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CHAPTER 18 ASC TOPIC 320:
INVESTMENTS—DEBT AND EQUITY SECURITIES

from the
Special Edition GAAP Financial Statement
Disclosures Manual

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CHAPTER 18
ASC TOPIC 320: INVESTMENTS—DEBT
AND EQUITY SECURITIES
CONTENTS
Executive Summary

18.02

Debt and Equity Securities

18.02

Accounting Literature

18.03

Disclosure and Key Presentation Requirements

18.04

Applicable Guidance in ASC Topic 320 After FSP FAS
115-2 and FAS 124-2, Recognition and Presentation of
Other-Than-Temporary Impairments

18.04

Overall

18.05

Impairment of Securities

18.09

Applicable Guidance in ASC Topic 320 Before FSP FAS
115-2 and FAS 124-2, Recognition and Presentation of
Other-Than-Temporary Impairments

18.12

Overall

18.12

Impairment of Securities

18.17

Examples of Financial Statement Disclosures

18.18

Example 1: Accounting Policy Note Explains
Classification of Marketable Securities as Held to
Maturity, Trading, and Available for Sale

18.18

Example 2: Available-for-Sale Securities Are Classified
as Debt and Equity Securities

18.19

Example 3: Available-for-Sale Securities Are Classified
as Current and Noncurrent Assets

18.21

Example 4: Trading Securities

18.23

Example 5: Held-to-Maturity Securities

18.24

Example 6: Estimated Fair Value of Held-to-Maturity
Securities Approximates Cost

18.25

Example 7: Decline in Market Value Is Considered
Other Than Temporary

18.26

18.01

18.02

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

Example 8: Transfer of Held-to-Maturity Investments to
Available-for-Sale Category

18.27

Example 9: Pledged Investments

18.27

Example 10: Impaired Securities—ASC Topic 320 Based
on Guidance in FSP FAS 115-1 and FAS 124-1

18.27

Example 11: Impaired Securities—ASC Topic 320 Based
on Guidance in FSP FAS 115-2 and FAS 124-2

18.31

Other-Than-Temporary Impairments for Debt Securities

18.35

Example 12: Auction Rate Securities Classified as
Available-for-Sale Investments

18.36

Example 13: Auction Rate Securities Classified as
Noncurrent Assets Due to Failed Auctions

18.36

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Debt and Equity Securities
The topic of this chapter applies to both current and noncurrent
investments in debt and equity securities. The primary issue in
accounting and reporting for debt and equity investments is the
appropriate use of fair value. Generally accepted accounting
principles (GAAP) require that investments in equity securities that
have readily determinable fair values and all investments in debt
securities be classified in three categories (held to maturity, trading
securities, and available for sale) and be given specific accounting
treatments, as follows:
Classification

Accounting Treatment

1. Available for sale—Debt and
equity securities that do not
meet the criteria to be
classified as held to maturity
or trading.

Fair value, with unrealized
holding gains and losses
reported in other
comprehensive income.
Nontemporary losses should
be charged to earnings.
Amortized cost, reduced for
nontemporary losses that are
charged to earnings. Other
unrealized gains or losses
should not be recognized.

2. Held to maturity—Debt
securities that the entity has
the positive intent and
ability to hold to maturity.

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

Classification

Accounting Treatment

3. Trading securities—Debt and
equity securities bought and
held primarily for sale in the
near term (e.g., the entity’s
normal operating cycle).

Fair value, with unrealized
holding gains and losses
included in earnings.

18.03

The following are examples of debt and equity securities:
Debt Securities

Equity Securities

U.S. Treasury securities
U.S. government agency securities
Municipal securities
Corporate bonds

Common stock
Preferred stock
Warrants
Rights

Convertible debt

Call options

Commercial paper
Collateralized mortgage obligations

Put options

Preferred stock that must be redeemed
Real estate mortgage investment conduits
Interest-only and principal-only strips
Generally, held-to-maturity securities are classified as noncurrent
assets until they are within one year of maturity; at that time, they
are classified as current assets. Trading securities are classified as
current assets. Available-for-sale securities are classified as current
or noncurrent, as appropriate.

Accounting Literature
FASB Accounting Standards
Codification Topic

Pre-Codification Accounting
Literature

320, Investments—Debt and Equity
Securities

FAS-115, Accounting for
Certain Investments in Debt
and Equity Securities
FSP FAS 115-1 and FAS
124-1, The Meaning of OtherThan-Temporary Impairment
and Its Application to Certain
Investments

18.04

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

FASB Accounting Standards
Codification Topic

Pre-Codification Accounting
Literature
FSP FAS 115-2 and FAS 1242, Recognition and
Presentation of Other-ThanTemporary Impairments
EITF 86-40, Investments in
Open-End Mutual Funds
That Invest in U.S.
Government Securities
FASB Implementation
Guidance (Q&A), A Guide
to Implementation of
Statement 115 on Accounting
for Certain Investments in
Debt and Equity Securities:
Questions and Answers

DISCLOSURE AND KEY PRESENTATION
REQUIREMENTS
Applicable Guidance in ASC Topic 320 After FSP FAS
115-2 and FAS 124-2, Recognition and Presentation of
Other-Than-Temporary Impairments
Note: The disclosure and key presentation requirements in this
section are prescribed by ASC Topic 320, Investments—Debt
and Equity Securities, based on FSP FAS 115-2 and FAS 124-2,
Recognition and Presentation of Other-Than-Temporary
Impairments, which is effective for interim and annual reporting
periods ending after June 15, 2009. Early adoption is permitted
for periods ending after March 15, 2009, provided the pending
content that links to ASC paragraph 820-10-65-4 (based on FSP
FAS 157-4, Determining Fair Value When the Volume and
Level of Activity for the Asset or Liability Have Significantly
Decreased and Identifying Transactions That Are Not Orderly)
is also adopted. In addition, if either the pending content in ASC
paragraph 820-10-65-4 (based on FSP FAS 157-4) or in ASC
paragraph 825-10-65-1 (based on FSP FAS 107-1 and APB
28-1, Interim Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments) is adopted early, the presentation and disclosure
requirements in this section must also be adopted early. The
presentation and disclosure requirements in this section are not
required for earlier periods presented for comparative purposes
at initial adoption. In periods after initial adoption, comparative
disclosures are required only for periods ending after initial
adoption.

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.05

Overall
1.

Investments in available-for-sale securities and trading securities should be reported separately from similar assets that
are subsequently measured using another measurement
attribute on the face of the balance sheet by presenting either
of the following (ASC 320-10-45-1) (FAS-115, par. 17):
a. The aggregate of those fair value and non-fair-value
amounts in the same line item and parenthetically disclosing the amount of fair value included in the aggregate amount.
b. Two separate line items displaying the fair value and
non-fair-value carrying amounts.

Held-to-maturity securities, available-for-sale securities, and
trading securities should be reported on a classified balance
sheet as either current or noncurrent. (ASC 320-10-45-2)
(FAS-115, par. 17) (Note: ASC Section 210-10-45, Balance
Sheet−Overall−Other Presentation Matters [ARB-43, Ch. 3A,
Current Assets and Current Liabilities], provides further guidance on the required presentation of current and noncurrent
assets in the balance sheet.) See Chapter 3, “ASC Topic 210:
Balance Sheet.”
3. For deferred tax assets that have been recognized relating to
net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, the following presentation matters should be followed:
a. If the entity recognizes a valuation allowance at the same
time that it establishes the deferred tax asset (or in a later
interim period of the same fiscal year in which the deferred tax asset is recognized), the offsetting entry to the
valuation allowance should be reported in the component
of other comprehensive income classified as unrealized
gains and losses on certain investments in debt and equity
securities. (ASC 320-10-45-3) (Q&A-115, par. 54)
b. If the entity initially decided that no valuation allowance
was required at the time it established the deferred tax
asset but, in a subsequent fiscal year, decides to recognize
a valuation allowance, the offsetting entry to the valuation allowance should be included as an item in determining income from continuing operations (i.e., not in
other comprehensive income). (ASC 320-10-45-4) (Q&A115, par. 56)
c. If, subsequent to the year the deferred tax asset and
related valuation allowance were recognized, an entity
makes a change in judgment about the level of future
years’ taxable income such that all or a portion of that

18.06 ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

valuation allowance is no longer warranted, any reversals in the valuation allowance due to such change
should be included as an item in determining income
from continuing operations. (ASC 320-10-45-5) (Q&A115, par. 57)
d. If, subsequent to the year the deferred tax asset and related valuation allowance were recognized, an entity generates taxable income in the current year that can use the
benefit of the deferred tax asset, the elimination or reduction of the valuation allowance should be allocated to that
taxable income. (ASC 320-10-45-5) (Q&A-115, par. 57)
e. If in the current year the entity recognizes a valuation
allowance at the same time that it establishes the
deferred tax asset:
(1)

The entity should determine the extent to which the
valuation allowance is directly related to the unrealized loss and the other previously recognized
deductible temporary differences (e.g., an accrual
for other postemployment benefits). (ASC 320-10-456) (Q&A-115, par. 55)
(2) The offsetting entry to the valuation allowance
should be reported in the component of other
comprehensive income classified as unrealized
gains and losses on available-for-sale securities only
to the extent the valuation allowance is directly
related to the unrealized loss on the available-forsale securities that arose in the current year. (ASC
320-10-45-6) (Q&A-115, par. 55)
Gains and losses that have accumulated before transfers
involving trading securities should be classified consistently
with realized gains and losses for the category from which
the security is being transferred (not the category into which
the security is being transferred). (ASC 320-10-45-7) (Q&A115, par. 44)
All or a portion of the unrealized holding gain and loss of an
available-for-sale security that is designated as being hedged
in a fair value hedge should be recognized in earnings during the period of the hedge, pursuant to ASC paragraphs 81525-35-1 through 35-4 (FAS-133, par. 22). (ASC 320-10-45-8)
(FAS-115, par. 13)
Subsequent increases in the fair value of available-for-sale
securities should be included in other comprehensive
income. (ASC 320-10-45-9) (FAS-115, par. 16)
Subsequent decreases in the fair value of available-for-sale
securities (if not an other-than-temporary impairment)

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

10.

11.

12.

18.07

should be included in other comprehensive income. (ASC
320-10-45-9) (FAS-115, par. 16)
Cash flows from purchases, sales, and maturities of
available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities should be classified as cash flows from investing
activities and reported gross for each security classification
in the statement of cash flows. (ASC 320-10-45-11) (FAS-115,
par. 18)
Cash flows from purchases, sales, and maturities of trading
securities should be classified in the statement of cash flows
based on the nature and purpose for which the securities
were acquired. (ASC 320-10-45-11) (FAS-115, par. 18)
If individual amounts for the three categories of investments (i.e., held-to-maturity, available-for-sale, or trading)
are not presented on the face of the balance sheet, they
should be disclosed in the notes. (ASC 320-10-45-13) (FAS115, par. 117)
If the entity reports certain investments in debt securities as
cash equivalents, the notes should reconcile the reporting
classifications used in the balance sheet. (ASC 320-10-45-13)
(FAS-115, par. 117)
For securities classified as available for sale, the following
disclosures should be made for interim and annual periods,
by major security type, as of each date for which a balance
sheet is presented (ASC 320-10-50-2 through 50-4) (FAS-115,
pars. 19 and 20; EITF 86-40) (Note: Major security types
should be based on the nature and risks of the security. An
entity should consider the (shared) activity or business
sector, vintage, geographic concentration, credit quality, or
economic characteristic in determining whether disclosure
for a particular security type is necessary and whether it is
necessary to further separate a particular security type into
greater detail.):
a. The amortized cost basis.
b. The aggregate fair value.
c.

The total other-than-temporary impairment recognized
in accumulated other comprehensive income.

d. Total gains for securities with net gains in accumulated
other comprehensive income.
e. Total losses for securities with net losses in accumulated
other comprehensive income.
f.

Information about the contractual maturities of those
securities as of the date of the most recent balance sheet

18.08 ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

presented. (Note: Maturity information may be combined in appropriate groupings. Securities that are not
due at a single maturity date, such as mortgage-backed
securities, may be disclosed separately rather than allocated over several maturity groupings; however, if allocated, the basis for the allocation should also be
disclosed.)
13. For securities classified as held to maturity, the following
disclosures should be made for interim and annual periods,
by major security type, as of each date for which a balance
sheet is presented (ASC 320-10-50-5) (FAS-115, par. 19)
(Note: Major security types should be based on the nature
and risks of the security. An entity should consider the
(shared) activity or business sector, vintage, geographic concentration, credit quality, or economic characteristic in
determining whether disclosure for a particular security
type is necessary and whether it is necessary to further
separate a particular security type into greater detail.):
a. The amortized cost basis.
b. The aggregate fair value.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Gross unrecognized holding gains.
Gross unrecognized holding losses.
Net carrying amount.
The total other-than-temporary impairment recognized
in accumulated other comprehensive income.
g. Gross gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income for any derivatives that hedged the
forecasted acquisition of the held-to-maturity securities.
h. Information about the contractual maturities of those
securities as of the date of the most recent balance sheet
presented. (Note: Maturity information may be combined in appropriate groupings. Securities that are not
due at a single maturity date, such as mortgage-backed
securities, may be disclosed separately rather than allocated over several maturity groupings; however, if allocated, the basis for the allocation should also be
disclosed.)
14. The following disclosures should be made for each annual
or interim period for which an income statement is presented (ASC 320-10-50-9) (FAS-115, par. 21):
a. The proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities
and the gross realized gains and gross realized losses on
those sales that have been included in earnings.

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.09

b. The method used to determine the cost of a security
sold or the amount reclassified out of accumulated
other comprehensive income into earnings (i.e., specific
identification, average cost, or other method used).
c. The gross gains and gross losses included in earnings
from transfers of securities from the available-for-sale
category into the trading category.
d. The amount of the net unrealized holding gain or loss
on available-for-sale securities that has been included in
accumulated other comprehensive income for the
period.
e. The amount of gains and losses reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings for
the period.
f. The portion of trading gains and losses for the period
that relates to trading securities still held at the balance
sheet date.
15.

For any sales of or transfers from securities classified as
held-to-maturity, the following disclosures should be made
in the notes to the financial statements for each annual or
interim period for which an income statement is presented
(ASC 320-10-50-10) (FAS-115, par. 22):
a. The net carrying amount of the sold or transferred security.
b. The net gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income for any derivative that hedged the forecasted acquisition of the held-to-maturity security.
c. The related realized or unrealized gain or loss.
d. The circumstances leading to the decision to sell or
transfer the security. (Note: Such sales or transfers
should be rare, except for sales and transfers due to the
changes in circumstances identified in ASC paragraphs
320-10-25-6(a) through (f) [FAS-115, par. 8].)

Impairment of Securities
1.

In periods in which an entity determines that a security’s
decline in fair value below its amortized cost basis is other
than temporary, the entity should present the total otherthan-temporary impairment in the income statement with an
offset for the amount of the total other-than-temporary
impairment that is recognized in other comprehensive
income, if any. (ASC 320-10-45-8A) (FSP FAS 115-1 and FAS
124-1, par. 16B)

18.10 ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

The financial statement in which the components of
accumulated other comprehensive income are reported
should separately present amounts recognized therein
related to held-to-maturity and available-for-sale debt securities for which a portion of an other-than-temporary
impairment has been recognized in earnings. (ASC
320-10-45-9A) (FSP FAS 115-1 and FAS 124-1, par. 16C)
For all investments in an unrealized loss position for which
other-than-temporary impairments have not been recognized in earnings (including investments for which a portion
of an other-than-temporary impairment has been recognized
in other comprehensive income), the following disclosures
should be made in the entity’s annual and interim financial
statements (ASC 320-10-50-6 through 50-8) (FSP FAS 115-1
and FAS 124-1, par. 17):
a. As of each date for which a balance sheet is presented,
the following quantitative information, in tabular form,
should be aggregated by category of investment—each
major security type that the entity disclosed in accordance with ASC Subtopic 320-10, (FSP FAS 115-1 and FAS
124-1), and cost-method investments—and segregated
by those investments that have been in a continuous
unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and
those that have been in a continuous unrealized loss
position for 12 months or longer:
(1) The aggregate amount of unrealized losses (i.e., the
amount by which amortized cost basis exceeds fair
value).
(2) The aggregate related fair value of investments with
unrealized losses.
b. As of the date of the most recent balance sheet, the following qualitative information, in narrative form, that
provides sufficient information to allow the financial
statement users to understand the quantitative disclosures and the information that the entity considered
(both positive and negative) in reaching the conclusion
that the impairments are not other-than-temporary (Note:
The disclosures required may be aggregated by investment categories, but individually significant unrealized
losses generally should not be aggregated.):
(1) The nature of the investment.
(2)
(3)

The cause of the impairment.
The number of investment positions that are in an
unrealized loss position.
(4) The severity and duration of the impairment.

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.11

(5)

Other evidence considered by the entity in reaching
its conclusions that the investment is not other-thantemporarily impaired, including, for example,
performance indicators of the underlying assets in
the security (including default rates, delinquency
rates and percentage of nonperforming assets), loan
to collateral value ratios, third-party guarantees,
current levels of subordination, vintage, geographic
concentration, industry analyst reports, sector credit
ratings, volatility of the security’s fair value, and/
or any other information that the entity considers
relevant.
The following disclosures should be made, by major security
type, for annual and interim periods in which an other-thantemporary impairment of a debt security is recognized and
only the amount related to a credit loss was recognized in
earnings (ASC 320-10-50-8A) (FSP FAS 115-1 and FAS 124-1,
par. 18A):
a. The methodology used to measure the amount related to
credit loss.
b. The significant inputs used to measure the amount
related to credit loss. (Examples of significant inputs
include, but are not limited to, performance indicators of
the underlying assets in the security (including default
rates, delinquency rates, and percentage of nonperforming assets), loan to collateral value ratios, third-party
guarantees, current levels of subordination, vintage, geographic concentration, and credit ratings.)
A tabular rollforward should be disclosed of the amount
related to credit losses recognized in earnings, for each
interim and annual reporting period presented, that includes
(ASC 320-10-50-8B) (FSP FAS 115-1 and FAS 124-1, par. 18B):
a. The beginning balance of the amount related to credit
losses on debt securities held by the entity at the beginning of the period for which a portion of an other-thantemporary impairment was recognized in other
comprehensive income.
b. Additions for the amount related to the credit loss for
which an other-than-temporary impairment was not
previously recognized.
c. Reductions for securities sold during the period
(realized).
d. Reductions for securities for which the amount previously recognized in other comprehensive income was recognized in earnings because the entity intends to sell the

18.12 ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

security or more likely than not will be required to sell the
security before recovery of its amortized cost basis.
e. Additional increases to the amount related to the credit
loss for which an other-than-temporary impairment was
previously recognized when the investor does not intend
to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that
the entity will be required to sell the security before
recovery of its amortized cost basis.
f. Reductions for increases in cash flows expected to be collected that are recognized over the remaining life of the
security.
g. The ending balance of the amount related to credit losses
on debt securities held by the entity at the end of the
period for which a portion of an other-than-temporary
impairment was recognized in other comprehensive
income.

Applicable Guidance in ASC Topic 320 Before FSP FAS
115-2 and FAS 124-2, Recognition and Presentation of
Other-Than-Temporary Impairments
Note: The disclosure and key presentation requirements in this
section are prescribed by ASC Topic 320, Investments—Debt
and Equity Securities, prior to the adoption of the guidance
based on FSP FAS 115-2 and FAS 124-2, Recognition and Presentation of Other-Than-Temporary Impairments, which is
effective for interim and annual reporting periods ending after
June 15, 2009.

Overall
1.

Held-to-maturity securities, available-for-sale securities, and
trading securities should be reported on a classified balance
sheet as either current or noncurrent. (ASC 320-10-45-2)

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.13

(FAS-115, par. 17) (Note: ASC Section 210-10-45, Balance
Sheet−Overall−Other Presentation Matters, [ARB-43, Ch. 3A,
Current Assets and Current Liabilities], provides further guidance on the required presentation of current and noncurrent
assets in the balance sheet.)
3.

For deferred tax assets that have been recognized relating to
net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, the following presentation matters should be followed:
a. If the entity recognizes a valuation allowance at the same
time that it establishes the deferred tax asset (or in a later
interim period of the same fiscal year in which the deferred tax assert is recognized), the offsetting entry to the
valuation allowance should be reported in the component
of other comprehensive income classified as unrealized
gains and losses on certain investments in debt and equity
securities. (ASC 320-10-45-3) (Q&A-115, par. 54)
b. If the entity initially decided that no valuation allowance
was required at the time it established the deferred tax
asset but, in a subsequent fiscal year, decides to recognize
a valuation allowance, the offsetting entry to the valuation allowance should be included as an item in determining income from continuing operations (i.e., not in
other comprehensive income). (ASC 320-10-45-4) (Q&A115, par. 56)
c. If, subsequent to the year the deferred tax asset and
related valuation allowance were recognized, an entity
makes a change in judgment about the level of future
years’ taxable income such that all or a portion of that
valuation allowance is no longer warranted, any reversals in the valuation allowance due to such change
should be included as an item in determining income
from continuing operations. (ASC 320-10-45-5) (Q&A115, par. 57)
d. If, subsequent to the year the deferred tax asset and related valuation allowance were recognized, an entity generates taxable income in the current year that can use the
benefit of the deferred tax asset, the elimination or reduction of the valuation allowance should be allocated to that
taxable income. (ASC 320-10-45-5) (Q&A-115, par. 57)
e. If in the current year the entity recognizes a valuation
allowance at the same time that it establishes the
deferred tax asset:
(1) The entity should determine the extent to which the
valuation allowance is directly related to the unrealized loss and the other previously recognized

18.14 ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

deductible temporary differences (e.g., an accrual
for other postemployment benefits). (ASC 320-1045-6) (Q&A-115, par. 55)
(2) The offsetting entry to the valuation allowance
should be reported in the component of other comprehensive income classified as unrealized gains
and losses on available-for-sale securities only to the
extent the valuation allowance is directly related to
the unrealized loss on the available-for-sale securities that arose in the current year. (ASC 320-10-45-6)
(Q&A-115, par. 55)
Gains and losses that have accumulated before transfers
involving trading securities should be classified consistently with realized gains and losses for the category from
which the security is being transferred (not the category into
which the security is being transferred). (ASC 320-10-45-7)
(Q&A-115, par. 44)

All or a portion of the unrealized holding gain and loss of
an available-for-sale security that is designated as being
hedged in a fair value hedge should be recognized in earnings during the period of the hedge, pursuant to ASC paragraphs 815-25-35-1 through 35-4, (FAS-133, par. 22). (ASC
320-10-45-8) (FAS-115, par. 13)
6. Subsequent increases in the fair value of available-for-sale
securities should be included in other comprehensive
income. (ASC 320-10-45-9) (FAS-115, par. 16)
7. Subsequent decreases in the fair value of available-for-sale
securities (if not an other-than-temporary impairment)
should be included in other comprehensive income. (ASC
320-10-45-9) (FAS-115, par. 16)
8. Cash flows from purchases, sales, and maturities of
available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities
should be classified as cash flows from investing activities
and reported gross for each security classification in
the statement of cash flows. (ASC 320-10-45-11) (FAS-115,
par. 18)
9. Cash flows from purchases, sales, and maturities of trading
securities should be classified in the statement of cash flows
based on the nature and purpose for which the securities
were acquired. (ASC 320-10-45-11) (FAS-115, par. 18)
10. If individual amounts for the three categories of investments (i.e., held-to-maturity, available-for-sale, or trading)
are not presented on the face of the balance sheet, they

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.15

should be disclosed in the notes. (ASC 320-10-45-13) (FAS115, par. 117)
11. If the entity reports certain investments in debt securities as
cash equivalents, the notes should reconcile the reporting
classifications used in the balance sheet. (ASC 320-10-45-13)
(FAS-115, par. 117)
12. For securities classified as available for sale, the following
disclosures should be made, by major security type, as of
each date for which a balance sheet is presented (ASC 32010-50-2 through 50-4) (FAS-115, pars. 19 and 20; EITF 86-40):
a. The aggregate fair value.
b. Total gains for securities with net gains in accumulated
other comprehensive income.
c. Total losses for securities with net losses in accumulated
other comprehensive income.

13.

d. Information about the contractual maturities of those
securities as of the date of the most recent balance sheet
presented. (Note: Maturity information may be combined in appropriate groupings. Securities that are not
due at a single maturity date, such as mortgage-backed
securities, may be disclosed separately rather than allocated over several maturity groupings; however, if allocated, the basis for the allocation should also be
disclosed.)
For securities classified as held to maturity, the following
disclosures should be made, by major security type, as of
each date for which a balance sheet is presented (ASC 32010-50-5) (FAS-115, par. 19):
a. The aggregate fair value.
b. Gross unrecognized holding gains.
c. Gross unrecognized holding losses.
d. Net carrying amount.
e. Gross gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income for any derivatives that hedged the
forecasted acquisition of the held-to-maturity securities.
f. Information about the contractual maturities of those
securities as of the date of the most recent balance sheet
presented. (Note: Maturity information may be combined in appropriate groupings. Securities that are not
due at a single maturity date, such as mortgage-backed
securities, may be disclosed separately rather than
allocated over several maturity groupings; however, if

18.16 ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

allocated, the basis for the allocation should also be disclosed.)
14. The following disclosures should be made for each period
for which an income statement is presented (ASC 320-1050-9) (FAS-115, par. 21):
a. The proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities
and the gross realized gains and gross realized losses on
those sales that have been included in earnings.
b. The method used to determine the cost of a security
sold or the amount reclassified out of accumulated
other comprehensive income into earnings (i.e., specific
identification, average cost, or other method used).
c. The gross gains and gross losses included in earnings
from transfers of securities from the available-for-sale
category into the trading category.
d. The amount of the net unrealized holding gain or loss
on available-for-sale securities that has been included in
accumulated other comprehensive income for the
period.
e. The amount of gains and losses reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings for
the period.
f. The portion of trading gains and losses for the period
that relates to trading securities still held at the balance
sheet date.
15. For any sales of or transfers from securities classified as
held-to-maturity, the following disclosures should be made
in the notes to the financial statements for each period for
which an income statement is presented (ASC 320-10-50-10)
(FAS-115, par. 22):
a. The net carrying amount of the sold or transferred security.
b. The net gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income for any derivative that hedged the forecasted acquisition of the held-to-maturity security.
c. The related realized or unrealized gain or loss.
d. The circumstances leading to the decision to sell or
transfer the security. (Note: Such sales or transfers
should be rare, except for sales and transfers due to the
changes in circumstances identified in ASC paragraphs
320-10-25-6(a) through (f) [FAS-115, par. 8].)

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.17

Impairment of Securities
1.

For all investments in an unrealized loss position for which
other-than-temporary impairments have not been recognized, the following disclosures should be made in the entity’s annual financial statements (ASC 320-10-50-6 through
50-8) (FSP FAS 115-1 and FAS 124-1, par. 17):
a. As of each date for which a balance sheet is presented,
the following quantitative information, in tabular form,
should be aggregated by each category of investment
that the entity disclosed in accordance with ASC Subtopic 320-10 (FSP FAS 115-1 and FAS 124-1), and costmethod investments, and segregated by those
investments that have been in a continuous unrealized
loss position for less than 12 months and those that have
been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12
months or longer:
(1) The aggregate related fair value of investments with
unrealized losses.
(2) The aggregate amount of unrealized losses (i.e., the
amount by which cost exceeds fair value).
b. As of the date of the most recent balance sheet, additional qualitative information, in narrative form, that provides sufficient information to allow the financial
statement users to understand the quantitative disclosures and the information that the entity considered
(both positive and negative) in reaching the conclusion
that the impairments are not other-than-temporary,
which could include:
(1) The nature of the investment.
(2) The cause of the impairment.
(3) The number of investment positions that are in an
unrealized loss position.
(4) The severity and duration of the impairment.
(5) Other evidence considered by the entity in reaching
its conclusions that the investment is not other-thantemporarily impaired, including, for example,
industry analyst reports, sector credit ratings, volatility of the security’s fair value, and/or any other
information that the entity considers relevant.

18.18 ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

EXAMPLES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT
DISCLOSURES
The following sample disclosures are available on the
accompanying disc.
Example 1: Accounting Policy Note Explains Classification of
Marketable Securities as Held to Maturity, Trading, and Available
for Sale
The Company determines the appropriate classification of its investments in debt and equity securities at the time of purchase and
reevaluates such determinations at each balance sheet date. Debt
securities are classified as held to maturity when the Company has
the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. Debt
securities for which the Company does not have the intent or ability
to hold to maturity are classified as available for sale. Held-tomaturity securities are recorded as either short term or long term on
the Balance Sheet, based on contractual maturity date and are stated
at amortized cost. Marketable securities that are bought and held
principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are
classified as trading securities and are reported at fair value, with
unrealized gains and losses recognized in earnings. Debt and marketable equity securities not classified as held to maturity or as trading, are classified as available for sale, and are carried at fair market
value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, included in
the determination of comprehensive income and reported in shareholders’ equity.
The fair value of substantially all securities is determined by
quoted market prices. The estimated fair value of securities for
which there are no quoted market prices is based on similar types of
securities that are traded in the market.

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.19

Example 2: Available-for-Sale Securities Are Classified as Debt and
Equity Securities
Available-for-sale securities consist of the following:
December 31, 20X2
Gains in
Losses in
Accumulated Accumulated
Other
Other
Estimated
Amortized Comprehensive Comprehensive
Fair
Cost
Income
Income
Value
U.S.
government
securities
Commercial
paper

$1,412,000

-0-

$ (6,000)

$1,406,000

5,000

(2,000)

1,350,000

51,000
-0-

(17,000)
-0-

1,187,000
100,000

56,000
100,000

(25,000)
(56,000)

4,043,000
866,000

5,000

-0-

145,000

105,000

(56,000)

1,011,000

$161,000

$(81,000)

$5,054,000

1,347,000

Corporate
bonds
1,153,000
Fixed rate notes
100,000
Total debt
securities
4,012,000
Common stock
822,000
Preferred stock
140,000
Total equity
securities
962,000
Total availablefor-sale
securities
$4,974,000

December 31, 20X1
Gains in
Losses in
Accumulated Accumulated
Other
Other
Estimated
Amortized Comprehensive Comprehensive
Fair
Cost
Income
Income
Value
U.S.
government
securities
Commercial
paper

$1,161,000
1,632,000

-0-

$(4,000)

$1,157,000

9,000

(6,000)

1,635,000

18.20

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

December 31, 20X1
Gains in
Losses in
Accumulated Accumulated
Other
Other
Estimated
Amortized Comprehensive Comprehensive
Fair
Cost
Income
Income
Value
Corporate
bonds
Fixed rate
notes
Total debt
securities
Common stock
Preferred stock

1,788,000

12,000

(73,000)

1,727,000

150,000

-0-

150,000

4,731,000
615,000
110,000

21,000
37,000
4,000

(83,000)
(26,000)
-0-

4,669,000
626,000
114,000

41,000

(26,000)

740,000

Total equity
securities
725,000
Total availablefor-sale
securities
$5,456,000

$62,000

$(109,000) $5,409,000

During the years ended December 31, 20X2, and December 31,
20X1, available-for-sale securities were sold for total proceeds of
$823,000 and $617,000, respectively. The gross realized gains on
these sales totaled $127,000 and $104,000 in 20X2 and 20X1,
respectively. For purpose of determining gross realized gains, the
cost of securities sold is based on specific identification. Net
unrealized holding gains on available-for-sale securities in the
amount of $127,000 and $53,000 for the years ended December 31,
20X2, and December 31, 20X1, respectively, have been included
in accumulated other comprehensive income. Total other-thantemporary impairment recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income amounted to $50,000 and $45,000 at December 31,
20X2, and December 31, 20X1, respectively.
Contractual maturities of available-for-sale debt securities at
December 31, 20X2, are as follows:
Estimated
Fair Value
Due in one year or less
Due in 1–2 years
Due in 2–5 years

$2,388,000
1,161,000
273,000

Due after 5 years
Total investments in debt securities

221,000
$4,043,000

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.21

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because
some borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or
without call or prepayment penalties.
Example 3: Available-for-Sale Securities Are Classified as Current and
Noncurrent Assets
Available-for-sale securities consist of the following:
December 31, 20X2
Gains in
Losses in
Accumulated Accumulated
Other
Other
Estimated
Amortized Comprehensive Comprehensive
Fair
Cost
Income
Income
Value
Current:
Auction rate
securities

$2,800,000

-0-

$2,800,000

748,000

-0-

(4,000)

744,000

302,000

6,000

(2,000)

306,000

675,000

12,000

(7,000)

680,000

4,525,000

18,000

(13,000)

4,530,000

1,300,000

-0-

1,300,000

679,000

8,000

(6,000)

681,000

274,000
413,000

-047,000

(9,000)
(26,000)

265,000
434,000

Preferred stock
279,000
Total
noncurrent
securities
2,945,000
Total availablefor-sale
securities
$7,470,000

24,000

(13,000)

290,000

79,000

(54,000)

2,970,000

$97,000

$(67,000)

$7,500,000

Municipal
bonds and
notes
Asset-backed
securities
U.S.
government
obligations
Total current
securities
Noncurrent:
Auction rate
securities
Municipal
bonds
Corporate
bonds
Common stock

18.22

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

December 31, 20X1
Gains in
Losses in
Accumulated Accumulated
Other
Other
Amortized Comprehensive Comprehensive Estimated
Cost
Income
Income
FairValue
Current:
Auction rate
securities
Municipal
bonds and
notes
Asset-backed
securities
U.S.
government
obligations
Total current
securities
Noncurrent:
Auction rate
securities
Municipal
bonds
Corporate
bonds
Common stock
Preferred stock

$4,300,000

-0-

$4,300,000

623,000

-0-

(3,000)

620,000

291,000

4,000

(1,000)

294,000

600,000

10,000

(6,000)

604,000

5,814,000

14,000

(10,000)

5,818,000

1,450,000

-0-

1,450,000

610,000

7,000

(5,000)

612,000

296,000
471,000
342,000

-043,000
28,000

(11,000)
(29,000)
(17,000)

285,000
485,000
353,000

78,000

(62,000)

3,185,000

$92,000

$(72,000)

$9,003,000

Total
noncurrent
securities
3,169,000
Total availablefor-sale
securities
$8,983,000

Proceeds from the sales of available-for-sale securities were
$511,000 and $307,000 during 20X2 and 20X1, respectively. Gross
realized gains on those sales during 20X2 and 20X1 were $107,000
and $95,000, respectively. Gross realized losses on those sales
during 20X2 and 20X1 were $53,000 and $46,000, respectively. For
purpose of determining gross realized gains and losses, the cost of
securities sold is based on average cost. Net unrealized holding

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.23

gains on available-for-sale securities in the amount of $10,000
and $36,000 for the years ended December 31, 20X2, and December
31, 20X1, respectively, have been included in accumulated other
comprehensive income. Total other-than-temporary impairment
recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income amounted
to $160,000 and $130,000 at December 31, 20X2, and December 31,
20X1, respectively.
Contractual maturities of available-for-sale debt securities at
December 31, 20X2, are as follows:
Estimated
Fair Value
Within one year
After 1-5 years
After 5-10 years

$4,530,000
2,050,000
196,000
$6,776,000

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because
some borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or
without call or prepayment penalties.
Example 4: Trading Securities
The Company’s short-term investments comprise equity and debt
securities, all of which are classified as trading securities and are carried at their fair value based on the quoted market prices of the securities at December 31, 20X2, and December 31, 20X1. Net realized
and unrealized gains and losses on trading securities are included
in net earnings. For purpose of determining realized gains and
losses, the cost of securities sold is based on specific identification.
The composition of trading securities, classified as current assets,
is as follows at December 31, 20X2, and December 31, 20X1:
December 31, 20X2
Treasury bills
Mutual funds
Common stock
Preferred stock
Total trading
securities

December 31, 20X1

Cost
$2,796,000
883,000
617,000
311,000

Fair Value
$2,796,000
765,000
501,000
294,000

Cost
Fair Value
$2,515,000 $2,515,000
691,000
653,000
574,000
452,000
282,000
258,000

$4,607,000

$4,356,000

$4,062,000 $3,878,000

18.24

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

Investment income for the years ended December 31, 20X2, and
December 31, 20X1, consists of the following:

Gross realized gains from
sale of trading securities
Gross realized losses from
sale of trading securities
Dividend and interest
income
Net unrealized holding
losses
Net investment income

20X2

20X1

$ 162,000

$ 129,000

(71,000)

(46,000)

194,000

123,000

(67,000)
$ 218,000

(134,000)
$ 72,000

Example 5: Held-to-Maturity Securities
At December 31, 20X2, and December 31, 20X1, the Company held
investments in marketable securities that were classified as held to
maturity and consisted of the following:
December 31, 20X2
Amortized
Cost
U.S. government
securities

$4,997,000

Unrecognized Unrecognized
Holding
Holding
Estimated
Gains
Losses
Fair Value
$

8,000

$ (3,000)

$5,002,000

States and
municipalities

1,170,000

75,000

(10,000)

1,235,000

Corporate bonds

1,219,000

67,000

(11,000)

1,275,000

$7,386,000

$150,000

$(24,000)

$7,512,000

Total held-tomaturity securities

December 31, 20X1
Amortized
Cost

Unrecognized Unrecognized
Holding
Holding
Estimated
Gains
Losses
Fair Value

U.S. government
securities

$3,624,000

$ 9,000

$ (2,000)

$3,631,000

States and
municipalities

1,641,000

95,000

(16,000)

1,720,000

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.25

December 31, 20X1
Amortized
Cost
Corporate bonds
Total held-tomaturity securities

Unrecognized Unrecognized
Holding
Holding
Estimated
Gains
Losses
Fair Value

1,023,000

61,000

(13,000)

1,071,000

$6,288,000

$165,000

$(31,000)

$6,422,000

During the years ended December 31, 20X2, and December 31,
20X1, held-to-maturity securities were sold for total proceeds of
$917,000 and $733,000, respectively. The gross realized gains on
these sales totaled $58,000 and $64,000 in 20X2 and 20X1, respectively. For purpose of determining gross realized gains, the cost of
securities sold is based on specific identification.
Contractual maturities of held-to-maturity securities at December
31, 20X2, are as follows:
Net Carrying
Amount
Due in one year or less
Due in 2-5 years
Due in 6-10 years
Total investments in held-to-maturity securities

$1,380,000
5,481,000
525,000
$7,386,000

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because
some borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or
without call or prepayment penalties.
Example 6: Estimated Fair Value of Held-to-Maturity Securities
Approximates Cost
At December 31, 20X2, and December 31, 20X1, the Company had
marketable debt securities that were classified as held to maturity
and carried at amortized cost. Held-to-maturity securities consisted
of the following:
20X2
Current:
U.S. government securities
Commercial paper
Certificates of deposit
Corporate notes

$1,714,000
1,975,000
1,315,000
2,417,000

20X1
$

-01,810,000
600,000
1,976,000

18.26

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

20X2
Total current held-to-maturity
securities
Noncurrent:
U.S. government securities
Corporate notes
Total noncurrent held-to-maturity
securities
Total held-to-maturity securities

20X1

7,421,000

4,386,000

3,411,000
3,719,000

3,100,000
2,418,000

7,130,000

5,518,000

$14,551,000

$9,904,000

At December 31, 20X2, maturities for noncurrent held-tomaturity securities were between one and two years. At December
31, 20X2, and December 31, 20X1, the estimated fair value of each
investment approximated its amortized cost and, therefore, there
were no significant unrecognized holding gains or losses.
Example 7: Decline in Market Value Is Considered Other Than
Temporary
The Company invests in debt and equity securities of technology
companies for business and strategic purposes. Investments in
public companies are classified as “available for sale” and are
carried at fair value based on quoted market prices. The Company
reviews its marketable equity holdings in publicly traded companies on a regular basis to determine if any security has experienced
an other-than-temporary decline in fair value. The Company
considers the investee company’s cash position, earnings and
revenue outlook, stock price performance, liquidity and management ownership, among other factors, in its review. If it is
determined that an other-than-temporary decline exists in a
marketable equity security, the Company writes down the investment to its market value and records the related write-down as an
investment loss in its Statement of Operations.
At December 31, 20X2, the Company wrote down to fair market
value certain equity security investments. The write-down
amounted to $157,000 and was due to a decline in the fair value of
the equity security which, in the opinion of management, was considered to be other than temporary. The write-down is included in
general and administrative expenses in the accompanying Statement of Operations for 20X2.

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.27

Example 8: Transfer of Held-to-Maturity Investments to Available-forSale Category
In March 20X2, the Company transferred all of its held-to-maturity
investments to the available-for-sale category. Management determined that it no longer had the positive intent to hold its investment
in securities classified as held-to-maturity for an indefinite period of
time because of management’s desire to have more flexibility in managing the investment portfolio. The securities transferred had a total
amortized cost of $3,770,000, fair value of $3,862,000 and unrealized
gross gains of $218,000 and unrealized gross losses of $126,000 at the
time of the transfer. The net unrealized gain of $92,000 was recorded
as other comprehensive income at the time of transfer.
Example 9: Pledged Investments
The Company has pledged certain held-to-maturity investments as
collateral for payments due under operating leases and for a
standby letter of credit related to an operating lease. Total amount
of securities pledged at December 31, 20X2, was approximately
$736,000, of which $400,000 is classified as a restricted investment.
The operating leases expire at various dates through December 31,
20X5. The standby letter of credit expires on March 31, 20X3, but is
automatically renewable through the underlying lease expiration
date of March 31, 20X5.
Example 10: Impaired Securities—ASC Topic 320 Based on Guidance in
FSP FAS 115-1 and FAS 124-1
Note: To facilitate the illustration of narrative disclosures and
for simplicity, this example presents only the quantitative information as of the date of the latest balance sheet. However,
GAAP requires the quantitative information to be presented as
of each date for which a balance sheet is presented.

The following table shows the Company’s investments’ gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and
length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous
unrealized loss position, at December 31, 20X2:

Fair Value
$1,000,000
750,000
1,540,000
3,290,000
860,000
$4,150,000

Description of Securities
U.S. Treasury obligations
Federal agency mortgage-backed securities
Corporate bonds

Total debt securities
Common stock
Total

93,000
55,000
$148,000

Unrealized
Losses
$ 15,000
18,000
60,000

Less than 12 Months

3,200,000
920,000
$4,120,000

Fair Value
$1,100,000
800,000
1,300,000

Total

119,000
150,000
$269,000

6,490,000
1,780,000
$8,270,000

212,000
205,000
$417,000

Unrealized
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Value
Losses
$ 20,000 $2,100,000 $ 35,000
14,000
1,550,000
32,000
85,000
2,840,000
145,000

12 Months or More

18.28
ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.29

The Company has determined that the unrealized losses are deemed
to be temporary impairments as of December 31, 20X2. The Company believes that the unrealized losses generally are caused by
liquidity discounts and increases in the risk premiums required by
market participants rather than an adverse change in cash flows or
a fundamental weakness in the credit quality of the issuer or underlying assets.
U.S. Treasury Obligations. The unrealized losses on the Company’s investments in U.S. Treasury obligations were caused by interest rate
increases. The contractual terms of those investments do not permit
the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than the amortized cost
of the investment. Because the Company has the ability and intent to
hold those investments until a recovery of fair value, which may be
maturity, the Company does not consider those investments to be
other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 20X2.
Federal Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities. The unrealized losses on
the Company’s investment in federal agency mortgage-backed securities were caused by interest rate increases. The Company purchased those investments at a discount relative to their face amount,
and the contractual cash flows of those investments are guaranteed
by an agency of the U.S. government. Accordingly, it is expected that
the securities would not be settled at a price less than the amortized
cost of the Company’s investment. Because the decline in market
value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company has the ability and intent to hold
those investments until a recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider those investments to be otherthan-temporarily impaired at December 31, 20X2.
Corporate Bonds. The Company’s unrealized losses on investments in
corporate bonds relate to a $1,540,000 investment in ABC Company’s
Series B Debentures and a $1,300,000 investment in XYZ Company’s
Series C Debentures. The unrealized losses were primarily caused by
(a) a recent decrease in profitability and near-term profit forecasts by
industry analysts resulting from intense competitive pricing pressure
in the manufacturing industry and (b) a recent sector downgrade by
several industry analysts. The contractual terms of those investments
do not permit ABC Company and XYZ Company to settle the
security at a price less than the amortized cost of the investment.
While the credit ratings of ABC Company and XYZ Company have
decreased from A to BBB (S&P), the Company currently does not believe it is probable that it will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the investments. Therefore, it is
expected that the debentures would not be settled at a price less than
the amortized cost of the investments. Because the Company has the
ability and intent to hold these investments until a recovery of fair

18.30 ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

value, which may be maturity, it does not consider the investment in
the debentures of ABC Company and XYZ Company to be otherthan-temporarily impaired at December 31, 20X2.
Common Stock. The Company’s investments consist primarily of
investments in common stock of companies in the consumer tools
and appliances industry ($1,100,000 of the total fair value and
$155,000 of the total unrealized losses in common stock investments)
and the air courier industry ($680,000 of the total fair value and
$50,000 of the total unrealized losses in common stock investments).
Within the Company’s portfolio of common stocks in the consumer
tools and appliances industry (all of which are in an unrealized loss
position) approximately 35% of the total fair value and 30% of the
Company’s total unrealized losses are in ABC Company. The
remaining fair value and unrealized losses are distributed in four
companies. The severity and duration of the impairment correlate
with the weak sales experienced recently within the consumer tools
and appliance industry. The Company evaluated the near-term
prospects of the issuer in relation to the severity and duration of the
impairment. Based on that evaluation and the Company’s ability
and intent to hold those investments for a reasonable period of time
sufficient for a forecasted recovery of fair value, the Company does
not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily
impaired at December 31, 20X2.
The Company’s portfolio of common stocks in the air courier
industry consists of investments in 6 companies, 4 of which (or
approximately 80% of the total fair value of the investments in the
air courier industry) are in an unrealized loss position. The air
courier industry and the Company’s investees are susceptible to
changes in the U.S. economy and the industries of their customers.
A substantial number of their principal customers are in the
automotive, personal computer, electronics, telecommunications,
and related industries, and their businesses have been adversely
affected by the slowdown of the U.S. economy, particularly during
the first half of 20X2 when the Company’s investments became
impaired. In addition, the credit ratings of nearly all companies in
the portfolio have decreased from A to BBB (S&P or equivalent
designation). The severity of the impairments in relation to the
carrying amounts of the individual investments is consistent with
those market developments. The Company evaluated the near-term
prospects of the issuers in relation to the severity and duration of
the impairment. Based on that evaluation and the Company’s
ability and intent to hold those investments for a reasonable period
of time sufficient for a forecasted recovery of fair value, the
Company does not consider those investments to be other-thantemporarily impaired at December 31, 20X2.

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.31

Example 11: Impaired Securities—ASC Topic 320 Based on Guidance in
FSP FAS 115-2 and FAS 124-2
Note: To facilitate the illustration of narrative disclosures and
for simplicity, this example presents only the quantitative information as of the date of the latest balance sheet. However,
GAAP requires the quantitative information to be presented as
of each date for which a balance sheet is presented.

Fair Value
$1,000,000
750,000
1,540,000
3,290,000
860,000
$4,150,000

Description of Securities
U.S. Treasury obligations
Federal agency mortgage-backed securities
Corporate bonds

Total debt securities
Common stock
Total

93,000
55,000
$148,000

Unrealized
Losses
$ 15,000
18,000
60,000

Less than 12 Months

3,200,000
920,000
$4,120,000

Fair Value
$1,100,000
800,000
1,300,000

Total

119,000
150,000
$269,000

6,490,000
1,780,000
$8,270,000

212,000
205,000
$417,000

Unrealized
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Value
Losses
$ 20,000 $2,100,000 $ 35,000
14,000
1,550,000
32,000
85,000
2,840,000
145,000

12 Months or More

18.32
ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.33

The Company has determined that the unrealized losses are deemed
to be temporary impairments as of December 31, 20X2. The Company believes that the unrealized losses generally are caused by
liquidity discounts and increases in the risk premiums required by
market participants rather than an adverse change in cash flows or
a fundamental weakness in the credit quality of the issuer or underlying assets.
U.S. Treasury Obligations. The unrealized losses on the Company’s
investments in U.S. Treasury obligations were caused by interest
rate increases. The contractual terms of those investments do not
permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than the amortized cost of the investment. Because the Company does not intend
to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that the
Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of
their amortized cost bases, which may be maturity, the Company
does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily
impaired at December 31, 20X2.
Federal Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities. The unrealized losses on
the Company’s investment in federal agency mortgage-backed securities were caused by interest rate increases. The Company purchased those investments at a discount relative to their face amount,
and the contractual cash flows of those investments are guaranteed
by an agency of the U.S. government. Accordingly, it is expected that
the securities would not be settled at a price less than the amortized
cost bases of the Company’s investments. Because the decline in
market value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not
credit quality, and because the Company does not intend to sell the
investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will
be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at
December 31, 20X2.
Corporate Bonds. The Company’s unrealized losses on investments
in corporate bonds relate to a $1,540,000 investment in ABC
Company’s Series B Debentures and a $1,300,000 investment in
XYZ Company’s Series C Debentures. The unrealized losses were
primarily caused by (a) a recent decrease in profitability and
near-term profit forecasts by industry analysts resulting from
intense competitive pricing pressure in the manufacturing industry
and (b) a recent sector downgrade by several industry analysts. The
contractual terms of those investments do not permit ABC
Company and XYZ Company to settle the security at a price less
than the amortized cost basis of the investment. While the credit
ratings of ABC Company and XYZ Company have decreased from
A to BBB (S&P), the Company currently does not expect ABC

18.34 ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

Company and XYZ Company to settle the debentures at a price less
than the amortized cost basis of the investments (i.e., the Company
expects to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security).
Because the Company does not intend to sell the investment and it
is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell
the investment before recovery of its amortized cost basis, which
may be maturity, it does not consider the investment in the
debentures of ABC Company and XYZ Company to be other-thantemporarily impaired at December 31, 20X2.
Common Stock. The Company’s investments consist primarily of
investments in common stock of companies in the consumer tools
and appliances industry ($1,100,000 of the total fair value and
$155,000 of the total unrealized losses in common stock investments)
and the air courier industry ($680,000 of the total fair value and
$50,000 of the total unrealized losses in common stock investments).
Within the Company’s portfolio of common stocks in the consumer
tools and appliances industry (all of which are in an unrealized loss
position), approximately 35% of the total fair value and 30% of the
Company’s total unrealized losses are in ABC Company. The
remaining fair value and unrealized losses are distributed in four
companies. The severity and duration of the impairment correlate
with the weak sales experienced recently within the consumer tools
and appliance industry. The Company evaluated the near-term
prospects of the issuer in relation to the severity and duration of the
impairment. Based on that evaluation and the Company’s ability
and intent to hold those investments for a reasonable period of time
sufficient for a forecasted recovery of fair value, the Company does
not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily
impaired at December 31, 20X2.
The Company’s portfolio of common stocks in the air courier
industry consists of investments in six companies, four of which (or
approximately 80% of the total fair value of the investments in the
air courier industry) are in an unrealized loss position. The air courier industry and the Company’s investees are susceptible to
changes in the U.S. economy and the industries of their customers.
A substantial number of their principal customers are in the automotive, personal computer, electronics, telecommunications, and
related industries, and their businesses have been adversely affected
by the slowdown of the U.S. economy, particularly during the first
half of 20X2 when the Company’s investments became impaired. In
addition, the credit ratings of nearly all companies in the portfolio
have decreased from A to BBB (S&P or equivalent designation). The
severity of the impairments in relation to the carrying amounts of
the individual investments is consistent with those market developments. The Company evaluated the near-term prospects of the issuers in relation to the severity and duration of the impairment. Based
on that evaluation and the Company’s ability and intent to hold

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.35

those investments for a reasonable period of time sufficient for a
forecasted recovery of fair value, the Company does not consider
those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 20X2.

Other-Than-Temporary Impairments for Debt Securities
The Company recognizes other-than-temporary impairments
(OTTI) for debt securities classified as available for sale in accordance with ASC 320 (based on FSP FAS 115-2 and FAS 124-2).
Accordingly, the Company assesses whether it intends to sell or it is
more likely than not that it will be required to sell a security before
recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit
losses. For debt securities that are considered other-thantemporarily impaired and that the Company does not intend to sell
and will not be required to sell prior to recovery of the amortized
cost basis, the Company separates the amount of the impairment
into the amount that is credit related (credit loss component) and the
amount due to all other factors. The credit loss component is recognized in earnings and is the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and the present value of its expected future cash
flows discounted at the security’s effective yield. The remaining difference between the security’s fair value and the present value of
future expected cash flows is due to factors that are not credit related
and, therefore, is not required to be recognized as losses in the
income statement, but is recognized in other comprehensive income.
Management believes that the Company will fully collect the carrying value of securities on which it has recorded a non-credit-related
impairment in other comprehensive income.
The table below presents a roll-forward of the credit loss component recognized in earnings (referred to as “credit-impaired” debt
securities). The credit loss component of the amortized cost represents the difference between the present value of expected future
cash flows and the amortized cost basis of the security prior to considering credit losses. The beginning balance represents the credit
loss component for debt securities for which OTTI occurred prior to
January 1, 20X2. OTTI recognized in earnings in 20X2 for creditimpaired debt securities is presented as additions in two components based upon whether the current period is the first time the
debt security was credit-impaired (initial credit impairment) or is
not the first time the debt security was credit impaired (subsequent
credit impairments). The credit loss component is reduced if the
Company sells, intends to sell or believes it will be required to sell
previously credit-impaired debt securities. Additionally, the credit
loss component is reduced if the Company receives or expects to
receive cash flows in excess of what the Company previously
expected to receive over the remaining life of the credit-impaired

18.36

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

debt security, or if the security matures or is fully written down.
Changes in the credit loss component of credit-impaired debt securities were as follows for the year ended December 31, 20X2:
Balance, January 1, 20X2
Additions:
Initial credit impairments
Subsequent credit impairments
Reductions:
For securities sold
Due to change in intent to sell or requirement to sell
For increases in expected cash flows
Balance, December 31, 20X2

$ 250,000
180,000
50,000
(25,000)
(10,000)
(5,000)
$ 440,000

Example 12: Auction Rate Securities Classified as Available-for-Sale
Investments
At December 31, 20X2, and 20X1, the Company held $2,800,000 and
$4,300,000, respectively, of auction rate securities, which are shown
as a separately stated current asset in the accompanying financial
statements. Also, at December 31, 20X2, and 20X1, the Company
held $1,300,000 and $1,450,000, respectively, of auction rate securities related to the Company’s standby letters of credit, which collateralize the leases for its Irvine and San Diego offices and are
classified as other noncurrent assets. Auction rate securities are
variable-rate bonds tied to short-term interest rates with maturities
on the face of the securities in excess of 90 days. The Company’s
investments in these auction rate securities are classified as
available-for-sale securities. The securities are recorded at cost,
which approximates fair market value because of their variable
interest rates, which typically reset every 7 to 35 days. Despite the
long-term nature of their stated contractual maturities, the Company has the intent and ability to quickly liquidate these securities;
therefore, the Company had no cumulative gross unrealized holding gains or losses, or gross realized gains or losses from these
investments. All income generated from these investments was
recorded as interest income.
Example 13: Auction Rate Securities Classified as Noncurrent Assets
Due to Failed Auctions
The auction rate securities that the Company has invested in are
typically re-auctioned every seven to twenty-eight days. However,

ASC Topic 320: Investments—Debt and Equity Securities

18.37

as a result of liquidity conditions affecting capital markets,
particularly in the U.S., specifically for asset-backed securities,
every auction for the securities held by the Company over the last
several months of 20X2 failed. Due to the failed auctions, the
Company has recognized unrealized losses in other comprehensive
income of $400,000 ($240,000 net of taxes) for the reduction in fair
market value of these securities at December 31, 20X2. The
Company believes that the decline in fair market value is indicative
of the severe pressure from the sub-prime lending collapse, rather
than specific concerns with respect to the issuers of the auction rate
securities in which the Company has invested or the securities
themselves. The auction rate securities in which the Company has
invested consist of debt instruments and perpetual preferred
securities. At December 31, 20X2, Moody’s Investors Services
ratings of these securities ranged from Aa to Aaa, and Standard and
Poor’s ratings ranged from AA to AAA.
The Company believes that the gross unrealized losses on these
securities are temporary in nature and the Company has the intent
and, it believes, the ability to hold these securities until they have
recovered their cost basis. The Company currently anticipates that
the market for these securities will be re-established within 18 to 24
months of December 31, 20X2, but it is possible that a recovery may
occur beyond this time period. The Company believes that it has
sufficient liquidity to meet its operating cash needs without the sale
of these securities. As a result of the factors discussed above, the
Company has classified these investments as non-current assets on
the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 20X2.

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