­pb­lty­nf Èy­lè­fycm­rj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Öfc­rtk­kf

Cne­lty­nb Èy­lè­fycm­rj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Öfc­rtk­kf d inf­nè Rfy­pfc ghb­rhf­if­ñnm vf­ib­ye gt­htl gf­hf­ljv.

eJournal USA

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Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Xt­htp 50 hj­rèd gèc­kz ≤cghf­db ­
Åhfe­yf≥: xj­ve nhf­lb­wèq­yj ­
fa­hj-fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè nf
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb gj­nhèå­yè q lj­cè
Åt­dth­kè Lt­yè­t k Ntq­n ev

Åt­dth­kè Lt­yè­t k Ntq­
yèz. E 1957 hj­wè dèy pf­
nev gb­it ghj hjkm
rèy­xbd yf­dxfy­yz d eyè­
nhf­lb­wèq­yj yt­uhb­
dth­cb­nt­nè Gty­cbkm­df­yèÿ
nzy­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd e
q jn­hb­vfd cne­gèym.
ajh­ve­dfy­yè cne­lty­
Xt­htp hèr dèy cnfd
nèd-fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wèd
gth­ibv ghja­tcj­hjvzr jcj­åbc­njc­ntq nf
ytu­hjv e lth­éfd­yj­ve
P lj­pdj­ke rj­kt­lée Cgtk­vf­yf
ghj pf­åtp­gt­xty­yz ÿv
Åhblédj­nth­cmrj­ve
Cne­lty­nrf yf ct­vè­yf­hè jå­cnjñæ cdjñ njx­re pj­he.
vjé­kb­djc­nè pec­nhè­
rj­kt­léè d Åhblédj­nt­
xf­nb­cz èp cne­lty­nf­vb hèp­yj­uj tn­yèx­yj­uj è cj­wè­f km­yj­uj
hè, infn Vfc­cf­xe­ctnc. Nfv z q hjc­kf. Cmj­ujl­yè ght­pb­lty­
gj­öj­léty­yz, p hèp­ybö rekm­neh, p hèp­yb­vb ecnfy­jd­rf­vb
njv lth­éfd­yj­uj Åhblédj­nth­cmrj­uj rj­kt­lée dgth­it cnfd
nf gj­u kz­lf­vb. Ntq­nev – ght­pb­ltyn rj­kt­lée Cgtk­vf­yf
ghtl­cnfd­ybr rj­kmj­hj­dj­uj yf­ct­kty­yz, f d kñ­nj­ve 2004
d Fn­kfy­nè, infn Léjhléèz, è fd­njh ryb­ub ≤Xj­ve dcè yt­
hj­re z, fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­rf, ghj­uj­kj­cb­kf dcneg­ye ghj­vj­de
uhb­n zy­cmrè lè­nb pf­délb cb­lznm hf­pjv e irèkm­yèq ÿlfkm­
yf rjy­at­hty­wèÿ p gb­nfym db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, zrf ghj­dj­lb­kfcm e
yè nf èy­iè åt­cè­lb ghj hf­c e≥ (Be­verly Daniel Tatum. “Why Are
inf­nè Akj­hb­lf. E 1954 hj­wè yt­vjé­kb­dj åe­kj yf­dènm ez­db­nb
All the Black Kids Sit­ting To­get­her in the Cafeteria” and Ot­her
cj­åè yè nf­rj­uj ght­pb­lty­nf, yè nf­rj­uj jhf­nj­hf.
Conversations abo­ut Race. Basic Books, 2003).
Z åf­uf­nj hj­rèd ghf­wñ­df­kf db­r kf­lf­xtv è db­cne­gf­kf ghj­
nb hf­cbp­ve d yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö, lt ghf­wñ­df­kb gt­ht­dfé­
yf­hj­lb­kf­cz d 1954 hj­wè, dcmj­uj xt­htp 3 vè­cz­wè
yj åè­kè. Cmj­ujl­yè z – lt­d’z­nbq ght­pb­ltyn rj­kt­lée Cgtk­
gèc­k z nj­uj, zr pf eö­df­kjñ Dth­öjd­yj­uj Ce­le d cghf­
vf­yf, yfq­cnf­hè­ij­uj nhf­lb­wèq­yj yt­uhb­nzy­cmrj­uj rj­kt­lée,
dè ≤Åhf­e y ghj­nb Hf­lb p jc­dè­nb≥ åe­kj juj­kj­it­yj
nj­ve z vj­é e gj­-yj­dj­ve hjp­ukz­lf­nb eö­df­ke d cghf­dè ≤Åhf­e y
yt­pf­rjy­yjñ cbc­nt­ve ctu­ht­uf­wèÿ d irj­kfö pf ghb­ywb­gjv
ghj­nb Hf­lb p jc­dè­nb≥ è rhf­ot hj­pe­vè­nb ÿÿ pyf­xty­yz. Zr è
≤hjp­lèkm­yt, fkt jl­yf­rj­dt yf­dxfy­yz≥. Z yf­hj­lb­kf­cz d v.
åf­uf­nmjv èy­ibv nhf­lb­wèq­yj ≤xjh­ybv≥ rj­kt­léfv nf eyè­
Nfk­kf­öf­cè, infn Akj­hb­lf, lt vèq åfnm­rj ghf­wñ­dfd db­r kf­lf­
dth­cb­nt­nfv, rj­kt­lée Cgtk­vf­yf lj­dj­lbnm­cz db­nhb­ve­df­nb
xtv cèkmcmrj­ujc­gj­lfh­cmrj­uj è gj­kè­ntö­yèx­yj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e
rjy­re­hty­wèñ d åj­hjnm­åè pf ≤cdj­ÿö≥ cne­lty­nèd p gt­ht­dfé­yj
Akj­hb­lb. Dèy öj­nèd yf­dxf­nb­cz d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè inf­n e Akj­hb­
≤åè­kb­vb≥ eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb, zrè hf­yè­it yt åhf­kb fa­hjf­vt­hb­
lf q jn­hb­vf­nb nfv lj­rnjh­cmrbq cne­gèym, fkt d 1954 hj­wè
rfy­wèd lj ct­åt yf yf­dxfy­yz.
e inf­nè Akj­hb­lf yt­uhèd lj fc­gè­hfy­n e­hb ot yt ghbq­vf­kb.
Ghj­nt phj­cnfy­yz rjy­re­hty­wèÿ ghb­idbl­ib­kj gj­pb­nbd­yè
Pf­vècnm wmj­uj qj­ve jg­kf­nb­kb ghj­ÿpl lj inf­n e Gty­cbkm­df­
pvè­yb d rj­kt­léè Cgtk­vf­yf. Gèc­k z ≤cghf­db Åhfe­yf≥ db­r kf­

Z

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

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lkz vfr­cb­vfkm­yj­uj hjp­rhbn­nz ÿöymj­uj èy­nt­ktr­n e­f km­yj­uj
gj­nty­wèf­ke è ajh­ve­dfy­yz zrjc­ntq kè­lt­hf. Èy­ib­vb ckj­df­vb,
wt evj­db, zrè cghbzñnm pvèw­yty­yñ cf­vj­ec­dè­ljv­kty­yz, gtd­
yjÿ cgèkm­yjc­nè, kè­lth­cmrbö hbc, pf­åtp­gt­xe­ñnm ect yt­jå­öèl­yt
lkz tatr­nbd­yj­uj yf­åen­nz pyfym yf dcèö hèd­yzö jc­dè­nb.
Dnè­kty­yz wbö, yf gth­ibq gj­ukzl, ghj­cnbö èc­nby e ébn­
nz db­vf­ufæ, ojå vb gj­cnèq­yj cnf­db­kb jl­yt jl­yj­ve crkfl­yè
gb­nfy­yz. Yf rj­uj hjp­hf­öj­df­yè cndjht­yè yf­vb evj­db? Rj­uj
vb yt dhf­ö e­df­kb, ezd­k zñ­xb pf­ufkm­ye rfh­nb­ye jc­dè­nb? Zrè
cghb­zn­kb­dè vjé­kb­djc­nè èc­ye­ñnm lkz ajh­ve­dfy­yz cgèkm­yj­
nb è pf­jöj­xty­yz lèf­kj­u e ct­htl cne­lty­nèd, rjn­hè yf­kt­éfnm
lj hèp­ybö cj­wèj­rekm­n eh­ybö uheg è lj­nhb­ve­ñnm­cz hèp­ybö
gj­ukz­lèd? Zr gèl­db­ob­nb pf­ufkm­ye fr­nbd­yècnm cne­lty­nèd e yf­
dxfkm­yj­ve ghj­wt­cè q yf­dxb­nb ÿö db­zd­k z­nb kè­lth­cmrè gj­pb­wèÿ
d hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybö cb­n ef­wè­zö?
Zr af­öèd­wz d uf­ke­pè hf­cj­dbö dèl­yj­cby vt­yt xfc­nj pf­gb­
ne­ñnm, xj­ve z jxj­kññ lè­z km­yècnm nf­rj­uj ≤jl­yj­hèl­yj­uj≥
yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le, zr rj­ktlé Cgtk­vf­yf. Phj­pe­vè­kj, oj
wt gb­nfy­yz åf­pe­ænm­cz yf öbå­yj­ve pf­cyjd­re. Yt­pdf­éfñ­xb
yf nt, oj 97fi yf­ibö cne­lty­nèd fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wè, rjy­nby­
utyn cne­lty­nèd lj­cbnm hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybq. E rj­kt­léè Cgtk­vf­yf
yf­dxf­ñnm­cz cne­lty­nb p ecèö ht­uèj­yèd Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nèd
è p åf­uf­nmjö pf­he­åèé­ybö rhf­ÿy, èp ghb­vècm­rbö è cèkmcmrbö
hf­qj­yèd, lt d jc­yjd­yj­ve éb­denm åè­kè, f nf­rjé èp vècm­rbö yt­
uhb­nzy­cmrbö rdfh­nf­kèd. Nen yf­dxf­ñnm­cz ghtl­cnfd­yb­rb dcèö
uheg fa­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ ≤lè­fc­gj­hb≥, f åf­uf­nj­vf­yèn­yècnm lj­cdè­le
nf pyfx­ybq dèl­cj­njr lèd­xfn-cne­lty­njr cndj­hñ­ñnm åf­uf­nj
cghb­zn­kb­dbö vjé­kb­djc­ntq lkz lèf­kj­u e. Èc­yeæ gtd­ybq gt­
hè­jl e hjp­dbn­re cf­vj­ec­dè­ljv­kty­yz vj­kj­lbö kñ­ltq, rjn­hè
ghtl­cnfd­k z­ñnm rj­kmj­hj­dt yf­ct­kty­yz, rj­kb lèf­kju ≤ect­ht­lb­
yè uhe­gb≥ vj­ét vf­nb nf­rt cf­vt dt­kb­rt, f vjé­kb­dj, èy­rj­kb
q èc­njn­yè­it pyf­xty­yz, yèé ≤vèé­uhe­gj­dbq≥ lèf­kju. Lj nj­uj é
d fa­hj-fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö vjé­yf cndjhb­
nb nf­rè evj­db, ojå dèl­åe­df­kbcm jåbl­df puf­lf­yè lèf­kj­ub.
Åf­uf­nj önj p yfc vfæ èlt­f km­yt ezd­kty­yz ghj rj­kt­léè, lt
d ecèö cne­lty­nèd åe­lt vjé­kb­dècnm è cnb­vek lj­cz­uf­nb db­cj­
rbö gj­rfp­yb­rèd e yf­dxfy­yè. Wt ezd­kty­yz ghj vekm­nb­t n­yèx­yè
cgèkm­yj­nb, lt cnj­cey­rb vèé kñlm­vb åe­le­ñnm­cz yf pf­cf­lfö
hèd­yjc­nè nf cghf­dtl­kb­djc­nè. Wt ezd­kty­yz ghj jc­dè­n e, zrf yt
kb­it cnb­ve­kñæ èy­nt­ktr­n e­f km­ybq hjp­db­njr ikz­öjv ajh­ve­
dfy­yz e cne­lty­nèd plfn­yjc­nè rhb­nbx­yj vbc­kb­nb, phj­pe­vè­kj
db­c kjd­kñ­df­nb­cz, xèn­rj gb­cf­nb, dvè­kj fh­u e­vty­n e­df­nb, f q
lfæ ÿv yf­lpdb­xfq­yj hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè yf­dbx­rb nf lj­cdèl exfc­nè
d ébn­nè cec­gèkm­cndf. Nf­rbö èlt­f km­ybö evjd lkz jc­dè­nb d
ib­hj­rj­ve vfc­inf­åè yè­rj­kb lj­cè yt èc­ye­df­kj d Fvt­hb­wè nf
q yè­lt e cdè­nè, zr z hj­pe­vèñ, fkt wz vhèz yt­ct d cj­åè jå­hb­cb
vfq­åen­ymj­uj. 3

P lj­pdj­ke rj­kt­lée Cgtk­vf­yf

Cne­lty­nb dèl­gj­xb­df­ñnm p lhe­pz­vb d ueh­nj­ébn­re.

lf­xèd gj­xf­kb cth­qjp­yè­it pf­jöj­xe­df­nb pfq­vf­nb­cz yf­e rj­djñ
hj­åj­njñ, db­lf­df­nb åèkm­it rybu è geå­kè­re­df­nb åèkm­it
yf­e rj­dbö cnf­ntq. Åe­kb cndjht­yè yj­dè vjé­kb­djc­nè lkz yf­e rj­
djÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè pf­uf­kjv. Ec­gèi­yè rfv­gf­yèÿ pè påj­he rji­nèd
pf­åtp­gt­xb­kb aè­yfy­cj­de cnf­åèkm­yècnm. Yf nt­hb­nj­hèÿ rj­kt­lée
åe­kb påe­lj­df­yè yj­dè ueh­nj­é bn­rb nf yf­dxfkm­yè ghb­vè­oty­yz.
Dct wt cghbz­kj cndjhty­yñ nf­rjÿ frf­lt­vèx­yjÿ fn­vjc­at­hb,
zrf oj­hj­re ghb­dfå­kñæ lj yf­ij­uj rj­kt­lée åkbpm­rj 4000
nf­kf­yj­db­nbö lèd­xfn è pve­ieæ ÿö åj­hj­nb­cz pf 525 vècwm yf
gth­ij­ve reh­cè.
Xj­ve é nhf­lb­wèq­yj yt­uhb­nzy­cmrè rj­kt­léè, yf rinfkn
rj­kt­lée Cgtk­vf­yf, yt kb­it pf­lj­djkm­yz­ñnm gj­nht­åb åf­uf­
nmjö plèå­ybö fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wèd, fkt q kb­if­ñnm­cz fkm­nth­
yf­nb­djñ, zrèq dj­yb yf­lf­ñnm gt­ht­df­u e? E db­åj­hè rj­kt­lée
dè­lèu­hfæ hjkm df­if jcj­åbc­nècnm – wt cdjæ­hèl­yf pf­zdf ghj
nt, rbv db ct­åt ezd­k zæ­nt, rbv db æ è rbv db cgj­lè­dfæ­nt­cz
cnf­nb. Cne­lty­nèd ghb­dfå­kñæ yf­dxfkm­yf fn­vjc­at­hf, zrf lj­
gj­vf­ufæ ÿv en­dth­lb­nbcm è hjp­db­ye­nb cdjÿ nf­kfy­nb; cne­lty­
nèd ghb­dfå­kñ­ñnm yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb, lt dj­yb dèl­xe­df­ñnm
ct­åt d wty­nhè yf­dxfkm­yj­uj ghj­wt­ce.
Rèkm­rf hj­rèd nj­ve, lj­c kè­léeñ­xb ajh­ve­dfy­yz dèl­xen­nz
hf­cj­djÿ yf­kté­yjc­nè e cne­lty­nèd yt­uhb­nzy­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd,
zrè db­hjc­kb gt­ht­dfé­yj d ≤åè­kbö≥ hf­qj­yfö, z gb­nf­kf ÿö,
xj­ve dj­yb db­hè­ib­kb gè­nb dxb­nb­cz cf­vt ne­lb, re­lb gèi­kb.
Jcm oj hjp­gj­dè­kf ghj cdèq lj­cdèl yf­dxfy­yz d fa­hj-fvt­hb­
rfy­cmrj­ve rj­kt­léè jl­yf cne­lty­nrf: ≤Hj­pe­vèæ­nt, rj­kb z qle
gj nt­hb­nj­hèÿ yf­ij­uj cne­ltyncmrj­uj vèc­ntx­rf è pyfñ, oj
wtq eyè­dth­cb­ntn gj­åe­le­df­kb lkz vt­yt, z cghfd­lè ofc­kb­df≥.
D Fvt­hb­wè yt nfr åf­uf­nj vècwm, ghj zrè yt­uhb­nzy­rf vju­kf å
crf­pf­nb cf­vt nfr. Yt vjé­yf yt­lj­jwè­yñ­df­nb pyf­xty­yz cf­vj­
cndthléty­yz ghb db­åj­hè rj­kt­lée.
Yt­pdf­éfñ­xb yf nt, oj cmj­ujl­yè åèkm­iècnm cne­ltyncmrbö
vèc­nt­xjr hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè­iè, yèé wt åe­kj d 1954 hj­wè, e yf­
dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö ect ot yt ec­dè­ljv­kñ­ñnm ghj­cnjÿ èc­nb­yb
– yt­jå­öèl­yj cndjhñ­df­nb dcèv cne­lty­nfv cghb­zn­kb­dè evj­db
eJournal USA

Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb
xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.

16

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Ht­kè­uèq­yè rj­kt­léè
Ght­gj­ljå­ybq Lt­dèl J’Rjy­ytkk, ght­pb­ltyn Rf­nj­kbwm­rj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e Fvt­hb­r b

Rhèc Uhèy­åthu/Rf­nj­kbwm­rbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn Fvt­hb­rb

Wtq cne­ltyn Rf­nj­kbwm­rj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne e Df­iby­unj­yè pyfq­ijd nb­öt vèc­wt lkz pf­yznm.

D

E Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö ht­kè­uèq­yè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­
nb gj­-cdjæ­ve gj­æl­ye­ñnm ht­kè­uèq­yè q frf­lt­vèx­yè rjv­
gj­yty­nb. E wmj­ve yf­hb­cè Lt­dèl J’Rjy­ytkk, ght­pb­ltyn
Rf­nj­kbwm­rj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne F vt­hb­rb q fd­njh lj­gj­dè­lè
ghj gth­cgtr­nb­db ht­kè­uèq­ybö rj­kt­léèd yf rjy­at­hty­wèÿ
Ufh­dfhlcmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne, db­c kjd­kñæ cdjÿ gj­u kz­lb yf
nt, zr ht­kè­uèq­yè rj­kt­léè påf­uf­xe­ñnm db­o e jc­dè­ne. Gèc­k z
wmj­uj yf­hb­c e gjl­fñnm­cz jgb­cb èy­ibö ht­kè­uèq­ybö yf­d­
xfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd, zrè zc­rhf­dj lt­vjy­cnhe­ñnm hèp­yb­wñ
d gèl­öj­lfö lj jc­dè­nb. Nbv, önj wè­rf­dbnm­cz rjy­rhtn­yjñ
cnhf­nt­uèæñ nj­uj xb èy­ij­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­l e, dfh­nj
åtp­gj­ct­htl­ymj pd’z­pf­nb­cz p ybv lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz db­xthg­
yjÿ èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ. Vb drkñ­xb­kb wè dè­lj­vjc­nè e xf­cj­gbc
lkz nj­uj, ojå lf­nb xb­nf­xfv lét­ht­kf èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ, f yt
htr­kf­ve­df­nb xb cödf­kñ­df­nb zrecm gtd­ye lj­r nhb­ye fåj
ghj­uhf­ve.

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

evj­dfö lj­cbnm cbkm­yj­uj ce­gth­ybw­ndf pf pf­k e­xty­yz
cne­lty­nèd rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb d Cgj­k e­xt­ybö
Inf­nfö gj­dby­yè lt­vjy­cnhe­df­nb cdj­ÿq gj­nty­wèq­
yèq rkè­æy­n e­hè jcjå­kb­dè öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­r b, zrè hjå­k znm wè
yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb eyè­rfkm­yb­vb è dfh­nb­vb edf­ub. Rj­éty
yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl jåj­d’zp­rj­dj ght­nty­l eæ yf ≤yfq­db­oe
zrècnm jc­dè­nb≥ è ≤yfq­rhf­oe ghj­uhf­ve yf­dxfy­yz≥ p nèæÿ xb
èy­ijÿ lbc­wbg­kè­yb. Ghj­nt xb èc­y eæ ot ojcm, oj vj­ét
yf­jx­yj pf­cdèl­xb­nb ≤dèl­vèy­y e jp­yf­r e≥ wmj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj
pf­r kf­l e? Ghj­nbc­nfd­k zñ­xb ct­åt cdèn­cmrbv rj­kt­léfv, ht­kè­
uèq­yè db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb ddf­éf­ñnm, oj wèæñ dèl­vèy­
yjñ jp­yf­rjñ æ dè­hf.
Cghf­df d nj­ve, oj rj­ktlé, zrbq åtp­gj­ct­htl­ymj dèl­
xe­dfæ yf cj­åè dgkbd zrj­ÿcm rjy­rhtn­yjÿ ht­kè­uèÿ xb dè­hb,
cgj­dè­ofæ cdèn­cmrj­ve frf­lt­vèx­yj­ve cdè­nj­dè, oj ht­kè­uèq­ybq
db­obq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl ec­dè­ljv­kñæ cdjñ eyè­rfkm­ye
hjkm è dèl­vèy­yècnm dèl èy­ibö d frf­lt­vèx­yj­ve ct­ht­lj­db­oè,

17

eJournal USA

Ht­kè­uèq­yè rj­kt­léè yf­vf­uf­ñnm­cz hjp­ukz­lf­nb hj­pev è dè­he
yt jr­ht­vj jl­yt dèl jl­yj­uj, f zr gj­d’zpf­yè, öj­xf q hèp­yè rjv­
gj­yty­nb ælb­yjÿ èc­nb­yb. Wè­rf­dj dèl­pyf­xb­nb, oj ltz­rè yfq­
gj­dfé­yè­iè db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö,
zrè lj­czu­kb yfq­db­obö ht­pekm­nf­nèd e db­r kf­lfy­yè q yf­e wè,
åt­henm cdèq gj­xf­njr èp ht­kè­uèq­ybö rjy­at­cèq. Fkt p zrb­öjcm
ghb­xby èp gkb­yjv xf­ce ht­kè­uèq­yf jhè­æy­nf­wèz wbö frf­lt­vèx­
ybö ecnfy­jd cnf­kf ckfå­ye­nb è p’z­db­kb­cz hèp­yè vj­lt­kè q ldf
hèp­yè gèl­öj­lb lj db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb – xbc­nj cdèn­cmrf vj­ltkm/cdèn­
cmrbq gèl­öèl è ht­kè­uèq­yf vj­ltkm/ht­kè­uèq­ybq gèl­öèl.
Rj­kb cne­lty­nb nf ÿö­yè åfnm­rb db­åb­hf­ñnm ht­kè­uèq­ybq rj­
ktlé fåj eyè­dth­cb­ntn, dj­yb jåb­hf­ñnm yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl,
zrbq vfæ xèn­rj db­pyf­xt­ye gj­pb­wèñ è vè­cèñ, oj cdjÿ­vb
rj­ht­yz­vb ukb­åj­rj cz­uf­ñnm nèæÿ xb èyijÿ ht­kè­uèq­yjÿ nhf­lb­
wèÿ. Wè nhf­lb­wèÿ vf­ñnm gj­ib­hñ­df­nbcm yf dcè fc­gtr­nb wmj­uj
yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le, qj­uj hj­åj­n e è dcè qj­uj pf­öj­lb, xèn­rj
db­zd­k z­nbcm zr yf pf­yzn­nzö e yf­dxfkm­yèq fe­lb­nj­hèÿ, nfr è d
ébn­nè cne­lty­nèd e rfv­ge­cè. Ghja­tcj­hb nf èy­ibq gth­cj­yfk
wmj­uj rj­kt­lée xb eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e gj­dby­yè db­zd­k z­nb ndth­le
gt­ht­rj­yf­yècnm e plèq­cyty­yè wèæÿ vè­cèÿ, f yt kb­it nth­gb­vj
cnf­db­nb­cz lj ytÿ zr lj pdb­xfq­yjÿ ajh­vfkm­yjc­nè, oj yè­åb­nj
yt lfæ vfq­ét yèz­rjÿ rj­hbc­nè yè yf­dxfkm­yj­ve ghj­wt­cj­dè,
yè db­rj­yfy­yñ èy­ibö pf­dlfym wbv yf­dxfkm­ybv pf­r kf­ljv.
Zr­oj njq xb èy­ibq db­obq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl cghfd­lè
ht­kè­uèq­ybq, nj è dct­ht­lb­yè ymj­uj, è gj­pf qj­uj vt­éf­vb dcèv
åe­lt phj­pe­vè­kj, oj wt ht­kè­uèq­ybq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl è oj
qj­uj vè­cèz yf­lfæ ≤lj­lfn­rj­djÿ wèy­yjc­nè≥ jn­hb­vf­yèq e ymj­ve
jc­dè­nè. Åèkm­it nj­uj, wz ≤lj­lfn­rj­df wèy­yècnm≥ cghfd­lè wè­rf­
dbnm kñ­ltq, ghb­dfå­kñæ ÿö e wtq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl è lfæ
ÿv nt, oj dj­yb cghbq­vf­ñnm zr eyè­rfkm­yècnm, nt, xj­uj dj­yb
lèq­cyj öj­xenm. Wt vfæ dt­kb­rt pyf­xty­yz zr lkz ÿöymjÿ jc­dè­
nb, nfr è lkz ÿöymj­uj ébn­nz. Plfn­yècnm ht­kè­uèq­ybö rj­kt­léèd
rjy­re­he­df­nb d jc­dèn­ymj­ve ct­ht­lj­db­oè cf­vt zr ht­kè­uèq­yè
q cbkm­yè­iè d frf­lt­vèx­yj­ve gkf­yè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb è
ghj­gj­ye­df­nb kñ­lzv nt, xj­uj dj­yb cghfd­lè öj­xenm, yf­ljd­uj
pf­åtp­gt­xbnm wbv rj­kt­léfv db­é b­dfy­yz è pvj­u e db­rj­ye­df­
nb cdjñ vè­cèñ, oj phti­njñ ghb­c ke­é bnm­cz hjp­ib­hty­yñ
cghfdéymjÿ hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yjc­nè, zrf æ dèl­vèy­yjñ hb­cjñ fvt­hb­
rfy­cmrjÿ db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb.
Cf­vt nf­rj­uj gèl­öj­le lj­nhb­ve­ænm­cz Rf­nj­kbwm­rbq eyè­dth­
cb­ntn Fvt­hb­rb e Df­iby­unj­yè, at­lt­hfkm­ybq jr­heu Rj­kev­
åèz, – pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­ybq eyè­dth­cb­ntn Rf­nj­kbwm­rjÿ
wth­rdb d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö. 3

Lfh­hjy Rfv­vèyuc. AP/WWP

Yf nht­ye­dfy­yè gèl xfc ghj­dt­lty­yz yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­uj neh­yè­he CIF p åfc­rtn­åj­
ke cne­lty­nrf eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Åtq­kj­hf èp Ctyn-Dèy­cty­nf, jc­nhj­db Dtcn-Èy­lèÿ,
pe­gb­yb­kf­cz, ojå gj­uj­dj­hb­nb p xkt­yf­vb cdjæÿ rj­vfy­lb p nt­öfcm­rjÿ irj­kb
gèd­lty­yj-åfg­nbcncmrjÿ jhè­æy­nf­wèÿ.

f nf­rjé gt­ht­rj­yf­ybq e nj­ve, oj cf­vt pf lj­gj­vj­ujñ dè­hb
hj­åbnm df­uj­vbq dyt­cjr e db­oe jc­dè­n e.
Jc­dè­nf ghj­kb­dfæ cdèn­kj yf nf­æv­yb­wñ èc­ye­dfy­yz kñ­lb­yb,
fgt­kññ­xb lj hj­pe­ve. Dj­yf ghj­cdèn­kñæ hj­pev. Ht­kè­uèq­yf jc­
dè­nf db­pyf­xfæ jc­yjd­yè gf­hf­vtn­hb èc­ye­dfy­yz kñ­lb­yb xt­htp
Åj­uf, zrbq dèl­rhb­dfæ ct­åt è hj­pe­ve, è dè­hè. Dj­yf ghj­cdèn­kñæ
hj­pev è le­ie. Xt­htp ht­kè­uèq­ye jc­dè­n e vb gèp­yfæ­vj èc­nb­ye,
zre jcz­ufæ­vj hj­pe­vjv, fkt zrf lj­cneg­yf lkz cth­wz è le­iè
dè­heñ­xj­uj q jc­vbc­kt­yf ybv yf ukb­åby­yj­ve hèd­yè. Zrjcm z
ghj­xb­nfd, oj ≤ht­kè­uèz – wt, yf­cfv­gt­htl, yt gb­nfy­yz afr­
nèd, f gb­nfy­yz pvèc­n e≥.

Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb
xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.

eJournal USA

18

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Rtv­gåtk­kf, db­obq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl gèd­lty­ybö åfg­nbc­nèd (ghj­nt­cnfy­nèd) e inf­nè Gèd­yèx­
yf Rf­hj­kè­yf, dåf­xfæ cdjæ ghb­pyf­xty­yz d nj­ve, ojå cghbz­nb cne­lty­nfv e ajh­ve­dfy­yè wè­kèc­yjÿ, öhbc­nb­zycm­rb
jhè­æy­nj­df­yjÿ jcj­åbc­njc­nè, zrf öf­hfr­nt­hb­pe­ænm­cz æl­yèc­nñ nè­kf, hj­pe­ve è le­ö e. Wt jp­yf­xfæ plfn­yècnm rhb­nbx­yj
vbc­kb­nb, db­cj­rj wè­ye­df­nb èy­nt­ktr­n e­f km­ybq, rekm­n eh­ybq è ht­kè­uèq­ybq cgf­ljr, låf­nb ghj plj­hj­d’z nè­kf, edfé­yj
cnf­db­nb­cz lj cdè­n e q cec­gèkm­cndf, d zrj­ve wz jcj­åbc­nècnm éb­dt è ghf­wñæ. Eyè­dth­cb­ntn åf­xbnm ghb­pyf­xty­yz kñ­
lb­yb d nj­ve, ojå éb­nb dè­hjñ è kfc­rjñ Åj­éjñ, yt dèl­xe­dfñ­xb rjy­akèr­n e vèé ébn­nzv e cdèn­kè dè­hb è ébn­nzv e
cdèn­kè hj­pe­ve.
Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Åhfy­ltq­cf d inf­nè Vfc­cf­xe­ctnc æ jl­ybv p yfq­vj­kjl­ibö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd èp ib­hj­rjñ yf­e rj­
dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rjñ åf­pjñ, f nf­rjé ælb­ybv eyè­dth­cb­nt­njv e wèq rhfÿ­yè, zrj­ve yf­lf­ñnm aè­yfy­cj­de gèl­nhbv­re
fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè æd­htÿ. Puèl­yj p lj­re­vty­njv, e zrj­ve db­pyf­xf­ænm­cz vt­nf èc­ye­dfy­yz eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e, dèy åed pf­cyj­df­
ybq e 1948 hj­wè pf gèl­nhbv­rb dcèæÿ fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ æd­htq­cmrjÿ cgèkm­yj­nb zr dnè­kty­yz ÿÿ yfq­db­obö tnbx­ybö è
rekm­n eh­ybö wèy­yjc­ntq, f nf­rjé zr db­zd dlzx­yjc­nè Cgj­ke­xt­ybv Inf­nfv e ajh­vè, oj cdèl­xbnm ghj nhf­lb­wèq­ye
ghb­öbkm­yècnm æd­ht­ÿd lj jc­dè­nb. Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Åhfy­ltq­cf, zrbq yt yf­kt­é bnm lj éjl­yj­uj ht­kè­uèq­yj­uj, èltj­kj­uèx­
yj­uj xb gj­kè­nbx­yj­uj cghz­ve­dfy­yz, jöj­xt ghbq­vfæ cne­lty­nèd è db­r kf­lf­xèd åelm-z­rjÿ yf­wèj­yfkm­yjc­nè, ht­kè­uèÿ xb
gj­kè­nbx­yjÿ jhè­æy­nf­wèÿ, cghbzæ jyjd­kty­yñ rekm­n eh­yjÿ hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yjc­nè Fvt­hb­rb, yf­lfæ dcèv hèd­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè q
cdj­åj­le cf­vj­db­hf­éty­yz.
Nb­öjj­rt­fycm­r bq kñ­nt­hfy­cmrbq rj­ktlé e inf­nè Df­iby­unjy åed pf­cyj­df­ybq gj­ctkty­wz­vb-kñ­nt­hf­yf­vb,
dèy gj­cnf­dbd cj­åè pf vt­n e lf­nb jc­dè­n e nbv, önj ghb­cdz­nbd cdjæ ébn­nz Åj­u e; dèy le­ét gb­if­ænm­cz cdjæñ eyè­rfkm­
yjñ yf­dxfkm­yjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ, d zrèq gèl­rhtc­kñ­ænm­cz yt­jå­öèl­yf hjkm ecèö ÿÿ crkfl­yb­rèd è fr­nbd­yf exfcnm cne­lty­
nèd e pf­cdj­æy­yè pyfym.
Ufh­najhlcmrf le­öjd­yf ct­vè­yf­hèz d inf­nè Rjy­ytr­nb­ren åe­kf pf­cyj­df­yf ghj­nt­cnfy­ncmrjñ öhbc­nb­zycm­rjñ
lt­yj­vè­yf­wèæñ – rjy­uht­uf­wèj­yèc­nf­vb-ge­hb­nf­yf­vb, zrè db­cne­gf­kb pf yt­pf­kté­yècnm vèc­wt­dbö rjy­uht­uf­wèq, njå­nj
gf­hf­aèq, dèl fy­ukè­rfy­cmrjÿ wth­r db. Cmj­ujl­yè yf lj­lf­njr lj ghj­uhf­vb p db­dxty­yz öhbc­nb­zy­cndf d wèq ct­vè­yf­hèÿ
èc­yeæ vf­uèc­nth­cmrf ghj­uhf­vf p db­dxty­yz èc­kf­ve, gj pf­dth­ity­yè zrjÿ wtynh p db­dxty­yz èc­kf­ve è öhbc­nb­zycm­rjve­cekm­vfy­cmrbö dèl­yj­cby yf­lfæ cne­lty­nfv pdfy­yz rf­gt­kf­yf. Gj­r kb­rfy­yzv wèæÿ le­öjd­yjÿ ct­vè­yf­hèÿ æ cke­é èy­yz
Åj­u e xt­htp jc­dè­n e, njå­nj gèl­uj­njd­rf ghf­wèd­yb­rèd, cne­lty­nèd, ext­ybö è cf­vbö ht­kè­uèq­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd lj
hj­pe­vèy­yz ce­xfc­yj­uj åf­uf­nj­rjy­at­cèq­yj­uj q gkñ­hf­kèc­nbx­yj­uj cdè­n e è ébn­nz d wmj­ve cdè­nè p dè­hjñ. Wz vt­nf plèq­
cyñ­ænm­cz d hfv­rfö yf­dxfy­yz, ghj­dt­lty­yz yf­e rj­dbö lj­c kè­létym, èy­ajh­ve­dfy­yz cec­gèkm­cndf, pf­jöj­xty­yz kñ­ltq
lj lèf­kj­u e, f nf­rjé ikz­öjv en­dth­léty­yz dè­hb d cj­wè­f km­yj­ve rjy­ntr­cnè è dèl­rhb­nj­uj db­dxty­yz zr hjp­åèé­yjc­ntq,
nfr è gjl­èå­ybö hbc.

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

19

eJournal USA

Cgt­wè­fkm­yè db­oè ­
yf­dxfkm­yè pf­rkf­lb
Vfqrk Létq Ahèl­vfy

Vtn­nmñ C. Ufy­åè. AP/WWP

Cke­öf­xè reh­ce p ghj­tr­ne­dfy­yz ce­gen­yb­rèd Dèq­cmrj­dj-Vjh­cmrjÿ frf­lt­vèÿ CIF e inf­nè Vt­hè­ktyl ghf­wñ­ñnm yfl pf­dlfy­yzv hf­pjv èp
db­rkf­lf­xtv. Exfc­yb­rb wèæÿ ghj­uhf­vb pf­gec­nb­kb yf jh­åè­ne dét ldf ce­gen­yb­rb.

E Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö æ rj­kt­léè, lt cne­lty­nb ukb­åj­rj
db­dxf­ñnm kb­it jl­ye uf­kepm. Fd­njh wèæÿ cnfn­nè rj­hjn­rj
öf­hfr­nt­hb­peæ rèkm­rf yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd, zrè ghb­lè­
kz­ñnm jc­yjd­ye edf­u e vbc­ntw­nde, åèp­yt­c e xb dèq­cmrj­dèq
cghf­dè. Vfqrk Ahèl­vfy – ghf­wèd­ybr Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö
èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­ne
CIF.

rjé­yj­uj cne­lty­nf, fkt lt­rj­ve db­dxty­yz ghf­dbkm­yj db­åhf­
yjÿ ghja­tcèÿ lj­gj­vf­ufæ hjp­rhb­nb ÿö­yè db­lfn­yè plèå­yjc­nè,
lfæ vjé­kb­dècnm yf­åe­nb gtd­ybö yf­db­xjr è gj­cgèk­re­df­nb­cz p
nf­rb­vb cf­vb­vb jl­yj­kèn­rf­vb. Ybé­xt yf­dj­lb­vj jgbc kb­it
rèkm­rjö gjl­èå­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd.
Hjp­nf­ij­df­yf d Ymñ-Qjh­re Léekmzhlcmrf ve­pbx­yf
irj­kf ghj­gj­yeæ cdj­ÿv cne­lty­nfv ghja­tcèq­ye gèl­uj­njd­re
p ve­pb­rb, f nf­rjé p èy­ibö cwt­yèx­ybö vbc­ntwnd – nfy­wèd
è lhf­vb. Dj­yf yf­åb­hfæ cne­lty­nèd èp 43 inf­nèd CIF nf
43 pf­he­åèé­ybö rhf­ÿy; ojå gj­nhf­gb­nb ne­lb, dcneg­yb­rb
gj­dby­yè ghj­qnb dt­kb­rbq rjy­rehc. Ct­htl ÿÿ åf­uf­nmjö pyf­
vt­yb­nbö db­öj­dfy­wèd nf­rè db­rj­yfd­wè rkf­cbx­yjÿ ve­pb­rb, zr
Èw­öfr Gthk­vfy, Qj-Qj Vf nf Gèy­xfc Pe­rth­vfy, léf­pj­dè
ve­pb­rfy­nb Nt­kj­yè­ec Vjyr è Dèy­njy Vfh­cf­kèc, dj­rf­kèc­nb
– rkf­cbx­yt cj­ghf­yj Kt­jy­nèy Ghfqc è léf­pj­df cgè­dfx­rf p
yf­lpdb­xfq­yj ukb­åj­rbv uj­kj­cjv Yè­yf Cè­vjy. P 1971 hj­re
wz irj­kf hjp­vè­oe­ænm­cz d Wty­nhè cwt­yèx­ybö vbc­ntwnd

Å

èkm­iècnm fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd ghj­gj­ye­ñnm
ib­hj­rbq lèf­gf­pjy lbc­wbg­kèy. Fkt ltz­rè, yf­dgf­rb,
pj­ct­ht­léeñnm­cz yf xj­vecm jl­yj­ve q dèl­gj­dèl­yj
åe­le­ñnm cdjÿ yf­dxfkm­yè gkf­yb. Cgt­wèf­kè­peñ­xbcm e rjy­rhtn­
ybö xèn­rj jr­htc­kt­ybö uf­ke­pzö, nf­rbö zr jå­hf­pjn­djh­xt
vbc­ntw­ndj xb db­rj­yfd­cmrf vfq­cnth­yècnm, åèp­ytc fåj dèq­
cmrj­df cghf­df, wè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb jcjå­kb­dj­uj ghj­aèkñ
ghj­gj­ye­ñnm cne­lty­nfv vjé­kb­dècnm pj­ct­ht­lb­nb cdjÿ
pe­cbk­k z yf xj­vecm jl­yj­ve. Nf­rbq gèl­öèl yt èlt­f km­ybq lkz

eJournal USA

20

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Kèy­rjkm­yf (Kèy­rjkmy-wty­nhè), zrbq
nf­rjé æ hèl­ybv lj­vjv lkz ≤Vtn­hj­
gj­kè­nty-jgt­hf≥, Ymñ-Qjhrcmrj­uj
aè­kfh­vj­yèx­yj­uj jh­rtc­nhe, ≤Léf­pe
d Kèy­rjkmy-wty­nhè≥ nf dj­cmvb èy­
ibö ndjh­xbö jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq.
Gj­hèd­yz­yj yj­dbq db­obq
yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl – rj­ktlé
vbc­ntwnd è lb­pfq­ye pè infå-rdfh­
nb­hjñ d vèc­nè Cf­dfy­yf, infn
Léjhléèz, uj­n eæ cne­lty­nèd lj rf­h’æ­
hb d hèp­ybö db­lfö jå­hf­pjn­djh­xj­uj
è db­rj­yfd­cmrj­uj vbc­ntw­ndf, lb­pfq­
ye, fh­öè­ntr­n e­hb nf èc­nj­hèÿ vbc­ntw­
ndf q fh­öè­ntr­n e­hb. Nf­rf jhè­æy­nf­wèz
lfæ rj­kt­lée Cf­dfy­yb vjé­kb­dècnm
ghj­gj­ye­df­nb cne­lty­nfv cgt­wèf­kè­
pf­wèñ p ghtl­vt­nèd, zrè yt pf­délb
Gè­nth If­fa/Léekmzhlcmrf irj­kf
pyfq­lti d èy­ibö rj­kt­léfö nf
Léfp-jh­rtcnh Léekmzhlcmrjÿ irj­kb gèl rt­hèd­ybw­ndjv qj­uj öe­ljé­ymj­uj rt­hèd­yb­rf Dèr­nj­hf Ujÿ­yt­cf.
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö, – p htr­kf­vb,
lb­pfq­ye, vekm­nbg­kè­rf­wèÿ, rj­vth­
wèq­yjÿ aj­nju­hf­aèÿ. Nj­ve dcneg­yb­rb, zrè öj­xenm jgf­ye­df­nb
wè ghja­tcèÿ, db­cj­rj wè­ye­ñnm vjé­kb­dècnm rjy­wty­nhj­df­yj­uj
db­dxty­yz cf­vt nj­uj, oj cnj­ce­ænm­cz ÿöymj­uj vfq­åen­ymj­uj
af­ö e. Zr db­c kj­db­kf­cz ght­pb­ltyn wmj­uj rj­kt­lée Gj­kf C.
Dj­kktc, ≤cne­lty­nb rj­kt­lée Cf­dfy­yb gj­æl­ye­ñnm ndjh­xt
åf­xty­yz p ntö­yèx­yjñ vfq­cnth­yèc­nñ pf­l kz gt­htn­dj­hty­yz
öe­ljé­ymj­uj pf­le­ve yf ghja­tcèq­ye vfq­cnth­yècnm, oj æ
gt­ht­le­vj­djñ cghb­zn­kb­dj­uj vfq­åen­ymj­uj≥.
Cne­lty­nèd, zrè öj­xenm jn­hb­vf­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ d uf­ke­pè
lb­pfq­ye nf vbc­ntwnd, ghb­dfå­kñ­ñnm nf­rè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb,
zr rj­ktlé Cf­dfy­yb è Léekmzhlcmrf irj­kf. Èy­iè é yf­vf­uf­
ñnm­cz jn­hb­vf­nb yf­dbx­rb, zrè lj­gj­vj­é enm ec­gèi­yj pfq­vf­nb­
cz åèp­yt­cjv fåj é ghf­wñ­df­nb d ntö­yj­kj­uèx­yj­ve ctr­nj­hè, oj
cnhèv­rj hjp­db­df­ænm­cz. Xfc­nj wè cne­lty­nb cnfh­iè pf dè­rjv
è dét ghf­wñ­ñnm. Ÿö­yè gj­nht­åb pf­lj­djkm­yzæ wè­kf ybp­rf
rj­vth­wèq­ybö ghb­dfn­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd. Nf­rè yf­dxfkm­
P lj­pdj­ke rj­kt­lée vbc­ntwnd è lb­pfq­ye Cf­dfy­yb
yè pf­r kf­lb, zr eyè­dth­cb­ntn Lt-Dhfq, zrbq vfæ gj­yfl 70
Db­rkf­lfx­rf è cne­ltyn e rj­kt­léè vbc­ntwnd è lb­pfq­ye Cf­dfy­yb d inf­nè
rfv­ge­cèd è dt­lt yf­dxfy­yz d ht­é b­vè ≤jy-kfqy≥, ghj­gj­ye­ñnm
Léjhléèz yf pf­yzn­nè p vekm­nbg­kè­rf­wèÿ.
cdj­ÿv cne­lty­nfv ghfr­nbx­yè pf­yzn­nz, oj ÿö xfc­nj dt­lenm db­
rkf­lf­xè, jajh­vkt­yè yf gèd­cnfd­rb, zrè æ af­öèd­wz­vb db­cj­rj­uj
rkf­ce d cdj­ÿö uf­ke­pzö è ghf­wñ­ñnm gj­pf vt­éf­vb eyè­dth­cb­nt­
xfc­nrj­dj db­lfn­rb cdj­ÿö ghf­wèd­yb­rèd yf gj­lfkm­ie jc­dè­n e q
ne. Rj­vth­wèq­yè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb pf­uf­kjv ghb­cnj­cj­de­ñnm­
jn­hb­vfy­yz vf­uèc­nth­cmrj­uj cne­gt­yz, xfc­nè­it d cat­hè eg­hfd­
cz lj oèkm­yj­uj uhf­aè­rf hj­åj­nb cdj­ÿö cne­lty­nèd, åf­uf­nj önj
kèy­yz åèp­yt­cjv.
p zrbö vfæ cè­v’ÿ. Nj­ve pf­yzn­nz ghj­dj­lznm­cz e dt­xèh­yèq xfc,
Åèkm­iècnm eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd CIF æ fåj ghb­dfn­yb­vb yf­
d ce­åj­n e è yt­lè­kñ. Cne­lty­nfv nf­rjé ghj­gj­ye­ñnm pf­gb­ce­df­
dxfkm­yb­vb pf­r kf­lf­vb, fåj aè­yfy­ce­ñnm­cz inf­njv xb èyj­lè
nb­cz yf vty­ie rèkm­rècnm reh­cèd fåj yf yt­gj­dyè ghj­uhf­vb.
vèc­wt­db­vb jh­uf­yf­vb dkf­lb. Ghj­nt at­lt­hfkm­ybq ehzl rt­heæ
Rj­hbc­n e­ñnm­cz gj­gekzh­yèc­nñ nf­rè lbc­wbg­kè­yb, zr èy­ajh­vf­
dèq­cmrj­db­vb exb­kb­of­vb, drkñx­yj p Dèq­cmrj­djñ frf­lt­vèæñ
nb­rf, ghj­uhf­ve­dfy­yz, åèp­ytc è db­cj­rj­ntö­yj­kj­uèx­yè uf­ke­pè.
CIF, zrf döj­lbnm lj crkf­le ce­öj­gen­ybö cbk, Dèq­cmrj­djLtz­rè fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè hj­åj­nj­lfd­wè gj­rhb­df­ñnm gj­dyèc­nñ fåj
­Gj­dèn­hz­ybv exb­kb­otv nf Dèq­cmrj­dj-Vjh­cmrjñ frf­lt­vèæñ
Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

21

eJournal USA

(Dèq­cmrj­dj-Vjh­cmrbv exb­kb­otv) CIF, f nf­rjé Frf­lt­vèæñ
åt­ht­uj­djÿ jöj­hj­yb nf Vj­htg­kfd­ybv exb­kb­otv njh­uj­dj­uj
akj­n e.
Ghbq­jv lj Dèq­cmrj­dj-Vjh­cmrjÿ frf­lt­vèÿ CIF d Fy­yf­
gj­kè­cè, infn Vt­hè­ktyl, le­ét cnhj­ubq, ghb­xj­ve rf­lt­nèd
(dè­lj­vbö zr ufh­lt­vf­hb­yb) ghb­pyf­xf­ñnm e wtq pf­r kfl xkt­yb
Rjy­uht­ce, Ght­pb­ltyn è dè­wt-ght­pb­ltyn Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nèd,
f nf­rjé vè­yècnh Dèq­cmrj­dj-Vjh­cmrj­uj akj­n e. Ufh­lt­vf­hb­yb
vf­ñnm dèl­gj­dèlf­nb gtd­ybv db­vj­ufv oj­lj lj dè­re, aè­pbx­yj­
uj plj­hj­d’z è hèd­yz pyfym, f nf­rjé gj­dby­yè åe­nb yt­jl­he­ét­
yb­vb. Ot jl­yèæñ db­vj­ujñ æ uhj­vf­lzy­cndj CIF, ojg­hfd­
lf, pdf­éfñ­xb yf èy­nt­ht­cb hjp­dbn­re vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby,
e wñ frf­lt­vèñ vj­é enm ghbq­vf­nb lj 60 cne­lty­nèd èp pf­he­
åèé­ybö rhf­ÿy, gj­èvty­yj yf­pdf­ybö vè­yèc­nhjv jåj­hj­yb. P
1976 hj­re ghf­dj yf­dxf­nbcm e wèq frf­lt­vèÿ jn­hb­vf­kb éèy­rb,
zrè e db­gec­re 2009 hj­re cnfy­jdb­nb­venm g’z­n e xfc­nb­ye dèl
pf­ufkm­yjÿ rèkm­rjc­nè cne­lty­nèd.
Ufh­lt­vf­hb­yb dxfnm­cz åtp­rji­njd­yj, jn­hb­ve­ñnm öfh­xe­dfy­
yz, ébn­kj è oj­vè­czx­ye cnb­gty­lèñ. D yf­dxfkm­yèq ghj­uhf­vè
exb­kb­of gt­ht­df­uf yf­lf­ænm­cz vf­nt­vf­nb­wè, èy­ét­yth­ybv
yf­e rfv, yf­åen­nñ dèq­cmrj­dj-vjh­cmrbö yf­db­xjr, f cgt­wèf­kè­pf­
wèæñ åf­uf­nj ufh­lt­vf­hb­yèd jåb­hf­ñnm lbc­wbg­kè­yb, gj­d’zpf­yè
p vj­htg­kfd­cndjv. Wt jrtf­yju­hf­aèz, ft­hj­rjc­vèx­yf ntö­yè­rf
xb rj­hf­åtkm­yf fh­öè­ntr­n e­hf. Èy­iè cne­lty­nb ghb­lè­k z­ñnm åèkm­
it edf­ub èc­nj­hèÿ, trj­yj­vè­wè fåj èy­ibv ghtl­vt­nfv. Db­gec­r­
yb­rb jlthée­ñnm pdfy­yz fåj vj­kjl­ij­uj ktq­nt­yfy­nf DVC
CIF, fåj cnfh­ij­uj ktq­nt­yfy­nf Dèq­cmrj­dj-Vjh­cmrjÿ fdèf­wèÿ
DVC CIF è pj­åj­d’z­pf­yè dèl­c ke­é b­nb yf fr­nbd­yèq dèq­cmrj­dèq
ckeé­åè yt vty­it, yèé 6 hj­rèd.

eJournal USA

Cnèd Vfn­ntj. AP/WWP

Cne­ltyn ghf­wñæ yfl pf­dlfy­yzv p nt­kt­rj­ve­yè­rf­wèq­ybö ntö­yj­kj­uèq d ­
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Lt-Dhfq d Tl­lè­cj­yè, infn Èk­kè­yjqc.

Wz rj­hjn­rf lj­dèl­rf kb­it lfæ ezd­kty­yz ghj èc­ye­dfy­yz d
CIF hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybö vjé­kb­djc­ntq lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz db­ojÿ
jc­dè­nb. Cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yè db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb lj­gj­dyñ­ñnm
rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, pf­lj­djkm­yzñ­xb gj­nht­åb gj­lfkm­
ijÿ jc­dè­nb nf­rbö yt­nhf­lb­wèq­ybö rf­nt­uj­hèq cne­lty­nèd, zr
cne­lty­nb-dt­xèh­yb­rb, cè­vtq­yè kñ­lb p lènm­vb q nè, oj dét
ghf­wñ­ñnm. Ghtl­vt­nb è ghj­uhf­vb, pf zrb­vb dj­yb yf­dxf­
ñnm­cz, åèkmi cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yè, oj lfæ pvj­u e jå­lf­hj­df­ybv è
wè­ktc­ghz­vj­df­ybv cne­lty­nfv hjp­db­ye­nb cdjÿ plèå­yjc­nè q
pf­lj­djkm­yb­nb ghja­tcèq­yè èy­nt­ht­cb. 3

22

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Rkf­cb­aè­rf­wèz rj­kt­léèd

R

jy­cekm­nfy­nb pf­délb hf­lznm gj­nty­wèq­ybv cne­lty­nfv db­åb­hf­
nb rj­ktlé, db­öj­lz­xb p nf­rbö xj­nb­hmjö gf­hf­vtn­hèd: ghj­uhf­
vf, hjp­vèh, dfh­nècnm yf­dxfy­yz q hjp­nf­ie­dfy­yz. Ct­htl åf­uf­nmjö
vf­nt­hèf­kèd, oj lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm cne­lty­nfv pj­hè­æy­n e­df­nb­cz d nb­cz­xfö
yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd CIF, æ nf­rè, zrè db­pyf­xf­ñnm htq­nbyu nj­uj
xb èy­ij­uj rj­kt­lée.
• ≤Gè­nth­cjyp≥ è ≤Rfg­kfy≥ – wt ldè rjv­gf­yèÿ, zrè geå­kè­re­ñnm èy­
ajh­vf­wèq­yè vf­nt­hèf­kb ghj jc­dè­n e. Lj­dèl­ybr rjv­gf­yèÿ ≤Gè­nth­cjyp≥
yf­pb­df­ænm­cz “Peterson’s Guide to Compet­iti­ve Colle­ges” (≤Lj­dèl­ybr
rjv­gf­yèÿ ≤Gè­nth­cjyp≥ ghj gj­gekzh­yè rj­kt­léè≥). Rjv­gf­yèz ≤Rfg­kfy≥
db­lf­kf “Kaplan Publishing’s Most Inte­resting Colle­ges” (≤Yfq­wè­rf­dè­iè
rj­kt­léè. Lj­dèl­ybr db­lfd­ybw­ndf ≤Rfg­kfy≥≥) è “2005 – The Unof­ficial
Unbiased Guide to the 331 Most Inte­resting Colle­ges” (≤Ytj­aè­wèq­ybq
jå’ær­nbd­ybq lj­dèl­ybr 2005 hj­re: 331 yfq­wè­rf­dè­ibq rj­ktlé e
CIF≥).
• Éeh­yf­kèc­nb yfq­dè­lj­vè­ibö uf­ptn, rjn­hè gb­ienm ghj jc­dè­n e,
nf­rjé crkf­kb cdèq cgb­cjr ht­rj­vty­lj­df­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd.
Kj­hty Gj­e g, af­öè­dtwm e uf­ke­pè jc­dè­nb, d uf­pt­nè ≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥
yf­lhe­re­df­kf vf­nt­hè­f k “Loren Pope’s Colle­ges Th­at Change Lives, 40
Schools You Should Know Abo­ut Even if You’re Not a Straight A Stu­de­nt”
(Kj­hty Gj­e g. ≤Rj­kt­léè, plfn­yè pvè­yb­nb df­it ébn­nz: 40 yf­dxfkm­
ybö pf­r kf­lèd, ghj zrè dfv nht­åf pyf­nb, yf­dènm zr­oj db yt dèl­vèy­
ybr≥). Tl­dfhl Å. Aèc­rt, rj­kbi­yèq ht­lfr­njh dèl­lè­ke jc­dè­nb uf­pt­nb
≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥, db­lfd “Fiske Guide to Colle­ges” (≤Lj­dèl­ybr Aèc­rt
ghj rj­kt­léè≥). Létq Vtn­nmñp èp uf­pt­nb ≤Df­iby­unjy gj­cn≥ yf­dj­
lbnm cgb­cjr 10 rj­kt­léèd, oj qlenm dèl­hf­pe é pf yfq­cnf­hè­ib­vb è
yfq­gj­dfé­yè­ib­vb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrb­vb rj­kt­léf­vb nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­
vb, zrè döj­lznm lj ≤Kè­ub gkñ­of≥, d cdj­ÿq ryb­pè “Harvard Schmarward: Getting Beyond the Ivy Lea­gue to the Colle­ge That is Best for You”
(≤Pf vt­éf­vb ≤Kè­ub gkñ­of≥: yfq­rhf­obq lkz dfc rj­ktlé≥).
• Ajyl Ntv­gknj­yf d inf­nè Gty­cbkm­df­yèz db­lfæ “The Templeton Guide: Colle­ges th­at Encourage Charact­er De­velopme­nt” (≤Lj­dèl­ybr
Ntv­gknj­yf. Rj­kt­léè, zrè lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm ajh­ve­df­nb öf­hfr­nth≥).
• Jlby èp yfq­ljc­dèl­xt­yè­ibö rjy­cekm­nfy­nèd p gb­nfym db­åj­he
rj­kt­lée Aht­lt­hèr Hfuu cndj­hbd “Rugg’s Rec­ommen­dations on Colle­
ges” (≤Ht­rj­vty­lf­wèÿ Hfu­uf cnj­cjd­yj rj­kt­léèd≥). E wmj­ve lj­dèl­yb­re
vèc­nbnm­cz èy­ajh­vf­wèz yt kb­it ghj ghj­dèl­yè rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­
nt­nb, f q ghj yfq­rhf­oè af­rekm­nt­nb è dèl­lè­kty­yz.
• “Yale Daily News’s the Insider’s Guide to the Colle­ges 2005” (≤Lj­
dèl­ybr lkz dyen­hèi­ymj­uj rj­hbc­n e­dfy­yz uf­pt­nb “Yale Daily News”
ghj rj­kt­léè pf 2005 hèr≥) lkz db­pyf­xty­yz htq­nby­u e gj­yfl 300
rj­kt­léèd db­rj­hbc­nj­deæ èy­ajh­vf­wèñ, jlthéf­ye dèl cf­vbö cne­lty­
nèd, f yt pdè­nb fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ.
• Gj­gekzh­yè nbé­yt­db­rb nf­rjé ghj­gj­ye­ñnm cdjÿ htq­nby­ub,
zrè ghb­dth­nf­ñnm dt­kb­re edf­u e. “U.S. News and World Rep­ort” gjl­fæ
yf cdj­ÿö cnj­hèy­rfö vf­nt­hèf­kb ≤Yfq­rhf­oè rj­kt­léè Fvt­hb­rb≥ nf
≤Yfq­rhf­oè fc­gè­hfy­n e­hb Fvt­hb­rb≥ (ht­tp:// www.usnews.com/
usnews/home.htm).
Wtq éeh­yfk yf­dj­lbnm cdjñ rkf­cb­aè­rf­wèñ rj­kt­léèd nf
jc­yjd­ye èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj ybö pf rèkm­rj­vf rf­nt­uj­hèz­vb: pf­ufkm­
yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb (gt­ht­kèr e vfc­inf­åfö ecèæÿ rhfÿ­yb);
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, zrè ghj­gj­ye­ñnm ghj­uhf­vb yf­dxfy­yz lkz jn­hb­vfy­
yz cne­gt­yz vf­uèc­nhf (gt­ht­kèr pf ht­uèj­yf­vb); yfq­rhf­oè yf­dxfkm­yè

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

ghj­uhf­vb p åèp­yt­ce; yfq­rhf­oè ue­vf­yè­nfh­yè rj­kt­léè; yfq­rhf­oè
yf­dxfkm­yè ghj­uhf­vb p èy­ét­yth­ybö yf­e r; yfq­rhf­oè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb,
zrè lf­ñnm dct­åèx­ye jc­dè­n e; xj­nb­hb­hèx­yè rj­kt­léè, d zrbö gj­yfl
50fi cne­lty­nèd db­dxf­ñnm yt kb­it ue­vf­yè­nfh­yè ghtl­vt­nb (gt­ht­kèr
pf ht­uèj­yf­vb).
– Ot jlby ht­cehc – dtå-cfqn Åèå­kèj­nt­rb p cec­gèkm­ybö yf­e r nf
jc­dè­nb d Èk­kè­yjq­cmrj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè d v. Eh­åf­yf-Ifv­gtqy. Wtq
cfqn lfæ vjé­kb­dècnm pd’z­pf­nb­cz p åf­ufnm­vf jy­kfq­yj­db­vb ckeé­åf­
vb, zrè pfq­vf­ñnm­cz htq­nby­ujv rj­kt­léèd, db­qnb yf èy­iè lét­ht­kf
èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ ghj rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb è yf­dènm gj­nhf­gb­nb yf
cfq­nb, lt gj­hèd­yñ­ñnm hèp­yè htq­nby­ub q jå­uj­dj­hñ­nm ÿö­yñ wèy­
yècnm (ht­tp://www.library.uiuc.edu/edx/rankings.htm).

Yfq­rhf­oè db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè ­
pf­rkf­lb Fvt­hb­rb

P

f lf­yb­vb éeh­yf­ke “U. S. News and World Rep­ort”, pè cnf eyè­dth­
cb­nt­nèd, zrè xfc­nj yf­pb­df­ñnm yfq­rhf­ob­vb eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb d
CIF, jl­yè æ geå­kèx­yb­vb, fåj lth­éfd­yb­vb, f èy­iè ghb­dfn­yb­vb. Dcè
dj­yb dè­lj­vè db­cj­rjñ zrèc­nñ cdj­ÿö yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhfv, ht­ceh­cf­
vb, nf­rb­vb zr ce­xfc­yè, lj­åht jå­kfl­yf­yè kf­åj­hf­nj­hèÿ nf åèå­kèj­nt­rb,
f nf­rjé ib­hj­rbv rj­kjv db­gec­ryb­rèd è cgjy­cj­hèd, gj­d’zpf­ybö
èp wb­vb yf­dxfkm­yb­vb pf­r kf­lf­vb. Wè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb ghj­gj­ye­ñnm
ib­hj­rbq lèf­gf­pjy ghtl­vt­nèd yf hèd­yè åf­pj­dj­uj xj­nb­hb­hèx­yj­uj yf­
dxfy­yz, f nf­rjé yf­dxfy­yz pè cgt­wè­f km­yjc­ntq, p zrbö vjé­yf jn­hb­vf­
nb cne­gèym vf­uèc­nhf xb lj­rnj­hf. Åf­uf­nj p yf­pdf­ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd
pfq­vf­ñnm­cz cth­qjp­yjñ yf­e rj­djñ hj­åj­njñ. Puèl­yj p lf­yb­vb “U. S.
News and World Rep­ort”, 20 yfq­rhf­obö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd CIF nf­rè:
1–2 vèc­wz lè­k znm Ufh­dfhlcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn è Ghèy­cnjy­cmrbq
  eyè­dth­cb­ntn;
3 – Ækmcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn;
4 – Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn;
5–6 vèc­wz lè­k znm eyè­dth­cb­ntn Lñ­rf è Cnty­ajhlcmrbq
  eyè­dth­cb­ntn;
7–8 vèc­wz lè­k znm Rf­kè­ajh­yèq­cmrbq ntö­yj­kj­uèx­ybq èy­cnb­n en è
  Vfc­cf­xe­ctn­cmrbq ntö­yj­kj­uèx­ybq èy­cnb­n en;
9–10 vèc­wz lè­k znm Rj­kev­åèq­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn è Lfh­nven­   cmrbq rj­ktlé;
11 – eyè­dth­cb­ntn Df­iby­unj­yf d Ctyn-Keÿ­cè;
12 – Gèd­yèx­yj-Pf­öèl­ybq eyè­dth­cb­ntn;
13–14 vèc­wz lè­k znm Rjh­ytkkmcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn è eyè­dth­cb­ntn
     Léjy­cf Ujg­rèy­cf;
15–16 vèc­wz lè­k znm eyè­dth­cb­ntn Åhfe­yf è Xb­rfpm­rbq
     eyè­dth­cb­ntn;
17 – eyè­dth­cb­ntn Hfq­cf;
18–19 vèc­wz lè­k znm eyè­dth­cb­ntn Yjnh-Lfv è eyè­dth­cb­ntn
     Dfy­lth­åèk­nf;
20–21 vèc­wz lè­k znm eyè­dth­cb­ntn Tvj­hè è Rf­kè­ajh­yèq­cmrbq
             eyè­dth­cb­ntn e Åth­r kè.
(ht­tp://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/colle­ge/rankings/­
rankindex_br­ief.php)

23

eJournal USA

Ghj­dèl­yè ghj­uhf­vb jc­yjd­yj­uj ­
xj­nb­hb­hèx­yj­uj reh­ce yf­dxfy­yz d ­
åèp­yt­cè nf èy­ét­yth­ybö yf­erfö

Å

f­uf­nj jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq hjp­vè­oe­ñnm rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb CIF
d gtd­yj­ve gj­hzl­re, jwè­yñ­ñnm nf fyf­kè­pe­ñnm ÿö. Zr­oj db
cghj­åeæ­nt pyfq­nb zrecm jl­yjc­nfq­yècnm e yf­zd­ybö cgbc­rfö, nj,
yf éfkm, gt­ht­rj­yfæ­ntcm e nj­ve, oj wt yt­vjé­kb­dj. Cgbc­rb hèl­rj
crkf­lf­ñnm­cz pf jl­ybv è nbv cf­vbv ghb­ywb­gjv gjl­èke pf­r kf­lèd
yf uhe­gb, lkz ÿö cndjhty­yz yt db­rj­hbc­nj­de­ænm­cz jl­yt lét­ht­kj
èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ (yf­ghb­r kfl, pdè­nb fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ), yt pf­cnj­cj­de­ænm­cz
jl­yf­rj­dt db­pyf­xty­yz gj­yzn­nz db­ojÿ zrjc­nè. Yf­ghb­r kfl, ybé­xt
gjl­fyj ldf cgbc­rb ghj­dèl­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd e ldjö
uf­ke­pzö. Dj­yb åe­kb crkf­lt­yè ikz­öjv gj­hèd­yzy­yz gj­hzl­rj­dbö
yj­vt­hèd, yf­lf­ybö rj­kt­léfv nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfv hèp­yb­vb jh­uf­yè­pf­
wèz­vb, è dyt­cty­yzv lj cgbc­rèd nbö yf­dxfkm­ybö ecnfy­jd, oj ÿö ecè
yf­pb­df­kb ct­htl gth­ibö ldfl­wz­nb.

Åèp­ytc-ghju­hf­vb
Wtq cgb­cjr gèl­uj­nj­df­yj yf jc­yj­dè rkf­cb­aè­rf­wèÿ pf gj­hzl­rj­
dbv yj­vt­hjv, gjl­fyjÿ e éeh­yf­kè “U. S. News and World Rep­ort”
(≤Yfq­rhf­oè rj­kt­léè 2005 h.≥), geå­kè­rf­wèÿ d éeh­yf­kè “Business
We­ek” ≤Yfq­rhf­oè åèp­ytc-irj­kb≥ 2004 hj­re (nf­rbq cgb­cjr lhe­re­
ænm­cz hfp yf ldf hj­rb) nf rkf­cb­aè­rf­wèÿ åèp­ytc-irèk pf gj­hzl­rj­
dbv yj­vt­hjv p éeh­yf­ke “Fo­rbes” dèl 2003 h., oj rt­he­ænm­cz yf­dt­
lt­ybv e cgbc­re rhb­nt­hè­æv yfq­åèkm­ij­uj ghb­åen­re, jn­hb­vf­yj­uj
dèl èy­dtc­nb­wèq, drkf­lt­ybö e yf­dxfy­yz d rjy­rhtn­yj­ve èy­cnb­n e­nè.

Èy­ét­yth­yè yf­erb
Wtq gt­ht­kèr gèl­uj­nj­df­yj yf jc­yj­dè rkf­cb­aè­rf­wèÿ pf gj­hzl­rj­
dbv yj­vt­hjv, gjl­fyjÿ e éeh­yf­kè “U. S. News and World Rep­ort”
(≤Yfq­rhf­oè rj­kt­léè 2005 h.≥) nf yf cfq­nè Stu­de­ntsRev­iew.com,
cndjht­yj­ve fc­gè­hfy­nf­vb Vfc­cf­xe­ctn­cmrj­uj ntö­yj­kj­uèx­yj­uj èy­cnb­
ne­n e, ojå dèl­gj­dèc­nb yf ≤gb­nfy­yz, zrè cne­lty­nb öj­nè­kb å pf­lf­nb,
zr­åb xèn­rj pyf­kb, ghj oj gb­nf­nb≥.

Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Rfh­yt­uè-Vtk­kj­yf, infn Gty­cbkm­df­yèz
Rjh­ytkkmcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, infn Ymñ-Qjhr
Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Tvj­hè, infn Léjhléèz
Vfc­cf­xe­ctn­cmrbq ntö­yj­kj­uèx­ybq èy­cnb­n en, infn Vfc­cf­xe­ctnc
Ymñ-Qjhrcmrbq (vècm­rbq) eyè­dth­cb­ntn, infn Ymñ-Qjhr
Vè­xb­ufy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, infn Vè­xb­ufy
Gèd­yèx­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn d Xt­gtk-Uèkk,
infn Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf
Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, infn Gty­cbkm­df­yèz
Eyè­dth­cb­ntn inf­n e Nt­öfc, Jc­nèy, infn Nt­öfc
Dèh­uèy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, infn Dèh­uè­yèz

Rjh­ytkkmcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, infn Ymñ-Qjhr
Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Léjy­cf Ujg­rèy­cf, infn Vt­hè­ktyl
Vfc­cf­xe­ctn­cmrbq ntö­yj­kj­uèx­ybq èy­cnb­n en, infn Vfc­cf­xe­ctnc
Eyè­dth­cb­ntn inf­n e Gty­cbkm­df­yèz, infn Gty­cbkm­df­yèz
Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Geh­lmñ, infn Èy­lèf­yf
Hty­cct­kth­cmrbq gj­kè­ntö­yèx­ybq èy­cnb­n en, infn Ymñ-Qjhr
Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Hfq­cf, infn Nt­öfc
Èk­kè­yjq­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn d Eh­åf­yf-Ifv­gtqy, infn Èk­kè­yjqc
Dèh­uèy­cmrbq gj­kè­ntö­yèx­ybq èy­cnb­n en è eyè­dth­cb­ntn inf­n e,
infn Dèh­uè­yèz

Db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­rkf­lb ≤Kè­ub gkñ­of≥
≤Kè­ujñ gkñ­of≥ yf­pb­df­ñnm dè­cèv yfq­lfd­yè­ibö è yfq­ghtc­nbé­yè­ibö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd e CIF. Wè db­oè
yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb gèl­gb­cf­kb euj­le ghj ghj­dt­lty­yz pvf­ufym d jl­yèq kè­pè nf db­ce­yty­yz jl­yf­rj­dbö db­
vju lj cdj­ÿö cne­lty­nèd-cgjh­ncvt­yèd zr e cgjh­nè, nfr è d yf­dxfy­yè. Jc­rèkm­rb wè rj­kt­léè cndjht­yè jl­yb­
vb p gth­ibö, åèkm­iècnm èp ybö hjp­nf­ij­df­yè d rhf­cb­dbö, gj­åe­lj­df­ybö åf­uf­nj hj­rèd nj­ve cne­ltyncmrbö
vèc­ntx­rfö, lt cnf­hj­dby­yè åe­lby­rb jå­db­nè gkñ­otv, – pdèl­cb q yf­pdf ≤Kè­uf gkñ­of≥. Dcè dè­cèv rj­kt­léèd
– yfq­rhf­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb rhfÿ­yb: eyè­dth­cb­ntn Åhfe­yf, Rj­kev­åèq­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, Rjh­ytkkmcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, Lfh­nven­cmrbq
rj­ktlé, Ufh­dfhlcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, Ghèy­cnjy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn nf Ækmcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn. Yf­pdb wbö
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd è yf­pdf ≤Kè­uf gkñ­of≥ ghj­ljd­é e­ñnm fcj­wèñ­df­nb­cz p yfq­db­ob­vb lj­czu­yty­yz­vb d cat­hè fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb è
dcmj­uj, oj p ytñ gj­d’zpf­yj.

eJournal USA

24

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Dèl­pyf­xfæ­vj ­
Nbé­ltym ­
vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ ­
jc­dè­nb

“E

N

ducationUSA”, fåj ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥ – wt ukj­åfkm­yf
vt­ht­éf, oj yf­kè­xeæ gj­yfl 450 rjy­cekm­nf­wèq­ybö nf
èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö wty­nhèd e 170 rhfÿ­yfö. Dj­yb èc­ye­ñnm pf
gèl­nhbv­rb Åñ­hj p gb­nfym jc­dè­nb è rekm­n e­hb Lth­éfd­yj­uj
lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e CIF. Wty­nhb fr­nbd­yj ghj­gf­u e­ñnm cbc­nt­ve
db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb CIF d ecmj­ve cdè­nè, yf­lf­ñnm njx­ye, dct­åèx­
ye, jå’ær­nbd­ye nf cdjæ­xfc­ye èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj vjé­kb­djc­nè
jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö, f nf­rjé hf­lznm
jcj­åfv, zrè vf­ñnm yt­jå­öèl­yè lbg­kj­vb q fntc­nf­nb, zr crj­
hbc­nf­nb­cz wèæñ vjé­kb­dèc­nñ.
D wty­nhfö ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥ ghf­wñ­ñnm ghja­tcèq­yè rjy­
cekm­nfy­nb, åf­uf­nj p zrbö dxb­kb­cz d CIF fåj ghj­öj­lb­kb
dèl­gj­dèl­ye gèl­uj­njd­re d Lth­éfd­yj­ve lt­gfh­nf­vty­nè p gb­nfym
db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb CIF nf db­dxf­kb rjy­cekm­nf­wèq­ybq ghj­wtc.
Oj­hj­re wè rjy­cekm­nfy­nb lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm åkbpm­rj 25 vky.
gj­nty­wèq­ybö èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd, cgèk­reñ­xbcm èp yb­vb
jcj­åbc­nj, gj nt­kt­aj­ye fåj é xt­htp tktr­nhj­yye gj­ine q
Èy­nth­ytn.
Ghf­wèd­yb­rb wty­nhèd ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥ yf­lf­ñnm èyj­ptv­ybv
cne­lty­nfv dt­kb­xtp­ybq jå­czu èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ. Gj­c ke­ub yf dcèö
tnf­gfö gj­ie­re yt­jå­öèl­yj­uj lkz ybö rj­kt­lée åtp­rji­njd­
yè. Rjy­cekm­nfy­nb pyf­ñnm dèl­vèy­yjc­nè vèé åf­ufnm­vf db­lf­vb
rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd e CIF è vj­é enm gj­hf­lb­nb, zr
jå­hf­nb yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl, oj zr­yfq­rhf­ot dèl­gj­dèlf­nb­vt
gj­nht­åfv rjé­yjÿ rjy­rhtn­yjÿ kñ­lb­yb. Dj­yb pyf­ñnm, zr
jh­uf­yè­pj­df­yj ghj­wtc pf­hf­ö e­dfy­yz yf yf­dxfy­yz d CIF, è
vj­é enm ghj­rjy­cekm­n e­df­nb p gb­nfym yf­gb­cfy­yz ntc­nèd, tct,
db­vju lj öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nbr, vjé­kb­djc­ntq jn­hb­vfy­yz aè­yfy­cj­
djÿ lj­gj­vj­ub.
Jc­rèkm­rb rjy­cekm­nfy­nb ≤Jc­dè­nb d CIF≥ gj­cnèq­yj
jlthée­ñnm cdè­é è lf­yè ghj pvè­yb d èv­vèu­hf­wèq­ybö pf­rj­yfö
CIF nf ghj db­vj­ub e pd’zp­re p lj­nhb­vfy­yzv åtp­gt­rb, dj­yb
vj­é enm nf­rjé gj­zc­yb­nb, zr ckèl pdth­nf­nb­cz gj cne­ltyncmre
dè­pe è zr ghj­öj­lbnm cgèd­åt­cè­lf. Åf­uf­nj wty­nhèd ≤Jc­dè­nf d
CIF≥ yf­lf­ñnm cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yè gj­c ke­ub, zr-jn: jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz q
ghj­dt­lty­yz ghfr­nbx­ybö ct­vè­yf­hèd p yf­gb­cfy­yz tct nf ht­
pñ­vt, gèl­uj­njd­rf lj dè­l’ÿp­le q gt­htr­kfl lj­re­vty­nèd fy­ukèq­
cmrjñ vj­djñ, ÿö pf­dè­hty­yz.
Pyfq­lènm yfq­åkbé­xbq lj dfc wtynh ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥ pf
tktr­nhj­yyjñ fl­ht­cjñ: ht­tp://educationusa.usa.st­ate.gov/.

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

bé­ltym vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb – ufh­ybq ghb­dèl èot hfp
gjl­evf­nb ghj dt­kb­xtp­ye rj­hbcnm vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb
nf cne­ltyncmrbö jå­vè­yèd. Wz cgèkm­yf èyè­wèf­nb­df Lth­éfd­yj­
uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e è Lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e jc­dè­nb CIF æ xfc­nb­yjñ
yf­ibö pe­cbkm, cghz­vj­df­ybö yf db­rj­yfy­yz ghj­uhfv, oj
uj­n e­ñnm fvt­hb­rfy­wèd lj evjd ukj­åfkm­yjÿ trj­yj­vè­rb nf pf­
jöj­xe­ñnm vfq­åen­yèö kè­lt­hèd p èy­ibö rhf­ÿy dxb­nb­cz d CIF,
ojå cajh­ve­df­nb yj­dè yf­dbx­rb q jå­vè­yz­nb­cz lj­cdè­ljv.
Vb dè­nfæ­vj exfcnm jr­ht­vbö jcèå è dcè pf­r kf­lb, jh­uf­yè­
pf­wèÿ, dè­ljv­cndf, pf­wè­rfd­kt­yè d pf­öj­lfö, oj ghj­öj­lznm e
hfv­rfö vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb q jå­vè­ye, pjr­ht­vf irj­kb, rj­
kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, gj­cjkm­cndf, vèé­yf­hjl­yè jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ,
gèl­ghb­æv­cndf, jå’æl­yfy­yz nf vèc­wt­dè jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ.
(ht­tp://iew.st­ate.gov/)

25

eJournal USA

Qjy Xtqp. AP/WWP

P lj­pdj­ke rj­kt­lée Cgtk­vf­yf

Eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrt ébn­nz

eJournal USA

Db­rj­yf­n b jn­hb­vf­yt d rj­kt­l éè pf­dlfy­y z ktu­
it, zr­oj pyfq­n b phex­yt vèc­wt lkz pf­y znm. Wè
cne­lty­n b rj­kt­l ée Cgtk­vf­yf yf­cj­kj­l éeñnm­c z
ufh­yjñ gj­u j­ljñ d inf­n è Léjhléèz.

Gth­ij­r eh­cyb­rfv Ufh­dfhlcmrj­u j eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e d inf­n è
Vfc­cf­x e­ctnc gjl­jåf­ænm­c z ÿö­y z ÿlfkm­y z.

26

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrt ébn­nz

Cnè­dty Vjh­njy. AP/WWP

Cne­lty­nb rj­kt­lée vbc­ntwnd è lb­pfq­ye Cf­dfy­yb (pkè­
df) åt­henm exfcnm e ghj­tr­nè ≤Éb­dt vbc­ntw­ndj≥ gèl xfc
ghj­dt­lty­yz d inf­nè Léjhléèz oj­hèx­yj­uj cne­ltyncmrj­
uj atc­nb­df­kñ vbc­ntwnd ≤Vf­kñ­yjr yf fc­afkm­nè≥.

Ctc­nhb pè Ihè-Kfy­rb Nöf­hfy­uf è Thfy­uf Ue­yt­nèk­kt­rt yf
aj­yè lt­rj­hf­wèq lj jgt­hb ≤Åj­ut­vf≥ d rj­kt­léè Rjy­dthc
e inf­nè Gèd­lty­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf. Gèl xfc wèæÿ gj­cnfy­jd­rb,
xt­htp rèkm­rf nbé­yèd gèc­k z we­yf­vè, dj­yb pèå­hf­kb 8000
lj­kf­hèd lkz lj­gj­vj­ub gj­nth­gè­kbv dèl wmj­uj cnb­öèq­yj­
uj kb­öf è cgj­lè­df­ñnm­cz pèå­hf­nb ot åèkm­it.

Vt­hè Tyy Xtc­ntqy. AP/WWP

Cf­hf Lt­dèc. AP/WWP

(Pkè­df). Éè­yj­xbq xtv­gèj­yfn p aen­åj­ke db­r kb­rfæ leö
ce­gth­ybw­ndf e uhfd­wèd p eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e Yjnh-Lfv è
Rf­kè­ajh­yèq­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e d Kjc-Fylét­kt­cè.

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

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eJournal USA

Eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrt ébn­nz

Kèy­lf F.Cè­ct­hj/Sta­nford News Service

Åf­ktn ≤Ajk­r kj­hè­rj lt Cnty­ajhl≥ (pkè­df) nf oj­hèx­ybq atc­nb­dfkm rekm­n e­hb
fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd, dkfi­nj­df­ybq cne­lty­nf­vb Cnty­ajhlcmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­
ne (dyb­pe), – ghb­r kf­lb hjp­gj­xf­njÿ d 70-è hj­rb rekm­n eh­yjÿ ghj­uhf­vb, vt­nf zrjÿ
– lj­gj­vju­nb cne­lty­nfv rhf­ot phj­pe­vè­nb jl­yt jl­yj­uj. Åf­ktn gj­gekz­hb­peæ vtr­
cb­rfy­cmre rekm­n e­he. Atc­nb­dfkm èy­lè­fy­wèd påb­hfæ gj­yfl 30 000 exfc­yb­rèd p ecèæÿ
rhfÿ­yb.

Kèy­lf F.Cè­ct­hj/Sta­nford News Service

P lj­pdj­ke rj­kt­lée Lt­dèl­cj­yf

Wè aen­åj­kèc­nb eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e inf­n e Nt­öfc ojq­yj pf­djñ­df­kb
re­åjr ≤Hj­ét­df xf­if≥, zrbq ddf­éf­ænm­cz jl­ybv èp yfq­ghtc­
nbé­yè­ibö e aen­åj­kè.

Gjk Cf­re­vf. AP/WWP

Wtq cne­ltyn dxbnm­cz gb­cf­nb rb­nfq­
cmrè èæ­hju­kè­ab d rj­kt­léè Lt­dèl­cj­yf
d inf­nè Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf.

eJournal USA

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Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrt ébn­nz
Tl Fy­lhè­æc­rè. AP/WWP

Ltq­vjy Lé. Ufh­nkè. AP/WWP

Reh­cfy­nb Dèq­cmrj­dj-­Gj­dèn­hz­yj­uj exb­kb­of d inf­nè
Rj­kj­hf­lj cdzn­re­ñnm pf­rèy­xty­yz wmj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj
pf­r kf­le.

Yf­nè Ufh­yèr. AP/WWP

Cne­lty­nb-gj­kè­nj­kj­ub Wty­nhfkm­yj­uj vè­xb­ufy­
cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e (pkè­df) pdth­nf­ñnm­cz lj
pf­rj­yj­lfd­wèd inf­n e Vè­xb­ufy èp cth­qjp­ybv gj­gt­
ht­léty­yzv ghj gt­htu­k zl lt­åf­nj­df­yjÿ ghj­uhf­vb
ghb­ce­léty­yz cnb­gty­lèq yf gèl­cnf­dè frf­lt­vèx­ybö
ec­gè­öèd.

Cne­lty­nb yf­dxf­ñnm­cz d vèc­wt­dj­ve rj­kt­léè Vtn­hj­gj­kè­nty e v. Jvf­öf,
infn Yt­åhfc­rf.

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

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Léby Åkfqn. AP/WWP

Eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrt ébn­nz

Vtnn Ö’ñc­njy, AP/WWP

Duj­hè – cne­lty­nrf Vt­hè­ktylcmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e ghf­wñæ yfl
ghj­tr­njv åe­lby­re, zrbq pf­åtp­gt­xe­ænm­cz tktr­nhj­tyth­uèæñ
pf lj­gj­vj­ujñ cj­yzx­ybö åf­nf­htq, oj åed ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybq yf
pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­ve rjy­reh­cè cne­ltyncmrbö hj­åèn. Vj­lt­kè
ltz­rbö yj­dbö ntö­yj­kj­uèq åe­kj ghj­lt­vjy­cnhj­df­yj nb­cz­xfv kñ­
ltq, zrè pèå­hf­kb­cz d Yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­ve njh­uj­dtkm­yj­ve rjv­gktr­cè
d wty­nhè Df­iby­unj­yf, jr­heu Rj­kev­åèz.

Ahtl Ajkr. AP/WWP

Ve­pb­rfy­nb jh­rtc­nhe eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e Léjhléèÿ
yf­nöyty­yj uhf­ñnm yf åfc­rtn­åjkm­yj­ve neh­yè­hè.

Cne­lty­nb eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e inf­n e Vèc­cè­cè­gè påb­hf­ñnm­cz hf­pjv, ojå dif­ye­df­nb gf­v’znm éthnd
yf­gf­le nt­hj­hbc­nèd 11 dt­htc­yz 2001 hj­re.
eJournal USA

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Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Gj­ukzl påkbpm­rf

Ghj­uhf­vb db­dxty­yz ­
vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby e ­
Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè
Vfqrk Létq Ahèl­vfy

Ahtyr Gkty­nty

Vèé­lbc­wbg­kè­yfh­yf ghj­
rf 2,8 (pf irf­kjñ 4,0),
uhf­vf d jl­yj­ve p yf­ibö
è dj­yb ve­cznm ghj­cke­öf­
ghj­dèl­ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd
nb, puèl­yj p ghj­uhf­vjñ,
yf­lfæ cne­lty­nfv, zrè db­zd­
dcè yt­jå­öèl­yè reh­cb p
kz­ñnm èy­nt­htc lj vèé­yf­
gj­kè­nj­kj­uèÿ, èc­nj­hèÿ pf­öèl­
hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby, vjé­kb­
yjÿ wb­dè­kè­pf­wèÿ, vèr­hj- è
Cne­lty­nb Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne (pkè­df yf­ghf­dj) Kè­dèz He­hfhé-­
­
Ö’ñ­
u
tyc,
Vj­
ö
fv­
v
fl
fkm-F­
k
è
nf
Vtn­
n
mñ
Ahèi
cgt­
w
èf­
k
è­
p
e­
ñ
nm­
c
z
yf
db­
d
xty­
y
è
dècnm db­dxf­nb wñ uf­kepm,
vfr­hjt­rj­yj­vè­rb, f nf­rjé
vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby.
cnf­db­nb gt­htl cj­åjñ
plf­nb èc­gb­nb p wbö ghtl­
rjy­rhtn­ye vt­ne q djl­yj­xfc uj­ne­df­nb ct­åt lj hj­åj­nb
vt­nèd. Gèc­kz nj­uj, zr cne­lty­nfv lj­pdj­kznm cgt­wèf­kè­pe­df­nb­cz
d åèp­yt­cè, d cbc­nt­vè eg­hfd­kèy­yz, d yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö
p lbc­wbg­kè­yb ≤vèé­yf­hjl­yè dèl­yj­cb­yb≥, dj­yb vf­ñnm ghj­qnb
nf èy­ibö cat­hfö e cdj­ÿq rhfÿ­yè nf pf rjh­lj­yjv. Vfqrk
jc­yjd­ybq rehc, ghb­cdz­xt­ybq ntj­hèÿ vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby,
Létq Ahèl­vfy – ghf­wèd­ybr Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­ajh­vf­
cdè­nj­dèq trj­yj­vè­wè, èc­nj­hèÿ lbg­kj­vf­nèÿ nf vèé­yf­hjl­yèq gj­kè­
wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­ne CIF.
nb­wè, f gj­nèv db­åhf­nb jr­ht­vè reh­cb èp pf­ndth­lét­yj­uj cgbc­
re reh­cèd, crkf­lt­yj­uj pf ht­rj­vty­lf­wèæñ Rj­kt­lée vbc­ntwnd
ne­lty­nb d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö CIF, pf­pdb­xfq, db­hè­ie­
è yf­er nf irj­kb åèp­yt­ce Dfh­nj­yf. Wt lfæ cne­lty­nfv ib­hj­
ñnm gb­nfy­yz ghj cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ lj rèy­wz lhe­uj­uj
rbq db­åèh df­hè­fy­nèd, rj­kb dj­yb crkf­lf­ñnm èy­lb­dè­le­f km­yè
hj­re yf­dxfy­yz. Jcnfy­yèv xf­cjv yfq­gj­gekzh­yè­ibv
ghj­uhf­vb yf­dxfy­yz – dèl Cöèl­yjÿ Fpèÿ lj fy­nhj­gj­kj­uèÿ nf
ghtl­vt­njv cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ d Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè
vèé­yf­hjl­ybö aè­yfy­cèd. Yf­zd­yècnm nf­rj­uj dt­kb­rj­uj db­åj­he
e Aè­kf­ltkm­aèÿ cnf­kb vèé­yf­hjl­yè dèl­yj­cb­yb, jc­rèkm­rb vfc­
ghtl­vt­nèd ghb db­dxty­yè vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby ghb­pdj­lbnm
inf­åb trj­yj­vèx­yjÿ, gj­kè­nbx­yjÿ nf rekm­n eh­yjÿ ukj­åf­kè­pf­wèÿ
lj nj­uj, oj cne­lty­nb db­ckjd­kñ­ñnm åf­éfy­yz cgt­wèf­kè­pe­df­
phj­cnf­ñnm. Ghj­uhf­vf db­dxty­yz vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby
nb­cz ot d zrèqcm uf­ke­pè – èc­nj­hèÿ, gj­kè­nj­kj­uèÿ xb trj­yj­vè­wè.
– vèé­lbc­wbg­kè­yfh­yf. Dj­yf db­vf­ufæ dèl cne­lty­nèd db­rj­yfy­
Dcè, önj cgt­wèf­kè­pe­ænm­cz yf vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cb­yfö,
yz yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhfv p hèp­ybö ghtl­vt­nèd è yf­gb­cfy­yz
gb­ienm lbg­kjv­ye hj­åj­n e yf nt­ve, gj­d’zpf­ye p vèé­yf­hjl­
reh­cj­djÿ hj­åj­nb jå­cz­ujv 30–40 cnj­hè­yjr gèl rt­hèd­ybw­
yb­vb dèl­yj­cb­yf­vb. Ct­htl jcnfy­yèö ntv: ≤Hjkm èc­nj­hbx­yjÿ
ndjv db­r kf­lf­xf.
gf­v’z­nè d ldj­cnj­hjy­yèö dèl­yj­cb­yfö vèé Zgj­yèæñ è Rb­nf­æv
Yt dcè cne­lty­nb, zrè öj­xenm cgt­wèf­kè­pe­df­nb­cz p wmj­uj
nf Zgj­yèæñ è Gèd­lty­yjñ Rj­htæñ≥ è ≤Nhfy­cyf­wèj­yfkm­yè rjh­
ghtl­vt­nf, jn­hb­ve­ñnm nf­re vjé­kb­dècnm. Ÿö dèl­åb­hf­ñnm pf
gj­hf­wèÿ nf vèé­yf­hjl­yt ghf­dj, oj ht­u e­kñæ uf­kepm lè­kj­dbö
frf­lt­vèx­yb­vb gj­rfp­yb­rf­vb. E ybö vfæ åe­nb ct­htl­yz jwèy­
dèl­yj­cby≥.

C

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Cne­ltyn jcnfy­ymj­uj reh­ce p Nj­hjy­nj (Rf­yf­lf) Vtn­nmñ
Ahèi pf­öj­nèd db­dxf­nb vèé­yf­hjl­yè dèl­yj­cb­yb, nj­ve oj wt
lf­df­kj qj­ve pvj­u e db­dxf­nb yfq­ibh­it rj­kj lbc­wbg­kèy.
Nf­rbq gèl­öèl dèy yf­pdfd ≤ehèp­yj­vf­yèn­yty­yzv åf­pb pyfym≥.
Qj­ve le­ét cgj­lj­åfd­cz jlby èp db­åhf­ybö ybv reh­cèd yf
af­rekm­nt­nè éeh­yf­kèc­nb­rb. Wtq rehc yf­pb­df­ænm­cz ≤PVÈ nf
ght­pb­ltyn­cndj≥. Cne­lty­nb jn­hb­vf­kb rji­nb, ojå gj­ÿöf­nb
gj­ghf­wñ­df­nb d jl­yèq èp ght­pb­ltyncmrbö åèå­kèj­ntr – yf
dkfc­ybq db­åèh. Ahèi gj­ÿöfd e Åèå­kèj­nt­re è Ve­ptq Léj­yf A.
Rty­yt­lè d Åjc­nj­yè, lt gèl­uj­n e­dfd db­cneg yf ct­vè­yf­hè ghj
pd’z­pjr vèé gj­kè­nb­rjñ ≤öj­kjl­yjÿ dèq­yb≥ Rty­yt­lè nf qj­uj
gj­kè­nb­rjñ d wf­hb­yè uhj­vf­lzy­cmrbö ghfd. Puj­ljv wñ lj­gj­
dèlm åe­kj yf­lhe­rj­df­yj d cne­ltyncmrj­ve éeh­yf­kè.
Cne­ltyn nht­nmj­uj reh­ce Vj­öfv­vfl-fkm-F­kè, p gjl­dèq­ybv
uhj­vf­lzy­cndjv CIF nf Re­dtq­nf, zrbq db­åhfd ldf jc­yjd­yè
ghtl­vt­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ, lj­lfæ, oj vèé­yf­hjl­yè dèl­yj­cb­yb
lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm qj­ve ≤kèr­dè­le­df­nb hjp­hbd≥ vèé ldj­vf rekm­n e­
hf­vb è ldj­vf cnb­k z­vb ébn­nz. Ldf yf­ghzv­b cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ
– vèé­yf­hjl­yè dèl­yj­cb­yb nf ahfy­wepm­re vj­de – db­åhf­kf
Kè­dèz He­hfhé-Ö’ñ­utyc, uhj­vf­lzy­rf CIF nf Åtkm­uèÿ, cè­v’z
zrjÿ jlthéf­kf d Fvt­hb­wè gj­kè­nbx­ybq ghb­n e­kjr. Vèé­yf­hjl­
yè dèl­yj­cb­yb dj­yf ddf­éfæ yfq­hj­pev­yè­ijñ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèæñ,
zrf uj­n eæ ÿÿ lj vfq­åen­ymjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè e cat­hè vèé­yf­hjl­yj­
uj ghf­df cnj­cjd­yj åè­éty­wèd.

Cne­lty­nb, zrè db­åhf­kb jc­yjd­ybv ghtl­vt­njv cgt­wèf­
kè­pf­wèÿ vèé­yf­hjl­yè dèl­yj­cb­yb, åt­henm exfcnm e åf­uf­nmjö
pf­öj­lfö frf­lt­vèx­yj­uj, cec­gèkm­yj­uj nf ghja­tcèq­yj­uj cghz­
ve­dfy­yz, zrè lf­ñnm ÿv pvj­u e gèl­uj­n e­df­nb­cz lj vfq­åen­ymjÿ
rf­h’æ­hb. Cgjy­cj­hjv åf­uf­nmjö nf­rbö pf­öj­lèd æ cndjht­yf q
rt­hj­df­yf cne­lty­nf­vb Cne­ltyncmrf fcj­wèf­wèz vèé­yf­hjl­ybö
dèl­yj­cby. Ÿÿ xby­ybq ght­pb­ltyn He­hfhé-Ö’ñ­utyc dèl­pyf­xfæ,
oj wz jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz oj­hj­re ghj­dj­lbnm gj­ÿp­lrb lj YmñQjh­rf è Df­iby­unj­yf, lt cne­lty­nb fr­nbd­yj cgèk­re­ñnm­cz p
db­r kf­lf­xf­vb ñhb­lbx­ybö af­rekm­nt­nèd nf fc­gè­hfy­n eh ghj­dèl­
ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd.
Db­gec­ryb­rèd Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e, zrè
cgt­wèf­kè­pe­ñnm­cz d cat­hè vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby, le­ét
wè­ye­ñnm. Dj­yb fr­nbd­yj ghf­wñ­ñnm e åf­uf­nmjö cat­hfö cec­
gèkm­yj­uj ébn­nz. Jlby èp lb­htr­nj­hèd ghj­uhf­vb db­dxty­yz
vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby Ahtyr Ukty­nty ddf­éfæ, oj ≤èc­yeæ
dt­kb­rbq gj­gbn yf nbö, önj dj­kj­lèæ pyfy­yz­vb d wèq cat­hè,
dvèæ gbcm­vj­dj db­r kf­lf­nb lev­rb q db­rj­hbc­nj­de­df­nb èy­iè
rj­hbc­yè yf­dbx­rb lkz jwè­yñ­dfy­yz pvèy, oj dèl­åe­df­ñnm­cz d
cdè­nè. Wè kñ­lb gj­nhèå­yè d åèp­yt­cè, d lth­éfd­ybö ecnfy­jdfö,
yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö nf èy­ibö uf­ke­pzö e cdj­ÿq rhfÿ­yè q pf
rjh­lj­yjv≥. 3
Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnfn­nè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb
xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.

Rj­hjn­rbq ju­kzl fr­ht­lb­nf­wèÿ ­
db­obö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­rkf­lèd e CIF
≤Fr­ht­lb­nf­wèz – wt yt­pf­kté­ybq fyf­kèp zrjc­nè db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, d ghj­wt­cè zrj­uj edfé­yj db­dxf­ænm­cz hj­åj­nf rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­
dth­cb­nt­nèd, f nf­rjé pvècn yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhfv p vt­njñ uf­hfy­n e­dfy­yz cnfy­lfh­nèd db­r kf­lfy­yz è ÿö gèl­db­oty­yz. Fr­ht­lb­nf­wèz d
Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö èc­yeæ dét gj­yfl 100 hj­rèd, è ghb­xb­yjñ ÿÿ ddt­lty­yz åe­kf neh­åj­nf ghj pf­öbcn plj­hj­d’z nf åtp­gt­rb uhj­vf­
lzy è cke­é èy­yz èy­nt­ht­cfv cec­gèkm­cndf.
E Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö fr­ht­lb­nf­wèz plèq­cyñ­ænm­cz ghb­dfn­yb­vb rj­vth­wèq­yb­vb jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­vb, oj èc­ye­ñnm cgt­wè­f km­yj lkz
nf­rbö wè­ktq. Fyf­kèp zrjc­nè db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb d CIF yt yf­kt­é bnm lj rjv­gt­nty­wèÿ jh­uf­yèd lth­éfd­yjÿ dkf­lb. D èy­ibö rhfÿ­yfö pf­öj­
lb, gj­d’zpf­yè p fr­ht­lb­nf­wèæñ yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd è uf­hfy­nèæñ zrjc­nè, pf­pdb­xfq, plèq­cyñ­ñnm lth­éfd­yè cnher­n e­hb.
Jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ, dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yè pf fr­ht­lb­nf­wèñ, db­dxf­ñnm rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb d 50 inf­nfö, f nf­rjé e ltz­rbö èy­ibö rhfÿ­
yfö. Wè jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ fyf­kè­pe­ñnm nb­cz­xè ghj­uhfv gèl­uj­njd­rb af­öèd­wèd p hèp­ybö ghja­tcèq nf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq, ct­htl zrbö ghf­dj,
åèp­ytc, vt­lb­wb­yf, cj­wè­f km­yè gj­c ke­ub, fg­ntx­yf cghf­df, ue­vf­yè­nfh­yè yf­e rb, vbc­ntw­ndj è éeh­yf­kèc­nb­rf≥.
Èc­yeæ nhb db­lb jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq, dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­ybö pf fr­ht­lb­nf­wèñ: ht­uèj­yfkm­yè, pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yè nf jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ, zrè pfq­vf­ñnm­
cz gtd­yb­vb ghja­tcèz­vb. Fr­ht­lb­nf­wèz vfæ pf vt­n e pf­åtp­gt­xb­nb uf­hfy­nèñ zrjc­nè, db­pyf­xb­nb yf­zd­yècnm lj­cne­ge lj at­lt­hfkm­
ybö ajy­lèd, cghjc­nb­nb gt­ht­öèl p jl­yj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le d èy­ibq nf gj­cbkb­nb lj­dè­he hj­åj­nj­lfd­wz lj lj­re­vty­nèd ghj
jc­dè­n e è kè­wty­pèq, db­lf­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybv pf­r kf­ljv (ht­tp://www.chea.org/pdf/over­view_US-accred_8-03_pdf).
Lée­lèn C. Ènjy
Ght­pb­ltyn Hf­lb p gb­nfym fr­ht­lb­nf­wèÿ d uf­ke­pè db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb

eJournal USA

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Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb pyf­öj­lznm ­
yj­dbq lèv è gth­cgtr­nbd­yè ­
ukj­åfkm­yè wè­kè
Hè­xfhl Ujk­lty

Njv Cnhèr­kfyl

Cke­éèy­yz kñ­lzv è fr­nbd­yf ébn­næ­df gj­pb­wèz, ghb­nf­
Yt­pf­kté­ybq ue­vf­yè­nfh­ybq rj­ktlé
p Fa­uf­yè­cnfye nf Èdtnn Èc­cfh p Rt­yèÿ
vfy­yè rdf­rth­cmrbv nhf­lb­wè­zv, – jcm oj ghb­dt­kj
Th­kutv e Hèx­vjy­lè, infn Èy­lèf­yf,
yf­kt­éfnm lj ÿö xbc­kf. Dj­yb dét
fa­ufy­cmrj­uj cne­lty­nf Léf­df­lf Léj­ñ nf rt­yèq­cmre
cne­lty­nre Èdtnn Èc­cfh e rj­ktlé Th­kutv e Hèx­vjy­lè,
ghfu­yt lf­nb jc­dè­ne yfq­db­oj­uj
pyfq­ikb åf­uf­nj cgj­cj­åèd pf­cnj­ce­
infn Èy­lèf­yf.
uf­ney­r e, oj dèl­gj­dè­lfæ pf­cf­lfv rdf­
df­nb cdjÿ pyfy­yz lkz hjp­d’z­pfy­yz
rth­cndf (Ht­kè­uèq­yj­uj nj­df­hb­cndf lhe­pèd). Ghb­lè­k zñ­xb
cj­wè­f km­ybö è gj­kè­nbx­ybö ghj­åktv e dcmj­ve cdè­nè.
jcjå­kb­de edf­u e gèp­yfy­yñ èc­nb­yb nf gj­df­pè lj ytÿ, db­r kf­
Èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb xfc­nj jcj­åbc­nj pf­pyf­ñnm yt­cghf­dtl­
lf­xè rj­kt­lée pf­jöj­xe­ñnm e cne­lty­nfö fr­nbd­yècnm è
kb­djc­nè yf åfnm­rèd­ob­yè, è wt cgj­ye­rfæ ÿö lj lèq. Léf­dfl
lj­gbn­kb­dècnm, f nf­rjé gj­æl­yfy­yz èy­nt­ktr­ne­f km­ybö
– yf­jx­ybq ghb­r kfl nj­uj, zr yf­lèz è ghf­wmj­db­nècnm plfn­yè
gj­ie­rèd èp ébn­n zv, d zrj­ve dj­yb jå­cnjññnm wèy­yjc­nè
gjl­jkf­nb, plf­df­kjcm åb, yt­qvj­dèh­yè nhel­yj­oè. Yf­ghb­rèy­wè
ukj­åfkm­yjÿ jc­dè­xt­yjc­nè, vbh­yj­uj dht­u e­kñ­dfy­yz rjy­akèr­
1990-ö hj­rèd vf­kj xj­uj vèu xt­rf­nb dèl ébn­nz ökjg­xbr, cby
nèd nf hèd­yjc­nè kñ­ltq è db­cj­rj­vj­hfkm­ye gj­dtlèy­r e gèl
yt­uhf­vjn­ybö è åèl­ybö ve­cekm­vfy-ibÿ­nèd, zrbq ébd e öfj­cè
xfc yf­dxfy­yz d rj­kt­léè nf gj qj­uj pf­rèy­xty­yè. Hè­xfhl
Rf­åe­kf è åed ghb­re­nbq lj èy­df­kèl­yj­uj rhèc­kf xt­htp gj­kèj­
Ujk­lty lj db­öj­l e yf gty­cèñ ghf­wñ­dfd lb­htr­nj­hjv dèl­lè­
vèæ­kèn. Nf­kè­åb, oj ghf­db­kb d rhfÿ­yè, yt pf­jöj­xe­df­kb jc­dè­n e
ke pd’zp­rèd èp uhj­vfl­cmrèc­nñ d rj­kt­léè Th­kutv.
d wè­kj­ve, f jcjå­kb­dj jc­dè­n e lèd­xfn nf èy­df­kè­lèd. Ènf­kèq­cmrbq
kè­rfh p jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ Xth­dj­yj­uj Öhtc­nf gj­vè­nbd plèå­yj­uj
e­gb­yènm åelm-zrj­uj èyj­ptv­yj­uj cne­lty­nf d rj­kt­léè
ökjg­xb­rf q nf­æv­yj jh­uf­yè­pe­dfd lkz ymj­uj yf­dxfy­yz p ht­gt­
Th­kutv, è vj­ét­nt åe­nb gtd­yè, oj gt­htl df­vb kñ­lb­yf
nb­nj­hf­vb. Léf­df­le ktu­rj lf­df­kb­cz vj­db è rjv­g’ñ­nth. Dét
p xèn­rbv åf­xty­yzv vfq­åen­ymj­uj. Yt­dt­kb­rbq ue­vf­
e 13 hj­rèd dèy ghf­wñ­dfd e dèl­lè­kty­yè Xth­dj­yj­uj Öhtc­nf
yè­nfh­ybq rj­ktlé ghb­dfå­kñæ cne­lty­nèd, zrè yf­vf­uf­ñnm­cz
ghj­uhf­vèc­njv è gj­xb­yfd le­vf­nb ghj nt, zr phj­åb­nb cdjæ
pyfq­nb ghj­cnè vbh­yè ikz­öb hjp­d’z­pfy­yz cdè­nj­dbö ghj­åktv.
ébn­nz gj­dyj­wèy­ybv.
Åèkm­iècnm èp ybö xt­rf­ñnm yf jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz lkz nj­uj,
Lheé­åf Léf­df­lf p kè­rf­htv nf ènf­kèq­cmrbv éeh­yf­kèc­njv,
ojå pfq­yz­nb­cz cf­vt wèæñ cghf­djñ. Léf­dfl Ct­gtö­hè Léjz
p zrbv dèy gj­pyf­qj­vbd­cz d 2002 hj­wè gèc­k z gf­lèy­yz dkf­lb

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33

eJournal USA

nf­kè­åèd, lj­gj­vju­kf qj­ve db­hdf­nb­cz pè pheq­yj­df­yj­uj Fa­uf­
yè­cnfye è dcne­gb­nb lj irj­kb d Nhè­æc­nè d Ènf­kèÿ. Rj­kb dèy
pf­rèy­xe­dfd ghj­uhf­ve vèé­yf­hjl­yj­uj åf­rf­kfd­hf­n e d Nhè­æc­nè,
nj gjl­fd lj­re­vty­nb lj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­uj q rf­yfl­cmrj­uj
rj­kt­léèd. Th­kutv db­zdbd­cz jl­ybv èp rj­kt­léèd p db­cj­rb­vb
frf­lt­vèx­yb­vb db­vj­uf­vb, zrbq ghbq­yzd Léf­df­lf è pf­ghj­gj­
ye­dfd qj­ve gj­dye cnb­gty­lèñ nf jg­kf­n e yf­dxfy­yz.
≤Z le­ét hf­lbq, oj gj­nhf­gbd cñ­lb, – ib­hj­rj gj­cvè­öf­
ænm­cz Léf­dfl. – Vt­yè plf­ænm­cz, oj d vt­yt yf­åf­uf­nj åèkm­it
vjé­kb­djc­ntq ghf­wñ­df­nb yfl nbv, oj lkz vt­yt dfé­kb­dj,
yèé åe­kj å e dt­kb­rj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè≥. Pf­hfp, yf lhe­uj­ve
reh­cè, dèy pj­ct­ht­léeænm­cz yf db­dxty­yè njx­ybö yf­e r, fkt
lj­lfn­rj­dj cke­öfæ ktr­wèÿ p ue­vf­yè­nfh­ybö è cec­gèkm­ybö yf­e r.
≤P ju­k z­le yf vèq ébn­næ­dbq lj­cdèl, z dct åèkm­it wè­rfd­kñcm
db­dxty­yzv cdè­n e p ghb­hjl­yb­xj-èc­nj­hbx­yj­uj gj­ukz­le, – gj­
zc­yñæ dèy. – Åèj­kj­uèz db­dxfæ zdb­ot db­lj­djÿ è vèé­db­lj­djÿ
rjy­re­hty­wèÿ. Jc­rèkm­rb kñ­lb­yf – wt nté jlby èp db­lèd, z
hjp­ukz­lfñ gb­nfy­yz p èy­ij­uj åj­re: ie­rfñ ikz­öb rjy­re­
hty­wèÿ gj­-kñl­cmrb≥. Léf­dfl påb­hf­ænm­cz ghj­ljd­é e­df­nb
db­dxty­yz wmj­uj gb­nfy­yz d fc­gè­hfy­n e­hè è cgj­lè­df­ænm­cz gj­nèv
ghf­wñ­df­nb d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè, ajy­lè xb yf­e rj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rj­
ve wty­nhè.
Léf­dfl åt­ht fr­nbd­ye exfcnm e cne­ltyncmrj­ve q uhj­vfl­
cmrj­ve ébn­nè rfv­ge­ce, ghf­wñæ d ghj­uhf­vè ≤Zr d JJY≥, e
Rke­åè db­dxty­yz vb­he q ukj­åfkm­ybö ghj­åktv, e ≤Vèé­yf­hjl­
yèq fv­yèc­nèÿ≥, d jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ ≤Cne­lty­nb p Fpèÿ≥. Ojå gj­kèg­ib­
nb cdèq aè­yfy­cj­dbq cnfy, Léf­dfl pfq­vf­ænm­cz lj­c kèl­ybwm­
rjñ hj­åj­njñ d hfv­rfö Ghj­uhf­vb db­dxty­yz gb­nfym vb­he è
ukj­åfkm­ybö ghj­åktv, zre ghj­gj­yeæ rj­ktlé Th­kutv.
Vb­y e­kj­uj kè­nf Léf­dfl cnfd jl­ybv èp 40 lt­kt­uf­nèd dèl
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd Cgj­k e­xt­ybö Inf­nèd yf zgjy­cmrj-fvt­hb­rfy­
cmrèq rjy­at­hty­wèÿ d Cnty­ajhlcmrj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè, infn
Rf­kè­ajh­yèz, f gj­nèv ghf­wñ­dfd e Nj­df­hb­cndè fa­ufy­cmrbö
ghja­tcèj­yf­kèd e Gèd­yèx­yèq Fvt­hb­wè e Aht­vjy­nè, infn Rf­
kè­ajh­yèz.
Wmj­uj hj­re pf cdjñ hj­åj­n e Léf­dfl jn­hb­vfd cne­
ltyncmrbq ghbp Yf­wèj­yfkm­yjÿ fcj­wèf­wèÿ vb­he è cghf­dtl­kb­
djc­nè ≤pf dyt­cjr e dcnfy­jd­kty­yz vb­he è cghf­dtl­kb­djc­nè d
rfv­ge­cè, d uhj­vf­lè nf d ecmj­ve cdè­nè≥. Rhèv wèæÿ yf­uj­hj­lb,
Léf­dfl jn­hb­vfd èot jl­ye, fyf­kj­uèx­ye, dèl Cne­ltyncmrjÿ
rjy­at­hty­wèÿ p gb­nfym vb­he d Uj­ity­cmrj­ve rj­kt­léè, infn
Èy­lèf­yf.
Yb­yè, vfñ­xb fa­ufy­cmrbq, ènf­kèq­cmrbq nf fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbq
lj­cdèl, 20-hèx­ybq Léf­dfl yf­pb­dfæ ct­åt ≤ukj­åfkm­ybv uhj­
vf­lz­yb­yjv≥ è lj­lfæ: ≤Dct, oj vt­yè gj­nhèå­yj pf­hfp, – wt
ukj­åfkm­yf dè­pf≥.
Èdtnn Èc­cfh dxbnm­cz yf nht­nmj­ve reh­cè rj­kt­lée Th­kutv
pf cgt­wè­f km­yèc­nñ ≤vèé­yf­hjl­yè ghj­åkt­vb≥. E wmj­ve rj­kt­
léè dj­yf pf­wè­rf­db­kf­cz rekm­n eh­ybv cgfl­rjv rdf­rt­hèd è zc­
rhf­dj db­hf­ét­yb­vb èltf­kf­vb ≤yt­yf­cbkm­ybw­ndf, ghj­cnj­nb
eJournal USA

è cj­wè­f km­yjÿ cghf­dtl­kb­djc­nè≥. Èdtnn yf­hj­lb­kf­cz q db­hjc­kf
d Yfq­hj­åè (Rt­yèz), f ÿÿ åfnm­r b – èy­l e­cb. ≤Lkz vt­yt jåbl­dè
rhfÿ­yb hèl­yè, öj­xf, vjé­kb­dj, Èy­lèz lt­oj åkbé­xf, – rf­ét
Èdtnn. – Rj­kb z ghb­ÿöf­kf d Th­kutv, nj le­vf­kf, oj vt­yè yt
cgj­lj­åf­ænm­cz éb­nb d vèc­ntx­r e yf Ct­htl­ymj­ve Pf­öj­lè, fkt
db­zdb­kj­cz, oj wt xe­lj­dt vèc­wt. D uhj­vf­lè gf­y eæ yt­qvj­
dèh­ybq gj­nzu lj yf­dxfy­yz, f kñ­lb ukb­åj­rj dèl­lf­yè cghf­dè
jc­dè­nb≥.
D rj­kt­léè Th­kutv Èdtnn cajh­ve­df­kf dèl­lè­kty­yz jh­uf­
yè­pf­wèÿ ≤Fvt­hb­rfy­wè pf gj­èy­ajh­vj­df­y e lt­vjr­hf­nèñ≥, zrf
ghj­dj­lbnm dè­ltj­rjy­at­hty­wèÿ pè cne­lty­nf­vb p hèp­ybö rhf­ÿy
cdè­n e, ojå jå­uj­dj­hb­nb cdè­nj­dè ghj­åkt­vb q lèq­nb ep­uj­lét­
ybö hè­itym. Cmj­ujl­yè e CIF q èy­ibö rhfÿ­yfö èc­y eæ 70
cne­ltyncmrbö dèl­lè­ktym wèæÿ jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ. ≤Dct gj­xf­kj­cz
nj­lè, rj­kb yf jl­yèq èp pec­nhè­xtq z gj­pyf­qj­vb­kf­cz p kñlm­
vb, rjn­hè vf­ñnm ght­rhfc­yè èltÿ ghj nt, zr rhf­ot ghtl­cnf­
db­nb èy­iè rhfÿ­yb pdb­xfq­ybv fvt­hb­rfy­wzv è zr djl­yj­xfc
phj­åb­nb ct­htl­ymj­uj fvt­hb­rfy­wz phj­pe­vè­kbv lkz kñ­ltq p
èy­ibö rhf­ÿy≥.
Pf wtq hèr Èdtnn jh­uf­yè­pe­df­kf xj­nb­hb rjy­at­hty­wèÿ,
gj­pyf­qj­vbd­ib fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö cne­lty­nèd p ÿö­yè­vb jl­yj­kèn­
rf­vb p Gf­rb­cnfye, Fdcnhf­kèÿ, Aè­kèg­gèy, Ujy­le­hf­ce, Ihè-Kfy­
rb nf åf­uf­nmjö èy­ibö rhf­ÿy. Cne­lty­nb jå­uj­dj­hñ­df­kb nf­rè
nt­vb, zr ≤Ht­fr­wèz cdè­n e yf cnb­öèq­yè kb­öf≥ nf ≤Xb gj­dby­yè
Cgj­ke­xt­yè Inf­nb yf­vf­uf­nb­cz hjp­db­df­nb lt­vjr­hf­nèñ pf
rjh­lj­yjv?≥.
Zr è Léf­dfl, Èdtnn åhf­kf fr­nbd­ye exfcnm e ghj­uhf­vè
≤Zr d JJY≥. Vb­ye­kj­uj hj­re gèl xfc ghj­dt­lty­yz pf­öj­le
wèæÿ jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ d Xb­rf­uj dj­yf ghtl­cnfd­k z­kf Kè­dfy. ≤Ojå
ghtl­cnfd­k z­nb èy­nt­ht­cb èy­ijÿ rhfÿ­yb, nht­åf hj­pe­vè­nb ÿÿ
uhj­vf­lzy, nht­åf gt­htd­nè­kb­nb­cz d ybö, – rf­ét Èdtnn. – Åèkm­
it nj­uj, nht­åf dxb­nb­cz cgèd­ghf­wñ­df­nb p èy­ib­vb kñlm­vb
pf­l kz rj­jh­lb­yf­wèÿ pe­cbkm è qnb yf rjv­ghj­vè­cb pf­hf­lb
lj­czu­yty­yz åkf­uf lkz dcèö≥.
Èdtnn pyf­öj­lbnm nf­rjé xfc lkz pf­yznm ekñå­kt­yjñ ve­pb­
rjñ – dj­yf cgè­dfæ d öj­hè rj­kt­lée Th­kutv. Vb­ye­kjÿ dtc­yb
dj­yf ghj­dt­kf ct­vtcnh e Dèl­yè. ≤Wt åe­kj yt­gt­ht­dth­it­yj,
– puf­leæ Èdtnn. – Vb cgè­df­kb d cf­vj­ve cth­wè Æd­hj­gb d wbö
pyf­vt­yb­nbö cj­åj­hfö. Z yè­rj­kb wmj­uj yt pf­åe­le≥.
Rj­kb ÿÿ gb­nf­ñnm ghj nt, zrè yfq­dfé­kb­dè­iè ehj­rb dj­yf
plj­åe­kf, yf­dxfñ­xbcm e CIF, Èdtnn pf­vbc­kñ­ænm­cz. ≤Jxt­dbl­
yj, yfq­dfé­kb­dè­it d ébn­nè kñ­lb­yb – wt kñ­lb, zrè ÿÿ jnj­xe­
ñnm. Åtp pd’zp­re p yb­vb, åtp kñ­åj­dè nb ghj­cnj jc­nhè­djr,
zr­oj db­yb­rf­ñnm zrècm nhel­yj­oè. Z phj­pe­vè­kf, oj kñ­lzv
ckèl neh­åe­df­nb­cz jl­yt ghj jl­yj­uj, åt­htu­nb cdj­ÿö åkbpm­
rbö. Yf­gtd­yt, z pf­délb wt pyf­kf, fkt d CIF z cghfd­lè wt
phj­pe­vè­kf≥. 3
Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb
xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.

34

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Ghf­wz yf åkf­uj uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè
Hj­åèy K. Æuth

Hj­lét­kèj Cj­kèc. AP/WWP

Cne­lty­nb eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd Gèd­lty­yj­uj Vèc­cè­cè­gè q Èk­kè­yjq­ce cnf­hfy­yj ghf­wñ­ñnm yf pdt­lty­yè åe­lby­re lkz
jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ ≤Ébn­kj lkz kñ­ltq≥ e Létr­cj­yè (infn Vèc­cè­cè­gè).

Ghf­wèd­ybr Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv
Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­ne CIF Hj­åèy Æuth hjp­gj­dè­lfæ
ghj nt, zr fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb pf­jöj­
xe­ñnm cne­lty­nèd lj ghf­wè yf åkf­uj uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè.

Gèd­lty­yj­uj Vèc­cè­cè­gè (Utn­nèc­åthu, infn Vèc­cè­cè­gè) æ lj­åhj­
dèkm­ybv ht­ceh­cybv wty­nhjv è wty­nhjv p rj­jh­lb­yf­wèÿ
uhj­vfl­cmrbö hj­åèn è ajh­ve­dfy­yz e cne­lty­nèd yf­db­xjr
uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè. Oj­hj­re yf uhj­vfl­cmre lè­z km­yècnm
ghb­gf­lfæ 20 000 uj­lby.
Ec­gèi­yècnm e yf­dxfy­yè è cke­é èy­yz uhj­vf­lè æ zl­hjv ghj­
uhf­vb, zrf pf­jöj­xeæ uhj­vfl­cmre lè­z km­yècnm cne­lty­nèd yf
vèc­wt­dj­ve hèd­yè, d vfc­inf­åfö dcèæÿ rhfÿ­yb è dcmj­uj cdè­n e.
Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Gèd­lty­yj­uj Vèc­cè­cè­gè – jlby èp itc­nb db­obö
yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd, zrè hf­pjv pè Cöèl­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­cmrbv
eyè­dth­cb­nt­njv pfq­vf­ñnm­cz dghj­df­léty­yzv jl­yèæÿ p vj­lt­
ktq ajh­ve­dfy­yz yf­db­xjr ghf­wè yf åkf­uj uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè.
Yf åf­pè eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e nf­rjé cndjht­yj è aeyr­wèj­yeæ Wtynh
uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ q uhj­vf­lzy­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè Vèc­cè­cè­gè (ht­tp://
www.usm.edu/ocsl).
Jcm zr nke­vf­xbnm ajh­ve­dfy­yz yf­db­xjr uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ
lè­z km­yjc­nè Èk­kè­yjq­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn (Eh­åf­yf-Ifv­gtqy):

E

CIF èc­ye­ñnm cbkm­yè nhf­lb­wèÿ lj­åhj­dèkm­yjÿ ghf­wè.
Pvf­ktx­re vj­kjlm pf­jöj­xe­ñnm pyf­öj­lb­nb vjé­kb­djc­
nè lj­gj­vju­nb åkbé­ymj­ve. Yf dcèq nt­hb­nj­hèÿ Cgj­ke­
xt­ybö Inf­nèd rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb lf­ñnm cne­lty­nfv
pvj­u e åhf­nb exfcnm e lj­åhj­dèkm­yèq uhj­vfl­cmrèq lè­z km­yjc­nè.
Èyj­lè cne­lty­nb yf­dènm jn­hb­ve­ñnm pf­kè­rb pf nf­re ghf­wñ,
fkt yfq­xfc­nè­it yf­uj­hj­ljñ æ gj­xen­nz pf­lj­dj­kty­yz dèl nj­uj,
oj dj­yb rj­vecm lj­gj­vju­kb, è hj­pe­vèy­yz, oj yf­dènm dj­yb,
ot ñyè, vj­é enm phj­åb­nb ojcm rj­hbc­yt. Yf­jx­ybv dnè­kty­
yzv wèæÿ rjy­wtg­wèÿ æ jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz ≤Rfv­gec rjv­gfrn≥, zrf yf
cdjæ­ve dtå-cfq­nè (ht­tp://www.comp­act.org) öf­hfr­nt­hb­peæ
ct­åt zr ≤pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yf rjf­kè­wèz htr­nj­hèd gj­yfl 950
rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd p ghb­åkbp­yj 5 vky. cne­lty­nèd,
zrf yf­vf­uf­ænm­cz hjp­db­df­nb q pf­jöj­xe­df­nb uhj­vfl­cmre lè­z km­
yècnm, ajh­ve­df­nb fr­nbd­ye uhj­vf­lzy­cmre gj­pb­wèñ è gj­nht­åe
cke­é b­nb cec­gèkm­cnde e cat­hè db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb≥.
P xf­ce cdj­uj pf­cye­dfy­yz e 1992 hj­wè Åñ­hj p ajh­ve­
dfy­yz yf­db­xjr uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè ghb eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

≤Gèl­uj­njd­rf cne­lty­nèd lj db­zd­kty­yz fr­nbd­yjÿ uhj­vf­
lzy­cmrjÿ gj­pb­wèÿ æ jl­ybv èp yfq­dfé­kb­dè­ibö pf­dlfym
ue­vf­yè­nfh­yjÿ jc­dè­nb. Vb gj­d’zpeæ­vj cne­ltyncmre uhj­vfl­
cmre lè­z km­yècnm èp yf­dxfkm­ybv ghj­wt­cjv. Ue­vf­yè­nfh­yf
jc­dè­nf lj­gj­vf­ufæ cne­lty­nfv ajh­ve­df­nb èy­nt­ktr­n e­f km­ye
35

eJournal USA

Ntl C. Dj­hhty. AP/WWP

Cne­lty­nrf eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Cè­tn­nkf yf­dxfæ uke­öj­yè­vj­uj d yf­vt­nj­dj­ve vèc­ntx­re lkz åtp­ljv­ybö yf nt­hb­nj­hèÿ rfv­ge­ce d Cè­tn­nkè (infn Dfi­nby­unjy).

è cj­wè­f km­ye ecnfy­jd­re, zrf djl­yj­xfc db­vf­ufæ db­zde ndjh­
xbö plèå­yjc­ntq è dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yjc­nè. Dj­yf ndjh­xf d gkf­yè
uj­njd­yjc­nè trc­gt­hb­vty­n e­df­nb p èltz­vb, ezd­k z­nb yj­dè
cdè­nb è xb­yb­nb jgèh cnt­htj­nb­gfv. Dj­yf dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yf pf
aey­lf­vty­nfkm­yè pd’zp­rb p ht­f km­ybv cdè­njv.

vb q uhj­vfl­cmrb­vb jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­vb, ojå cndjhb­nb ghj­uhf­
ve “DREAM” (d gt­htr­kf­lè – ≤Vhèz≥, åer­dfkm­yj – få­ht­dèf­n e­
hf dèl “Dire­cting Through Rec­re­ation, Education, Adve­ntu­re, and
Me­ntoring” – ≤Cghz­ve­dfy­yz ikz­öjv dèl­gj­xby­re, jc­dè­nb,
ghb­ujl è db­öj­dfy­yz≥. – Ghbv. htl.). D hfv­rfö wèæÿ ghj­uhf­
vb lj lè­ntq p vèc­wt­dbö vf­kj­pf­åtp­gt­xt­ybö hj­lby ghb­rhèg­
kñ­ñnm yf nhb­df­kbq xfc yf­cnfd­yb­rèd, zrè lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm ÿv e
yf­dxfy­yè, pfq­vf­ñnm­cz p yb­vb cgjh­njv è öj­lznm e gj­öj­lb.
Ghj­uhf­ve gj­xf­kb plèq­cyñ­df­nb e Lfh­nve­nè d 1991 hj­wè, f
nt­gth dj­yf gj­ib­hb­kf­cz yf dcñ nt­hb­nj­hèñ inf­n e. Gfh­nyt­
hf­vb ghj­uhf­vb æ fl­vè­yèc­nhf­nbd­yè jh­uf­yb, zrè pfq­vf­ñnm­cz
gb­nfy­yz­vb ébn­kf, jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz ≤Lèd­xf­nf-crfe­nb≥ q rjv­gf­yèz
“Ben and Jerry’s Ice Cream” (ht­tp://www.dreamprogram.org/).
Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Cè­t n­nkf (infn Df­iby­unjy) e kbc­nj­gf­lè
2005 hj­re jh­uf­yè­pe­dfd pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­ye rjy­at­hty­wèñ
p ghj­åktv åèl­yjc­nè – g’z­n e pf hf­ö ey­rjv. Wtq eyè­dth­cb­ntn
gj­ghj­cb­kb ghj­dtc­nb nf­rbq pf­öèl, nj­ve oj d kñ­nj­ve 2005
hj­re nfv èc­ye­df­kj yf­vt­nj­dt vèc­ntx­rj, zrt lf­kj ghb­n e­kjr
yf wè­kbq vè­czwm cj­nyè åtp­ljv­ybö xj­kj­dè­rèd è éè­yjr. Eyè­dth­
cb­ntn Cè­t n­nkf cnfd gth­ibv yf­dxfkm­ybv pf­r kf­ljv, zrbq
yf­lfd åtp­ljv­ybv nf­re lj­gj­vj­u e. Rjy­at­hty­wèñ jh­uf­yè­pe­df­
kb cne­lty­nb wmj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e è xkt­yb df­iby­unjy­cmrj­
uj dèl­lè­kty­yz ≤Rfv­gec rjv­gfrn≥. Wz fcj­wèf­wèz jå’æl­yeæ

Jcm xj­ve nfr dfé­kb­dj yt dè­ljr­htv­kñ­df­nb cne­lty­nèd dèl
cec­gèkm­cndf è hjp­db­df­nb ÿö­yñ gj­nht­åe cke­é b­nb kñ­lzv.
Yf­ghb­r kfl, pf ldf ct­vè­yf­hb cne­lty­nfv yf dèl­lè­kty­yè
fh­öè­ntr­n eh­yj­uj lb­pfq­ye dlf­kj­cz hjp­hj­åb­nb ghj­trn
yt­lj­hj­uj­uj, fkt trj­yjv­yj­uj oj­lj db­rj­hb­cnfy­yz tyth­uèÿ
åe­lby­re lkz ghj­uhf­vb ≤Ébn­kj lkz kñ­ltq≥. He­ièq­yjñ
cb­kjñ wmj­uj eyè­rfkm­yj­uj ghj­tr­n e åe­kj crkfl­yt gj­æl­
yfy­yz wèy­yjc­ntq è db­åj­he, zrt pf­rj­hè­yñ­ænm­cz d uhj­vfl­
cmre dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yècnm, e cty­cè nj­uj, oj nht­åf phj­åb­nb
åe­lby­rb lj­cneg­yb­vb lkz vf­kj­pf­åtp­gt­xt­ybö cè­vtq, fkt
hf­pjv èp nbv db­rj­hbc­nf­nb yj­dè ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ tyth­ujp­åt­ht­
éty­yz≥ (ht­tp://www.union.uiuc.edu/ovp/sle/).
E Yj­dèq Fy­ukèÿ Lfh­ven­cmrbq rj­ktlé, Dth­vjyncmrbq
eyè­dth­cb­ntn, rj­ktlé Cd. Vfq­r kf, Yjh­dèx­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­
ntn, Ifv­gktqycmrbq rj­ktlé è Rfc­nknjy­cmrbq lth­éfd­ybq
rj­ktlé jå’æl­yf­kb­cz p åf­ufnm­vf vèc­wt­db­vb fl­vè­yèc­nhf­nbd­yb­
eJournal USA

36

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

ghj­tr­nfö. Jl­yè ghf­wñ­ñnm cf­vjc­nèq­
yj, èy­iè – d eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrbö jå’æl­
yfy­yzö xb vèc­wt­dbö jh­uf­yè­pf­wè­zö.
Cne­lty­nb Dj­aajhlcmrj­uj rj­kt­lée
ghf­wñ­ñnm e åtp­gkfn­ybö ÿlfkm­yzö è
ghb­n ek­rfö lkz åtp­ljv­ybö, uj­n e­ñnm
è hjp­lf­ñnm ÿée uj­kjl­ybv. Dj­yb
db­r kf­lf­ñnm e vèc­wt­dbö irj­kfö è
ghf­wñ­ñnm e vèc­wt­dèq åtp­rji­njd­yèq
vt­lbx­yèq rkè­yè­wè. Dj­yb lf­he­ñnm
hèp­ldz­yè gjl­fhey­rb åèl­ybv lè­nzv è
lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm ghb­rhf­if­nb rfv­gec
è cdjæ vèc­nj lj cdz­nf (ht­tp://www.
wof­ford.edu/service­Learning/de­fa­ult.
asp).
Dcè rj­kt­léè ghj­gj­y e­ñnm ghj­
uhf­vb yf­dxfy­yz p tkt­vty­nf­vb
P lj­pdj­ke fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ Dj­aajhlcmrj­uj rj­kt­lée
uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè. Pf lf­yb­vb
Cne­ltyn Dj­aajhlcmrj­uj rj­kt­lée, infn Gèd­lty­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf, lj­gj­vf­ufæ
Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ fcj­wèf­wèÿ vèc­wt­dbö
cne­lty­nfv vj­kjl­ibö reh­cèd yf pf­yzn­nzö p fr­njh­cmrjÿ vfq­cnth­yjc­nè.
rj­kt­léèd, åèkm­it yèé gj­kj­db­yf vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léèd e CIF
nf­rjé ddt­kb gjl­èå­yè ghj­uhf­vb lj cdj­ÿö gkf­yèd. Fcj­wèf­wèz
d cdj­ÿö kf­dfö htr­nj­hèd rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd inf­n e
db­lf­kf ybp­r e geå­kè­rf­wèq yf wñ nt­ve, ldè p zrbö jcjå­kb­
Df­iby­unjy, zrè yf­vf­uf­ñnm­cz gèl­db­ob­nb uhj­vf­lzy­cmre
dj wè­rf­dè. Wt “Sustaining Service Learning: The Role of Chief
Academic Of­fi­cers” (≤Yfd­xfy­yz uhj­vfl­cmrèq lè­z km­yjc­nè. Hjkm
dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yècnm cne­lty­nèd. Lt­nfkm­yè­it ghj rjy­at­hty­wèñ
ghj­dèl­ybö db­r kf­lf­xèd. Lj­gj­vèé­yè vf­nt­hèf­kb≥, 8 cnj­hè­yjr)
lbd.: ht­tp://www.stu­de­ntsagainsthunger.org.
Èy­if pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yj db­pyf­yf ghj­uhf­vf plèq­cyñ­
è “A Practical Guide for Int­eg­rating Civic Responsibi­lity Into the
Curriculum” (≤Ghfr­nbx­ybq gj­cèå­ybr èp ddt­lty­yz uhj­vf­lzy­
ænm­cz d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Aeh­vf­yf d Uhèy­dèk­kè (infn Gèd­lty­yf
cmrjÿ dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yjc­nè e yf­dxfkm­y e ghj­uhf­ve≥, 86 cnj­hè­
Rf­hj­kè­yf). Yf dtå-cfq­nè wmj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e crf­pf­yj:
yjr). Jåbl­dè geå­kè­rf­wèÿ vjé­yf pyfq­nb yf dtå-cfq­nè ht­tp://
www.aacc.nche.edu/Conte­nt/NavigationMenu/Resource­Ce­nt­er/
≤Åf­uf­nj reh­cèd p ht­kè­uèÿ, gt­lf­uj­uè­rb, vbc­ntw­ndf, aè­kj­
Proje­cts_Part­nerships/Curre­nt/HorizonsService­Learning­
cj­aèÿ, cj­wèj­kj­uèÿ è gj­kè­nj­kj­uèÿ gt­htl­åf­xf­ñnm uhj­vfl­
Proje­ct/Publ­ications/Publ­ications.htm.
cmre ghf­wñ. Yf­iè cne­lty­nb yf­dxf­ñnm xb­nf­nb lè­ntq p
Ghja­tcèq­yj-ntö­yèx­ybq èy­cnb­n en Fkm­åe­rth­rf e inf­
vf­kj­pf­åtp­gt­xt­ybö hj­lby, hjp­hjå­k z­ñnm vfh­rt­nbyu lkz
nè Ymñ-Vtr­cb­rj gjl­fæ ghb­r kfl yf­dxfy­yz uhj­vfl­cmrèq
vèc­wt­dbö yt­rj­vth­wèq­ybö jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq, lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm gèl­
lè­z km­yjc­nè yf hèd­yè vèc­wt­dj­uj rj­kt­lée. Dèy jn­hb­vfd uhfyn
ghb­æv­wzv crkf­lf­nb åèp­ytc-gkf­yb.
Rjh­gj­hf­wèÿ pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yjÿ è uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ ghf­wè, f
nf­rjé åf­uf­nj yf­uj­hjl pf pf­c ke­ub d wèq cat­hè. Gj­yfl 50
Ajh­ve­dfy­yz yf­db­xjr uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè yt ghb­gb­
vèc­wt­dbö futy­wèq ghj­gj­ye­ñnm cne­lty­nfv wmj­uj èy­cnb­n e­n e
yz­ænm­cz pf ldt­hb­vf fe­lb­nj­hèÿ. Oj­hj­re 800 cne­lty­nèdghf­wñ­df­nb p yb­vb, è cne­lty­nb vj­é enm, pf åf­éfy­yzv, åhf­
ljå­hj­djkm­wèd eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e Aeh­vf­yf ghf­wñ­ñnm d ≤Eyè­
nb exfcnm e vj­kj­lèé­ybö ghj­uhf­vfö nf ghj­uhf­vfö yf­lfy­yz
dth­cb­ntn­cmrj­ve rjh­ge­cè jc­dè­nb≥, yf­lfñ­xb lj­gj­vj­u e 45
vt­lbx­ybö, cj­wè­f km­ybö è ñhb­lbx­ybö gj­c keu, pfq­vf­nb­cz
jh­uf­yè­pf­wè­zv, e nj­ve xbc­kè ≤Fh­vèÿ gj­hz­n ey­re≥, Wty­nhj­dè
jöj­hj­yjñ kè­cèd, gèl­uj­njd­rjñ è ghj­dt­lty­yzv Cgt­wè­f km­ybö
cgt­wè­f km­yj­uj yf­dxfy­yz lkz lè­ntq, uhe­gfv ≤Kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­
jkèv­gèq­cmrbö èujh, ghf­wñ­df­nb e rjy­uhtc­vt­yèd fåj pfq­vf­nb­
rfy­cmrf èyè­wèf­nb­df≥ nf ≤Lèd­xf­nf-crfe­nb≥≥
(ht­tp://www.furman.edu/main/community.htm).
cz pf­öbc­njv ndf­hby (ht­tp://planet.tvi.cc.nm.us/­
ex­per­ie­nti­allearning/). 3
Hjp­nf­ij­df­ybq yt­gj­lf­kèr Dj­aajhlcmrbq rj­ktlé (v.
Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnfn­nè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb
Cgfh­nfy­åthu, infn Gèd­lty­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf) nf­rjé vfæ cdjñ
xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.
ghj­uhf­ve ajh­ve­dfy­yz yf­db­xjr uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè.
Cne­lty­nb wmj­uj yt­dt­kb­rj­uj rj­kt­lée ue­vf­yè­nfh­ybö yf­e r
lj­åhj­dèkm­yj åt­henm exfcnm e hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybö uhj­vfl­cmrbö
Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

37

eJournal USA

Hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè ­
jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb yf ghb­rkf­lè
ct­vb rjy­rhtn­ybö rj­kt­léèd
Gj­cjkm­cndf è rjy­c ekm­cndf CIF åt­henm yf hj­åj­ne èyj­ptv­ybö uhj­vf­lzy lkz nj­uj, ojå dj­yb lj­gj­vf­uf­kb hjp­hjå­k z­nb
q htf­kè­pj­de­df­nb jc­dèn­yè nf rekm­neh­yè ghj­uhf­vb, zrè gj­kèg­ie­ñnm dpfæ­vj­hj­pe­vèy­yz. D rdèn­yè 2005 hj­r e Lth­éfd­ybq lt­
gfh­nf­vtyn CIF jh­uf­yè­pe­dfd ghb­ÿpl lj CIF dè­cèv­yfl­w z­nb nf­rbö ghf­wèd­yb­rèd yf yf­dxfy­yz p dèl­dè­lfy­yzv rj­kt­léèd e
Ifh­kjn­nè (infn Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf) nf ÿÿ jrj­kb­w zö lkz jp­yf­qjv­kty­yz p ébn­n zv è gj­å e­njv èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd.
E wèq cnfn­nè gèl­åb­nj gèl­c ev­rb gj­ÿp­lrb wèæÿ uhe­gb è yf­lf­yj pf­ufkm­yt ezd­kty­yz ghj hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm vjé­kb­djc­ntq
jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb d CIF.

V

èc­nj Ifh­kjn­nf åe­kj db­åhf­yt nj­ve, oj wt dt­kb­rbq wtynh åfy­rèd­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè, pf­cj­åèd vf­cj­djÿ èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ, åèp­
yt­ce, rekm­n e­hb è nhfyc­gjh­n e yf Gèd­lty­yj­ve Cöj­lè CIF, f nf­rjé ≤jct­k z≥ lkz wè­kjÿ ybp­rb gj­dfé­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö
pf­r kf­lèd. 18 exfc­yb­rèd ghj­uhf­vb åe­kb hjp­lè­kt­yè yf uhe­gb, rjé­yf p zrbö dèl­dè­lf­kf jlby rj­ktlé, ojå pec­nhè­nb­cz pè
cne­lty­nf­vb, gj­cgj­cnt­hè­uf­nb pf yf­dxfy­yzv, jå­uj­dj­hb­nb lj­cneg­yè lkz cne­lty­nèd ht­ceh­cb nf ghj­åkt­vb, zrè yf ybö xt­rf­ñnm, f
nf­rjé jlthéf­nb ezd­kty­yz ghj ébn­nz è gj­åen èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd e CIF. Dcè wè rj­kt­léè pf­wè­rfd­kt­yè e pf­ke­xty­yè èyj­ptv­ybö
cne­lty­nèd è gèl­nhb­ve­ñnm ht­u e­k zh­yj jyjd­kñ­df­yè, lj­åht jajh­vkt­yè dtå-cfq­nb p èy­ajh­vf­wèæñ ghj ct­åt. Yf­dt­lt­ybq ehb­djr èp
dtå-cfq­n e rj­kt­lée Lt­dèl­cj­yf ej­cjå­kñæ pf­ufkm­ye pf­wè­rfd­kt­yècnm rj­kt­léèd d èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nfö:
≤Gj­èy­ajh­vj­df­yècnm ghj gjl­èÿ, zrè dèl­åe­df­ñnm­cz e cdè­nè, nf cneh­åj­df­yècnm ukj­åfkm­yb­vb ghj­åkt­vf­vb – dfé­kb­dè xby­yb­rb
jc­dèn­ymj­uj ghj­wt­ce d rj­kt­léè Lt­dèl­cj­yf. Zr cne­ltyn, zrbq ébd è yf­dxfd­cz d èy­ièq rhfÿ­yè, db vj­ét­nt åf­uf­nj xbv gjl­èkb­nb­cz
pè cne­lty­nf­vb q db­r kf­lf­xf­vb yf­ij­uj rj­kt­lée. D ghj­wt­cè hjp­ukz­le df­ijÿ pf­zdb vb hjp­hf­öj­deæ­vj lèp­yf­nb­cz åèkm­it ghj dfc
è dfi ébn­næ­dbq lj­cdèl≥.

Cèv yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­rkf­lèd

P lj­pdj­ke fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ rj­kt­lée fåfn­cndf Åtk­vjyn

Rj­ktlé fåfn­cndf Åtk­vjyn – wt yt­dt­kb­rbq ue­vf­yè­nfh­ybq rj­ktlé, lt yf­dxf­ænm­cz 1000 cne­lty­nèd. Dèy dè­lj­vbq cdjæñ
≤hj­lby­yjñ≥ jå­cnfy­jd­rjñ è ghfu­yty­yzv cajh­ve­df­nb wè­kèc­ye, ufh­vj­yèq­yj hjp­db­ye­n e jcj­åbc­nècnm. Rj­ktlé hjp­nf­ij­df­yj e
Åtk­vjy­nè (infn Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf), d rèkm­rjö ödb­kb­yfö ÿp­lb yf pf­öèl dèl Ifh­kjn­nb. Gj­åkb­pe rj­kt­lée – fåfn­cndj Åtk­vjyn,
pf­cyj­df­yt vj­yf­öf­vb-åt­yt­lbr­nby­wz­vb (ht­tp://www.belmo­nt­abbeycolle­ge.edu/).

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Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Wty­n hfkm­ybq G’æl­vjyncmrbq rj­ktlé – dt­kb­rbq vèc­wt­dbq rj­ktlé e inf­nè Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf, lt yf­dxf­ænm­cz gj­yfl
70 nb­czx cne­lty­nèd, rjn­hè åt­henm exfcnm e 100 yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhf­vfö e rèkm­rjö rfv­ge­cfö. Cf­vt nen Ght­pb­ltyn Léjhlé D.
Åei db­cne­gbd 5 rdèn­yz 2005 hj­re p ghj­vj­djñ ghj yj­dè èyè­wèf­nb­db p gb­nfym hjp­dbn­re nhe­lj­dbö ht­ceh­cèd. Rj­ktlé gb­if­ænm­
cz nbv, oj d ymj­ve yf­dxf­ñnm­cz cne­lty­nb p gj­yfl 100 rhf­ÿy (ht­tp://www.cpcc.edu).

P lj­pdj­ke fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ Wty­nhfkm­yj­uj­
G’æl­vjyncmrj­uj rj­kt­lée

Ghja­tcjh lj­gj­vf­ufæ cne­lty­nj­dè d rjv­g’ñ­nth­yj­ve rkf­cè Wty­nhfkm­yj­
uj G’æl­vjyncmrj­uj rj­kt­lée.

P lj­pdj­ke fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ rj­kt­lée Lt­dèl­cj­yf

Rj­ktlé Lt­dèl­cj­yf hjp­nf­ij­df­yj d v. Lt­dèl­cjy (infn
Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf), ghb­åkbp­yj d 30 ödb­kb­yfö ÿp­lb yf
gèd­yèx dèl Ifh­kjn­nb. Yf­ct­kty­yz Lt­dèl­cj­yf yf­kè­xeæ dcmj­uj
8 nbc. jcèå. Rj­ktlé Lt­dèl­cj­yf – wt yt­pf­kté­ybq ue­vf­
yè­nfh­ybq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl, e zrj­ve yf­dxf­ænm­cz 1600
cne­lty­nèd. P xf­ce pf­cye­dfy­yz rj­kt­lée d 1837 hj­wè ght­cdè­
nt­hèf­yf­vb p qj­uj cnèy db­qikj 23 cnb­gty­lèf­nb Hjl­cf. Yf
jcjå­kb­de edf­u e pf­c ke­uj­deæ pf­cyj­df­yf 20 hj­rèd nj­ve Ghj­
uhf­vf vèé­yf­hjl­ybö lj­c kè­létym èv. Lè­yf Hfc­rf, yf­pdf­yf
yf xtcnm db­gec­ryb­rf rj­kt­lée Lt­dèl­cj­yf, zrbq jåèq­vfd
gj­cn lth­éfd­yj­uj ctr­ht­nf­hz inf­n e. Rj­ktlé Lt­dèl­cj­yf åe­kj
pf­cyj­df­yj zr xj­kj­dè­xbq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl, fkt cmj­ujl­yè
cne­lty­njr e ymj­ve yt vty­it, yèé cne­lty­nèd (ht­tp://www.
davidson.edu).

Cne­lty­nb rj­kt­lée Lt­dèl­cj­yf ghj­dj­lznm oj­vè­czx­ye ≤yf­wèj­yfkm­ye dt­xt­hñ≥,
gèl xfc zrjÿ ujc­nè vj­éenm jp­yf­qj­vb­nb­cz p reö­ytñ, ve­pb­rjñ è yf­wèj­yfkm­yb­vb
rjc­nñ­vf­vb gtd­yjÿ rhfÿ­yb. Yf pyèv­re: cne­lty­nb lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm gtr­nb ökèå.

Dèr­nj­hèz Fhj­xj. AP/WWP

Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Léjycj­yf q Etkm­cf yf­pb­dfæ ct­åt ≤eyè­dth­
cb­nt­njv, zrbq reæ rfl­hb lkz Fvt­hb­rb≥. Eyè­dth­cb­ntn vfæ cdjÿ
rfv­ge­cb d xj­nb­hmjö inf­nfö; rfv­gec e Ifh­kjn­nè åe­kj dèl­rhb­
nj e 2004 hj­wè. Eyè­dth­cb­ntn ghj­gj­yeæ ghj­uhf­vb yt­gj­dyj­uj
(ldf hj­rb) è gj­dyj­uj (xj­nb­hb hj­rb p ghb­cdj­æy­yzv cne­gt­yz
åf­rf­kfd­hf) yf­dxfy­yz èp cgt­wè­f km­yèc­nñ e cat­hè åèp­yt­ce, htc­nj­
hfy­yj-uj­ntkm­yjÿ cghf­db nf re­kè­yfh­yj­uj vbc­ntw­ndf. Yf qj­uj
dtå-cfq­nè ghtl­cnfd­kt­yj èy­ajh­vf­wèñ cèv­yfl­wznm­vf vj­df­vb
(ht­tp://www.jwu.edu/charlotte).
Cne­lty­nb eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Léjy­cj­yf è Etkm­cf uj­ne­ñnm­cz lj gj­rf­pe db­gèx­rb
yf ≤Yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­ve ökèå­yj­ve cf­vè­nè≥.
Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

39

eJournal USA

P lj­pdj­ke fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Léjy­cj­yf R. Cvè­nf

Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Léjy­cj­yf R. Cvè­nf – èc­nj­hbx­yj yt­uhb­nzy­cmrbq. Nfv yf­
dxf­ænm­cz 1400 cne­lty­nèd, e hjp­gj­hz­léty­yè zrbö ghj­cnj­hbq rfv­gec, kb­it
d vb­kè dèl wty­nhe Ifh­kjn­nb. D eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè gf­yeæ lheé­yz fn­vjc­at­hf; nen
cne­lty­nf­vb jgè­re­ñnm­cz dèl­lf­yè cdj­ÿq cghf­dè neh­åjn­kb­dè gt­lf­uj­ub. Jl­yèæñ
p db­vju lj cne­lty­nèd æ exfcnm e ghf­wè yf åkf­uj uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè. Eyè­dth­cb­ntn
ghj­gj­yeæ vjé­kb­dècnm yf­dxfy­yz d lt­d’z­nb pf­rjh­ljy­ybö de­pfö nf èy­nth­yf­n e­
hfö, f nf­rjé cnf­é e­dfy­yz d åèkm­it yèé 90 rjv­gf­yè­zö (ht­tp://www.jcsu.edu/).

Ghj­uhf­vf yf­dxfy­yz p tkt­vty­nf­vb ghf­wè yf åkf­uj
uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Léjy­cj­yf R. Cvè­nf pyf­
qj­vbnm cne­lty­nèd p lènm­vb, zrbv gj­nhèå­yf lj­gj­vj­uf d
yf­dxfy­yè. Pf­dlz­rb wèq ghj­uhf­vè åf­uf­nj lè­ntq, rjn­hè vf­kb
ybpm­rè jwèy­rb p vf­nt­vf­nb­rb q xb­nfy­yz, gèl­db­ob­kb cdjñ
ec­gèi­yècnm lj hèd­yz db­ot ct­htl­ymj­uj gj inf­ne lkz ex­yèd
wèæÿ dè­rj­djÿ rf­nt­uj­hèÿ.

P lj­pdj­ke fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Rdèyc e Ifh­kjn­nè

Cne­lty­nb eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Rdèyc e Ifh­kjn­nè uj­ne­ñnm­cz lj db­gec­ryjÿ wt­ht­vj­yèÿ.

Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Rdèyc e Ifh­kjn­n è åe­kj pf­cyj­df­yj zr éè­yj­xe ct­vè­yf­hèñ. Cmj­ujl­yè cne­lty­nb xj­kj­dè­xjÿ cnf­nè cnfy­jd­k znm
30 dèl­cjn­rèd cnfh­ij­reh­cyb­rèd wmj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le, zrbq ghj­gj­yeæ dct­åèx­yè ghj­uhf­vb yf hèd­yè vf­uèc­nhf­n e­hb è
gj­d’zpf­ybq p ght­cdè­nt­hè­fycm­rjñ wth­r djñ. Hjp­nf­ij­df­ybq e vf­kmjd­yb­xj­ve ébn­kj­dj­ve hf­qj­yè vèc­nf, eyè­dth­cb­ntn Rdèyc e
Ifh­kjn­nè gj­æl­yeæ ghj­uhf­ve xj­nb­hb­hèx­yj­uj åf­pj­dj­uj yf­dxfy­yz d uf­ke­pè ue­vf­yè­nfh­ybö yf­e r p 24 ghja­èkññ­xb­vb lbc­wbg­
kè­yf­vb. D eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè yf­dxf­ænm­cz åkbpm­rj 2200 cne­lty­nèd, è yf rjé­yj­uj gt­lf­uj­uf ghb­gf­lfæ d ct­htl­ymj­ve gj 13 cne­lty­nèd
(ht­tp://www.que­ens.edu/).

Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Gèd­yèx­yjÿ Rf­hj­k è­yb e Ifh­kjn­n è
yf­kè­xeæ gj­yfl 19 500 cne­lty­nèd è ghj­gj­yeæ ghj­uhf­vb yf­
dxfy­yz yf hèd­yè åf­rf­kfd­hf, vf­uèc­nhf è lj­rnj­hf yf­e r. Qj­uj
ce­xfc­ybq rfv­gec hjp­nf­ij­df­yj ghb­åkbp­yj d 10 vb­k zö
dèl wty­nhe Ifh­kjn­nb. Wt dfé­kb­dbq ht­uèj­yfkm­ybq wtynh
åèp­yt­ce è yf­e rj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rjÿ hj­åj­nb. D eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè
yf­dxf­ñnm­cz cne­lty­nb p ecèö re­njx­rèd CIF è ghb­åkbp­yj
èp 80 pf­he­åèé­ybö rhf­ÿy (ht­tp://www.uncc.edu/).

≤Kñ­lb­yf, zrf cf­vf ct­åt cndjhb­kf≥ – gf­v’zn­rf vèc­wt­dj­uj rfv­ge­
ce – dlf­kbq ajy lkz aj­nju­hf­aèÿ cne­lty­nèd eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Gèd­yèx­yjÿ
Rf­hj­kè­yb d Ifh­kjn­nè
Dtql Åhf­njy/eyè­dth­cb­ntn Gèd­yèx­yjÿ Rf­hj­kè­yb d Ifh­kjn­nè

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Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Afr­nb
Pf­hf­ö e­dfy­y z è pf­zdf yf dcneg. E hèp­ybö rj­kt­léfö
èc­ye­ñnm hèp­yè db­vj­ub oj­lj pf­hf­ö e­dfy­yz. Rj­ktlé Lt­dèl­cj­yf
q eyè­dth­cb­ntn Gèd­yèx­yjÿ Rf­hj­kè­yb e Ifh­kjn­nè gj­pb­wèj­
ye­ñnm ct­åt zr tkèn­yè pf­r kf­lb. Rj­ktlé fåfn­cndf Åtk­vjyn
pj­ct­ht­léeænm­cz yf frf­lt­vèx­yj­ve è le­öjd­yj­ve hjp­dbn­re, f
d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Léjy­cj­yf R. Cvè­nf le­ét wè­rfd­kznm­cz öf­hfr­
nt­hjv è jcj­åbc­nèc­nñ fåè­n e­hè­æy­nèd, f nf­rjé ÿö­yè­vb jwèy­rf­
vb. Wty­nhfkm­ybq G’æl­vjyncmrbq vèc­wt­dbq rj­ktlé vfæ
ghj­uhf­vb vfq­ét lkz dcèö, fkt lf­kt­rj yt rj­éty fåè­n e­hè­æyn
qj­ve gèl­öj­lbnm. Ldf yfq­åèkm­iè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb – eyè­
dth­cb­ntn Gèd­yèx­yjÿ Rf­hj­kè­yb e Ifh­kjn­nè nf Wty­nhfkm­ybq
G’æl­vjyncmrbq rj­ktlé – vf­ñnm åf­uf­nè ht­ceh­cb, fkt vj­é enm
db­lf­nb­cz rj­vecm pf­yfl­nj dt­kb­rb­vb. Dèl nj­uj, yf­crèkm­rb njx­
yj pyfq­lt­yj ≤ghf­dbkm­ybq≥ yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl, pf­kt­ébnm
htpekmnfn hjp­ukz­le pf­zdb cne­lty­nf, qj­uj ec­gèi­yècnm è dèl­
xen­nz pf­lj­dj­kty­yz gèc­kz pf­hf­ö e­dfy­yz. Rj­éty yf­dxfkm­ybq
pf­r kfl vfæ cdèq dtå-cfqn, yf zrj­ve ghtl­cnfd­kt­yj èy­ajh­vf­
wèñ ghj db­vj­ub lj dcneg­yb­rèd, ghj aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­ue è,
d åèkm­ijc­nè db­gfl­rèd, lj­lfn­rj­de èy­ajh­vf­wèñ lkz èyj­ptv­ybö
cne­lty­nèd.
Ghj­é b­dfy­y z, öfh­x e­dfy­y z, ht­c eh­cb, jöj­hj­yf plj­
hj­d’z è åtp­gt­rf. Wty­nhfkm­ybq G’æl­vjyncmrbq rj­ktlé yt
yf­lfæ cne­lty­nfv ueh­nj­é bn­re. Èy­iè hjp­ukz­ye­nè nen yf­dxfkm­
yè pf­r kf­lb vf­ñnm ueh­nj­é bn­rb è yf­lf­ñnm cne­lty­nfv èy­ajh­
vf­wèñ ghj gj­hz­ljr gjl­fxè pf­zd yf jn­hb­vfy­yz ébn­kf. Evj­
db öfh­xe­dfy­yz q ghj­é b­dfy­yz hèp­yè d hèp­ybö rfv­ge­cfö, fkt
åèkm­iècnm rj­kt­léèd ghj­gj­ye­ñnm cdj­ÿv cne­lty­nfv yf db­åèh
rèkm­rf df­hè­fy­nèd, jcjå­kb­dj gèc­k z gth­ij­uj hj­re yf­dxfy­yz.
Dcè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb vf­ñnm åèå­kèj­nt­rb è yf­lf­ñnm cne­lty­
nfv lj­cneg lj rjv­g’ñ­nt­hèd, ecè dj­yb geå­kè­re­ñnm èy­ajh­
vf­wèñ ghj pf­öj­lb åtp­gt­rb d rfv­ge­cè. D ecèö yf­dxfkm­ybö
pf­r kf­lfö dèl cne­lty­nèd db­vf­uf­ñnm vf­nb vt­lbx­yt cnhf­ö e­dfy­
yz, fkt djl­yj­xfc rj­éty pf­r kfl vfæ cdjñ vt­lbx­ye ckeé­åe.
Zr­oj cne­lty­nfv yt­jå­öèl­yf lj­gj­vj­uf d flfg­nf­wèÿ lj evjd
rfv­ge­ce, dj­yb vj­é enm jn­hb­vf­nb dèl­gj­dèl­ye rjy­cekm­nf­wèñ.
Dfh­nècnm è ghf­db­kf ghj­é b­dfy­yz db­pyf­xfæ fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèz
rjé­yj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le jr­ht­vj. D hèp­ybö rj­kt­léfö
hjp­r kf­lb ktr­wèq è ct­vè­yf­hèd hèp­yè, dj­yb pvè­yñ­ñnm­cz p hj­re
d hèr, nj­ve vfq­åen­yèv cne­lty­nfv ckèl enjx­yb­nb nth­vè­yb
gj­xfn­re pf­yznm, yf­gb­cfy­yz gbcm­vj­dbö hj­åèn, rf­yè­rek yf
dtå-cfq­nfö jå­hf­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd fåj crj­hbc­nf­nb­
cz èy­ib­vb lét­ht­kf­vb èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ.
Lj­gj­vj­uf d yf­dxfy­yè. Ltz­rè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb lj­gj­
vf­uf­ñnm cne­lty­nfv e db­dxty­yè fy­ukèq­cmrjÿ vj­db fåj d hjp­
dbn­re gbcm­vj­dbö yf­db­xjr. Åèkm­iècnm åèå­kèj­ntr lj­gj­vj­é enm
cne­lty­nfv db­rj­hbc­nj­de­df­nb ht­ceh­cb è ie­rf­nb èy­ajh­vf­wèñ.
Dcè rj­kt­léè dkfi­nj­de­ñnm lkz cdj­ÿö db­gec­ryb­rèd pec­nhè­xè p
gj­nty­wèq­yb­vb hj­åj­nj­lfd­wz­vb fåj yf­lf­ñnm èy­iè gj­c ke­ub
oj­lj gj­ie­rèd vèc­wz hj­åj­nb gj pf­rèy­xty­yè de­pe.

Db­cyj­djr
Xkt­yb uhe­gb lèq­ikb db­cyjd­re, oj yf­dènm rj­hjn­rbq
dè­pbn lj­gj­vèu ÿv yt kb­it gj­yj­db­nb d gf­v’z­nè åf­uf­nj afr­nèd,
ghj zrè dj­yb xb­nf­kb fåj xe­kb lj ghb­ÿp­le d CIF, fkt è rhf­
ot phj­pe­vè­nb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè htf­kèÿ. Yfq­dfé­kb­dè­ibv ehj­rjv
cnf­kj nt, oj d CIF èc­yeæ åf­uf­nj hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybö vjé­kb­djc­
ntq lkz yf­dxfy­yz.
D gèl­uj­njd­wè wmj­uj vf­nt­hèf­ke åhf­kb exfcnm: Vj­öf­vtl
Fö­vtl Få­lfk­kf Fö­vtl p Lj­öb (Rf­nfh), Dè­dè­fy Få­lfk­kf p
Æhe­cf­kb­vf (Èp­hf­ÿkm), Gf­hfc­rt­dè Dè­d’æy Fk­kè­vj­yj p Vtkm­
åeh­yf (Fdcnhf­kèz), Yf­lf F. Fkm-Cj­pt p Åfu­lf­lf (Èhfr),
Vfq­rf Åhpji­nty p Rhf­rj­df (Gj­kmof), Åj­hè Åty­lt­pe-Dt­ktc
p Kè­vb (Gt­he), Qj­cè­nf Treæ­dè-Fvf­dè p Kj­vt (Nj­uj), Fkt­öfy­
lhf Tc­rj­åj­cf p Th­vj­cb­kmj (Vtr­cb­rf), Ecf­df­lè Rfn­gb­xfÿ
p Åfy­urj­rf (Nfÿ­kfyl), Gf­vt­kf Re­df­kè p Kè­kjy­udt (Vf­kf­dè),
Hfn­yf Ver­öth­léè p Xty­yfÿ (Èy­lèz), Vf­hèz Gfj­kf Gè­hè­yè p
Hb­vf (Ènf­kèz), Lf­yf Gj­kxb­rj­df p Åhf­nèc­kf­db (Ckj­dfwm­rf
htc­geå­kè­rf), Rf­hèy Hjc­yè­wtr p Vñy­öt­yf (Yè­vtx­xb­yf), Keÿ­pf
Vf­hèz Dèfe p Udf­nt­vf­kb (Udf­nt­vf­kf), Åt­fn­hèc L.G. Dè­ktqy p
Gj­hn-j-Ghtycf
(Ufÿ­nè), Rjh­yt­kèz
Dkfq­xe p Åe­öf­
htc­nf (He­ve­yèz)
è Xéje Öey p
Ue­fy­xéje (Rb­
nfq). Dcè dj­yb
pjå­hf­ét­yè yf
aj­nj dyb­pe. 3
Hj­åthn Rfq­pth/­
Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Gj­c ke­ub q jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ lkz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd.
E dcèö rj­kt­léfö èc­yeæ cgt­wè­fkm­yt åñ­hj, zrt jh­uf­yè­pj­deæ
hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè pf­öj­lb q fcj­wèf­wèÿ è rke­åb lkz èyj­ptv­ybö nf
fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö cne­lty­nèd pf tn­yèx­yjñ xb ut­ju­hf­aèx­yjñ jp­yf­
rjñ. Ltz­rè ckeé­åb nf­rjé lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv
gj­pyf­qj­vb­nb­cz p vèc­wt­db­vb cne­lty­nf­vb nf ÿö­yè­vb cè­v’z­vb,
ojå ghj­dj­lb­nb p yb­vb xfc, jcjå­kb­dj yf cdz­nf q gèl xfc
rf­yè­rek. Èyj­lè cne­lty­nèd p rèkm­rjö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd jå­cke­
uj­deæ jl­yf vèc­wt­df jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz, yf­ghb­r kfl, ≤Lèv èyj­ptv­ybö
cne­lty­nèd≥ e Ifh­kjn­nè, zrf yf­lfæ èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv vjé­
kb­dècnm åkbé­xt gj­pyf­qj­vb­nb­cz p vti­rfy­wz­vb vèc­nf.
Dè­hjc­gj­dèlfy­y z. Rj­kb èyj­ptv­yè ujc­nè, zrè ghb­ÿöf­kb lj
CIF d hfv­rfö ghj­uhf­vb Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e, pf­gb­
ne­df­kb ghj dè­hjc­gj­dèlfy­yz, cne­lty­nb, p zrb­vb dj­yb pec­nhè­
xf­kb­cz, è rjy­cekm­nfy­nb p hj­åj­nb p èyj­ptv­yb­vb cne­lty­nf­vb
d jlby uj­kjc rf­pf­kb, oj d rjé­yj­ve yf­dxfkm­yj­ve pf­r kf­lè
– xb geå­kèx­yj­ve, xb ghb­dfn­yj­ve, xb ht­kè­uèq­yj­ve – hf­lj
pec­nhè­xf­ñnm cne­lty­nèd åelm-zrj­uj dè­hjc­gj­dèlfy­yz.

Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb
xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.

41

eJournal USA

Zr ghf­wñæ cbc­nt­vf

Db­åèh jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ ­
d rj­kt­léè
Kèy­lf Nj­åfi

Cnñ Vèky. AP/WWP

Uhe­gb vj­éenm åe­nb dt­kb­rb­vb xb vf­kb­vb, ajh­vfkm­yb­vb
xb yt­ajh­vfkm­yb­vb. Ghja­tcjh eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Åhf­ey,
infn Hjl-Fq­ktyl, dt­lt pf­yzn­nz.

Fd­njh lfæ db­pyf­xty­yz jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ nf lhe­ujÿ
cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ d frf­lt­vèx­yj­ve hj­pe­vèy­yè wbö nth­vè­yèd è
ghj­gj­yeæ rj­hbc­yè gj­hf­lb cne­lty­nfv, rjn­hè db­åb­hf­ñnm
cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ. Kèy­lf Nj­åfi – lb­htr­njh cne­ltyncmrjÿ
ckeé­åb Eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb.

pf­r kf­lè p ghj­uhf­vf­vb db­dxty­yz èy­ét­yth­yjÿ cghf­db, rjv­g’ñ­
nt­hèd xb èy­ajh­vf­nb­rb; d vèc­nè xb d cèkmcmrèq vèc­wt­djc­nè;
gj­hzl èp gkz­étv xb d uj­hfö, gj­hzl èp åfnm­rèd­cmrbv uyèp­ljv
xb gjl­f kè dèl ymj­uj; d pf­r kf­lè, zrbq yf­lfæ aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­
vj­u e, xb nfv, lt vjé­yf pfq­yz­nb­cz gtd­yb­vb gj­pfg­hju­hfv­yb­
vb pf­yzn­nz­vb, zr-jn: uhf­nb e aen­åjkm­yèq rj­vfy­lè, ghf­wñ­
df­nb yf eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrèq hf­lèj­cnfy­wèÿ fåj d nt­ktc­n e­lèÿ,
uf­pt­nè, nt­fn­hè xb rè­yjc­n e­lèÿ. Fkt åf­uf­nj önj, jl­yfr, cgj­xfn­re
db­åb­hfæ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ, f gj­nèv ie­rfæ yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb,
lt ÿÿ yfq­rhf­ot plj­åe­nb.
Yf dèl­vè­ye dèl cbc­nt­vb jc­dè­nb d èy­ibö rhfÿ­yfö, lt cgt­
wèf­kè­pf­wèz cne­lty­nf db­pyf­xf­ænm­cz vf­nt­hèf­kjv, db­dxt­ybv e
ct­htl­yèq irj­kè, xb jwèy­rf­vb yf dcneg­ybö èc­gb­nfö, d Fvt­
hb­wè cne­lty­nb åf­pj­dj­uj xj­nb­hb­hèx­yj­uj rj­kt­lée, pf­pdb­xfq,
vj­é enm db­åhf­nb åelm-z­rbq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl è åelm-z­re
pf­ghj­gj­yj­df­ye ghj­uhf­ve yf­dxfy­yz. Pdb­xfq­yj, d ltz­rbö
yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö, dè­lj­vbö cdjæñ db­åèh­rj­dèc­nñ, le­ét
db­cj­rbq rjy­rehc, è yt­åf­uf­nj yf­lpdb­xfq­yj plèå­ybö ñyf­rèd è
lèd­xfn p yfq­db­ob­vb gj­rfp­yb­rf­vb vj­é enm ne­lb dcne­gb­nb,

≤Zr è åèkm­iècnm kñ­ltq, z le­ét lj­åht gf­v’z­nfñ njq hèr,
rj­kb z db­pyf­xbd­cz èp cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèæñ. Z nhb hf­pb ghbq­vfd
hè­ity­yz≥.
Lj­rnjh Lt­dèl Åhf­e y­kè, ghja­tcjh èc­nj­hèÿ vbc­ntwnd, Gty­cbkm­
dfy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn
(ht­tp://www.colle­ge.upenn.edu/curriculum/major_choosing.
html).

R

j­kb nht­åf db­åb­hf­nb èp cj­ntym cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq è nb­czx
rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd – zr gèl­cne­gb­nb­cz lj
db­åj­he nj­uj, oj è lt db­dxf­nb? Ltö­nj cgj­xfn­re db­åb­
hfæ, lt dxb­nb­cz: e dt­kb­rj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè xb d yt­dt­kbx­rj­ve
ue­vf­yè­nfh­yj­ve rj­kt­léè fåj, yf­ghb­r kfl, e cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yj­ve

eJournal USA

42

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Gtn Kènnk. AP/WWP

Yt­dt­kb­rt ht­ue­kñ­dfy­yz – è dt­kb­xtp­ybq vj­njh pf­gec­rf­ænm­cz d Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrj­ve ntö­yj­kj­uèx­yj­ve rj­kt­léè. Cnb­gty­lèñ wèæÿ cne­lty­nrb pf­åtp­gt­xt­yj aè­yfy­cf­vb,
zrè pf­gj­dèd Åty­léf­vèy Ahfy­rkèy.

Db­åèh cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ – wt nt cf­vt, oj q er­kf­lty­yz rjy­
nhfr­n e vèé eyè­dth­cb­nt­njv è cne­lty­njv ghj nt, oj cne­
ltyn pj­åj­d’z­pe­ænm­cz ghj­qnb gtd­ybq rehc yf­dxfy­yz, zrbq
crkf­lf­ænm­cz èp pf­ufkm­ybö db­vju yf­dxfy­yz (njå­nj db­vju
eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e) nf db­vju yf­dxfkm­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. Èy­ib­vb
ckj­df­vb, ghj­uhf­vf yf­dxfy­yz d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè crkf­lf­nb­vtnm­
cz yt kb­it p reh­cèd, oj döj­lznm lj jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ.
Yf­cghfd­lè, pf­ufkm­yj­jc­dèn­yè ghtl­vt­nb xb ghtl­vt­nb pf
db­åj­hjv, njå­nj ghtl­vt­nb, zrè cne­ltyn cfv db­åb­hfæ èp pf­
ghj­gj­yj­df­ybö reh­cèd zr pf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèæñ, nfr è pf èy­ib­vb
yf­ghz­vf­vb, vj­é enm cnfy­jdb­nb lj 50–60fi ecèö yf­dxfkm­ybö
lbc­wbg­kèy, zrè ckèl jgf­ye­df­nb. Xfc­nrf pf­ufkm­yj­jc­dèn­yèö
reh­cèd cnj­cjd­yj reh­cèd pf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèæñ pf­kt­é bnm dèl
eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e è db­åhf­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ, fkt db­vj­uf db­dxb­nb
gtd­ye rèkm­rècnm pf­ufkm­yjj­åj­d’zp­rj­dbö ghtl­vt­nèd èc­yeæ d
ecèö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö. Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf cbc­nt­vf åf­pj­
djÿ jc­dè­nb cdjÿ­vb rj­ht­yz­vb cz­ufæ nhf­lb­wèq ue­vf­yè­nfh­yjÿ
jc­dè­nb, è pf­ufkm­yj­jc­dèn­yèv lbc­wbg­kè­yfv yf­lf­ænm­cz dt­kb­rt
pyf­xty­yz. Vt­nf åelm-z­rjÿ xj­nb­hb­hèx­yjÿ åf­pj­djÿ ghj­uhf­

fkt yf­dènm e vtyi tkèn­ybö pf­r kf­lfö rjy­rehc yf jr­ht­vè cgt­
wè­f km­yjc­nè, yf­ghb­r kfl, vtl­ctc­nhb xb èy­ét­yt­hf, åe­lt db­obv,
f db­vj­ub lj dcneg­yb­rèd – cnhj­uè­ib­vb. Ghj­nt d wè­kj­ve
gt­htl vfq­åen­yè­vb cne­lty­nf­vb gj­cnfæ le­ét ib­hj­rbq db­åèh.

Oj nf­rt jc­yjd­yf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz?
Yf dtå-cfq­nè Cnty­ajhlcmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e vjé­yf ghj­
xb­nf­nb: ≤Cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz – wt cat­hf pyfym, zre db påb­hfæ­ntcm
jgf­ye­df­nb gèl xfc ghj­öj­léty­yz åf­pj­dj­uj xj­nb­hb­hèx­yj­uj
reh­ce yf­dxfy­yz. Dfi db­åèh db­pyf­xfæ, zrbq ghtl­vtn pfq­vf­
nb­vt pyfx­ye xfc­nb­ye df­ij­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj xf­ce q cbk. Rj­kb
db jgf­yeæ­nt dcè yt­jå­öèl­yè reh­cb p db­åhf­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ
è db­rj­yfæ­nt pf­ufkm­yè db­vj­ub eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e, dfv ghb­cdj­znm
cne­gèym åf­rf­kfd­hf. Df­if cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz lfcnm dfv pvj­u e hjp­
db­df­nb yf­dbx­rb q db­zdb­nb plèå­yjc­nè d hj­pe­vèy­yè ghtl­vt­nf,
p yfq­tkt­vty­nfh­yè­ij­uj q lj yfq­crkfl­yè­ij­uj hèd­yz. Db­åèh
df­ijÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ – wt df­it jcj­åbc­nt hè­ity­yz≥ (ht­tp://
www.sta­nford.edu/-susanz/Majors.html).
Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

43

eJournal USA

P lj­pdj­ke rj­kt­lée vbc­ntw­ndf è lb­pfq­ye Cf­dfy­yb

vb yf­dxfy­yz lkz
jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz
åf­rf­kfd­hf – yf­
dxb­nb cne­lty­nèd rhb­
nbx­yj vbc­kb­nb è
yf­dxb­nb ÿö exb­nb­cz
q jlthéf­nb pyfy­yz
d gtd­yèq uf­ke­pè.
E åf­uf­nmjö pf­
rkf­lfö cne­lty­nb
vj­é enm jå­hf­nb yt
kb­it jc­yjd­ye, f q
lhe­u e cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ.
Lhe­uf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz,
pf­pdb­xfq, nèc­yj gj­
d’zpf­yf p jc­yjd­yjñ:
Cne­lty­nrf rf­atl­hb vbc­ntwnd dt­lt rjy­cgtrn p
yf­ghb­r kfl, fy­ukèq­
fyf­nj­vèÿ d rj­kt­léè vbc­ntw­ndf è lb­pfq­ye Cf­dfy­
cmrf
vj­df vj­ét
yb, infn Léjhléèz.
åe­nb jc­yjd­yjñ, f
nt­fn­hfkm­yt vbc­ntw­
ndj – lhe­ujñ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèæñ cne­lty­nf fåj, crf­é è­vj, èc­nj­hèz
– jc­yjd­yf, f gj­kè­nj­kj­uèz – lhe­uf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz xb yf­dgf­rb.
Lkz pf­dth­ity­yz yf­dxfy­yz yt­jå­öèl­yj jgf­ye­df­nb yt­åf­uf­nj
ghtl­vt­nèd p lhe­ujÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ, zrè xfc­nj pf­hf­öj­de­ñnm­cz
nf­rjé zr jåj­d’zp­rj­dè ghtl­vt­nb p jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ.
D ltz­rbö pf­r kf­lfö cne­lty­nb e nèc­yèq cgèd­ghf­wè p
re­hf­nj­hjv vj­é enm hjp­hj­åb­nb èy­lb­dè­le­f km­ye ghj­uhf­ve
cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. Dct åèkm­it cne­lty­nèd jåb­hfæ ldè jc­yjd­yè cgt­
wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. Èy­ib­vb ckj­df­vb, dj­yb pf­rèy­xe­ñnm eyè­dth­cb­ntn,
db­rj­yfd­ib db­vj­ub p jåjö ghja­èkññ­xbö ghj­uhfv. Cgt­wèf­
kè­pf­wèÿ vj­é enm åe­nb dpfæ­vj­gj­d’zpf­yb­vb, yf­ghb­r kfl, zr ldè
cec­gèkm­yè yf­e rb – èc­nj­hèz q cj­wèj­kj­uèz, fåj vj­é enm åe­nb
pjd­cèv hèp­yb­vb – crf­é è­vj, åèj­kj­uèz è kè­nt­hf­n e­hf. Xfc­nj e
db­åj­hè ldjö jc­yjd­ybö cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq cne­lty­nb rt­he­ñnm­cz
åf­éfy­yzv rhf­ot gèl­uj­n e­df­nb­cz lj vfq­åen­ymjÿ ghja­tcèq­yjÿ
rf­h’æ­hb fåj gj­kèg­ib­nb cdjÿ ify­cb yf dcneg d fc­gè­hfy­n e­he.
Fkt èyj­lè db­åèh ldjö cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq æ ht­pekm­nf­njv jcj­åbc­nbö
egj­lj­åfym. Ltz­rè pf­r kf­lb lj­pdj­k z­ñnm jåb­hf­nb nhb cgt­wèf­
kè­pf­wèÿ djl­yj­xfc, èy­iè db­vf­uf­ñnm gj­xth­uj­dj­uj ghj­öj­léty­yz
ghj­uhfv. Pf­uf­kjv, xf­ce yf jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz db­nhf­xf­ænm­
cz nhj­öb åèkm­it, fkt cne­lty­nfv yt nht­åf gj­xb­yf­nb èy­ie
cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ p ye­k z. Pyfx­yf xfc­nb­yf pf­ufkm­yj­jc­dèn­yèö
ghtl­vt­nèd è yf­dènm ltz­rè ghtl­vt­nb pf db­åj­hjv pf­hf­öj­de­ñnm­
cz lkz db­rj­yfy­yz db­vju ghj­uhf­vb lhe­ujÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ.
Ecè pf­r kf­lb xèn­rj db­pyf­xf­ñnm db­vj­ub, zrbö ve­cznm lj­
nhb­ve­df­nb­cz cne­lty­nb, ojå jlth­éf­nb cne­gèym. Pf­pdb­xfq,
oj­ct­vtc­nhe cne­lty­nb pec­nhè­xf­ñnm­cz p re­hf­nj­hjv, zrbq
lj­gj­vf­ufæ ÿv db­åhf­nb ghtl­vt­nb lkz db­rj­yfy­yz db­vju
ghj­uhf­vb yf­dxfy­yz. E åèkm­ijc­nè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd cne­lty­nfv
nf­rjé yf­lf­ñnm lkz wmj­uj lj­lfn­rj­dè vf­nt­hèf­kb, nf­rè zr

Rj­kb ckèl db­åb­hf­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ?
Ltz­rè cne­lty­nb dcne­gf­ñnm lj rj­kt­lée, njx­yj db­pyf­xbd­
ibcm èp ghtl­vt­njv db­dxty­yz, èy­iè nèkm­rb le­vf­ñnm, oj
db­pyf­xb­kb­cz, f ltz­rè yt vf­ñnm éjl­yj­uj ezd­kty­yz, oj é
db­åhf­nb. Åèkm­iècnm èp ybö pvè­ybnm cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ, ghb­yfq­
vyè öjx hfp.
Jc­rèkm­rb vfq­ét ldè nht­nb­yb cne­lty­nèd e CIF gèl xfc
yf­dxfy­yz pvè­yñ­ñnm cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ, f ltö­nj db­ghj­åj­deæ ct­åt
d xj­nb­hmjö xb g’z­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wè­zö, ltz­rè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb
yf­lf­ñnm gt­ht­df­u e db­åj­he cne­lty­nf­vb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ nèkm­rb
gèc­k z gj­xfn­re yf­dxfy­yz. Fkt yf­dènm e nbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö, lt
dcneg­yb­rb ve­cznm drf­pf­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ ghb gjl­fy­yè lj­
re­vty­nèd, zr ghf­db­kj, d uhf­aè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ vjé­yf db­åhf­nb
ajh­ve­kñ­dfy­yz ≤yt db­pyf­xt­yf≥.
Öj­xf cne­lty­nfv db­lè­k z­ñnm jå­vt­ét­ybq xfc yf db­åèh cgt­
wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ, jc­rèkm­rb åèkm­iècnm ghj­uhfv yf­dxfy­yz hjp­hf­öj­df­

P lj­pdj­ke eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Vt­hè Df­iby­unjy

eJournal USA

rjy­nhjkm­ybq cgb­cjr db­vju lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz fåj
db­rj­yfy­yz ghj­uhf­vb.

Ghfr­nb­rf è ot hfp ghfr­nb­rf – nf­rt ébn­nz cne­lty­nèd ve­pbx­yjÿ rf­atl­hb e
Dèh­uèy­cmrj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Vt­hè Df­iby­unjy.

yè yf xj­nb­hb hj­rb è 120 pf­kè­rj­dbö åf­kèd (≤rht­lb­nèd≥) – lbd.
dhèp­re, – xfc­nj dj­yb dct-nf­rb vf­ñnm ldf hj­rb yf nt, ojå
db­pyf­xb­nb­cz p db­åj­hjv è dcnbu­ye­nb cdjæ­xfc­yj pf­dth­ib­nb
yf­dxfy­yz. Pf­pdb­xfq, cne­lty­nfv vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léèd (yf­dxfkm­
ybö pf­r kf­lèd èp ldj­hèx­yjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ yf­dxfy­yz, gj pf­rèy­
xty­yè zrjÿ ghb­cdjñænm­cz cne­gèym vj­kjl­ij­uj cgt­wèf­kèc­nf)
lj­dj­lbnm­cz db­pyf­xf­nb­cz yf­åf­uf­nj idbl­it. Nf­rjé cne­lty­
nfv åf­éf­yj hf­yè­it db­pyf­xb­nb­cz pè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèæñ, zr­oj
d jå­hf­yèq ghj­uhf­vè pyfx­yf xfc­nb­yf ghtl­vt­nèd yf­kt­é bnm
lj cat­hb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ (yf­ghb­r kfl, depm­rjc­gt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yè
lbc­wbg­kè­yb fåj ltz­rè vt­lbx­yè cgt­wè­f km­yjc­nè), oj gj­nht­åeæ
dt­kb­rjÿ rèkm­rjc­nè gj­gthtl­yèö reh­cèd (åf­pj­dbö reh­cèd, zrè
cne­lty­nb ve­cznm ghj­qnb, ojå pf­gb­cf­nb­cz yf ghtl­vtn gèl­db­
ot­yj­uj hèd­yz).
44

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Lt­vè­fy Lj­dfh­utqyc. AP/WWP

èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ, ghb­pyf­xt­yjÿ lj­gj­vju­nb e db­åj­hè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ.
Öj­xf ltz­rè pf­r kf­lb yf cdj­ÿö cfq­nfö yf­dj­lznm èy­ajh­vf­wèñ,
oj cnj­ce­ænm­cz kb­it ÿö­yèö ghj­uhfv è gj­c keu, åf­uf­nj èy­ibö
ghj­gj­ye­ñnm èy­ajh­vf­wèñ, zre vjé­yf pf­cnj­ce­df­nb lj evjd
åelm-zrj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le (lbd. dhèp­re).
Yfq­xfc­nè­it fåè­n e­hè­æy­nfv è cne­lty­nfv lf­ñnm nf­rè gj­hf­lb:
• Gèp­yfq­nt ct­åt åèkm­it. Zrè df­iè cbkm­yè è ckfå­rè cnj­
hj­yb cnj­cjd­yj jc­dè­nb? Oj dfv gjl­jåf­ænm­cz? Oj dfc
wè­rf­dbnm? Zrè e dfc wèy­yjc­nè? Oj db påb­hfæ­ntcm hj­åb­nb
åtp­gj­ct­htl­ymj gj pf­rèy­xty­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e: qnb ghf­wñ­df­
nb xb dxb­nb­cz d fc­gè­hfy­n e­hè?
• Jwè­yènm ct­åt zr jcj­åbc­nècnm, cdjÿ hb­cb öf­hfr­nt­he,
cdjÿ èy­nt­ht­cb. Zr­oj wt yt­vjé­kb­dj phj­åb­nb e df­ièq ct­
htl­yèq irj­kè fåj d vèc­nè, pdth­yènm­cz lj Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­uj
jc­dèn­ymj­uj èy­ajh­vf­wèq­yj­uj xb rjy­cekm­nf­nbd­yj­uj wty­nhe
e df­ièq rhfÿ­yè. D hfv­rfö ghj­uhf­vb EducationUSA lèæ gj­
yfl 450 nf­rbö wty­nhèd e 170 hèp­ybö rhfÿ­yfö (ht­tp://www.
educationusa.st­ate.gov).
• Dèl­dè­lfq­nt dtå-cfq­nb rf­atlh eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd. Gjl­b­
dènm­cz, zrè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ dj­yb ghj­gj­ye­ñnm. Jwè­yènm, zrè
ghtl­vt­nb db­r kf­lf­ñnm­cz è zrè db­vj­ub db­ce­df­ñnm­cz lkz
jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz. Ltz­rè ghja­tcj­hb q db­r kf­lf­xè geå­
kè­re­ñnm d Èy­nth­yt­nè yf­dxfkm­yè gkf­yb cdj­ÿö reh­cèd. Xbv
åèkm­it db lj­dè­lfæ­nt­cz ghj reh­cb q db­vj­ub lj cgt­wèf­kè­pf­
wèÿ, nbv rhf­ot.
• Rj­kb db ghb­ÿlt­nt e Cgj­ke­xt­yè Inf­nb, dèl­dè­lfq­nt
rf­atl­hb d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè q gj­uj­dj­hènm èp ghf­wèd­yb­rf­vb,
db­r kf­lf­xf­vb è cne­lty­nf­vb.
• Pfq­lènm lj wty­nhe ghja­tcèq­yjÿ jhè­æy­nf­wèÿ è pyfq­lènm
èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj nt, zrè gj­cf­lb pfq­yz­kb db­gec­ryb­rb eyè­
dth­cb­nt­n e è zre cgt­wè­f km­yècnm dj­yb db­dxf­kb.
• Rj­kb db gj­xyt­nt yf­dxfy­yz, cghj­åeq­nt gj­öj­lb­nb yf
hèp­yè reh­cb yf hèp­ybö rf­atl­hfö. Gj­pyf­qjv­nt­cz p db­r kf­
lf­xf­vb, zrè db­r kf­lf­ñnm jc­yjd­yè reh­cb pf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèæñ,
è lj­dè­lfq­ntcm, zrè cne­lty­nb nfv yf­dxf­ñnm­cz.
• Zr­oj dfv plf­ænm­cz, oj db jå­hf­kb yt ne cgt­wèf­kè­pf­
wèñ, yt ödb­kñq­nt­cz, åèkm­iècnm cne­lty­nèd e CIF pvè­yñ­
ñnm cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ. Yt dfh­nj nhb­vf­nb­cz pf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ,
zrf dfv yt gjl­jåf­ænm­cz fåj yt­wè­rf­df.
• Yt gke­nfq­nt db­åèh ghja­tcèq­yjÿ rf­h’æ­hb p db­åj­hjv jc­
yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. Åelm-z­rf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz gèl­uj­n eæ dfc
lj rèkm­rjö hèp­ybö gj­cfl e vfq­åen­ymj­ve. Zr yf­gb­cf­yj yf
dtå-cfq­nè Df­iby­unjy­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e, ≤db­of jc­dè­nf
uj­n eæ dfc lj db­öj­le yf hb­yjr ghf­wè, fkt yt jå­vt­é eæ dfc
gtd­yjñ ghja­tcèæñ≥
(ht­tp://www.washington.edu/stu­de­nts/ugrad/advising/
majchoos.html). 3

Cne­ltyn eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Rfh­yt­uè-Vtk­kj­yf ghb­rhèg­kñæ vt­lfkm yf vf­ib­ye
åtp dj­lèz, zrf db­uhf­kf ghbp è zre qj­uj rj­vfy­lf ghb­dtp­kf p Gty­cbkm­df­yèÿ
yf pvf­ufy­yz d Yt­df­le.

Zr db­åhf­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ?
Jl­yè cne­lty­nb pf­öjg­kñ­ñnm­cz zrb­vjcm rjy­rhtn­ybv ghtl­
vt­njv. Èy­iè ec­gèi­yj db­dxb­kb ojcm e ct­htl­yèq irj­kè. Ltö­nj
é gj­cnf­dbd cj­åè pf vt­n e phj­åb­nb rf­h’æ­he, oj pe­vjd­kñæ
db­åèh cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ: yf­ghb­r kfl, ghja­tcèz vtl­ctc­nhb, gt­lf­
uj­uf, éb­dj­gbc fåj èy­ét­yth­yf cghf­df. Fkt åf­uf­nj cne­lty­nèd
ghj­cnj ot yt ec­dè­lj­vb­kb cdj­uj gj­r kb­rfy­yz. Öj­xf, vjé­kb­
dj, dj­yb q vf­ñnm ezd­kty­yz, xbv öj­nè­kb å pfq­vf­nb­cz gj pf­
rèy­xty­yè yf­dxfy­yz, ghj­nt vj­é enm xèn­rj yt hj­pèå­hf­nb­cz, zrè
ghtl­vt­nb lj­gj­vj­é enm ÿv lj­czu­nb gj­cnfd­kt­yjÿ vt­nb. Zr ghf­
db­kj, åèkm­ijc­nè ghja­tcèq gèl­öj­lbnm yt jl­yf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz.
Yf­cghfd­lè, åf­uf­nj pf­r kf­lèd gj­gt­ht­léfñnm, oj db­åèh rf­h’æ­hb
è db­åèh jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ – wt ldf hèp­ybö ghj­wt­cb.
Åèkm­iècnm db­r kf­lf­xèd ddf­éf­ñnm, oj e db­åj­hè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­
wèÿ cne­lty­nb ve­cznm jhè­æy­n e­df­nb­cz yf nt, xbv dj­yb öj­xenm
pfq­vf­nb­cz, zrè ÿö­yè plèå­yjc­nè è zr dj­yb öj­xenm dxb­nb­cz.
Yfq­rhf­oè ht­ceh­cb, oj lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm db­åhf­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ,
yf­lf­ñnm­cz cf­vb­vb rj­kt­léf­vb q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb. Åèkm­iècnm
pf­r kf­lèd geå­kè­re­ñnm yf cdj­ÿö dtå-cfq­nfö dt­kb­re rèkm­rècnm
Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnfn­nè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb
xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.

45

eJournal USA

Db­åèh jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ è db­åèh ­
ghja­tcèq­yjÿ rf­h’æ­hb

D

Yt jhè­æy­nj­df­yè ghja­tcèq­yj
Wè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ yt uj­n e­ñnm lj gtd­yjÿ ghja­tcèÿ fåj hj­
åj­nb d gtd­yèq uf­ke­pè. Nf­rf ghj­uhf­vf vj­ét cnf­nb ghjat­
cèq­yj jhè­æy­nj­df­yjñ d gj­æl­yfy­yè p lj­cdè­ljv hj­åj­nb
fåj nhe­lj­djñ ghfr­nb­rjñ. Ghb­r kf­ljv vj­é enm åe­nb nf­rè
cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ, zr èc­nj­hèz, gj­kè­nj­kj­uèz è cj­wèj­kj­uèz. Lkz
lt­rj­uj wè cgt­wè­f km­yjc­nè æ gèl­uj­njd­rjñ lj yf­dxfy­yz yf
db­oj­ve hèd­yè fåj d evj­dfö hj­åj­nb xb fc­gè­hfy­n e­hb.

b­åèh jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ vj­ét db­zdb­nb­cz yt­ghjc­
nbv pf­yzn­nzv. E ≤Lj­dèl­yb­re èp cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ≥ (Book of
Majors) Hf­lb rj­kt­léèd jgb­cf­yj gj­yfl 900 cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq,
pf­ghj­gj­yj­df­ybö e 3600 rj­kt­léfö nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö.
Öj­xf ltz­rè ryb­ub vj­é enm lj­gj­vju­nb jå­hf­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­
wèñ, zrf dfv yfq­åèkm­it èv­gj­yeæ, dfh­nj nf­rjé dèl­dè­lf­nb
dtå-cfq­nb eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, lt vjé­yf pyfq­nb rj­hbc­ye q
åtp­rji­njd­ye èy­ajh­vf­wèñ.
Ecè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb geå­kè­re­ñnm gj­dyè cgbc­
rb vjé­kb­dbö cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq è ghj­uhfv yf­dxfy­yz lkz
jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz d eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrbö lj­dèl­yb­rfö è
yf cdj­ÿö dtå-cfq­nfö. Xfc­nj dj­yb nf­rjé yf­lf­ñnm åf­uf­nj
èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ, èycnhe­vty­nèd è ht­ceh­cèd, oj lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm
phj­pe­vè­nb è db­åhf­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ. Yf­ghb­r kfl, yf cfq­nè
eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e Vèy­yt­cj­nb nf­rf èy­ajh­vf­wèz ghj pd’z­pjr
cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè è ghja­tcèq­yjÿ rf­h’æ­hb vèc­
nbnm­cz e hjp­lè­kè ≤Rjy­cgtrn p db­åj­he è pvè­yb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­
wèÿ≥ (“A Workbook for Choosing and Changing Your Major”)
(ht­tp://ucs1.ucs.umn.edu/www/majorworkbook.html).

Ghja­tcèq­yj jhè­æy­nj­df­yè
Ghja­tcèq­yj jhè­æy­nj­df­yè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ uj­n e­ñnm cne­lty­
nèd lj hj­åj­nb d gtd­yèq uf­ke­pè, fkt yt lj rjy­rhtn­yjÿ
ghja­tcèÿ. Yf­dxfy­yz pf nf­rjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ gèl­uj­n eæ dfc
lj hj­åj­nb cnf­ét­hjv. Dlf­kb­vb ghb­r kf­lf­vb æ éeh­yf­kèc­
nb­rf, vt­ytlévtyn è vf­nt­vf­nb­rf.
Ghja­tcèq­yè
Wè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ åtp­gj­ct­htl­ymj uj­n e­ñnm lj rjy­rhtn­yjÿ
hj­åj­nb xb ghja­tcèÿ. Nf­rè ghj­uhf­vb xfc­nj hjp­hf­öj­df­yè
yf yf­dxfkm­ye gèl­uj­njd­re lj jn­hb­vfy­yz ghja­tcèq­yjÿ kè­
wty­pèÿ fåj cth­nb­aè­rf­wèÿ. Ct­htl ghb­r kf­lèd vjé­yf puf­lf­nb
gt­lf­uj­uè­re, ghja­tcèñ vtl­ctc­nhb nf èy­ét­yth­ye cghf­de.

Hèp­yj­db­l b jc­yjd­ybö cgt­wèf­k è­pf­wèq
Ltz­rè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ nèc­yj gj­d’zpf­yè p gtd­yb­vb ghjat­
cèz­vb, nj­lè zr èy­iè yt vf­ñnm nf­rj­uj jl­yjp­yfx­yj­uj
pd’zp­re. P njx­rb pj­he gèl­uj­njd­rb lj rf­h’æ­hb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ
vjé­yf hjp­lè­kb­nb yf nhb rf­nt­uj­hèÿ:

Nb­gj­dbq cgb­cjr jc­yjd­ybö ­
yf­dxfkm­ybö cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq
Cèkmcmrt ujc­gj­lfh­cndj
Dt­nt­hb­yf­hèz
Pjj­ntö­yè­rf
Vt­öf­yè­pf­wèz d cèkmcmrj­ve ujc­gj­lfh­cndè
Jdj­xèd­ybw­ndj
Gèl­ghb­æv­ybw­ndj è vt­ytlévtyn e
cèkmcmrj­ve ujc­gj­lfh­cndè
Hjc­kb­yjp­yfd­cndj è uhey­njp­yfd­cndj
Cèkmcmrj­ujc­gj­lfh­cmrf yf­e rf
Eg­hfd­kèy­yz gf­cj­dbo­ybv ujc­gj­lfh­
cndjv
Jå­xbc­kñ­dfkm­yf ntö­yè­rf
Åèå­kèj­nt­rjp­yfd­cndj
Ve­ptÿ è jöj­hj­yf rekm­n eh­ybö wèy­yjc­ntq
Jå­hjå­rf lf­ybö

eJournal USA

Jå­xbc­kñ­dfkm­yf vf­nt­vf­nb­rf
Jå­xbc­kñ­dfkm­yf ntö­yè­rf q èy­ajh­vf­wèq­
yè ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ
Ghj­uhf­ve­dfy­yz
Cbc­nt­vb q vt­ytlévtyn e cat­hè èy­ajh­
vf­wèq­ybö ntö­yj­kj­uèq
Gt­lf­uj­uè­rf
Åèp­ytc-jc­dè­nf
Db­r kf­lfy­yz èyj­ptv­ybö vjd
Ue­vf­yè­nfh­yf jc­dè­nf
Ldj­vjd­yf/vèé­rekm­n eh­yf jc­dè­nf
Lj­irèkm­yf jc­dè­nf
Rjy­cekm­n e­dfy­yz
Vf­nt­vf­nbx­yf jc­dè­nf
Yf­dxfy­yz lj­hjc­kbö è gt­ht­gèl­uj­njd­rf

46

Jc­dè­nf d uf­ke­pè vbc­ntw­ndf, ve­pb­rb q
lhf­vf­n eh­uèÿ
Jc­dè­nf d uf­ke­pè njx­ybö yf­e r
Jc­dè­nf d ct­htl­yèq irj­kè
Jc­dè­nf d cnfh­ibö rkf­cfö ct­htl­ymjÿ
irj­kb
Jc­dè­nf d cat­hè lj­vj­djl­cndf
Jc­dè­nf d cat­hè jå­xbc­kñ­dfkm­yjÿ ntö­
yè­rb
Jc­dè­nf d cat­hè cec­gèkm­ybö yf­e r
Gj­xfn­rj­df jc­dè­nf
Ghja­tcèq­yf q ghj­vbc­kj­df jc­dè­nf
Ht­kè­uèq­yf jc­dè­nf
Cgt­wè­f km­yf jc­dè­nf
Aèp­rekm­n eh­yf jc­dè­nf/Aèn­ytc

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Èy­ét­yth­yf cghf­df
Ft­hj­rjc­vèx­yf q fdèf­wèq­yf ntö­yè­rf
Fh­öè­ntr­n eh­yt ghj­tr­n e­dfy­yz
Fc­nhj­yfd­nb­rf
Åèjèy­ét­yt­hèz
Åèj­vt­lbx­yf ntö­yj­kj­uèz
Åe­lè­dtkm­yf cghf­df
Utj­lt­pèz è rfh­nju­hf­aèz
Uèh­cmrf ntö­yè­rf q jå­hjå­rf vè­yt­hf­kèd
Tktr­nhbx­yt vf­ib­yj­åe­le­dfy­yz
Tktr­nhj­yè­rf
Èy­ét­yth­yf utj­kj­uèz
Èy­ét­yth­yf utj­aè­pb­rf
Vf­ib­yj­åe­le­dfy­yz
Vt­nf­keh­uèz
Yf­anjg­hj­vbc­kj­df cghf­df
Jå­xbc­kñ­dfkm­yf ntö­yè­rf
Ghj­vbc­kj­df ntö­yè­rf è ghj­tr­n e­dfy­yz
Cbc­ntv­ybq fyf­kèp è cbc­nt­vb ghj­tr­n e­
dfy­yz
Cèkmcmrj­ujc­gj­lfh­cmrf ntö­yè­rf
Cel­yj­åe­le­dfy­yz
Ce­lyj­dt vf­ib­yj­åe­le­dfy­yz
Ntö­yè­rf pd’zp­re
Ntö­yj­kj­uèz db­hjå­ybw­ndf rt­hf­vèx­ybö
db­hj­åèd
Ntö­yj­kj­uèz vf­nt­hèf­kèd
Öè­vèx­yè ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ
Zlth­yf ntö­yè­rf
Ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ, gj­d’zpf­yè p
èy­ét­yth­yjñ cghf­djñ
Rhtc­kty­yz
Fd­nj­vj­åèkm­yt vf­ib­yj­åe­le­dfy­yz è
ntö­yè­rf
Tktr­nhj­ntö­yè­rf
Tktr­nhj­vt­öf­yè­rf
Trj­kj­uèx­yè ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ è ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ
tyth­ujp­åt­ht­éty­yz
Ntö­yèx­yf vt­öf­yè­rf
Ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ jöj­hj­yb plj­hj­d’z è åtp­gt­rb
yf db­hjå­ybw­ndè
Åe­lè­dtkm­yè ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ
Fdèf­wèz è gj­dèn­hz­yè gt­ht­dt­pty­yz
Gt­ht­dt­pty­yz è gj­cnf­xfy­yz

Vjd­kty­yz è hb­nj­hb­rf
Gbcm­vty­ybwm­rf vfq­cnth­yècnm
Gj­hèd­yzkm­yf kè­nt­hf­n e­hf
Ntö­yèx­yt q lè­kj­dt gbcm­vj
Tn­yju­hf­aèz
Fvt­hb­rf­yèc­nb­rf
Fa­hb­rf­yèc­nb­rf
Fa­hj-fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf tn­yju­hf­aèz
Tn­yju­hf­aèz fpè­fncm­rj-nb­öjj­rt­fycm­rj­uj
ht­uèj­ye
Tn­yju­hf­aèz rj­hèy­yj­uj yf­ct­kty­yz
Fvt­hb­rb
Tn­yju­hf­aèz kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­wèd
Èc­kf­vèc­nb­rf
Èe­lfÿ­rf
Rhfÿ­yjp­yfd­cndj – Æd­hj­gf
Rhfÿ­yjp­yfd­cndj – Kf­nby­cmrf Fvt­hb­rf
Rhfÿ­yjp­yfd­cndj – Åkbpm­rbq Cöèl
Èyj­ptv­yè vj­db
Uhtwm­rf vj­df
Èd­hbn
Èyj­ptv­yè vj­db è kè­nt­hf­n e­hf
Èc­gfy­cmrf vj­df
Ènf­kèq­cmrf vj­df
Rb­nfq­cmrf vj­df
Kf­nby­cmrf vj­df
Vj­db Fpèÿ
Vj­db Åkbpm­rj­uj Cöj­le
Yè­vtwm­rf vj­df
Gj­hne­ufkmcmrf vj­df
Hj­cèq­cmrf vj­df
Crfy­lb­yfd­cmrè vj­db
Ckj­d’zycm­rè vj­db (rhèv hj­cèq­cmrjÿ)
Ahfy­wepm­rf vj­df
Zgjy­cmrf vj­df
Pf­ufkm­yè q vèé­l bc­wbg­k è­yfh­yè
yf­e rb
Ue­vf­yè­nfh­yè yf­e rb
Lj­c kè­léty­yz d uf­ke­pè at­vè­yèp­ve
Èy­lb­dè­le­f km­yè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ
Vèé­lbc­wbg­kè­yfh­yè yf­e rb
Hjp­d’z­pfy­yz rjy­akèr­nèd
Cec­gèkm­cndjp­yfd­cndj

Fy­ukèq­cmrf vj­df è kè­nt­hf­n e­hf
Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf kè­nt­hf­n e­hf
Fy­ukèq­cmrf kè­nt­hf­n e­hf
Fy­ukèq­cmrf vj­df
Rkf­cbx­yf kè­nt­hf­n e­hf q rkf­cbx­yf jc­dè­nf
Kèy­udèc­nb­rf

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

47

Vf­nt­vf­n b­rf
Fr­n e­fh­yf vf­nt­vf­nb­rf (aè­yfy­cj­djåeöufk­nth­cmrè hjp­hf­ö ey­rb)
Vf­nt­vf­nb­rf
Ghb­r kfl­yf vf­nt­vf­nb­rf
Cnf­nbc­nb­rf
Dèq­cmrj­dè yf­e rb
Dèq­cmrj­dè yf­e rb
Rhb­vè­yfkm­yf ñc­nb­wèz q jöj­hj­yf
ghfdj­gj­hzl­re
Ghj­nb­gj­été­ybq pf­öbcn è åtp­gt­rf
Gfh­r b è vjé­kb­djc­n è dèl­gj­xby­r e
Fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèz gfh­rèd
Lj­c kè­léty­yz d uf­ke­pè cgjh­n e, dèl­gj­xby­
re è lj­pdèk­k z
Trj­kj­uèz
Rj­yt­djl­cndj
Kè­cj­dt ujc­gj­lfh­cndj
Kè­cjg­hj­ler­wèz q jå­hjå­rf kè­ce
Vt­ytlévtyn e uf­ke­pè lb­rjÿ ghb­hj­lb q
hbå­yj­uj ujc­gj­lfh­cndf
Yf­e rf ghj jöj­hj­ye ljdrèkkz
Eg­hfd­kèy­yz jöj­hj­yjñ ljdrèkkz
Aè­kj­cj­aèz, ht­k è­uèz è åj­ujc­k è­d’z
Fl­vè­yèc­nhf­nbd­yj-ujc­gj­lfh­cmrt eg­hfd­
kèy­yz ht­kè­uèq­yb­vb pf­r kf­lf­vb
Åèå­kèq­yè vj­db
Lj­c kè­léty­yz Åèå­kèÿ
Le­öjd­yf ve­pb­rf
Ht­kè­uèq­yf jc­dè­nf
Ht­kè­uèz è åj­ujc­kè­d’z
Aè­kj­cj­aèz
Aè­kj­cj­aèz è ht­kè­uèz
Pd’zp­r b p uhj­vfl­cmrèc­n ñ è
ñhbc­ghe­lty­wèz
Pd’zp­rb p uhj­vfl­cmrèc­nñ/
Fl­vè­yèc­nhe­dfy­yz
Rhb­vè­yfkm­yf ñc­nb­wèz è jöj­hj­yf
ghf­dj­gj­hzl­re
Gj­xfn­rj­df ñhb­lbx­yf jc­dè­nf
Ghf­dj­df lj­gj­vj­uf
Ghb­ve­cj­dè pf­öj­lb
Cj­wè­f km­yf lj­gj­vj­uf/Cj­wè­f km­yè gj­c ke­ub

eJournal USA

Ghb­hjl­yb­xè yf­e rb
Fc­nhj­yj­vèz
Fc­nhj­aè­pb­rf
Åèj­kj­uèx­yè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ
Åèj­kj­uèz
Åèj­aè­pb­rf
Åèj­öè­vèz
Åj­nf­yè­rf
Db­dxty­yz fn­vjc­at­hb q vt­ntj­hj­kj­uèÿ
Utj­kj­uèz
Pjj­kj­uèz
Rkè­nby­yf q vj­kt­re­k zh­yf åèj­kj­uèz
Vèr­hj­åèj­kj­uèz/Åfr­nt­hèj­kj­uèz
Vjh­cmrf åèj­kj­uèz
Yf­e rf ghj ptv­kñ è rjc­vjc
Ghb­hj­ljp­yfd­cndj
Ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ lj­c kè­létym
Aè­pb­rf
Öè­vèz

Cec­gèkm­yè yf­e rb
Fy­nhj­gj­kj­uèz
Fh­ötj­kj­uèz
Ut­ju­hf­aèz
Trj­yj­vè­rf
Èc­nj­hèz
Rhb­vè­yj­kj­uèz
Vèé­yf­hjl­yè cghf­db/dèl­yj­cb­yb
Gj­kè­nj­kj­uèz
Gcb­öj­kj­uèz
Cj­wèj­kj­uèz
Eg­hfd­kèy­yz
Eh­åf­yèc­nb­rf

Jå­hf­pjn­djh­xt q db­rj­yfd­cmrt
vbc­ntw­n dj
Lb­pfqy
Lb­pfqy èy­nt­h’æ­he
Lhf­vf­nbx­yt vbc­ntw­ndj
Rè­yt­vf­nju­hf­aèz
Ve­pb­rf
Jå­hf­pjn­djh­xt vbc­ntw­ndj
Ht­vèc­ybw­ndj q rec­nfh­yt db­hjå­ybw­ndj
Nf­ytwm
Aj­nju­hf­aèz
(Cgb­cjr crkf­lt­yj A2zcolle­ges.com)

Yf­dxfkm­ybq hèr

Å

Hj­r b yf­dxfy­y z
Gth­ibq hèr – freshman (yj­df­xjr)
Lhe­ubq hèr – sophomo­re (lhe­uj­reh­cybr)
Nht­nèq hèr – junior (lée­yè­jh, cne­ltyn gt­ht­lj­cnfy­ymj­uj
reh­ce)
Xtn­dth­nbq hèr – senior (cnfh­ibq, cne­ltyn db­gec­ryj­uj
reh­ce)

èkm­iècnm ghj­uhfv åf­rf­kfd­hf­n e hjp­hf­öj­df­yè yf xj­nb­hb
hj­rb cnf­wèj­yfh­yj­uj yf­dxfy­yz. Jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz
åf­rf­kfd­hf lfæ vjé­kb­dècnm gj­xf­nb ghja­tcèq­ye hj­åj­n e fåj
ghj­ljd­é b­nb yf­dxfy­yz d fc­gè­hfy­n e­hè. Cne­gt­yè vj­kjl­ij­uj cgt­
wèf­kèc­nf, zrè pf­pdb­xfq ghb­cdjññnm vèc­wt­dè rj­kt­léè, hjp­hf­öj­
df­yè yf ldf hj­rb cnf­wèj­yfh­yj­uj yf­dxfy­yz. Gèc­k z jn­hb­vfy­yz
cne­gt­yz vj­kjl­ij­uj cgt­wèf­kèc­nf vjé­yf db­qnb yf hj­åj­n e fåj
ghj­ljd­é b­nb yf­dxfy­yz d pf­r kf­lè p xj­nb­hb­hèx­yjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ.
E åèkm­ijc­nè db­gfl­rèd yf­dxfkm­ybq hèr crkf­lf­ænm­cz p ldjö
ct­vtc­nhèd nhb­df­kèc­nñ gj 15 nbé­yèd rj­éty¡.
Yf­dxfkm­ybq hèr, pf­pdb­xfq, gj­xb­yf­ænm­cz e cth­gyè fåj
dt­htc­yè è nhb­dfæ lj nhfd­yz fåj xth­dyz; zr ghf­db­kj, e uhel­yè
fåj cèx­yè æ rj­hjn­rè pb­vj­dè rf­yè­re­kb. Yf­dxfy­yz vj­ét ghj­öj­
lb­nb è d kèn­yèq ct­vtcnh – e xth­dyè, kbg­yè è/f­åj cth­gyè, fkt
e åèkm­ijc­nè db­gfl­rèd yf åf­pj­dj­ve hèd­yè kèn­yæ yf­dxfy­yz yt
jåj­d’zp­rj­dt.

eJournal USA

¡ Ct­htl èy­ibö gj­ib­ht­ybö cbc­ntv yf­dxfkm­yj­uj hj­re vjé­
yf yf­pdf­nb nhb­vtc­nhb, rj­kb yf­dxfkm­ybq hèr lè­kbnm­cz yf
nhb hèd­ybö gt­hèj­lb gj 10–12 nbé­yèd rj­éty, è ≤rdfh­nfkm­ye≥
cbc­nt­ve, rj­kb hèr lè­kbnm­cz yf xj­nb­hb hèd­yè gt­hèj­lb gj 10
nbé­yèd rj­éty. Lkz yf­dxfy­yz yf cnf­wèj­yf­hè cne­ltyn ve­cbnm
dèl­dè­le­df­nb pf­yzn­nz öj­xf å nhb p xj­nb­hmjö xdth­ntq.

48

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Db­vj­ub lj jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz åf­rf­kfd­hf

L

kz jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz åf­rf­kfd­hf e åèkm­ijc­nè db­gfl­rèd
nht­åf yf­åhf­nb 120 pf­kè­rj­dbö åf­kèd (≤rht­lb­nèd≥) (180,
zr­oj rj­ktlé ghf­wñæ pf ≤rdfh­nfkm­yjñ≥ cbc­nt­vjñ). Vfh­
uf­htn Ifw­vfy pè Ckeé­åb jwè­yñ­dfy­yz lf­ybö ghj jc­dè­n e d
Vè­kej­rè, infn Dèc­rjy­cby, ghj­gj­yeæ nf­rbq jgbc cbc­nt­vb
≤rht­lb­nèd≥:
Cne­lty­nb cnf­wèj­yf­he åf­pj­dj­uj reh­ce, zr ghf­db­kj, vf­ñnm
jn­hb­vf­nb yt vty­it 15 ≤rht­lb­nèd≥ pf ct­vtcnh, njå­nj 30 ≤rht­
lb­nèd≥ pf hèr.

5 reh­cèd, nj­ve d pf­ufkm­yèq ce­vè dj­yb yf­åb­hf­ñnm 15 ≤rht­lb­
nèd≥ pf ct­vtcnh. Nf­rbv xb­yjv, cne­lty­nb ghj­dj­lznm åkbpm­rj
15 uj­lby yf nbé­ltym yf pf­yzn­nzö. Rhèv xf­ce, ghj­dt­lt­yj­uj d
fe­lb­nj­hèÿ, lj­lfn­rj­dbq xfc db­nhf­xf­ænm­cz yf gèl­uj­njd­re, d nj­ve
xbc­kè yf xb­nfy­yz, db­rj­yfy­yz lj­vfi­yèö pf­dlfym, pf­yzn­nz e
åèå­kèj­nt­wè q yf gèl­uj­njd­re lj jgb­n e­dfy­yz nf rjy­nhjkm­ybö
hj­åèn.

Kf­åj­hf­njh­ybq rehc, ghfr­nbx­ybq rehc è
pf­yzn­nz d cne­lèÿ (db­rj­yfd­cmrt vbc­ntw­ndj,
vf­kñ­dfy­yz, éb­dj­gbc è n. èy.)

Gth­ibq hèr yf­dxfy­y z: dèl 1 lj 30 ≤rht­lb­nèd≥.
Lhe­u bq hèr yf­dxfy­y z: dèl 31 lj 60 ≤rht­lb­nèd≥.
Nht­n èq hèr yf­dxfy­y z: dèl 61 lj 90 ≤rht­lb­nèd≥.
Xtn­dth­n bq hèr yf­dxfy­y z: dèl 91 lj 120 ≤rht­lb­nèd≥.

Jlby ≤rht­lbn≥ ghb­hèd­yñ­ænm­cz lj ldj­ö–xj­nb­hmjö 50ödb­kby­ybö pf­yznm d fe­lb­nj­hèÿ yf nbé­ltym ghj­nz­ujv jl­yj­uj
ct­vtc­nhe. Èy­ib­vb ckj­df­vb, yf pf­yzn­nzö p kf­åj­hf­njh­yj­uj
xb ghfr­nbx­yj­uj reh­ce fåj yf pf­yzn­nzö e cne­lèÿ cne­lty­nb
ghj­dj­lb­nb­venm yf nbé­ltym e 2–4 hf­pb åèkm­it xf­ce d fe­lb­nj­
hèÿ, yèé yf pf­yzn­nzö p ntj­ht­nbx­yj­uj reh­ce. Gèl­uj­njd­rf gj­pf
fe­lb­nj­hèæñ ghb wmj­ve vè­yè­vfkm­yf fåj pjd­cèv yt db­vf­uf­ænm­
cz. Yf­ghb­r kfl, lkz pf­cdj­æy­yz kf­åj­hf­njh­yj­uj reh­ce, pf zrbq
cne­ltyn jn­hb­veæ ldf ≤rht­lb­nb≥, yt­jå­öèl­yj åe­lt ghj­dj­lb­nb d
kf­åj­hf­nj­hèÿ, zr vè­yè­vev, ldè­xè yf nbé­ltym gj ldf 50-ödb­kby­
ybö gt­hèj­lb.

Ntj­ht­nbx­ybq rehc
Jlby ≤rht­lbn≥ lj­hèd­yñæ 50 ödb­kb­yfv yf­dxfkm­yj­uj xf­ce
(yf pf­yzn­nè) d nbé­ltym ghj­nz­ujv jl­yj­uj ct­vtc­nhe (15 nbé­
yèd). Åèkm­if xfc­nb­yf ntj­ht­nbx­ybö reh­cèd åf­pj­dj­uj hèd­yz
tr­dè­df­ktyn­yf 3 fåj 4 ≤rht­lb­nfv≥ rj­éty. Nf­rbv xb­yjv, ojå
jn­hb­vf­nb pf­hf­ö e­dfy­yz ≤nhbr­ht­lbn­yj­uj reh­ce≥, cne­ltyn gj­db­
yty ghj­dj­lb­nb yf pf­yzn­nzö gj 50 ödb­kby nhb­xè yf nbé­ltym.
E åèkm­ijc­nè cne­lty­nèd åf­pj­dj­uj hèd­yz d rjé­yj­ve ct­vtc­nhè gj

Rj­hbc­yè dtå-cfq­nb

N

Eyè­dth­cb­ntn inf­n e Jr­kf­öj­vf (ht­tp://home.okst­ate.edu/
homep­ages.nsf/toc/chp15_1) hjp­hj­åbd gj­hfl­ybr ≤Gèl­uj­njd­rf
lj db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb 101≥, lt vjé­yf pyfq­nb åf­uf­nj ht­rj­vty­lf­wèq
ghj nt, oj yt­jå­öèl­yj phj­åb­nb lj gj­xfn­re yf­dxfy­yz è oj nht­
åf pyf­nb, rj­kb gj­xb­yf­ñnm­cz pf­yzn­nz. Nfv nf­rjé æ hjp­lèk ghj
db­åèh cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ.

en yf­dt­lt­yj ltz­rè dtå-cfq­nb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd,
zrè lf­ñnm rj­hbc­ye èy­ajh­vf­wèñ cne­lty­nfv (cfq­nb ht­rj­vty­
lj­df­yj fd­nj­hjv).

Cfqn Rf­k è­ajh­yèq­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e d Åth­r kè (ht­tp://
ls-advise.ber­ke­ley.edu/choosingmajor/intro.html) lfæ db­pyf­xty­yz,
oj nf­rt cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz, hjp­gj­dè­lfæ, zr gèl­uj­n e­df­nb­cz lj db­åj­he
cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ è gjl­fnb pf­zde lj rèy­wz lhe­uj­uj hj­re yf­dxfy­yz,
hjp­ukz­lfæ ltz­rè yt­ghf­dbkm­yè ezd­kty­yz ghj cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ è
db­åèh ghja­tcèq­yjÿ rf­h’æ­hb è ghj­gj­yeæ gj­hf­lb cne­lty­nfv, zr
db­pyf­xb­nb lkz ct­åt vt­n e jc­dè­nb.

Cfqn eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e inf­n e Gty­cbkm­df­yèz (ht­tp://www.
psu.edu/dus/md/mdmisper.htm) hjp­gj­dècnm ghj gjl­jkfy­yz gj­
ib­ht­ybö öbå­ybö ezd­ktym cnj­cjd­yj cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq, yf­ghb­r kfl,
ghj nt, oj db­åèh cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ è ghja­tcèq­yjÿ rf­h’æ­hb – wt yt
jl­yt è nt cf­vt, fåj oj db­åèh jl­yèæÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ yt jp­yf­xfæ
dèl­vj­de dèl ecèö èy­ibö.

Yf cfq­n è eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e Vèy­yt­cj­n b (ht­tp://ucs1.ucs.umn.
edu/www/majorworkbook.html) db pyfq­lt­nt db­pyf­xty­yz cgt­
wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ, zrt lfæ Léjy Ujk­kfyl. Gt­ht­kè­xe­ñnm­cz afr­nj­hb, zrè
dgkb­df­ñnm yf db­åèh cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ: èy­nt­ht­cb, yf­dbx­rb, wèy­yjc­nè
q öf­hfr­nth­yè ≤nb­gb≥ jcj­åbc­njc­nè, oj lj­gj­vj­ét cne­lty­nfv
rhf­ot phj­pe­vè­nb, lj zrj­uj nb­ge dj­yb yf­kt­éfnm è zrè cgt­wèf­kè­
pf­wèÿ ÿv vj­é enm gè­lèq­nb.

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Cfqn Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e (ht­tp://www.
colle­ge.upenn.edu/curriculum/major_fa­ctors.html) ghj­gj­yeæ
cne­lty­nfv ≤rjy­nhjkm­ybq≥ cgb­cjr lkz nj­uj, ojå dj­yb pvju­kb
db­pyf­xb­nb cdjÿ èy­nt­ht­cb, vj­nb­df­wèÿ è wè­kè.

49

eJournal USA

Pf­yzn­nz d fe­lb­nj­hè­zö ­
ghj­nz­ujv gth­ibö xj­nb­hmjö ­
hj­rèd yf­dxfy­yz
Kèy­lf Nj­åfi

Vfqrk Rjy­hjq. AP/WWP

Cne­lty­nb gj­dby­yè åhf­nb fr­nbd­ye exfcnm d jå­uj­dj­hty­yzö e rkf­cè.

Db­vj­ub, zrè db­c e­df­ñnm­cz gt­htl cne­lty­nf­vb yf pf­yzn­
nzö, pf­kt­éfnm dèl db­r kf­lf­xf è ghtl­vt­nf, fkt, pf­uf­kjv,
cbc­nt­vf fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb gt­htl­åf­xfæ fr­nbd­
ye exfcnm cne­lty­nf d ct­vè­yf­hfö è db­rj­yfy­yz lj­vfi­yèö
pf­dlfym ghj­n z­ujv ecmj­uj reh­c e. Gèl­c ev­rj­df jwèy­rf xfc­nj
db­pyf­xf­ænm­cz jwèy­rf­vb pf rjy­nhjkm­yè hj­åj­nb ghj­n z­
ujv ct­vtc­nhe è pf èc­gbn, f nf­rjé èy­ib­vb gj­rfp­yb­rf­vb
jg­hf­wñ­dfy­yz ghtl­vt­ne. Fd­njh gj­zc­yñæ ltz­rè cbc­nt­vb
jwè­yñ­dfy­yz. Kèy­lf Nj­åfi – lb­htr­njh cne­ltyncmrjÿ ckeé­
åb Èy­cnb­ne­ne vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb.

lj db­r kf­lfy­yz. Ct­htl yfq­gj­ib­ht­yè­ibö db­vju db­r kf­lf­xèd
vjé­yf yf­dtc­nb nf­rè:
• Cne­ltyn gj­db­yty dèl­dè­l e­df­n b pf­y zn­nz. D åf­
uf­nmjö pf­r kf­lfö cf­vè db­r kf­lf­xè db­pyf­xf­ñnm ghf­db­kf
dèl­dè­le­dfy­yz pf­yznm. Fkt vj­ét èc­ye­df­nb è cgèkm­yf lkz
dcmj­uj pf­r kf­le cbc­nt­vf dèl­dè­le­dfy­yz, yf­ghb­r kfl, cne­
lty­nb yt gj­dby­yè ghj­gec­rf­nb åèkm­it nhmjö pf­yznm pf
ct­vtcnh. Yt­hèl­rj, f d ltz­rbö pf­r kf­lfö jåj­d’zp­rj­dj, pf
dèl­dè­le­dfy­yzv pf­yznm dt­ltnm­cz rjy­nhjkm. Xfc­nj ghj­gecr
pf­yznm vj­ét dgkb­ye­nb yf rèy­wt­de jwèy­re cne­lty­nf (lbd.
dhèp­re). Lj nj­uj é, ltz­rè db­r kf­lf­xè dkfi­nj­de­ñnm yt­cgj­lè­
df­yè jgb­n e­dfy­yz. Zr­oj cne­ltyn ghj­gec­rfæ pf­yzn­nz, dèy
ghj­gec­rfæ q jgb­n e­dfy­yz, oj nf­rjé vj­ét dgkb­ye­nb yf
rèy­wt­de jwèy­re.
• Cne­ltyn vfæ åe­n b gèl­uj­njd­kt­ybq lj pf­y zn­
nz. D yf­dxfkm­yj­ve gkf­yè ghja­tcjh pf­uf­kjv drf­peæ dcè
pf­dlfy­yz. Cne­lty­nb gt­htl pf­yzn­nzv gj­dby­yè ghj­xb­nf­
nb yt­jå­öèl­ybq vf­nt­hè­f k è åe­nb uj­nj­db­vb jå­uj­dj­hb­nb
qj­uj. Èy­rj­kb cne­lty­nb vf­ñnm pèå­hf­nb­cz d uhe­gb è hf­pjv

Ö

j­xf rj­éty db­r kf­lfx vj­ét vf­nb dkfc­ybq cnbkm è
db­vj­ub lj cne­lty­nèd, d fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­
nfö dèl cne­lty­nèd pf­uf­kjv xt­rf­ñnm fr­nbd­yjÿ exfc­nè
d yf­dxfkm­yj­ve ghj­wt­cè. Zr ghf­db­kj, yf gth­ij­ve pf­yzn­
nè db­r kf­lfx hjp­lfæ cne­lty­nfv yf­dxfkm­ybq gkfy reh­c e
fåj lfæ fl­ht­c e dtå-cfq­n e, lt wtq gkfy jgeå­kè­rj­df­yj. D
ymj­ve drf­pf­yj vt­n e reh­c e, gj­pfr­kfc­yt xb­nfy­yz è pf­dlfy­
yz, cbc­nt­ve jwè­yñ­dfy­yz, ghf­db­kf dèl­dè­l e­dfy­yz q yt­hèl­rj
– pf­ufkm­y e gt­lf­uj­uèx­y e aè­kj­cj­aèñ xb gèl­öèl db­r kf­lf­xf

eJournal USA

50

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

P lj­pdj­ke Cöèl­yj­uj Vty­yj­yèn­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne

Cbc­nt­vf jwè­yjr

E             

CIF yfq­xfc­nè­it déb­df­ænm­cz cbc­nt­vf jwè­yjr dèl
F lj F (0–4), lt
A=4
B=3
C=2
D = 1 (fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf rjy­wtg­wèz)
F = 0 (failure – yt­pf­lj­dèkm­yj, èyj­lè yf­pb­df­ænm­cz T)
Cne­lty­nb ghf­wñ­ñnm e kf­åj­hf­nj­hèÿ Cöèl­yj­uj Vty­yj­yèn­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne
d Dèh­uè­yèÿ.

Èy­iè gj­ib­ht­yè jwèy­r b
I = incomp­lete (yt­pf­dth­it­yj)
W = withdrawal (dèl­vj­df)
WU = unof­ficial withdrawal (yt­jaè­wèq­yf dèl­vj­df)
Audit = ghj­c ke­öj­de­dfy­yz reh­ce åtp db­cnfd­kty­yz
jwèy­rb, åtp jn­hb­vfy­yz ≤rht­lb­nèd≥, dèl­dè­lfy­yz pf­yznm
è db­rj­yfy­yz pf­dlfym
Pass/Fail = ghj­öj­léty­yz reh­ce p jn­hb­vfy­yzv pf­kè­re
fåj åtp jn­hb­vfy­yz pf­kè­re, åtp ghj­öèl­yj­uj åf­ke
Pass/No cred­it = ghj­öj­léty­yz reh­ce fåj p jn­hb­vfy­
yzv pf­kè­re, fåj åtp pf­hf­ö e­dfy­yz ≤rht­lb­n e≥; yèz­rbö
yt­uf­nbd­ybö åf­kèd

ghf­wñ­df­nb yfl pf­dlfy­yzv. E åèkm­ijc­nè gj­cèå­yb­rèd lkz
cne­lty­nèd db­pyf­xf­ænm­cz, zr dfé­kb­dj ht­u e­k zh­yj db­rj­ye­
df­nb pf­dlfy­yz è yt dèl­cnf­df­nb. Jå­czu hj­åj­nb vj­ét åe­nb
nf­rbv dt­kb­rbv, oj xfc­nj cne­ltyn, zrbq dèl­cnfd, eét yt
pvj­ét yf­plju­yf­nb uhe­ge. Nfr oj le­ét dfé­kb­dj qnb d
yj­u e p ecè­vf.
• Cne­ltyn gj­db­yty cdjæ­xfc­yj plf­df­nb dcè pf­dlfy­yz. Zr
ghf­db­kj, jwèy­re pf pf­dlfy­yz, zrt åe­kj db­rj­yf­yj gèp­yè­it
dèl drf­pf­yj­uj nth­vè­ye, åe­lt pyb­ét­yj. Ltz­rè db­r kf­lf­xè pf
éjl­ybö jå­cnf­dby yt ghbq­vf­ñnm pf­dlfy­yz, plf­yè èp pf­gèp­
yty­yzv.
• Cne­ltyn gj­db­yty åhf­nb exfcnm e hj­åj­nè uhe­gb. E dt­
kb­rbö fe­lb­nj­hè­zö yf ktr­wè­zö, lt vj­ét åe­nb åèkm­it yèé
200 cne­lty­nèd, lbc­re­cèÿ vèé db­r kf­lf­xtv è cne­lty­nf­vb
pf­pdb­xfq jå­vt­ét­yè. Ghj­nt yf åèkm­ijc­nè pf­yznm e uhe­gfö
rèkm­rècnm kñ­ltq yf­åf­uf­nj vty­if q exfcnm d jå­uj­dj­hty­
yè yt­hèl­rj æ crkfl­yb­rjv pf­ufkm­yjÿ jwèy­rb. Cne­lty­nb
vf­ñnm yt kb­it dèl­gj­dèlf­nb yf pf­gb­nfy­yz, fkt q cnf­db­nb
ÿö. Pf­dlfy­yz åèkm­ijÿ xfc­nb­yb reh­cèd – cgj­ye­rf­nb cne­
lty­nèd lj jc­vbc­kty­yz vf­nt­hèf­ke, zrbq db­dxf­ænm­cz, è lj
ajh­ve­dfy­yz ÿöymjÿ dkfc­yjÿ lev­rb. Èy­ib­vb ckj­df­vb,
cne­lty­nb vf­ñnm yt ghj­cnj db­dxb­nb vf­nt­hè­f k, f q hjp­
db­ye­nb, db­c kj­db­nb è jå­uhey­n e­df­nb dkfc­ybq gj­ukzl yf
ghtl­vtn xb nt­ve.

Rj­éty ghja­tcjh dcnfy­jd­kñæ cdjÿ rhb­nt­hèÿ jwè­
yñ­dfy­yz hj­åj­nb cne­lty­nèd è db­cnfd­kty­yz gèl­cev­
rj­djÿ jwèy­rb p ghtl­vt­n e. Zr ghf­db­kj, db­r kf­lf­xè
gj­zc­yñ­ñnm cdjñ cbc­nt­ve jwè­yñ­dfy­yz e gth­ibq
ltym pf­yznm, drkñ­xfñ­xb wè lf­yè lj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj
gkf­ye. Xfc­nj ghja­tcjh gj­zc­yñæ, zr åe­lt jwè­yñ­df­nb
rjy­nhjkm­yè è reh­cj­dè hj­åj­nb. Le­ét hèl­rj gèl­cev­rj­df
jwèy­rf db­pyf­xf­ænm­cz kb­it jl­yèæñ reh­cj­djñ hj­åj­
njñ fåj jl­ybv èc­gb­njv; pf­pdb­xfq jwèy­rf crkf­lf­ænm­
cz p gtd­yjÿ rjv­åè­yf­wèÿ nf­rbö rhb­nt­hè­ÿd:
• fi exfcnm e hj­åj­nè d fe­lb­nj­hèÿ
• fi jgb­n e­dfy­yz q rjy­nhjkm­yè hj­åj­nb
• fi èc­gbn e ct­ht­lb­yè ct­vtc­nhe
• fi gèl­cev­rj­dbq èc­gbn
• fi gèl­cev­rj­df reh­cj­df hj­åj­nf

Nj xj­uj ckèl xt­rf­nb cne­lty­nj­dè dèl nj­uj xb èy­ij­uj db­le
pf­yznm, zrè dèy, vjé­kb­dj, dèl­dè­le­df­nb­vt? E rj­kt­léè vj­ét
èc­ye­df­nb hèp­yf rèkm­rècnm hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybö ghtl­vt­nèd, zrè lj­
dt­ltnm­cz db­dxf­nb. Yf gth­ij­ve reh­cè xfc­nj nht­åf åe­lt dèl­
dè­le­df­nb ktr­wèÿ, yf zrbö ghb­cen­yè 100 è åèkm­it cne­lty­nèd.
Yf nf­rbö ktr­wè­zö p dt­kb­rjñ rèkm­rèc­nñ dèl­dè­le­df­xèd xfc­nj
gjl­fænm­cz dt­kb­rbq jå­czu vf­nt­hèf­ke è cne­lty­nb gj­dby­yè
dtc­nb rjy­cgtr­nb. Yf nf­rbö reh­cfö vj­é enm xfc­nj ghj­dj­lb­
nb jgb­n e­dfy­yz è rjy­nhjkm­yè hj­åj­nb. Vjé­kb­dj, cne­lty­nb
ghf­wñ­df­nb­venm e yf­dxfkm­ybö uhe­gfö p vty­ijñ rèkm­rèc­nñ
Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

51

eJournal USA

dèl­dè­le­df­xèd, fåj pec­nhè­xf­nb­venm­cz jcj­åbc­nj p db­r kf­lf­xtv,
fåj db­rj­ye­df­nb­venm pf­dlfy­yz, hjp­vè­ot­yè e åf­pè lf­ybö wmj­
uj ghtl­vt­n e.
Jl­yfr åèkm­iècnm reh­cèd jöjg­kñæ yf­åf­uf­nj vty­it cne­
lty­nèd – 30–40 jcèå yf pf­yzn­nè. Jcm nen cgèk­re­dfy­yz vèé
cne­lty­nf­vb uhfæ le­ét dfé­kb­de hjkm. P gèl­db­oty­yzv hèd­yz
crkfl­yjc­nè ghtl­vt­n e hjp­vè­hb uhe­gb pvty­ie­ñnm­cz, f ltz­rè
ghtl­vt­nb db­r kf­lf­ñnm yf ct­vè­yf­hfö e uhe­gfö p 10 fåj
vty­it exfc­yb­rèd. E nf­rbö vf­ktym­rbö uhe­gfö yf­lpdb­xfq­yj
dfé­kb­df gèl­uj­njd­rf lj pf­yzn­nz è plfn­yècnm åhf­nb fr­nbd­ye
exfcnm e hj­åj­nè.

Dtql Åhe­njy/Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Gèd­yèx­yjÿ Rf­hj­kè­yb d Ifh­kjn­nè

Wè cne­lty­nb åèp­ytc-irj­kb eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Gèd­yèx­yjÿ Rf­hj­kè­yb d Ifh­kjn­nè cke­
öf­ñnm ktr­wèñ d fe­lb­nj­hèÿ-fv­aè­nt­fn­hè, jl­yj­ve p åf­uf­nmjö hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybö
db­lèd fe­lb­nj­hèq d fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­léfö

ht­ceh­cb. Nj­ve yt­jå­öèl­yj jc­djÿ­nb tktr­nhj­yye cbc­nt­ve, zrf
èc­yeæ d yf­dxfkm­yj­ve pf­r kf­lè.
Lkz ltz­rbö cne­lty­nèd xfc­nb­yf yf­dxfy­yz vj­ét ghj­qnb
e db­ukz­lè nhe­lj­djÿ ghfr­nb­rb. Vt­nf nf­rjÿ ghfr­nb­rb – pf­
rhè­gb­nb ntj­ht­nbx­yè pyfy­yz ghfr­nbx­yb­vb yf­dbx­rf­vb, f
nf­rjé lf­nb cne­lty­nfv pvj­u e jwè­yb­nb, xb gèl­öj­lbnm ÿv wtq
dbl lè­z km­yjc­nè. Pf­pdb­xfq, cne­lty­nb ghf­wñ­ñnm e rjv­gf­yè­zö,
nèc­yj gj­d’zpf­ybö pè cat­hjñ ÿöymjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. Zr­oj pf
ghfr­nb­re vjé­yf jlth­éf­nb ≤rht­lbn≥, zrbq pf­hf­öj­de­ænm­cz
lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz, nj cne­lty­nfv lj­dj­lbnm­cz xfc­nj
åhf­nb exfcnm e gt­hèj­lbx­ybö pec­nhè­xfö uhe­gb, ojå jå­uj­dj­
hb­nb lj­cdèl, jn­hb­vf­ybq gèl xfc ghfr­nb­rb. Ghfr­nb­rf vj­ét
jg­kf­xe­df­nb­cz, fkt d åèkm­ijc­nè db­gfl­rèd dj­yf fåj dpf­uf­kè yt
jg­kf­xe­ænm­cz, fåj jg­kf­xe­ænm­cz xfc­nrj­dj. D ltz­rbö uf­ke­pzö,
yf­ghb­r kfl, d èy­ét­yth­yèq cghf­dè, cne­lty­nfv gj­cnèq­yj ht­rj­
vty­le­ñnm ghj­öj­lb­nb nhe­lj­de ghfr­nb­re yf kèn­yèö rf­yè­re­
kfö. Zr ghf­db­kj, pf kèn­yñ ghfr­nb­re yf­dxfkm­ybq ≤rht­lbn≥
yt pf­hf­öj­de­ænm­cz.
Ot jl­yf tatr­nbd­yf vj­ltkm drkñ­xfæ uhj­vfl­cmre lè­
zkm­yècnm lj ghj­uhfv yf­dxfy­yz fåj lfæ cne­lty­nfv pvj­u e
pfq­vf­nb­cz uhj­vfl­cmrjñ hj­åj­njñ, oj jåj­d’zp­rj­dj döj­lbnm
lj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj gkf­ye. D uhj­vfl­cmrèq lè­z km­yjc­nè jcjå­kb­df
edf­uf ghb­lè­k z­ænm­cz pf­cnj­ce­dfy­yñ ntj­ht­nbx­ybö pyfym yf
ghfr­nb­wè lkz hjp­d’z­pfy­yz ghj­åktv rjy­rhtn­yjÿ cgèkm­yj­nb.
Nf­rf ghj­uhf­vf gj­r kb­rf­yf yt kb­it yf­lf­nb lj­gj­vj­u e kñ­
lzv, cajh­ve­df­nb e cne­lty­nèd gj­xen­nz uhj­vf­lzy­cmrjÿ dèl­gj­dè­
lfkm­yjc­nè, f q cghbz­nb hjp­dbn­rj­dè e ybö yf­db­xjr è dèl­xen­nz
yf­kté­yjc­nè lj lt­vjr­hf­nbx­yj­uj cec­gèkm­cndf. 3

P lj­pdj­ke eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Léjy­cj­yf C. Cvè­nf

Rèv­yf­nf d cne­ltyncmrj­ve ueh­nj­ébn­re – wt vèc­wt lkz cye, yf­dxfy­yz è dèl­gj­
xby­re d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Léjy­cj­yf C. Cvè­nf d Gèd­yèx­yèq Rf­hj­kè­yè.

Ct­htl èy­ibö pf­yznm vj­é enm åe­nb kf­åj­hf­njh­yè hj­åj­nb,
yfq­xfc­nè­it p ghb­hjl­yb­xbö yf­e r è vf­nt­vf­nb­rb, vt­njñ
zrbö æ ghj­dt­lty­yz lj­c kè­lèd. Cne­lty­nb yf dèl­lè­kty­yzö jå­
hf­pj­ndjh­xj­uj vbc­ntw­ndf vj­é enm jxè­re­df­nb, oj db­dxty­yz
ltz­rbö ghtl­vt­nèd ghj­öj­lb­nb­vt d cne­lèÿ è jöjg­kñ­df­nb­vt
zr ntj­hèñ, nfr è ghfr­nb­re db­rj­yfy­yz zrj­ujcm ghj­tr­n e. Nfr
cf­vj åf­uf­nj reh­cèd nfy­wñ­hbc­nèd, fr­nj­hèd, cgè­df­rèd, ve­pb­rfy­
nèd crkf­lf­nb­venm­cz p ghfr­nbx­ybö pf­yznm è db­cne­gèd.
Cne­lty­nb vj­é enm lj­vj­db­nb­cz ghj ghj­öj­léty­yz ltz­rbö
reh­cèd pf èy­lb­dè­le­f km­yb­vb gkf­yf­vb. Zr ghf­db­kj, cne­ltyn
hf­pjv èp db­r kf­lf­xtv hjp­hjå­k zæ nf­rbq yf­dxfkm­ybq gkfy, d
zrj­ve vèc­nbnm­cz ghj­dt­lty­yz lj­c kè­létym, yf­gb­cfy­yz reh­cj­
djÿ hj­åj­nb nf hjp­r kfl rjy­cekm­nf­wèq p db­r kf­lf­xtv ghj­nz­
ujv ct­vtc­nhe.
Dct åèkm­it eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd yf­lf­ñnm cne­lty­nfv vjé­kb­
dècnm db­åb­hf­nb ajh­ve yf­dxfy­yz: jx­yè reh­cb (jcj­åbc­nt
dèl­dè­le­dfy­yz) fåj Èy­nth­ytn-reh­cb (lb­cnfy­wèq­yt yf­dxfy­yz).
Yt­hèl­rj jl­yè cne­lty­nb db­dxf­ñnm ltz­rè reh­cb, dèl­dè­leñ­xb
pf­yzn­nz, f èy­iè – xt­htp Èy­nth­ytn. Yf­dènm d evj­dfö pdbx­yj­uj
jx­yj­uj yf­dxfy­yz db­r kf­lf­xè dct xfc­nè­it db­rj­hbc­nj­de­ñnm
Èy­nth­ytn lkz geå­kè­rf­wèÿ lj­lfn­rj­djÿ èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ è lj­vfi­
yèö pf­dlfym, f nf­rjé hjp­vè­oe­ñnm gj­cbkfy­yz yf lj­lfn­rj­dè
eJournal USA

Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb
xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.

52

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Dfh­nècnm yf­dxfy­yz d ­
Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö

Kèy­lf F. Cè­ct­hj/Sta­nford News Service

Db­gec­ryb­rb lz­re­ñnm cdj­ÿv åfnm­rfv pf dcè nè éth­ndb, yf zrè dj­yb vf­kb gè­nb, ojå lf­nb ÿv
jc­dè­ne.

Rji­nb yf yf­dxfy­yz
åèkm­ijc­nè fvt­hb­rfy­
cmrbö cne­lty­nèd db­lè­k z­ñnm­cz p cè­vtq­ybö pf­jof­létym,
gj­pbr, uhfy­nèd è pf­hj­åèn­rèd. E èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd yt
pf­délb æ nf­rè vjé­kb­djc­nè, è d wèq cnfn­nè vb lfæ­vj
gj­hf­lb, lt vjé­yf pyfq­nb èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj aè­yfy­cj­de
gèl­nhbv­r e.

hjc­nt, f hf­pjv èp
pf­cnj­ce­dfy­yzv yj­dbö
ntö­yj­kj­uèq hèp­rj phj­cnf­ñnm db­lfn­rb yf kf­åj­hf­nj­hèÿ nf èy­iè
cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yè åe­lèd­kè. Eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb q rj­kt­léè gj­cnèq­yj
ie­rf­ñnm aè­yfy­cj­djÿ gèl­nhbv­rb p åj­re jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq, rjh­gj­
hf­wèq è ghj­vbc­kj­djc­nè, f nf­rjé vèc­wt­dbö jh­uf­yèd eg­hfd­kèy­
yz, fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ inf­n e q at­lt­hfkm­yj­uj ehz­le.
È dct é lkz vfq­åen­yèö cne­lty­nèd dfh­nècnm yf­dxfy­yz d eyè­
dth­cb­nt­nè vj­ét db­lf­nb­cz pf­uhjp­kb­djñ. Ltz­rè cne­lty­nb gèl
xfc yf­dxfy­yz ghf­wñ­ñnm e ct­htl­yèq irj­kè fåj d rj­kt­léè,
ojå pf­hj­åb­nb yf jg­kf­n e yf­dxfy­yz xb yf èy­iè db­nhf­nb,
yf­ghb­r kfl, yf gèl­hex­yb­rb, nhfyc­gjhn fåj ébn­kj. Ojå
gj­rhb­nb wè pf­nhf­nb, rj­kt­léè lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm cne­lty­nfv dkfi­
ne­df­nb­cz yf hj­åj­n e fåj d rfv­ge­cè, fåj d hf­qj­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­
ne. Yfq­xfc­nè­it ec­gèö vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léèd gj­zc­yñ­ænm­cz nbv,
oj dj­yb lj­pdj­k z­ñnm lj­hjc­kbv, rjn­hè ghf­wñ­ñnm, dxb­nb­cz
e dt­xèh­yèq xfc, fåj e db­öèl­yè, fåj zrjcm èyfr­it gj­æl­ye­df­nb
jx­yt xb pf­jx­yt yf­dxfy­yz p hj­åj­njñ yf gj­dybq fåj yt­gj­
dybq hj­åj­xbq ltym. P xf­cèd Lhe­ujÿ cdè­nj­djÿ dèq­yb dt­kb­rjñ
gt­ht­df­ujñ ckeé­åb d fh­vèÿ åe­kf jg­kf­nf pf yf­dxfy­yz puèl­yj
èp ≤Pf­rj­yjv ghj GI≥, pf zrbv fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbv cj­k lf­nfv,
zrbö yf­pb­df­ñnm “gover­nme­nt issue” (crj­hj­xt­yj GI jp­yf­xfæ
≤ehz­lj­dt vfq­yj≥), yf­lf­ænm­cz aè­yfy­cj­df lj­gj­vj­uf lkz jn­hb­
vfy­yz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, zrf d èy­ij­ve hf­pè åe­kf å yt­vjé­kb­djñ
lkz åf­uf­nmjö cj­k lf­nèd-dt­nt­hf­yèd.

Y

f­dxf­nb­cz d fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­ve rj­kt­léè xb eyè­dth­cb­nt­
nè le­ét lj­hj­uj. Hèr yf­dxfy­yz d jl­yj­ve p ghj­dèl­ybö
eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd p xj­nb­hb­hèx­yjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ vj­ét
rji­n e­df­nb lj 50 nb­czx lj­kf­hèd, yt dhf­öj­deñ­xb lj­lfn­rj­dbö
db­nhfn yf nhfyc­gjhn, ébn­kj nj­oj. Pdb­xfq­yj, èc­ye­ñnm è
lt­itd­iè df­hè­fy­nb yf­dxfy­yz d rj­kt­léfö, zrè nté lf­ñnm jc­dè­
ne yf db­cj­rj­ve hèd­yè. E åf­uf­nmjö xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybö rj­kt­léfö
yf­dxfy­yz rji­n e­df­nb­vt dfv yt vty­it, yèé 10 nb­czx lj­kf­hèd
yf hèr, f gt­ht­dfé­yf åèkm­iècnm èp ybö gj­nhfg­k zæ lj wè­yj­djÿ
rf­nt­uj­hèÿ dèl 20 lj 30 nb­czx lj­kf­hèd yf hèr. Jg­kf­nf jc­dè­nb
lè­ntq cnf­kf jl­ybv èp jc­yjd­ybö xby­yb­rèd db­nhfn d fvt­hb­
rfy­cmrbö cè­v’zö. Åf­uf­nj önj gj­xb­yfæ dèl­r kf­lf­nb rji­nb
ot ghb yf­hj­léty­yè lb­nb­yb, f d ltz­rbö inf­nfö ghf­wñ­ñnm
pf­jöj­xe­dfkm­yè ghj­uhf­vb yf jofl­yè dytc­rb.
Nf ckèl dèl­pyf­xb­nb, oj, gj­ghb db­cj­re dfh­nècnm cf­vj­uj yf­
dxfy­yz, db­nhf­nb yf pf­åtp­gt­xty­yz jc­dè­nb ot db­oè. Dfh­nècnm
en­hb­vfy­yz åe­lè­dtkm, jå­kfl­yfy­yz è ghf­wèd­yb­rèd gj­cnèq­yj

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Èc­yeæ ldf jc­yjd­yè lét­ht­kf aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb,
jr­hèv rji­nèd cè­v’ÿ nf pf­jof­létym: gj­pb­rb è uhfy­nb. Gj­pb­rb
– wt gj­pb­xt­yè rji­nb, zrè yt­jå­öèl­yj gj­dth­ye­nb p dèl­cjn­
rf­vb, öj­xf dèl­cjn­rb yf cne­ltyncmrè gj­pb­rb ybé­xè, yèé yf
èy­iè db­lb gj­pbr. Gj pf­rèy­xty­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd åf­uf­nj önj
e gth­iè hj­rb hj­åj­nb pfq­yz­nbq db­g kf­njñ cne­ltyncmrbö
åjh­uèd. Uhfy­nb, d nj­ve xbc­kè cnb­gty­lèÿ, – wt gjl­fhj­df­yè
uhj­iè, è gj­dth­nf­nb ÿö yt nht­åf, fkt, pf­pdb­xfq, lkz jn­hb­vfy­
yz uhfy­nf cne­lty­nb vf­ñnm dèl­gj­dèlf­nb gtd­ybv rhb­nt­hè­zv,
njå­nj gj­cnèq­yj jlth­é e­df­nb lj­cbnm db­cj­rè åf­kb fåj lj­dtc­
nb aè­yfy­cj­de yt­cghj­vjé­yècnm cè­v’ÿ en­hb­ve­df­nb cne­lty­nf.
Cnb­gty­lèÿ, zr ghf­db­kj, ckèl pf­c ke­é b­nb, dj­yb yf­lf­ñnm­cz pf
ec­gè­öb d yf­dxfy­yè, cgjh­nè fåj d uhj­vfl­cmrèq hj­åj­nè xb pf
èy­ib­vb rhb­nt­hèz­vb, zrbv dèl­gj­dè­lfæ cne­ltyn fåj qj­uj cè­
v’z. Ghj­wtc gj­ie­re wbö rji­nèd è pdth­yty­yz gj ybö lj­cbnm
crkfl­ybq è vj­ét yf­dènm dèl­k z­rf­nb ltz­rè cè­v’ÿ. D rj­kt­léfö,
ct­htl­yèö irj­kfö nf èy­ibö jh­uf­yè­pf­wè­zö èc­ye­ñnm ckeé­åb,
zrè yf­lf­ñnm lj­gj­vj­u e cne­lty­nfv e gj­ie­rfö lét­htk aè­yfy­
ce­dfy­yz.
Ot crkfl­yè­ibv wtq ghj­wtc db­lf­ænm­cz cne­lty­nfv p èy­
ibö rhf­ÿy, zrè öj­xenm yf­dxf­nb­cz d CIF. E åf­uf­nmjö rhfÿ­yfö
jc­dè­nf åtp­rji­njd­yf fåj lj­cbnm yt­lj­hj­uf, yf­åf­uf­nj lt­itd­
if, yèé e CIF. Zrè df­hè­fy­nb lj­cneg­yè lkz cne­lty­nèd, rjn­hè
öj­xenm yf­dxf­nb­cz d CIF, fkt yt pf­jof­lée­df­kb uhj­itq
lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, gj­xb­yfñ­xb p gth­ij­uj rkf­ce
irj­kb?
E dt­htc­yt­dj­ve db­gec­re éeh­yf­ke pf 2006 hèr gèl yf­
pdjñ ≤Lj pec­nhè­xè d CIF≥ (ht­tp://usinfo.st­ate.gov/journals/
itps/0905/ij­pe/ij­pe0905.htm) db­cdèn­kñ­df­kb­cz gb­nfy­yz
gj­ÿp­lrb cne­lty­nèd lj CIF è, pjr­ht­vf, jcjå­kb­dj lt­nfkm­yj
hjp­ukz­lf­kb­cz dè­pj­dè gb­nfy­yz. Yt­ycè Rt­nt­re, rjy­cekm­nfyn p
gb­nfym jc­dè­nb d rhfÿ­yfö Fa­hb­rb, zrf ghf­wñæ e dèl­lè­kty­yè
Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e d Fr­rhè, Uf­yf, jgeå­kè­re­df­kf cnfn­
nñ ≤Db­of jc­dè­nf d CIF: aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz≥. Vb ht­rj­vty­leæ­vj

jp­yf­qj­vb­nb­cz p ytñ, f nf­rjé p ecèv éeh­yf­kjv. Ybé­xt yf­dt­
lt­yj jc­yjd­yè gj­kj­éty­yz wèæÿ cnf­nè.
Db öj­xt­nt dxb­nb­cz d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö? Vjé­kb­dj, db
pdth­ye­kb edf­u e yf nt, oj dfh­nècnm yf­dxfy­yz d CIF db­of,
yèé e rhfÿ­yfö, lt cbc­nt­vf jc­dè­nb gt­ht­åe­dfæ gèl tuè­ljñ lth­
éf­db, zrf wty­nhf­kè­pj­df­yj ytñ rt­heæ. Nf vb cgj­lè­dfæ­vj­cz,
oj db nfr cf­vj pf­e df­é b­kb, oj drkf­lt­yè d fvt­hb­rfy­cmre jc­
dè­n e rji­nb ghb­yj­cznm dt­kb­xtp­yè lb­dè­lty­lb, jn­ét, drkf­lf­nb
rji­nb d jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb nen db­uèl­yj.
Jcm rèkm­rf ikz­öèd jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ df­ibö db­nhfn yf jc­dè­n e d
CIF.
• Wty­nhb EducationUSA (≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥), oj ÿö gèl­
nhb­veæ Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF, cnfy­e nm df­ibv
jaè­wèq­ybv lét­ht­kjv èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ. Pyfq­nb yfq­åkbé­xbq
lj dfc wtynh ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥ vjé­yf yf cfq­nè ht­tp://www.
educationUSA.st­ate.gov/ce­nt­ers.htm.
• E wty­nhfö EducationUSA dfh­nj gj­ie­rf­nb ldf nf­rè db­lfy­
yz: “T­he Colle­ge Board Int­er­national Stu­de­nt Handbook” (≤Lj­
dèl­ybr lkz cne­lty­nèd p hèp­ybö rhf­ÿy, er­kf­lt­ybq Hf­ljñ rj­
kt­léèd≥), f nf­rjé ryb­ue db­lfd­ybw­ndf “Peterson” “Applying
to Colle­ges and Universit­ies in the Unit­ed St­ates” (≤Zr dcne­gf­nb
d rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb e Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö≥).
• Ht­ceh­cb, zrè yf­lfæ fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbq ehzl: åèkm­iècnm
fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö lth­éfd­ybö ghj­uhfv ghb­pyf­xt­yj lkz
fc­gè­hfy­nèd. Rt­hèd­ybw­ndj ghj­uhf­vf­vb plèq­cyñ­ñnm dèl­lè­kb
ghtcb, jcdènb è rekmnehb d fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö gj­cjkm­cndfö
fåj Futy­wè­zö CIF p vèé­yf­hjl­yj­uj hjp­dbn­re yf jc­yj­dè
ldj­cnj­hjy­yèö eujl.
• Futy­wèÿ, zrè yf­lf­ñnm cnb­gty­lèÿ: jåt­hté­yj^ Èc­yeæ åf­uf­
nj afkm­ib­dbö futy­wèq. Cgèk­reñ­xbcm p futy­wèæñ, ckèl
lj­nhb­ve­df­nb­cz jc­yjd­yj­uj ghf­db­kf: cnf­db­nb­cz le­ét jåt­
hté­yj lj futy­wèq, zrè åt­henm gkf­n e pf èy­ajh­vf­wèñ, yt­pf­
kté­yj dèl nj­uj, yf­crèkm­rb gt­ht­rjy­kb­dbq db­ukzl vf­ñnm
ÿö­yè db­lfy­yz è yf­crèkm­rb gt­ht­rjy­kb­dj pde­xfnm uf­hfy­nèÿ.

Jg­kf­nf yf­dxfy­yz nf èy­iè gkf­nt­éè gj­hèd­yz­yj ­
èp pf­ufkm­yb­vb db­lfn­rf­vb yf db­oe jc­dè­ne
Jg­kf­nf yf­dxfy­yz – wt nèkm­rb gj­xf­njr df­ibö rf­gè­nf­kjd­r kf­ltym d fvt­hb­rfy­cmre jc­dè­n e. Pf­ufkm­yè db­nhf­nb nf­rjé drkñ­xf­ñnm
eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrè dytc­rb; ltz­rè p ybö cgkf­xe­ñnm ecè cne­lty­nb oj­ct­vtc­nhe, f ltz­rè gj­d’zpf­yè p gtd­yb­vb db­åhf­yb­vb reh­cf­vb. Cne­
lty­nb nf­rjé ve­cznm gkf­nb­nb pf ébn­kj, gèl­hex­yb­rb, èy­iè vf­nt­hèf­kb, ÿée, vt­lbx­yt cnhf­ö e­dfy­yz nf jå­c ke­uj­de­dfy­yz, pf nhfyc­gjhn,
gfh­re­dfy­yz, nt­kt­ajy, Èy­nth­ytn nj­oj. Zr ghf­db­kj, d geå­kèx­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö jg­kf­nf pf yf­dxfy­yz lkz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­
nèd vfæ db­obq nf­hba, yèé lkz cne­lty­nèd, rjn­hè ghj­é b­df­ñnm gj­pf vt­éf­vb inf­n e, d zrj­ve hjp­nf­ij­df­yj pf­r kfl.
Dfh­nj nf­rjé dhf­ö e­df­nb, oj db drkf­lfæ­nt cdèq xfc, flét zr­oj db dxb­nt­cz, nj yt ghf­wñæ­nt, f wt jp­yf­xfæ, oj db dnhf­xfæ­nt ghb­
åe­njr. Yf­dènm zr­oj cne­ltyn ghf­wñæ, zr ghf­db­kj, wt ghf­wz ghj­nz­ujv yt­gj­dyj­uj nbé­yz è jg­kf­xe­ænm­cz dj­yf pf ybé­xb­vb nf­hb­af­
vb, yèé hj­åj­nf yf gj­dye cnfd­re. Yf­dt­lt­yf nfå­kb­wz lfæ vfq­åen­yèv cne­lty­nfv nf ÿö­yèv åfnm­rfv pf­ufkm­yt ezd­kty­yz ghj dfh­nècnm
yf­dxfy­yz.

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Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Ghb­åkbp­ybq åñ­létn dèl­dè­l e­dfy­yz rj­kt­lée
Db­nhf­nb

Dfh­nècnm

Rèkm­rècnm
ct­vtc­nhèd

Pf­uf­kjv

Dyt­cjr pf gjl­fxe pf­zdb
Dcneg­yè èc­gb­nb
Jg­kf­nf yf­dxfy­yz
Yt­cdjæ­xfc­yf ht­æc­nhf­wèz
Ébn­kj
Öfh­xe­dfy­yz
Gèl­hex­yb­rb/Rfy­wt­kzh­cmrt ghb­kfl­lz
Gfh­re­dfy­yz
Fd­nj­vj­åèkm­yt cnhf­öe­dfy­yz
Lj­lfn­rj­dè db­nhf­nb yf vf­ib­ye
Vèc­wt­dbq nhfyc­gjhn
Gj­ÿp­lrf lj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne è yf­pfl
Pf­vè­yf cne­ltyncmrj­uj ghj­gec­re
Jg­kf­nf db­rj­hb­cnfy­yz cgjh­npf­ke
Lj­re­vtyn ghj jwèy­rb
Jg­kf­nf pf rj­hbc­ne­dfy­yz
åèå­kèj­nt­rjñ
Rct­hj­rj­gèÿ
Vèr­hj­aèkm­vb
Hjp­df­ub

Pf­uf­kjv
Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

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eJournal USA

Vjé­kb­dè lét­ht­kf ­
aè­yfy­cj­djÿ lj­gj­vj­ub
Vfh­nè­yf Iekm­wt
Trc­gthn hf­lbnm, lt èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb, f jcjå­kb­dj fc­gè­
hfy­nb, vj­é enm pyfq­nb aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­u e, q lfæ ht­rj­
vty­lf­wèÿ, zr ghf­dbkm­yj yf­gb­cf­nb pf­zde. Vfh­nè­yf Iekm­wt
– cgt­wèf­kècn p gb­nfym rekm­ne­hb Ut­yt­hfkm­yj­uj rjy­c ekm­
cndf CIF è rjy­c ekm­nfyn p gb­nfym jc­dè­nb ≤F vt­hb­rf­wty­
nhe­ve≥ d Ufv­å eh­pè (Yè­vtx­xb­yf).

yf jg­kf­n e yf­dxfy­yz, f nf­rjé ght­nty­le­df­nb yf jn­hb­vfy­yz
cnb­gty­lèq lkz cgjh­ncvt­yèd è cne­ltyncmrbö gj­pbr. Fc­gè­hfy­
nb vj­é enm ghf­wñ­df­nb fcbc­nty­nf­vb ghja­tcj­hf, kf­åj­hfy­nf­
vb, cgèd­hj­åèn­yb­rf­vb fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ, f nf­rjé pdth­ye­nb­cz gj
jn­hb­vfy­yz cnb­gty­lèÿ lj ghb­dfn­yj­uj xb geå­kèx­yj­uj eyè­dth­
cb­nt­n e. Fc­gè­hfy­nb vj­é enm dpz­nb gj­pb­re yf yf­dxfy­yz.

G

Zr ghf­dbkm­yj pdth­ye­nb­cz gj aè­yfy­cj­de
lj­gj­vj­ue?
Gj­xb­yfq­nt uj­n e­df­nb­cz q fyf­kè­pe­df­nb vjé­kb­djc­nè yf­gt­
htl, rhf­ot pf gèd­nj­hf hj­re lj gt­htl­åf­xe­df­yj­uj gj­xfn­re
pf­yznm. Lj­dè­lfq­nt­cz, zrè cnb­gty­lèÿ ghj­gj­yeæ dfi ehzl nf
eyè­dth­cb­ntn, è pf­plf­kt­uèlm gjl­fq­nt pf­zde.
Db­dxènm vjé­kb­djc­nè: dèl­dè­lfq­nt rjy­cekm­nf­wèq­ybq wtynh,
zrbq cgèd­ghf­wñæ p EducationUSA, è gt­htu­k zym­nt cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­
yè lj­dèl­yb­rb ghj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb q
wè­rf­dè lkz dfc rf­atl­hb, lt vjé­yf lèp­yf­nb­cz, d zrj­ve jå­cz­pè
yf­lf­ænm­cz aè­yfy­cj­df lj­gj­vj­uf. Xt­htp Èy­nth­ytn lèp­yfq­ntcm
zrj­vj­uf åèkm­it ghj 4–6 eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, lj zrbö db öj­nè­kb
å dcne­gb­nb. Zr­oj db fc­gè­hfyn, pyfq­lènm d Èy­nth­yt­nè df­ibö
vfq­åen­yèö ghja­tcj­hèd è gj­pyf­qjv­nt­cz p yb­vb lj nj­uj, zr
gjl­fc­nt lj­re­vty­nb. Cf­vt wè kñ­lb ghbq­vf­nb­venm hè­ity­yz
ghj pf­hf­ö e­dfy­yz, è dj­yb vf­ñnm gj­pyf­qj­vb­nb­cz p df­vb lj
nj­uj, zr ghbq­venm df­ie pf­zde.
Yt cj­hjv­nt­cz ghj­cb­nb aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­u e. Zr­oj dfv
dèl­vj­db­kb gth­ij­uj hf­pe, yf­gb­iènm èot jlby pf­gbn è fl­ht­
ceq­nt qj­uj rjy­rhtn­yèq jcj­åè yf rf­atl­hè, zrf dfc pf­wè­rf­db­
kf, fåj ghbq­vfkm­yèq rj­vè­cèÿ. Zr­oj df­if gth­if cghj­åf yt
åe­kf ec­gèi­yjñ, pf­nt­kt­aj­yeq­nt è lèp­yfq­ntcm, xj­ve dfv dèl­vj­
db­kb, f yf­cneg­yj­uj hj­re gjl­fq­nt jå­uhey­nj­df­yè­ie pf­zde.
È jcnfy­yæ, fkt yt vtyi dfé­kb­dt: hjp­vè­hb aè­yfy­cj­djÿ lj­
gj­vj­ub lkz cne­lty­nèd jå­vt­ét­yè, è yf jn­hb­vfy­yz cnb­gty­lèÿ
èc­yeæ ujc­nhf rjy­re­hty­wèz. Ojå gèl­db­ob­nb ify­cb yf ec­gèö,
dfv lj­dt­ltnm­cz ghj­lt­vjy­cnhe­df­nb le­ét zrèc­yè frf­lt­vèx­yè
pyfy­yz, lj­åht gèl­uj­n e­df­nbcm, fåb jn­hb­vf­nb zr­yfq­db­oè
åf­kb yf ntc­nfö TOE­FL, SAT, GMAT, GRE, gèl­ndth­lb­nb yf­zd­
yècnm dkfc­ybö rji­nèd fåj ghj­lt­vjy­cnhe­df­nb cghfd­é yñ
gj­nht­åe e aè­yfy­cj­dèq lj­gj­vj­pè è gjl­fnb fre­hfn­ye, gj­dye è
ht­ntkm­yj gèl­uj­nj­df­ye pf­zde. 3

j­yfl 500 nb­czx èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd dcne­gf­ñnm
oj­hj­re d fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb. Pf
lf­yb­vb Eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb, åkbpm­
rj 67 dèl­cjn­rèd cne­lty­nèd gj­r kf­lf­ñnm­cz yf rji­nb cè­v’ÿ,
ojå jg­kf­nb­nb cdjæ yf­dxfy­yz d Fvt­hb­wè. Jl­yfr pdth­yty­yz
gj dèl­gj­dèl­ye aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­u e lkz åf­uf­nmjö æ le­ét
dfé­kb­djñ xfc­nb­yjñ ghj­wt­ce gjl­fxè pf­zdb. D ct­htl­ymj­ve
èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv d Fvt­hb­wè lj­dt­ltnm­cz db­nhf­nb­nb dèl
16 lj 46,5 nb­cz­xè lj­kf­hèd pf jlby yf­dxfkm­ybq hèr yf jg­kf­
ne yf­dxfy­yz è db­nhfn yf ghj­é b­dfy­yz.

Lt èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb vj­éenm jn­hb­vf­nb
aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­ue?
Jr­hèv dkfc­ybö rji­nèd, jc­yjd­yb­vb lét­ht­kf­vb aè­yfy­cj­
djÿ gèl­nhbv­rb æ nè fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb,
zrè ghbq­vf­ñnm dcneg­yb­rèd (ÿö xfc­nrf ct­htl ecèö lét­htk aè­
yfy­ce­dfy­yz cnfy­jdbnm 23fi), è ehzl fåj eyè­dth­cb­ntn yf åfnm­
rèd­ob­yè cne­lty­nf (ÿö xfc­nrf cnfy­jdbnm 2,4fi). Ghj­nt zr­oj
gj­hèd­yz­nb lf­yè lkz cne­lty­nèd åf­pj­dj­uj reh­ce q fc­gè­hfy­nèd,
nj rfh­nb­yf hf­lb­rfkm­yj pvè­yñ­ænm­cz. Nèkm­rb åkbpm­rj 10fi
èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd åf­pj­dj­uj reh­ce jn­hb­ve­ñnm aè­yfy­cj­de
gèl­nhbv­re dèl fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­uj pf­r kf­le, f ct­htl fc­gè­hfy­
nèd wz wba­hf cnfy­jdbnm 41fi. Åf­uf­nj fc­gè­hfy­nèd ghf­wñ­ñnm
fcbc­nty­nf­vb ghja­tcj­hf xb kf­åj­hfy­nf­vb d èy­cnb­n e­nfö p
ib­hj­rjñ yf­e rj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rjñ åf­pjñ fåj d hfv­rfö
lj­rnjh­cmrbö ghj­uhfv. Åèkm­it nj­uj, lj­rnjh­cmrè ghj­uhf­vb
vf­ñnm åèkm­iè rji­nb, yèé cec­gèkm­yè q ue­vf­yè­nfh­yè. Pf­pdb­
xfq, åèkm­it rji­nèd yf­lf­ænm­cz èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv, zrè
gjl­fñnm­cz yf frf­lt­vèx­yè ghj­uhf­vb, f yt yf ghja­tcèq­yè. Yf
lhe­uj­ve hj­wè yf­dxfy­yz ify­cb jn­hb­vf­nb aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­
ue dèl fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e phj­cnf­ñnm.
Zre aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­ue vjé­yf jn­hb­vf­nb p
fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö lét­htk?
Èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb åf­pj­dj­uj reh­ce vj­é enm pdth­ye­nb­cz
gj jn­hb­vfy­yz cnb­gty­lèq, zrè xfc­nrj­dj gj­rhb­df­ñnm db­lfn­rb
eJournal USA

Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnfn­nè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb
xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.

56

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Cgj­ke­xt­yè Inf­nb hf­lè ­
dè­nf­nb èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd ­
e vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léfö
Léty­yè­ath Åth­xfv
(Yf­lhe­rj­df­yj d “Community Colle­ge Times”)

C

gj­ke­xt­yè Inf­nb dè­nf­ñnm èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd, rjn­hè
åf­éf­ñnm jn­hb­vf­nb jc­dè­n e d Fvt­hb­wè, f vè­cèÿ CIF pf
rjh­lj­yjv jlth­éf­kb lb­htr­nb­de hjp­ukz­lf­nb d gth­ie
xth­u e lj­re­vty­nb cne­lty­nèd è exfc­yb­rèd ghj­uhfv jå­vè­ye,
crf­pf­kf Lét­yèc Lét­rjåc, gj­vèx­ybr pf­cneg­yb­rf Lth­éctr­ht­
nf­hz CIF p dè­pj­dbö gb­nfym, yf 57-q oj­hèx­yèq rjy­at­hty­wèÿ
Yf­wèj­yfkm­yjÿ fcj­wèf­wèÿ lèz­xèd vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb (rj­kbi­
yz Yf­wèj­yfkm­yf fcj­wèf­wèz e cghf­dfö èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd),
oj dèl­åe­kfcm e 2005 hj­wè. Dj­yf dèl­pyf­xb­kf, oj, öj­xf gèc­k z
nt­hfr­nèd 11 dt­htc­yz 2001 hj­re ltz­rè ghj­wt­le­hb pdth­yty­yz
gj dè­pe pvè­yb­kb­cz, yt­ghf­dbkm­yj åe­kj å ddf­éf­nb, oj dj­yb
cnf­kb yt­gt­ht­åjh­yjñ gt­ht­gj­yjñ yf ikz­ö e plèq­cyty­yz
gj­ÿp­ljr lj CIF p vt­njñ yf­dxfy­yz. ≤Pfc­nf­hè­kf uhj­vfl­cmrf
lev­rf ghj pvè­yb e dè­pj­dbö gj­hzl­rfö hf­pñ­xt dèl­hèp­yz­ænm­cz
dèl lèq­cyjc­nè, – crf­pf­kf Lét­rjåc. – Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­
vtyn yf­vf­uf­ænm­cz gèl­nhb­vf­nb ghj­wtc, zrbq, vb cgj­lè­dfæ­vj­
cz, cghbz­nb­vt dèl­yjd­kty­yñ yf­g kb­de èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd,
exfc­yb­rèd ghj­uhfv jå­vè­ye, dxt­ybö è åèp­ytc­vt­yèd≥.
E cdjæ­ve db­cne­gè yf rjy­at­hty­wèÿ ≤Hjkm Lth­éfd­yj­uj
lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e d ghbq­jvè èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd e vèc­wt­dè rj­
kt­léè CIF≥ Lét­rjåc uj­dj­hb­kf ghj ne hjkm, zre dè­lèu­hf­kb
vèc­wt­dè rj­kt­léè d vèé­yf­hjl­yèq jc­dè­nè. ≤Z pyfñ, oj vèc­wt­dè
rj­kt­léè dcèæÿ rhfÿ­yb yf­lf­ñnm èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv dct
åèkm­it q åèkm­it xe­lj­dbö vjé­kb­djc­ntq lkz jc­dè­nb, zrè d
ybö æ≥, – crf­pf­kf dj­yf.
E dèl­gj­dèlm yf gj­åjñ­dfy­yz ghtl­cnfd­yb­rèd ldj­hèx­ybö
rj­kt­léèd, db­r kb­rf­yè gj­ib­ht­yjñ lev­rjñ ghj nt, oj
ÿö­yèv gj­nty­wèq­ybv cne­lty­nfv xfc­nj dèl­vjd­k z­ñnm e dè­pfö,
Lét­rjåc crf­pf­kf, oj Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn yf­uf­lfd rjy­
cekmcmrbv ghf­wèd­yb­rfv, oj hèp­yè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb dèl­gj­
dè­lf­ñnm db­vj­ufv hèp­ybö cne­lty­nèd. Dj­yf nf­rjé dèl­pyf­xb­kf,
oj rjy­cekmcmrè ghf­wèd­yb­rb pj­åj­d’z­pf­yè hjp­ukz­lf­nb rj­éty
db­gf­ljr jr­ht­vj, yt pf­åe­dfñ­xb ghj dt­kb­re hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm
vjé­kb­djc­ntq lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb d CIF.

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Lét­rjåc lj­lf­kf, oj p dt­htc­yz 2001 hj­re Lth­éfd­ybq
lt­gfh­nf­vtyn hjp­ib­hbd infn rjy­cekmcmrbö ckeé­åjd­wèd,
dghj­df­lbd­ib 350 yj­dbö vècwm, oj cghbzæ ghb­idbl­it­yèq
jå­hjå­wè pf­zd yf jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­ltyncmrjÿ dè­pb, ghb­xj­ve lj
yb­yèi­ymj­uj åñ­lét­n e dyt­ct­yj pf­gbn yf gj­lfkm­it hjp­ib­
hty­yz inf­n e yf 121 vèc­wt.
Vfq­ét dcè pf­zdb yf jn­hb­vfy­yz dè­pb – åkbpm­rj 97fi
– jå­hjå­k z­ñnm­cz ghj­nz­ujv ldjö lyèd, f ghj­wtc jå­hjå­rb
2,5fi pf­zd, zrè gèl­k z­uf­ñnm jcjå­kb­dj­ve hjp­ukz­lj­dè xt­htp
vèh­re­dfy­yz åtp­gt­rb, åe­kj ghb­idbl­it­yj, lj­lf­kf dj­yf. ≤Lkz
2,5fi pf­zd­yb­rèd, xbÿ fy­rt­nb gèl­k z­uf­ñnm jcjå­kb­dèq gt­ht­dèh­
wè p vèh­re­dfym yf­wèj­yfkm­yjÿ åtp­gt­rb, vb ghb­idbl­ib­kb
ghj­wtc hjp­ukz­le, nfr oj yf­dènm wz yt­dt­kb­rf xfc­nb­yf vj­ét
hjp­hf­öj­de­df­nb yf idbl­re dèl­gj­dèlm, – crf­pf­kf Lét­rjåc.
– Hèr nj­ve hjp­ukzl pf­zdb, ghb zrj­ve db­rj­hbc­nj­de­df­kb­cz
≤xen­kb­dè≥ ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ, nhb­dfd e ct­htl­ymj­ve 74 lyè. Yf cmj­
ujl­yè ct­htl­yèq nth­vèy jå­hjå­rb nf­rbö pf­zd cnfy­jdbnm 14
lyèd, è vb ghj­ljd­é eæ­vj dljc­rj­yf­kñ­df­nb wtq ghj­wtc≥.
Lét­rjåc dèl­pyf­xb­kf, oj, pf lf­yb­vb Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­uj
èy­cnb­n e­n e vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb, d 2003–2004 yf­dxfkm­yj­ve
hj­wè d fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­léfö nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö yf­dxf­
kjcm gj­yfl 572 nb­cz­xè èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd. Ct­htl ybö
yfq­åèkm­it ghtl­cnfd­yb­rèd Èy­lèÿ è Rb­nfñ, è öj­xf rèkm­rècnm
dcneg­yb­rèd-èyj­ptv­wèd lj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd pyb­pb­
kf­cz, Cgj­ke­xt­yè Inf­nb ghj­ljd­é e­ñnm ghbq­vf­nb åèkm­it
cne­lty­nèd p-pf rjh­lj­ye, yèé åelm-z­rf èy­if rhfÿ­yf.
≤Vb le­ét cgj­lè­dfæ­vjcm, oj pvj­ét­vj hjp­dèz­nb vèa ghj
nt, oj Fvt­hb­rf yt hf­lf èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv, – rf­ét
Lét­rjåc. – Wt ghj­cnj yt­ghfd­lf. Cne­lty­nb dèl Vfc­rf­nf lj
Vev­åfÿ vf­ñnm pyf­nb: zr­oj dj­yb dj­yb öj­xenm yf­dxf­nb­cz d
CIF – yf­iè ldt­hè dèl­xb­yt­yè≥. 3

57

eJournal USA

Oj nf­rt ≤rjy­cekm­nfyn èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd≥?
2..
Vjh­ufy Ve­rfh­hfv/rj­ktlé Kt­Vjqy-Jety

P lj­pdj­ke Cöèl­yj­uj Vty­yj­yèn­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne

1.

3..
1. Èyj­ptv­ybq cne­ltyn hf­lbnm­cz p rjy­cekm­nfy­njv e Cöèl­yj­ve
Vty­yj­yèn­cmrj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè e Dèh­uè­yèÿ.

Hj­åthn Léjh­lfy. AP/WWP

2. Èc­nj­hbr Nf­lée­lèy Uåf­lf­vj­cè p Yè­ut­hèÿ ghj­dèd hèr e rj­kt­léè
Kt­Vjqy-Jety e Nty­ytc­cè pf ghj­uhf­vjñ Aek­åhfq­nf. Wtq èc­nj­
hbx­yj yt­uhb­nzy­cmrbq rj­ktlé gb­if­ænm­cz nbv, oj dctc­dèn­ymj­­
dè­lj­vbq cgt­wèf­kècn p èc­nj­hèÿ è rekm­ne­hb èc­kf­ve q ve­cekm­vfy­
cmrjÿ wb­dè­kè­pf­wèÿ gjl­èkbd­cz cdjÿ­vb pyfy­yz­vb pè cne­lty­nf­vb.
3. Cne­lty­nb p Gèd­lty­yjÿ Rj­htÿ åt­henm exfcnm d jp­yf­qjv­kñ­
dfkm­ybö pf­öj­lfö lkz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Vèc­
cè­cè­gè. E öj­lè ghj­uhf­vb, hjp­hf­öj­df­yjÿ yf wè­kbq ltym, cne­lty­nb
pyf­qjv­kznm­cz p eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrbv ébn­nzv è pf­gb­ce­ñnm­cz yf
reh­cb, zrè dj­yb vf­ñnm ghj­öj­lb­nb e gth­ij­ve ct­vtc­nhè.

Y

f­wèj­yfkm­yf fcj­wèf­wèz lèz­xèd vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb (rj­
kbi­yz Yf­wèj­yfkm­yf fcj­wèf­wèz e cghf­dfö èyj­ptv­ybö
cne­lty­nèd) pfq­vf­ænm­cz ghj­gf­ufy­ljñ vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb. E
ryb­pè “The Profession of Fo­reign Stu­de­nt Advising” (≤Ghj­at­cèz
rjy­cekm­nfy­nf èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd≥), jgeå­kè­rj­df­yèq e 2000
hj­wè db­lfd­ybw­ndjv “Int­ercultural Press”, gj­zc­yñ­ænm­cz hjkm
nf­rj­uj af­öèd­wz.
Rjy­cekm­nfy­nb èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd ghf­wñ­ñnm pè cne­lty­
nf­vb q yf­e rjd­wz­vb dcmj­uj cdè­n e. Dj­yb yf­lf­ñnm èy­ajh­vf­
wèñ, ghj­uhf­vb è gj­c ke­ub, gj­r kb­rf­yè phj­åb­nb gt­ht­åe­dfy­yz
cne­lty­nèd è dxt­ybö d Fvt­hb­wè zrj­vj­uf ghj­ler­nbd­yè­ibv.
Rjy­cekm­nfy­nb æ ghj­vèé­yjñ kfy­rjñ vèé cne­lty­nf­vb q
yf­e rjd­wz­vb, p jl­yj­uj åj­re, nf dcè­vf èy­ib­vb, p rbv dj­yb
cgèk­re­ñnm­cz, p èy­ij­uj åj­re. Rjy­cekm­nfy­nb ghtl­cnfd­k z­ñnm
èy­nt­ht­cb cne­lty­nèd è dèl­gj­dèl­yj ÿö rjy­cekm­n e­ñnm.

Rjy­cekm­nfy­nb èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd ghf­wñ­ñnm yt kb­it
p hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yb­vb uhe­gf­vb, jöjg­kt­yb­vb db­pyf­xty­yzv
≤èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb≥, fkt q p fvt­hb­rfy­cmrb­vb cne­lty­nf­
vb, db­r kf­lf­xf­vb, vèc­wt­dbv yf­ct­kty­yzv, cgèd­hj­åèn­yb­rf­
vb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö nf èyj­ptv­ybö lth­éfd­ybö ecnfy­jd è p
hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yb­vb futy­wèz­vb, zrè aè­yfy­ce­ñnm gt­ht­åe­dfy­yz
èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd è dxt­ybö e CIF. Dj­yb lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm
yf­kf­uj­lb­nb è gèl­nhb­ve­df­nb rjy­cnher­nbd­yè cnj­cey­rb vèé
èyj­ptv­yb­vb cne­lty­nf­vb q yf­e rjd­wz­vb nf fvt­hb­rfy­wz­vb,
oj ÿö ghbq­vf­ñnm.
Rjy­cekm­nfy­nb èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd yf­vf­uf­ñnm­cz
lj­ytc­nb gt­ht­df­ub vèé­yf­hjl­yj­uj jc­dèn­ymj­uj jå­vè­ye lj
eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrbö fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèq, uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè nf kñ­ltq
e dcmj­ve cdè­nè. Dj­yb lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm kñ­lzv p hèp­ybö rhf­ÿy
rhf­ot phj­pe­vè­nb èyj­ptv­wèd è ghb wmj­ve cnf­nb nj­kt­hfyn­
yèib­vb è dèl­rhb­nè­ib­vb e cdj­ÿq cdè­lj­vjc­nè uhj­vf­lz­yf­vb
dpfæ­vj­pf­kté­yj­uj cdè­n e.
Lt­nfkm­yè­ie èy­ajh­vf­wèñ vjé­yf pyfq­nb yf cfq­nè
ht­tp://www.nafsa.org.

eJournal USA

58

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Åèå­kè­ju­hf­aèz
Jr­ht­vè geå­kè­rf­wèÿ ghj db­oe jc­dè­n e d CIF

Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF. Åñ­hj e cghf­dfö jc­dè­nb è
rekm­n e­hb. Ct­hèz åhj­ieh ≤Zr­oj db öj­xt­nt dxb­nb­cz d Cgj­ke­
xt­ybö Inf­nfö≥. Df­iby­unjy, jr­heu Rj­kev­åèz: 2002–2003.
ht­tp://www.educationusa.st­ate.gov/pubs.htm
Gth­iè nhb åhj­ie­hb p wèæÿ db­xth­gyjÿ ct­hèÿ yf­hf­pè db­lf­yè
fy­ukèq­cmrjñ, fhfå­cmrjñ, èc­gfy­cmrjñ, rb­nfq­cmrjñ, hj­cèq­
cmrjñ nf ahfy­wepm­rjñ vj­df­vb. Xtn­dth­n e db­lf­yj fy­ukèq­
cmrjñ, rb­nfq­cmrjñ è hj­cèq­cmrjñ vj­df­vb.
Åhj­ie­hf 1. Undergraduate Study (≤Åf­pj­dt xj­nb­hb­hèx­yt yf­
dxfy­yz≥);
Åhj­ie­hf 2. Graduate and Professional Study and Research
(≤Fc­gè­hfy­n e­hf, ghja­tcèq­yt yf­dxfy­yz è yf­e rj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­
rf hj­åj­nf≥);
Åhj­ie­hf 3. Short-Term Study, English Language Programs,
Dista­nce Education, and Accred­it­ation (≤Rj­hjn­rj­nth­vè­yj­dt
yf­dxfy­yz, ghj­uhf­vb fy­ukèq­cmrjÿ vj­db, lb­cnfy­wèq­yt (pf­jx­yt
fåj p lj­gj­vj­ujñ rjv­g’ñ­nt­hf) yf­dxfy­yz è fr­ht­lb­nf­wèz≥);
Åhj­ie­hf 4. Getting Ready to Go: Practical Info­rmation for Living and Studying in the Unit­ed St­ates (≤Gèl­uj­njd­rf lj dè­l’ÿp­le.
Ghfr­nbx­yf èy­ajh­vf­wèz ghj ébn­nz è yf­dxfy­yz d Cgj­ke­xt­
ybö Inf­nfö≥).
ht­tp://www.educationusa.st­ate.gov/life/pubs.htm

Colle­ge Board. Trends in Stu­de­nts Aid, 2005 (Hf­lf rj­kt­léèd.
Nty­lty­wèÿ cne­ltyncmrjÿ lj­gj­vj­ub, 2005). New York: The Colle­
ge Board, 2005. ht­tp://www.colle­ge­board.com./proddownloads/press/cost05/t­rends_aid_05.pdf
Colle­ge Board. The Colle­ge Board Book of Majors (Hf­lf rj­kt­
léèd. Lj­dèl­ybr Hf­lb rj­kt­léèd èp uj­kjd­ybö cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq).
New York: The Colle­ge Board, 2004.
CSIET: Council On Standards for Int­er­national Educational
Tr­avel. Advisory List of Int­er­national Educational Tr­avel and
Exchange Programs (Hf­lf p gb­nfym cnfy­lfh­nèd lkz vèé­
yf­hjl­ybö jc­dèn­yèö gjl­jhj­étq. Èyajh­vf­wèq­ybq cgb­cjr
vèé­yf­hjl­ybö jc­dèn­yèö gjl­jhj­étq nf jå­vèy­ybö ghj­uhfv).
Alexandria, VA: CSIET, 2005. ht­tp://www.csiet.org/mc/page.
do?sit­eP­ageId=748
Denslow, Lanie, Tinkham, Mary and Willer, Patricia. U.S. Cultu­re
Ser­ies: Introduction to American Life (Lty­c kje Kty, Nèy­rtv
Vt­hè è Dèk­kth Gfn­hè­cèz. Ct­hèz ≤Rekm­n e­hf CIF≥: Dcneg lj
fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­uj ébn­nz). Washington, DC: NAFSA: Association
of Int­er­national Educators, 2004.
ht­tp://www.nafsa.org/publ­ication.sec/­
int­er­national_ stu­de­nts/u.s.cultu­re_ser­ies

Andrews, Linda Landis. How to Choose a Colle­ge Major (Ty­lhñc
Kèy­lf Kty­lèc. Zr jåb­hf­nb jc­yjd­ye cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ d rj­kt­
léè). New York; McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006.

Fo­rest, James J.F. and Alt­bach, Philip G.,eds. The Int­er­national
Handbook of Higher Education (Gèl htl. Aj­htc­nf Létq­vcf
è Jk­nåf­öf Aè­kè­gf. Vèé­yf­hjl­ybq lj­dèl­ybr p gb­nfym db­ojÿ
jc­dè­nb). New York: Springer, 2005.
ht­tp://www.higher-ed.org/handbook/TOC.pdf

Ashley, Dwayne and Williams, Juan. I’ll find a Way or Make One:
A Tr­ib­ute to Historically Black Colle­ges and Universit­ies (Ti­kè
Le­fqy è Dè­kmzvc Öe­fy. Z pyfq­le ikzö fåj cndj­hñ qj­uj.
Lf­yb­yf èc­nj­hbx­yj ≤xjh­ybv≥ rj­kt­léfv nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfv).
New York: Harper Tr­ade, 2004.

Fo­rest, James J.F. and Kinser, Kevin. Higher Education in the Unit­
ed St­ates: An Encyclopedia (Aj­htcn Létqvc è Rèy­cth Rt­dèy.
Db­of jc­dè­nf e Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö. Ty­wbr­kj­gt­lèz). New
York: ABC-CLIO Publishers, 2002.

Colle­ge Board. Int­er­national Stu­de­nt Handbook 2006 (Hf­lf rj­
kt­léèd. Vèé­yf­hjl­ybq lj­dèl­ybr lkz cne­lty­nèd, 2006). New
York: The Colle­ge Board, 2005.

Gose, Ben et al. “Community Colle­ges: Special Issue” (Uj­ep Åty
nf èy. ≤Uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè. Cgt­wè­f km­ybq db­gecr≥). The
Chronicle of Higher Education, vol. 52, no. 10, 28 Oct­ob­er 2005,
pp. B1–B44.

Colle­ge Board. Trends in Colle­ge Pricing, 2005 (Hf­lf rj­kt­léèd.
Nty­lty­wèÿ wè­yj­djÿ gj­kè­nb­rb rj­kt­léèd, 2005). New York: The
Colle­ge Board, 2005. ht­tp://www.colle­ge­board.com/­
proddownloads/press/cost05/t­rends_ colle­ge _pricing_
05.pdf
Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

59

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Gre­en, Madel­eine and Turlington, Ba­rbara. A Br­ief Guide to U.S.
Higher Education. (Uhèy Vtl­kèy è Nfh­kèy­unjy Åfh­åf­hf. Rj­hjn­
rbq lj­dèl­ybr p gb­nfym db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb e CIF) Washington,
DC: American Council on Education, 2001. ht­tp://www.ace­net.
edu/booksto­re/pdf/2001_br­ief guide.pdf

Kalmar, Geo­rge ed. Fo­reign Stu­de­nts’ Guide to American Schools,
Colle­ges and Universit­ies (Gèl htl. Rfk­vt­hf Léjhléf. Ge­nèd­ybr
gj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö irj­kfö, rj­kt­léfö nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö lkz
èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd). Santa Monica, CA: Int­er­national Education
Service, 2005.
ht­tp://www.iesed.com/

Gree­ne, Howard et al. The Public Ivies (Uhèy Uj­dfhl nf èy.
Geå­kèx­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb “Kè­ub gkñ­of”.) New York:
Harpe­rTr­ade, 2001.

Lanier, Alison Raymond et al. Living in the U.S.A. 6th ed. (Kf­ymæ
Tkè­cjy Htq­vjyl nf èy. Ébn­nz e CIF. 6-t dbl.) Yarmo­uth, ME:
Int­ercultural Press, 2004.

“Historically Black Colle­ges and Universit­ies: Special Se­ction” (Ècnj­
hbx­yj ≤xjh­yè≥ rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb. Cgt­wè­f km­ybq hjp­lèk).
Ebony, vol 60, no 11, Se­ptember 2005, pp.73–130.

Lat­imer, Jon, ed. Applying to Colle­ges and Universit­ies in the Unit­ed
St­ates 1998: A Handbook for Int­er­national Stu­de­nts. (Gèl htl.
Kf­nè­vt­hf Qj­yf. Gjl­fy­yz pf­zdb yf dcneg e rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­
cb­nt­nb e Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö, 1998. Lj­dèl­ybr lkz èyj­ptv­ybö
cne­lty­nèd). Lawrren­cev­ille, NJ: Peterson’s, 1997.

Inde­pen­de­nt Colle­ges and Universit­ies: A National Profi­le (Yt­pf­kté­
yè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb. Yf­hbc). Washington, DC: National
Association of Inde­pen­de­nt Colle­ges and Universit­ies, 2004.
ht­tp://www.naicu.edu/pubs/2004Hrofi­le.pdf
E wèq åhj­ie­hè, yf­lhe­rj­df­yèq pf gèl­nhbv­rb Yf­wèj­yfkm­yjÿ fcj­
wèf­wèÿ yt­pf­kté­ybö rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, Hf­lb yt­pf­kté­
ybö rj­kt­léèd nf Ajy­le yt­pf­kté­yjÿ db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, vèc­nznm­cz
afr­nb, cnf­nbc­nbx­yè lf­yè nf åè­ju­hf­aèÿ cne­lty­nèd è cgèd­hj­åèn­yb­
rèd.

Lipka, Sara. “Fu­lbr­ight Conne­cts With the Muslim World”(Kèg­rf
Cf­hf. “Ghj­uhf­vf Aek­åhfq­nf ndj­hbnm rjy­nfr­nb p ve­cekm­vfy­
cmrbv cdè­njv”). The Chronicle of Higher Education, vol. 53,
no 11, 4 November 2005, pp. A47–A49.
Vèc­nbnm nfå­kb­wè nf nhb åè­ju­hf­aèÿ aek­åhfq­nèd­cmrbö cnb­gty­lèf­
nèd wmj­uj hj­re.

Instit­ute of Int­er­national Education. Funding for Unit­ed St­ates
Study Ser­ies: Funding for U.S. Stu­dies: A Scholarship Guide for
Europeans (Èycnb­n en vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb. Ct­hèz ≤Aè­yfy­ce­dfy­
yz fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö cne­lèq≥. Lj­dèl­ybr p gb­nfym cnb­gty­lèq lkz
æd­hj­gtq­wèd). New York: IIE, 2005.
ht­tp://www.iie­books.org/fu­nforunst­at.html

Open Doors: St­atistics on Int­er­national Stu­de­nt Mobi­lity (Dèl­rhb­nè
ldt­hè. Cnf­nbc­nb­rf gt­ht­vè­otym èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd). New
York: Instit­ute of Int­er­national Education, 2005. Dèl­åèh­rj­dè nfå­
kb­wè lj­cneg­yè d Èynth­yt­nè. Open Doors: Rep­ort on Int­er­national
Education Exchange (Dèl­rhb­nè ldt­hè. Pdèn ghj vèé­yf­hjl­yè jc­dèn­
yè jå­vè­yb). ht­tp://opendoors.iie­ne­twork.org/

Instit­ute of Int­er­national Education. Funding for Unit­ed St­ates Study
Ser­ies: Funding for U.S. Stu­dies: Graduate and Postgraduate Opportu­
nit­ies for Latin Americans (Èycnb­n en vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb. Ct­hèz
≤Aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö cne­lèq≥. Vjé­kb­djc­nè db­ojÿ q
gèc­kz­lbg­kjv­yjÿ jc­dè­nb lkz kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­wèd). New York: IIE,
2004. ht­tp://www.iie­books.org/­
fu­nforunst­at.html

Riley, Naomi Schaefer. God on the Quad: How Religious Colle­ges
and the Missionary Ge­ner­ation Are Changing America (Hè­kè Yf­jvè
It­ath. Åju yf gkf­we. Zr ht­kè­uèq­yè rj­kt­léè nf gj­rj­kèy­yz
vè­cè­jyt­hèd pvè­yñ­ñnm Fvt­hb­re). New York: St. Martin’s Press,
2005.
Rot­hbl­att, Sheldon. The Living Arts: Comparati­ve and Historical
Ref­le­ctions on Lib­eral Education (Hjn­åkfnn Itk­ljy. Éb­dt vbc­
ntw­ndj. Gj­hèd­yzkm­yè q èc­nj­hbx­yè hjp­le­vb ghj kè­åt­hfkm­ye
jc­dè­n e). Washington, DC: Association of American Colle­ges and
Universit­ies, 2003.
Smit­hee, Michael; Gree­nbl­att, Sidney L.; and Eland, Alisa. U.S.
Cultu­re Ser­ies: U.S. Classroom Cultu­re (Cvè­nè Vfqrk, Uhèy­åkfnn
Cèl­ytq è Tkfyl Fkè­cf. Ct­hèz ≤Rekm­n e­hf CIF≥. Yf­dxfkm­yf rekm­
ne­hf CIF). Washington, DC: NAFSA: Association of Int­er­national
Educators, 2004.
ht­tp://www.nafsa.org/publ­ication.sec/int­er­national_­
stu­de­nts/u.s. cultu­re_ser­ies_1
Twel­ve fa­cts Th­at May Surprise You Abo­ut American’s Private Colle­
ges and Universit­ies (Ldf­yfl­wznm afr­nèd oj­lj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö

eJournal USA

60

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

ghb­dfn­ybö rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, zrè vj­é enm dfc plb­
de­df­nb). Washington, DC: National Association of Inde­pen­de­nt
Colle­ges and Universit­ies, 2003. ht­tp://www.naicu.edu/pubs/
NAICU12Fa­ctsNew.pdf

Èy­iè geå­kè­rf­wèÿ ghj fvt­hb­rfy­cmre db­oe jc­dè­n e nf yf­dxfy­yz
d CIF vjé­yf pyfq­nb yf nf­rbö dtå-cfq­nfö, zrè åf­pe­ñnm­cz
yf åhj­ie­hfö ct­hèÿ “If You Want to Study in the Unit­ed St­ates”
(≤Zr­oj db öj­xt­nt dxb­nb­cz d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö≥. –
Df­iby­unjy, jr­heu Rj­kev­åèz, 2002–2003):

U.S. Dep­artme­nt of St­ate. Bu­reau of Int­er­national Info­rmation
Programs. “Community Colle­ges in the Unit­ed St­ates” (Lth­éfd­
ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF. Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­ajh­vf­wèq­
ybö ghj­uhfv. Tktr­nhj­yybq xf­cj­gbc ≤Uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè
e Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö≥). eJournal USA: U.S.Socie­ty & Values,
vol 7, no. 1, Ju­ne 2002, 26 pp. ht­tp://usinfo.st­ate.gov/journals/
itsv/0602/ijse/ijse0602.htm

– Yf­dxfy­yz d fc­gè­hfy­n e­hè: ht­tp://www.educationusa.st­ate.
gov/graduate/b­iblio.htm
– Ébn­nz d CIF: ht­tp://www.educationusa.st­ate.gov/ life.
htm
– Vjé­kb­djc­nè lkz dxt­ybö: ht­tp://www.educationusa.st­ate.
gov/schoolars/b­iblio.htm
– Èy­ajh­vf­wèz lkz nbö, önj dè­l’ÿéléfæ: ht­tp://www.­
educationusa.st­ate.gov/pre­dep­artu­re/b­iblio.htm
– Cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yt ghja­tcèq­yt yf­dxfy­yz: ht­tp://www.­
educationusa.st­ate.gov/professional/b­iblio.htm
– Rj­hjn­rj­nth­vè­yj­dt yf­dxfy­yz: ht­tp://www.educationusa.
st­ate.gov/study/b­iblio.htm
– Åf­pj­dt xj­nb­hb­hèx­yt yf­dxfy­yz: ht­tp://www.educationusa.
st­ate.gov/undergrad/b­iblio.htm

U.S. Dep­artme­nt of St­ate. Bu­reau of Int­er­national Info­rmation
Programs. “See You in the U.S.A.” (Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn
CIF. Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv.
Tktr­nhj­yybq xf­cj­gbc ≤Lj pec­nhè­xè e CIF≥). eJournal USA:
Fo­reign Policy Agenda, vol.10, no. 2, Se­ptember 2005, 52 pp.
ht­tp://usinfo.st­ate.gov/journals/itps/0905/ij­pe/gough.htm
U.S. Dep­artme­nt of St­ate. Bu­reau of Int­er­national Info­rmation
Programs. “The Unit­ed St­ates in 2005: Who We Are Today”
(Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF. Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­
ajh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv. Tktr­nhj­yybq xf­cj­gbc ≤Cgj­ke­xt­yè
Inf­nb e 2005 hj­wè. Önj vb cmj­ujl­yè≥). eJournal USA: Socie­ty
& Values, vol. 9, no. 2, De­cember 2004, 48 pp.
ht­tp://usinfo.st­ate.gov/journals/itsv/1204/ijse/ijse1204.htm

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF yt dèl­gj­dè­lfæ pf pvècn è yf­zd­yècnm ht­
ceh­cèd èy­ibö futy­wèq nf jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq, puf­lf­ybö db­ot. Dcè gj­cbkfy­yz yf
ht­c eh­cb Èy­nth­yt­ne gjl­fñnm­cz cnfy­j v yf kbc­nj­gfl 2005 hj­r e.

61

eJournal USA

Lét­ht­kf d Èy­nth­yt­nè
Db­åhf­yè dtå-cfq­nb, ghb­cdz­xt­yè db­oèq jc­dè­nè d CIF
Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF

Jlby èp jc­yjd­ybö ht­ceh­cèd ghj fvt­hb­rfy­cmre cbc­nt­ve jc­dè­
nb, cndjht­ybq lkz èy­ajh­ve­dfy­yz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd, zrè
ghb­ÿp­lznm lj CIF pf jå­vè­yjv.

Åñ­hj e cghf­dfö jc­dè­nb è rekm­n e­hb
≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥
ht­tp://www.educationusa.st­ate.gov/
Gèl pf­uj­kjd­rjv ≤Dfi uèl gj cbc­nt­vè db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb CIF≥
dtå-cfqn ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥ yf­lfæ ≤dt­kb­rbq jå­czu èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ
è hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè gj­c ke­ub èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv yf dcèö tnf­
gfö gj­ie­re rj­kt­lée≥. Dèy zd­k zæ cj­åjñ ukj­åfkm­ye vt­ht­é e
åèkm­it yèé èp 450 èy­ajh­vf­wèq­yj-rjy­cekm­nf­wèq­ybö wty­nhèd
(ht­tp://www.educationusa.st­ate.gov/ce­nt­ers.htm) e 170 rhfÿ­
yfö. Wè wty­nhb ≤ghj­gf­u e­ñnm db­oe jc­dè­n e d CIF e dcmj­ve
cdè­nè, yf­lfñ­xb njx­ye, gj­dye, jå’ær­nbd­ye q fr­n e­f km­ye èy­ajh­
vf­wèñ ghj vjé­kb­djc­nè jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb d CIF è gj­hf­lb,
zr rhf­ot db­rj­hbc­nf­nb wè vjé­kb­djc­nè nbv, önj dèl­gj­dè­lfæ
gtd­ybv db­vj­ufv≥. Jr­ht­vè hjp­lè­kb cfq­n e ghb­cdz­xt­yè gb­
nfy­yzv fr­ht­lb­nf­wèÿ è gj­ie­re yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le, dè­pj­dèq
ghj­wt­le­hè, aè­yfy­cj­dèq lj­gj­vj­pè, cnb­gty­lè­zv Aek­åhfq­nf,
ghj­uhf­vfv Åñ­hj e cghf­dfö jc­dè­nb q rekm­n e­hb Lth­éfd­yj­uj
lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e.

Lj­gj­vj­uf cne­lty­nfv yf at­lt­hfkm­yj­ve hèd­yè: èyj­ptv­yè
cne­lty­nb
ht­tp: //stu­de­ntaid.ed.gov/PORTALSWe­bApp/stu­de­nts/english/
intl.jsp
IPEDS: vjé­kb­djc­nè yf­dxfy­yz d rj­kt­léfö
ht­tp://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cool/index.asp
Åñ­hj p gb­nfym db­ojÿ ghja­tcèq­yj-ntö­yèx­yjÿ jc­dè­nb
Åf­pf lf­ybö ghj fr­ht­lb­nj­df­yè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb
ht­tp://ope.ed.gov/accred­it­ation/
Ckeé­åf CIF p gb­nfym uhj­vf­l zy­cndf q èv­vèu­hf­wèÿ
Zr cnf­nb cne­lty­njv db­oj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le CIF?
ht­tp://uscis.gov/graphics/howdoi/academic.htm
Hf­l èj­cnfy­wèz ≤Uj­kjc Fvt­hb­r b≥

Vèé­yf­hjl­ybq nbé­ltym jc­dè­nb, 2005 hèr
ht­tp://iew.st­ate.gov/
Cgèkm­yf èyè­wèf­nb­df Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e CIF nf Lt­
gfh­nf­vty­n e jc­dè­nb CIF p vt­njñ pf­jöj­xty­yz vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ
jc­dè­nb q jå­vè­ye.

Ukj­åfkm­ybq aj­hev rj­kt­léèd Fvt­hb­rb
ht­tp://www.voanews.com/english/AmericanLife/­
global_colle­ge_forum.cfm
Wtq oj­nbé­yt­dbq hf­lèjju­k zl hjp­gj­dè­lfæ ghj èyj­ptv­ybö
cne­lty­nèd, zrè yf­dxf­ñnm­cz d hèp­ybö fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­
léfö nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö.

Vèé­yf­hjl­yè èy­ajh­vf­wèq­yè ghj­uhf­vb
Yf­dxfy­yz d CIF
ht­tp://usinfo.st­ate.gov/scv/life_and_cultu­re/education/­
study_in_t­he_us.html

Åè­kbq lèv

Åñ­hj rjy­cekmcmrbö cghfd: dè­pb
ht­tp://tr­avel.st­ate.gov/visa_1750.html

Èyè­wèf­nb­df ≤Db­cj­rè gj­rfp­yb­rb d yf­dxfy­yè ct­htl kf­nb­yjf­vt­
hb­rfy­wèd≥
ht­tp://www.yic.gov/

Yf­dxfy­yz d CIF: dè­pb
ht­tp://www.unit­edst­atesvisas.gov/studying.html​

Èyè­wèf­nb­df ≤Nhf­lb­wèq­yj yt­uhb­nzy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­
nt­nb≥
ht­tp://www.ed.gov/abo­ut/inits/list/whhbcu/ed­lite-index.html

Lt­gfh­nf­vtyn jc­dè­n b CIF
USNEI: Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf vt­ht­éf èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ ghj jc­dè­n e
ht­tp://www.ed.gov/abo­ut/of­fi­ces/list/jus/int­er­national/­
usnei/ed­lite-index.html

eJournal USA

Èyè­wèf­nb­df ≤Rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb lkz fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö
èy­lè­fy­wèd≥ ht­tp://www.ed.gov/abo­ut/inits/list/whtc/­
ed­lite-index.html

62

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

Èy­iè ht­c eh­cb

Hf­lf p vèé­yf­hjl­yj­uj jc­dèn­ymj­uj jå­vè­ye (CIEE)
ht­tp://www.ciee.org/

Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf fcj­wèf­wèz vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léèd
ht­tp://www.aacc.nche.edu/

eduPASS!
ht­tp://www.edupass.org/

Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf hf­lf p jc­dè­nb
ht­tp://www.ace­net.edu//AM/Template.cfm?Se­ction=Home
Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf hf­lf p jc­dè­nb, zrf æ uj­kjd­ybv rj­jh­lb­yf­wèq­
ybv jh­uf­yjv ecèö db­obö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd rhfÿ­yb, f
nf­rjé gèl­nhb­veæ rj­kj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èyè­wèf­nbd:
ht­tp://www.ace­net.edu/AM/Template.­
cfm?Se­ction=I­nt­er­national.

Gj­hnfk ht­ceh­cèd ghj db­oe jc­dè­n e
ht­tp://www.higher-ed.org/
Kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­cmrf fcj­wèf­wèz rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd
ht­tp://www.hacu.net/
Èy­cnb­n en vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb
ht­tp://www.iie.org/

Rjy­cjh­wè­ev db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb lkz fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd
ht­tp://www.aihec.org/

NAF­EO: Yf­wèj­yfkm­yf fcj­wèf­wèz pf hèd­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè e db­oèq
jc­dè­nè
ht­tp://www.naf­eo.org/abo­ut.htm

AMIDEAST, Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj-åkbpm­rjc­öèl­yf jc­dèn­yz è
nht­yèy­uj­df ckeé­åf
ht­tp://www.ami­deast.org/

NAFSA: Vèé­yf­hjl­yf fcj­wèf­wèz gt­lf­uj­uèd
ht­tp://www.nafsa.org/

Fcj­wèf­wèz fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd
ht­tp://www.aacu-edu.org/

Yf­wèj­yfkm­yf fcj­wèf­wèz eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd inf­nèd è cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­
ybö rj­kt­léèd
ht­tp://www.nasulgc.org/

Rfv­gec-rjv­gfrn
ht­tp://www.comp­act.org
Pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yf rjf­kè­wèz htr­nj­hèd rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­
cb­nt­nèd, ≤z­rè ghfu­yenm hjp­db­df­nb q pf­jöj­xe­df­nb uhj­vfl­cmre
lè­z km­yècnm, fr­nbd­ye uhj­vf­lzy­cmre gj­pb­wèñ è yf­dxfy­yz, oj
vèc­nbnm tkt­vty­nb uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ ghf­wè≥.

Nt­öfcm­rbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn d Jc­nb­yè
Db­of jc­dè­nf d CIF d Èy­nth­yt­nè
ht­tp://www.ut­exas.edu/world/univ/
Cnèd Utk­åth. AP/WWP

Hf­lf p fr­ht­lb­nf­wèÿ e db­oèq jc­dè­nè
ht­tp://www.chea.org/
Åf­pf lf­ybö p fr­ht­lb­nj­df­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd è
ghj­uhfv
ht­tp://www.chea.org/search/de­fa­ult.asp
Öhj­yè­rb db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb
ht­tp://chronicle.com/
Gj­nhèå­yf gèl­gbc­rf; e dèkm­yj­ve lj­cne­gè æ kb­it jå­vt­ét­yf
rèkm­rècnm vf­nt­hèf­kèd
ht­tp://chronicle.com/f­ree/
Hf­lf rj­kt­léèd
ht­tp://www.colle­ge­board.com/splash/

Cgjh­nbd­yè gjl­èÿ rj­kt­lée påb­hf­ñnm yf­njd­gb kñ­ltq, zr vjé­yf wt gj­åf­xb­nb
yf cnf­lèj­yè Gj­kè­ntö­yèx­yj­uj èy­cnb­ne­ne Dèh­uè­yèÿ q eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne inf­ne.

Vèc­wt­dè rj­kt­léè CIF
ht­tp://www.cc-usa.org/

Gj­cbkfy­yz yf dtå-cfq­nb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, vèc­
wt­dbö rj­kt­léèd, lj­dèl­yb­rèd gj rj­kt­léfö nf yf ht­uèj­yfkm­yè
fr­ht­lb­nj­df­yè futy­wèÿ.

Hf­lf yt­pf­kté­ybö rj­kt­léèd
ht­tp://www.cic.org/

Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF yt dèl­gj­dè­lfæ pf pvècn è yf­zd­yècnm ht­
ceh­cèd èy­ibö futy­wèq nf jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq, puf­lf­ybö db­ot. Ecè gj­cbkfy­yz yf
ht­c eh­cb Èy­nth­yt­ne gjl­fyj cnfy­j v yf kbc­nj­gfl 2005 hj­r e.
Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005

63

eJournal USA

A
MONTHLY
JOURNAL
OFFERED IN
MULTIPLE
LANGUAGES
review the full listing of titles at

http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm

eJournal USA

64

Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005



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