ETABS RC Slab Design

• Title
• Copyright
• Disclaimer
• Contents
• Chapter 01 Introduction
  • 1.1 Slab Design
  • 1.2 Design Strips
  • 1.3 Integration of Moments – Wood-Armer
  • 1.4 Required Reinforcement – Strip Based
  • 1.5 Required Reinforcement – FEM Based
  • 1.6 Slab Punching Shear Check
• Chapter 02 Design for ACI 318-14
  • 2.1 Notations
  • 2.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 2.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 2.4 Strength Reduction Factors
  • 2.5 Slab Design
    • 2.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 2.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 2.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
      • 2.5.1.3 Minimum and Maximum Slab Reinforcement
    • 2.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 2.5.2.1 Determine Factored Shear Force
      • 2.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 2.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 2.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 2.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 2.5.3.2 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment
      • 2.5.3.3 Determine Concrete Capacity
      • 2.5.3.4 Computation of Maximum Shear Stress
      • 2.5.3.5 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 2.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 2.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 2.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 2.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 2.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• Chapter 03 Design for ACI 318-11
  • 3.1 Notations
  • 3.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 3.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 3.4 Strength Reduction Factors
  • 3.5 Slab Design
    • 3.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 3.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 3.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
      • 3.5.1.1 Minimum and Maximum Slab Reinforcement
    • 3.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 3.5.2.1 Determine Factored Shear Force
      • 3.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 3.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 3.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 3.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 3.5.3.2 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment
      • 3.5.3.3 Determine Concrete Capacity
      • 3.5.3.4 Computation of Maximum Shear Stress
      • 3.5.3.5 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 3.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 3.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 3.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 3.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 3.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• Chapter 04 Design for ACI-318-08
  • 4.1 Notations
  • 4.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 4.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 4.4 Strength Reduction Factors
  • 4.5 Slab Design
    • 4.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 4.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 4.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
    • 4.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 4.5.2.1 Determine Factored Shear Force
      • 4.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 4.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 4.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 4.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 4.5.3.2 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment
      • 4.5.3.3 Determine Concrete Capacity
      • 4.5.3.4 Computation of Maximum Shear Stress
      • 4.5.3.5 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 4.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 4.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 4.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 4.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 4.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• Chapter 05 Design for AS 3600-09
  • 5.1 Notations
  • 5.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 5.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 5.4 Strength Reduction Factors
  • 5.5 Slab Design
    • 5.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 5.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 5.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
      • 5.5.1.3 Design of uniform thickness slab
      • 5.5.1.4 Design of nonuniform thickness slab
      • 5.5.1.5 Flanged Slab Section Under Negative Moment
      • 5.5.1.6 Flanged Slab Section Under Positive Moment
      • 5.5.1.7 Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
    • 5.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 5.5.2.1 Determine Shear Force
      • 5.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 5.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 5.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 5.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 5.5.3.2 Determine Concrete Capacity
      • 5.5.3.3 Determine Maximum Shear Stress
      • 5.5.3.4 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 5.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 5.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 5.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 5.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 5.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• Chapter 06 Design for AS 3600-01
  • 6.1 Notations
  • 6.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 6.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 6.4 Strength Reduction Factors
  • 6.5 Slab Design
    • 6.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 6.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 6.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
      • 6.5.1.3 Design of uniform thickness slab
      • 6.5.1.4 Design of nonuniform thickness slab
        • 6.5.1.4.1.1 Flanged Slab Section Under Negative Moment
        • 6.5.1.4.1.2 Flanged Slab Section Under Positive Moment
      • 6.5.1.5 Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
    • 6.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 6.5.2.1 Determine Shear Force
      • 6.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 6.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 6.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 6.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 6.5.3.2 Determine Concrete Capacity
      • 6.5.3.3 Determine Maximum Shear Stress
      • 6.5.3.4 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 6.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 6.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 6.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 6.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 6.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• Chapter 07 Design for BS 8100-97
  • 7.1 Notations
  • 7.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 7.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 7.4 Partial Safety Factors
  • 7.5 Slab Design
    • 7.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 7.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 7.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
      • 7.5.1.3 Minimum and Maximum Slab Reinforcement
    • 7.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 7.5.2.1 Determine Shear Stress
      • 7.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 7.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 7.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 7.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 7.5.3.2 Determine Concrete Capacity
      • 7.5.3.3 Determine Maximum Shear Stress
      • 7.5.3.4 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 7.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 7.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 7.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 7.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 7.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• Chapter 08 Design for CSA A23.3-14
  • 8.1 Notations
  • 8.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 8.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 8.4 Strength Reduction Factors
  • 8.5 Slab Design
    • 8.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 8.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 8.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
      • 8.5.1.3 Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
    • 8.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 8.5.2.1 Determine Factored Shear Force
      • 8.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 8.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 8.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 8.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 8.5.3.2 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment
      • 8.5.3.3 Determination of Concrete Capacity
      • 8.5.3.4 Determine Maximum Shear Stress
      • 8.5.3.5 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 8.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 8.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 8.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 8.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 8.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• Chapter 09 Design for CSA A23.3-04
  • 9.1 Notations
  • 9.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 9.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 9.4 Strength Reduction Factors
  • 9.5 Slab Design
    • 9.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 9.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 9.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
      • 9.5.1.3 Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
    • 9.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 9.5.2.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 9.5.2.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 9.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 9.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 9.5.3.2 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment
      • 9.5.3.3 Determination of Concrete Capacity
      • 9.5.3.4 Determine Maximum Shear Stress
      • 9.5.3.5 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 9.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 9.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 9.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 9.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 9.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• Chapter 10 Design for Eurocode 2-2004
  • 10.1 Notations
  • 10.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 10.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 10.4 Partial Safety Factors
  • 10.5 Slab Design
    • 10.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 10.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 10.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
      • 10.5.1.3 Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
    • 10.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 10.5.2.1 Determine Factored Shear Force
      • 10.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 10.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 10.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 10.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 10.5.3.2 Determination of Concrete Capacity
      • 10.5.3.3 Determine Maximum Shear Stress
      • 10.5.3.4 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 10.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 10.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 10.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 10.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 10.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
  • 10.6 Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs)
• Chapter 11 Design for Hong Kong CP-2013
  • 11.1 Notations
  • 11.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 11.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 11.4 Partial Safety Factors
  • 11.5 Slab Design
    • 11.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 11.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 11.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
    • 11.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 11.5.2.1 Determine Shear Stress
      • 11.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 11.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 11.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 11.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 11.5.3.2 Determine Concrete Capacity
      • 11.5.3.3 Determine Maximum Shear Stress
      • 11.5.3.4 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 11.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 11.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 11.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 11.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 11.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• Chapter 12 Design for Hong Kong CP-04
  • 12.1 Notations
  • 12.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 12.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 12.4 Partial Safety Factors
  • 12.5 Slab Design
    • 12.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 12.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 12.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
    • 12.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 12.5.2.1 Determine Shear Stress
      • 12.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 12.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 12.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 12.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 12.5.3.2 Determine Concrete Capacity
      • 12.5.3.3 Determine Maximum Shear Stress
      • 12.5.3.4 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 12.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 12.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 12.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 12.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 12.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• Chapter 13 Design for IS 456-2000
  • 13.1 Notations
  • 13.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 13.3 Partial Safety Factors
  • 13.4 Slab Design
    • 13.4.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 13.4.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 13.4.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
      • 13.4.1.3 Design of uniform thickness slab
      • 13.4.1.4 Design of nonuniform thickness slab
      • 13.4.1.5 Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
    • 13.4.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
    • 13.4.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 13.4.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 13.4.3.2 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment
      • 13.4.3.3 Determine Concrete Capacity
      • 13.4.3.4 Determine Maximum Shear Stress
      • 13.4.3.5 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 13.4.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 13.4.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 13.4.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 13.4.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 13.4.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• Chapter 14 Design for Italian NTC 2008
  • 14.1 Notations
  • 14.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 14.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 14.4 Partial Safety Factors
  • 14.5 Slab Design
    • 14.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 14.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 14.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
      • 14.5.1.3 Minimum and Maximum Tensile Reinforcement
    • 14.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 14.5.2.1 Determine Design Shear Force
      • 14.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 14.5.2.3 Determine Maximum Design Shear Force
      • 14.5.2.4 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 14.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 14.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 14.5.3.2 Determination of Concrete Capacity
      • 14.5.3.3 Determine Maximum Shear Stress
      • 14.5.3.4 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 14.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 14.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 14.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 14.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 14.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• Chapter 15 Design for NZS 3101-06
  • 15.1 Notations
  • 15.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 15.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 15.4 Strength Reduction Factors
  • 15.5 Slab Design
    • 15.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 15.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 15.5.3.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
      • 15.5.3.2 Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
    • 15.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 15.5.3.2 Determine Shear Force and Moment
      • 15.5.3.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 15.5.3.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 15.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 15.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 15.5.3.2 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment
      • 15.5.3.3 Determination of Concrete Capacity
      • 15.5.3.4 Determine Maximum Shear Stress
      • 15.5.3.5 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 15.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 15.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 15.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 15.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 15.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• Chapter 16 Design for Singapore CP 65-99
  • 16.1 Notations
  • 16.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 16.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 16.4 Partial Safety Factors
  • 16.5 Slab Design
    • 16.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 16.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 16.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
      • 16.5.1.3 Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
    • 16.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 16.5.2.1 Determine Shear Stress
      • 16.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 16.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 16.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 16.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 16.5.3.2 Determination of Concrete Capacity
      • 16.5.3.3 Determine Maximum Shear Stress
      • 16.5.3.4 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 16.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 16.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 16.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 16.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 16.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• Chapter 17 Design for TS 500-2000
  • Notations
  • 17.2 Design Load Combinations
  • 17.3 Limits on Material Strength
  • 17.4 Design Strength
  • 17.5 Slab Design
    • 17.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
      • 17.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
      • 17.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
    • 17.5.2 Design Slab Shear Reinforcement
      • 17.5.2.1 Determine Factored Shear Force
      • 17.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 17.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 17.5.3 Check for Punching Shear
      • 17.5.3.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
      • 17.5.3.2 Determine Concrete Capacity
      • 17.5.3.3 Computation of Maximum Shear Stress
      • 17.5.3.4 Determine Capacity Ratio
    • 17.5.4 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
      • 17.5.4.1 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
      • 17.5.4.2 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 17.5.4.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
      • 17.5.4.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
• References
• ETABS RC Slab Design_1.pdf
  • Title
  • Copyright
  • Disclaimer
  • Contents
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
    • 1.1 Organization
    • 1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice
  • Chapter 2 Design Prerequisites
    • 2.1 Design Load Combinations
    • 2.2 Seismic Load Effects
    • 2.3 Design and Check Stations
    • 2.4 Identifying Beams and Columns
    • 2.5 Design of Beams
    • 2.6 Design of Columns
    • 2.7 Design of Joints
    • 2.8 P-Delta Effects
    • 2.9 Element Unsupported Lengths
    • 2.10 Choice of Input Units
  • Chapter 3 Design Process
    • 3.1 Notation
    • 3.2 Design Load Combinations
    • 3.3 Limits on Material Strength
    • 3.4 Column Design
      • 3.4.1 Generation of Biaxial Interaction Surfaces
      • 3.4.2 Calculate Column Capacity Ratio
        • 3.4.2.1 Determine Factored Moments and Forces
        • 3.4.2.2 Determine Moment Magnification Factors
        • 3.4.2.3 Determine Capacity Ratio
      • 3.4.3 Required Reinforcing Area
      • 3.4.4 Design Column Shear Reinforcement
        • 3.4.4.1 Determine Section Forces
        • 3.4.4.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
        • 3.4.4.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
    • 3.5 Beam Design
      • 3.5.1 Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement
        • 3.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
        • 3.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
          • 3.5.1.2.1 Design for Rectangular Beam
          • 3.5.1.2.2 Design for T-Beam
            • Flanged Beam Under Negative Moment
            • Flanged Beam Under Positive Moment
          • 3.5.1.2.3 Minimum and Maximum Tensile Reinforcement
      • 3.5.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement
        • 3.5.2.1 Determine Shear Force and Moment
        • 3.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
        • 3.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
      • 3.5.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement
        • 3.5.3.1 Determine Factored Torsion
        • 3.5.3.2 Determine Special Section Properties
        • 3.5.3.3 Determine Critical Torsion Capacities
        • 3.5.3.4 Determine Torsion Reinforcement
    • 3.6 Joint Design
      • 3.6.1 Determine the Panel Zone Shear Force
      • 3.6.2 Determine the Effective Area of Joint
      • 3.6.3 Check Panel Zone Shear Stress
      • 3.6.4 Beam-Column Flexural Capacity Ratios
    • 3.7 Summary of Special Considerations for Seismic Design
  • Appendices
  • References