KFC RF130 Colleges Univ Ukrainian

User Manual: KFC-RF130

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 Htlfrnjh..........................................................VfqrkCtqltycnhèrth
 Dèlgjdèlfkmybqhtlfrnjh...........................................................HjåèyK.Æuth
 Htlfrnjhb........................................................................ VfqrkAhèlvfy
 HjpfkèNfhujycrè
 Aföèdwèpgèlåjheljdèlrjdjÿèyajhvfwèÿ..................................VfhèTyyUtvåk
 RtnèIgèutkm
 Lbpfqyjårkflbyrb....................................................... LfqfyDjkdthnjy
 Ajnjhtlfrnjh.......................................................TyyVjyhjLétrjåc
 Dblfdtwm.............................................................................LéelènC.Cèutk
 Cnfhibqhtlfrnjh.................................................................LéjhléRkfr
 Ujkjdybqhtlfrnjh.............................................................HèxfhlD.Ufrtåè
 Ntöyèxybqlbhtrnjh.......................................................... RhècnèfyKfhcjy
 Gjvèxybrntöyèxyjujlbhtrnjhf...........................................................RkjTkkèc
 Htlrjktuèz..................................................FktrcfylthC.Atkmlvfy
 LéthtvèA.Rehnèy
 RtnkèyLtqdèc
 RfhfUfkkc
 Gthtrkflyferhfÿycmrevjde................................................. KtczÅfnehcmrf
 Htlfrnjherhfÿycmrjujgthtrkfle............................................JrcfyfKtdxey
HfqfyVfr-Dtq/Taxi/Getty Images
ÅñhjvèéyfhjlyböèyajhvfwèqyböghjuhfvLthéfdyjuj
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“eJournal
USA”
.Wtnfrèéehyfkb,zr≤Trjyjvèxyègthcgtrnbdb≥,≤Cdènjdè
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jcyjdyègbnfyyz,zrècnjznmgthtlCgjkextybvbInfnfvbq
vèéyfhjlyjñcgèkmyjnjñ,fnfrjéfvthbrfycmrtcecgèkmcndj,
qjujwèyyjcnè,gjukzlbqèycnbnewèÿ.
Ojvèczwzdböjlbnmjlbyyjdbqxfcjgbcfyukèqcmrjñ
vjdjñ,zrbqgjnèvgthtrkflfænmczahfywepmrjñ,gjhne
ufkmcmrjñ,hjcèqcmrjñnfècgfycmrjñvjdfvb.Jrhtvèdbgecrb
nfrjégthtrkflfñnmczfhfåcmrjñ,rbnfqcmrjñnfèyibvb
vjdfvb.Rjétyxfcjgbcrfnfkjuèpeænmczpfnjvjv(rèkmrècnm
hjrèdgeåkèrfwèÿ)èxbckjv(rèkmrècnmyjvthèd,ojdböjlznmlhe
rjvghjnzujvhjre).
Levrb,dbckjdktyèdxfcjgbcfö,ytjåjd’zprjdjdèljåhféf
ñnmgjukzlbxbgjkènbreehzleCIF.Lthéfdybqltgfhnfvtyn
CIFytdèlgjdèlfæpfpvècnxbgjcnèqyeljcnegyècnmÈynthytn
htcehcèd,gjcbkfyyzyfzrègjlfñnméehyfkb;nfrfdèlgjdèlfkm
yècnmkzufænèkmrbyfdblfdwèdwböcfqnèd.Cnfnnè,ajnjuhfaèÿ
nfèkñcnhfwèÿ,dvèotyèdéehyfkfö,vjéyfdèlndjhñdfnbè
gthtrkflfnbgjpfvtéfvbCgjkextyböInfnèd,pfdbyznrjv
nbödbgflrèd,rjkbdjybvfñnmxènrèjåvtétyyzojljfdnjh
cmrjujghfdf.Enfrjvehfpèckèljnhbvfnbljpdèkdkfcybrèd
fdnjhcmrböghfd,pfpyfxtyböexfcjgbcè.
YfcfqnèÅñhjvèéyfhjlyböèyajhvfwèqyböghjuhfv
ht tp://usinfo.st ate.gov/pub/ejournalusa.html
dbvjétntpyfqnb
gjnjxyènfgjgthtlyèdbgecrbxfcjgbcèderèkmrjötktrnhjy
yböajhvfnfö,fnfrjégthtkèrxfcjgbcèd,ojujneñnmczlj
dbgecre.GhjcbvjyflcbkfnbrjvtynfhèljGjcjkmcndfCIFe
dfièqrhfÿyèfåjljhtlfrwèÿyfnfreflhtce:
Ed itor, eJournal USA
IIP/PUBS
U.S. Dep artme nt of St ate
301 4th St reet SW
Washington, DC 20547
Unit ed St ates of America
Tktrnhjyyfgjinf:
eJournalUSA@st ate.gov
Cecgèkmcndjèwèyyjcnè

Ghjgjyeævjdfvjpyfqjvbnbczpyjdbvyjvthjv
tktrnhjyyjujxfcjgbceCIF.Lzreævjpfdfi
èynthtcljdbojÿjcdènbdCgjkextyböInfnfö
Fvthbrb–xeljdjvevècwèlkzjnhbvfyyzjcdènbèpljåenz
pyfym.Vbyekjÿjctyèvèqcbyhjpgjxfdyfdxfyyzdrjkt
léè,njvezpyfñ,zrbqwtwèrfdbqgthèjllkzcneltynèdnf
ÿöyèöcèvtq.Ojådbytöjnèkbdbdxfnb,ltådbytöjnèkb
jnhbvfnbjcdène–xbnjedtkbrjve,xbdvfkjve,fåjé
ecthtlyèöhjpvèhèdyfdxfkmyjvepfrkflè–dbpyfqltnte
CIFcghfdlèytjåvtétyèvjékbdjcnè.Cgjlèdfævjcm,oj
yfiéehyfkljgjvjétdfvphjåbnbgthièrhjrbewmjve
yfghzvè.
Vjékbdècnmpljåenbjcdèneækbitjlybvèpfhuevtynèd
yfrjhbcnmdbåjheyfdxfyyzdCIF.Nencneltynbvfñnm
cdjåjleèyntktrnefkmyjujgjiere,gjkènbxyjÿgjktvèrb
nfdèlrhbnjujhtkèuèqyjujèöeljéymjujcfvjdbhfétyyz.
Yfdxfyyzedepföwèæÿrhfÿybcghbzæpvèwytyyñlheéåbnf
dpfævjhjpevèyyzvèécneltynfvbhèpybörhfÿyèrekmneh.
VfqétdcèrjktléènfeyèdthcbntnbCIFnèkmrbdbuhf
ñnmdèldytcreèyjptvyböcneltynèd.Gjyfl565000cnelty
nèdèp190rhfÿyyfdxfkbcze2004–2005yfdxfkmyjvehjwè
edepföCIF.Åfufnjfvthbrfycmrböeyèdthcbntnèdpfjöjxe
ñnmcneltynèdhjpibhñdfnbujhbpjynbpyfymèjcjåbcnj
pyfqjvbnbczpåfufncndjvèyibörekmneh,åhfnbexfcnme
ghjuhfvfögjÿpljrpfrjhljyèyfdxfyyzdèyibörhfÿyfö.
Cgjlèdfævjcz,ojwtqyjvthtktrnhjyyjujxfcjgbce
ljgjvjétdfveödfkbnbhèityyzcnfnbghtlcnfdybrjv
yfcnegyjujgjrjkèyyzèyjptvyböcneltynèd,zrèpljåelenm
jcdènedCIF.Èppfljdjktyyzvxtrfævjyfujlbghbdènfnb
dfceyfièqrhfÿyè.
RfhtyU’ñp
PfcnegybrLthéfdyjujctrhtnfhzCIFpgbnfym
uhjvflcmrjÿlbgkjvfnèÿnfpd’zprèdpuhjvflcmrècnñ
Kfcrfdjghjcbvj
PfcnegybrLthéfdyjujctrhtnfhzRfhtyU’ñp
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eJournal USA
Öjxegjlzredfnbdfvpfèynthtcljfvthbrfycmrjÿ
cbcntvbdbojÿjcdènb.Vbgbifævjczyfibvb
eyèdthcbntnfvbnfrjktléfvb.Djyblfñnmjcdène
yfcnegyjvegjrjkèyyñcdènjdbökèlthèd.
OjhjreljCIFghbÿplznmyfyfdxfyyzcjnyènbczx
cneltynèdpecmjujcdène.Èyjptvyècneltynbdyjcznmgtdye
cgtwbaèredcbcntvejcdènb,påfufxeñxbcneltyncmrtébn
nzdrjktléfö.
DFvthbwèdbofjcdènfvfæcdjÿjcjåkbdjcnègjhèdyz
yjpèyibvbrhfÿyfvb.DCIFcbcntvfjcdènbpyfxyjñ
vèhjñltwtynhfkèpjdfyf,ojcghbzævjékbdjcnèibhjrj
ujdbåjhevècwzjnhbvfyyzjcdènb–dèldtkbrböeyèdth
cbntnèdljvècwtdbörjktléèd,ghjatcèqyjntöyèxybö
exbkboèntöyèrevèd.Ytpdféfñxbyfnt,ojLtgfhnfvtyn
jcdènbCIFgèlnhbveæqaèyfyceædboejcdène,dèyytæ
wtynhfkmybvjhufyjveghfdkèyyz.Pltåèkmijujrjktléè
qeyèdthcbntnbaeyrwèjyeñnmzrcfvjdhzlyèecnfyjdbè
vfñnmpyfxyeytpfktéyècnmècdjåjle.
Wmjujhjrevjzcnfhifljymrfgjxfkfyfdxfnbczyf
gthijverehcèrjktlée.Vtyèåekjghbrhj,ojdjyfpf
kbifæljvèdre,fkt,djlyjxfc,wtåednjqvjvtyneébnnè,
rjkbzdèlxekfujhlècnm.Zöjxe,ojåecèåfnmrbvfkb
pvjuedèlxenbnfrecfveujhlècnm.Jlybvèpjcyjdybö
ghèjhbntnèdLtgfhnfvtynejcdènbæhjpibhtyyzvjékb
djcntq.Vbddféfævjcdjÿvpfdlfyyzvyflfyyzaèyfycj
djÿljgjvjubzryfqibhijverjkecneltynèd,ojådjyb
plèqcybkbcdjñvhèñghjjnhbvfyyzdbojÿjcdènb.
Ytojlfdyjzcndjhbkfyjderjvècèñ,gjrkbrfyeljgj
vjunbyfvhjphjåbnbyfwèjyfkmyecnhfntuèñojljyflfy
yzibhibövjékbdjcntqeufkepèdbojÿjcdènb.Devjdfö
cexfcyjÿukjåfkmyjÿtrjyjvèrbyfqrhfoèhjåjxèvècwz
dèllfñnmyfqrdfkèaèrjdfyèibvghfwèdybrfv.Åkbpmrj80fi
hjåjxbövècwmeufkepzö,ojyfqidblithjpdbdfñnmcz,
dbvfufñnmjcdènb,dbojÿpfcthtlyñ.Jnét,zryèrjkbhf
yèit,dfékbdjcmjujlyèvfnbdboejcdène.
Ewmjveyjvthèdbpyfqltntrjhjnrbqjukzlyfqhèpyj
vfyènyèibövjékbdjcntqpljåennzdbojÿjcdènbdCIF.
Cgjlèdfñcm,dèyåeltrjhbcybv,fzrojedfcp’zdkznmcz
ljlfnrjdègbnfyyz,leéthfléedèldèlfnbdtåcfqn
http://www.educationunsa.state.gov.

VèyècnhjcdènbCIFVfhufhtnCgtkkèyuc
ii


1
eJournal USA


Fvthbrfycmrèeyèdthcbntnbèrjktléè,cthtlzrbö
vjéyfpyfqnbhèpyjvfyènyènbgbpfrkflèdèghfrnbx
yjytjåvtétybqyfåèhghjuhfvècgtwèfkmyjcntq,
dèljåhféfñnmhèpyjvfyènyècnm,njkthfynytcnfdktyyzlj
ghtlcnfdybrèdhèpybörekmnehèghfuytyyzljdljcrjyf
ktyyz–dctntyfqrhfot,ojpfufkjvdkfcnbdtrhfÿyè.Pf
ljgjvjujñwmjujxfcjgbcegjntywèqyèèyjptvyècneltynb,
ÿöyèåfnmrbqrjycekmnfynbpvjéenmjpyfqjvbnbczpfvthb
rfycmrjñcbcntvjñdbojÿjcdènb,pyfdxfkmybvghjwtcjv
ècneltyncmrbvébnnzvdfvthbrfycmrbörjktléfönf
eyèdthcbntnfö.
Cneltynb,zrèdbdxfñnmcrkflybqrehcpöèvèÿfåjyfåe
dfñnmljcdèleghfrnbxyjÿhjåjnbyfcnféedfyyè,gèldboe
ñnmcdèqjcdènyèqhèdtymikzöjvlbcnfywèqyjujyfdxfyyz
xbdbrjhbcnjdeñnmhjpibhtyèrehcbèléthtkfpyfym,oj
ÿöghjgjyeæÈynthytn,fåjéyfvfufñnmczyfåenbvfqcnth
yjcnèyfrehcfö,gjd’zpfyböèpvbcntwndjv,–ecèdjybd
CgjkextyböInfnfövjéenmpyfqnbghjuhfvbqpfrkflb,
zrèlflenmÿvpvjuehtfkèpedfnbcdèqgjntywèfk.
CbcntvfdbojÿjcdènbdCIFytæpfufkmyjyfwèjyfkm
yjñ,xbvèdèlhèpyzænmczdèlåèkmijcnèèyiböcbcntv.
RjycnbnewèzCIFpfkbifæpfinfnfvbdcènèaeyrwèÿeghfd
kèyyz,zrèrjyrhtnyjytjöfhfrnthbpjdfyèzratlthfkmyè.
Njvedåèkmijcnèdbgflrèdinfnbytcenmdèlgjdèlfkmyècnm
pfdèlrhbnnzeyèdthcbntnèdnfèyiböpfrkflèddbojÿjcdènb,
pfeghfdkèyyzybvbnfhtuekñdfyyzÿöymjÿlèzkmyjcnè.
Infnblfñnmljpdèkyfcndjhtyyzyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèd,
fktytfrhtlbnjdeñnmÿöèytufhfyneñnmzrjcnèÿöymjÿ
lèzkmyjcnè.Yfnjvècnmfrhtlbnfwèæñpfqvfñnmczghbdfnyè
ytrjvthwèqyèjhufyèpfwèÿ.Jlyeèpdcnfdjrghbcdzxtyjwèq
ntvè.
Exfcjgbcèjgbcfyjhèpyèdblbdboböyfdxfkmyböpf
rkflèd,gèckzxjujgjlfyjcnfnnè,ojibhitdbcdènkññnm
cgtwbaèrejrhtvböeyèdthcbntncmrböghjuhfv,zrèhjp’zc
yññnm,ojnfrt≤cgtwèfkèpfwèz≥,zrbvæcneltyncmrtébnnz,
zrbqcnbkmyfdxfyyzdFvthbwè.Lkzgjkègityyzcghbqyzn
nzèyajhvfwèÿdéehyfkèhjpvèotyjxbcktyyèajnjnfghj
gjyeænmczgjcbkfyyzyfdèltjvfnthèfk.Vbnfrjéyflfævj
èyajhvfwèñghjléthtkflkzcneltynèd,zrbvgjnhèåyf
ljgjvjufedbåjhèrjktlée,yfgbcfyyèpfzdèpfåtpgtxtyyè
aèyfycedfyyzjcdènbdCIF.Rjycekmnfwèqyèwtynhbpgb
nfymjcdènb,zrèlèñnmehfvrföghjuhfvb≤JcdènfdCIF≥,
nfÿöyèqdtåcfqn
(ht tp://educationusa.st ate.gov/)
–yfqrjhbc
yèièhtcehcbewmjvedbgflre.Vbhtrjvtyleævjgjnty
wèqybvèyjptvybvcneltynfvnffcgèhfynfvgjxbyfnb
ghjwtcgjlfxèpfzdghbyfqvyèpfhèrljrèywtdjujnthvèye
ghbqjveljrevtynèd,èpnbv,ojåjnhbvfnbqgjlfnbdcè
ytjåöèlyèljrevtynbghjdbdxtyèrehcbqjlthéfyèjwèyrb,
fnfrjéghjqnbytjåöèlyèntcnb.
Rjkbvbpfqvfkbczdbgecrjvwmjujxbckftktrnhjyyj
ujxfcjgbceCIF≤Cecgèkmcndjèwèyyjcnè≥,yfvgjcnèqyj
yfufledfkb,yfcrèkmrbdfékbdbqlkzcneltynèdljcdèl
yfdxfyyzerjktléè.Dcèåtpdbyznreyfiècgèdhjpvjdybrb
ghjgjyedfkbyfgbcfnbghjÿöyèqrjktléfåjghjrjktlé,
ezrjvedxbnmczxbdxbdczönjcmèpxktyèdÿöymjÿhjlbyb.
Yfdènmxthtpåfufnjhjrèdjcjåbcnèpd’zprb,zrèdbybrfñnme
cneltyncmregjhe,ædfékbdbvyfufledfyyzvghjnehjkm,
zredèlèuhfæljcdèlyfdxfyyzdgthèjlcnfyjdktyyzjcj
åbcnjcnè,hjpd’zpfyyzcrkflyböèyntktrnefkmyböpfdlfym,
gjierecgèkmyjcnèèynthtcèdègjukzlèd.
Vbdbcjrjwèyeævjfrnbdyegèlnhbvre,yflfyewmjve
ghjtrnjdèltcznrfvbrjktléèd,eyèdthcbntnèdnfjcdènyèöpf
rkflèd,zrèyflcbkfkbyfvèyajhvfwèñ,ajnjuhfaèÿècnfnnè.
Djybljgjvjukbyfvpvfkñdfnbzryfqgjdyèierfhnbyedb
ojÿjcdènbdCIF.Jlyfrytckèlcghbqvfnbdbrjhbcnfye
yfvbèyajhvfwèñzrjcjåkbdtcödfktyyzzrjujcmjrhtvj
ujjcdènymjujpfrkflexbjhufyèpfwèÿ.
Dbgecrwmjujxfcjgbceåekjghbehjxtyjljghjdtltyyz
Vèéyfhjlyjujnbéyzjcdènb–cgèkmyjÿèyèwèfnbdbLthéfd
yjujltgfhnfvtyneCIFnfLtgfhnfvtynejcdènbCIF,
ojvfkfyfvtnècghbznbdbrjyfyyñghjuhfv,zrèrhfot
ujnedfkbåfvthbrfywèdljevjdukjåfkmyjÿtrjyjvèrbnf
pfjöjxedfkbvfqåenyèökèlthèdèyibölthéfdjnhbvedfnb
jcdène,pljåedfnbpyfyyzèjåvèyñdfnbczljcdèljveCIF.
Htlfrnjhb
2
eJournal USA
 
RfhtyU’ñp,pfcnegybRLthéfdyjUjctRhtnfhzcIfpgbnfym
UhjvfLcmRjÿLbgkjvfnèÿnfpd’zpRèdpUhjvfLcmRècnñ
 
vfhUfhtncgtkkèyUc,vèyècnhjcdènbcIf
 

 
hjåthnU.åheÿyèyRc,ghtpbLtyneyèdthcbntnevèyytcjnb
E nb gj dj ve eyè dth cb nt nè inf ne yf dxf ñnm cz lt czn rb nb czx
cne lty nèd nf ghj gj ye ñnm cz cj nyè reh cèd.
 

Létqvcd.dfUyth,ghtpbLtyneyèdthcbntnetvjhè
Lj cneg yècnm rji nèd p ghb dfn ybö ajy lèd lfæ ghb dfn ybv eyè dth
cb nt nfv vjé kb dècnm pfq vf nb cz cvè kb db vb yf erj db vb gj ie rf
vb d yj dbö yf ghz vfö.
 

LéjhLéh.åjUUp,ghtpbLtynfvthbRfycmRjÿfcjwèfwèÿUhjvfL
cmRböLdjhèxyböRjktLéèd
Ldj hèx yè rj kt léè – wt ghb dfå kb df fkm nth yf nb df lkz nbö, önj
öj xt ghj ljd ée df nb yf dxfy yz yt gj lf kèr dèl vèc wz ghj éb dfy yz,
pt rj yj vbd ib ghb wmj ve rji nb.
 

hèxfhLtRvfy,ghtpbLtynhfLbytpfktéyböRjktLéèd
E yt dt kb rbö ghb dfn ybö rj kt léfö yf dxfy yz dèl åe df ænm cz d
jå cnfy jd wè nèc yjÿ dpfæ vj lèÿ cne lty nèd è db rkf lf xèd.
 

E wbö rj kt léfö jcjå kb df edf uf ghb lè kz ænm cz cne lty nfv – ghtl
cnfd yb rfv yf wèj yfkm ybö vty iby, e nj ve xbc kè fa hjf vt hb rfy
wzv, kf nb yjf vt hb rfy wzv nf fvt hb rfy cmrbv èy lè fy wzv.
 


åtdthkèLtyètkntqnev,ghtpbLtynRjktLéecgtkvfyf
Db r kf lfx hjp gj dè lfæ ghj eyè rfkm ye hjkm nf rbö yf dxfkm ybö
pf rkf lèd e gb nfy yzö ajh ve dfy yz cf vjc dè lj vjc nè fa hjfvt hb
rfy cmrbö cne lty nèd.
 
ghtgjLjåybqLtdèLv.j’Rjyytkk,ghtpbLtynRfnjkbwmRjUj
eyèdthcbntnefvthbRb
E ht kè uèq ybö yf dxfkm ybö pf rkf lfö ghja tce hf gt ht rj yf yf, oj
yf dxfy yz d evj dfö dè hb påf uf xeæ db oe jc dè ne.
 
vfqRkLétqAhèLvfy,ghfwèdybRåñhjvèéyfhjLybö
èyAjhvfwèqyböghjUhfvLthéfdyjUjLtgfhnfvtynecIf
Rj kt léè, zrè yf lf ñnm dt kb rjÿ edf ub db rkf lfy yñ reh cèd, gj d’zpf
ybö èp vbc ntw ndjv, åèp yt cjv xb dèq cmrj db vb yf erf vb, cke ue ñnm
ghb r kf ljv yf dxfkm ybö pf rkf lèd èp cgt wèf kè pj df yb vb ghj uhf vf vb
yf dxfy yz.
Dcnfdrb:Rkf cb aè rf wèz rj kt léèd. Yfq rhf oè yf dxfkm yè pf rkf lb
Fvt hb rb. Ghj dèl yè ghj uhf vb db dxty yz åèp yt ce è ntö yèx ybö yf er.
Yf dxfkm yè pf r kf lb ≤Kè ub gkñ of≥. ≤Jc dè nf d CIF≥. Dèl pyf xfæ vj
Vèé yf hjl ybq nbé ltym jc dè nb.
cecgèKmcndjèwèyyjcnè

www.usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm

3
eJournal USA

 

 

vfqRkLétqAhèLvfy,ghfwèdybRåñhjvèéyfhjLybö
èyAjhvfwèqyböghjUhfvLthéfdyjUjLtgfhnfvtynecIf
Vèé lbc wbg kè yfh yf ghj uhf vf uj neæ cne lty nèd lj hj åj nb d åelm
z rèq xfc nb yè cdè ne.
Dcnfdrf: Rj hjn rbq ju kzl fr ht lb nf wèÿ db obö yf dxfkm ybö pf rkf lèd
CIF
 

hèxfhLUjkLty,RjkbIyèqLbhtRnjhpèpd’zpRèdpUhjvfLcmRècnñ
dRjktLéèthkUtv
Cne lty nb p Fa uf yè cnfye nf Rt yèÿ hjp gj dè lf ñnm ghj cdjæ ébn nz
è gkf yb.
 
hjåèyk.ÆUth,ghfwèdybRåñhjvèéyfhjLyböèyAjhvfwèqybö
ghjUhfvLthéfdyjUjLtgfhnfvtynecIf
Åf uf nj rj kt léèd yf lf ñnm vjé kb dècnm cne lty nfv db zdb nb ct åt
e cat hè jå cke uj de dfy yz, d lj åhj dèkm ybö fr wè zö, gèl nhb veñ xb vèc wt
dt yf ct kty yz, – nf rbv xb yjv cne lty nb jlthée ñnm ghfr nbx yè
yf dbx rb cke éèy yz kñ lzv è cgèk re dfy yz p yb vb.
 

Ht pñ vt lj gj dè lè, gèl uj nj df yjÿ ghf wèd yb rf vb gj cjkm cnd CIF –
uhj vf lz yf vb èy ibö rhf ÿy, ghj jc dèn yè vjé kb djc nè lkz èyj ptv ybö
cne lty nèd e cè vjö rj kt léfö CIF.

 
kèyLfnjåfI,LbhtRnjhcneLtyncmRjÿckeéåbèycnbnene
vèéyfhjLyjÿjcdènb
Cgt wèf kècn lfæ ghfr nbx yè gj hf lb cne lty nfv rj kt lée, zr
ghf dbkm yj db pyf xb nb cat he jc dèn yèö èy nt ht cèd.
Dcnfdrb: Db åèh cgt wèf kè pf wèÿ nf db åèh èy nt ht cèd. Yf dxfkm ybq hèr.
Db vj ub lj jn hb vfy yz cne gt yz åf rf kfd hf. Dtåcfq nb d
Èy nth yt nè.
 

kèyLfnjåfI,LbhtRnjhcneLtyncmRjÿckeéåbèycnbnene
vèéyfhjLyjÿjcdènb
Fd njh hjp gj dè lfæ ghj nt, xj uj xt rf ñnm dèl cne lty nèd e rj kt léè,
nf ghj nè reh cb, zrè dj yb db dxf nb venm.
Dcnfdrf: Cbc nt vf jwè yñ dfy yz pyfym
 
èyjptvyècneLtynb,pfwèRfdktyèeAèyfycedfyyèÿöymjÿjcdènbd
cIf,vfñnmLjcnegLjèyAjhvfwèqyböhtcehcèd.
Dcnfdrf: Jg kf nf yf dxfy yz nf èy iè db nhf nb gj hèd yz yj èp pf ufkm
yb vb db nhf nf vb yf db oe jc dè ne
Cötvf: Nb gj dbq åñ létn yf dxfy yz e rj kt léè
 
vfhnèyfIekmwt,cgtwèfkècnpgbnfymRekmnehbUtythfkmyjUj
RjycekmcndfcIfdUfvåehpè,yèvtxxbyf
Aè yfy cj df lj gj vj uf lj cneg yè if lkz fc gè hfy nèd, yèé lkz
cne lty nèd.
 

LétyyèAthåthxfv,
“Community Colle ge times”
,fvthbRfycmRf
fcjwèfwèzvècwtdböLdjhèxyböRjktLéèd
E wèq cnfn nè, ahfu vty nb zrjÿ dpz nj p uf pt nb
“Community Colle ge
Times”
, pdèc yj, uj kjd ye edf ue pj ct ht lét yj yf vèc wt dbö rj kt léfö, fkt
pf ghj ity yz ≤Kfc rf dj ghj cb vj≥ cnj ce ænm cz dcèö èyj ptv ybö cne lty
nèd, zrè dxfnm cz e dcèö yf dxfkm ybö pf rkf lfö CIF.
Dcnfdrf: Oj nf rt ≤rjy cekm nfyn èyj ptv ybö cne lty nèd≥?
 
 

O
j
pyf
xbnm
åe
nb
èyj
ptv
ybv
cne
lty
njv
d
f
vt
hb
wè
Ahfu vty nb dè ltj aèkm ve Lfh ven cmrj uj rj kt lée hjp gj dè
lf ñnm ghj gth iè vè cz wè yf dxfy yz èyj ptv ybö cne lty nèd
e CIF.
http://www.usinfo.state.gov/journals/itsv/1105/ijse/ijse1105.htm
4
eJournal USA
Geåkèxyèeyèdthcbntnb
dcGjkextyböInfnfö
HjåthnU.Åheÿyèyrc
Nbgbyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèd
CneltynbèyétythyjujafrekmntneeyèdthcbntneinfneFhèpjyfghfwññnmyflcndjhtyyzv
vjltkèkènfrf-hjåjnf,zrfpujljvgthtvjétyfjlyjveprjyrehcèd.
Geå kèx yè eyè dth cb nt nb, fåj eyè dth cb nt nb inf nèd, pf
pdb xfq ghbq vf ñnm nb cz xè cne lty nèd è ghj gj ye ñnm cne
gt yè p cj ntym lbc wbg kèy. Hj åthn U. Åheÿ yèyrc hjp gj dè lfæ
ghj cnher ne he q aè yfy ce dfy yz dt kb rbö eyè dth cb nt nèd
inf nèd, vjé kb djc nè yf dxfy yz q lj ckèl ybwm rjÿ hj åj nb,
zrè yf lf ñnm cz èyj ptv ybv uhj vf lz yfv. Dèy æ ght pb lty
njv eyè dth cb nt ne Vèy yt cj nb p 2002 hj re è döj lbnm lj
crkf le Hf lb ghj uhf vb cnb gty lèq èvt yè Aek åhfq nf.
DtkbrègeåkèxyèeyèdthcbntnbdCIF,zrènfrjé
yfpbdfñnmeyèdthcbntnfvbinfnèd,jnhbveñnmhèp
yjvfyènyegèlnhbvredèlnböinfnèd,ezrbödjyb
hjpnfijdfyè.Wtwèrfdèqlbyfvèxyèwtynhbdbojÿjcdènbp
dbcjrjñhtgenfwèæñ,eyèrfkmybvbnhflbwèzvb,ukbåjrjgj
d’zpfyèpyfctktyyzvinfne.Rhèvnjuj,djybghbdfåkññnm
nfkfyjdbnbökñltqpecèæÿrhfÿybèpecmjujcdène.
Pfufkjvnfrèeyèdthcbntnbghbqvfñnmltcznrbnbczx
cneltynèd.Djybdbgecrfñnmåèkmiècnmaföèdwèdpècnegt
yzvb,dbobvbpfcnegèymåfrfkfdhf,nfpghjatcèqybvb
lbgkjvfvblkzgjnhtårhfÿyb,fnfrjépyfxyerèkmrècnmåf
rfkfdhèd.Dtkbrèeyèdthcbntnbinfnèdpfpdbxfqghjgjyeñnm
ibhjrbqjåczuyfdxfkmyböghjuhfv.Yfghbrkfl,edepè,
ltzghfwññ–deyèdthcbntnèVèyytcjnb,–cneltyncmrt
vècntxrjyfkèxeæ50nbczxcneltynèd.Ewmjveeyèdthcbntnè
ècyeæcgtwèfkèpfwèzèpcjntymhèpyjvfyènybölbcwbgkèy,dèy
gjcèlfæxèkmytvècwtdnfrböufkepzö,zrytdhjkjuèzènhfyc
gkfynfwèqyföèhehuèz,trjyjvèrfqgjkènjkjuèz,cndjhtyyz
yjdbövfnthèfkèdèyfyjntöyjkjuèz,cèkmcmrjujcgjlfhcmrè
yferbnftrjkjuèz.
Eyèdthcbntnbinfnèddèlèuhfñnmleétdfékbdehjkmd
trjyjvèxyjve,rekmnehyjveècecgèkmyjvehjpdbnre,èåfuf
njpybö,dnjvexbckèqeyèdthcbntnVèyytcjnb,pfqvfñnm
czcthqjpyjñyferjdjñhjåjnjñ.Wèeyèdthcbntnbyfkt
éfnmljxbckfjcyjdyböyferjdjljckèlybwmrböpfrkflèd
CIFqxfcnjåthenmexfcnmevèéyfhjlyböghjuhfvföhèp
ybörhfÿycdène.Wèkfybprfatlthfkmyböpföjlèd,débnböe
lheuèqgjkjdbyèÖÈÖcnjkènnz,lfkfinfnfvvjékbdjcnèlkz
cndjhtyyzqhjpåeljdbeyèdthcbntnèd.
Eyèdthcbntnb,zrèp’zdbkbczpfdlzrbwbvpföjlfv,gjrkb
rfyèjöjgbnbcdjæñlèzkmyècnñyfctktyyzèljgjvjunbe
cghfdèdbdxtyyzyjdböntöyjkjuèq,gèlnhbvrbcèkmcmrjuj
ujcgjlfhcndf,dpfævjlèÿpgjxfnrjdbvbqcthtlyèvbirjkf
TkkèjnVfqyjh.FH/WWP
5
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
vb,fnfrjéèpnbvb,önjajhveægjkènbreinfneqgjkènb
reyfvècwzö.
Eyèdthcbntnbinfnèdhèpyznmczpfcnegtytvèyntycbdyjc
nèyferjdböljckèlétym.
Pfpdbxfq,uhfynbèrjynhfrnb,zrèdbåjhññnmczyfq
ghtcnbéyèibvbeyèdthcbntnfvbinfnèdyfghjdtltyyz
yferjdböljckèlétym,ojhjreczufñnmcjntymvèkmqjyèd
ljkfhèd.Jåczugèlnhbvrb,ojyflfænmczinfnfvb,nfrjéyt
jlyfrjdbq.Eyèdthcbntnbinfnèdpdtkbrbvåñlétnjvyf
ghjdtltyyzyferjdböljckèlétymjnhbveñnmdèl10lj30
dèlcjnrèdcdjÿöåñlétnèddèlinfne,dzrjvedjybhjpnfij
dfyè.Ljlfnrjdfxfcnbyfÿöymjujåñlétnecrkflfænmczp
jgkfnbpfyfdxfyyznfèyibödbgkfn,uhfynèd,rjynhfrnèd,
gjlfheyrèd.
Pfdlzrbyfzdyèqaèyfycjdèqcnhernehèdtkbrböeyèdth
cbntnèdinfnèdåfufnjfcgèhfynèdjnhbveñnmaèyfycjde
ljgjvjue,ghfwññxbfcbcntynfvbdhfvrföljckèlybwm
rböuhfynèdèrjynhfrnèd.Ytpdféfñxbyfnt,ojåfufnj
eyèdthcbntnèdghfuyenmjlthéfnbpåèkmitytaèyfycedfyyz
lkzvèéyfhjlyjujjåvèyecneltynfvbnfÿöymjujyfdxfyyz,
ljcnegljaèyfycedfyyzleétjåvtétybqgjpfdrfpfybv
aèyfycedfyyzvyferjdböljckèlétymèuhfynèd.Jcrèkmrb
cneltynbgthiböxjnbhmjörehcèdpfufkjvytpfqvfñnmcz
yferjdbvbljckèlétyyzvb,yflfdfyyzcnbgtylèqèyjptv
ybvcneltynfv,zrèöjxenmjnhbvfnbcnegèymåfrfkfdhf,
ljcbnmjåvtétyt.
Dtkbrèeyèdthcbntnbinfnèdvècnznmczdhèpyböhfqjyfö:
zreytdtkbrbövècntxrfö,nfrèdvècnföèpåfufnjvèkmqjy
ybvyfctktyyzv.Åfufnjeyèdthcbntnèdvfñnmaèkèfkb,
hjprblfyègjdcèqnthbnjhèÿinfne.Ljnjujéeåfufnmjö
infnföècyeægjrèkmrfeyèdthcbntnèd.
Rtheæeyèdthcbntnfvbinfnèdhflfjgèreyèd,zrfvfæ
åèkmijñxbvtyijñvèhjñpdènedfnbgthtljhufyfvb
eghfdkèyyzinfne.Yfdèlvèyedèlåfufnmjöèyibörhfÿy,wè
fvthbrfycmrèeyèdthcbntnbytgèlpdènyèvèyècnhjdèjcdènb
CIFèjcdènyzgjkènbrfdbojÿirjkbæghthjufnbdjñ,djc
yjdyjve,infnèd,öjxfaèyfycedfyyzyferjdböljckèlétym
nfaèyfycjdfljgjvjufcneltynfvplèqcyññnmczxthtpnfrè
atlthfkmyèecnfyjdb,zrYfwèjyfkmybqyferjdbqajyl,
Yfwèjyfkmyèèycnbnenbjöjhjybpljhjd’znfåfufnjèyibö
atlthfkmyböecnfyjd.
LtzrèpfcflbgeåkèxyböeyèdthcbntnèdeCIFpyfxyjdèl
hèpyzñnmczdèlpfcfleyèdthcbntnèddèyibörhfÿyfö.Yfdènm
enböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflfö,zrèjlthéeñnmaèyfycjdegèl
nhbvredèlinfne,cneltynb,pfpdbxfq,xfcnrjdjjgkfxeñnm
yfdxfyyznfgjd’zpfyèpybvdbnhfnb,ghbxjvecevfnfrbö
dbnhfnpåèkmieænmcz.Cmjujlyècneltynbåthenmrhtlbnb
dåfyre,ojåvfnbpvjuegjrhbnbdbnhfnbyfyfdxfyyz.
Dctåèkmitpfkexfænmczrjinèdpghbdfnyböléthtk,ojå
ghjaèyfycedfnbyferjdèghjtrnb,yflfnbcnbgtylèÿnfdb
gkfnbnbpfhjåènyegkfneghjatcjhfv.Yfhtinè,dtkbrbq
èynthtcecneltynèd,dbgecrybrèdèpdbxfqyböuhjvflzy
dbrkbrfñnmcgjhnbdyèpvfufyyz.Ghjdtltyyznfrböcgjh
nbdyböpvfufymghbyjcbnmljlfnrjdèghbåenrb.
CthtlecèöeyèdthcbntnèdCIFdtkbrèeyèdthcbntnbinf
nèdxfcnjvfñnmyfqåèkmibqdèlcjnjrèyjptvyböcneltynèd
èyferjdböcgèdhjåènybrèd.
DeyèdthcbntnèVèyytcjnbyfkèxeænmczgjyfl4500èyj
ptvyböcneltynèdèyferjdwèdpgjyfl130rhfÿy.Eyèdthcb
ntnVèyytcjnbrjycekmneæèyjptvyböcneltynèdpñhblbx
ybönfjcjåbcnbögbnfym,ljgjvfufñxbÿvdbåhfnbrehcb,
phjpevènbrekmneheCIFdwèkjvenfeyèdthcbntncmre
rekmnehepjrhtvf,yflfærjycekmnfwèÿpgbnfymèvvèuhfwèÿ,
dèpjdjujhtébve,ljlfnrjdjujdbdxtyyzfyukèqcmrjÿvjdbq
jcjåkbdjcntqcgèkredfyyzdåfufnjyfwèjyfkmyjvecthtlj
dboè.Dåfufnmjöeyèdthcbntnföinfnèdècyeñnmfyfkjuèxyè
ghjuhfvb,zrèljgjvfufñnmèyjptvybvcneltynfvjhèæy
nedfnbczdeyèdthcbntncmrèqflvèyècnhfnbdyèqcbcntvèq
frfltvèxybödbvjufö,ojèyrjkbdblfñnmczcrkflybvb.
Jlyfryfdxfkmyèpfrkflbdèlhèpyzñnmczvfcinfåfvbnfrbö
gjckeu.
Devjdföphjcnfyyzrjyrehtywèÿpèyibvbrhfÿyfvbéj
ltyèpdtkbrböeyèdthcbntnèdCIFytvjétcjåèljpdjkbnb
èuyjhedfnbèynthtcbèyjptvyböcneltynèd.Njveeyèdthcbnt
nbinfnèdghblèkzñnmdctåèkmitqåèkmitedfubpfkexty
yñyfqrhfoböcneltynèdpecèörenjxrèdcdène.Zrojdb
gjcnfdbkbpfvtnejnhbvfnbpyfyyzeyfqgthtljdèibö
ufkepzöyferbèvjékbdècnmndjhxjghfwñdfnb,zobhjhf
léedfvlèpyfnbczghjibhjrèvjékbdjcnè,ojÿöyflfñnm
dtkbrègeåkèxyèeyèdthcbntnbdCIF.3
Lev rb, db rkf lt yè e wèq cnf nnè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dè ljå hf éf ñnm gj ukz lb
xb gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.
Öjrtqpifqåjñ,jlbyèpåfufnmjödblèdcgjhne,zrbvpfqvfñnmczd
eyèdthcbntnèVèyytcjnb.
LétytnUjcntnnth.AP/WWP
6
eJournal USA
Létqvc D. Dfu yth, ght pb ltyn eyè dth cb nt ne Tvj hè d
Fn kfy nè, infn Léjhléèz, ddf éfæ, oj ghb dfn yè eyè
dth cb nt nb vf ñnm åèkm ie aè yfy cj de yt pf kté yècnm, yèé
geå kèx yè yf dxfkm yè pf rkf lb. Nj ve ghb dfn yè ecnfy jdb
vj éenm pf ghj gj ye df nb wè rf dè iè yf dxfkm yè ghj uhf vb.
Jlyèæñèpcbkmyböhbcfvthbrfycmrjÿcbcntvb
dbojÿjcdènbæÿÿdtkbrfhèpyjvfyènyècnm.Dbof
jcdènfdFvthbwèvjétpfljdjkmybnbyfqibhit
rjkjgjnhtå–dèlytdtkbrbörjktléèd,hjphföjdfyböyf
rèkmrfcjntymcneltynèd,ljdtkbrbölthéfdyböeyèdthcb
ntnèdpltcznrfvbnbczxcneltynèd;dèlldjhèxybövècwtdbö
rjktléèdpghjuhfvfvbghjatcèqyjntöyèxyjujyfdxfyyz
–ljaèyfycjdfyböghbdfnybvikzöjveyèdthcbntnèdpib
hjrbvcgtrnhjvyferjdböljckèlétym.Rjyrhtnybqdbåèh
yfdxfkmyjujpfrkfleåfufnjdxjvedbpyfxfænmczgkfyfvb
cneltynèdojljvfqåenymjÿghjatcèqyjÿlèzkmyjcnè,ÿöyèvb
aèyfycjdbvbvjékbdjcnzvbnfvècwtvhjpnfiedfyyzwbö
pfrkflèd.Èyibvbckjdfvb,dbåèhpfktébnmdèlnjuj,zrt
eybögjrkbrfyyz,zrèaèyfycjdèvjékbdjcnè,xböjxenm
djybpfkbifnbljvèdre.Phtinjñ,yfqdfékbdèibvxbyyb
rjvædèlgjdèlyècnmyfdxfkmyjÿecnfyjdbpfgbnfvcneltynf.
DCIF92pè100yfqåèkmiböeyèdthcbntnèdaèyfyce
ñnmczytatlthfkmybvehzljv,fjlybvèp50infnèd.77fi
cneltynèderhfÿyèjnhbveñnmdboejcdènecfvtdwbö
yfdxfkmyböpfrkflfö.Jlyfreåèkmijcnèhtqnbyuèdghbdfn
yèeyèdthcbntnb,pfdbyznrjvnhmjöxjnbhmjö,pfqvfñnm
vfqétdcè25gthibövècwm.NjvedCIFèdecmjvecdènè
dbcjrjwèyeñnmczcfvtghbdfnyèeyèdthcbntnbpvèwyjñ
yferjdjljckèlybwmrjñåfpjñ.
Fktojvbvfævjyfedfpè,hjpgjdèlfñxbghjghbdfnyè
eyèdthcbntnbpibhjrjñljckèlybwmrjñghjuhfvjñ,xbv
djybghbdfåkññnm?
Ghbdfnyèeyèdthcbntnbpyferjdjljckèlybwmrjñghj
uhfvjñghjgjyeñnmghjatcèqyegèlujnjdre(yfghbrkfl,
ecathèñhbcgheltywèÿ,vtlbwbyb,dèyétythyèqcghfdè),f
nfrjéghjuhfvbyfdxfyyz,zrègthtlåfxfñnmjnhbvfyyz
cnegtyzljrnjhf(
PhD
).Jrhèvdbrkflfyyz,ghjatcjhcmrj
OjnfrtdtkbrbqGhbdfnybq
eyèdthcbntnpyferjdj-
ljckèlybwmrjñåfpjñ?
LétqvcD.Dfuyth
CneltynrfghjdjlbnmljckèlbdlthvfnjkjuèxyèqkfåjhfnjhèÿvtlbxyjujafrekmntneCntyajhlcmrjuj
eyèdthcbntnedRfkèajhyèÿ.
KèylfF.Cècthj/Sta nford News Service
7
eJournal USA

dbrkflfwmrbqcrkflafrekmntneghblèkzæåfufnjedfubè
yferjdèqghfwè.
Yfcghfdlèjgkfnfghfwèqgèldbotyyzgjckeéåèghjat
cjhèdewböpfrkflfödbpyfxfænmczzrzrècnñdbrkflfyyz,
nfrèyferjdjñqljckèlybwmrjñhjåjnjñ.Fktdeyèdthcb
ntnföinfnèdnfrjéècyeñnmghjuhfvbghjatcèqyjÿgèluj
njdrb,ghjuhfvbyfdxfyyzlkzjnhbvfyyzcnegtyzljrnjhf
èåfufnjedfubghblèkzænmczyfewèqljckèlétyyzv.Njxbv
étdèlhèpyzñnmczdèlyböghbdfnyèeyèdthcbntnb?
Yfqgthit,ghbdfnyèeyèdthcbntnbpfufkjvvfñnmåèkmie
aèyfycjdeuyexrècnm.Ÿöyèqåñlétnytpfktébnmdèlpfrj
yjlfdxböjhufyèdinfne,frjinbyflöjlznmdèldbgecryb
rèd,åkfujlèqyböajylèd,yferjdbönfèyiböghjatcèqybö
jhufyèpfwèq,zrèyflfñnmljgjvjueeyèdthcbntnfvikzöjv
aèyfycedfyyzghjuhfv,cnbgtylèq,enhbvfyyzåelèdtkmè
ghjatcjhcmrbögjcfl.Öjxfdeyèdthcbntnföinfnèdnfr
cfvjphjcnfærèkmrècnmnfrböléthtkaèyfycedfyyz,dct
énfrbÿöyfzdyècnmdèlrhbdfægthtlghbdfnybvbeyèdth
cbntnfvbåèkmitvjékbdjcntqlkzpåthtétyyzkèlthcndf
èlkzcndjhtyyzcgtwèfkèpjdfyböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèdè
cgtwèfkmyböghjuhfvpvtnjñghjdtltyyzljckèlétyme
yjdbögthcgtrnbdyböufkepzö.Cfvtwzuyexrècnmlfæpvjue
cneltynfvplèqcyñdfnbyferjdèljckèlétyyzdnböcathfö,
zrèyfdhzlxbpfjöjxedfkbczådèyibövècwzö.
Aèyfycjdfytpfktéyècnmghbdfnyböeyèdthcbntnèdyflfæ
ÿvåèkmitvjékbdjcntqlkzdèlrhbnnzaèkèfkèddèyibö
rhfÿyfö.Yfghbrkfl,vtirfywèinfneLéjhléèzyfdhzlxb
gjujlznmczdbrjhbcnfnbcdjÿgjlfnrjdèrjinblkzdèlrhbn
nzyfdxfkmyjujwtynhedKjyljyè.Fkt,jxtdblyj,djybdè
nfkbådèlrhbnnznfrjujwtynheghbdfnybveyèdthcbntnjv
Tvjhè.Pfufkjv,ghbdfnybveyèdthcbntnfvktuitdèlrhbdfnb
pfvtéfvbrhfÿybljckèlybwmrèwtynhbqjhufyèpfwèÿ,oj
pfåtpgtxeñnmcneltynèdgjckeufvbxbyfdxfkmybvbghj
uhfvfvb.Yfghbrkfl,eyèdthcbntnTvjhèvfæghjuhfvbp
vèéyfhjlyjÿjöjhjybpljhjd’zdhèpybörhfÿyföFahbrb,
yfRfdrfpèèdFpèÿ.Qjujåèpytcghjuhfvbècyeñnmehèpybö
rhfÿyföÆdhjgbqFpèÿ.Wèghjuhfvblfñnmpvjuefvthbrfy
cmrbvcneltynfvèdbrkflfxfvzrdFvthbwè,nfrèpfrjhlj
yjvpfkexfnbyfqrhfoböcgtwèfkècnèdpèyibörhfÿy.
Yfhtinè,åèkmiècnmghbdfnyböeyèdthcbntnèdpyferjdj
ljckèlybwmrbveöbkjv,zrègjcnegfñnmczpfhjpvèhfvb
eyèdthcbntnfvinfnèd,dlfkjgjælyeñnmpyfxyèhtcehcbq
rèkmrècybqcrkflcneltynèdèdbrkflfxèd.Öjxfdåelmzrjve
pyfiböghbdfnyböxbgeåkèxyböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèd
yflfñnmczghtrhfcyèvjékbdjcnèlkzyfdxfyyzèljckèl
ybwmrjÿhjåjnb,dghbdfnyböpfrkflfönthbnjhèzeyèdthcb
ntncmrjujvècntxrfvtyif,njvedxtybv,zrèghfwññnme
hèpyböufkepzö,ktuitcgèkredfnbcz,jcrèkmrbafrekmntnb
èrfatlhbpfpdbxfqhjpnfijdfyèyfdèlcnfyèytdtkbxrjÿ
ghjuekzyrb.Yfqdfékbdèièdèlrhbnnzybyèplèqcyññnmcz
gèlxfcvèélbcwbgkèyfhyjujcgèdhjåènybwndf,njve,jxt
dblyj,yfqghbdfåkbdèijñhbcjñghbdfnyböeyèdthcbntnèd
æÿöyzplfnyècnmgèlnhbvedfnbqcnbvekñdfnbcgèdghfwñ
zrecthtlbyèeyèdthcbntne,nfrèpfqjujvtéfvb,decèö
renjxrföcdène.3
Lev rb, db rkf lt yè e wèq cnf nnè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dè ljå hf éf ñnm gj ukz lb
xb gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.
EVfccfxectncmrjventöyjkjuèxyjveèycnbnenèèyjptvyècneltynbdbghjåjde-
ñnmyfvèwyècnmèvfytdhtyècnmcndjhtyjujybvbhjåjnf.
DeyèdthcbntnèTvjhèdFnkfynè,infnLéjhléèz,cneltynrfgjælyeæhjåjne
pghjuekzyrjñyfgjdènhè.
FlfvÖfyuth.AP/WWP
LéjyÅtqpvjh.AP/WWP
8
eJournal USA
Rj kt léè p ldj hèx ybv nth vè yjv yf dxfy yz lf ñnm cne lty
nfv pvj ue plj åe df nb db oe jc dè ne d yt dt kb rbö hf qj yfö
pf vèc wtv ghj éb dfy yz, plt åèkm ij uj p vty ib vb db nhf nf
vb, yèé e pf rkf lfö èp xj nb hb hèx ybv nth vè yjv yf dxfy
yz. Ght pb ltyn Fvt hb rfy cmrjÿ fcj wèf wèÿ uhj vfl cmrbö
rj kt léèd Léjhlé H. Åjuup rj hjn rj pe gb yz ænm cz yf nbö
jcjå kb djc nzö uhj vfl cmrbö rj kt léèd, zrè hjå kznm ÿö ghb
dfå kb djñ fkm nth yf nb djñ lkz cne lty nèd.
Ectåèkmitcneltynèdddféfñnm,ojuhjvflcmrèrj
ktléèdèlrhbdfñnmÿvljhjueljdbojÿjcdènb.Wè
rjktléèlfñnmpvjuedghjljdéldjhèxyjujyfdxfyyz
jnhbvfnbnerèkmrècnmpfkèrèd(xb≤rhtlbnèd≥),ojpfhföjde
ænmczzrgthièldfhjrbyfdxfyyzpfghjuhfvjñdfrhtlb
njdfyböxjnbhbhèxybörjktléfö,ltghbcdjñænmczcnegèym
åfrfkfdhf.Uhjvflcmrèrjktléè,ltgkfnfpfyfdxfyyzybé
xf,lfñnmvjékbdècnmcneltynfvptrjyjvbnbrjinb,yfdxf
nbczytlfktrjdèlljvèdrbqjlthéedfnbgèlnhbvrecèv’ÿ.Wè
rjktléènfrjélfñnmpvjuejnhbvfnbghjatcèqyècnegtyè
gjxfnrjdjujhèdyzfåjéghjatcèqyegèlujnjdrelkzhjåj
nbdnböufkepzö,ltcnegèymytgjnhèåty.Ghbwmjvedjyb
ghjgjyeñnmrehcbgjlfkmijÿjcdènbqèylbdèlefkmyjuj
hjpdbnrelkzibhjrjujrjkfljhjckbö.
Uhjvflcmrèrjktléèæyfqåèkmibvctrnjhjvdbojÿjc
dènbdCIF,zrbqyfqidblitphjcnfæ.Cmjujlyèdrhfÿyè
yfkèxeænmczvfqét1200uhjvflcmrbörjktléèd,zrèvfñnm
htuèjyfkmyefrhtlbnfwèñ.Djybjåckeujdeñnmgjyfl11
vèkmqjyèdcneltynèd(åkbpmrj46fiecèöcneltynèdCIF
gthiböxjnbhmjöhjrèdyfdxfyyzyfpljåennzcnegtyz
åfrfkfdhf).
UhjvflcmrèrjktléèCIFghjgjyeñnmèyjptvybvcne
ltynfvibhjrbqcgtrnhgjckeu,cthtlzrbö–vjékbdècnm
eljcrjyfkbnbfyukèqcmrevjdeèphjpevènbukbåitfvthb
rfycmrerekmnehe.
Ljgthtdfuyfdxfyyzduhjvflcmrbörjktléföyfktéfnm:
– Vty iè db nhf nb yf jg kf ne yf dxfy yz.Djybpyfx
yjybéxè,yèéerjktléföèpxjnbhbhèxybvnthvèyjvyf
dxfyyznfdeyèdthcbntnfö(åkbpmrj5000ljkfhèdCIFyf
hèrgjhèdyzyjp12000–20000ljkfhèdCIF,fnjqåèkmit
dpfrkflföèpxjnbhbhèxybvnthvèyjvyfdxfyyz).
– Vjé kb dècnm ktu rj uj gt ht dt lty yz lj rj kt lée
xb eyè dth cb nt ne.DCIFècyeæcbcntvf≤2+2≥,zrfæ
Uhjvflcmrèldjhèxyèrjktléè
cIf:IkzöljdbOjÿjcdènb
lkzåfUfnmjö
LéjhléH.Åjuup
CneltynrfJetycmrjujuhjvflcmrjujrjktléedinfnèJufqjghfwñæyflrhtcktyyzvgkfyeåelbyre.
VfqrkKtvrñökt.AP/WWP
9
eJournal USA

tatrnbdyjñcbcntvjñ≤jå’ælyfyyz≥rjktléepldjhèxybv
nthvèyjvyfdxfyyznfrjktléepxjnbhbhèxybvnthvèyjv
yfdxfyyzfåjeyèdthcbntne.Åèkmiècnmuhjvflcmrbörjkt
léèdvfñnmeujlbprjktléfvbèpxjnbhbhèxybvnthvè
yjvyfdxfyyznfpeyèdthcbntnfvb.Wèeujlbufhfyneñnm,
ojpfkèrjdèåfkb(≤rhtlbnb≥),jnhbvfyèduhjvflcmrjve
rjktléè,åeltpfhföjdfyjghbyfdxfyyèpfxjnbhbhèxyjñ
ghjuhfvjñåfrfkfdhf.
– Fr ht lb nj df yè yf dxfkm yè pf rkf lb.Dcèfvthbrfy
cmrèuhjvflcmrèrjktléè,xjnbhbhèxyèrjktléèqdtkbrè
eyèdthcbntnbfrhtlbneñnmczjlybvbqnbvbcfvbvbjhuf
yèpfwèzvb.Jcmxjveeyèdthcbntnbdbpyfñnmpfkèrjdèåfkb
(≤rhtlbnb≥),jnhbvfyèduhjvflcmrbörjktléfö.
– Dt kb rf hèp yj vf yèn yècnm ghj uhfv.Euhjvflcmrbö
rjktléföècyeædtkbrbqdbåèhufkeptqcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ,cthtl
zrbönfrègjgekzhyèghjatcèÿ,zreghfdkèyyzåèpytcjv,rjv
g’ñnthyèntöyjkjuèÿ,èyétythybqnfvtlbxybqafö.
– Db rkf lfy yz fy ukèq cmrjÿ zr lhe ujÿ vj db.Åèkm
iècnmuhjvflcmrbörjktléèdghjgjyeñnmibhjrbqdbåèh
rehcèdfyukèqcmrjÿvjdbhèpyböhèdyèdèåfufnjljlfnrjdbö
gjckeu,ojåcneltynbphèpybvhèdytvgèlujnjdrbvjukb
ecgèiyjdbdxfnbvjde.
– Cghb zn kb dè evj db lkz jn hb vfy yz pyfym.Uhj
vflcmrèrjktléèghjgjyeñnmyfdxfyyzdrkfcföpytdtkb
rjñrèkmrècnñcneltynèd,ecthtlymjvelj30jcèå,ojlfæ
pvjuedbrkflfxfvghblèkznbljcnfnymjedfubrjéyjve
cneltynjdè.Nencndjhtyjnfrèevjdb,ojårjétycneltyn
vèuecgèiyjjgfyedfnbghjuhfvepfktéyjdèljcjåbcnjÿ
plfnyjcnèpfcdjæyyzvjdbèdkfcybögjnhtå.Ljgjvjufcne
ltynfvdrkñxfæljlfnrjdèèylbdèlefkmyèpfyznnz,gbcmvjdè
pfdlfyyz,pföjlb,ojghjdjlznmczdvèéyfhjlyjvecne
ltyncmrjverkeåènfwtynhföjåckeujdedfyyzèyjptvybö
cneltynèd.
– Hèp yj vf yèn yècnm.Cneltynbuhjvflcmrbörjktléèd
CIF–ghtlcnfdybrbhèpybörekmnehèyfktéfnmljhèp
yjvfyènybötnyèxyböuheg.Rjktléèlfñnmvjékbdècnm
pfgbcfnbczljhèpybörkeåèd,åhfnbexfcnmepföjlfö,zrè
endthléeñnmhèpyjvfyènyècnm,ghbnfvfyyefvthbrfycmrj
vececgèkmcnde.
– Lj cneg lj rekm ne hb CIF.Jcrèkmrbuhjvflcmrè
rjktléèhtghtptyneñnmébnnznböhfqjyèd,ezrbödjyb
hjpnfijdfyè,èhtfueñnmyfymjuj,djybpfdélbhjpdbdf
ñnmvèwyèpd’zprbpvècwtdbvyfctktyyzv.Wtlfæèyj
ptvybvcneltynfvpvjuecgèkredfnbczpfvthbrfywzvb
åtpgjcthtlymjqjnhbvedfnbpyfyyzghjfvthbrfycmre
rekmnehe.
– Hèp yj vf yèn yècnm hjp nf ie dfy yz nf hjp vè hèd rj
kt léèd.Uhjvflcmrèrjktléè,zrèèyièyfdxfkmyèpfrkflb,
pyfxyjdèlhèpyzñnmczjlbydèljlyjuj.Ltzrèpybödtkbrè,
hjpnfijdfyèevècnfö,vfñnmåfufnjrjhgecèd,hjprblfybö
gjdcèqnthbnjhèÿvècnf,fèyièyfåfufnjvtyiè,hjpvèotyèd
cèkmcmrèqvècwtdjcnèèjåckeujdeñnmgjhèdyzyjytåfufnjcne
ltynèd.Pfufkjv,rèkmrècnmèhjpnfiedfyyzuhjvflcmrbörjkt
léèdjhèæynjdfyjyfphexyècnmlkz90fiyfctktyyzCIF.
– Db lfn yè db gec ryb rb.Dbgecrybrfvbuhjvflcmrbö
rjktléèdCIFæueåthyfnjhRfkèajhyèÿFhyjkmlIdfhwt
ytuuthnfrjkbiyèqueåthyfnjhinfneVthèktylGthhèc
Gthhècuuktltyèyu,rjvfylbhcndjhtyjujYFCFrjcvèxyjuj
rjhfåkz≤Ifnnk≥FqkèyuRjkkèyp,htébcthrèyjcthèfke≤Pj
hzyèdèqyb≥LéjhléKerfc,rèyjfrnjhbNjvÖtyrcèRkèyn
Ècndel,vjltkmæhRtkmdèyRkzqy,dxtybq–ljckèlybrutyj
vfkñlbyb–RhtquDtynthèujkjdybqöèhehuLthéfdyjÿ
ckeéåbjöjhjybpljhjd’zHèxfhlRfhvjyf.
Ljlfnrjdeèyajhvfwèñghjyfdxfyyzduhjvflcmrbö
rjktléföCIFvjéyfjnhbvfnbpftktrnhjyyjñflhtcjñ:
ht tp:/www.CC-USA.org
fåjdljdèlybre
“A Guide to Studying at
U.S. Comu nity Colle ges”
(≤Ljdèlybrghjyfdxfyyzduhjvfl
cmrbörjktléföCIF≥),zrbqvjéyfpyfqnbdrjycekmnf
wèqyböwtynhfö≤JcdènfdCIF≥.
Lev rb, db rkf lt yè e wèq cnf nnè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dè ljå hf éf ñnm gj ukz lb
xb gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.
CneltynfvWtynhfkmyjujG’ælvjyncmrjujrjktléedinfnèGèdyèxyfRfhjkè-
yfgjljåfænmczcneltyncmrtébnnz.
PljpdjkeuhjvflcmrjujWtynhfkmyjujG’ælvjyncmrjujrjktlée
10 
eJournal USA
Ghb dfn yè rj kt léè p xj nb hb hèx ybv nth vè yjv yf dxfy yz
dghj df léeñnm hèp yj vf yèn ybq lj cdèl jn hb vfy yz jc dè
nb, yf cfv gt htl cne lty nf vb, zrè plj åe df ñnm cne gèym
åf rf kfd hf. Hè xfhl Tr vfy, ght pb ltyn Hf lb yt pf kté ybö
rj kt léèd, hjp gj dè lfæ ghj dèl vèy yècnm vèé yt pf kté yb vb,
fåj é ghb dfn yb vb, rj kt léf vb q yf dxfkm yb vb pf rkf lf
vb geå kèx yj uj ctr nj hf.
YfqècnjnyèijñhbcjñdbojÿjcdènbdCIFæÿÿhèpyj
vfyènyècnm.Ehzlrhfÿybytrjynhjkñæyèyfdxfkmyè
ghjuhfvb,yèvtnjlbdbrkflfyyzdrjktléfönf
eyèdthcbntnföCIF.Hjkmétlthéfdyböjhufyèdeghfdkèy
yzljcbnmytpyfxyf.Ècfvtd≤ytpfktéyjve≥,fåjé≤ghb
dfnyjve≥,ctrnjhèdbojÿjcdènbcgjcnthèufænmczyfqåèkmif
hèpyjvfyènyècnmaèkjcjacmrbögèlöjlèdljjcdènb,yfdxfkm
yböghjuhfvènhflbwèq.Wtqctrnjhjöjgkñæåkbpmrj600
ytdtkbrbörjktléèdnfeyèdthcbntnèd,cthtlzrböèyfqif
yjdfyèièdboèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflbCIF.
Pdthyènmedfueyfnfrèhèpyèjcjåkbdjcnè:rjktléEhcb
yeceinfnèGtycbkmdfyèzghjgjyeævèélbcwbgkèyfhye
ghjuhfvelkzgthijrehcybrèd,zrfpyfqjvbnmÿöphèpyb
vbghfwzvbdufkepèuevfyènfhyböècecgèkmyjgjkènbxybö
yfer;erjktléèDjhhtyfDèkcjyfdinfnèGèdyèxyfRfhjkè
yfdcècneltynbpjåjd’zpfyèaèpbxyjljgjvfufnbenhbve
dfnbwtqpfrkfleyfktéyjvecnfyèèddféfñnmwtjlybv
èpdfékbdbörjvgjytynèdjcdènymjÿaèkjcjaèÿrjktlée;d
YjhnktylcmrjverjktléèdinfnèDècrjycbyrthèdybwndj
ljrkflfæxbvfkjpecbkm,ojådböjdfnbecneltynèdlåfq
kbdtcnfdktyyzljyfdrjkbiymjujcthtljdbof;erjktlé
FylthcjyfÅhjllecfdinfnèPföèlyfDèhuèyèzcneltynèdyf
åbhfñnmèpvfktymrbövècntxjr,hjprblfybögjgfujhåfö
PföèlyjÿDèhuèyèÿ,èåfufnmjöèpyböujneñnmljyferjdjÿ
xbvtlbxyjÿrfh’æhb;dpfcyjdfyjverdfrthfvbrjktléè
Thkutv,hjpnfijdfyjvedinfnèÈylèfyf,jcyjdyjñajhvjñ
ghbqyznnzhèitymæljczuytyyzrjyctycececthtlecèö
cneltynèd;éèyjxbqrjktléCèlfhRhtcneinfnèGtycbkm
dfyèzcghjcnjdeæcnthtjnbgghjnt,ojéèyrbytplfnyè
ljczufnbecgèöèdeyfewè,åfufnjpqjujdbgecrybwmcnfkb
yferjdwzvb.
Ytpdféfñxbyfdèlvèyyjcnè,wè600ytpfktéybörjkt
léèdnfeyèdthcbntnèdvfñnmybprecgèkmyböjpyfr.
• Djybljcbnmytdtkbrè,rèkmrècnmcneltynèdeyböhèl
rjgthtdboeæ3000jcèå.
• Djybgthtdféyjfåjgjdyècnñjhèæyneñnmczyfxjnb
hbhèxybqåfpjdbqeyèdthcbntncmrbqrehc,vfñxbleét
vfkjfcgèhfyncmrböghjuhfv.
• Dcèxktybghjatcjhcmrjdbrkflfwmrjujcrkfle
dèllfyècdjÿqcghfdè.Öjxfåèkmiècnmèpyböpfqvfñnm
czyferjdjñhjåjnjñ,djybddféfñnmÿÿlheujhzlyjñ
gjhèdyzyjpjcyjdybvcdjÿvjåjd’zprjv–dbrkflfyyzv.
Djybghjdjlznmåfufnjxfcepècneltynfvbdfelbnjhèÿè
pfÿÿvtéfvb.
• Vtnjlbrfyfdxfyyzyjcbnmèynthfrnbdybq,pfjöjxe
dfkmybqöfhfrnth.
GjUkbåktyyzhèpyjvfyènyjcnè:
ytpfktéybqctrnjhdbOjÿ
jcdènbdcIf
HèxfhlTrvfy
CneltynrfèpPèvåfådtdèlpyfxfæpfrèyxtyyzyfdxfyyzdrjktléè
Vfeyn-ÖjkèjreinfnèVfccfxectnc.
YtycèGfkvèæhè.FH/WWP
11
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
• Jcrèkmrbdwböpfrkflföhjpevèñnm,ojpyfxyfxfcnb
yfyfdxfkmyjujghjwtceghjöjlbnmgjpfvtéfvbfelbnj
hèÿ,cndjhñænmczåfufnjvjékbdjcntqlkzcgèkredfyyz
cneltynèdvèécjåjñnfpdbrkflfxfvb;wtcgèkredfyyz
ddféfænmczdyfdxfkmyböghjuhfvfödfékbdbvxbyyb
rjvgthtlfxèpyfym.
• Wèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflbdèlrhbnjujdjhznmghjcbcntvb
wèyyjcntq,zrèktéfnmdjcyjdèÿöymjujaeyrwèjyedfyyz.
Èyrjkbwtwèyyjcnèhtkèuèqyjujöfhfrnthe,zrècghbzkb
cndjhtyyñrjktlée,fåjédèlujvèywböwèyyjcntq,
zrojdèhjcgjdèlfyyzdétytuhfædbhèifkmyjÿhjkèd
yfdxfkmyjveghjwtcè.Èyjlèdcbcntvèwèyyjcntqdèljåhf
étyjrjyrhtnyejcdènyñaèkjcjaèñ.Yfghbrkfl,aèkj
cjaèz≤dtkbrbörybu≥yfqgjdyèitdnèktyfdyfdxfkmybö
ghjuhfvförjktléeCd.Èjfyyfpldjvfdèllèktyyzvbd
infnföVthèktylèYmñVtrcbrj.F≤hjåènybxf≥aèkjcj
aèzöfhfrnthyflkzrjktléeDjhhtyfDèkcjyfèrjktlée
ÅthèfdinfnèRtynerrè,lt,rhèvyfdxfyyz,cneltynbgj
dbyyèghfwñdfnbqenhbvedfnbwtqyfdxfkmybqpfrkfl.
• Ewböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflfödbrkflfyyzcecgèkmyj
gjkènbxyböèuevfyènfhybölbcwbgkèyddféfænmczleét
dfékbdbv,jcrèkmrbdjybljgjvfufñnmcajhvedfnb
dbgecrybrfytkbitzrcgtwèfkècnf,fktèzrcdèljvjuj
uhjvflzybyfcdjæÿrhfÿyb.
Ghjwtcjnhbvfyyzdbojÿjcdènb,pfghjgjyjdfybqwbvb
rjktléfvb,yflpdbxfqyjtatrnbdybq.Yfghbrkfl,cnfnbc
nbxyèlfyèghjdèlcjnjrcneltynèd,zrèpfdthieñnmgjdybq
rehcpfghjuhfvfvbpjnhbvfyyzvcnegtyz,cdèlxfnm,oj
eytdtkbrböghbdfnybödepföwtqdèlcjnjrdbobq,yèé
eåèkmiböeyèdthcbntnföinfnèd.Èwtcgjcnthèufænmczyt
kbitcthtlyfqjålfhjdfyèiböcneltynèd,fqcthtlcnelty
nèd,zrèdcnegfñnmljrjktléexbeyèdthcbntnepybéxbvb
jwèyrfvbpfcthtlyñirjkexbpfdèlåèhrjdbqntcn
SAT
(
ht tp://www.colle ge board.com
).Dbobqdèlcjnjrcneltynèd,
zrèpfdthieñnmgjdybqrehcyfdxfyyzpfghjuhfvfvb,oj
gthtlåfxfñnmjnhbvfyyzcnegtyèd,cgjcnthèufænmcznfrjé
dèyiböcjwèfkmyjtrjyjvèxyböuhegfö,zrbvdkfcnbdè
ybpmrèpfufkmyègjrfpybrbjnhbvfyyzdbojÿjcdènbzr
nfrjÿ.Ljwböuhegyfktéfnm,yfghbrkfl,cneltynbgth
ijujgjrjkèyyzèpcèv’ÿ,ltjnhbveænmczjcdènfdrjktléè,
cneltynb,pveityèghfwñdfnbgjdybqhjåjxbqltym,fåj
cneltynb–ghtlcnfdybrbhèpybövtyiby.
Gjzcytyyzljcbnmdbcjrjÿtatrnbdyjcnèvtyiböghb
dfnybödepèdgjhèdyzyjpèyibvbyfdxfkmybvbpfrkflfvb
vjéyfpyfqnbdnjve,ojcneltynbcfvè≤åthenmexfcnm
eghjwtcèpljåedfyyzpyfym≥.LéjhléReu,rthèdybr
Yfwèjyfkmyjujljckèlétyyzcneltyncmrjÿfrnbdyjcnèd
yfdxfkmyjveghjwtcè,zrtghjdjlbnmczdcjnyzörjktléèd
nfeyèdthcbntnèd,pfedféeæ,ojecgèöcneltynfdrjktléè
pfktébnmdèlnjuj,yfcrèkmrbljåhtdèypyfædbrkflfxf,xb
åthtexfcnmehjåjnèuehnrèdnfèyiböcneltyncmrböpföj
lfö,xbghjöjlbnmdèyghfrnbre,xbdèldèleæctvèyfhb,zrè
dbvfufñnmqjujfrnbdyjÿexfcnè,ecybödbcnegèdèxbckty
ybögbcmvjdböhjåèn.Eytdtkbrböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflfö
ècyeæåèkmif,yèéedtkbrbödepfö,èvjdèhyècnmnjuj,ojwè
afrnjhblèñnm.
YtdtkbrèytpfktéyèdepbvjéyfpyfqnbgjdcñlbdCIF
–edtkbrböèvfkbövècnfö,ecèkmcmrèqvècwtdjcnè.Wè
rjktléèjöjxtghbqvfñnmjålfhjdfyböcneltynèdphèpybö
ghjifhrèdcecgèkmcndf,zrèehèpyjvfyènyññnmlbcrecèÿyf
ctvèyfhföèvfñnmcdjñlevre.Dbcjrjwèyeñnmècneltynèd
pèyibörhfÿy(öjxfyfdxfyyzpfdélbghjöjlbnmfyukèq
cmrjñvjdjñ).
Ljlfnrjdeèyajhvfwèñghjåelmzrbqèpwböyfdxfkm
yböpfrkflèdvjéyfkturjjnhbvfnbyfÿöyèödtåcfqnfö.
Hflfytpfktéybörjktléèdvfæyfcdjævedtåcfqnè(
ht tp://
www.cic.org/
)gjcbkfyyzyfåèkmiècnmèpybö.3
Lev rb, db rkf lt yè e wèq cnf nnè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dè ljå hf éf ñnm gj ukz lb
xb gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.
CneltynbrjktléeDtkkckèdinfnèVfccfxectnchfpjvpdbrkflfxtv
åthenmexfcnme24-ujlbyyjvevfhfajyè–xbnfyyèndjhèdItrcgèhf.
GfnhbwèzVfr-Ljyytkk.AP/WWP
RtdèyU.Hèdp.AP/WWP
CneltynbpyfvtybnjujJåthkèycmrjujvepbxyjujrjktléedinfnèJufqj
ghjdjlznmhtgtnbwèñjgthbhfpjvpfhutynbycmrbvbvepbrfynfvb.Dèlj-
vbqcdjæñvepbxyjñghjuhfvjñ,rjktlénfrjéckfdbnmcznbv,ojjlybv
èpgthibögjxfdghbqvfnbéèyjrèfahjfvthbrfywèdnfyflfdfnbÿvcnegèym.
12 
eJournal USA
E wèq cnfn nè, vf nt hèf kjv lkz zrjÿ gj cke éb kb dtå
cfq nb nf èy iè lét ht kf, yf dj lbnm cz èy ajh vf wèz ghj
rj kt léè, lt åèkm iècnm cne lty nèd – ghtl cnfd yb rb nhmjö
vty iby: fa hjf vt hb rfy wè, kf nb yjf vt hb rfy wè nf fvt hb
rfy cmrè èy lè fy wè.
Rjktléènfeyèdthcbntnb,dzrböyfdxfñnmczgtht
dféyjghtlcnfdybrbvtyiby,–wtotjlbynbg
yfdxfkmyböpfrkflèd.Cthtlybövjéenmåenblth
éfdyè,ghbdfnyè,htkèuèqyè,uhjvflcmrèrjktléè,fktdcèdjyb
pfåtpgtxeñnmgjnhtåb,dgthiexthue,vtyiby.Ècnjhbxyj
crkfkjcznfr,ojdjybdjcyjdyjvejåckeujdeñnmrjy
rhtnyèltvjuhfaèxyèuhegbcneltynèd,fktwtytjpyfxfæ,
ojnfvytvjéenmyfdxfnbczcneltynb,zrèytyfktéfnm
ljvtyiby.Wèeyèdthcbntnbckeéfnmèynthtcfvecmjuj
cecgèkmcndf.Nhmjvfuhegfvb,zrèdöjlznmljwèæÿrfntujhèÿ
pfrkflèd,nhflbwèqyjæytuhbnzycmrè,kfnbyjfvthbrfycmrè
rjktléèqeyèdthcbntnbnfyfdxfkmyèpfrkflb,ojjåcke
ujdeñnmfvthbrfycmrböèylèfywèd.Ecèdjybjå’ælyfyèd
fcjwèfwèÿnfrjycjhwèevb.Ècyeñnmnfrjéèyièjhufyèpfwèÿ,
zrèljgjvfufñnmdbobvyfdxfkmybvpfrkflfvjöjgbnb
rfntujhèñvtyiby.


EntrcnèÈyèwèfnbdbÅèkjujljveghjnhflbwèqyjytuhb
nzycmrèrjktléèqeyèdthcbntnbcrfpfyj:
Lkzfahjfvthbrfywèd,zrèlkzdcèöfvthbrfywèd,wè
eyèdthcbntnbæléthtkjvljczuytymèdtkbrjÿujhljcnè.
dbOèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflb,lt
GthtdféfñnmGhtlcnfdybrb
yfwèjyfkmybövtyIby
JhrtcnheyèdthcbntneUhtvåkèyueinfnèKeÿpèfyfyfvfhiè;
dèydèljvbqdecèqrhfÿyèpfdlzrbcdjÿvédfdbvdbcnegfv.
NtlC.Djhhty.AP/WWP
13
eJournal USA

Pfrjyghjdboejcdènedèl1965hjrep
dytctybvbljymjujgjghfdrfvbdbpyfxfæ
nhflbwèqyjytuhbnzycmrbqyfdxfkmybq
pfrkflzr≤...åelmzrbqrjktléxbeyèdthcb
ntn,pfcyjdfybqlj1964hjre,gjzdezrjuj
åekjècnjhbxyjpevjdktyj,jcyjdybvghb
pyfxtyyzvzrjujåekjqkbifænmczyflfy
yzjcdènbfahjfvthbrfywzv.Wtqpfrkfl
frhtlbnjdfybqpfufkmyjyfwèjyfkmybv
cthnbaèrfwèqybvfutyncndjv,zrtdbpyf
ænmczvèyècnhjvjcdènbzrfdnjhbntnytq
yflèqytojljjwèyñdfyyzzrjcnèyfdxfyyz
fåjé,yflevrewmjujfutyncndf,hjåbnm
pdfétyèrhjrbyfikzöeljjnhbvfyyz
frhtlbnfwèÿ≥.
Ghjujkjieñxb11–17dthtcyz2005
hjreNbéytvnhflbwèqyjfahjfvthbrfy
cmrbörjktléèdnfeyèdthcbntnèd,Ghtpbltyn
LéjhléÅeidèllfdyfktéytwbvyfdxfkmybvpfrkflfv
dèlèvtyèdcèæÿrhfÿybpfdbcjrècnfylfhnbzrjcnèjcdènb,
dböjdfyyzvjkjljujgjrjkèyyzdlecèljczuytyyzecgèöe
nfpfcghbzyyzdbrjyfyyñdpznjujfvthbrfycmrjñyfwèæñ
pjåjd’zpfyyzpfåtpgtxbnbdcèvhèdyejcdène.Dèycrfpfd:
≤Ghfuyexbljdbcjrböcnfylfhnèdzrjcnèjcdènbèpfåtpgt
xeñxbdcèvfvthbrfywzvhèdyèvjékbdjcnèÿÿjnhbvfyyz,
wèukbåjrjifyjdfyèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflbljgjvfufñnmpfåtp
gtxbnbvjékbdècnmecèvyfibvuhjvflzyfvgjdyècnñhtf
kèpedfnbcdèqgjntywèfkèdgtdytyjlbdbnbczdvfqåenyæ,
zrtghbytctljåhjåenèplèqcytyyzvhèq≥.Lfkèdèycrfpfd:
≤Vbghjljdéeævjåjhjnbczpfnfrtcecgèkmcndj,dzrjve
rjéyfkñlbyfpvjétdnèkbnbdébnnzdtkbrtgjrkbrfyyz
Fvthbrb≥.
Åèkmiècnmèp105ytuhbnzycmrbörjktléèdhjpnfijdfyèd
gèdltyyjcöèlyböinfnfö,eatlthfkmyjvejrhepèRjkev
åèznfyfDèhuèycmrböjcnhjdfö.Cthtlybö40geåkèxybö
xjnbhbhèxybörjktléèd,11geåkèxyböldjhèxybörjktléèd,
49ghbdfnyböxjnbhbhèxyböè5ghbdfnyböldjhèxyböyf
dxfkmyböpfrkflèd.Ljlfnrjdeèyajhvfwèñghjybövjéyf
jnhbvfnbpècnfnnè,ghbcdzxtyjÿNbéyñnhflbwèqyjfahj
fvthbrfycmrbörjktléèdnfeyèdthcbntnèdpfflhtcjñ:
ht tp://usinfo.st ate.gov/scv/Archive/2005/Sep/26-256508.html.

Fcjwèfwèñrjktléèdnfeyèdthcbntnèd,ltyfdxfñnmcz
gthtdféyjdböèlwèpKfnbycmrjÿFvthbrb,åekjcndjhtyj
d1986hjwè.Njlèljytÿddèqikj18dboböyfdxfkmybö
pfrkflèd,zrècnfkbpfcyjdybrfvbwèæÿFcjwèfwèÿ.Cmjujlyè
Fcjwèfwèñghtlcnfdkzñnmgjyfl400rjktléèdnfeyèdth
cbntnèd,zrèpfåtpgtxeñnmdbojñjcdènjñècgfyjvjdybö
fvthbrfywèdeCIF,GethnjHbrj,KfnbycmrèqFvthbwèq
Ècgfyèÿ.Ytpdféfñxbyfnt,ojyfdxfkmyèpfrkflbFcjwèfwèÿ
kfnbyjfvthbrfycmrbörjktléèdcnfyjdkznmvtyityèé10fi
ecèödboböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèdrhfÿyb,dyböyfdxfænmcz
gjyflnhbxdthnèècgfyjvjdyböcneltynèdCIF.Fcjwèfwèz
æælbyjñyfwèjyfkmyjñjhufyèpfwèæñ,ojghtlcnfdkzæ
dboèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflb,zrèjåckeujdeñnmècgfyjvjdybö
fvthbrfywèd.E205rjktléfö,zrèdöjlznmljwèæÿjhuf
yèpfwèÿ,25ficneltynèd–ècgfyjvjdyè.Dèyibörjktléfö
–xktyföFcjwèfwèÿ–yfècgfyjvjdyböfvthbrfywèdghbgf
lfævtyityèé25fidèlpfufkmyjÿrèkmrjcnècneltynèd.Lbd:
ht tp://www. hacu.net/hacu/De fa ult_EN.asp
.


GhtpbltynÅeidbpyfdnedfékbdehjkm,zredèlèuhf
ñnmrjktléènfeyèdthcbntnbduhjvflföfvthbrfycmrbö
èylèfywèd,è3kbgyz2002hjregèlgbcfdflvèyècnhfnbdybq
erfp13270nfÈyèwèfnbdeÅèkjujljveghjdboèyfdxfkmyè
pfrkflbfvthbrfycmrböèylèfywèd.
Ghtpbltyncrfpfd:
≤Rjktléènfeyèdthcbntnbfvthbrfycmrböèylèfywèd
cghbzñnmpåthtétyyñvjdyböèrekmnehybönhflbwèq,
ojpybrfñnm.Djlyjxfcdjyb,åtpgthtxyj,lfñnmnbcz
xfvcneltynèdvjékbdècnmjnhbvfnbdboejcdène,ghjat
cèqytyfdxfyyznfèyièpfcjåbtrjyjvèxyjujhjpdbnre
yfnthbnjhèzö,pfctktyböèylèfywzvb....Dcèfvthbrfywè
pfckeujdeñnmyfjnhbvfyyzxeljdjÿjcdènb,pjrhtvfq
PfyyznzpaènytcedrjktléèCfynf-At,ltyfdxfñnmczgthtdféyjkfnbyjfvthbrfywè.
PljpdjkerjktléeCfynf-At
14 
eJournal USA
nè,önjyfdxfænmczdrjktléföèeyèdthcbntnföfvthbrfy
cmrböèylèfywèd≥.
ECIFyfkèxeænmcz34rjktléèqeyèdthcbntnb,dbpyfyè
atlthfkmybvehzljvzryfdxfkmyèpfrkflbfvthbrfycmrbö
èylèfywèd.Hjpnfijdfyègthtdféyjyfcthtlymjvepföjlènf
gèdltyyjvecöjlè,wèrjktléèqeyèdthcbntnbjåckeujdeñnm
ghbåkbpyj30000cneltynèd,zrèdxfnmczyfcnfwèjyfhyj
vedèllèktyyè,fnfrjénbö,zrèdèldèleñnmjrhtvèktrwèÿnf
ctvèyfhb.Wèrjktléèqeyèdthcbntnbghjgjyeñnmldjhèxyè
ghjuhfvb,zrèlfñnmvjékbdècnmcnfnbrfylblfnfvbdåf
rfkfdhbåèkmityèéèp200lbcwbgkèy.Fltzrèghjgjyeñnm
ghjuhfvbyfdxfyyzpjnhbvfyyzvcnegtyèdåfrfkfdhfèvf
uècnhf.Nfrjéwèdepbghjgjyeñnm200yfdxfkmyböghjuhfv
ghjatcèqyjÿgèlujnjdrbpjnhbvfyyzvcthnbaèrfne.
Öjxfwèdepbghbqvfñnmnèkmrbrjhèyyböfvthbrfywèd,
djybltvjycnheñnmjlbyèpdbpyfxyböfcgtrnèdecèæÿcbc
ntvbdbojÿjcdènbdCIF.Ljlfnrjdeèyajhvfwèñvjéyf
jnhbvfnbpfflhtcjñ:
ht tp://www.whit ehouse.gov/news/
re leases/2002/07/20020703-16.html
.3
Lev rb, db rkf lt yè e wèq cnfn nè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dè ljå hf éf ñnm gj ukz lb
xb gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.
CneltynbÈylèfycmrjujeyèdthcbntneÖfcrtkkfdinfnèRfypfcghbrhfifñnmvfibyegthtlgfhfljv.
PljpdjkeghtpbltynfÈylèfycmrjujeyèdthcbntneÖfcrtkkf
15
eJournal USA

Åt dth kè Lt yè tk Ntq
nev gb it ghj hjkm
nhf lb wèq yj yt uhb
nzy cmrbö rj kt léèd e
ajh ve dfy yè cne lty
nèdfa hjf vt hb rfy wèd
zr jcj åbc njc ntq nf
ghj pf åtp gt xty yz ÿv
vjé kb djc nè pec nhè
xf nb cz èp cne lty nf vb hèp yj uj tn yèx yj uj è cj wè fkm yj uj
gj öj léty yz, p hèp ybö rekm neh, p hèp yb vb ecnfy jd rf vb
nf gj ukz lf vb. Ntq nev – ght pb ltyn rj kt lée Cgtk vf yf
d Fn kfy nè, infn Léjhléèz, è fd njh ryb ub ≤Xj ve dcè yt
uhb nzy cmrè lè nb pf délb cb lznm hf pjv e irèkm yèq ÿlfkm
yè nf èy iè åt cè lb ghj hf ce≥ (BeverlyDanielTatum.“WhyAre
AlltheBlackKidsSittingTogetherintheCafeteria”andOther
ConversationsaboutRace.BasicBooks,2003).
Z
yfhjlbkfczd1954hjwè,dcmjujxthtp3vèczwè
gèckznjuj,zrpfeödfkjñDthöjdyjujCeledcghf
dè≤ÅhfeyghjnbHflbpjcdènb≥åekjjujkjityj
ytpfrjyyjñcbcntvectuhtufwèÿdirjkföpfghbywbgjv
≤hjplèkmyt,fktjlyfrjdtyfdxfyyz≥.Zyfhjlbkfczdv.
Nfkkföfcè,infnAkjhblf,ltvèqåfnmrjghfwñdfddbrkflf
xtvcèkmcmrjujcgjlfhcmrjujègjkèntöyèxyjujeyèdthcbntne
Akjhblb.DèyöjnèdyfdxfnbczdeyèdthcbntnèinfneAkjhb
lfqjnhbvfnbnfvljrnjhcmrbqcnegèym,fktd1954hjwè
einfnèAkjhblfytuhèdljfcgèhfynehbotytghbqvfkb.
PfvècnmwmjujqjvejgkfnbkbghjÿplljinfneGtycbkmdf
yèz.E1957hjwèdèypf
rèyxbdyfdxfyyzdeyè
dthcbntnèGtycbkmdfyèÿ
qjnhbvfdcnegèym.
Xthtphèrdèycnfd
gthibvghjatcjhjv
ytuhjvelthéfdyjve
Åhblédjnthcmrjve
rjktléèdÅhblédjnt
hè,infnVfccfxectnc.Nfvzqhjckf.Cmjujlyèghtpblty
njvlthéfdyjujÅhblédjnthcmrjujrjktléedgthitcnfd
ghtlcnfdybrrjkmjhjdjujyfctktyyz,fdkñnjve2004
hjrez,fahjfvthbrfyrf,ghjujkjcbkfdcnegyeghjvjde
yfrjyathtywèÿpgbnfymdbojÿjcdènb,zrfghjdjlbkfcme
infnèAkjhblf.E1954hjwèytvjékbdjåekjyfdènmezdbnb
cjåèyènfrjujghtpbltynf,yènfrjujjhfnjhf.
Zåfufnjhjrèdghfwñdfkfdbrkflfxtvèdbcnegfkfghj
nbhfcbpvedyfdxfkmyböpfrkflfö,ltghfwñdfkbgthtdfé
yjåèkè.Cmjujlyèz–ltd’znbqghtpbltynrjktléeCgtk
vfyf,yfqcnfhèijujnhflbwèqyjytuhbnzycmrjujrjktlée,
njvezvjéegjyjdjvehjpukzlfnbeödfkedcghfdè≤Åhfey
ghjnbHflbpjcdènb≥èrhfothjpevènbÿÿpyfxtyyz.Zrè
åfufnmjvèyibvnhflbwèqyj≤xjhybv≥rjktléfvnfeyè
dthcbntnfv,rjktléeCgtkvfyfljdjlbnmczdbnhbvedfnb
rjyrehtywèñdåjhjnmåèpf≤cdjÿö≥cneltynèdpgthtdféyj
≤åèkbvb≥eyèdthcbntnfvb,zrèhfyèitytåhfkbfahjfvthb
rfywèdljctåtyfyfdxfyyz.
Ghjntphjcnfyyzrjyrehtywèÿghbidblibkjgjpbnbdyè
pvèybdrjktléèCgtkvfyf.Gèckz≤cghfdbÅhfeyf≥dbrkf
xthtp50hjrèdGèckz≤cGhfdb
åhfeyf≥:xjvenhflbwèqyj
fahj-fvthbrfycmrèrjktléènf
eyèdthcbntnbGjnhèåyèqljcè
ÅtdthkèLtyètkNtqnev
Cneltynrfyfctvèyfhèjåcnjñæcdjñnjxrepjhe.
PljpdjkerjktléeCgtkvfyf
16 
eJournal USA
lfxèdgjxfkbcthqjpyèitpfjöjxedfnbpfqvfnbczyferjdjñ
hjåjnjñ,dblfdfnbåèkmitrybuègeåkèredfnbåèkmit
yferjdböcnfntq.Åekbcndjhtyèyjdèvjékbdjcnèlkzyferj
djÿlèzkmyjcnèpfufkjv.Ecgèiyèrfvgfyèÿpèpåjherjinèd
pfåtpgtxbkbaèyfycjdecnfåèkmyècnm.Yfnthbnjhèÿrjktlée
åekbpåeljdfyèyjdèuehnjébnrbnfyfdxfkmyèghbvèotyyz.
Dctwtcghbzkjcndjhtyyñnfrjÿfrfltvèxyjÿfnvjcathb,
zrfojhjreghbdfåkñæljyfijujrjktléeåkbpmrj4000
nfkfyjdbnbölèdxfnèpveieæÿöåjhjnbczpf525vècwmyf
gthijverehcè.
Xjveénhflbwèqyjytuhbnzycmrèrjktléè,yfrinfkn
rjktléeCgtkvfyf,ytkbitpfljdjkmyzñnmgjnhtåbåfuf
nmjöplèåyböfahjfvthbrfywèd,fktqkbifñnmczfkmnth
yfnbdjñ,zrèqdjybyflfñnmgthtdfue?Edbåjhèrjktlée
dèlèuhfæhjkmdfifjcjåbcnècnm–wtcdjæhèlyfpfzdfghj
nt,rbvdbctåtezdkzænt,rbvdbæèrbvdbcgjlèdfæntcz
cnfnb.Cneltynèdghbdfåkñæyfdxfkmyffnvjcathf,zrflj
gjvfufæÿvendthlbnbcmèhjpdbyenbcdjÿnfkfynb;cnelty
nèdghbdfåkññnmyfdxfkmyèpfrkflb,ltdjybdèlxedfñnm
ctåtdwtynhèyfdxfkmyjujghjwtce.
Rèkmrfhjrèdnjve,ljckèléeñxbajhvedfyyzdèlxennz
hfcjdjÿyfktéyjcnèecneltynèdytuhbnzycmrbörjktléèd,
zrèdbhjckbgthtdféyjd≤åèkbö≥hfqjyfö,zgbnfkfÿö,
xjvedjybdbhèibkbgènbdxbnbczcfvtnelb,relbgèikb.
Jcmojhjpgjdèkfghjcdèqljcdèlyfdxfyyzdfahjfvthb
rfycmrjverjktléèjlyfcneltynrf:≤Hjpevèænt,rjkbzqle
gjnthbnjhèÿyfijujcneltyncmrjujvècntxrfèpyfñ,oj
wtqeyèdthcbntngjåeledfkblkzvtyt,zcghfdlèofckbdf≥.
DFvthbwèytnfråfufnjvècwm,ghjzrèytuhbnzyrfvjukfå
crfpfnbcfvtnfr.Ytvjéyfytljjwèyñdfnbpyfxtyyzcfvj
cndthlétyyzghbdbåjhèrjktlée.
Ytpdféfñxbyfnt,ojcmjujlyèåèkmiècnmcneltyncmrbö
vècntxjrhèpyjvfyènyèiè,yèéwtåekjd1954hjwè,eyf
dxfkmyböpfrkflföectotytecdèljvkññnmghjcnjÿècnbyb
–ytjåöèlyjcndjhñdfnbdcèvcneltynfvcghbznkbdèevjdb
lkzvfrcbvfkmyjujhjprhbnnzÿöymjujèyntktrnefkmyjuj
gjntywèfkeèajhvedfyyzzrjcntqkèlthf.Èyibvbckjdfvb,
wtevjdb,zrècghbzñnmpvèwytyyñcfvjecdèljvktyyz,gtd
yjÿcgèkmyjcnè,kèlthcmrböhbc,pfåtpgtxeñnmectytjåöèlyt
lkztatrnbdyjujyfåennzpyfymyfdcèöhèdyzöjcdènb.
Dnèktyyzwbö,yfgthibqgjukzl,ghjcnböècnbyeébn
nzdbvfufæ,ojåvbgjcnèqyjcnfdbkbjlytjlyjvecrkflyè
gbnfyyz.Yfrjujhjphföjdfyècndjhtyèyfvbevjdb?Rjuj
vbytdhföedfkb,ezdkzñxbpfufkmyerfhnbyejcdènb?Zrè
cghbznkbdèvjékbdjcnèècyeñnmlkzajhvedfyyzcgèkmyj
nbèpfjöjxtyyzlèfkjuecthtlcneltynèd,rjnhèyfktéfnm
ljhèpyböcjwèjrekmnehyböuhegèljnhbveñnmczhèpybö
gjukzlèd?Zrgèldbobnbpfufkmyefrnbdyècnmcneltynèdeyf
dxfkmyjveghjwtcèqyfdxbnbÿödbzdkznbkèlthcmrègjpbwèÿ
dhèpyjvfyènyböcbnefwèzö?
Zraföèdwzdufkepèhfcjdbödèlyjcbyvtytxfcnjpfgb
neñnm,xjvezjxjkññlèzkmyècnmnfrjuj≤jlyjhèlyjuj≥
yfdxfkmyjujpfrkfle,zrrjktléCgtkvfyf.Phjpevèkj,oj
wtgbnfyyzåfpeænmczyföbåyjvepfcyjdre.Ytpdféfñxb
yfnt,oj97fiyfiböcneltynèdfahjfvthbrfywè,rjynby
utyncneltynèdljcbnmhèpyjvfyènybq.ErjktléèCgtkvfyf
yfdxfñnmczcneltynbpecèöhtuèjyèdCgjkextyböInfnèd
èpåfufnmjöpfheåèéybörhfÿy,èpghbvècmrböècèkmcmrbö
hfqjyèd,ltdjcyjdyjveébdenmåèkè,fnfrjéèpvècmrböyt
uhbnzycmrbördfhnfkèd.Nenyfdxfñnmczghtlcnfdybrbdcèö
uhegfahbrfycmrjÿ≤lèfcgjhb≥,fåfufnjvfyènyècnmljcdèle
nfpyfxybqdèlcjnjrlèdxfncneltynjrcndjhññnmåfufnj
cghbznkbdbövjékbdjcntqlkzlèfkjue.Ècyeægtdybqgt
hèjlehjpdbnrecfvjecdèljvktyyzvjkjlbökñltq,rjnhè
ghtlcnfdkzñnmrjkmjhjdtyfctktyyz,rjkblèfkju≤ecthtlb
yèuhegb≥vjétvfnbnfrtcfvtdtkbrt,fvjékbdj,èyrjkb
qècnjnyèitpyfxtyyz,yèé≤vèéuhegjdbq≥lèfkju.Ljnjujé
dfahjfvthbrfycmrböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflfövjéyfcndjhb
nbnfrèevjdb,ojådèlåedfkbcmjåbldfpuflfyèlèfkjub.
Åfufnjönjpyfcvfæèltfkmytezdktyyzghjrjktléè,lt
decèöcneltynèdåeltvjékbdècnmècnbvekljczufnbdbcj
rbögjrfpybrèdeyfdxfyyè.Wtezdktyyzghjvekmnbtnyèxyè
cgèkmyjnb,ltcnjceyrbvèékñlmvbåeleñnmczyfpfcflfö
hèdyjcnènfcghfdtlkbdjcnè.Wtezdktyyzghjjcdène,zrfyt
kbitcnbvekñæèyntktrnefkmybqhjpdbnjrikzöjvajhve
dfyyzecneltynèdplfnyjcnèrhbnbxyjvbckbnb,phjpevèkj
dbckjdkñdfnbcz,xènrjgbcfnb,dvèkjfhuevtynedfnb,fq
lfæÿvyflpdbxfqyjhèpyjvfyènyèyfdbxrbnfljcdèlexfcnè
débnnècecgèkmcndf.Nfrböèltfkmyböevjdlkzjcdènbd
ibhjrjvevfcinfåèyèrjkbljcèytècyedfkjdFvthbwènf
qyèltecdènè,zrzhjpevèñ,fktwzvhèzytctdcjåèjåhbcb
vfqåenymjuj.3
Lev rb, db rkf lt yè e wèq cnf nnè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dè ljå hf éf ñnm gj ukz lb
xb gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.
Cneltynbdèlgjxbdfñnmplhepzvbduehnjébnre.
PljpdjkerjktléeCgtkvfyf
17
eJournal USA

E Cgj ke xt ybö Inf nfö ht kè uèq yè rj kt léè q eyè dth cb nt
nb gj cdjæ ve gj æl ye ñnm ht kè uèq yè q frf lt vèx yè rjv
gj yty nb. E wmj ve yf hb cè Lt dèl J’Rjy ytkk, ght pb ltyn
Rf nj kbwm rj uj eyè dth cb nt ne Fvt hb rb q fd njh lj gj dè lè
ghj gth cgtr nb db ht kè uèq ybö rj kt léèd yf rjy at hty wèÿ
Ufh dfhlcmrj uj eyè dth cb nt ne, db ckjd kñæ cdjÿ gj ukz lb yf
nt, zr ht kè uèq yè rj kt léè påf uf xe ñnm db oe jc dè ne. Gèc kz
wmj uj yf hb ce gjl fñnm cz jgb cb èy ibö ht kè uèq ybö yf d
xfkm ybö pf rkf lèd, zrè zc rhf dj lt vjy cnhe ñnm hèp yb wñ
d gèl öj lfö lj jc dè nb. Nbv, önj wè rf dbnm cz rjy rhtn yjñ
cnhf nt uèæñ nj uj xb èy ij uj yf dxfkm yj uj pf rkf le, dfh nj
åtp gj ct htl ymj pd’z pf nb cz p ybv lkz jn hb vfy yz db xthg
yjÿ èy ajh vf wèÿ. Vb drkñ xb kb wè dè lj vjc nè e xf cj gbc
lkz nj uj, ojå lf nb xb nf xfv lét ht kf èy ajh vf wèÿ, f yt
htr kf ve df nb xb cödf kñ df nb zrecm gtd ye lj rnhb ye fåj
ghj uhf ve.
D
evjdföljcbnmcbkmyjujcegthybwndfpfpfkextyyz
cneltynèdrjktléèqeyèdthcbntnbdCgjkextybö
Infnfögjdbyyèltvjycnhedfnbcdjÿqgjntywèq
yèqrkèæynehèjcjåkbdèöfhfrnthbcnbrb,zrèhjåkznmwè
yfdxfkmyèpfrkflbeyèrfkmybvbèdfhnbvbedfub.Rjéty
yfdxfkmybqpfrkfljåjd’zprjdjghtntyleæyf≤yfqdboe
zrècnmjcdènb≥è≤yfqrhfoeghjuhfveyfdxfyyz≥pnèæÿxb
èyijÿlbcwbgkèyb.Ghjntxbècyeæotojcm,ojvjét
yfjxyjpfcdèlxbnb≤dèlvèyyejpyfre≥wmjujyfdxfkmyjuj
pfrkfle?Ghjnbcnfdkzñxbctåtcdèncmrbvrjktléfv,htkè
uèqyèdboèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflbddféfñnm,ojwèæñdèlvèy
yjñjpyfrjñædèhf.
Cghfdfdnjve,ojrjktlé,zrbqåtpgjcthtlymjdèl
xedfæyfcjåèdgkbdzrjÿcmrjyrhtnyjÿhtkèuèÿxbdèhb,
cgjdèofæcdèncmrjvefrfltvèxyjvecdènjdè,ojhtkèuèqybq
dbobqyfdxfkmybqpfrkflecdèljvkñæcdjñeyèrfkmye
hjkmèdèlvèyyècnmdèlèyibödfrfltvèxyjvecthtljdboè,
htkèUèqyèrjktléè
GhtgjljåybqLtdèlJ’Rjyytkk,ghtpbltynRfnjkbwmrjujeyèdthcbntneFvthbrb
WtqcneltynRfnjkbwmrjujeyèdthcbntneeDfibyunjyèpyfqijdnbötvècwtlkzpfyznm.
RhècUhèyåthu/RfnjkbwmrbqeyèdthcbntnFvthbrb
18 
eJournal USA
fnfrjégthtrjyfybqenjve,ojcfvtpfljgjvjujñdèhb
hjåbnmdfujvbqdytcjredboejcdène.
Jcdènfghjkbdfæcdènkjyfnfævybwñècyedfyyzkñlbyb,
fgtkññxbljhjpeve.Djyfghjcdènkñæhjpev.Htkèuèqyfjc
dènfdbpyfxfæjcyjdyègfhfvtnhbècyedfyyzkñlbybxthtp
Åjuf,zrbqdèlrhbdfæctåtèhjpeve,èdèhè.Djyfghjcdènkñæ
hjpevèleie.Xthtphtkèuèqyejcdènevbgèpyfævjècnbye,
zrejczufævjhjpevjv,fktzrfljcnegyflkzcthwzèleiè
dèheñxjujqjcvbcktyfybvyfukbåbyyjvehèdyè.Zrjcmz
ghjxbnfd,oj≤htkèuèz–wt,yfcfvgthtl,ytgbnfyyzafr
nèd,fgbnfyyzpvècne≥.
Htkèuèqyèrjktléèyfvfufñnmczhjpukzlfnbhjpevèdèhe
ytjrhtvjjlytdèljlyjuj,fzrgjd’zpfyè,öjxfqhèpyèrjv
gjytynbælbyjÿècnbyb.Wèrfdjdèlpyfxbnb,ojltzrèyfq
gjdféyèièdboèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflbdCgjkextyböInfnfö,
zrèljczukbyfqdboböhtpekmnfnèdedbrkflfyyèqyfewè,
åthenmcdèqgjxfnjrèphtkèuèqybörjyatcèq.Fktpzrböjcm
ghbxbyèpgkbyjvxfcehtkèuèqyfjhèæynfwèzwböfrfltvèx
yböecnfyjdcnfkfckfåyenbèp’zdbkbczhèpyèvjltkèqldf
hèpyègèlöjlbljdbojÿjcdènb–xbcnjcdèncmrfvjltkm/cdèn
cmrbqgèlöèlèhtkèuèqyfvjltkm/htkèuèqybqgèlöèl.
Rjkbcneltynbnfÿöyèåfnmrbdbåbhfñnmhtkèuèqybqrj
ktléfåjeyèdthcbntn,djybjåbhfñnmyfdxfkmybqpfrkfl,
zrbqvfæxènrjdbpyfxtyegjpbwèñèvècèñ,ojcdjÿvb
rjhtyzvbukbåjrjczufñnmnèæÿxbèyijÿhtkèuèqyjÿnhflb
wèÿ.Wènhflbwèÿvfñnmgjibhñdfnbcmyfdcèfcgtrnbwmjuj
yfdxfkmyjujpfrkfle,qjujhjåjneèdcèqjujpföjlb,xènrj
dbzdkznbcmzryfpfyznnzöeyfdxfkmyèqfelbnjhèÿ,nfrèd
ébnnècneltynèderfvgecè.Ghjatcjhbnfèyibqgthcjyfk
wmjujrjktléexbeyèdthcbntnegjdbyyèdbzdkznbndthle
gthtrjyfyècnmeplèqcytyyèwèæÿvècèÿ,fytkbitnthgbvj
cnfdbnbczljytÿzrljpdbxfqyjÿajhvfkmyjcnè,ojyèåbnj
ytlfævfqétyèzrjÿrjhbcnèyèyfdxfkmyjveghjwtcjdè,
yèdbrjyfyyñèyiböpfdlfymwbvyfdxfkmybvpfrkfljv.
Zrojnjqxbèyibqdbobqyfdxfkmybqpfrkflcghfdlè
htkèuèqybq,njèdcthtlbyèymjuj,ègjpfqjujvtéfvbdcèv
åeltphjpevèkj,ojwthtkèuèqybqyfdxfkmybqpfrkflèoj
qjujvècèzyflfæ≤ljlfnrjdjÿwèyyjcnè≥jnhbvfyèqeymjve
jcdènè.Åèkmitnjuj,wz≤ljlfnrjdfwèyyècnm≥cghfdlèwèrf
dbnmkñltq,ghbdfåkñæÿöewtqyfdxfkmybqpfrkflèlfæ
ÿvnt,ojdjybcghbqvfñnmzreyèrfkmyècnm,nt,xjujdjyb
lèqcyjöjxenm.Wtvfædtkbrtpyfxtyyzzrlkzÿöymjÿjcdè
nb,nfrèlkzÿöymjujébnnz.Plfnyècnmhtkèuèqybörjktléèd
rjyrehedfnbdjcdènymjvecthtljdboècfvtzrhtkèuèqyè
qcbkmyèièdfrfltvèxyjvegkfyèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflbè
ghjgjyedfnbkñlzvnt,xjujdjybcghfdlèöjxenm,yfljduj
pfåtpgtxbnmwbvrjktléfvdbébdfyyzèpvjuedbrjyedf
nbcdjñvècèñ,ojphtinjñghbckeébnmczhjpibhtyyñ
cghfdéymjÿhèpyjvfyènyjcnè,zrfædèlvèyyjñhbcjñfvthb
rfycmrjÿdbojÿjcdènb.
CfvtnfrjujgèlöjleljnhbveænmczRfnjkbwmrbqeyèdth
cbntnFvthbrbeDfibyunjyè,atlthfkmybqjrheuRjkev
åèz,–pfufkmyjyfwèjyfkmybqeyèdthcbntnRfnjkbwmrjÿ
wthrdbdCgjkextyböInfnfö.3
Lev rb, db rkf lt yè e wèq cnf nnè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dè ljå hf éf ñnm gj ukz lb
xb gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.
YfnhtyedfyyègèlxfcghjdtltyyzyfwèjyfkmyjujnehyèheCIFpåfcrtnåj-
kecneltynrfeyèdthcbntneÅtqkjhfèpCtyn-Dèyctynf,jcnhjdbDtcn-Èylèÿ,
pegbybkfcz,ojågjujdjhbnbpxktyfvbcdjæÿrjvfylbpntöfcmrjÿirjkb
gèdltyyj-åfgnbcncmrjÿjhèæynfwèÿ.
LfhhjyRfvvèyuc.AP/WWP
19
eJournal USA

Eyè dth cb ntn Rtv gåtk kf,dbobqyfdxfkmybqpfrkflgèdltyyböåfgnbcnèd(ghjntcnfynèd)einfnèGèdyèx
yfRfhjkèyf,dåfxfæcdjæghbpyfxtyyzdnjve,ojåcghbznbcneltynfveajhvedfyyèwèkècyjÿ,öhbcnbzycmrb
jhèæynjdfyjÿjcjåbcnjcnè,zrföfhfrnthbpeænmczælyècnñnèkf,hjpeveèleöe.Wtjpyfxfæplfnyècnmrhbnbxyj
vbckbnb,dbcjrjwèyedfnbèyntktrnefkmybq,rekmnehybqèhtkèuèqybqcgfljr,låfnbghjpljhjd’znèkf,edféyj
cnfdbnbczljcdèneqcecgèkmcndf,dzrjvewzjcjåbcnècnmébdtèghfwñæ.Eyèdthcbntnåfxbnmghbpyfxtyyzkñ
lbybdnjve,ojåébnbdèhjñèkfcrjñÅjéjñ,ytdèlxedfñxbrjyakèrnevèéébnnzvecdènkèdèhbèébnnzve
cdènkèhjpeve.
Eyè dth cb ntn Åhfy ltq cfdinfnèVfccfxectncæjlybvpyfqvjkjliböeyèdthcbntnèdèpibhjrjñyferj
djljckèlybwmrjñåfpjñ,fnfrjéælbybveyèdthcbntnjvewèqrhfÿyè,zrjveyflfñnmaèyfycjdegèlnhbvre
fvthbrfycmrèædhtÿ.Puèlyjpljrevtynjv,ezrjvedbpyfxfænmczvtnfècyedfyyzeyèdthcbntne,dèyåedpfcyjdf
ybqe1948hjwèpfgèlnhbvrbdcèæÿfvthbrfycmrjÿædhtqcmrjÿcgèkmyjnbzrdnèktyyzÿÿyfqdbobötnbxyböè
rekmnehyböwèyyjcntq,fnfrjézrdbzddlzxyjcnèCgjkextybvInfnfveajhvè,ojcdèlxbnmghjnhflbwèqye
ghböbkmyècnmædhtÿdljjcdènb.EyèdthcbntnÅhfyltqcf,zrbqytyfktébnmljéjlyjujhtkèuèqyjuj,èltjkjuèx
yjujxbgjkènbxyjujcghzvedfyyz,jöjxtghbqvfæcneltynèdèdbrkflfxèdåelmzrjÿyfwèjyfkmyjcnè,htkèuèÿxb
gjkènbxyjÿjhèæynfwèÿ,cghbzæjyjdktyyñrekmnehyjÿhèpyjvfyènyjcnèFvthbrb,yflfædcèvhèdyèvjékbdjcnèq
cdjåjlecfvjdbhfétyyz.
Nb öjj rt fycm rbq kñ nt hfy cmrbq rj ktléeinfnèDfibyunjyåedpfcyjdfybqgjctktywzvbkñnthfyfvb,
dèygjcnfdbdcjåèpfvtnelfnbjcdènenbv,önjghbcdznbdcdjæébnnzÅjue;dèyleétgbifænmczcdjæñeyèrfkm
yjñyfdxfkmyjñghjuhfvjñ,dzrèqgèlrhtckñænmczytjåöèlyfhjkmecèöÿÿcrkflybrèdèfrnbdyfexfcnmcnelty
nèdepfcdjæyyèpyfym.
Ufh najhlcmrf le öjd yf ct vè yf hèzdinfnèRjyytrnbrenåekfpfcyjdfyfghjntcnfyncmrjñöhbcnbzycmrjñ
ltyjvèyfwèæñ–rjyuhtufwèjyècnfvbgehbnfyfvb,zrèdbcnegfkbpfytpfktéyècnmvècwtdbörjyuhtufwèq,njånj
gfhfaèq,dèlfyukèrfycmrjÿwthrdb.Cmjujlyèyfljlfnjrljghjuhfvbpdbdxtyyzöhbcnbzycndfdwèqctvèyfhèÿ
ècyeævfuècnthcmrfghjuhfvfpdbdxtyyzèckfve,gjpfdthityyèzrjÿwtynhpdbdxtyyzèckfveèöhbcnbzycmrj
vecekmvfycmrbödèlyjcbyyflfæcneltynfvpdfyyzrfgtkfyf.Gjrkbrfyyzvwèæÿleöjdyjÿctvèyfhèÿæckeéèyyz
Åjuexthtpjcdène,njånjgèlujnjdrfghfwèdybrèd,cneltynèd,extyböècfvböhtkèuèqyböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèdlj
hjpevèyyzcexfcyjujåfufnjrjyatcèqyjujqgkñhfkècnbxyjujcdèneèébnnzdwmjvecdènèpdèhjñ.Wzvtnfplèq
cyñænmczdhfvrföyfdxfyyz,ghjdtltyyzyferjdböljckèlétym,èyajhvedfyyzcecgèkmcndf,pfjöjxtyyzkñltq
ljlèfkjue,fnfrjéikzöjvendthlétyyzdèhbdcjwèfkmyjverjyntrcnèèdèlrhbnjujdbdxtyyzzrhjpåèéyjcntq,
nfrègjlèåyböhbc.
20 
eJournal USA
E Cgj ke xt ybö Inf nfö æ rj kt léè, lt cne lty nb ukb åj rj
db dxf ñnm kb it jl ye uf kepm. Fd njh wèæÿ cnfn nè rj hjn rj
öf hfr nt hb peæ rèkm rf yf dxfkm ybö pf rkf lèd, zrè ghb lè
kz ñnm jc yjd ye edf ue vbc ntw nde, åèp yt ce xb dèq cmrj dèq
cghf dè. Vfqrk Ahèl vfy – ghf wèd ybr Åñ hj vèé yf hjl ybö
èy ajh vf wèq ybö ghj uhfv Lth éfd yj uj lt gfh nf vty ne
CIF.
Åèkmiècnmfvthbrfycmrböeyèdthcbntnèdghjgjyeñnm
ibhjrbqlèfgfpjylbcwbgkèy.Fktltzrè,yfdgfrb,
pjcthtléeñnmczyfxjvecmjlyjveqdèlgjdèlyj
åeleñnmcdjÿyfdxfkmyègkfyb.Cgtwèfkèpeñxbcmerjyrhtn
yböxènrjjrhtcktyböufkepzö,nfrbözrjåhfpjndjhxt
vbcntwndjxbdbrjyfdcmrfvfqcnthyècnm,åèpytcfåjdèq
cmrjdfcghfdf,wèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflbjcjåkbdjujghjaèkñ
ghjgjyeñnmcneltynfvvjékbdècnmpjcthtlbnbcdjÿ
pecbkkzyfxjvecmjlyjve.Nfrbqgèlöèlytèltfkmybqlkz
rjéyjujcneltynf,fktltrjvedbdxtyyzghfdbkmyjdbåhf
yjÿghjatcèÿljgjvfufæhjprhbnbÿöyèdblfnyèplèåyjcnè,
lfævjékbdècnmyfåenbgtdyböyfdbxjrègjcgèkredfnbczp
nfrbvbcfvbvbjlyjkènrfvb.Ybéxtyfdjlbvjjgbckbit
rèkmrjögjlèåyböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèd.
HjpnfijdfyfdYmñQjhreLéekmzhlcmrfvepbxyf
irjkfghjgjyeæcdjÿvcneltynfvghjatcèqyegèlujnjdre
pvepbrb,fnfrjépèyiböcwtyèxybövbcntwnd–nfywèd
èlhfvb.Djyfyfåbhfæcneltynèdèp43infnèdCIFnf
43pfheåèéybörhfÿy;ojågjnhfgbnbnelb,dcnegybrb
gjdbyyèghjqnbdtkbrbqrjyrehc.Cthtlÿÿåfufnmjöpyf
vtybnbödböjdfywèdnfrèdbrjyfdwèrkfcbxyjÿvepbrb,zr
ÈwöfrGthkvfy,QjQjVfnfGèyxfcPerthvfy,léfpjdè
vepbrfynbNtkjyèecVjyrèDèynjyVfhcfkèc,djrfkècnb
–rkfcbxytcjghfyjKtjynèyGhfqcèléfpjdfcgèdfxrfp
yflpdbxfqyjukbåjrbvujkjcjvYèyfCèvjy.P1971hjre
wzirjkfhjpvèoeænmczdWtynhècwtyèxybövbcntwnd
cGtwèfkmyèdbOè
yfdxfkmyèpfrkflb
VfqrkLétqAhèlvfy
CkeöfxèrehcepghjtrnedfyyzcegenybrèdDèqcmrjdj-VjhcmrjÿfrfltvèÿCIFeinfnèVthèktylghfwññnmyflpfdlfyyzvhfpjvèp
dbrkflfxtv.Exfcybrbwèæÿghjuhfvbpfgecnbkbyfjhåènedétldfcegenybrb.
VtnnmñC.Ufyåè.AP/WWP
21
eJournal USA

Kèyrjkmyf(Kèyrjkmywtynhè),zrbq
nfrjéæhèlybvljvjvlkz≤Vtnhj
gjkèntyjgthf≥,YmñQjhrcmrjuj
aèkfhvjyèxyjujjhrtcnhe,≤Léfpe
dKèyrjkmywtynhè≥nfdjcmvbèy
iböndjhxböjhufyèpfwèq.
Gjhèdyzyjyjdbqdbobq
yfdxfkmybqpfrkfl–rjktlé
vbcntwndèlbpfqyepèinfårdfh
nbhjñdvècnèCfdfyyf,infn
Léjhléèz,ujneæcneltynèdljrfh’æ
hbdhèpybödblföjåhfpjndjhxjuj
èdbrjyfdcmrjujvbcntwndf,lbpfq
ye,fhöèntrnehbnfècnjhèÿvbcntw
ndfqfhöèntrnehb.Nfrfjhèæynfwèz
lfærjktléeCfdfyybvjékbdècnm
ghjgjyedfnbcneltynfvcgtwèfkè
pfwèñpghtlvtnèd,zrèytpfdélb
pyfqltidèyibörjktléfönf
eyèdthcbntnfö,–phtrkfvb,
lbpfqye,vekmnbgkèrfwèÿ,rjvth
wèqyjÿajnjuhfaèÿ.Njvedcnegybrb,zrèöjxenmjgfyedfnb
wèghjatcèÿ,dbcjrjwèyeñnmvjékbdècnmrjywtynhjdfyjuj
dbdxtyyzcfvtnjuj,ojcnjceænmczÿöymjujvfqåenymjuj
aföe.ZrdbckjdbkfczghtpbltynwmjujrjktléeGjkfC.
Djkktc,≤cneltynbrjktléeCfdfyybgjælyeñnmndjhxt
åfxtyyzpntöyèxyjñvfqcnthyècnñpflkzgthtndjhtyyz
öeljéymjujpfleveyfghjatcèqyevfqcnthyècnm,ojæ
gthtlevjdjñcghbznkbdjujvfqåenymjuj≥.
Cneltynèd,zrèöjxenmjnhbvfnbcgtwèfkèpfwèñdufkepè
lbpfqyenfvbcntwnd,ghbdfåkññnmnfrèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflb,
zrrjktléCfdfyybèLéekmzhlcmrfirjkf.Èyièéyfvfuf
ñnmczjnhbvfnbyfdbxrb,zrèljgjvjéenmecgèiyjpfqvfnb
czåèpytcjvfåjéghfwñdfnbdntöyjkjuèxyjvectrnjhè,oj
cnhèvrjhjpdbdfænmcz.Xfcnjwècneltynbcnfhièpfdèrjv
èdétghfwññnm.Ÿöyègjnhtåbpfljdjkmyzæwèkfybprf
rjvthwèqyböghbdfnyböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèd.Nfrèyfdxfkm
yèpfrkflb,zreyèdthcbntnLtDhfq,zrbqvfægjyfl70
rfvgecèdèdtltyfdxfyyzdhtébvè≤jykfqy≥,ghjgjyeñnm
cdjÿvcneltynfvghfrnbxyèpfyznnz,ojÿöxfcnjdtlenmdb
rkflfxè,jajhvktyèyfgèdcnfdrb,zrèæaföèdwzvbdbcjrjuj
rkfcedcdjÿöufkepzöèghfwññnmgjpfvtéfvbeyèdthcbnt
ne.Rjvthwèqyèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflbpfufkjvghbcnjcjdeñnm
czljoèkmyjujuhfaèrfhjåjnbcdjÿöcneltynèd,åfufnjönj
pzrbövfæcèv’ÿ.Njvepfyznnzghjdjlznmczedtxèhyèqxfc,
dceåjneèytlèkñ.Cneltynfvnfrjéghjgjyeñnmpfgbcedf
nbczyfvtyierèkmrècnmrehcèdfåjyfytgjdyèghjuhfvb.
Rjhbcneñnmczgjgekzhyècnñnfrèlbcwbgkèyb,zrèyajhvf
nbrf,ghjuhfvedfyyz,åèpytcèdbcjrjntöyjkjuèxyèufkepè.
Ltzrèfvthbrfycmrèhjåjnjlfdwègjrhbdfñnmgjdyècnñfåj
xfcnrjdjdblfnrbcdjÿöghfwèdybrèdyfgjlfkmiejcdèneq
jnhbvfyyzvfuècnthcmrjujcnegtyz,xfcnèitdcathèeghfd
kèyyzåèpytcjv.
ÅèkmiècnmeyèdthcbntnèdCIFæfåjghbdfnybvbyf
dxfkmybvbpfrkflfvb,fåjaèyfyceñnmczinfnjvxbèyjlè
vècwtdbvbjhufyfvbdkflb.Ghjntatlthfkmybqehzlrtheæ
dèqcmrjdbvbexbkbofvb,drkñxyjpDèqcmrjdjñfrfltvèæñ
CIF,zrfdöjlbnmljcrkfleceöjgenyböcbk,Dèqcmrjdj
GjdènhzybvexbkbotvnfDèqcmrjdjVjhcmrjñfrfltvèæñ
Léfp-jhrtcnhLéekmzhlcmrjÿirjkbgèlrthèdybwndjvqjujöeljéymjujrthèdybrfDèrnjhfUjÿytcf.
DbrkflfxrfècneltynerjktléèvbcntwndèlbpfqyeCfdfyybdinfnè
Léjhléèzyfpfyznnèpvekmnbgkèrfwèÿ.
GènthIffa/Léekmzhlcmrfirjkf
PljpdjkerjktléevbcntwndèlbpfqyeCfdfyyb
22 
eJournal USA
(DèqcmrjdjVjhcmrbvexbkbotv)CIF,fnfrjéFrfltvèæñ
åthtujdjÿjöjhjybnfVjhtgkfdybvexbkbotvnjhujdjuj
akjne.
GhbqjvljDèqcmrjdjVjhcmrjÿfrfltvèÿCIFdFyyf
gjkècè,infnVthèktyl,leétcnhjubq,ghbxjverfltnèd
(dèljvbözrufhltvfhbyb)ghbpyfxfñnmewtqpfrkflxktyb
Rjyuhtce,GhtpbltynèdèwtghtpbltynCgjkextyböInfnèd,
fnfrjévèyècnhDèqcmrjdjVjhcmrjujakjne.Ufhltvfhbyb
vfñnmdèlgjdèlfnbgtdybvdbvjufvojljljdère,aèpbxyj
ujpljhjd’zèhèdyzpyfym,fnfrjégjdbyyèåenbytjlheét
ybvb.OtjlyèæñdbvjujñæuhjvflzycndjCIF,ojghfd
lf,pdféfñxbyfèynthtcbhjpdbnrevèéyfhjlybödèlyjcby,
ewñfrfltvèñvjéenmghbqvfnblj60cneltynèdèppfhe
åèéybörhfÿy,gjèvtyyjyfpdfybövèyècnhjvjåjhjyb.P
1976hjreghfdjyfdxfnbcmewèqfrfltvèÿjnhbvfkbéèyrb,
zrèedbgecre2009hjrecnfyjdbnbvenmg’znexfcnbyedèl
pfufkmyjÿrèkmrjcnècneltynèd.
Ufhltvfhbybdxfnmczåtprjinjdyj,jnhbveñnmöfhxedfy
yz,ébnkjèojvèczxyecnbgtylèñ.Dyfdxfkmyèqghjuhfvè
exbkbofgthtdfufyflfænmczvfntvfnbwè,èyétythybv
yferfv,yfåennñdèqcmrjdjvjhcmrböyfdbxjr,fcgtwèfkèpf
wèæñåfufnjufhltvfhbyèdjåbhfñnmlbcwbgkèyb,gjd’zpfyè
pvjhtgkfdcndjv.Wtjrtfyjuhfaèz,fthjrjcvèxyfntöyèrf
xbrjhfåtkmyffhöèntrnehf.Èyiècneltynbghblèkzñnmåèkm
itedfubècnjhèÿ,trjyjvèwèfåjèyibvghtlvtnfv.Dbgecr
ybrbjlthéeñnmpdfyyzfåjvjkjlijujktqntyfynfDVC
CIF,fåjcnfhijujktqntyfynfDèqcmrjdjVjhcmrjÿfdèfwèÿ
DVCCIFèpjåjd’zpfyèdèlckeébnbyffrnbdyèqdèqcmrjdèq
ckeéåèytvtyit,yèé6hjrèd.
Wzrjhjnrfljdèlrfkbitlfæezdktyyzghjècyedfyyzd
CIFhèpyjvfyènybövjékbdjcntqlkzjnhbvfyyzdbojÿ
jcdènb.Cgtwèfkèpjdfyèdboèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflbljgjdyññnm
rjktléèqeyèdthcbntnb,pfljdjkmyzñxbgjnhtåbgjlfkm
ijÿjcdènbnfrböytnhflbwèqybörfntujhèqcneltynèd,zr
cneltynbdtxèhybrb,cèvtqyèkñlbplènmvbqnè,ojdét
ghfwññnm.Ghtlvtnbèghjuhfvb,pfzrbvbdjybyfdxf
ñnmcz,åèkmicgtwèfkèpjdfyè,ojlfæpvjuejålfhjdfybvè
wèktcghzvjdfybvcneltynfvhjpdbyenbcdjÿplèåyjcnèq
pfljdjkmybnbghjatcèqyèèynthtcb.3
Cneltynghfwñæyflpfdlfyyzvpntktrjveyèrfwèqyböntöyjkjuèqd
eyèdthcbntnèLt-DhfqdTllècjyè,infnÈkkèyjqc.
CnèdVfnntj.AP/WWP
23
eJournal USA

Rjycekmnfynbpfdélbhflznmgjntywèqybvcneltynfvdbåbhf
nbrjktlé,dböjlzxbpnfrböxjnbhmjögfhfvtnhèd:ghjuhf
vf,hjpvèh,dfhnècnmyfdxfyyzqhjpnfiedfyyz.Cthtlåfufnmjö
vfnthèfkèd,ojljgjvfufñnmcneltynfvpjhèæynedfnbczdnbczxfö
yfdxfkmyböpfrkflèdCIF,ænfrè,zrèdbpyfxfñnmhtqnbyunjuj
xbèyijujrjktlée.
• ≤Gènthcjyp≥è≤Rfgkfy≥–wtldèrjvgfyèÿ,zrègeåkèreñnmèy
ajhvfwèqyèvfnthèfkbghjjcdène.Ljdèlybrrjvgfyèÿ≤Gènthcjyp≥
yfpbdfænmcz
“Peterson’s Guide to Compet iti ve Colle ges”
(≤Ljdèlybr
rjvgfyèÿ≤Gènthcjyp≥ghjgjgekzhyèrjktléè≥).Rjvgfyèz≤Rfgkfy≥
dblfkf
“Kaplan Publishing’s Most Inte resting Colle ges”
(≤Yfqwèrfdèiè
rjktléè.Ljdèlybrdblfdybwndf≤Rfgkfy≥≥)è
“2005 – The Unof ficial
Unbiased Guide to the 331 Most Inte resting Colle ges”
(≤Ytjaèwèqybq
jå’ærnbdybqljdèlybr2005hjre:331yfqwèrfdèibqrjktlée
CIF≥).
• Éehyfkècnbyfqdèljvèiböufptn,rjnhègbienmghjjcdène,
nfrjécrkfkbcdèqcgbcjrhtrjvtyljdfyböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèd.
KjhtyGjeg,aföèdtwmeufkepèjcdènb,dufptnè≤YmñQjhrnfqvc≥
yflheredfkfvfnthèfk
“Loren Pope’s Colle ges Th at Change Lives, 40
Schools You Should Know Abo ut Even if You’re Not a Straight A Stu de nt”
(KjhtyGjeg.≤Rjktléè,plfnyèpvèybnbdfitébnnz:40yfdxfkm
yböpfrkflèd,ghjzrèdfvnhtåfpyfnb,yfdènmzrojdbytdèlvèy
ybr≥).TldfhlÅ.Aècrt,rjkbiyèqhtlfrnjhdèllèkejcdènbufptnb
≤YmñQjhrnfqvc≥,dblfd
“Fiske Guide to Colle ges”
(≤LjdèlybrAècrt
ghjrjktléè≥).LétqVtnnmñpèpufptnb≤Dfibyunjygjcn≥yfdj
lbnmcgbcjr10rjktléèd,ojqlenmdèlhfpeépfyfqcnfhèibvbè
yfqgjdféyèibvbfvthbrfycmrbvbrjktléfvbnfeyèdthcbntnf
vb,zrèdöjlznmlj≤Kèubgkñof≥,dcdjÿqrybpè
“Harvard Schmar-
ward: Getting Beyond the Ivy Lea gue to the Colle ge That is Best for You”
(≤Pfvtéfvb≤Kèubgkñof≥:yfqrhfobqlkzdfcrjktlé≥).
• AjylNtvgknjyfdinfnèGtycbkmdfyèzdblfæ
“The Temple-
ton Guide: Colle ges th at Encourage Charact er De velopme nt”
(≤Ljdèlybr
Ntvgknjyf.Rjktléè,zrèljgjvfufñnmajhvedfnböfhfrnth≥).
• Jlbyèpyfqljcdèlxtyèibörjycekmnfynèdpgbnfymdbåjhe
rjktléeAhtlthèrHfuucndjhbd
“Rugg’s Rec ommen dations on Colle-
ges”
(≤HtrjvtylfwèÿHfuufcnjcjdyjrjktléèd≥).Ewmjveljdèlybre
vècnbnmczèyajhvfwèzytkbitghjghjdèlyèrjktléènfeyèdthcb
ntnb,fqghjyfqrhfoèafrekmntnbèdèllèktyyz.
•
“Yale Daily News’s the Insider’s Guide to the Colle ges 2005”
(≤Lj
dèlybrlkzdyenhèiymjujrjhbcnedfyyzufptnb
“Yale Daily News”
ghjrjktléèpf2005hèr≥)lkzdbpyfxtyyzhtqnbyuegjyfl300
rjktléèddbrjhbcnjdeæèyajhvfwèñ,jlthéfyedèlcfvböcnelty
nèd,fytpdènbflvèyècnhfwèÿ.
• Gjgekzhyènbéytdbrbnfrjéghjgjyeñnmcdjÿhtqnbyub,
zrèghbdthnfñnmdtkbreedfue.
“U.S. News and World Rep ort”
gjlfæ
yfcdjÿöcnjhèyrfövfnthèfkb≤YfqrhfoèrjktléèFvthbrb≥nf
≤YfqrhfoèfcgèhfynehbFvthbrb≥
(ht tp:// www.usnews.com/
usnews/home.htm)
.
Wtqéehyfkyfdjlbnmcdjñrkfcbaèrfwèñrjktléèdnf
jcyjdyeèyajhvfwèñghjyböpfrèkmrjvfrfntujhèzvb:pfufkm
yjyfwèjyfkmyèeyèdthcbntnb(gthtkèrevfcinfåföecèæÿrhfÿyb);
eyèdthcbntnb,zrèghjgjyeñnmghjuhfvbyfdxfyyzlkzjnhbvfy
yzcnegtyzvfuècnhf(gthtkèrpfhtuèjyfvb);yfqrhfoèyfdxfkmyè
ghjuhfvbpåèpytce;yfqrhfoèuevfyènfhyèrjktléè;yfqrhfoè
yfdxfkmyèghjuhfvbpèyétythyböyfer;yfqrhfoèeyèdthcbntnb,
zrèlfñnmdctåèxyejcdène;xjnbhbhèxyèrjktléè,dzrbögjyfl
50ficneltynèddbdxfñnmytkbituevfyènfhyèghtlvtnb(gthtkèr
pfhtuèjyfvb).
–Otjlbyhtcehc–dtåcfqnÅèåkèjntrbpcecgèkmyböyfernf
jcdènbdÈkkèyjqcmrjveeyèdthcbntnèdv.EhåfyfIfvgtqy.Wtq
cfqnlfævjékbdècnmpd’zpfnbczpåfufnmvfjykfqyjdbvbckeéåf
vb,zrèpfqvfñnmczhtqnbyujvrjktléèd,dbqnbyfèyièléthtkf
èyajhvfwèÿghjrjktléènfeyèdthcbntnbèyfdènmgjnhfgbnbyf
cfqnb,ltgjhèdyññnmhèpyèhtqnbyubqjåujdjhñnmÿöyñwèy
yècnm
(ht tp://www.library.uiuc.edu/edx/rankings.htm)
.

Pflfybvbéehyfke
“U. S. News and World Rep ort”
,pècnfeyèdth
cbntnèd,zrèxfcnjyfpbdfñnmyfqrhfobvbeyèdthcbntnfvbd
CIF,jlyèægeåkèxybvb,fåjlthéfdybvb,fèyièghbdfnybvb.Dcè
djybdèljvèdbcjrjñzrècnñcdjÿöyfdxfkmyböghjuhfv,htcehcf
vb,nfrbvbzrcexfcyè,ljåhtjåkflyfyèkfåjhfnjhèÿnfåèåkèjntrb,
fnfrjéibhjrbvrjkjvdbgecrybrèdècgjycjhèd,gjd’zpfybö
èpwbvbyfdxfkmybvbpfrkflfvb.Wèeyèdthcbntnbghjgjyeñnm
ibhjrbqlèfgfpjyghtlvtnèdyfhèdyèåfpjdjujxjnbhbhèxyjujyf
dxfyyz,fnfrjéyfdxfyyzpècgtwèfkmyjcntq,pzrbövjéyfjnhbvf
nbcnegèymvfuècnhfxbljrnjhf.Åfufnjpyfpdfyböeyèdthcbntnèd
pfqvfñnmczcthqjpyjñyferjdjñhjåjnjñ.Puèlyjplfybvb
“U. S.
News and World Rep ort”
,20yfqrhfoböeyèdthcbntnèdCIFnfrè:
1–2vècwzlèkznmUfhdfhlcmrbqeyèdthcbntnèGhèycnjycmrbq
eyèdthcbntn;
3–Ækmcmrbqeyèdthcbntn;
4–Gtycbkmdfycmrbqeyèdthcbntn;
5–6vècwzlèkznmeyèdthcbntnLñrfèCntyajhlcmrbq
eyèdthcbntn;
7–8vècwzlèkznmRfkèajhyèqcmrbqntöyjkjuèxybqèycnbnenè
Vfccfxectncmrbqntöyjkjuèxybqèycnbnen;
9–10vècwzlèkznmRjkevåèqcmrbqeyèdthcbntnèLfhnven
cmrbqrjktlé;
11–eyèdthcbntnDfibyunjyfdCtynKeÿcè;
12–GèdyèxyjPföèlybqeyèdthcbntn;
13–14vècwzlèkznmRjhytkkmcmrbqeyèdthcbntnèeyèdthcbntn
LéjycfUjgrèycf;
15–16vècwzlèkznmeyèdthcbntnÅhfeyfèXbrfpmrbq
eyèdthcbntn;
17–eyèdthcbntnHfqcf;
18–19vècwzlèkznmeyèdthcbntnYjnhLfvèeyèdthcbntn
 Dfylthåèknf;
20–21vècwzlèkznmeyèdthcbntnTvjhèèRfkèajhyèqcmrbq
eyèdthcbntneÅthrkè.
(http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/
rankindex_brief.php)


24 
eJournal USA
ÅfufnjjhufyèpfwèqhjpvèoeñnmrjktléènfeyèdthcbntnbCIF
dgtdyjvegjhzlre,jwèyññnmnffyfkèpeñnmÿö.Zrojdb
cghjåeæntpyfqnbzrecmjlyjcnfqyècnmeyfzdyböcgbcrfö,nj,
yféfkm,gthtrjyfæntcmenjve,ojwtytvjékbdj.Cgbcrbhèlrj
crkflfñnmczpfjlybvènbvcfvbvghbywbgjvgjlèkepfrkflèd
yfuhegb,lkzÿöcndjhtyyzytdbrjhbcnjdeænmczjlytléthtkj
èyajhvfwèÿ(yfghbrkfl,pdènbflvèyècnhfwèÿ),ytpfcnjcjdeænmcz
jlyfrjdtdbpyfxtyyzgjyznnzdbojÿzrjcnè.Yfghbrkfl,ybéxt
gjlfyjldfcgbcrbghjdèlyböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèdeldjö
ufkepzö.Djybåekbcrkfltyèikzöjvgjhèdyzyyzgjhzlrjdbö
yjvthèd,yflfybörjktléfvnfeyèdthcbntnfvhèpybvbjhufyèpf
wèzvb,èdytctyyzvljcgbcrèdnböyfdxfkmyböecnfyjd,ojÿöecè
yfpbdfkbcthtlgthiböldflwznb.

Wtqgthtkèrgèlujnjdfyjyfjcyjdèrkfcbaèrfwèÿpfgjhzlrj
dbvyjvthjv,gjlfyjÿeéehyfkè
“U. S. News and World Rep ort”
(≤Yfqrhfoèrjktléè2005h.≥)nfyfcfqnè
Stu de ntsRev iew.com
,
cndjhtyjvefcgèhfynfvbVfccfxectncmrjujntöyjkjuèxyjujèycnb
nene,ojådèlgjdècnbyf≤gbnfyyz,zrècneltynböjnèkbåpflfnb,
zråbxènrjpyfkb,ghjojgbnfnb≥.
Rjhytkkmcmrbqeyèdthcbntn,infnYmñQjhr
EyèdthcbntnLéjycfUjgrèycf,infnVthèktyl
Vfccfxectncmrbqntöyjkjuèxybqèycnbnen,infnVfccfxectnc
EyèdthcbntninfneGtycbkmdfyèz,infnGtycbkmdfyèz
EyèdthcbntnGehlmñ,infnÈylèfyf
Htycctkthcmrbqgjkèntöyèxybqèycnbnen,infnYmñQjhr
EyèdthcbntnHfqcf,infnNtöfc
ÈkkèyjqcmrbqeyèdthcbntndEhåfyfIfvgtqy,infnÈkkèyjqc
Dèhuèycmrbqgjkèntöyèxybqèycnbnenèeyèdthcbntninfne,
infnDèhuèyèz

Wtqcgbcjrgèlujnjdfyjyfjcyjdèrkfcbaèrfwèÿpfgjhzlrj
dbvyjvthjv,gjlfyjÿeéehyfkè
“U. S. News and World Rep ort”
(≤Yfqrhfoèrjktléè2005h.≥),geåkèrfwèÿdéehyfkè
“Business
We ek”
≤Yfqrhfoèåèpytcirjkb≥2004hjre(nfrbqcgbcjrlhere
ænmczhfpyfldfhjrb)nfrkfcbaèrfwèÿåèpytcirèkpfgjhzlrj
dbvyjvthjvpéehyfke
“Fo rbes”
dèl2003h.,ojrtheænmczyfdt
ltybvecgbcrerhbnthèævyfqåèkmijujghbåenre,jnhbvfyjuj
dèlèydtcnbwèq,drkfltyböeyfdxfyyzdrjyrhtnyjveèycnbnenè.
EyèdthcbntnRfhytuèVtkkjyf,infnGtycbkmdfyèz
Rjhytkkmcmrbqeyèdthcbntn,infnYmñQjhr
EyèdthcbntnTvjhè,infnLéjhléèz
Vfccfxectncmrbqntöyjkjuèxybqèycnbnen,infnVfccfxectnc
YmñQjhrcmrbq(vècmrbq)eyèdthcbntn,infnYmñQjhr
Vèxbufycmrbqeyèdthcbntn,infnVèxbufy
GèdyèxyjfvthbrfycmrbqeyèdthcbntndXtgtkUèkk,
infnGèdyèxyfRfhjkèyf
Gtycbkmdfycmrbqeyèdthcbntn,infnGtycbkmdfyèz
EyèdthcbntninfneNtöfc,Jcnèy,infnNtöfc
Dèhuèycmrbqeyèdthcbntn,infnDèhuèyèz



≤Kèujñgkñof≥yfpbdfñnmdècèvyfqlfdyèiböèyfqghtcnbéyèiböeyèdthcbntnèdeCIF.Wèdboè
yfdxfkmyèpfrkflbgèlgbcfkbeujleghjghjdtltyyzpvfufymdjlyèqkèpènfdbceytyyzjlyfrjdbödb
vjuljcdjÿöcneltynèdcgjhncvtyèdzrecgjhnè,nfrèdyfdxfyyè.Jcrèkmrbwèrjktléècndjhtyèjlyb
vbpgthibö,åèkmiècnmèpyböhjpnfijdfyèdrhfcbdbö,gjåeljdfyböåfufnjhjrèdnjvecneltyncmrbö
vècntxrfö,ltcnfhjdbyyèåelbyrbjådbnègkñotv,–pdèlcbqyfpdf≤Kèufgkñof≥.Dcèdècèvrjktléèd
–yfqrhfoèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflbrhfÿyb:eyèdthcbntnÅhfeyf,Rjkevåèqcmrbqeyèdthcbntn,Rjhytkkmcmrbqeyèdthcbntn,Lfhnvencmrbq
rjktlé,Ufhdfhlcmrbqeyèdthcbntn,Gtycbkmdfycmrbqeyèdthcbntn,GhèycnjycmrbqeyèdthcbntnnfÆkmcmrbqeyèdthcbntn.Yfpdbwbö
eyèdthcbntnèdèyfpdf≤Kèufgkñof≥ghjljdéeñnmfcjwèñdfnbczpyfqdbobvbljczuytyyzvbdcathèfvthbrfycmrjÿdbojÿjcdènbè
dcmjuj,ojpytñgjd’zpfyj.

25
eJournal USA

“
EducationUSA”
,fåj≤JcdènfdCIF≥–wtukjåfkmyf
vthtéf,ojyfkèxeægjyfl450rjycekmnfwèqybönf
èyajhvfwèqyböwtynhède170rhfÿyfö.Djybècyeñnmpf
gèlnhbvrbÅñhjpgbnfymjcdènbèrekmnehbLthéfdyjuj
ltgfhnfvtyneCIF.Wtynhbfrnbdyjghjgfueñnmcbcntve
dbojÿjcdènbCIFdecmjvecdènè,yflfñnmnjxye,dctåèx
ye,jå’ærnbdyenfcdjæxfcyeèyajhvfwèñghjvjékbdjcnè
jnhbvfyyzjcdènbdCgjkextyböInfnfö,fnfrjéhflznm
jcjåfv,zrèvfñnmytjåöèlyèlbgkjvbqfntcnfnb,zrcrj
hbcnfnbczwèæñvjékbdècnñ.
Dwtynhfö≤JcdènfdCIF≥ghfwññnmghjatcèqyèrjy
cekmnfynb,åfufnjpzrbödxbkbczdCIFfåjghjöjlbkb
dèlgjdèlyegèlujnjdredLthéfdyjveltgfhnfvtynèpgbnfym
dbojÿjcdènbCIFnfdbdxfkbrjycekmnfwèqybqghjwtc.
Ojhjrewèrjycekmnfynbljgjvfufñnmåkbpmrj25vky.
gjntywèqyböèyjptvyböcneltynèd,cgèkreñxbcmèpybvb
jcjåbcnj,gjntktajyefåjéxthtptktrnhjyyegjineq
Èynthytn.
Ghfwèdybrbwtynhèd≤JcdènfdCIF≥yflfñnmèyjptvybv
cneltynfvdtkbxtpybqjåczuèyajhvfwèÿ.Gjckeubyfdcèö
tnfgfögjiereytjåöèlyjujlkzybörjktléeåtprjinjd
yè.Rjycekmnfynbpyfñnmdèlvèyyjcnèvèéåfufnmvfdblfvb
rjktléèdnfeyèdthcbntnèdeCIFèvjéenmgjhflbnb,zr
jåhfnbyfdxfkmybqpfrkfl,ojzryfqrhfotdèlgjdèlfnbvt
gjnhtåfvrjéyjÿrjyrhtnyjÿkñlbyb.Djybpyfñnm,zr
jhufyèpjdfyjghjwtcpfhföedfyyzyfyfdxfyyzdCIF,è
vjéenmghjrjycekmnedfnbpgbnfymyfgbcfyyzntcnèd,tct,
dbvjuljöfhfrnthbcnbr,vjékbdjcntqjnhbvfyyzaèyfycj
djÿljgjvjub.
Jcrèkmrbrjycekmnfynb≤JcdènbdCIF≥gjcnèqyj
jlthéeñnmcdèéèlfyèghjpvèybdèvvèuhfwèqyböpfrjyfö
CIFnfghjdbvjubepd’zprepljnhbvfyyzvåtpgtrb,djyb
vjéenmnfrjégjzcybnb,zrckèlpdthnfnbczgjcneltyncmre
dèpeèzrghjöjlbnmcgèdåtcèlf.Åfufnjwtynhèd≤Jcdènfd
CIF≥yflfñnmcgtwèfkèpjdfyègjckeub,zrjn:jhufyèpfwèzq
ghjdtltyyzghfrnbxyböctvèyfhèdpyfgbcfyyztctnfht
pñvt,gèlujnjdrfljdèl’ÿpleqgthtrkflljrevtynèdfyukèq
cmrjñvjdjñ,ÿöpfdèhtyyz.
Pyfqlènmyfqåkbéxbqljdfcwtynh≤JcdènfdCIF≥pf
tktrnhjyyjñflhtcjñ:
ht tp://educationusa.usa.st ate.gov/.




Nbéltymvèéyfhjlyjÿjcdènb–ufhybqghbdèlèothfp
gjlevfnbghjdtkbxtpyerjhbcnmvèéyfhjlyjÿjcdènb
nfcneltyncmrböjåvèyèd.WzcgèkmyfèyèwèfnbdfLthéfdyj
ujltgfhnfvtyneèLtgfhnfvtynejcdènbCIFæxfcnbyjñ
yfiböpecbkm,cghzvjdfyböyfdbrjyfyyzghjuhfv,oj
ujneñnmfvthbrfywèdljevjdukjåfkmyjÿtrjyjvèrbnfpf
jöjxeñnmvfqåenyèökèlthèdpèyibörhfÿydxbnbczdCIF,
ojåcajhvedfnbyjdèyfdbxrbqjåvèyznbczljcdèljv.
Vbdènfævjexfcnmjrhtvböjcèåèdcèpfrkflb,jhufyè
pfwèÿ,dèljvcndf,pfwèrfdktyèdpföjlfö,ojghjöjlznme
hfvrfövèéyfhjlyjÿjcdènbqjåvèye,pjrhtvfirjkb,rj
ktléèqeyèdthcbntnb,gjcjkmcndf,vèéyfhjlyèjhufyèpfwèÿ,
gèlghbævcndf,jå’ælyfyyznfvècwtdèjhufyèpfwèÿ.
(http://iew.state.gov/)
26 
eJournal USA
EyèdthcbntncmrtébnnzEyèdthcbntncmrtébnnz
EyèdthcbntncmrtébnnzEyèdthcbntncmrtébnnz
Gth ij reh cyb rfv Ufh dfhlcmrj uj eyè dth cb nt ne d inf nè
Vfc cf xe ctnc gjl jåf ænm cz ÿö yz ÿlfkm yz.
Db rj yf nb jn hb vf yt d rj kt léè pf dlfy yz ktu
it, zr oj pyfq nb phex yt vèc wt lkz pf yznm. Wè
cne lty nb rj kt lée Cgtk vf yf yf cj kj léeñnm cz
ufh yjñ gj uj ljñ d inf nè Léjhléèz.
QjyXtqp.AP/WWP
PljpdjkerjktléeCgtkvfyf
27
eJournal USA

EyèdthcbntncmrtébnnzEyèdthcbntncmrtébnnz
CtcnhbpèIhèKfyrbNöfhfyufèThfyufUeytnèkktrtyf
ajyèltrjhfwèqljjgthb≤Åjutvf≥drjktléèRjydthc
einfnèGèdltyyfRfhjkèyf.Gèlxfcwèæÿgjcnfyjdrb,
xthtprèkmrfnbéyèdgèckzweyfvè,djybpèåhfkb8000
ljkfhèdlkzljgjvjubgjnthgèkbvdèlwmjujcnböèqyj
ujkböfècgjlèdfñnmczpèåhfnbotåèkmit.
CneltynbrjktléevbcntwndèlbpfqyeCfdfyyb(pkè
df)åthenmexfcnmeghjtrnè≤Ébdtvbcntwndj≥gèlxfc
ghjdtltyyzdinfnèLéjhléèzojhèxyjujcneltyncmrj
ujatcnbdfkñvbcntwnd≤Vfkñyjryffcafkmnè≥.
(Pkèdf).Éèyjxbqxtvgèjyfnpaenåjkedbrkbrfæleö
cegthybwndfeuhfdwèdpeyèdthcbntneYjnhLfvè
RfkèajhyèqcmrjujeyèdthcbntnedKjcFylétktcè.
VthèTyyXtcntqy.AP/WWP
CfhfLtdèc.AP/WWP
CnèdtyVjhnjy.AP/WWP
28 
eJournal USA
Åfktn≤AjkrkjhèrjltCntyajhl≥(pkèdf)nfojhèxybqatcnbdfkmrekmnehb
fvthbrfycmrböèylèfywèd,dkfinjdfybqcneltynfvbCntyajhlcmrjujeyèdthcbnt
ne(dybpe),–ghbrkflbhjpgjxfnjÿd70èhjrbrekmnehyjÿghjuhfvb,vtnfzrjÿ
–ljgjvjunbcneltynfvrhfotphjpevènbjlytjlyjuj.Åfktngjgekzhbpeævtr
cbrfycmrerekmnehe.Atcnbdfkmèylèfywèdpåbhfægjyfl30000exfcybrèdpecèæÿ
rhfÿyb.
Wtqcneltyndxbnmczgbcfnbrbnfq
cmrèèæhjukèabdrjktléèLtdèlcjyf
dinfnèGèdyèxyfRfhjkèyf.
KèylfF.Cècthj/Sta nford News Service
KèylfF.Cècthj/Sta nford News Service
PljpdjkerjktléeLtdèlcjyf
WèaenåjkècnbeyèdthcbntneinfneNtöfcojqyjpfdjñdfkb
reåjr≤Hjétdfxfif≥,zrbqddféfænmczjlybvèpyfqghtc
nbéyèiböeaenåjkè.
GjkCfrevf.AP/WWP
EyèdthcbntncmrtébnnzEyèdthcbntncmrtébnnz
29
eJournal USA

RehcfynbDèqcmrjdjGjdènhzyjujexbkbofdinfnè
Rjkjhfljcdznreñnmpfrèyxtyyzwmjujyfdxfkmyjuj
pfrkfle.
CneltynbgjkènjkjubWtynhfkmyjujvèxbufy
cmrjujeyèdthcbntne(pkèdf)pdthnfñnmczlj
pfrjyjlfdwèdinfneVèxbufyèpcthqjpybvgjgt
htlétyyzvghjgthtukzlltåfnjdfyjÿghjuhfvb
ghbcelétyyzcnbgtylèqyfgèlcnfdèfrfltvèxybö
ecgèöèd.
TlFylhèæcrè.AP/WWP
LtqvjyLé.Ufhnkè.AP/WWP
CneltynbyfdxfñnmczdvècwtdjverjktléèVtnhjgjkèntyev.Jvföf,
infnYtåhfcrf.
YfnèUfhyèr.AP/WWP
EyèdthcbntncmrtébnnzEyèdthcbntncmrtébnnz
30 
eJournal USA
CneltynbeyèdthcbntneinfneVèccècègèpåbhfñnmczhfpjv,ojådifyedfnbgfv’znméthnd
yfgflenthjhbcnèd11dthtcyz2001hjre.
VepbrfynbjhrtcnheeyèdthcbntneLéjhléèÿ
yfnöytyyjuhfñnmyfåfcrtnåjkmyjvenehyèhè.
Dujhè–cneltynrfVthèktylcmrjujeyèdthcbntneghfwñæyfl
ghjtrnjvåelbyre,zrbqpfåtpgtxeænmcztktrnhjtythuèæñ
pfljgjvjujñcjyzxyböåfnfhtq,ojåedghtlcnfdktybqyf
pfufkmyjyfwèjyfkmyjverjyrehcècneltyncmrböhjåèn.Vjltkè
ltzrböyjdböntöyjkjuèqåekjghjltvjycnhjdfyjnbczxfvkñ
ltq,zrèpèåhfkbczdYfwèjyfkmyjvenjhujdtkmyjverjvgktrcè
dwtynhèDfibyunjyf,jrheuRjkevåèz.
AhtlAjkr.AP/WWP
VtnnÖ’ñcnjy, AP/WWP
LébyÅkfqn.AP/WWP
EyèdthcbntncmrtébnnzEyèdthcbntncmrtébnnz
31
eJournal USA

Vèé lbc wbg kè yfh yf ghj
uhf vf d jl yj ve p yf ibö
ghj dèl ybö eyè dth cb nt nèd
yf lfæ cne lty nfv, zrè db zd
kz ñnm èy nt htc lj vèé yf
hjl ybö dèl yj cby, vjé kb
dècnm db dxf nb wñ uf kepm,
cnf db nb gt htl cj åjñ
rjy rhtn ye vt ne q djl yj xfc uj ne df nb ct åt lj hj åj nb
d åèp yt cè, d cbc nt vè eg hfd kèy yz, d yf dxfkm ybö pf rkf lfö
nf èy ibö cat hfö e cdj ÿq rhfÿ yè nf pf rjh lj yjv. Vfqrk
Létq Ahèl vfy – ghf wèd ybr Åñ hj vèé yf hjl ybö èy ajh vf
wèq ybö ghj uhfv Lth éfd yj uj lt gfh nf vty ne CIF.
CneltynbdeyèdthcbntnföCIF,pfpdbxfq,dbhèie
ñnmgbnfyyzghjcgtwèfkèpfwèñljrèywzlheujuj
hjreyfdxfyyz.Jcnfyyèvxfcjvyfqgjgekzhyèibv
ghtlvtnjvcgtwèfkèpfwèÿdGtycbkmdfycmrjveeyèdthcbntnè
eAèkfltkmaèÿcnfkbvèéyfhjlyèdèlyjcbyb,jcrèkmrbvfc
infåbtrjyjvèxyjÿ,gjkènbxyjÿnfrekmnehyjÿukjåfkèpfwèÿ
phjcnfñnm.Ghjuhfvfdbdxtyyzvèéyfhjlybödèlyjcby
–vèélbcwbgkèyfhyf.Djyfdbvfufædèlcneltynèddbrjyfy
yzyfdxfkmyböghjuhfvphèpyböghtlvtnèdèyfgbcfyyz
rehcjdjÿhjåjnbjåczujv30–40cnjhèyjrgèlrthèdybw
ndjvdbrkflfxf.
Ytdcècneltynb,zrèöjxenmcgtwèfkèpedfnbczpwmjuj
ghtlvtnf,jnhbveñnmnfrevjékbdècnm.Ÿödèlåbhfñnmpf
frfltvèxybvbgjrfpybrfvb.Eybövfæåenbcthtlyzjwèy
rf2,8(pfirfkjñ4,0),
èdjybvecznmghjckeöf
nb,puèlyjpghjuhfvjñ,
dcèytjåöèlyèrehcbp
gjkènjkjuèÿ,ècnjhèÿpföèl
yjÿwbdèkèpfwèÿ,vèrhjè
vfrhjtrjyjvèrb,fnfrjé
plfnbècgbnbpwböghtl
vtnèd.Gèckznjuj,zrcneltynfvljpdjkznmcgtwèfkèpedfnbcz
plbcwbgkèyb≤vèéyfhjlyèdèlyjcbyb≥,djybvfñnmghjqnb
jcyjdybqrehc,ghbcdzxtybqntjhèÿvèéyfhjlybödèlyjcby,
cdènjdèqtrjyjvèwè,ècnjhèÿlbgkjvfnèÿnfvèéyfhjlyèqgjkè
nbwè,fgjnèvdbåhfnbjrhtvèrehcbèppfndthlétyjujcgbc
rerehcèd,crkfltyjujpfhtrjvtylfwèæñRjktléevbcntwnd
èyfernfirjkbåèpytceDfhnjyf.Wtlfæcneltynfvibhj
rbqdbåèhdfhèfynèd,rjkbdjybcrkflfñnmèylbdèlefkmyè
ghjuhfvbyfdxfyyz–dèlCöèlyjÿFpèÿljfynhjgjkjuèÿnf
vèéyfhjlyböaèyfycèd.Yfzdyècnmnfrjujdtkbrjujdbåjhe
ghtlvtnèdghbdbdxtyyèvèéyfhjlybödèlyjcbyghbpdjlbnm
ljnjuj,ojcneltynbdbckjdkññnmåféfyyzcgtwèfkèpedf
nbczotdzrèqcmufkepè–ècnjhèÿ,gjkènjkjuèÿxbtrjyjvèwè.
Dcè,önjcgtwèfkèpeænmczyfvèéyfhjlybödèlyjcbyfö,
gbienmlbgkjvyehjåjneyfntve,gjd’zpfyepvèéyfhjl
ybvbdèlyjcbyfvb.Cthtljcnfyyèöntv:≤Hjkmècnjhbxyjÿ
gfv’znèdldjcnjhjyyèödèlyjcbyfövèéZgjyèæñèRbnfæv
nfZgjyèæñèGèdltyyjñRjhtæñ≥è≤Nhfycyfwèjyfkmyèrjh
gjhfwèÿnfvèéyfhjlytghfdj,ojhtuekñæufkepmlèkjdbö
dèlyjcby≥.
GhjUhfvbdbdxtyyz
vèéyfhjlybödèlyjcbye
Gtycbkmdfycmrjveeyèdthcbntnè
VfqrkLétqAhèlvfy
CneltynbGtycbkmdfycmrjujeyèdthcbntne(pkèdfyfghfdj)KèdèzHehfhé-
Ö’ñutyc,Vjöfvvflfkm-FkènfVtnnmñAhèicgtwèfkèpeñnmczyfdbdxtyyè
vèéyfhjlybödèlyjcby.
gjukzlpåkbpmrf
AhtyrGktynty
32 
eJournal USA
CneltynjcnfyymjujrehcepNjhjynj(Rfyflf)Vtnnmñ
Ahèipföjnèddbdxfnbvèéyfhjlyèdèlyjcbyb,njveojwt
lfdfkjqjvepvjuedbdxfnbyfqibhitrjkjlbcwbgkèy.
Nfrbqgèlöèldèyyfpdfd≤ehèpyjvfyènytyyzvåfpbpyfym≥.
Qjveleétcgjljåfdczjlbyèpdbåhfyböybvrehcèdyf
afrekmntnèéehyfkècnbrb.Wtqrehcyfpbdfænmcz≤PVÈnf
ghtpbltyncndj≥.Cneltynbjnhbvfkbrjinb,ojågjÿöfnb
gjghfwñdfnbdjlyèqèpghtpbltyncmrböåèåkèjntr–yf
dkfcybqdbåèh.AhèigjÿöfdeÅèåkèjntreèVeptqLéjyfA.
RtyytlèdÅjcnjyè,ltgèlujnedfddbcnegyfctvèyfhèghj
pd’zpjrvèégjkènbrjñ≤öjkjlyjÿdèqyb≥Rtyytlènfqjuj
gjkènbrjñdwfhbyèuhjvflzycmrböghfd.Pujljvwñljgj
dèlmåekjyflherjdfyjdcneltyncmrjveéehyfkè.
CneltynnhtnmjujrehceVjöfvvflfkmFkè,pgjldèqybv
uhjvflzycndjvCIFnfRedtqnf,zrbqdbåhfdldfjcyjdyè
ghtlvtnbcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ,ljlfæ,ojvèéyfhjlyèdèlyjcbyb
ljgjvfufñnmqjve≤kèrdèledfnbhjphbd≥vèéldjvfrekmne
hfvbèldjvfcnbkzvbébnnz.Ldfyfghzvbcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ
–vèéyfhjlyèdèlyjcbybnfahfywepmrevjde–dbåhfkf
KèdèzHehfhéÖ’ñutyc,uhjvflzyrfCIFnfÅtkmuèÿ,cèv’z
zrjÿjlthéfkfdFvthbwègjkènbxybqghbnekjr.Vèéyfhjl
yèdèlyjcbybdjyfddféfæyfqhjpevyèijñcgtwèfkèpfwèæñ,
zrfujneæÿÿljvfqåenymjÿlèzkmyjcnèecathèvèéyfhjlyj
ujghfdfcnjcjdyjåèétywèd.
Cneltynb,zrèdbåhfkbjcyjdybvghtlvtnjvcgtwèf
kèpfwèÿvèéyfhjlyèdèlyjcbyb,åthenmexfcnmeåfufnmjö
pföjlföfrfltvèxyjuj,cecgèkmyjujnfghjatcèqyjujcghz
vedfyyz,zrèlfñnmÿvpvjuegèlujnedfnbczljvfqåenymjÿ
rfh’æhb.Cgjycjhjvåfufnmjönfrböpföjlèdæcndjhtyfq
rthjdfyfcneltynfvbCneltyncmrffcjwèfwèzvèéyfhjlybö
dèlyjcby.ŸÿxbyybqghtpbltynHehfhéÖ’ñutycdèlpyfxfæ,
ojwzjhufyèpfwèzojhjreghjdjlbnmgjÿplrbljYmñ
QjhrfèDfibyunjyf,ltcneltynbfrnbdyjcgèkreñnmczp
dbrkflfxfvbñhblbxyböafrekmntnèdnffcgèhfynehghjdèl
yböeyèdthcbntnèd.
DbgecrybrèdGtycbkmdfycmrjujeyèdthcbntne,zrè
cgtwèfkèpeñnmczdcathèvèéyfhjlybödèlyjcby,leét
wèyeñnm.Djybfrnbdyjghfwññnmeåfufnmjöcathföcec
gèkmyjujébnnz.Jlbyèplbhtrnjhèdghjuhfvbdbdxtyyz
vèéyfhjlybödèlyjcbyAhtyrUktyntyddféfæ,oj≤ècyeæ
dtkbrbqgjgbnyfnbö,önjdjkjlèæpyfyyzvbdwèqcathè,
dvèægbcmvjdjdbrkflfnblevrbqdbrjhbcnjdedfnbèyiè
rjhbcyèyfdbxrblkzjwèyñdfyyzpvèy,ojdèlåedfñnmczd
cdènè.Wèkñlbgjnhèåyèdåèpytcè,dlthéfdyböecnfyjdfö,
yfdxfkmyböpfrkflfönfèyiböufkepzöecdjÿqrhfÿyèqpf
rjhljyjv≥.3
Lev rb, db rkf lt yè e wèq cnfn nè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dè ljå hf éf ñnm gj ukz lb
xb gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.


≤Frhtlbnfwèz–wtytpfktéybqfyfkèpzrjcnèdbojÿjcdènb,dghjwtcèzrjujedféyjdbdxfænmczhjåjnfrjktléèdnfeyè
dthcbntnèd,fnfrjépvècnyfdxfkmyböghjuhfvpvtnjñufhfynedfyyzcnfylfhnèddbrkflfyyzèÿögèldbotyyz.Frhtlbnfwèzd
CgjkextyböInfnföècyeædétgjyfl100hjrèd,èghbxbyjñÿÿddtltyyzåekfnehåjnfghjpföbcnpljhjd’znfåtpgtrbuhjvf
lzyèckeéèyyzèynthtcfvcecgèkmcndf.
ECgjkextyböInfnföfrhtlbnfwèzplèqcyñænmczghbdfnybvbrjvthwèqybvbjhufyèpfwèzvb,ojècyeñnmcgtwèfkmyjlkz
nfrböwèktq.FyfkèpzrjcnèdbojÿjcdènbdCIFytyfktébnmljrjvgtntywèÿjhufyèdlthéfdyjÿdkflb.Dèyibörhfÿyföpföj
lb,gjd’zpfyèpfrhtlbnfwèæñyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèdèufhfynèæñzrjcnè,pfpdbxfq,plèqcyññnmlthéfdyècnhernehb.
Jhufyèpfwèÿ,dèlgjdèlfkmyèpffrhtlbnfwèñ,dbdxfñnmrjktléèqeyèdthcbntnbd50infnfö,fnfrjéeltzrböèyibörhfÿ
yfö.Wèjhufyèpfwèÿfyfkèpeñnmnbczxèghjuhfvgèlujnjdrbaföèdwèdphèpyböghjatcèqnfcgtwèfkèpfwèq,cthtlzrböghfdj,
åèpytc,vtlbwbyf,cjwèfkmyègjckeub,fgntxyfcghfdf,uevfyènfhyèyferb,vbcntwndjèéehyfkècnbrf≥.
Ècyeænhbdblbjhufyèpfwèq,dèlgjdèlfkmyböpffrhtlbnfwèñ:htuèjyfkmyè,pfufkmyjyfwèjyfkmyènfjhufyèpfwèÿ,zrèpfqvfñnm
czgtdybvbghjatcèzvb.Frhtlbnfwèzvfæpfvtnepfåtpgtxbnbufhfynèñzrjcnè,dbpyfxbnbyfzdyècnmljcnegeljatlthfkm
yböajylèd,cghjcnbnbgthtöèlpjlyjujyfdxfkmyjujpfrkfledèyibqnfgjcbkbnbljdèhehjåjnjlfdwzljljrevtynèdghj
jcdèneèkèwtypèq,dblfyböyfdxfkmybvpfrkfljv(
ht tp://www.chea.org/pdf/over view_US-accred_8-03_pdf
).
LéelènC.Ènjy
GhtpbltynHflbpgbnfymfrhtlbnfwèÿdufkepèdbojÿjcdènb
33
eJournal USA

Yt pf kté ybq ue vf yè nfh ybq rj ktlé
Th kutv e Hèx vjy lè, infn Èy lèf yf,
ghfu yt lf nb jc dè ne yfq db oj uj
uf ney re, oj dèl gj dè lfæ pf cf lfv rdf
rth cndf (Ht kè uèq yj uj nj df hb cndf lhe pèd). Ghb lè kzñ xb
jcjå kb de edf ue gèp yfy yñ èc nb yb nf gj df pè lj ytÿ, db rkf
lf xè rj kt lée pf jöj xe ñnm e cne lty nfö fr nbd yècnm è
lj gbn kb dècnm, f nf rjé gj æl yfy yz èy nt ktr ne fkm ybö
gj ie rèd èp ébn nzv, d zrj ve dj yb jå cnjññnm wèy yjc nè
ukj åfkm yjÿ jc dè xt yjc nè, vbh yj uj dht ue kñ dfy yz rjy akèr
nèd nf hèd yjc nè kñ ltq è db cj rj vj hfkm ye gj dtlèy re gèl
xfc yf dxfy yz d rj kt léè nf gj qj uj pf rèy xty yè. Hè xfhl
Ujk lty lj db öj le yf gty cèñ ghf wñ dfd lb htr nj hjv dèl lè
ke pd’zp rèd èp uhj vfl cmrèc nñ d rj kt léè Th kutv.
Pegbyènmåelmzrjujèyjptvyjujcneltynfdrjktléè
Thkutv,èvjétntåenbgtdyè,ojgthtldfvbkñlbyf
pxènrbvåfxtyyzvvfqåenymjuj.Ytdtkbrbquevf
yènfhybqrjktléghbdfåkñæcneltynèd,zrèyfvfufñnmcz
pyfqnbghjcnèvbhyèikzöbhjpd’zpfyyzcdènjdböghjåktv.
Åèkmiècnmèpyböxtrfñnmyfjnhbvfyyzcnegtyzlkznjuj,
ojåpfqyznbczcfvtwèæñcghfdjñ.LéfdflCtgtöhèLéjz
pFaufyècnfyenfÈdtnnÈccfhpRtyèÿ
yfktéfnmljÿöxbckf.Djybdét
pyfqikbåfufnjcgjcjåèdpfcnjce
dfnbcdjÿpyfyyzlkzhjpd’zpfyyz
cjwèfkmyböègjkènbxyböghjåktvedcmjvecdènè.
Èyjptvyècneltynbxfcnjjcjåbcnjpfpyfñnmytcghfdtl
kbdjcnèyfåfnmrèdobyè,èwtcgjyerfæÿöljlèq.Léfdfl
–yfjxybqghbrkflnjuj,zryflèzèghfwmjdbnècnmplfnyè
gjljkfnb,plfdfkjcmåb,ytqvjdèhyènhelyjoè.Yfghbrèywè
1990öhjrèdvfkjxjujvèuxtrfnbdèlébnnzökjgxbr,cby
ytuhfvjnyböèåèlybövecekmvfyibÿnèd,zrbqébdeöfjcè
Rfåekfèåedghbrenbqljèydfkèlyjujrhèckfxthtpgjkèj
vèækèn.Nfkèåb,ojghfdbkbdrhfÿyè,ytpfjöjxedfkbjcdène
dwèkjve,fjcjåkbdjjcdènelèdxfnnfèydfkèlèd.Ènfkèqcmrbq
kèrfhpjhufyèpfwèÿXthdjyjujÖhtcnfgjvènbdplèåyjuj
ökjgxbrfqnfævyjjhufyèpedfdlkzymjujyfdxfyyzphtgt
nbnjhfvb.Léfdflekturjlfdfkbczvjdbèrjvg’ñnth.Dét
e13hjrèddèyghfwñdfdedèllèktyyèXthdjyjujÖhtcnf
ghjuhfvècnjvègjxbyfdlevfnbghjnt,zrphjåbnbcdjæ
ébnnzgjdyjwèyybv.
LheéåfLéfdflfpkèrfhtvnfènfkèqcmrbvéehyfkècnjv,
pzrbvdèygjpyfqjvbdczd2002hjwègèckzgflèyyzdkflb
èyjptvyècneltynbpyföjlznm
yjdbqlèvèGthcGtrnbdyè
Ukjåfkmyèwèkè
HèxfhlUjklty
Ckeéèyyzkñlzvèfrnbdyfébnnædfgjpbwèz,ghbnf-
vfyyèrdfrthcmrbvnhflbwèzv,–jcmojghbdtkj
faufycmrjujcneltynfLéfdflfLéjñnfrtyèqcmre
cneltynreÈdtnnÈccfherjktléThkutveHèxvjylè,
infnÈylèfyf.
NjvCnhèrkfyl
34 
eJournal USA
nfkèåèd,ljgjvjukfqjvedbhdfnbczpèpheqyjdfyjujFauf
yècnfyeèdcnegbnbljirjkbdNhèæcnèdÈnfkèÿ.Rjkbdèy
pfrèyxedfdghjuhfvevèéyfhjlyjujåfrfkfdhfnedNhèæcnè,
njgjlfdljrevtynbljfvthbrfycmrjujqrfyflcmrjuj
rjktléèd.Thkutvdbzdbdczjlybvèprjktléèdpdbcjrbvb
frfltvèxybvbdbvjufvb,zrbqghbqyzdLéfdflfèpfghjgj
yedfdqjvegjdyecnbgtylèñnfjgkfneyfdxfyyz.
≤Zleéthflbq,ojgjnhfgbdcñlb,–ibhjrjgjcvèöf
ænmczLéfdfl.–Vtyèplfænmcz,ojdvtytyfåfufnjåèkmit
vjékbdjcntqghfwñdfnbyflnbv,ojlkzvtytdfékbdj,
yèéåekjåedtkbrjveeyèdthcbntnè≥.Pfhfp,yflheujve
rehcè,dèypjcthtléeænmczyfdbdxtyyènjxyböyfer,fkt
ljlfnrjdjckeöfæktrwèÿpuevfyènfhyböècecgèkmyböyfer.
≤Pjukzleyfvèqébnnædbqljcdèl,zdctåèkmitwèrfdkñcm
dbdxtyyzvcdènepghbhjlybxjècnjhbxyjujgjukzle,–gj
zcyñædèy.–Åèjkjuèzdbdxfæzdbotdbljdjÿèvèédbljdjÿ
rjyrehtywèÿ.Jcrèkmrbkñlbyf–wtntéjlbyèpdblèd,z
hjpukzlfñgbnfyyzpèyijujåjre:ierfñikzöbrjyre
htywèÿgjkñlcmrb≥.Léfdflpåbhfænmczghjljdéedfnb
dbdxtyyzwmjujgbnfyyzdfcgèhfynehèècgjlèdfænmczgjnèv
ghfwñdfnbdeyèdthcbntnè,ajylèxbyferjdjljckèlybwmrj
vewtynhè.
Léfdflåthtfrnbdyeexfcnmecneltyncmrjvequhjvfl
cmrjveébnnèrfvgece,ghfwñædghjuhfvè≤ZrdJJY≥,e
Rkeåèdbdxtyyzvbhequkjåfkmyböghjåktv,e≤Vèéyfhjl
yèqfvyècnèÿ≥,djhufyèpfwèÿ≤CneltynbpFpèÿ≥.Ojågjkègib
nbcdèqaèyfycjdbqcnfy,Léfdflpfqvfænmczljckèlybwm
rjñhjåjnjñdhfvrföGhjuhfvbdbdxtyyzgbnfymvbheè
ukjåfkmyböghjåktv,zreghjgjyeærjktléThkutv.
VbyekjujkènfLéfdflcnfdjlybvèp40ltktufnèddèl
eyèdthcbntnèdCgjkextyböInfnèdyfzgjycmrjfvthbrfy
cmrèqrjyathtywèÿdCntyajhlcmrjveeyèdthcbntnè,infn
Rfkèajhyèz,fgjnèvghfwñdfdeNjdfhbcndèfaufycmrbö
ghjatcèjyfkèdeGèdyèxyèqFvthbwèeAhtvjynè,infnRf
kèajhyèz.
WmjujhjrepfcdjñhjåjneLéfdfljnhbvfdcne
ltyncmrbqghbpYfwèjyfkmyjÿfcjwèfwèÿvbheècghfdtlkb
djcnè≤pfdytcjredcnfyjdktyyzvbheècghfdtlkbdjcnèd
rfvgecè,duhjvflènfdecmjvecdènè≥.Rhèvwèæÿyfujhjlb,
Léfdfljnhbvfdèotjlye,fyfkjuèxye,dèlCneltyncmrjÿ
rjyathtywèÿpgbnfymvbhedUjitycmrjverjktléè,infn
Èylèfyf.
Ybyè,vfñxbfaufycmrbq,ènfkèqcmrbqnffvthbrfycmrbq
ljcdèl,20hèxybqLéfdflyfpbdfæctåt≤ukjåfkmybvuhj
vflzybyjv≥èljlfæ:≤Dct,ojvtyègjnhèåyjpfhfp,–wt
ukjåfkmyfdèpf≥.
ÈdtnnÈccfhdxbnmczyfnhtnmjverehcèrjktléeThkutv
pfcgtwèfkmyècnñ≤vèéyfhjlyèghjåktvb≥.Ewmjverjkt
léèdjyfpfwèrfdbkfczrekmnehybvcgflrjvrdfrthèdèzc
rhfdjdbhfétybvbèltfkfvb≤ytyfcbkmybwndf,ghjcnjnb
ècjwèfkmyjÿcghfdtlkbdjcnè≥.Èdtnnyfhjlbkfczqdbhjckf
dYfqhjåè(Rtyèz),fÿÿåfnmrb–èylecb.≤Lkzvtytjåbldè
rhfÿybhèlyè,öjxf,vjékbdj,Èylèzltojåkbéxf,–rfét
Èdtnn.–RjkbzghbÿöfkfdThkutv,njlevfkf,ojvtyèyt
cgjljåfænmczébnbdvècntxreyfCthtlymjvePföjlè,fkt
dbzdbkjcz,ojwtxeljdtvècwt.Duhjvflègfyeæytqvj
dèhybqgjnzuljyfdxfyyz,fkñlbukbåjrjdèllfyècghfdè
jcdènb≥.
DrjktléèThkutvÈdtnncajhvedfkfdèllèktyyzjhuf
yèpfwèÿ≤Fvthbrfywèpfgjèyajhvjdfyeltvjrhfnèñ≥,zrf
ghjdjlbnmdèltjrjyathtywèÿpècneltynfvbphèpybörhfÿy
cdène,ojåjåujdjhbnbcdènjdèghjåktvbqlèqnbepujlét
yböhèitym.CmjujlyèeCIFqèyibörhfÿyföècyeæ70
cneltyncmrbödèllèktymwèæÿjhufyèpfwèÿ.≤Dctgjxfkjcz
njlè,rjkbyfjlyèqèppecnhèxtqzgjpyfqjvbkfczpkñlm
vb,rjnhèvfñnmghtrhfcyèèltÿghjnt,zrrhfotghtlcnf
dbnbèyièrhfÿybpdbxfqybvfvthbrfywzvèzrdjlyjxfc
phjåbnbcthtlymjujfvthbrfywzphjpevèkbvlkzkñltqp
èyibörhfÿy≥.
PfwtqhèrÈdtnnjhufyèpedfkfxjnbhbrjyathtywèÿ,
gjpyfqjvbdibfvthbrfycmrböcneltynèdpÿöyèvbjlyjkèn
rfvbpGfrbcnfye,Fdcnhfkèÿ,Aèkèggèy,Ujylehfce,IhèKfy
rbnfåfufnmjöèyibörhfÿy.Cneltynbjåujdjhñdfkbnfrè
ntvb,zr≤Htfrwèzcdèneyfcnböèqyèkböf≥nf≤Xbgjdbyyè
CgjkextyèInfnbyfvfufnbczhjpdbdfnbltvjrhfnèñpf
rjhljyjv?≥.
ZrèLéfdfl,Èdtnnåhfkffrnbdyeexfcnmeghjuhfvè
≤ZrdJJY≥.Vbyekjujhjregèlxfcghjdtltyyzpföjle
wèæÿjhufyèpfwèÿdXbrfujdjyfghtlcnfdkzkfKèdfy.≤Ojå
ghtlcnfdkznbèynthtcbèyijÿrhfÿyb,nhtåfhjpevènbÿÿ
uhjvflzy,nhtåfgthtdnèkbnbczdybö,–rfétÈdtnn.–Åèkm
itnjuj,nhtåfdxbnbczcgèdghfwñdfnbpèyibvbkñlmvb
pflkzrjjhlbyfwèÿpecbkmèqnbyfrjvghjvècbpfhflb
ljczuytyyzåkfuflkzdcèö≥.
Èdtnnpyföjlbnmnfrjéxfclkzpfyznmekñåktyjñvepb
rjñ–djyfcgèdfædöjhèrjktléeThkutv.Vbyekjÿdtcyb
djyfghjdtkfctvtcnheDèlyè.≤Wtåekjytgthtdthityj,
–pufleæÈdtnn.–VbcgèdfkbdcfvjvecthwèÆdhjgbdwbö
pyfvtybnböcjåjhfö.Zyèrjkbwmjujytpfåele≥.
Rjkbÿÿgbnfñnmghjnt,zrèyfqdfékbdèièehjrbdjyf
pljåekf,yfdxfñxbcmeCIF,Èdtnnpfvbckñænmcz.≤Jxtdbl
yj,yfqdfékbdèitdébnnèkñlbyb–wtkñlb,zrèÿÿjnjxe
ñnm.Åtppd’zprepybvb,åtpkñåjdènbghjcnjjcnhèdjr,
zrojdbybrfñnmzrècmnhelyjoè.Zphjpevèkf,ojkñlzv
ckèlnehåedfnbczjlytghjjlyjuj,åthtunbcdjÿöåkbpm
rbö.Yfgtdyt,zpfdélbwtpyfkf,fktdCIFzcghfdlèwt
phjpevèkf≥.3
Lev rb, db rkf lt yè e wèq cnf nnè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dè ljå hf éf ñnm gj ukz lb
xb gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.
35
eJournal USA

Ghf wèd ybr Åñ hj vèé yf hjl ybö èy ajh vf wèq ybö ghj uhfv
Lth éfd yj uj lt gfh nf vty ne CIF Hj åèy Æuth hjp gj dè lfæ
ghj nt, zr fvt hb rfy cmrè rj kt léè q eyè dth cb nt nb pf jöj
xe ñnm cne lty nèd lj ghf wè yf åkf uj uhj vfl cmrjc nè.
E
CIFècyeñnmcbkmyènhflbwèÿljåhjdèkmyjÿghfwè.
Pvfktxrevjkjlmpfjöjxeñnmpyföjlbnbvjékbdjc
nèljgjvjunbåkbéymjve.YfdcèqnthbnjhèÿCgjke
xtyböInfnèdrjktléèqeyèdthcbntnblfñnmcneltynfv
pvjueåhfnbexfcnmeljåhjdèkmyèquhjvflcmrèqlèzkmyjcnè.
Èyjlècneltynbyfdènmjnhbveñnmpfkèrbpfnfreghfwñ,
fktyfqxfcnèityfujhjljñægjxennzpfljdjktyyzdèlnjuj,
ojdjybrjvecmljgjvjukb,èhjpevèyyz,ojyfdènmdjyb,
otñyè,vjéenmphjåbnbojcmrjhbcyt.Yfjxybvdnèkty
yzvwèæÿrjywtgwèÿæjhufyèpfwèz≤Rfvgecrjvgfrn≥,zrfyf
cdjævedtåcfqnè(http://www.compact.org)öfhfrnthbpeæ
ctåtzr≤pfufkmyjyfwèjyfkmyfrjfkèwèzhtrnjhèdgjyfl950
rjktléèdnfeyèdthcbntnèdpghbåkbpyj5vky.cneltynèd,
zrfyfvfufænmczhjpdbdfnbqpfjöjxedfnbuhjvflcmrelèzkm
yècnm,ajhvedfnbfrnbdyeuhjvflzycmregjpbwèñègjnhtåe
ckeébnbcecgèkmcndeecathèdbojÿjcdènb≥.
Pxfcecdjujpfcyedfyyze1992hjwèÅñhjpajhve
dfyyzyfdbxjruhjvflcmrjÿlèzkmyjcnèghbeyèdthcbntnè
GèdltyyjujVèccècègè(Utnnècåthu,infnVèccècègè)æljåhj
dèkmybvhtcehcybvwtynhjvèwtynhjvprjjhlbyfwèÿ
uhjvflcmrböhjåènèajhvedfyyzecneltynèdyfdbxjr
uhjvflcmrjÿlèzkmyjcnè.Ojhjreyfuhjvflcmrelèzkmyècnm
ghbgflfæ20000ujlby.
Ecgèiyècnmeyfdxfyyèèckeéèyyzuhjvflèæzlhjvghj
uhfvb,zrfpfjöjxeæuhjvflcmrelèzkmyècnmcneltynèdyf
vècwtdjvehèdyè,dvfcinfåfödcèæÿrhfÿybèdcmjujcdène.
EyèdthcbntnGèdltyyjujVèccècègè–jlbyèpitcnbdbobö
yfdxfkmyböpfrkflèd,zrèhfpjvpèCöèlyjfvthbrfycmrbv
eyèdthcbntnjvpfqvfñnmczdghjdflétyyzvjlyèæÿpvjlt
ktqajhvedfyyzyfdbxjrghfwèyfåkfujuhjvflcmrjcnè.
YfåfpèeyèdthcbntnenfrjécndjhtyjèaeyrwèjyeæWtynh
uhjvflcmrjÿquhjvflzycmrjÿlèzkmyjcnèVèccècègè(http://
www.usm.edu/ocsl).
Jcmzrnkevfxbnmajhvedfyyzyfdbxjruhjvflcmrjÿ
lèzkmyjcnèÈkkèyjqcmrbqeyèdthcbntn(EhåfyfIfvgtqy):
≤Gèlujnjdrfcneltynèdljdbzdktyyzfrnbdyjÿuhjvf
lzycmrjÿgjpbwèÿæjlybvèpyfqdfékbdèiböpfdlfym
uevfyènfhyjÿjcdènb.Vbgjd’zpeævjcneltyncmreuhjvfl
cmrelèzkmyècnmèpyfdxfkmybvghjwtcjv.Uevfyènfhyf
jcdènfljgjvfufæcneltynfvajhvedfnbèyntktrnefkmye
GhfwzyfåkfUjUhjvflcmrjcnè
HjåèyK.Æuth
CneltynbeyèdthcbntnèdGèdltyyjujVèccècègèqÈkkèyjqcecnfhfyyjghfwññnmyfpdtltyyèåelbyrelkz
jhufyèpfwèÿ≤Ébnkjlkzkñltq≥eLétrcjyè(infnVèccècègè).
HjlétkèjCjkèc.AP/WWP
36 
eJournal USA
ècjwèfkmyeecnfyjdre,zrfdjlyjxfcdbvfufædbzdendjh
xböplèåyjcntqèdèlgjdèlfkmyjcnè.Djyfndjhxfdgkfyè
ujnjdyjcnètrcgthbvtynedfnbpèltzvb,ezdkznbyjdè
cdènbèxbybnbjgèhcnthtjnbgfv.Djyfdèlgjdèlfkmyfpf
aeylfvtynfkmyèpd’zprbphtfkmybvcdènjv.
Jcmxjvenfrdfékbdjytdèljrhtvkñdfnbcneltynèddèl
cecgèkmcndfèhjpdbdfnbÿöyñgjnhtåeckeébnbkñlzv.
Yfghbrkfl,pfldfctvèyfhbcneltynfvyfdèllèktyyè
fhöèntrnehyjujlbpfqyedlfkjczhjphjåbnbghjtrn
ytljhjujuj,fkttrjyjvyjujojljdbrjhbcnfyyztythuèÿ
åelbyrelkzghjuhfvb≤Ébnkjlkzkñltq≥.Heièqyjñ
cbkjñwmjujeyèrfkmyjujghjtrneåekjcrkflytgjæl
yfyyzwèyyjcntqèdbåjhe,zrtpfrjhèyñænmczduhjvfl
cmredèlgjdèlfkmyècnm,ectycènjuj,ojnhtåfphjåbnb
åelbyrbljcnegybvblkzvfkjpfåtpgtxtyböcèvtq,fkt
hfpjvèpnbvdbrjhbcnfnbyjdèntöyjkjuèÿtythujpåtht
étyyz≥(http://www.union.uiuc.edu/ovp/sle/).
EYjdèqFyukèÿLfhvencmrbqrjktlé,Dthvjyncmrbq
eyèdthcbntn,rjktléCd.Vfqrkf,Yjhdèxcmrbqeyèdthcb
ntn,IfvgktqycmrbqrjktléèRfcnknjycmrbqlthéfdybq
rjktléjå’ælyfkbczpåfufnmvfvècwtdbvbflvèyècnhfnbdyb
vbquhjvflcmrbvbjhufyèpfwèzvb,ojåcndjhbnbghjuhf
ve
“DREAM”
(dgthtrkflè–≤Vhèz≥,åerdfkmyj–fåhtdèfne
hfdèl
“Dire cting Through Rec re ation, Education, Adve ntu re, and
Me ntoring”
–≤Cghzvedfyyzikzöjvdèlgjxbyre,jcdènb,
ghbujlèdböjdfyyz≥.–Ghbv. htl.).Dhfvrföwèæÿghjuhf
vbljlèntqpvècwtdbövfkjpfåtpgtxtyböhjlbyghbrhèg
kññnmyfnhbdfkbqxfcyfcnfdybrèd,zrèljgjvfufñnmÿve
yfdxfyyè,pfqvfñnmczpybvbcgjhnjvèöjlznmegjöjlb.
GhjuhfvegjxfkbplèqcyñdfnbeLfhnvenèd1991hjwè,f
ntgthdjyfgjibhbkfczyfdcñnthbnjhèñinfne.Gfhnyt
hfvbghjuhfvbæflvèyècnhfnbdyèjhufyb,zrèpfqvfñnmcz
gbnfyyzvbébnkf,jhufyèpfwèz≤Lèdxfnfcrfenb≥qrjvgfyèz
“Ben and Jerry’s Ice Cream”
(http://www.dreamprogram.org/).
EyèdthcbntnCètnnkf(infnDfibyunjy)ekbcnjgflè
2005hjrejhufyèpedfdpfufkmyjyfwèjyfkmyerjyathtywèñ
pghjåktvåèlyjcnè–g’znepfhföeyrjv.Wtqeyèdthcbntn
gjghjcbkbghjdtcnbnfrbqpföèl,njveojdkñnjve2005
hjrenfvècyedfkjyfvtnjdtvècntxrj,zrtlfkjghbnekjr
yfwèkbqvèczwmcjnyèåtpljvyböxjkjdèrèdèéèyjr.Eyèdth
cbntnCètnnkfcnfdgthibvyfdxfkmybvpfrkfljv,zrbq
yflfdåtpljvybvnfreljgjvjue.Rjyathtywèñjhufyèpedf
kbcneltynbwmjujeyèdthcbntneèxktybdfibyunjycmrj
ujdèllèktyyz≤Rfvgecrjvgfrn≥.Wzfcjwèfwèzjå’ælyeæ
CneltynrfeyèdthcbntneCètnnkfyfdxfæukeöjyèvjujdyfvtnjdjvevècntxrelkzåtpljvyböyfnthbnjhèÿrfvgecedCètnnkè(infnDfinbyunjy).
NtlC.Djhhty.AP/WWP
37
eJournal USA

dcdjÿökfdföhtrnjhèdrjktléèdnfeyèdthcbntnèdinfne
Dfibyunjy,zrèyfvfufñnmczgèldbobnbuhjvflzycmre
dèlgjdèlfkmyècnmcneltynèd.Ltnfkmyèitghjrjyathtywèñ
lbd.:http://www.studentsagainsthunger.org.
Èyifpfufkmyjyfwèjyfkmyjdbpyfyfghjuhfvfplèqcyñ
ænmczdeyèdthcbntnèAehvfyfdUhèydèkkè(infnGèdltyyf
Rfhjkèyf).Yfdtåcfqnèwmjujeyèdthcbntnecrfpfyj:
≤Åfufnjrehcèdphtkèuèÿ,gtlfujuèrb,vbcntwndf,aèkj
cjaèÿ,cjwèjkjuèÿègjkènjkjuèÿgthtlåfxfñnmuhjvfl
cmreghfwñ.Yfiècneltynbyfdxfñnmxbnfnblèntqp
vfkjpfåtpgtxtyböhjlby,hjphjåkzñnmvfhrtnbyulkz
vècwtdböytrjvthwèqyböjhufyèpfwèq,ljgjvfufñnmgèl
ghbævwzvcrkflfnbåèpytcgkfyb.
Ajhvedfyyzyfdbxjruhjvflcmrjÿlèzkmyjcnèytghbgb
yzænmczpfldthbvffelbnjhèÿ.Ojhjre800cneltynèd
ljåhjdjkmwèdeyèdthcbntneAehvfyfghfwññnmd≤Eyè
dthcbntncmrjverjhgecèjcdènb≥,yflfñxbljgjvjue45
jhufyèpfwèzv,enjvexbckè≤Fhvèÿgjhzneyre≥,Wtynhjdè
cgtwèfkmyjujyfdxfyyzlkzlèntq,uhegfv≤Kfnbyjfvthb
rfycmrfèyèwèfnbdf≥nf≤Lèdxfnfcrfenb≥≥
(http://www.furman.edu/main/community.htm).
HjpnfijdfybqytgjlfkèrDjaajhlcmrbqrjktlé(v.
Cgfhnfyåthu,infnGèdltyyfRfhjkèyf)nfrjévfæcdjñ
ghjuhfveajhvedfyyzyfdbxjruhjvflcmrjÿlèzkmyjcnè.
Cneltynbwmjujytdtkbrjujrjktléeuevfyènfhyböyfer
ljåhjdèkmyjåthenmexfcnmehèpyjvfyènyböuhjvflcmrbö
ghjtrnfö.Jlyèghfwññnmcfvjcnèq
yj,èyiè–deyèdthcbntncmrböjå’æl
yfyyzöxbvècwtdböjhufyèpfwèzö.
CneltynbDjaajhlcmrjujrjktlée
ghfwññnmeåtpgkfnyböÿlfkmyzöè
ghbnekrfölkzåtpljvybö,ujneñnm
èhjplfñnmÿéeujkjlybv.Djyb
dbrkflfñnmevècwtdböirjkföè
ghfwññnmevècwtdèqåtprjinjdyèq
vtlbxyèqrkèyèwè.Djyblfheñnm
hèpldzyègjlfheyrbåèlybvlènzvè
ljgjvfufñnmghbrhfifnbrfvgec
ècdjævècnjljcdznf(http://www.
wofford.edu/serviceLearning/default.
asp).
Dcèrjktléèghjgjyeñnmghj
uhfvbyfdxfyyzptktvtynfvb
uhjvflcmrjÿlèzkmyjcnè.Pflfybvb
Fvthbrfycmrjÿfcjwèfwèÿvècwtdbö
rjktléèd,åèkmityèégjkjdbyfvècwtdbörjktléèdeCIF
nfrjéddtkbgjlèåyèghjuhfvbljcdjÿögkfyèd.Fcjwèfwèz
dblfkfybpregeåkèrfwèqyfwñntve,ldèpzrböjcjåkb
djwèrfdè.Wt
“Sustaining Service Learning: The Role of Chief
Academic Of fi cers”
(≤Yfdxfyyzuhjvflcmrèqlèzkmyjcnè.Hjkm
ghjdèlybödbrkflfxèd.Ljgjvèéyèvfnthèfkb≥,8cnjhèyjr)
è
“A Practical Guide for Int eg rating Civic Responsibi lity Into the
Curriculum”
(≤Ghfrnbxybqgjcèåybrèpddtltyyzuhjvflzy
cmrjÿdèlgjdèlfkmyjcnèeyfdxfkmyeghjuhfve≥,86cnjhè
yjr).Jåbldègeåkèrfwèÿvjéyfpyfqnbyfdtåcfqnèhttp://
www.aacc.nche.edu/Content/NavigationMenu/ResourceCenter/
Projects_Partnerships/Current/HorizonsServiceLearning
Project/Publications/Publications.htm.
GhjatcèqyjntöyèxybqèycnbnenFkmåerthrfeinf
nèYmñVtrcbrjgjlfæghbrkflyfdxfyyzuhjvflcmrèq
lèzkmyjcnèyfhèdyèvècwtdjujrjktlée.Dèyjnhbvfduhfyn
Rjhgjhfwèÿpfufkmyjyfwèjyfkmyjÿèuhjvflcmrjÿghfwè,f
nfrjéåfufnjyfujhjlpfpfckeubdwèqcathè.Gjyfl50
vècwtdböfutywèqghjgjyeñnmcneltynfvwmjujèycnbnene
ghfwñdfnbpybvb,ècneltynbvjéenm,pfåféfyyzv,åhf
nbexfcnmevjkjlèéyböghjuhfvfönfghjuhfvföyflfyyz
vtlbxybö,cjwèfkmyböèñhblbxybögjckeu,pfqvfnbcz
jöjhjyjñkècèd,gèlujnjdrjñèghjdtltyyzvCgtwèfkmybö
jkèvgèqcmrböèujh,ghfwñdfnberjyuhtcvtyèdfåjpfqvfnb
czpföbcnjvndfhby(http://planet.tvi.cc.nm.us/
experientiallearning/).3
Lev rb, db rkf lt yè e wèq cnfn nè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dè ljå hf éf ñnm gj ukz lb
xb gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.
PljpdjkeflvèyècnhfwèÿDjaajhlcmrjujrjktlée
CneltynDjaajhlcmrjujrjktlée,infnGèdltyyfRfhjkèyf,ljgjvfufæ
cneltynfvvjkjlibörehcèdyfpfyznnzöpfrnjhcmrjÿvfqcnthyjcnè.
38 
eJournal USA
Gj cjkm cndf è rjy cekm cndf CIF åt henm yf hj åj ne èyj ptv ybö uhj vf lzy lkz nj uj, ojå dj yb lj gj vf uf kb hjp hjå kz nb
q htf kè pj de df nb jc dèn yè nf rekm neh yè ghj uhf vb, zrè gj kèg ie ñnm dpfæ vj hj pe vèy yz. D rdèn yè 2005 hj re Lth éfd ybq lt
gfh nf vtyn CIF jh uf yè pe dfd ghb ÿpl lj CIF dè cèv yfl wz nb nf rbö ghf wèd yb rèd yf yf dxfy yz p dèl dè lfy yzv rj kt léèd e
Ifh kjn nè (infn Gèd yèx yf Rf hj kè yf) nf ÿÿ jrj kb wzö lkz jp yf qjv kty yz p ébn nzv è gj åe njv èyj ptv ybö cne lty nèd.
E wèq cnfn nè gèl åb nj gèl cev rb gj ÿp lrb wèæÿ uhe gb è yf lf yj pf ufkm yt ezd kty yz ghj hèp yj vf yèn yècnm vjé kb djc ntq
jn hb vfy yz jc dè nb d CIF.
VècnjIfhkjnnfåekjdbåhfytnjve,ojwtdtkbrbqwtynhåfyrèdcmrjÿlèzkmyjcnè,pfcjåèdvfcjdjÿèyajhvfwèÿ,åèp
ytce,rekmnehbènhfycgjhneyfGèdltyyjveCöjlèCIF,fnfrjé≤jctkz≥lkzwèkjÿybprbgjdféyböyfdxfkmybö
pfrkflèd.18exfcybrèdghjuhfvbåekbhjplèktyèyfuhegb,rjéyfpzrbödèldèlfkfjlbyrjktlé,ojåpecnhènbczpè
cneltynfvb,gjcgjcnthèufnbpfyfdxfyyzv,jåujdjhbnbljcnegyèlkzcneltynèdhtcehcbnfghjåktvb,zrèyfyböxtrfñnm,f
nfrjéjlthéfnbezdktyyzghjébnnzègjåenèyjptvyböcneltynèdeCIF.Dcèwèrjktléèpfwèrfdktyèepfkextyyèèyjptvybö
cneltynèdègèlnhbveñnmhtuekzhyjjyjdkñdfyè,ljåhtjajhvktyèdtåcfqnbpèyajhvfwèæñghjctåt.Yfdtltybqehbdjrèp
dtåcfqnerjktléeLtdèlcjyfejcjåkñæpfufkmyepfwèrfdktyècnmrjktléèddèyjptvyböcneltynfö:
≤Gjèyajhvjdfyècnmghjgjlèÿ,zrèdèlåedfñnmczecdènè,nfcnehåjdfyècnmukjåfkmybvbghjåktvfvb–dfékbdèxbyybrb
jcdènymjujghjwtcedrjktléèLtdèlcjyf.Zrcneltyn,zrbqébdèyfdxfdczdèyièqrhfÿyè,dbvjétntåfufnjxbvgjlèkbnbcz
pècneltynfvbqdbrkflfxfvbyfijujrjktlée.Dghjwtcèhjpukzledfijÿpfzdbvbhjphföjdeævjlèpyfnbczåèkmitghjdfc
èdfiébnnædbqljcdèl≥.

Rj ktlé fåfn cndf Åtk vjyn–wtytdtkbrbquevfyènfhybqrjktlé,ltyfdxfænmcz1000cneltynèd.Dèydèljvbqcdjæñ
≤hjlbyyjñ≥jåcnfyjdrjñèghfuytyyzvcajhvedfnbwèkècye,ufhvjyèqyjhjpdbyenejcjåbcnècnm.Rjktléhjpnfijdfyje
Åtkvjynè(infnGèdyèxyfRfhjkèyf),drèkmrjöödbkbyföÿplbyfpföèldèlIfhkjnnb.Gjåkbperjktlée–fåfncndjÅtkvjyn,
pfcyjdfytvjyföfvbåtytlbrnbywzvb(http://www.belmontabbeycollege.edu/).
hèpyjvfyènyèvjékbdjcnè
jnhbvfyyzjcdènbyfGhbrkflè
ctvbrjyrhtnybörjktléèd
PljpdjkeflvèyècnhfwèÿrjktléefåfncndfÅtkvjyn
39
eJournal USA

Wty nhfkm ybq G’æl vjyncmrbq rj ktlé–dtkbrbqvècwtdbqrjktléeinfnèGèdyèxyfRfhjkèyf,ltyfdxfænmczgjyfl
70nbczxcneltynèd,rjnhèåthenmexfcnme100yfdxfkmyböghjuhfvföerèkmrjörfvgecfö.CfvtnenGhtpbltynLéjhléD.
Åeidbcnegbd5rdènyz2005hjrepghjvjdjñghjyjdèèyèwèfnbdbpgbnfymhjpdbnrenheljdböhtcehcèd.Rjktlégbifænm
cznbv,ojdymjveyfdxfñnmczcneltynbpgjyfl100rhfÿy(http://www.cpcc.edu).
Rj ktlé Lt dèl cj yfhjpnfijdfyjdv.Ltdèlcjy(infn
GèdyèxyfRfhjkèyf),ghbåkbpyjd30ödbkbyföÿplbyf
gèdyèxdèlIfhkjnnb.YfctktyyzLtdèlcjyfyfkèxeædcmjuj
8nbc.jcèå.RjktléLtdèlcjyf–wtytpfktéybquevf
yènfhybqyfdxfkmybqpfrkfl,ezrjveyfdxfænmcz1600
cneltynèd.Pxfcepfcyedfyyzrjktléed1837hjwèghtcdè
nthèfyfvbpqjujcnèydbqikj23cnbgtylèfnbHjlcf.Yf
jcjåkbdeedfuepfckeujdeæpfcyjdfyf20hjrèdnjveGhj
uhfvfvèéyfhjlyböljckèlétymèv.LèyfHfcrf,yfpdfyf
yfxtcnmdbgecrybrfrjktléeLtdèlcjyf,zrbqjåèqvfd
gjcnlthéfdyjujctrhtnfhzinfne.RjktléLtdèlcjyfåekj
pfcyjdfyjzrxjkjdèxbqyfdxfkmybqpfrkfl,fktcmjujlyè
cneltynjreymjveytvtyit,yèécneltynèd(http://www.
davidson.edu).
Eyè dth cb ntn Léjycj yf q Etkm cfyfpbdfæctåt≤eyèdth
cbntnjv,zrbqreærflhblkzFvthbrb≥.Eyèdthcbntnvfæcdjÿ
rfvgecbdxjnbhmjöinfnfö;rfvgeceIfhkjnnèåekjdèlrhb
nje2004hjwè.Eyèdthcbntnghjgjyeæghjuhfvbytgjdyjuj
(ldfhjrb)ègjdyjuj(xjnbhbhjrbpghbcdjæyyzvcnegtyz
åfrfkfdhf)yfdxfyyzèpcgtwèfkmyècnñecathèåèpytce,htcnj
hfyyjujntkmyjÿcghfdbnfrekèyfhyjujvbcntwndf.Yfqjuj
dtåcfqnèghtlcnfdktyjèyajhvfwèñcèvyflwznmvfvjdfvb
(http://www.jwu.edu/charlotte).
Ghjatcjhljgjvfufæcneltynjdèdrjvg’ñnthyjverkfcèWtynhfkmyj-
ujG’ælvjyncmrjujrjktlée.
CneltynbrjktléeLtdèlcjyfghjdjlznmojvèczxye≤yfwèjyfkmyedtxthñ≥,
gèlxfczrjÿujcnèvjéenmjpyfqjvbnbczpreöytñ,vepbrjñèyfwèjyfkmybvb
rjcnñvfvbgtdyjÿrhfÿyb.Yfpyèvre:cneltynbljgjvfufñnmgtrnbökèå.
CneltynbeyèdthcbntneLéjycjyfèEtkmcfujneñnmczljgjrfpedbgèxrb
yf≤Yfwèjyfkmyjveökèåyjvecfvènè≥.
PljpdjkeflvèyècnhfwèÿWtynhfkmyjuj
G’ælvjyncmrjujrjktlée
DèrnjhèzFhjxj.AP/WWP
PljpdjkeflvèyècnhfwèÿrjktléeLtdèlcjyf
40 
eJournal USA
Eyè dth cb ntn Léjy cj yf R. Cvè nf–ècnjhbxyjytuhbnzycmrbq.Nfvyf
dxfænmcz1400cneltynèd,ehjpgjhzlétyyèzrböghjcnjhbqrfvgec,kbit
dvbkèdèlwtynheIfhkjnnb.Deyèdthcbntnègfyeælheéyzfnvjcathf;nen
cneltynfvbjgèreñnmczdèllfyècdjÿqcghfdènehåjnkbdègtlfujub.Jlyèæñ
pdbvjuljcneltynèdæexfcnmeghfwèyfåkfujuhjvflcmrjcnè.Eyèdthcbntn
ghjgjyeævjékbdècnmyfdxfyyzdltd’znbpfrjhljyybödepfönfèynthyfne
hfö,fnfrjécnféedfyyzdåèkmityèé90rjvgfyèzö(http://www.jcsu.edu/).
Eyè dth cb ntn Rdèyc e Ifh kjn nèåekjpfcyjdfyjzréèyjxectvèyfhèñ.Cmjujlyècneltynbxjkjdèxjÿcnfnècnfyjdkznm
30dèlcjnrèdcnfhijrehcybrèdwmjujyfdxfkmyjujpfrkfle,zrbqghjgjyeædctåèxyèghjuhfvbyfhèdyèvfuècnhfnehbè
gjd’zpfybqpghtcdènthèfycmrjñwthrdjñ.Hjpnfijdfybqevfkmjdybxjveébnkjdjvehfqjyèvècnf,eyèdthcbntnRdèyce
Ifhkjnnègjælyeæghjuhfvexjnbhbhèxyjujåfpjdjujyfdxfyyzdufkepèuevfyènfhyböyferp24ghjaèkññxbvblbcwbg
kèyfvb.Deyèdthcbntnèyfdxfænmczåkbpmrj2200cneltynèd,èyfrjéyjujgtlfujufghbgflfædcthtlymjvegj13cneltynèd
(http://www.queens.edu/).
Eyè dth cb ntn Gèd yèx yjÿ Rf hj kè yb e Ifh kjn nè
yfkèxeægjyfl19500cneltynèdèghjgjyeæghjuhfvbyf
dxfyyzyfhèdyèåfrfkfdhf,vfuècnhfèljrnjhfyfer.Qjuj
cexfcybqrfvgechjpnfijdfyjghbåkbpyjd10vbkzö
dèlwtynheIfhkjnnb.Wtdfékbdbqhtuèjyfkmybqwtynh
åèpytceèyferjdjljckèlybwmrjÿhjåjnb.Deyèdthcbntnè
yfdxfñnmczcneltynbpecèörenjxrèdCIFèghbåkbpyj
èp80pfheåèéybörhfÿy(http://www.uncc.edu/).
CneltynbeyèdthcbntneRdèyceIfhkjnnèujneñnmczljdbgecryjÿwthtvjyèÿ.
Ghjuhfvfyfdxfyyzptktvtynfvbghfwèyfåkfuj
uhjvflcmrjcnèdeyèdthcbntnèLéjycjyfR.Cvènfpyf-
qjvbnmcneltynèdplènmvb,zrbvgjnhèåyfljgjvjufd
yfdxfyyè.Pfdlzrbwèqghjuhfvèåfufnjlèntq,rjnhèvfkb
ybpmrèjwèyrbpvfntvfnbrbqxbnfyyz,gèldbobkbcdjñ
ecgèiyècnmljhèdyzdbotcthtlymjujgjinfnelkzexyèd
wèæÿdèrjdjÿrfntujhèÿ.
≤Kñlbyf,zrfcfvfctåtcndjhbkf≥–gfv’znrfvècwtdjujrfvge-
ce–dlfkbqajylkzajnjuhfaèÿcneltynèdeyèdthcbntneGèdyèxyjÿ
RfhjkèybdIfhkjnnè
PljpdjkeflvèyècnhfwèÿeyèdthcbntneLéjycjyfR.Cvènf
PljpdjkeflvèyècnhfwèÿeyèdthcbntneRdèyceIfhkjnnè
DtqlÅhfnjy/eyèdthcbntnGèdyèxyjÿRfhjkèybdIfhkjnnè
41
eJournal USA


Pf hf öe dfy yz è pf zdf yf dcneg.Ehèpybörjktléfö
ècyeñnmhèpyèdbvjubojljpfhföedfyyz.RjktléLtdèlcjyf
qeyèdthcbntnGèdyèxyjÿRfhjkèybeIfhkjnnègjpbwèj
yeñnmctåtzrtkènyèpfrkflb.RjktléfåfncndfÅtkvjyn
pjcthtléeænmczyffrfltvèxyjveèleöjdyjvehjpdbnre,f
deyèdthcbntnèLéjycjyfR.Cvènfleétwèrfdkznmczöfhfr
nthjvèjcjåbcnècnñfåènehèæynèd,fnfrjéÿöyèvbjwèyrf
vb.WtynhfkmybqG’ælvjyncmrbqvècwtdbqrjktlévfæ
ghjuhfvbvfqétlkzdcèö,fktlfktrjytrjétyfåènehèæyn
qjvegèlöjlbnm.Ldfyfqåèkmièyfdxfkmyèpfrkflb–eyè
dthcbntnGèdyèxyjÿRfhjkèybeIfhkjnnènfWtynhfkmybq
G’ælvjyncmrbqrjktlé–vfñnmåfufnèhtcehcb,fktvjéenm
dblfnbczrjvecmpfyflnjdtkbrbvb.Dèlnjuj,yfcrèkmrbnjx
yjpyfqltyj≤ghfdbkmybq≥yfdxfkmybqpfrkfl,pfktébnm
htpekmnfnhjpukzlepfzdbcneltynf,qjujecgèiyècnmèdèl
xennzpfljdjktyyzgèckzpfhföedfyyz.Rjétyyfdxfkmybq
pfrkflvfæcdèqdtåcfqn,yfzrjveghtlcnfdktyjèyajhvf
wèñghjdbvjubljdcnegybrèd,ghjaèyfycjdeljgjvjueè,
dåèkmijcnèdbgflrèd,ljlfnrjdeèyajhvfwèñlkzèyjptvybö
cneltynèd.
Ghj éb dfy yz, öfh xe dfy yz, ht ceh cb, jöj hj yf plj
hj d’z è åtp gt rf. WtynhfkmybqG’ælvjyncmrbqrjktléyt
yflfæcneltynfvuehnjébnre.Èyièhjpukzyenènenyfdxfkm
yèpfrkflbvfñnmuehnjébnrbèyflfñnmcneltynfvèyajh
vfwèñghjgjhzljrgjlfxèpfzdyfjnhbvfyyzébnkf.Evj
dböfhxedfyyzqghjébdfyyzhèpyèdhèpybörfvgecfö,fkt
åèkmiècnmrjktléèdghjgjyeñnmcdjÿvcneltynfvyfdbåèh
rèkmrfdfhèfynèd,jcjåkbdjgèckzgthijujhjreyfdxfyyz.
Dcèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflbvfñnmåèåkèjntrbèyflfñnmcnelty
nfvljcnegljrjvg’ñnthèd,ecèdjybgeåkèreñnmèyajh
vfwèñghjpföjlbåtpgtrbdrfvgecè.Decèöyfdxfkmybö
pfrkflfödèlcneltynèddbvfufñnmvfnbvtlbxytcnhföedfy
yz,fktdjlyjxfcrjétypfrkflvfæcdjñvtlbxyeckeéåe.
Zrojcneltynfvytjåöèlyfljgjvjufdflfgnfwèÿljevjd
rfvgece,djybvjéenmjnhbvfnbdèlgjdèlyerjycekmnfwèñ.
Dfhnècnmèghfdbkfghjébdfyyzdbpyfxfæflvèyècnhfwèz
rjéyjujyfdxfkmyjujpfrkflejrhtvj.Dhèpybörjktléfö
hjprkflbktrwèqèctvèyfhèdhèpyè,djybpvèyññnmczphjre
dhèr,njvevfqåenyèvcneltynfvckèlenjxybnbnthvèyb
gjxfnrepfyznm,yfgbcfyyzgbcmvjdböhjåèn,rfyèrekyf
dtåcfqnföjåhfyböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèdfåjcrjhbcnfnb
czèyibvbléthtkfvbèyajhvfwèÿ.
Lj gj vj uf d yf dxfy yè. Ltzrèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflbljgj
vfufñnmcneltynfvedbdxtyyèfyukèqcmrjÿvjdbfåjdhjp
dbnregbcmvjdböyfdbxjr.Åèkmiècnmåèåkèjntrljgjvjéenm
cneltynfvdbrjhbcnjdedfnbhtcehcbèierfnbèyajhvfwèñ.
Dcèrjktléèdkfinjdeñnmlkzcdjÿödbgecrybrèdpecnhèxèp
gjntywèqybvbhjåjnjlfdwzvbfåjyflfñnmèyiègjckeub
ojljgjierèdvècwzhjåjnbgjpfrèyxtyyèdepe.
Gj cke ub q jh uf yè pf wèÿ lkz èyj ptv ybö cne lty nèd.
Edcèörjktléföècyeæcgtwèfkmytåñhj,zrtjhufyèpjdeæ
hèpyjvfyènyèpföjlbqfcjwèfwèÿèrkeåblkzèyjptvybönf
fvthbrfycmrböcneltynèdpftnyèxyjñxbutjuhfaèxyjñjpyf
rjñ.Ltzrèckeéåbnfrjéljgjvfufñnmèyjptvybvcneltynfv
gjpyfqjvbnbczpvècwtdbvbcneltynfvbnfÿöyèvbcèv’zvb,
ojåghjdjlbnbpybvbxfc,jcjåkbdjyfcdznfqgèlxfc
rfyèrek.Èyjlècneltynèdprèkmrjöyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèdjåcke
ujdeæjlyfvècwtdfjhufyèpfwèz,yfghbrkfl,≤Lèvèyjptvybö
cneltynèd≥eIfhkjnnè,zrfyflfæèyjptvybvcneltynfvvjé
kbdècnmåkbéxtgjpyfqjvbnbczpvtirfywzvbvècnf.
Dè hjc gj dèlfy yz.Rjkbèyjptvyèujcnè,zrèghbÿöfkblj
CIFdhfvrföghjuhfvbLthéfdyjujltgfhnfvtyne,pfgb
nedfkbghjdèhjcgjdèlfyyz,cneltynb,pzrbvbdjybpecnhè
xfkbcz,èrjycekmnfynbphjåjnbpèyjptvybvbcneltynfvb
djlbyujkjcrfpfkb,ojdrjéyjveyfdxfkmyjvepfrkflè
–xbgeåkèxyjve,xbghbdfnyjve,xbhtkèuèqyjve–hflj
pecnhèxfñnmcneltynèdåelmzrjujdèhjcgjdèlfyyz.

Xktybuhegblèqikbdbcyjdre,ojyfdènmrjhjnrbq
dèpbnljgjvèuÿvytkbitgjyjdbnbdgfv’znèåfufnjafrnèd,
ghjzrèdjybxbnfkbfåjxekbljghbÿpledCIF,fktèrhf
otphjpevènbfvthbrfycmrèhtfkèÿ.Yfqdfékbdèibvehjrjv
cnfkjnt,ojdCIFècyeæåfufnjhèpyjvfyènybövjékbdjc
ntqlkzyfdxfyyz.
Dgèlujnjdwèwmjujvfnthèfkeåhfkbexfcnm:Vjöfvtl
FövtlFålfkkfFövtlpLjöb(Rfnfh),DèdèfyFålfkkfp
Æhecfkbvf(Èphfÿkm),GfhfcrtdèDèd’æyFkkèvjyjpVtkm
åehyf(Fdcnhfkèz),YflfF.FkmCjptpÅfulflf(Èhfr),
VfqrfÅhpjintypRhfrjdf(Gjkmof),ÅjhèÅtyltpeDtktc
pKèvb(Gthe),QjcènfTreædèFvfdèpKjvt(Njuj),Fktöfy
lhfTcrjåjcfpThvjcbkmj(Vtrcbrf),EcfdflèRfngbxfÿ
pÅfyurjrf(Nfÿkfyl),GfvtkfRedfkèpKèkjyudt(Vfkfdè),
HfnyfVeröthléèpXtyyfÿ(Èylèz),VfhèzGfjkfGèhèyèp
Hbvf(Ènfkèz),LfyfGjkxbrjdfpÅhfnèckfdb(Ckjdfwmrf
htcgeåkèrf),RfhèyHjcyèwtrpVñyötyf(Yèvtxxbyf),Keÿpf
VfhèzDèfepUdfntvfkb(Udfntvfkf),ÅtfnhècL.G.Dèktqyp
GjhnjGhtycf
(Ufÿnè),Rjhytkèz
DkfqxepÅeöf
htcnf(Heveyèz)
èXéjeÖeyp
Uefyxéje(Rb
nfq).Dcèdjyb
pjåhfétyèyf
ajnjdybpe.3
Lev rb, db rkf lt yè e wèq cnf nnè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dè ljå hf éf ñnm gj ukz lb
xb gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.
HjåthnRfqpth/
LthéfdybqltgfhnfvtynCIF
42 
eJournal USA
zrghfwñæcbcNtvf
dbåèhjcyjdyjÿcGtwèfkèpfwèÿ
drjktléè
Fd njh lfæ db pyf xty yz jc yjd yjÿ cgt wèf kè pf wèÿ nf lhe ujÿ
cgt wèf kè pf wèÿ d frf lt vèx yj ve hj pe vèy yè wbö nth vè yèd è
ghj gj yeæ rj hbc yè gj hf lb cne lty nfv, rjn hè db åb hf ñnm
cgt wèf kè pf wèñ. Kèy lf Nj åfi – lb htr njh cne ltyncmrjÿ
ckeé åb Eyè dth cb nt ne vèé yf hjl yjÿ jc dè nb.
≤Zr è åèkm iècnm kñ ltq, z le ét lj åht gf v’z nfñ njq hèr,
rj kb z db pyf xbd cz èp cgt wèf kè pf wèæñ. Z nhb hf pb ghbq vfd
hè ity yz≥.
LjrnjhLtdèlÅhfeykè,ghjatcjhècnjhèÿvbcntwnd,Gtycbkm
dfycmrbqeyèdthcbntn
(http://www.college.upenn.edu/curriculum/major_choosing.
html).
Rjkbnhtåfdbåbhfnbèpcjntymcgtwèfkèpfwèqènbczx
rjktléèdnfeyèdthcbntnèd–zrgèlcnegbnbczlj
dbåjhenjuj,ojèltdbdxfnb?Ltönjcgjxfnredbåb
hfæ,ltdxbnbcz:edtkbrjveeyèdthcbntnèxbdytdtkbxrjve
uevfyènfhyjverjktléèfåj,yfghbrkfl,ecgtwèfkèpjdfyjve
pfrkflèpghjuhfvfvbdbdxtyyzèyétythyjÿcghfdb,rjvg’ñ
nthèdxbèyajhvfnbrb;dvècnèxbdcèkmcmrèqvècwtdjcnè;
gjhzlèpgkzétvxbdujhfö,gjhzlèpåfnmrèdcmrbvuyèpljv
xbgjlfkèdèlymjuj;dpfrkflè,zrbqyflfæaèyfycjdeljgj
vjue,xbnfv,ltvjéyfpfqyznbczgtdybvbgjpfghjuhfvyb
vbpfyznnzvb,zrjn:uhfnbeaenåjkmyèqrjvfylè,ghfwñ
dfnbyfeyèdthcbntncmrèqhflèjcnfywèÿfåjdntktcnelèÿ,
ufptnè,ntfnhèxbrèyjcnelèÿ.Fktåfufnjönj,jlyfr,cgjxfnre
dbåbhfæcgtwèfkèpfwèñ,fgjnèvierfæyfdxfkmyèpfrkflb,
ltÿÿyfqrhfotpljåenb.
Yfdèlvèyedèlcbcntvbjcdènbdèyibörhfÿyfö,ltcgt
wèfkèpfwèzcneltynfdbpyfxfænmczvfnthèfkjv,dbdxtybve
cthtlyèqirjkè,xbjwèyrfvbyfdcnegyböècgbnfö,dFvt
hbwècneltynbåfpjdjujxjnbhbhèxyjujrjktlée,pfpdbxfq,
vjéenmdbåhfnbåelmzrbqyfdxfkmybqpfrkflèåelmzre
pfghjgjyjdfyeghjuhfveyfdxfyyz.Pdbxfqyj,dltzrbö
yfdxfkmyböpfrkflfö,dèljvböcdjæñdbåèhrjdècnñ,leét
dbcjrbqrjyrehc,èytåfufnjyflpdbxfqyjplèåyböñyfrèdè
lèdxfnpyfqdbobvbgjrfpybrfvbvjéenmnelbdcnegbnb,
KèylfNjåfi
Uhegbvjéenmåenbdtkbrbvbxbvfkbvb,ajhvfkmybvb
xbytajhvfkmybvb.GhjatcjheyèdthcbntneÅhfey,
infnHjl-Fqktyl,dtltpfyznnz.
CnñVèky.AP/WWP
43
eJournal USA

fktyfdènmevtyitkènyböpfrkflförjyrehcyfjrhtvècgt
wèfkmyjcnè,yfghbrkfl,vtlctcnhbxbèyétythf,åeltdbobv,
fdbvjubljdcnegybrèd–cnhjuèibvb.Ghjntdwèkjve
gthtlvfqåenyèvbcneltynfvbgjcnfæleétibhjrbqdbåèh.

YfdtåcfqnèCntyajhlcmrjujeyèdthcbntnevjéyfghj
xbnfnb:≤Cgtwèfkèpfwèz–wtcathfpyfym,zredbpåbhfæntcm
jgfyedfnbgèlxfcghjöjlétyyzåfpjdjujxjnbhbhèxyjuj
rehceyfdxfyyz.Dfidbåèhdbpyfxfæ,zrbqghtlvtnpfqvf
nbvtpyfxyexfcnbyedfijujyfdxfkmyjujxfceqcbk.Rjkb
dbjgfyeæntdcèytjåöèlyèrehcbpdbåhfyjÿcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ
èdbrjyfæntpfufkmyèdbvjubeyèdthcbntne,dfvghbcdjznm
cnegèymåfrfkfdhf.Dfifcgtwèfkèpfwèzlfcnmdfvpvjuehjp
dbdfnbyfdbxrbqdbzdbnbplèåyjcnèdhjpevèyyèghtlvtnf,
pyfqtktvtynfhyèijujqljyfqcrkflyèijujhèdyz.Dbåèh
dfijÿcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ–wtdfitjcjåbcnthèityyz≥(http://
www.stanford.edu/-susanz/Majors.html).
Dbåèhcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ–wtntcfvt,ojqerkfltyyzrjy
nhfrnevèéeyèdthcbntnjvècneltynjvghjnt,ojcne
ltynpjåjd’zpeænmczghjqnbgtdybqrehcyfdxfyyz,zrbq
crkflfænmczèppfufkmybödbvjuyfdxfyyz(njånjdbvju
eyèdthcbntne)nfdbvjuyfdxfkmyjÿcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ.Èyibvb
ckjdfvb,ghjuhfvfyfdxfyyzdeyèdthcbntnècrkflfnbvtnm
czytkbitprehcèd,ojdöjlznmljjcyjdyjÿcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ.
Yfcghfdlè,pfufkmyjjcdènyèghtlvtnbxbghtlvtnbpf
dbåjhjv,njånjghtlvtnb,zrècneltyncfvdbåbhfæèppf
ghjgjyjdfybörehcèdzrpfcgtwèfkèpfwèæñ,nfrèpfèyibvb
yfghzvfvb,vjéenmcnfyjdbnblj50–60fiecèöyfdxfkmybö
lbcwbgkèy,zrèckèljgfyedfnb.Xfcnrfpfufkmyjjcdènyèö
rehcèdcnjcjdyjrehcèdpfcgtwèfkèpfwèæñpfktébnmdèl
eyèdthcbntneèdbåhfyjÿcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ,fktdbvjufdbdxbnb
gtdyerèkmrècnmpfufkmyjjåjd’zprjdböghtlvtnèdècyeæd
ecèöyfdxfkmyböpfrkflfö.Fvthbrfycmrfcbcntvfåfpj
djÿjcdènbcdjÿvbrjhtyzvbczufænhflbwèquevfyènfhyjÿ
jcdènb,èpfufkmyjjcdènyèvlbcwbgkèyfvyflfænmczdtkbrt
pyfxtyyz.Vtnfåelmzrjÿxjnbhbhèxyjÿåfpjdjÿghjuhf
Ytdtkbrthtuekñdfyyz–èdtkbxtpybqvjnjhpfgecrfænmczdGtycbkmdfycmrjventöyjkjuèxyjverjktléè.Cnbgtylèñwèæÿcneltynrbpfåtpgtxtyjaèyfycfvb,
zrèpfgjdèdÅtyléfvèyAhfyrkèy.
GtnKènnk.AP/WWP
44 
eJournal USA
vbyfdxfyyzlkz
jnhbvfyyzcnegtyz
åfrfkfdhf–yf
dxbnbcneltynèdrhb
nbxyjvbckbnbè
yfdxbnbÿöexbnbcz
qjlthéfnbpyfyyz
dgtdyèqufkepè.
Eåfufnmjöpf
rkflföcneltynb
vjéenmjåhfnbyt
kbitjcyjdye,fq
lheuecgtwèfkèpfwèñ.
Lheufcgtwèfkèpfwèz,
pfpdbxfq,nècyjgj
d’zpfyfpjcyjdyjñ:
yfghbrkfl,fyukèq
cmrfvjdfvjét
åenbjcyjdyjñ,f
ntfnhfkmytvbcntw
ndj–lheujñcgtwèfkèpfwèæñcneltynffåj,crféèvj,ècnjhèz
–jcyjdyf,fgjkènjkjuèz–lheufcgtwèfkèpfwèzxbyfdgfrb.
Lkzpfdthityyzyfdxfyyzytjåöèlyjjgfyedfnbytåfufnj
ghtlvtnèdplheujÿcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ,zrèxfcnjpfhföjdeñnmcz
nfrjézrjåjd’zprjdèghtlvtnbpjcyjdyjÿcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ.
Dltzrböpfrkflföcneltynbenècyèqcgèdghfwèp
rehfnjhjvvjéenmhjphjåbnbèylbdèlefkmyeghjuhfve
cgtwèfkèpfwèÿ.Dctåèkmitcneltynèdjåbhfældèjcyjdyècgt
wèfkèpfwèÿ.Èyibvbckjdfvb,djybpfrèyxeñnmeyèdthcbntn,
dbrjyfdibdbvjubpjåjöghjaèkññxböghjuhfv.Cgtwèf
kèpfwèÿvjéenmåenbdpfævjgjd’zpfybvb,yfghbrkfl,zrldè
cecgèkmyèyferb–ècnjhèzqcjwèjkjuèz,fåjvjéenmåenb
pjdcèvhèpybvb–crféèvj,åèjkjuèzèkènthfnehf.Xfcnje
dbåjhèldjöjcyjdyböcgtwèfkèpfwèqcneltynbrtheñnmcz
åféfyyzvrhfotgèlujnedfnbczljvfqåenymjÿghjatcèqyjÿ
rfh’æhbfåjgjkègibnbcdjÿifycbyfdcnegdfcgèhfynehe.
Fktèyjlèdbåèhldjöcgtwèfkèpfwèqæhtpekmnfnjvjcjåbcnbö
egjljåfym.Ltzrèpfrkflbljpdjkzñnmjåbhfnbnhbcgtwèf
kèpfwèÿdjlyjxfc,èyièdbvfufñnmgjxthujdjujghjöjlétyyz
ghjuhfv.Pfufkjv,xfceyfjnhbvfyyzcnegtyzdbnhfxfænm
cznhjöbåèkmit,fktcneltynfvytnhtåfgjxbyfnbèyie
cgtwèfkèpfwèñpyekz.Pyfxyfxfcnbyfpfufkmyjjcdènyèö
ghtlvtnèdèyfdènmltzrèghtlvtnbpfdbåjhjvpfhföjdeñnm
czlkzdbrjyfyyzdbvjughjuhfvblheujÿcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ.
Ecèpfrkflbxènrjdbpyfxfñnmdbvjub,zrbövecznmlj
nhbvedfnbczcneltynb,ojåjlthéfnbcnegèym.Pfpdbxfq,
ojctvtcnhecneltynbpecnhèxfñnmczprehfnjhjv,zrbq
ljgjvfufæÿvdbåhfnbghtlvtnblkzdbrjyfyyzdbvju
ghjuhfvbyfdxfyyz.Eåèkmijcnèeyèdthcbntnèdcneltynfv
nfrjéyflfñnmlkzwmjujljlfnrjdèvfnthèfkb,nfrèzr
rjynhjkmybqcgbcjrdbvjulkzjnhbvfyyzcnegtyzfåj
dbrjyfyyzghjuhfvb.

Ltzrècneltynbdcnegfñnmljrjktlée,njxyjdbpyfxbd
ibcmèpghtlvtnjvdbdxtyyz,èyiènèkmrblevfñnm,oj
dbpyfxbkbcz,fltzrèytvfñnméjlyjujezdktyyz,ojé
dbåhfnb.Åèkmiècnmèpyböpvèybnmcgtwèfkèpfwèñ,ghbyfq
vyèöjxhfp.
JcrèkmrbvfqétldènhtnbybcneltynèdeCIFgèlxfc
yfdxfyyzpvèyññnmcgtwèfkèpfwèñ,fltönjdbghjåjdeæctåt
dxjnbhmjöxbg’znbcgtwèfkèpfwèzö,ltzrèeyèdthcbntnb
yflfñnmgthtdfuedbåjhecneltynfvbcgtwèfkèpfwèÿnèkmrb
gèckzgjxfnreyfdxfyyz.Fktyfdènmenböeyèdthcbntnfö,lt
dcnegybrbvecznmdrfpfnbcgtwèfkèpfwèñghbgjlfyyèlj
revtynèd,zrghfdbkj,duhfaècgtwèfkèpfwèÿvjéyfdbåhfnb
ajhvekñdfyyz≤ytdbpyfxtyf≥.
Öjxfcneltynfvdblèkzñnmjåvtétybqxfcyfdbåèhcgt
wèfkèpfwèÿ,jcrèkmrbåèkmiècnmghjuhfvyfdxfyyzhjphföjdf
yèyfxjnbhbhjrbè120pfkèrjdböåfkèd(≤rhtlbnèd≥)–lbd.
dhèpre,–xfcnjdjybdctnfrbvfñnmldfhjrbyfnt,ojå
dbpyfxbnbczpdbåjhjvèdcnbuyenbcdjæxfcyjpfdthibnb
yfdxfyyz.Pfpdbxfq,cneltynfvvècwtdbörjktléèd(yfdxfkm
yböpfrkflèdèpldjhèxyjñghjuhfvjñyfdxfyyz,gjpfrèy
xtyyèzrjÿghbcdjñænmczcnegèymvjkjlijujcgtwèfkècnf)
ljdjlbnmczdbpyfxfnbczyfåfufnjidblit.Nfrjécnelty
nfvåféfyjhfyèitdbpyfxbnbczpècgtwèfkèpfwèæñ,zroj
djåhfyèqghjuhfvèpyfxyfxfcnbyfghtlvtnèdyfktébnm
ljcathbcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ(yfghbrkfl,depmrjcgtwèfkèpjdfyè
lbcwbgkèybfåjltzrèvtlbxyècgtwèfkmyjcnè),ojgjnhtåeæ
dtkbrjÿrèkmrjcnègjgthtlyèörehcèd(åfpjdbörehcèd,zrè
cneltynbvecznmghjqnb,ojåpfgbcfnbczyfghtlvtngèldb
otyjujhèdyz).
Cneltynrfrfatlhbvbcntwnddtltrjycgtrnp
fyfnjvèÿdrjktléèvbcntwndfèlbpfqyeCfdfy-
yb,infnLéjhléèz.
Ghfrnbrfèothfpghfrnbrf–nfrtébnnzcneltynèdvepbxyjÿrfatlhbe
DèhuèycmrjveeyèdthcbntnèVthèDfibyunjy.
PljpdjkeeyèdthcbntneVthèDfibyunjy
PljpdjkerjktléevbcntwndfèlbpfqyeCfdfyyb
45
eJournal USA


Jlyècneltynbpföjgkññnmczzrbvjcmrjyrhtnybvghtl
vtnjv.Èyièecgèiyjdbdxbkbojcmecthtlyèqirjkè.Ltönj
égjcnfdbdcjåèpfvtnephjåbnbrfh’æhe,ojpevjdkñæ
dbåèhcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ:yfghbrkfl,ghjatcèzvtlctcnhb,gtlf
ujuf,ébdjgbcfåjèyétythyfcghfdf.Fktåfufnjcneltynèd
ghjcnjotytecdèljvbkbcdjujgjrkbrfyyz.Öjxf,vjékb
dj,djybqvfñnmezdktyyz,xbvöjnèkbåpfqvfnbczgjpf
rèyxtyyèyfdxfyyz,ghjntvjéenmxènrjythjpèåhfnbcz,zrè
ghtlvtnbljgjvjéenmÿvljczunbgjcnfdktyjÿvtnb.Zrghf
dbkj,åèkmijcnèghjatcèqgèlöjlbnmytjlyfcgtwèfkèpfwèz.
Yfcghfdlè,åfufnjpfrkflèdgjgthtléfñnm,ojdbåèhrfh’æhb
èdbåèhjcyjdyjÿcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ–wtldfhèpyböghjwtcb.
Åèkmiècnmdbrkflfxèdddféfñnm,ojedbåjhècgtwèfkèpf
wèÿcneltynbvecznmjhèæynedfnbczyfnt,xbvdjyböjxenm
pfqvfnbcz,zrèÿöyèplèåyjcnèèzrdjyböjxenmdxbnbcz.
Yfqrhfoèhtcehcb,ojljgjvfufñnmdbåhfnbcgtwèfkèpfwèñ,
yflfñnmczcfvbvbrjktléfvbqeyèdthcbntnfvb.Åèkmiècnm
pfrkflèdgeåkèreñnmyfcdjÿödtåcfqnfödtkbrerèkmrècnm
èyajhvfwèÿ,ghbpyfxtyjÿljgjvjunbedbåjhècgtwèfkèpfwèÿ.
Öjxfltzrèpfrkflbyfcdjÿöcfqnföyfdjlznmèyajhvfwèñ,
ojcnjceænmczkbitÿöyèöghjuhfvègjckeu,åfufnjèyibö
ghjgjyeñnmèyajhvfwèñ,zrevjéyfpfcnjcedfnbljevjd
åelmzrjujyfdxfkmyjujpfrkfle(lbd.dhèpre).
Yfqxfcnèitfåènehèæynfvècneltynfvlfñnmnfrègjhflb:
• Gèpyfqntctåtåèkmit.Zrèdfiècbkmyèèckfårècnj
hjybcnjcjdyjjcdènb?Ojdfvgjljåfænmcz?Ojdfc
wèrfdbnm?Zrèedfcwèyyjcnè?Ojdbpåbhfæntcmhjåbnb
åtpgjcthtlymjgjpfrèyxtyyèeyèdthcbntne:qnbghfwñdf
nbxbdxbnbczdfcgèhfynehè?
• Jwèyènmctåtzrjcjåbcnècnm,cdjÿhbcböfhfrnthe,
cdjÿèynthtcb.Zrojwtytvjékbdjphjåbnbedfièqct
htlyèqirjkèfåjdvècnè,pdthyènmczljFvthbrfycmrjuj
jcdènymjujèyajhvfwèqyjujxbrjycekmnfnbdyjujwtynhe
edfièqrhfÿyè.Dhfvrföghjuhfvb
EducationUSA
lèægj
yfl450nfrböwtynhède170hèpybörhfÿyfö(http://www.
educationusa.state.gov).
• Dèldèlfqntdtåcfqnbrfatlheyèdthcbntnèd.Gjlb
dènmcz,zrècgtwèfkèpfwèÿdjybghjgjyeñnm.Jwèyènm,zrè
ghtlvtnbdbrkflfñnmczèzrèdbvjubdbcedfñnmczlkz
jnhbvfyyzcnegtyz.Ltzrèghjatcjhbqdbrkflfxègeå
kèreñnmdÈynthytnèyfdxfkmyègkfybcdjÿörehcèd.Xbv
åèkmitdbljdèlfæntczghjrehcbqdbvjubljcgtwèfkèpf
wèÿ,nbvrhfot.
• RjkbdbghbÿltnteCgjkextyèInfnb,dèldèlfqnt
rfatlhbdeyèdthcbntnèqgjujdjhènmèpghfwèdybrfvb,
dbrkflfxfvbècneltynfvb.
• Pfqlènmljwtynheghjatcèqyjÿjhèæynfwèÿèpyfqlènm
èyajhvfwèñghjnt,zrègjcflbpfqyzkbdbgecrybrbeyè
dthcbntneèzrecgtwèfkmyècnmdjybdbdxfkb.
• Rjkbdbgjxytntyfdxfyyz,cghjåeqntgjöjlbnbyf
hèpyèrehcbyfhèpybörfatlhfö.Gjpyfqjvntczpdbrkf
lfxfvb,zrèdbrkflfñnmjcyjdyèrehcbpfcgtwèfkèpfwèæñ,
èljdèlfqntcm,zrècneltynbnfvyfdxfñnmcz.
• Zrojdfvplfænmcz,ojdbjåhfkbytnecgtwèfkèpf
wèñ,ytödbkñqntcz,åèkmiècnmcneltynèdeCIFpvèyñ
ñnmcgtwèfkèpfwèñ.Ytdfhnjnhbvfnbczpfcgtwèfkèpfwèñ,
zrfdfvytgjljåfænmczfåjytwèrfdf.
• Ytgkenfqntdbåèhghjatcèqyjÿrfh’æhbpdbåjhjvjc
yjdyjÿcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ.Åelmzrfcgtwèfkèpfwèzgèlujneædfc
ljrèkmrjöhèpybögjcflevfqåenymjve.Zryfgbcfyjyf
dtåcfqnèDfibyunjycmrjujeyèdthcbntne,≤dbofjcdènf
ujneædfcljdböjleyfhbyjrghfwè,fktytjåvtéeædfc
gtdyjñghjatcèæñ≥
(http://www.washington.edu/students/ugrad/advising/
majchoos.html).3
Lev rb, db rkf lt yè e wèq cnfn nè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dè ljå hf éf ñnm gj ukz lb
xb gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.
LtvèfyLjdfhutqyc.AP/WWP
CneltyneyèdthcbntneRfhytuè-Vtkkjyfghbrhègkñævtlfkmyfvfibye
åtpdjlèz,zrfdbuhfkfghbpèzreqjujrjvfylfghbdtpkfpGtycbkmdfyèÿ
yfpvfufyyzdYtdfle.
46 
eJournal USA


Dbåèhjcyjdyjÿcgtwèfkèpfwèÿvjétdbzdbnbczytghjc
nbvpfyznnzv.E≤Ljdèlybreèpcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ≥
(Book of
Majors)
Hflbrjktléèdjgbcfyjgjyfl900cgtwèfkèpfwèq,
pfghjgjyjdfyböe3600rjktléfönfeyèdthcbntnfö.
Öjxfltzrèrybubvjéenmljgjvjunbjåhfnbcgtwèfkèpf
wèñ,zrfdfvyfqåèkmitèvgjyeæ,dfhnjnfrjédèldèlfnb
dtåcfqnbeyèdthcbntnèd,ltvjéyfpyfqnbrjhbcyeq
åtprjinjdyeèyajhvfwèñ.
Ecèrjktléèqeyèdthcbntnbgeåkèreñnmgjdyècgbc
rbvjékbdböcgtwèfkèpfwèqèghjuhfvyfdxfyyzlkz
jnhbvfyyzcnegtyzdeyèdthcbntncmrböljdèlybrföè
yfcdjÿödtåcfqnfö.Xfcnjdjybnfrjéyflfñnmåfufnj
èyajhvfwèÿ,èycnhevtynèdèhtcehcèd,ojljgjvfufñnm
phjpevènbèdbåhfnbcgtwèfkèpfwèñ.Yfghbrkfl,yfcfqnè
eyèdthcbntneVèyytcjnbnfrfèyajhvfwèzghjpd’zpjr
cgtwèfkèpfwèÿdeyèdthcbntnèèghjatcèqyjÿrfh’æhbvèc
nbnmczehjplèkè≤Rjycgtrnpdbåjheèpvèybcgtwèfkèpf
wèÿ≥
(“A Workbook for Choosing and Changing Your Major”)
(http://ucs1.ucs.umn.edu/www/majorworkbook.html).
Hèp yj db lb jc yjd ybö cgt wèf kè pf wèq
Ltzrècgtwèfkèpfwèÿnècyjgjd’zpfyèpgtdybvbghjat
cèzvb,njlèzrèyièytvfñnmnfrjujjlyjpyfxyjuj
pd’zpre.Pnjxrbpjhegèlujnjdrbljrfh’æhbcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ
vjéyfhjplèkbnbyfnhbrfntujhèÿ:
Yt jhè æy nj df yè ghja tcèq yj
Wècgtwèfkèpfwèÿytujneñnmljgtdyjÿghjatcèÿfåjhj
åjnbdgtdyèqufkepè.Nfrfghjuhfvfvjétcnfnbghjat
cèqyjjhèæynjdfyjñdgjælyfyyèpljcdèljvhjåjnb
fåjnheljdjñghfrnbrjñ.Ghbrkfljvvjéenmåenbnfrè
cgtwèfkèpfwèÿ,zrècnjhèz,gjkènjkjuèzècjwèjkjuèz.Lkz
ltrjujwècgtwèfkmyjcnèægèlujnjdrjñljyfdxfyyzyf
dbojvehèdyèfåjdevjdföhjåjnbxbfcgèhfynehb.
Ghja tcèq yj jhè æy nj df yè
Ghjatcèqyjjhèæynjdfyècgtwèfkèpfwèÿujneñnmcnelty
nèdljhjåjnbdgtdyèqufkepè,fktytljrjyrhtnyjÿ
ghjatcèÿ.Yfdxfyyzpfnfrjñghjuhfvjñgèlujneædfc
ljhjåjnbcnféthjv.Dlfkbvbghbrkflfvbæéehyfkèc
nbrf,vtytlévtynèvfntvfnbrf.
Ghja tcèq yè
Wècgtwèfkèpfwèÿåtpgjcthtlymjujneñnmljrjyrhtnyjÿ
hjåjnbxbghjatcèÿ.Nfrèghjuhfvbxfcnjhjphföjdfyè
yfyfdxfkmyegèlujnjdreljjnhbvfyyzghjatcèqyjÿkè
wtypèÿfåjcthnbaèrfwèÿ.Cthtlghbrkflèdvjéyfpuflfnb
gtlfujuère,ghjatcèñvtlctcnhbnfèyétythyecghfde.


Cèkmcmrt ujc gj lfh cndj
Dtnthbyfhèz
Pjjntöyèrf
Vtöfyèpfwèzdcèkmcmrjveujcgjlfhcndè
Jdjxèdybwndj
Gèlghbævybwndjèvtytlévtyne
cèkmcmrjveujcgjlfhcndè
Hjckbyjpyfdcndjèuheynjpyfdcndj
Cèkmcmrjujcgjlfhcmrfyferf
Eghfdkèyyzgfcjdboybvujcgjlfh
cndjv
Jå xbc kñ dfkm yf ntö yè rf
Åèåkèjntrjpyfdcndj
Veptÿèjöjhjyfrekmnehyböwèyyjcntq
Jåhjårflfybö
Jåxbckñdfkmyfvfntvfnbrf
Jåxbckñdfkmyfntöyèrfqèyajhvfwèq
yèntöyjkjuèÿ
Ghjuhfvedfyyz
Cbcntvbqvtytlévtynecathèèyajh
vfwèqyböntöyjkjuèq
Gt lf uj uè rf
Åèpytcjcdènf
Dbrkflfyyzèyjptvybövjd
Uevfyènfhyfjcdènf
Ldjvjdyf/vèérekmnehyfjcdènf
Ljirèkmyfjcdènf
Rjycekmnedfyyz
Vfntvfnbxyfjcdènf
Yfdxfyyzljhjckböègthtgèlujnjdrf
Jcdènfdufkepèvbcntwndf,vepbrbq
lhfvfnehuèÿ
Jcdènfdufkepènjxyböyfer
Jcdènfdcthtlyèqirjkè
Jcdènfdcnfhibörkfcföcthtlymjÿ
irjkb
Jcdènfdcathèljvjdjlcndf
Jcdènfdcathèjåxbckñdfkmyjÿntö
yèrb
Jcdènfdcathècecgèkmyböyfer
Gjxfnrjdfjcdènf
Ghjatcèqyfqghjvbckjdfjcdènf
Htkèuèqyfjcdènf
Cgtwèfkmyfjcdènf
Aèprekmnehyfjcdènf/Aènytc
47
eJournal USA

Èy ét yth yf cghf df
Fthjrjcvèxyfqfdèfwèqyfntöyèrf
Fhöèntrnehytghjtrnedfyyz
Fcnhjyfdnbrf
Åèjèyétythèz
Åèjvtlbxyfntöyjkjuèz
Åelèdtkmyfcghfdf
Utjltpèzèrfhnjuhfaèz
Uèhcmrfntöyèrfqjåhjårfvèythfkèd
Tktrnhbxytvfibyjåeledfyyz
Tktrnhjyèrf
Èyétythyfutjkjuèz
Èyétythyfutjaèpbrf
Vfibyjåeledfyyz
Vtnfkehuèz
Yfanjghjvbckjdfcghfdf
Jåxbckñdfkmyfntöyèrf
Ghjvbckjdfntöyèrfèghjtrnedfyyz
Cbcntvybqfyfkèpècbcntvbghjtrne
dfyyz
Cèkmcmrjujcgjlfhcmrfntöyèrf
Celyjåeledfyyz
Celyjdtvfibyjåeledfyyz
Ntöyèrfpd’zpre
Ntöyjkjuèzdbhjåybwndfrthfvèxybö
dbhjåèd
Ntöyjkjuèzvfnthèfkèd
Öèvèxyèntöyjkjuèÿ
Zlthyfntöyèrf
Ntö yj kj uèÿ, gj d’zpf yè p
èy ét yth yjñ cghf djñ
Rhtcktyyz
Fdnjvjåèkmytvfibyjåeledfyyzè
ntöyèrf
Tktrnhjntöyèrf
Tktrnhjvtöfyèrf
Trjkjuèxyèntöyjkjuèÿèntöyjkjuèÿ
tythujpåthtétyyz
Ntöyèxyfvtöfyèrf
Ntöyjkjuèÿjöjhjybpljhjd’zèåtpgtrb
yfdbhjåybwndè
Åelèdtkmyèntöyjkjuèÿ
Fdèfwèzègjdènhzyègthtdtptyyz
Gthtdtptyyzègjcnfxfyyz
Fy ukèq cmrf vj df è kè nt hf ne hf
Fvthbrfycmrfkènthfnehf
Fyukèqcmrfkènthfnehf
Fyukèqcmrfvjdf
Rkfcbxyfkènthfnehfqrkfcbxyfjcdènf
Kèyudècnbrf
Vjdktyyzèhbnjhbrf
Gbcmvtyybwmrfvfqcnthyècnm
Gjhèdyzkmyfkènthfnehf
Ntöyèxytqlèkjdtgbcmvj
Tn yju hf aèz
Fvthbrfyècnbrf
Fahbrfyècnbrf
Fahjfvthbrfycmrftnyjuhfaèz
Tnyjuhfaèzfpèfncmrjnböjjrtfycmrjuj
htuèjye
Tnyjuhfaèzrjhèyyjujyfctktyyz
Fvthbrb
Tnyjuhfaèzkfnbyjfvthbrfywèd
Èckfvècnbrf
Èelfÿrf
Rhfÿyjpyfdcndj–Ædhjgf
Rhfÿyjpyfdcndj–KfnbycmrfFvthbrf
Rhfÿyjpyfdcndj–ÅkbpmrbqCöèl
Èyj ptv yè vj db
Uhtwmrfvjdf
Èdhbn
Èyjptvyèvjdbèkènthfnehf
Ècgfycmrfvjdf
Ènfkèqcmrfvjdf
Rbnfqcmrfvjdf
Kfnbycmrfvjdf
VjdbFpèÿ
VjdbÅkbpmrjujCöjle
Yèvtwmrfvjdf
Gjhneufkmcmrfvjdf
Hjcèqcmrfvjdf
Crfylbyfdcmrèvjdb
Ckjd’zycmrèvjdb(rhèvhjcèqcmrjÿ)
Ahfywepmrfvjdf
Zgjycmrfvjdf
Pf ufkm yè q vèé lbc wbg kè yfh yè
yf erb
Uevfyènfhyèyferb
Ljckèlétyyzdufkepèatvèyèpve
Èylbdèlefkmyècgtwèfkèpfwèÿ
Vèélbcwbgkèyfhyèyferb
Hjpd’zpfyyzrjyakèrnèd
Cecgèkmcndjpyfdcndj
Vf nt vf nb rf
Frnefhyfvfntvfnbrf(aèyfycjdj
åeöufknthcmrèhjphföeyrb)
Vfntvfnbrf
Ghbrkflyfvfntvfnbrf
Cnfnbcnbrf
Dèq cmrj dè yf erb
Dèqcmrjdèyferb
Rhbvèyfkmyfñcnbwèzqjöjhjyf
ghfdjgjhzlre
Ghjnbgjétéybqpföbcnèåtpgtrf
Gfh rb è vjé kb djc nè dèl gj xby re
Flvèyècnhfwèzgfhrèd
Ljckèlétyyzdufkepècgjhne,dèlgjxby
reèljpdèkkz
Trjkjuèz
Rjytdjlcndj
Kècjdtujcgjlfhcndj
Kècjghjlerwèzqjåhjårfkèce
Vtytlévtyneufkepèlbrjÿghbhjlbq
hbåyjujujcgjlfhcndf
Yferfghjjöjhjyeljdrèkkz
Eghfdkèyyzjöjhjyjñljdrèkkz
Aè kj cj aèz, ht kè uèz è åj ujc kè d’z
Flvèyècnhfnbdyjujcgjlfhcmrteghfd
kèyyzhtkèuèqybvbpfrkflfvb
Åèåkèqyèvjdb
LjckèlétyyzÅèåkèÿ
Leöjdyfvepbrf
Htkèuèqyfjcdènf
Htkèuèzèåjujckèd’z
Aèkjcjaèz
Aèkjcjaèzèhtkèuèz
Pd’zp rb p uhj vfl cmrèc nñ è
ñhbc ghe lty wèz
Pd’zprbpuhjvflcmrècnñ/
Flvèyècnhedfyyz
Rhbvèyfkmyfñcnbwèzèjöjhjyf
ghfdjgjhzlre
Gjxfnrjdfñhblbxyfjcdènf
Ghfdjdfljgjvjuf
Ghbvecjdèpföjlb
Cjwèfkmyfljgjvjuf/Cjwèfkmyègjckeub
48 
eJournal USA
Ghb hjl yb xè yf erb
Fcnhjyjvèz
Fcnhjaèpbrf
Åèjkjuèxyècgtwèfkèpfwèÿ
Åèjkjuèz
Åèjaèpbrf
Åèjöèvèz
Åjnfyèrf
Dbdxtyyzfnvjcathbqvtntjhjkjuèÿ
Utjkjuèz
Pjjkjuèz
Rkènbyyfqvjktrekzhyfåèjkjuèz
Vèrhjåèjkjuèz/Åfrnthèjkjuèz
Vjhcmrfåèjkjuèz
Yferfghjptvkñèrjcvjc
Ghbhjljpyfdcndj
Ntöyjkjuèÿljckèlétym
Aèpbrf
Öèvèz
Cec gèkm yè yf erb
Fynhjgjkjuèz
Fhötjkjuèz
Utjuhfaèz
Trjyjvèrf
Ècnjhèz
Rhbvèyjkjuèz
Vèéyfhjlyècghfdb/dèlyjcbyb
Gjkènjkjuèz
Gcböjkjuèz
Cjwèjkjuèz
Eghfdkèyyz
Ehåfyècnbrf
Jå hf pjn djh xt q db rj yfd cmrt
vbc ntw ndj
Lbpfqy
Lbpfqyèynth’æhe
Lhfvfnbxytvbcntwndj
Rèytvfnjuhfaèz
Vepbrf
Jåhfpjndjhxtvbcntwndj
Htvècybwndjqrecnfhytdbhjåybwndj
Nfytwm
Ajnjuhfaèz
(Cgbcjrcrkfltyj
A2zcolle ges.com
)
Åèkmiècnmghjuhfvåfrfkfdhfnehjphföjdfyèyfxjnbhb
hjrbcnfwèjyfhyjujyfdxfyyz.Jnhbvfyyzcnegtyz
åfrfkfdhflfævjékbdècnmgjxfnbghjatcèqyehjåjnefåj
ghjljdébnbyfdxfyyzdfcgèhfynehè.Cnegtyèvjkjlijujcgt
wèfkècnf,zrèpfpdbxfqghbcdjññnmvècwtdèrjktléè,hjphföj
dfyèyfldfhjrbcnfwèjyfhyjujyfdxfyyz.Gèckzjnhbvfyyz
cnegtyzvjkjlijujcgtwèfkècnfvjéyfdbqnbyfhjåjnefåj
ghjljdébnbyfdxfyyzdpfrkflèpxjnbhbhèxyjñghjuhfvjñ.
Eåèkmijcnèdbgflrèdyfdxfkmybqhèrcrkflfænmczpldjö
ctvtcnhèdnhbdfkècnñgj15nbéyèdrjéty¡.
Yfdxfkmybqhèr,pfpdbxfq,gjxbyfænmczecthgyèfåj
dthtcyèènhbdfæljnhfdyzfåjxthdyz;zrghfdbkj,euhelyè
fåjcèxyèærjhjnrèpbvjdèrfyèrekb.Yfdxfyyzvjétghjöj
lbnbèdkènyèqctvtcnh–exthdyè,kbgyèè/fåjcthgyè,fkt
eåèkmijcnèdbgflrèdyfåfpjdjvehèdyèkènyæyfdxfyyzyt
jåjd’zprjdt.
Hj rb yf dxfy yz
Gthibqhèr–
freshman
(yjdfxjr)
Lheubqhèr–
sophomo re
(lheujrehcybr)
Nhtnèqhèr–
junior
(léeyèjh,cneltyngthtljcnfyymjuj
rehce)
Xtndthnbqhèr–
senior
(cnfhibq,cneltyndbgecryjuj
rehce)
¡ Cthtlèyibögjibhtyböcbcntvyfdxfkmyjujhjrevjé
yfyfpdfnbnhbvtcnhb,rjkbyfdxfkmybqhèrlèkbnmczyf
nhbhèdybögthèjlbgj10–12nbéyèdrjéty,è≤rdfhnfkmye≥
cbcntve,rjkbhèrlèkbnmczyfxjnbhbhèdyègthèjlbgj10
nbéyèdrjéty.Lkzyfdxfyyzyfcnfwèjyfhècneltynvecbnm
dèldèledfnbpfyznnzöjxfånhbpxjnbhmjöxdthntq.

49
eJournal USA

Lkzjnhbvfyyzcnegtyzåfrfkfdhfeåèkmijcnèdbgflrèd
nhtåfyfåhfnb120pfkèrjdböåfkèd(≤rhtlbnèd≥)(180,
zrojrjktléghfwñæpf≤rdfhnfkmyjñ≥cbcntvjñ).Vfh
ufhtnIfwvfypèCkeéåbjwèyñdfyyzlfyböghjjcdèned
Vèkejrè,infnDècrjycby,ghjgjyeænfrbqjgbccbcntvb
≤rhtlbnèd≥:
Cneltynbcnfwèjyfheåfpjdjujrehce,zrghfdbkj,vfñnm
jnhbvfnbytvtyit15≤rhtlbnèd≥pfctvtcnh,njånj30≤rht
lbnèd≥pfhèr.
Gth ibq hèr yf dxfy yz:dèl1lj30≤rhtlbnèd≥.
Lhe ubq hèr yf dxfy yz:dèl31lj60≤rhtlbnèd≥.
Nht nèq hèr yf dxfy yz:dèl61lj90≤rhtlbnèd≥.
Xtn dth nbq hèr yf dxfy yz:dèl91lj120≤rhtlbnèd≥.

Jlby≤rhtlbn≥ljhèdyñæ50ödbkbyfvyfdxfkmyjujxfce
(yfpfyznnè)dnbéltymghjnzujvjlyjujctvtcnhe(15nbé
yèd).Åèkmifxfcnbyfntjhtnbxybörehcèdåfpjdjujhèdyz
trdèdfktynyf3fåj4≤rhtlbnfv≥rjéty.Nfrbvxbyjv,ojå
jnhbvfnbpfhföedfyyz≤nhbrhtlbnyjujrehce≥,cneltyngjdb
ytyghjdjlbnbyfpfyznnzögj50ödbkbynhbxèyfnbéltym.
Eåèkmijcnècneltynèdåfpjdjujhèdyzdrjéyjvectvtcnhègj
5rehcèd,njvedpfufkmyèqcevèdjybyfåbhfñnm15≤rhtlb
nèd≥pfctvtcnh.Nfrbvxbyjv,cneltynbghjdjlznmåkbpmrj
15ujlbyyfnbéltymyfpfyznnzö.Rhèvxfce,ghjdtltyjujd
felbnjhèÿ,ljlfnrjdbqxfcdbnhfxfænmczyfgèlujnjdre,dnjve
xbckèyfxbnfyyz,dbrjyfyyzljvfiyèöpfdlfym,pfyznnze
åèåkèjntwèqyfgèlujnjdreljjgbnedfyyznfrjynhjkmybö
hjåèn.



Jlby≤rhtlbn≥ghbhèdyñænmczljldjö–xjnbhmjö50
ödbkbyyböpfyznmdfelbnjhèÿyfnbéltymghjnzujvjlyjuj
ctvtcnhe.Èyibvbckjdfvb,yfpfyznnzöpkfåjhfnjhyjuj
xbghfrnbxyjujrehcefåjyfpfyznnzöecnelèÿcneltynb
ghjdjlbnbvenmyfnbéltyme2–4hfpbåèkmitxfcedfelbnj
hèÿ,yèéyfpfyznnzöpntjhtnbxyjujrehce.Gèlujnjdrfgjpf
felbnjhèæñghbwmjvevèyèvfkmyffåjpjdcèvytdbvfufænm
cz.Yfghbrkfl,lkzpfcdjæyyzkfåjhfnjhyjujrehce,pfzrbq
cneltynjnhbveældf≤rhtlbnb≥,ytjåöèlyjåeltghjdjlbnbd
kfåjhfnjhèÿ,zrvèyèvev,ldèxèyfnbéltymgjldf50ödbkby
ybögthèjlb.

N
enyfdtltyjltzrèdtåcfqnbfvthbrfycmrböeyèdthcbntnèd,
zrèlfñnmrjhbcyeèyajhvfwèñcneltynfv(cfqnbhtrjvty
ljdfyjfdnjhjv).
Cfqn Rf kè ajh yèq cmrj uj eyè dth cb nt ne d Åth rkè (http://
ls-advise.berkeley.edu/choosingmajor/intro.html)lfædbpyfxtyyz,
ojnfrtcgtwèfkèpfwèz,hjpgjdèlfæ,zrgèlujnedfnbczljdbåjhe
cgtwèfkèpfwèÿègjlfnbpfzdeljrèywzlheujujhjreyfdxfyyz,
hjpukzlfæltzrèytghfdbkmyèezdktyyzghjcgtwèfkèpfwèÿè
dbåèhghjatcèqyjÿrfh’æhbèghjgjyeægjhflbcneltynfv,zr
dbpyfxbnblkzctåtvtnejcdènb.
Yf cfq nè eyè dth cb nt ne Vèy yt cj nb(http://ucs1.ucs.umn.
edu/www/majorworkbook.html)dbpyfqltntdbpyfxtyyzcgt
wèfkèpfwèÿ,zrtlfæLéjyUjkkfyl.Gthtkèxeñnmczafrnjhb,zrè
dgkbdfñnmyfdbåèhcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ:èynthtcb,yfdbxrb,wèyyjcnè
qöfhfrnthyè≤nbgb≥jcjåbcnjcnè,ojljgjvjétcneltynfv
rhfotphjpevènb,ljzrjujnbgedjybyfktéfnmèzrècgtwèfkè
pfwèÿÿvvjéenmgèlèqnb.
Eyè dth cb ntn inf ne Jr kf öj vf(http://home.okstate.edu/
homepages.nsf/toc/chp15_1)hjphjåbdgjhflybr≤Gèlujnjdrf
ljdbojÿjcdènb101≥,ltvjéyfpyfqnbåfufnjhtrjvtylfwèq
ghjnt,ojytjåöèlyjphjåbnbljgjxfnreyfdxfyyzèojnht
åfpyfnb,rjkbgjxbyfñnmczpfyznnz.Nfvnfrjéæhjplèkghj
dbåèhcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ.
Cfqn eyè dth cb nt ne inf ne Gty cbkm df yèz(http://www.
psu.edu/dus/md/mdmisper.htm)hjpgjdècnmghjgjljkfyyzgj
ibhtybööbåyböezdktymcnjcjdyjcgtwèfkèpfwèq,yfghbrkfl,
ghjnt,ojdbåèhcgtwèfkèpfwèÿèghjatcèqyjÿrfh’æhb–wtyt
jlytèntcfvt,fåjojdbåèhjlyèæÿcgtwèfkèpfwèÿytjpyfxfæ
dèlvjdedèlecèöèyibö.
Cfqn Gty cbkm dfy cmrj uj eyè dth cb nt ne(http://www.
college.upenn.edu/curriculum/major_factors.html)ghjgjyeæ
cneltynfv≤rjynhjkmybq≥cgbcjrlkznjuj,ojådjybpvjukb
dbpyfxbnbcdjÿèynthtcb,vjnbdfwèÿèwèkè.

50 
eJournal USA
Db vj ub, zrè db ce df ñnm cz gt htl cne lty nf vb yf pf yzn
nzö, pf kt éfnm dèl db rkf lf xf è ghtl vt nf, fkt, pf uf kjv,
cbc nt vf fvt hb rfy cmrjÿ db ojÿ jc dè nb gt htl åf xfæ fr nbd
ye exfcnm cne lty nf d ct vè yf hfö è db rj yfy yz lj vfi yèö
pf dlfym ghj nz ujv ecmj uj reh ce. Gèl cev rj df jwèy rf xfc nj
db pyf xf ænm cz jwèy rf vb pf rjy nhjkm yè hj åj nb ghj nz
ujv ct vtc nhe è pf èc gbn, f nf rjé èy ib vb gj rfp yb rf vb
jg hf wñ dfy yz ghtl vt ne. Fd njh gj zc yñæ ltz rè cbc nt vb
jwè yñ dfy yz. Kèy lf Nj åfi – lb htr njh cne ltyncmrjÿ ckeé
åb Èy cnb ne ne vèé yf hjl yjÿ jc dè nb.
Öjxfrjétydbrkflfxvjétvfnbdkfcybqcnbkmè
dbvjubljcneltynèd,dfvthbrfycmrböeyèdthcbnt
nfödèlcneltynèdpfufkjvxtrfñnmfrnbdyjÿexfcnè
dyfdxfkmyjveghjwtcè.Zrghfdbkj,yfgthijvepfyzn
nèdbrkflfxhjplfæcneltynfvyfdxfkmybqgkfyrehce
fåjlfæflhtcedtåcfqne,ltwtqgkfyjgeåkèrjdfyj.D
ymjvedrfpfyjvtnerehce,gjpfrkfcytxbnfyyzèpfdlfy
yz,cbcntvejwèyñdfyyz,ghfdbkfdèldèledfyyzqythèlrj
–pfufkmyegtlfujuèxyeaèkjcjaèñxbgèlöèldbrkflfxf
ljdbrkflfyyz.Cthtlyfqgjibhtyèibödbvjudbrkflfxèd
vjéyfyfdtcnbnfrè:
• Cne ltyn gj db yty dèl dè le df nb pf yzn nz.Dåf
ufnmjöpfrkflföcfvèdbrkflfxèdbpyfxfñnmghfdbkf
dèldèledfyyzpfyznm.Fktvjétècyedfnbècgèkmyflkz
dcmjujpfrkflecbcntvfdèldèledfyyz,yfghbrkfl,cne
ltynbytgjdbyyèghjgecrfnbåèkmitnhmjöpfyznmpf
ctvtcnh.Ythèlrj,fdltzrböpfrkflföjåjd’zprjdj,pf
dèldèledfyyzvpfyznmdtltnmczrjynhjkm.Xfcnjghjgecr
pfyznmvjétdgkbyenbyfrèywtdejwèyrecneltynf(lbd.
dhèpre).Ljnjujé,ltzrèdbrkflfxèdkfinjdeñnmytcgjlè
dfyèjgbnedfyyz.Zrojcneltynghjgecrfæpfyznnz,dèy
ghjgecrfæqjgbnedfyyz,ojnfrjévjétdgkbyenbyf
rèywtdejwèyre.
• Cne ltyn vfæ åe nb gèl uj njd kt ybq lj pf yzn
nz.Dyfdxfkmyjvegkfyèghjatcjhpfufkjvdrfpeædcè
pfdlfyyz.Cneltynbgthtlpfyznnzvgjdbyyèghjxbnf
nbytjåöèlybqvfnthèfkèåenbujnjdbvbjåujdjhbnb
qjuj.Èyrjkbcneltynbvfñnmpèåhfnbczduhegbèhfpjv
pfyznnzdfelbnjhèzö
GhjnzUjvGthIböxjnbhmjö
hjrèdyfdxfyyz
KèylfNjåfi
Cneltynbgjdbyyèåhfnbfrnbdyeexfcnmdjåujdjhtyyzöerkfcè.
VfqrkRjyhjq.AP/WWP
51
eJournal USA

ghfwñdfnbyflpfdlfyyzv.Eåèkmijcnègjcèåybrèdlkz
cneltynèddbpyfxfænmcz,zrdfékbdjhtuekzhyjdbrjye
dfnbpfdlfyyzèytdèlcnfdfnb.Jåczuhjåjnbvjétåenb
nfrbvdtkbrbv,ojxfcnjcneltyn,zrbqdèlcnfd,eétyt
pvjétyfpljuyfnbuhege.Nfrojleétdfékbdjqnbd
yjuepecèvf.
• Cneltyngjdbytycdjæxfcyjplfdfnbdcèpfdlfyyz.Zr
ghfdbkj,jwèyrepfpfdlfyyz,zrtåekjdbrjyfyjgèpyèit
dèldrfpfyjujnthvèye,åeltpybétyj.Ltzrèdbrkflfxèpf
éjlyböjåcnfdbyytghbqvfñnmpfdlfyyz,plfyèèppfgèp
ytyyzv.
• Cneltyngjdbytyåhfnbexfcnmehjåjnèuhegb.Edt
kbrböfelbnjhèzöyfktrwèzö,ltvjétåenbåèkmityèé
200cneltynèd,lbcrecèÿvèédbrkflfxtvècneltynfvb
pfpdbxfqjåvtétyè.Ghjntyfåèkmijcnèpfyznmeuhegfö
rèkmrècnmkñltqyfåfufnjvtyifqexfcnmdjåujdjhty
yèythèlrjæcrkflybrjvpfufkmyjÿjwèyrb.Cneltynb
vfñnmytkbitdèlgjdèlfnbyfpfgbnfyyz,fktqcnfdbnb
ÿö.Pfdlfyyzåèkmijÿxfcnbybrehcèd–cgjyerfnbcne
ltynèdljjcvbcktyyzvfnthèfke,zrbqdbdxfænmcz,èlj
ajhvedfyyzÿöymjÿdkfcyjÿlevrb.Èyibvbckjdfvb,
cneltynbvfñnmytghjcnjdbdxbnbvfnthèfk,fqhjp
dbyenb,dbckjdbnbèjåuheynedfnbdkfcybqgjukzlyf
ghtlvtnxbntve.
Njxjujckèlxtrfnbcneltynjdèdèlnjujxbèyijujdble
pfyznm,zrèdèy,vjékbdj,dèldèledfnbvt?Erjktléèvjét
ècyedfnbhèpyfrèkmrècnmhèpyjvfyènyböghtlvtnèd,zrèlj
dtltnmczdbdxfnb.Yfgthijverehcèxfcnjnhtåfåeltdèl
dèledfnbktrwèÿ,yfzrböghbcenyè100èåèkmitcneltynèd.
Yfnfrböktrwèzöpdtkbrjñrèkmrècnñdèldèledfxèdxfcnj
gjlfænmczdtkbrbqjåczuvfnthèfkeècneltynbgjdbyyè
dtcnbrjycgtrnb.Yfnfrbörehcfövjéenmxfcnjghjdjlb
nbjgbnedfyyzèrjynhjkmyèhjåjnb.Vjékbdj,cneltynb
ghfwñdfnbvenmeyfdxfkmyböuhegföpvtyijñrèkmrècnñ
CneltynbghfwññnmekfåjhfnjhèÿCöèlyjujVtyyjyèncmrjujeyèdthcbntne
dDèhuèyèÿ.
E
CIFyfqxfcnèitdébdfænmczcbcntvfjwèyjrdèl
Flj
F
(0–4),lt
A
=4
B
=3
C
=2
D
=1(fvthbrfycmrfrjywtgwèz)
F
=0(
failure
–ytpfljdèkmyj,èyjlèyfpbdfænmczT)
Èy iè gj ib ht yè jwèy rb
I
=
incomp lete
(ytpfdthityj)
W
=
withdrawal
(dèlvjdf)
WU
=
unof ficial withdrawal
(ytjaèwèqyfdèlvjdf)
Audit
=ghjckeöjdedfyyzrehceåtpdbcnfdktyyz
jwèyrb,åtpjnhbvfyyz≤rhtlbnèd≥,dèldèlfyyzpfyznm
èdbrjyfyyzpfdlfym
Pass/Fail
=ghjöjlétyyzrehcepjnhbvfyyzvpfkère
fåjåtpjnhbvfyyzpfkère,åtpghjöèlyjujåfke
Pass/No cred it
=ghjöjlétyyzrehcefåjpjnhbvfy
yzvpfkère,fåjåtppfhföedfyyz≤rhtlbne≥;yèzrbö
ytufnbdyböåfkèd
Rjétyghjatcjhdcnfyjdkñæcdjÿrhbnthèÿjwè
yñdfyyzhjåjnbcneltynèdèdbcnfdktyyzgèlcev
rjdjÿjwèyrbpghtlvtne.Zrghfdbkj,dbrkflfxè
gjzcyññnmcdjñcbcntvejwèyñdfyyzegthibq
ltympfyznm,drkñxfñxbwèlfyèljyfdxfkmyjuj
gkfye.Xfcnjghjatcjhgjzcyñæ,zråeltjwèyñdfnb
rjynhjkmyèèrehcjdèhjåjnb.Leéthèlrjgèlcevrjdf
jwèyrfdbpyfxfænmczkbitjlyèæñrehcjdjñhjåj
njñfåjjlybvècgbnjv;pfpdbxfqjwèyrfcrkflfænm
czpgtdyjÿrjvåèyfwèÿnfrbörhbnthèÿd:
•fiexfcnmehjåjnèdfelbnjhèÿ
•fijgbnedfyyzqrjynhjkmyèhjåjnb
•fiècgbnecthtlbyèctvtcnhe
•figèlcevrjdbqècgbn
•figèlcevrjdfrehcjdfhjåjnf

PljpdjkeCöèlyjujVtyyjyèncmrjujeyèdthcbntne
52 
eJournal USA
dèldèledfxèd,fåjpecnhèxfnbvenmczjcjåbcnjpdbrkflfxtv,
fåjdbrjyedfnbvenmpfdlfyyz,hjpvèotyèeåfpèlfyböwmj
ujghtlvtne.
Jlyfråèkmiècnmrehcèdjöjgkñæyfåfufnjvtyitcne
ltynèd–30–40jcèåyfpfyznnè.Jcmnencgèkredfyyzvèé
cneltynfvbuhfæleétdfékbdehjkm.Pgèldbotyyzvhèdyz
crkflyjcnèghtlvtnehjpvèhbuhegbpvtyieñnmcz,fltzrè
ghtlvtnbdbrkflfñnmyfctvèyfhföeuhegföp10fåj
vtyitexfcybrèd.Enfrbövfktymrböuhegföyflpdbxfqyj
dfékbdfgèlujnjdrfljpfyznnzèplfnyècnmåhfnbfrnbdye
exfcnmehjåjnè.
Cthtlèyiböpfyznmvjéenmåenbkfåjhfnjhyèhjåjnb,
yfqxfcnèitpghbhjlybxböyferèvfntvfnbrb,vtnjñ
zrböæghjdtltyyzljckèlèd.Cneltynbyfdèllèktyyzöjå
hfpjndjhxjujvbcntwndfvjéenmjxèredfnb,ojdbdxtyyz
ltzrböghtlvtnèdghjöjlbnbvtdcnelèÿèjöjgkñdfnbvt
zrntjhèñ,nfrèghfrnbredbrjyfyyzzrjujcmghjtrne.Nfr
cfvjåfufnjrehcèdnfywñhbcnèd,frnjhèd,cgèdfrèd,vepbrfy
nèdcrkflfnbvenmczpghfrnbxyböpfyznmèdbcnegèd.
Cneltynbvjéenmljvjdbnbczghjghjöjlétyyzltzrbö
rehcèdpfèylbdèlefkmybvbgkfyfvb.Zrghfdbkj,cneltyn
hfpjvèpdbrkflfxtvhjphjåkzænfrbqyfdxfkmybqgkfy,d
zrjvevècnbnmczghjdtltyyzljckèlétym,yfgbcfyyzrehcj
djÿhjåjnbnfhjprkflrjycekmnfwèqpdbrkflfxtvghjnz
ujvctvtcnhe.
Dctåèkmiteyèdthcbntnèdyflfñnmcneltynfvvjékb
dècnmdbåbhfnbajhveyfdxfyyz:jxyèrehcb(jcjåbcnt
dèldèledfyyz)fåjÈynthytnrehcb(lbcnfywèqytyfdxfyyz).
Ythèlrjjlyècneltynbdbdxfñnmltzrèrehcb,dèldèleñxb
pfyznnz,fèyiè–xthtpÈynthytn.Yfdènmdevjdföpdbxyjuj
jxyjujyfdxfyyzdbrkflfxèdctxfcnèitdbrjhbcnjdeñnm
Èynthytnlkzgeåkèrfwèÿljlfnrjdjÿèyajhvfwèÿèljvfi
yèöpfdlfym,fnfrjéhjpvèoeñnmgjcbkfyyzyfljlfnrjdè
htcehcb.Njveytjåöèlyjjcdjÿnbtktrnhjyyecbcntve,zrf
ècyeædyfdxfkmyjvepfrkflè.
Lkzltzrböcneltynèdxfcnbyfyfdxfyyzvjétghjqnb
edbukzlènheljdjÿghfrnbrb.Vtnfnfrjÿghfrnbrb–pf
rhègbnbntjhtnbxyèpyfyyzghfrnbxybvbyfdbxrfvb,f
nfrjélfnbcneltynfvpvjuejwèybnb,xbgèlöjlbnmÿvwtq
dbllèzkmyjcnè.Pfpdbxfq,cneltynbghfwññnmerjvgfyèzö,
nècyjgjd’zpfyböpècathjñÿöymjÿcgtwèfkèpfwèÿ.Zrojpf
ghfrnbrevjéyfjlthéfnb≤rhtlbn≥,zrbqpfhföjdeænmcz
lkzjnhbvfyyzcnegtyz,njcneltynfvljdjlbnmczxfcnj
åhfnbexfcnmegthèjlbxyböpecnhèxföuhegb,ojåjåujdj
hbnbljcdèl,jnhbvfybqgèlxfcghfrnbrb.Ghfrnbrfvjét
jgkfxedfnbcz,fktdåèkmijcnèdbgflrèddjyffåjdpfufkèyt
jgkfxeænmcz,fåjjgkfxeænmczxfcnrjdj.Dltzrböufkepzö,
yfghbrkfl,dèyétythyèqcghfdè,cneltynfvgjcnèqyjhtrj
vtyleñnmghjöjlbnbnheljdeghfrnbreyfkènyèörfyère
kfö.Zrghfdbkj,pfkènyñghfrnbreyfdxfkmybq≤rhtlbn≥
ytpfhföjdeænmcz.
Otjlyftatrnbdyfvjltkmdrkñxfæuhjvflcmrelè
zkmyècnmljghjuhfvyfdxfyyzfåjlfæcneltynfvpvjue
pfqvfnbczuhjvflcmrjñhjåjnjñ,ojjåjd’zprjdjdöjlbnm
ljyfdxfkmyjujgkfye.Duhjvflcmrèqlèzkmyjcnèjcjåkbdf
edfufghblèkzænmczpfcnjcedfyyñntjhtnbxyböpyfymyf
ghfrnbwèlkzhjpd’zpfyyzghjåktvrjyrhtnyjÿcgèkmyjnb.
Nfrfghjuhfvfgjrkbrfyfytkbityflfnbljgjvjuekñ
lzv,cajhvedfnbecneltynèdgjxennzuhjvflzycmrjÿdèlgjdè
lfkmyjcnè,fqcghbznbhjpdbnrjdèeyböyfdbxjrèdèlxennz
yfktéyjcnèljltvjrhfnbxyjujcecgèkmcndf.3
Lev rb, db rkf lt yè e wèq cnf nnè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dè ljå hf éf ñnm gj ukz lb
xb gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.
Rèvyfnfdcneltyncmrjveuehnjébnre–wtvècwtlkzcye,yfdxfyyzèdèlgj-
xbyredeyèdthcbntnèLéjycjyfC.CvènfdGèdyèxyèqRfhjkèyè.
PljpdjkeeyèdthcbntneLéjycjyfC.Cvènf
Wècneltynbåèpytc-irjkbeyèdthcbntneGèdyèxyjÿRfhjkèybdIfhkjnnècke-
öfñnmktrwèñdfelbnjhèÿ-fvaèntfnhè,jlyjvepåfufnmjöhèpyjvfyènybö
dblèdfelbnjhèqdfvthbrfycmrbörjktléfö
DtqlÅhenjy/EyèdthcbntnGèdyèxyjÿRfhjkèybdIfhkjnnè
53
eJournal USA

Rji nb yf yf dxfy yz
åèkm ijc nè fvt hb rfy
cmrbö cne lty nèd db lè kz ñnm cz p cè vtq ybö pf jof létym,
gj pbr, uhfy nèd è pf hj åèn rèd. E èyj ptv ybö cne lty nèd yt
pf délb æ nf rè vjé kb djc nè, è d wèq cnfn nè vb lfæ vj
gj hf lb, lt vjé yf pyfq nb èy ajh vf wèñ ghj aè yfy cj de
gèl nhbv re.
Yfdxfnbczdfvthbrfycmrjverjktléèxbeyèdthcbnt
nèleétljhjuj.Hèryfdxfyyzdjlyjvepghjdèlybö
eyèdthcbntnèdpxjnbhbhèxyjñghjuhfvjñvjét
rjinedfnblj50nbczxljkfhèd,ytdhföjdeñxbljlfnrjdbö
dbnhfnyfnhfycgjhn,ébnkjnjoj.Pdbxfqyj,ècyeñnmè
ltitdièdfhèfynbyfdxfyyzdrjktléfö,zrèntélfñnmjcdè
neyfdbcjrjvehèdyè.Eåfufnmjöxjnbhbhèxybörjktléfö
yfdxfyyzrjinedfnbvtdfvytvtyit,yèé10nbczxljkfhèd
yfhèr,fgthtdféyfåèkmiècnmèpybögjnhfgkzæljwèyjdjÿ
rfntujhèÿdèl20lj30nbczxljkfhèdyfhèr.Jgkfnfjcdènb
lèntqcnfkfjlybvèpjcyjdyböxbyybrèddbnhfndfvthb
rfycmrböcèv’zö.Åfufnjönjgjxbyfædèlrkflfnbrjinb
otghbyfhjlétyyèlbnbyb,fdltzrböinfnföghfwññnm
pfjöjxedfkmyèghjuhfvbyfjoflyèdytcrb.
Nfckèldèlpyfxbnb,oj,gjghbdbcjredfhnècnmcfvjujyf
dxfyyz,dbnhfnbyfpfåtpgtxtyyzjcdènbotdboè.Dfhnècnm
enhbvfyyzåelèdtkm,jåkflyfyyzèghfwèdybrèdgjcnèqyj
hjcnt,fhfpjvèp
pfcnjcedfyyzvyjdbö
ntöyjkjuèqhèprjphjcnfñnmdblfnrbyfkfåjhfnjhèÿnfèyiè
cgtwèfkèpjdfyèåelèdkè.Eyèdthcbntnbqrjktléègjcnèqyj
ierfñnmaèyfycjdjÿgèlnhbvrbpåjrejhufyèpfwèq,rjhgj
hfwèqèghjvbckjdjcnè,fnfrjévècwtdböjhufyèdeghfdkèy
yz,flvèyècnhfwèÿinfneqatlthfkmyjujehzle.
Èdctélkzvfqåenyèöcneltynèddfhnècnmyfdxfyyzdeyè
dthcbntnèvjétdblfnbczpfuhjpkbdjñ.Ltzrècneltynbgèl
xfcyfdxfyyzghfwññnmecthtlyèqirjkèfåjdrjktléè,
ojåpfhjåbnbyfjgkfneyfdxfyyzxbyfèyièdbnhfnb,
yfghbrkfl,yfgèlhexybrb,nhfycgjhnfåjébnkj.Ojå
gjrhbnbwèpfnhfnb,rjktléèljgjvfufñnmcneltynfvdkfi
nedfnbczyfhjåjnefåjdrfvgecè,fåjdhfqjyèeyèdthcbnt
ne.Yfqxfcnèitecgèövècwtdbörjktléèdgjzcyñænmcznbv,
ojdjybljpdjkzñnmljhjckbv,rjnhèghfwññnm,dxbnbcz
edtxèhyèqxfc,fåjedböèlyè,fåjzrjcmèyfritgjælyedfnb
jxytxbpfjxytyfdxfyyzphjåjnjñyfgjdybqfåjytgj
dybqhjåjxbqltym.PxfcèdLheujÿcdènjdjÿdèqybdtkbrjñ
gthtdfujñckeéåbdfhvèÿåekfjgkfnfpfyfdxfyyzpuèlyj
èp≤Pfrjyjvghj
GI
≥,pfzrbvfvthbrfycmrbvcjklfnfv,
zrböyfpbdfñnm
“gover nme nt issue”
(crjhjxtyj
GI
jpyfxfæ
≤ehzljdtvfqyj≥),yflfænmczaèyfycjdfljgjvjuflkzjnhb
vfyyzdbojÿjcdènb,zrfdèyijvehfpèåekfåytvjékbdjñ
lkzåfufnmjöcjklfnèddtnthfyèd.
dfhnècnmyfdxfyyzd
cGjkextyböInfnfö
Dbgecrybrblzreñnmcdjÿvåfnmrfvpfdcènèéthndb,yfzrèdjybvfkbgènb,ojålfnbÿv
jcdène.
KèylfF.Cècthj/Sta nford News Service
54 
eJournal USA
Ècyeældfjcyjdyèléthtkfaèyfycedfyyzdbojÿjcdènb,
jrhèvrjinèdcèv’ÿnfpfjoflétym:gjpbrbèuhfynb.Gjpbrb
–wtgjpbxtyèrjinb,zrèytjåöèlyjgjdthyenbpdèlcjn
rfvb,öjxfdèlcjnrbyfcneltyncmrègjpbrbybéxè,yèéyf
èyièdblbgjpbr.Gjpfrèyxtyyèeyèdthcbntnèdåfufnjönj
egthièhjrbhjåjnbpfqyznbqdbgkfnjñcneltyncmrbö
åjhuèd.Uhfynb,dnjvexbckècnbgtylèÿ,–wtgjlfhjdfyè
uhjiè,ègjdthnfnbÿöytnhtåf,fkt,pfpdbxfq,lkzjnhbvfy
yzuhfynfcneltynbvfñnmdèlgjdèlfnbgtdybvrhbnthèzv,
njånjgjcnèqyjjlthéedfnbljcbnmdbcjrèåfkbfåjljdtc
nbaèyfycjdeytcghjvjéyècnmcèv’ÿenhbvedfnbcneltynf.
Cnbgtylèÿ,zrghfdbkj,ckèlpfckeébnb,djybyflfñnmczpf
ecgèöbdyfdxfyyè,cgjhnèfåjduhjvflcmrèqhjåjnèxbpf
èyibvbrhbnthèzvb,zrbvdèlgjdèlfæcneltynfåjqjujcè
v’z.Ghjwtcgjierewbörjinèdèpdthytyyzgjyböljcbnm
crkflybqèvjétyfdènmdèlkzrfnbltzrècèv’ÿ.Drjktléfö,
cthtlyèöirjkfönfèyiböjhufyèpfwèzöècyeñnmckeéåb,
zrèyflfñnmljgjvjuecneltynfvegjierföléthtkaèyfy
cedfyyz.
Otcrkflyèibvwtqghjwtcdblfænmczcneltynfvpèy
ibörhfÿy,zrèöjxenmyfdxfnbczdCIF.Eåfufnmjörhfÿyfö
jcdènfåtprjinjdyffåjljcbnmytljhjuf,yfåfufnjltitd
if,yèéeCIF.Zrèdfhèfynbljcnegyèlkzcneltynèd,rjnhè
öjxenmyfdxfnbczdCIF,fktytpfjofléedfkbuhjitq
lkzjnhbvfyyzdbojÿjcdènb,gjxbyfñxbpgthijujrkfce
irjkb?
Edthtcytdjvedbgecreéehyfkepf2006hèrgèlyf
pdjñ≤LjpecnhèxèdCIF≥(http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/
itps/0905/ijpe/ijpe0905.htm)dbcdènkñdfkbczgbnfyyz
gjÿplrbcneltynèdljCIFè,pjrhtvf,jcjåkbdjltnfkmyj
hjpukzlfkbczdèpjdègbnfyyz.YtycèRtntre,rjycekmnfynp
gbnfymjcdènbdrhfÿyföFahbrb,zrfghfwñæedèllèktyyè
LthéfdyjujltgfhnfvtynedFrrhè,Ufyf,jgeåkèredfkfcnfn
nñ≤DbofjcdènfdCIF:aèyfycedfyyz≥.Vbhtrjvtyleævj
jpyfqjvbnbczpytñ,fnfrjépecèvéehyfkjv.Ybéxtyfdt
ltyjjcyjdyègjkjétyyzwèæÿcnfnè.
DböjxtntdxbnbczdCgjkextyböInfnfö?Vjékbdj,db
pdthyekbedfueyfnt,ojdfhnècnmyfdxfyyzdCIFdbof,
yèéerhfÿyfö,ltcbcntvfjcdènbgthtåedfægèltuèljñlth
éfdb,zrfwtynhfkèpjdfyjytñrtheæ.Nfvbcgjlèdfævjcz,
ojdbnfrcfvjpfedfébkb,ojdrkfltyèdfvthbrfycmrejc
dènerjinbghbyjcznmdtkbxtpyèlbdèltylb,jnét,drkflfnb
rjinbdjnhbvfyyzjcdènbnendbuèlyj.
Jcmrèkmrfikzöèdjhufyèpfwèÿdfibödbnhfnyfjcdèned
CIF.
• Wtynhb
EducationUSA
(≤JcdènfdCIF≥),ojÿögèl
nhbveæLthéfdybqltgfhnfvtynCIF,cnfyenmdfibv
jaèwèqybvléthtkjvèyajhvfwèÿ.Pyfqnbyfqåkbéxbq
ljdfcwtynh≤JcdènfdCIF≥vjéyfyfcfqnèhttp://www.
educationUSA.state.gov/centers.htm.
• Ewtynhfö
EducationUSA
dfhnjgjierfnbldfnfrèdblfy
yz:
“T he Colle ge Board Int er national Stu de nt Handbook”
(≤Lj
dèlybrlkzcneltynèdphèpybörhfÿy,erkfltybqHfljñrj
ktléèd≥),fnfrjérybuedblfdybwndf
“Peterson”
“Applying
to Colle ges and Universit ies in the Unit ed St ates”
(≤Zrdcnegfnb
drjktléèqeyèdthcbntnbeCgjkextyböInfnfö≥).
• Htcehcb,zrèyflfæfvthbrfycmrbqehzl:åèkmiècnm
fvthbrfycmrbölthéfdyböghjuhfvghbpyfxtyjlkz
fcgèhfynèd.Rthèdybwndjghjuhfvfvbplèqcyññnmdèllèkb
ghtcb,jcdènbèrekmnehbdfvthbrfycmrbögjcjkmcndfö
fåjFutywèzöCIFpvèéyfhjlyjujhjpdbnreyfjcyjdè
ldjcnjhjyyèöeujl.
• Futywèÿ,zrèyflfñnmcnbgtylèÿ:jåthtéyj^Ècyeæåfuf
njafkmibdböfutywèq.Cgèkreñxbcmpfutywèæñ,ckèl
ljnhbvedfnbczjcyjdyjujghfdbkf:cnfdbnbczleétjåt
htéyjljfutywèq,zrèåthenmgkfnepfèyajhvfwèñ,ytpf
ktéyjdèlnjuj,yfcrèkmrbgthtrjykbdbqdbukzlvfñnm
ÿöyèdblfyyzèyfcrèkmrbgthtrjykbdjpdexfnmufhfynèÿ.
Jgkfnfyfdxfyyz–wtnèkmrbgjxfnjrdfibörfgènfkjdrkfltymdfvthbrfycmrejcdène.Pfufkmyèdbnhfnbnfrjédrkñxfñnm
eyèdthcbntncmrèdytcrb;ltzrèpyböcgkfxeñnmecècneltynbojctvtcnhe,fltzrègjd’zpfyèpgtdybvbdbåhfybvbrehcfvb.Cne
ltynbnfrjévecznmgkfnbnbpfébnkj,gèlhexybrb,èyièvfnthèfkb,ÿée,vtlbxytcnhföedfyyznfjåckeujdedfyyz,pfnhfycgjhn,
gfhredfyyz,ntktajy,Èynthytnnjoj.Zrghfdbkj,dgeåkèxyböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflföjgkfnfpfyfdxfyyzlkzèyjptvyböcnelty
nèdvfædbobqnfhba,yèélkzcneltynèd,rjnhèghjébdfñnmgjpfvtéfvbinfne,dzrjvehjpnfijdfyjpfrkfl.
Dfhnjnfrjédhföedfnb,ojdbdrkflfæntcdèqxfc,flétzrojdbdxbntcz,njytghfwñænt,fwtjpyfxfæ,ojdbdnhfxfæntghb
åenjr.Yfdènmzrojcneltynghfwñæ,zrghfdbkj,wtghfwzghjnzujvytgjdyjujnbéyzèjgkfxeænmczdjyfpfybéxbvbnfhbaf
vb,yèéhjåjnfyfgjdyecnfdre.Yfdtltyfnfåkbwzlfævfqåenyèvcneltynfvnfÿöyèvåfnmrfvpfufkmytezdktyyzghjdfhnècnm
yfdxfyyz.


55
eJournal USA

Dytcjrpfgjlfxepfzdb
Dcnegyèècgbnb
Jgkfnfyfdxfyyz
Ytcdjæxfcyfhtæcnhfwèz
Ébnkj
Öfhxedfyyz
Vècwtdbqnhfycgjhn
Jgkfnfdbrjhbcnfyyzcgjhnpfke
Pfvèyfcneltyncmrjujghjgecre
Gjÿplrfljeyèdthcbntneèyfpfl
Ljlfnrjdèdbnhfnbyfvfibye
Fdnjvjåèkmytcnhföedfyyz
Gfhredfyyz
Hjpdfub
Vèrhjaèkmvb
Rcthjrjgèÿ
Jgkfnfpfrjhbcnedfyyz
åèåkèjntrjñ
Ljrevtynghjjwèyrb
Gèlhexybrb/Rfywtkzhcmrtghbkfllz
Pfufkjv
Dbnhfnb Dfhnècnm Rèkmrècnm
ctvtcnhèd Pfufkjv
Ghbåkbpybqåñlétndèldèledfyyzrjktlée
56 
eJournal USA
vjékbdèléthtkf
aèyfycjdjÿljGjvjUb
Trc gthn hf lbnm, lt èyj ptv yè cne lty nb, f jcjå kb dj fc gè
hfy nb, vj éenm pyfq nb aè yfy cj de lj gj vj ue, q lfæ ht rj
vty lf wèÿ, zr ghf dbkm yj yf gb cf nb pf zde. Vfh nè yf Iekm wt
– cgt wèf kècn p gb nfym rekm ne hb Ut yt hfkm yj uj rjy cekm
cndf CIF è rjy cekm nfyn p gb nfym jc dè nb ≤Fvt hb rf wty
nhe ve≥ d Ufv åeh pè (Yè vtx xb yf).
Gjyfl500nbczxèyjptvyböcneltynèddcnegfñnm
ojhjredfvthbrfycmrèrjktléèqeyèdthcbntnb.Pf
lfybvbEyèdthcbntnevèéyfhjlyjÿjcdènb,åkbpm
rj67dèlcjnrèdcneltynèdgjrkflfñnmczyfrjinbcèv’ÿ,
ojåjgkfnbnbcdjæyfdxfyyzdFvthbwè.Jlyfrpdthytyyz
gjdèlgjdèlyeaèyfycjdeljgjvjuelkzåfufnmjöæleét
dfékbdjñxfcnbyjñghjwtcegjlfxèpfzdb.Dcthtlymjve
èyjptvybvcneltynfvdFvthbwèljdtltnmczdbnhfnbnbdèl
16lj46,5nbczxèljkfhèdpfjlbyyfdxfkmybqhèryfjgkf
neyfdxfyyzèdbnhfnyfghjébdfyyz.


Jrhèvdkfcybörjinèd,jcyjdybvbléthtkfvbaèyfycj
djÿgèlnhbvrbænèfvthbrfycmrèrjktléèqeyèdthcbntnb,
zrèghbqvfñnmdcnegybrèd(ÿöxfcnrfcthtlecèöléthtkaè
yfycedfyyzcnfyjdbnm23fi),èehzlfåjeyèdthcbntnyfåfnm
rèdobyècneltynf(ÿöxfcnrfcnfyjdbnm2,4fi).Ghjntzroj
gjhèdyznblfyèlkzcneltynèdåfpjdjujrehceqfcgèhfynèd,
njrfhnbyfhflbrfkmyjpvèyñænmcz.Nèkmrbåkbpmrj10fi
èyjptvyböcneltynèdåfpjdjujrehcejnhbveñnmaèyfycjde
gèlnhbvredèlfvthbrfycmrjujpfrkfle,fcthtlfcgèhfy
nèdwzwbahfcnfyjdbnm41fi.Åfufnjfcgèhfynèdghfwññnm
fcbcntynfvbghjatcjhfxbkfåjhfynfvbdèycnbnenföp
ibhjrjñyferjdjljckèlybwmrjñåfpjñfåjdhfvrfö
ljrnjhcmrböghjuhfv.Åèkmitnjuj,ljrnjhcmrèghjuhfvb
vfñnmåèkmièrjinb,yèécecgèkmyèquevfyènfhyè.Pfpdb
xfq,åèkmitrjinèdyflfænmczèyjptvybvcneltynfv,zrè
gjlfñnmczyffrfltvèxyèghjuhfvb,fytyfghjatcèqyè.Yf
lheujvehjwèyfdxfyyzifycbjnhbvfnbaèyfycjdeljgjvj
uedèlfvthbrfycmrjujeyèdthcbntnephjcnfñnm.


Èyjptvyècneltynbåfpjdjujrehcevjéenmpdthyenbcz
gjjnhbvfyyzcnbgtylèq,zrèxfcnrjdjgjrhbdfñnmdblfnrb
yfjgkfneyfdxfyyz,fnfrjéghtntyledfnbyfjnhbvfyyz
cnbgtylèqlkzcgjhncvtyèdècneltyncmrbögjpbr.Fcgèhfy
nbvjéenmghfwñdfnbfcbcntynfvbghjatcjhf,kfåjhfynf
vb,cgèdhjåènybrfvbflvèyècnhfwèÿ,fnfrjépdthyenbczgj
jnhbvfyyzcnbgtylèÿljghbdfnyjujxbgeåkèxyjujeyèdth
cbntne.Fcgèhfynbvjéenmdpznbgjpbreyfyfdxfyyz.


Gjxbyfqntujnedfnbczqfyfkèpedfnbvjékbdjcnèyfgt
htl,rhfotpfgèdnjhfhjreljgthtlåfxedfyjujgjxfnre
pfyznm.Ljdèlfqntcz,zrècnbgtylèÿghjgjyeædfiehzlnf
eyèdthcbntn,èpfplfktuèlmgjlfqntpfzde.
Dbdxènmvjékbdjcnè:dèldèlfqntrjycekmnfwèqybqwtynh,
zrbqcgèdghfwñæp
EducationUSA
,ègthtukzymntcgtwèfkèpjdf
yèljdèlybrbghjfvthbrfycmrèrjktléènfeyèdthcbntnbq
wèrfdèlkzdfcrfatlhb,ltvjéyflèpyfnbcz,dzrjvejåczpè
yflfænmczaèyfycjdfljgjvjuf.XthtpÈynthytnlèpyfqntcm
zrjvjufåèkmitghj4–6eyèdthcbntnèd,ljzrbödböjnèkb
ådcnegbnb.Zrojdbfcgèhfyn,pyfqlènmdÈynthytnèdfibö
vfqåenyèöghjatcjhèdègjpyfqjvntczpybvbljnjuj,zr
gjlfcntljrevtynb.Cfvtwèkñlbghbqvfnbvenmhèityyz
ghjpfhföedfyyz,èdjybvfñnmgjpyfqjvbnbczpdfvblj
njuj,zrghbqvenmdfiepfzde.
Ytcjhjvntczghjcbnbaèyfycjdeljgjvjue.Zrojdfv
dèlvjdbkbgthijujhfpe,yfgbiènmèotjlbypfgbnèflht
ceqntqjujrjyrhtnyèqjcjåèyfrfatlhè,zrfdfcpfwèrfdb
kf,fåjghbqvfkmyèqrjvècèÿ.Zrojdfifgthifcghjåfyt
åekfecgèiyjñ,pfntktajyeqntèlèpyfqntcm,xjvedfvdèlvj
dbkb,fyfcnegyjujhjregjlfqntjåuheynjdfyèiepfzde.
Èjcnfyyæ,fktytvtyidfékbdt:hjpvèhbaèyfycjdjÿlj
gjvjublkzcneltynèdjåvtétyè,èyfjnhbvfyyzcnbgtylèÿ
ècyeæujcnhfrjyrehtywèz.Ojågèldbobnbifycbyfecgèö,
dfvljdtltnmczghjltvjycnhedfnbleétzrècyèfrfltvèxyè
pyfyyz,ljåhtgèlujnedfnbcm,fåbjnhbvfnbzryfqdboè
åfkbyfntcnfö
TOE FL, SAT, GMAT, GRE
,gèlndthlbnbyfzd
yècnmdkfcybörjinèdfåjghjltvjycnhedfnbcghfdéyñ
gjnhtåeeaèyfycjdèqljgjvjpèègjlfnbfrehfnye,gjdyeè
htntkmyjgèlujnjdfyepfzde.3
Lev rb, db rkf lt yè e wèq cnfn nè, yt jåj d’zp rj dj dè ljå hf éf ñnm gj ukz lb
xb gj kè nb re ehz le CIF.
VfhnèyfIekmwt
57
eJournal USA

CgjkextyèInfnbdènfñnmèyjptvyböcneltynèd,rjnhè
åféfñnmjnhbvfnbjcdènedFvthbwè,fvècèÿCIFpf
rjhljyjvjlthéfkblbhtrnbdehjpukzlfnbdgthie
xthueljrevtynbcneltynèdèexfcybrèdghjuhfvjåvèye,
crfpfkfLétyècLétrjåc,gjvèxybrpfcnegybrfLthéctrht
nfhzCIFpdèpjdbögbnfym,yf57qojhèxyèqrjyathtywèÿ
Yfwèjyfkmyjÿfcjwèfwèÿlèzxèdvèéyfhjlyjÿjcdènb(rjkbi
yzYfwèjyfkmyffcjwèfwèzecghfdföèyjptvyböcneltynèd),
ojdèlåekfcme2005hjwè.Djyfdèlpyfxbkf,oj,öjxfgèckz
nthfrnèd11dthtcyz2001hjreltzrèghjwtlehbpdthytyyz
gjdèpepvèybkbcz,ytghfdbkmyjåekjåddféfnb,ojdjyb
cnfkbytgthtåjhyjñgthtgjyjñyfikzöeplèqcytyyz
gjÿpljrljCIFpvtnjñyfdxfyyz.≤Pfcnfhèkfuhjvflcmrf
levrfghjpvèybedèpjdbögjhzlrföhfpñxtdèlhèpyzænmcz
dèllèqcyjcnè,–crfpfkfLétrjåc.–Lthéfdybqltgfhnf
vtynyfvfufænmczgèlnhbvfnbghjwtc,zrbq,vbcgjlèdfævj
cz,cghbznbvtdèlyjdktyyñyfgkbdeèyjptvyböcneltynèd,
exfcybrèdghjuhfvjåvèye,dxtyböèåèpytcvtyèd≥.
Ecdjævedbcnegèyfrjyathtywèÿ≤HjkmLthéfdyjuj
ltgfhnfvtynedghbqjvèèyjptvyböcneltynèdevècwtdèrj
ktléèCIF≥Létrjåcujdjhbkfghjnehjkm,zredèlèuhfkb
vècwtdèrjktléèdvèéyfhjlyèqjcdènè.≤Zpyfñ,ojvècwtdè
rjktléèdcèæÿrhfÿybyflfñnmèyjptvybvcneltynfvdct
åèkmitqåèkmitxeljdbövjékbdjcntqlkzjcdènb,zrèd
yböæ≥,–crfpfkfdjyf.
Edèlgjdèlmyfgjåjñdfyyzghtlcnfdybrèdldjhèxybö
rjktléèd,dbrkbrfyègjibhtyjñlevrjñghjnt,oj
ÿöyèvgjntywèqybvcneltynfvxfcnjdèlvjdkzñnmedèpfö,
Létrjåccrfpfkf,ojLthéfdybqltgfhnfvtynyfuflfdrjy
cekmcmrbvghfwèdybrfv,ojhèpyèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflbdèlgj
dèlfñnmdbvjufvhèpyböcneltynèd.Djyfnfrjédèlpyfxbkf,
ojrjycekmcmrèghfwèdybrbpjåjd’zpfyèhjpukzlfnbrjéty
dbgfljrjrhtvj,ytpfåedfñxbghjdtkbrehèpyjvfyènyècnm
vjékbdjcntqlkzjnhbvfyyzjcdènbdCIF.
Létrjåcljlfkf,ojpdthtcyz2001hjreLthéfdybq
ltgfhnfvtynhjpibhbdinfnrjycekmcmrböckeéåjdwèd,
dghjdflbdib350yjdbövècwm,ojcghbzæghbidblityèq
jåhjåwèpfzdyfjnhbvfyyzcneltyncmrjÿdèpb,ghbxjvelj
ybyèiymjujåñlétnedytctyjpfgbnyfgjlfkmithjpib
htyyzinfneyf121vècwt.
Vfqétdcèpfzdbyfjnhbvfyyzdèpb–åkbpmrj97fi
–jåhjåkzñnmczghjnzujvldjölyèd,fghjwtcjåhjårb
2,5fipfzd,zrègèlkzufñnmjcjåkbdjvehjpukzljdèxthtp
vèhredfyyzåtpgtrb,åekjghbidblityj,ljlfkfdjyf.≤Lkz
2,5fipfzdybrèd,xbÿfyrtnbgèlkzufñnmjcjåkbdèqgthtdèh
wèpvèhredfymyfwèjyfkmyjÿåtpgtrb,vbghbidblibkb
ghjwtchjpukzle,nfrojyfdènmwzytdtkbrfxfcnbyfvjét
hjphföjdedfnbyfidblredèlgjdèlm,–crfpfkfLétrjåc.
–Hèrnjvehjpukzlpfzdb,ghbzrjvedbrjhbcnjdedfkbcz
≤xenkbdè≥ntöyjkjuèÿ,nhbdfdecthtlymjve74lyè.Yfcmj
ujlyècthtlyèqnthvèyjåhjårbnfrböpfzdcnfyjdbnm14
lyèd,èvbghjljdéeævjdljcrjyfkñdfnbwtqghjwtc≥.
Létrjåcdèlpyfxbkf,oj,pflfybvbFvthbrfycmrjuj
èycnbnenevèéyfhjlyjÿjcdènb,d2003–2004yfdxfkmyjve
hjwèdfvthbrfycmrbörjktléfönfeyèdthcbntnföyfdxf
kjcmgjyfl572nbczxèèyjptvyböcneltynèd.Cthtlybö
yfqåèkmitghtlcnfdybrèdÈylèÿèRbnfñ,èöjxfrèkmrècnm
dcnegybrèdèyjptvwèdljfvthbrfycmrbörjktléèdpybpb
kfcz,CgjkextyèInfnbghjljdéeñnmghbqvfnbåèkmit
cneltynèdppfrjhljye,yèéåelmzrfèyifrhfÿyf.
≤Vbleétcgjlèdfævjcm,ojpvjétvjhjpdèznbvèaghj
nt,ojFvthbrfythflfèyjptvybvcneltynfv,–rfét
Létrjåc.–Wtghjcnjytghfdlf.CneltynbdèlVfcrfnflj
Vevåfÿvfñnmpyfnb:zrojdjybdjyböjxenmyfdxfnbczd
CIF–yfièldthèdèlxbytyè≥.3
cGjkextyèInfnbhflè
dènfnbèyjptvyböcneltynèd
evècwtdbörjktléfö
LétyyèathÅthxfv
(Yflherjdfyjd“CommunityCollegeTimes”)
58 
eJournal USA

Yfwèjyfkmyffcjwèfwèzlèzxèdvèéyfhjlyjÿjcdènb(rj
kbiyzYfwèjyfkmyffcjwèfwèzecghfdföèyjptvybö
cneltynèd)pfqvfænmczghjgfufyljñvèéyfhjlyjÿjcdènb.E
rybpè
“The Profession of Fo reign Stu de nt Advising”
(≤Ghjatcèz
rjycekmnfynfèyjptvyböcneltynèd≥),jgeåkèrjdfyèqe2000
hjwèdblfdybwndjv
“Int ercultural Press”
,gjzcyñænmczhjkm
nfrjujaföèdwz.
Rjycekmnfynbèyjptvyböcneltynèdghfwññnmpècnelty
nfvbqyferjdwzvbdcmjujcdène.Djybyflfñnmèyajhvf
wèñ,ghjuhfvbègjckeub,gjrkbrfyèphjåbnbgthtåedfyyz
cneltynèdèdxtybödFvthbwèzrjvjufghjlernbdyèibv.
Rjycekmnfynbæghjvèéyjñkfyrjñvèécneltynfvbq
yferjdwzvb,pjlyjujåjre,nfdcèvfèyibvb,prbvdjyb
cgèkreñnmcz,pèyijujåjre.Rjycekmnfynbghtlcnfdkzñnm
èynthtcbcneltynèdèdèlgjdèlyjÿörjycekmneñnm.
Rjycekmnfynbèyjptvyböcneltynèdghfwññnmytkbit
phèpyjvfyènybvbuhegfvb,jöjgktybvbdbpyfxtyyzv
≤èyjptvyècneltynb≥,fktqpfvthbrfycmrbvbcneltynf
vb,dbrkflfxfvb,vècwtdbvyfctktyyzv,cgèdhjåènybrf
vbfvthbrfycmrbönfèyjptvybölthéfdyböecnfyjdèp
hèpyjvfyènybvbfutywèzvb,zrèaèyfyceñnmgthtåedfyyz
èyjptvyböcneltynèdèdxtyböeCIF.Djybljgjvfufñnm
yfkfujlbnbègèlnhbvedfnbrjycnhernbdyècnjceyrbvèé
èyjptvybvbcneltynfvbqyferjdwzvbnffvthbrfywzvb,
ojÿöghbqvfñnm.
Rjycekmnfynbèyjptvyböcneltynèdyfvfufñnmcz
ljytcnbgthtdfubvèéyfhjlyjujjcdènymjujjåvèyelj
eyèdthcbntncmrböflvèyècnhfwèq,uhjvflcmrjcnènfkñltq
edcmjvecdènè.Djybljgjvfufñnmkñlzvphèpybörhfÿy
rhfotphjpevènbèyjptvwèdèghbwmjvecnfnbnjkthfyn
yèibvbèdèlrhbnèibvbecdjÿqcdèljvjcnèuhjvflzyfvb
dpfævjpfktéyjujcdène.
Ltnfkmyèieèyajhvfwèñvjéyfpyfqnbyfcfqnè
http://www.nafsa.org.
PljpdjkeCöèlyjujVtyyjyèncmrjujeyèdthcbntne
HjåthnLéjhlfy.AP/WWPVjhufyVerfhhfv/rjktléKtVjqy-Jety
1.ÈyjptvybqcneltynhflbnmczprjycekmnfynjveCöèlyjve
VtyyjyèncmrjveeyèdthcbntnèeDèhuèyèÿ.
2.ÈcnjhbrNfléelèyUåflfvjcèpYèuthèÿghjdèdhèrerjktléè
KtVjqy-JetyeNtyytccèpfghjuhfvjñAekåhfqnf.Wtqècnj-
hbxyjytuhbnzycmrbqrjktlégbifænmcznbv,ojdctcdènymj
dèljvbqcgtwèfkècnpècnjhèÿèrekmnehbèckfveqvecekmvfy-
cmrjÿwbdèkèpfwèÿgjlèkbdczcdjÿvbpyfyyzvbpècneltynfvb.
3.CneltynbpGèdltyyjÿRjhtÿåthenmexfcnmdjpyfqjvkñ-
dfkmyböpföjlfölkzèyjptvyböcneltynèddeyèdthcbntnèVèc-
cècègè.Eöjlèghjuhfvb,hjphföjdfyjÿyfwèkbqltym,cneltynb
pyfqjvkznmczpeyèdthcbntncmrbvébnnzvèpfgbceñnmczyf
rehcb,zrèdjybvfñnmghjöjlbnbegthijvectvtcnhè.
 

59
eJournal USA

LthéfdybqltgfhnfvtynCIF.Åñhjecghfdföjcdènbè
rekmnehb.Cthèzåhjieh≤ZrojdböjxtntdxbnbczdCgjke
xtyböInfnfö≥.Dfibyunjy,jrheuRjkevåèz:2002–2003.
http://www.educationusa.state.gov/pubs.htm
Gthiènhbåhjiehbpwèæÿdbxthgyjÿcthèÿyfhfpèdblfyè
fyukèqcmrjñ,fhfåcmrjñ,ècgfycmrjñ,rbnfqcmrjñ,hjcèq
cmrjñnfahfywepmrjñvjdfvb.Xtndthnedblfyjfyukèq
cmrjñ,rbnfqcmrjñèhjcèqcmrjñvjdfvb.
Åhjiehf1.
Undergraduate Study
(≤Åfpjdtxjnbhbhèxytyf
dxfyyz≥);
Åhjiehf2.
Graduate and Professional Study and Research

(≤Fcgèhfynehf,ghjatcèqytyfdxfyyzèyferjdjljckèlybwm
rfhjåjnf≥);
Åhjiehf3.
Short-Term Study, English Language Programs,
Dista nce Education, and Accred it ation
(≤Rjhjnrjnthvèyjdt
yfdxfyyz,ghjuhfvbfyukèqcmrjÿvjdb,lbcnfywèqyt(pfjxyt
fåjpljgjvjujñrjvg’ñnthf)yfdxfyyzèfrhtlbnfwèz≥);
Åhjiehf
4. Getting Ready to Go: Practical Info rmation for Liv-
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(≤Gèlujnjdrfljdèl’ÿple.
GhfrnbxyfèyajhvfwèzghjébnnzèyfdxfyyzdCgjkext
yböInfnfö≥).
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Lfybyfècnjhbxyj≤xjhybv≥rjktléfvnfeyèdthcbntnfv).
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(Hflfrj
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yfhjlyböjcdènyèögjljhjétq.Èyajhvfwèqybqcgbcjr
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(Gèlhtl.AjhtcnfLétqvcf
èJknåföfAèkègf.Vèéyfhjlybqljdèlybrpgbnfymdbojÿ
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(UjepÅty
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The
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åèåkèjUhfaèz
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60 
eJournal USA
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(UhèyVtlkèyèNfhkèyunjyÅfhåfhf.Rjhjn
rbqljdèlybrpgbnfymdbojÿjcdènbeCIF)
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(UhèyUjdfhlnfèy.
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(Ècnj
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wèfwèÿytpfktéybörjktléèdnfeyèdthcbntnèd,Hflbytpfkté
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(Èycnbnenvèéyfhjlyjÿjcdènb.Cthèz
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gèckzlbgkjvyjÿjcdènblkzkfnbyjfvthbrfywèd).
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ghbdfnybörjktléèdnfeyèdthcbntnèd,zrèvjéenmdfcplb
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eJournal USA: U.S.Socie ty & Values,
vol 7, no. 1, Ju ne 2002, 26 pp.http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/
itsv/0602/ijse/ijse0602.htm
U.S. Dep artme nt of St ate. Bu reau of Int er national Info rmation
Programs. “See You in the U.S.A.”
(Lthéfdybqltgfhnfvtyn
CIF.Åñhjvèéyfhjlyböèyajhvfwèqyböghjuhfv.
Tktrnhjyybqxfcjgbc≤LjpecnhèxèeCIF≥).
eJournal USA:
Fo reign Policy Agenda, vol.10, no. 2, Se ptember 2005, 52 pp.
http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0905/ijpe/gough.htm
U.S. Dep artme nt of St ate. Bu reau of Int er national Info rmation
Programs. “The Unit ed St ates in 2005: Who We Are Today”

(LthéfdybqltgfhnfvtynCIF.Åñhjvèéyfhjlyböèy
ajhvfwèqyböghjuhfv.Tktrnhjyybqxfcjgbc≤Cgjkextyè
Infnbe2005hjwè.Önjvbcmjujlyè≥).
eJournal USA: Socie ty
& Values, vol. 9, no. 2, De cember 2004, 48 pp.
http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itsv/1204/ijse/ijse1204.htm
Èyiègeåkèrfwèÿghjfvthbrfycmredboejcdènenfyfdxfyyz
dCIFvjéyfpyfqnbyfnfrbödtåcfqnfö,zrèåfpeñnmcz
yfåhjiehföcthèÿ
“If You Want to Study in the Unit ed St ates”
(≤ZrojdböjxtntdxbnbczdCgjkextyböInfnfö≥.–
Dfibyunjy,jrheuRjkevåèz,2002–2003):
– Yfdxfyyzdfcgèhfynehè:
http://www.educationusa.state.
gov/graduate/biblio.htm
– ÉbnnzdCIF:
http://www.educationusa.state.gov/life.
htm
– Vjékbdjcnèlkzdxtybö:
http://www.educationusa.state.
gov/schoolars/biblio.htm
– Èyajhvfwèzlkznbö,önjdèl’ÿéléfæ:
http://www.
educationusa.state.gov/predeparture/biblio.htm
– Cgtwèfkèpjdfytghjatcèqytyfdxfyyz:
http://www.
educationusa.state.gov/professional/biblio.htm
– Rjhjnrjnthvèyjdtyfdxfyyz:
http://www.educationusa.
state.gov/study/biblio.htm
– Åfpjdtxjnbhbhèxytyfdxfyyz:
http://www.educationusa.
state.gov/undergrad/biblio.htm
Lth éfd ybq lt gfh nf vtyn CIF yt dèl gj dè lfæ pf pvècn è yf zd yècnm ht
ceh cèd èy ibö futy wèq nf jh uf yè pf wèq, puf lf ybö db ot. Dcè gj cbkfy yz yf
ht ceh cb Èy nth yt ne gjl fñnm cz cnfy jv yf kbc nj gfl 2005 hj re.
62 
eJournal USA
léthtkfdèynthytnè
Dbåhfyèdtåcfqnb,ghbcdzxtyèdboèqjcdènèdCIF
Lth éfd ybq lt gfh nf vtyn CIF
Åñhjecghfdföjcdènbèrekmnehb
≤JcdènfdCIF≥
http://www.educationusa.state.gov/
Gèlpfujkjdrjv≤DfiuèlgjcbcntvèdbojÿjcdènbCIF≥
dtåcfqn≤JcdènfdCIF≥yflfæ≤dtkbrbqjåczuèyajhvfwèÿ
èhèpyjvfyènyègjckeubèyjptvybvcneltynfvyfdcèötnf
gfögjiererjktlée≥.Dèyzdkzæcjåjñukjåfkmyevthtée
åèkmityèéèp450èyajhvfwèqyjrjycekmnfwèqyböwtynhèd
(
http://www.educationusa.state.gov/centers.htm
)e170rhfÿ
yfö.Wèwtynhb≤ghjgfueñnmdboejcdènedCIFedcmjve
cdènè,yflfñxbnjxye,gjdye,jå’ærnbdyeqfrnefkmyeèyajh
vfwèñghjvjékbdjcnèjnhbvfyyzjcdènbdCIFègjhflb,
zrrhfotdbrjhbcnfnbwèvjékbdjcnènbv,önjdèlgjdèlfæ
gtdybvdbvjufv≥.Jrhtvèhjplèkbcfqneghbcdzxtyègb
nfyyzvfrhtlbnfwèÿègjiereyfdxfkmyjujpfrkfle,dèpjdèq
ghjwtlehè,aèyfycjdèqljgjvjpè,cnbgtylèzvAekåhfqnf,
ghjuhfvfvÅñhjecghfdföjcdènbqrekmnehbLthéfdyjuj
ltgfhnfvtyne.
Vèéyfhjlybqnbéltymjcdènb,2005hèr
http://iew.state.gov/
CgèkmyfèyèwèfnbdfLthéfdyjujltgfhnfvtyneCIFnfLt
gfhnfvtynejcdènbCIFpvtnjñpfjöjxtyyzvèéyfhjlyjÿ
jcdènbqjåvèye.
Vèéyfhjlyèèyajhvfwèqyèghjuhfvb
YfdxfyyzdCIF
http://usinfo.state.gov/scv/life_and_culture/education/
study_in_the_us.html
Åñhjrjycekmcmrböcghfd:dèpb
http://travel.state.gov/visa_1750.html
YfdxfyyzdCIF:dèpb
http://www.unitedstatesvisas.gov/studying.html
Lt gfh nf vtyn jc dè nb CIF
USNEI:
Fvthbrfycmrfvthtéfèyajhvfwèÿghjjcdène
http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/jus/international/
usnei/edlite-index.html
Jlbyèpjcyjdyböhtcehcèdghjfvthbrfycmrecbcntvejcdè
nb,cndjhtybqlkzèyajhvedfyyzèyjptvyböcneltynèd,zrè
ghbÿplznmljCIFpfjåvèyjv.
Ljgjvjufcneltynfvyfatlthfkmyjvehèdyè:èyjptvyè
cneltynb
http://studentaid.ed.gov/PORTALSWebApp/students/english/
intl.jsp
IPEDS
:vjékbdjcnèyfdxfyyzdrjktléfö
http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cool/index.asp
Åñhjpgbnfymdbojÿghjatcèqyjntöyèxyjÿjcdènb
Åfpflfyböghjfrhtlbnjdfyèyfdxfkmyèpfrkflb
http://ope.ed.gov/accreditation/
Ckeé åf CIF p gb nfym uhj vf lzy cndf q èv vèu hf wèÿ
ZrcnfnbcneltynjvdbojujyfdxfkmyjujpfrkfleCIF?
http://uscis.gov/graphics/howdoi/academic.htm
Hf lèj cnfy wèz ≤Uj kjc Fvt hb rb≥
UkjåfkmybqajhevrjktléèdFvthbrb
http://www.voanews.com/english/AmericanLife/
global_college_forum.cfm
Wtqojnbéytdbqhflèjjukzlhjpgjdèlfæghjèyjptvybö
cneltynèd,zrèyfdxfñnmczdhèpyböfvthbrfycmrbörjkt
léfönfeyèdthcbntnfö.
Åè kbq lèv
Èyèwèfnbdf≤Dbcjrègjrfpybrbdyfdxfyyècthtlkfnbyjfvt
hbrfywèd≥
http://www.yic.gov/
Èyèwèfnbdf≤Nhflbwèqyjytuhbnzycmrèrjktléèqeyèdthcb
ntnb≥
http://www.ed.gov/about/inits/list/whhbcu/edlite-index.html
Èyèwèfnbdf≤Rjktléèqeyèdthcbntnblkzfvthbrfycmrbö
èylèfywèd≥
http://www.ed.gov/about/inits/list/whtc/
edlite-index.html
63
eJournal USA

Èy iè ht ceh cb
Fvthbrfycmrffcjwèfwèzvècwtdbörjktléèd
http://www.aacc.nche.edu/
Fvthbrfycmrfhflfpjcdènb
http://www.acenet.edu//AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home
Fvthbrfycmrfhflfpjcdènb,zrfæujkjdybvrjjhlbyfwèq
ybvjhufyjvecèödboböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèdrhfÿyb,f
nfrjégèlnhbveærjkjvèéyfhjlyböèyèwèfnbd:
http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.
cfm?Section=International.
Rjycjhwèevdbojÿjcdènblkzfvthbrfycmrböèylèfywèd
http://www.aihec.org/
AMIDEAST
,Fvthbrfycmrjåkbpmrjcöèlyfjcdènyzè
nhtyèyujdfckeéåf
http://www.amideast.org/
Fcjwèfwèzfvthbrfycmrbörjktléèdnfeyèdthcbntnèd
http://www.aacu-edu.org/
Rfvgecrjvgfrn
http://www.compact.org
Pfufkmyjyfwèjyfkmyfrjfkèwèzhtrnjhèdrjktléèdnfeyèdth
cbntnèd,≤zrèghfuyenmhjpdbdfnbqpfjöjxedfnbuhjvflcmre
lèzkmyècnm,frnbdyeuhjvflzycmregjpbwèñèyfdxfyyz,oj
vècnbnmtktvtynbuhjvflcmrjÿghfwè≥.
Hflfpfrhtlbnfwèÿedboèqjcdènè
http://www.chea.org/
Åfpflfyböpfrhtlbnjdfyböyfdxfkmyböpfrkflèdè
ghjuhfv
http://www.chea.org/search/default.asp
Öhjyèrbdbojÿjcdènb
http://chronicle.com/
Gjnhèåyfgèlgbcrf;edèkmyjveljcnegèækbitjåvtétyf
rèkmrècnmvfnthèfkèd
http://chronicle.com/free/
Hflfrjktléèd
http://www.collegeboard.com/splash/
VècwtdèrjktléèCIF
http://www.cc-usa.org/
Hflfytpfktéybörjktléèd
http://www.cic.org/
Hflfpvèéyfhjlyjujjcdènymjujjåvèye
(CIEE)
http://www.ciee.org/
eduPASS!
http://www.edupass.org/
Gjhnfkhtcehcèdghjdboejcdène
http://www.higher-ed.org/
Kfnbyjfvthbrfycmrffcjwèfwèzrjktléèdnfeyèdthcbntnèd
http://www.hacu.net/
Èycnbnenvèéyfhjlyjÿjcdènb
http://www.iie.org/
NAF EO:
Yfwèjyfkmyffcjwèfwèzpfhèdyèvjékbdjcnèedboèq
jcdènè
http://www.nafeo.org/about.htm
NAFSA:
Vèéyfhjlyffcjwèfwèzgtlfujuèd
http://www.nafsa.org/
Yfwèjyfkmyffcjwèfwèzeyèdthcbntnèdinfnèdècgtwèfkèpjdf
ybörjktléèd
http://www.nasulgc.org/
NtöfcmrbqeyèdthcbntndJcnbyè
DbofjcdènfdCIFdÈynthytnè
http://www.utexas.edu/world/univ/
Gjcbkfyyzyfdtåcfqnbfvthbrfycmrböeyèdthcbntnèd,vèc
wtdbörjktléèd,ljdèlybrèdgjrjktléfönfyfhtuèjyfkmyè
frhtlbnjdfyèfutywèÿ.
Lth éfd ybq lt gfh nf vtyn CIF yt dèl gj dè lfæ pf pvècn è yf zd yècnm ht
ceh cèd èy ibö futy wèq nf jh uf yè pf wèq, puf lf ybö db ot. Ecè gj cbkfy yz yf
ht ceh cb Èy nth yt ne gjl fyj cnfy jv yf kbc nj gfl 2005 hj re.
Cgjhnbdyègjlèÿrjktléepåbhfñnmyfnjdgbkñltq,zrvjéyfwtgjåfxbnb
yfcnflèjyèGjkèntöyèxyjujèycnbneneDèhuèyèÿqeyèdthcbntneinfne.
CnèdUtkåth.AP/WWP
64 
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