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FIELD COM4,;"'.:V
SANDIA BASC A, .~t~

C

CA jFr~Coftrect.
Plepalej b?

ATOMIC SUPPORT &..Eri'
NEW MEXKICO

Iat-*.-lJ7
e d
a .obtand

antl Lambert T ;w6Alll. Jr

ELECTE
JUN 16 1989

D

_-*

I

89

6 15

11

DISCLAIMER NOTICE
\Pr

THIS

DOCUMENT

IS

BEST

QUALITY AVAILABLE. THE COPY
FURNISHED TO DTIC CONTAINED
A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER
PAGES

WHICH

REPRODUCE

DO

LEGIBLY.

OF
NOT

Project Officer's Interim Report

(

~)

STARFISIH PRIME

lJ

.. Jm..p4.byl

1~ c

Pay L. Loadabrand ~

i

:-o-

and
Lanmbrt T. Dolphin,

Jr.

Prepared for:
Field CoAmamd. ateons Atomic Support Agency
Sandia Base. Albuquerque, New Mexico

t:
Cont r o c
C.

i
~~~~~S
Ii

--

i

6- X 13 7
A 49 14

...

-- L2-920

.

.....

~~ ~

~I-, m~...

........ .__
.....
~ .. ~ ~~~PP

P _

-.......

.....

P

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X...

u

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I-

AAA

tril

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waL

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400

ONANNOU.c.

oil

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12o

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wn

4:

74

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If--

-

A&-

4-

WIL

isct

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dW-

-

FIGt'IES ..

LIST O

LIST OF TAII.JS

. . . . . . ..

......

ii

. . . . . . .*...

...

...

......

..

.

v

CIAIER I
A.

|Is rtIu'tlon

I.

Ilc kgrmsd andl Theory . ..

C.

I s.t

D.

1cm
o
I II-A1 1i'tl .At0

RAIDAR
'iI"

t

liurht

il.

(iJagilate

(IAIrr:i III --

Th ..
.t

, Cn II

CIF
tVuttr.

Area Uitt

EmU 1in 't Des'icr

.

s

Johilnttll

0.

Ec-,imu.

.....

aiunl It'

I

...
.

37

....

. .• .

IblInd .

.

39

..

..........

41
42

...........

45

AIIUIU0NIF RAiAR RESU.TS

lw.ation

C.

..,-iht t

I).

Inte.rlrvtatilou anI Anlytl.

.

.

. .. . . .

L,uOtry

alid
.

.

.

.

.

.

.MNINSTON ISLANI)
SiP

............

o.

.

..

..............

S ...................

AIIwII-IIT'FNTIAL R

.

76

.......

78

.. ....

IESULTS.....

-- CONC.UISIO4S

. . . . ...

.....................

('ANI'ON ISIAND MEASIIEIWTF.

IMI

. 74

De.crlpltion .......................

II.

tEFEREIII'

.
.

Il ,ut-ult. .....

Fmulin'lia

CIIA1TER VIII

36

..

iars

I From JohlmItili

A.

--

VIII

VIII.. .............

mii ll . .

Jc htol l

VI
ii

.31

.................

at C-rv,.ct R.lgeL%cc,

Conjua..te Are'a VIII' UInd

C1IAprI:I

29

...............

Jollilhimlt

--

PPI Ruiultb --

F.

--

5

. 17

. .

....

Iion. ........

F.

CIIAI'lIrIl VI

....

............

Cliuttr

I 1bu'b.1in'1v.,

i

If.
C.

--

.

..

It' ANi) VIii' IESUITS

A.

CllMI'Frll V

. ..

Mt V'I.TS

Ar..AtU

A.

C1lAPTEU IV --

. . . . . ...

rum .n t Ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II

--

'lAl :11
ll i

. .

.....

. . ....

. ......

....

O
IOk

OII)S ......

..

149

.............

151

...............

152

................

153

I I-.USTIRATIONS

Front..peL'e
Frent.pit
Fig. -i-I

A
!'v
0i

X/V ACANIA . ..

....

..

..

........

John~.tun l.-lund Radars . . . ....

De1,PO.itin of

.eI

1:

STARFISH FI.son

..

. .

. .........

Fragments

Uicha-rged Debris.

.....

................

.

18

F g.

1-2

Mrid:an View of STAItFISH,

Fig.

1-3

PPI of 1'o.sbtble STARFISH Echoes
(Irom Jihn.,tto Is.land only) ......

Fig.

1-4

Mg'etIC Field Geometry for STARFISH Burst Area .........

Fig.

1-S

M.gnett

Fig.

2-1

Jin-.tun I..l.izid UHIF Radars .......

.................

.32

Fig.

2-2

STARFISH! PRIME - ACANIA Anteimt Positions vs Time
370, 1.10. 32, 11 Me ........
....................

.33

Mdel 3 ....

.19

.............

.20

................
..

21

Field C unetry for STARFISH! ConJugate Area .......

22

Fig. 2-3

STARFISH PRIM: - ACANIA Hatdar.s,

Range-Time Display .......

Fig. 3-1
Fig. 3-2

John.ton cometry ........
Conjugate Geometry ........

.....................
.....................

Fig. 3-3

STAIIFISi PII51M..

VIIF Range-Tim.

Fig. 3-4

STARFISHi IEII,

Range to Traveling Disturbance ..

Fig. 3-5

STARFISH i'itM', VIIF R.nge-Time. Records ...

Fig. 3-6

STARFISIH PRIME, H..nge to VIIF Echoes (Johnston Radar) ....

52

Fig. 3-7

STAKFISI! PRIME.

PPI Radar Display Snapshots 21.050 Mc ....

53

Fig. 3-8

STAIWISH IR IU,

P 1'

54

lg. 3-9

STARiISi PRIME,

111P Display Swaipihots 49.964 Mc .........

Records ...

34
47
.48
.49

...........

.50

.......

.51

...........

R.cdar Dlspl.ay Snapshots 2S.541 Mc

.

.55

Fig. 3-141

STAIFISI! PtIW., Geometry for h4ing-Range Radar Echoes ....

56

Fig. 3-11

STAIFISH INOW., IIF Range-Timo Records
Johnston Phas..-I'.th Sounder. . ............

57
6

. . . . ..

Fig. 3-12

STARFIbh! I'IMF.

Fig. 3-13
Fg. 3-14

STARFISH i'OW. UP.nge-Time
HF
Record 21.050 Mc. ...
.......
STARFISH PRIME. VIIF R.tnge-Tlmw. Record 28.541 Mc. ..........

Fig. 3-15

STA FISH PIOW,

hiF Rasge-Time Record 28 Mc. ...

Fig. 3-16

STARFIOII PRIME.

HF Hasge-Time Record 3.358 Me . ..........

VIIF R.tuge-rimt. Record 21.050 Mc .........

Ii

.........

9
G0
61
.62
.63

I i.LISTItAT1! ONS

(c ,,at 'd)

Fig. 3-17

Rtec'ord 6.83'3 He ......

63

lllUII, 11 tlRsge-Tan.

Rcord 7.430 Vc . .....

64

11F latin.-Tim

R(,cord 7.430 Ik- . .....

65

11F tt.angt-Ti.

tecord 5 .640 1k ......

66

STAIFISII 1lME, 1F Hl.aag'-Tit.

Recourd 8.640 Mc ......

67

STAIFISII I'iM.

Fig.

3-18

STAIIFiSI

Fig.

3-1.4

STAIRFISII

3-20

STAIRFISII 1iIIUF

Fig.

Fig. 3-21
Fig.

3-22

'IllME.

it"II.Fang.-Ti.

.IInge

STAIIFISl1 11IM
Jo thnstu
t ilt

to Sounder Ectwus

. .
.m

STAFISII PlIME. ACANIA Iadar R.ange-Tia.

Fig. 3-2.1

STAIWFIStt PIIIME, ACANIA Phai.se-Sounder
...................
l.,gane-Tiamn Recod. .......

Fig. 3-26
Fig.

4-1

STAtIt. SiII'lME, ACAN |A Phl.-w -Sounder
.......
tiingte-Timt. RI-tcrd.

....

70
71

...................

Range to Soundkr Echues
STAIISi MI!M1,
....................
Conjug.ate Arva.. .........
U.S.

..................

IIC-121D .........

Air Foxct

72

Fig. 4-2

Not used ..........

..........................

Fig. 4-3

Mot u.wd ..........

.........................

Fig. 4-4a

Abu.ive I Pattern .........

Fig. 4-tI1)

l.taikin

Fig. 4-5

h|I, Slit),Al g f.1.at lt rumtaaot.ot ion I#cdtiunb for the
Itiigh-Altitudc
Study t Clutlt.r A%.'e* sa.itd
Ntvlvar Ihtr'.t. (t = 400 kmg) STARFISH PRIME..........

Fig. 4-6

M.p ShAoll g itt.iar lis t 'tuenlt-'t j.n isor the Study of

19

.

...................

90
90

...................

1-1. Pattern .........

Mi.glat-t It" cini Iugatl
Fig. .1-7

69

Di pl My .....

Fig. 3-23

rig. 3-25

68

. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . .

tter Ashuclatcd wltb

Voinalut

Etigli-Altitudte Nut letr lur:-t (h u 400 ku) ...........
Pill ll .. plaiy, A!t..lve 1, ,tt 1#2.25 min
Prior It Tank-lbrls Echo...

92
93

...............

. .....

1, at H2.4 min.....

94

...........

Fig. 4-8

PP! Dlbpljy, AIthitvt

Fig. 4-9

1P

)s. la.ty.

AbulVt" 1, ant H#2.55 mAn ..............

9

Fig.

Pil

t.l:,play,

Abu.%lve

mA.

96

4-10

849.11
fi

..............

Ii.plamy, Abu.lve 1, at 11+16.4 ain .............

Fig. 4-11

1P

Fig. 4-12

Pil Display. Abu.sive

Fig. 4-13

.

1P1 Unt A-StU

, ut Ht28.4 min ....

07

lkltw-en H#0.5 and 1#0.85 min.
th
Dabplay

I"

94

..........
,

99

ILL1USTRATIONS

(cont 'd)

Fig.

41-14

Pill unit A-S.vipc D:,Pl-$Y Oetacez, 114-0.85 and 11.1.2 Isa...

Fig.

4-15

AIIS-95 Ra.da.r Ante*nna Pa..ttern In Azimuth Plane
III Direcion of Echoes .

Fig.

4-16

101

*

AI'S-95 Rad.Iar Antvnnj Pattvrn In Elevation Plane
.......
lor- Azimuth of 279

Ib 16

.

102

?Aen-Degrve Off-Ilerik-ndicular Contours
fill VariouN Hi~vghts. ................

103

11.56 %vv* Zt ro-!).g rev Off -le*rptend i ul r Contours
Slm
for Vairiuws livights. ................

104

1'!11 Disp.tvy Sl ant It.'nge vs Magnet ic lkaring.
11.66G ". w-L)-grcc 0 if-I'cz-pndicular Contours
SIooail for Vari u% Iflihtb.
................

105

8l.o*11

Fig. 41-19~

100

itwc,

Fig, 5-2

11WM. C-antDi
Ibxlond Raidar
STAlWISH
..............
Haunge-Tiont. Display. 27 Sic. ...

112

STARIFISHIPIM: C..toitn I-,1nd Radar (cont'd)
01isplay 27 Mc .. ................
Btangu'-Tivica

113

5-4

STARISH1~
'IMY, Canitoni Island Radaur (cont d)
II..uigu.-Timnv I,play 27 111c.. ................

114

Fig. 5-5

-STAltF181 1'1111M, Cantoni Ibl~uid Radar (cont 'd)
Itailge-Timti Dirp1.iy 27 Me .. .. ...............

115

Isla.'u
~1nd R;tir (enint'01)
STARIS11 IIIIH,
I1.n-Tint' Dibpluy. .....................

116

Fig.

Fig.

5-3

5-C.

Fig. 5-7

STAIIFISII 11111W..
8-9J July 1962,

..

. ...

Gvomiatr:y fur Caunton 0biservations...... .

Fig.

. ...

..

5-1

Fig.

Cuntion Ra~dar Echoes
27

117

c . ....................

Fig. 5-b
thbrough
Fig. 5-20

AllI-Sky Camur..

1'hotsbgrajplis

Time- Suries ..

.........

1111-130

Fig. 5-21
thrnoughi

Fig. 5-33

ikt...hue'mv I'll') t419~sh

Fig. 5-34

STARIFISHB NOWlM.

Fig. 6-1

E..rthI-Pottitlul
t)ull

Visuis1 Phenomunon ..

Cliton Ibslnd All-Sky Caw-ra. ..

Johnsaton Island M-veloped
Atrusb 200-it 11ahelinva. .. ................
IV

..

......
.......

131-143
144
150

LIST (W TAILF.S

Tatle 1-1

Tub'e 1-I

Tt.nmeruturt li.e flue to Travel of Flssion
.............
Ih.brli, from STAIWIIS

23

Flht ion-lk-brl Cloud Radius at; a
Functlots of Time ...............

24

Uadur Characteristics

Table 1-111

Juhn.ton Iblaslai

*ruble
i-IV

DAMI' Itaudr Churactristlc... .

Table I-V

AIW ltidur Ch.,raterihtlcs....

Table I-VI

It.dar. Aboard M'V ACANIA ....

Table 2-1

Jil,,.to:

Table 3-1

UAWClutter Echous . ....

Table 4-1

Purameters at tte APS-95 Radar ...

Table .I-i

lALuatilul.

Table 5-1

Ciinton Ilund Iadar Characteristics

Table 5-11

Cartiirlouy of Cantou

T-Able 5-111

STARISHI PIIME Canton Color Photos ..........

.

26

.............

...

27

.............

...

28

...

35

...

73

.

106

............

Uskind UIF Hadr Clutter Ehts .....
................

of AEW Aircraft ....

V

Island Hadar

25

......

..........

.107

............

145

.......
tesult

.

.

..

146

.. 148

los tu t iruelvAia.r dt vie.

Ilia. (Ittsi

Jiaz
1 i -&It I tudc%~ in the otmassplert

.At

ptro~uies~ coaplek land lnittrreltal jIestisesti. dependent not only onl yield,

~altitzude

and a,tio

111sth rC.%.pee1

yield. but al.,u upon guasmutry

of(~ui-uiuia

qtkht ic
Natu'.

10 tOhW v

'Me Ioniz.ing aadlatiost. [rom th~e bugibt
%bilels~
.A ,lagh

f ield slid

IlIi'.?.II

vitative- fr

Miaok-..

.PIK'Ie

cusit inuing~ soturce us

the dvp,).- I ion of large

~iai

during~ hiah-altude

eade,

anid to fill

dazagacst ic

ath Il
our uaierstandisag o

:,tudie.,

lit ga.
AIL.

clutter

radar mcabeiruenta

To ansucr the Immediate

ktur.U. are talartant.

uSlata-pieduced

:.ae.(stad viewlsulit

in the atiu-phere;

Iiiizutlofl.

do*%igsivr%.

tot syv.

ausounitt of

its the nb~.ence of the other two

are tabo t-paraae viefapoisti. from whild

tin pru.e.,t knowledge,

itally needed.

From the

are vtvry such in ojrder to Isprove

k- weau l It-ll.
61WO

the

ionization

would ulone Ix. very Importanit Lis rearranging

fctl

the naturuid eaJ.-itiii1

I-.iIj

a *.iIgtI1ifltal

curvature,

In saddi tion. the

produc% large-scalc attioubn

and turmbulesive.

o
direct. JoenSzutaue

iie.4el.

dvs%-.tr sair ltwlos.

hoeur,. .3bairdly,

&.ei

%.Ave~.

Tfacre

Oak'

prtaeuct-. Jafl.

the t..u

ill

Vllel'g

Itmvelf produce widL*-bea1.- effects

MAItuJ.%are*ceanbt ri Iied usnly lay the* L-r~lh

L*4rtta*-, magaitie
Ii aigtri
1

and time of day.

I s-ld.

Only through thit. latter

approach can a good budy of detail.d knowle.dge evolve which can be
drawn uptin in the future for systen..
Pr.vious high-altitude

as yet unconcelved.

nuclear tests: TEAK,

¥UCCA,

ORANGE,

plu.s the three ARGUS slants were poorly Instrumented ann hastily
Despite thorough studies of the meager data, present models

executed.

of t;ee bursts are sketchy and tentative.

Those models are too

uncertain to permit extrapolation to other altitudos and yields with
any confidence.

Thus there

is

a strong need, not only for better

in.strm,'ntation, but for further tests covering a rarge of altitudes
and yields.
Extensive radar clutter frim TEAK and ORANGE was obberved during
and 6.13 radars

IHARI)TACK/NEWSREF.L by Project 6.11

(Refs. I

end 2).

There are striking differences between the results observed by these
projets'.

which can only be attributed to the different observing

geometry.

Thebe differences, plus our good understanding of the

radio-reflecting

properties of natural aurora, lead one to the belief

that such of the bomb-produced clutter is due to ionization which
iecomep..

aligned with the earth's magnetic field into long thin columns

Waich -att.r
tW entire

on
tiory:

Field-aligned ionization

.otropically.
absorption,

the localized debris cloud,

mid other traveling disturbances

ol.erved and to resolve

To a rade,
nuclear explopi4sn

shock waves.

complicate the picture so that rA

single radar location, or *lntle frequency. Is
th. eil.rt.

is by no mens

adequate to separate

the uncertainties.

tIke sequemce of events eximc ted from high-altitude
lb somewhat as follows:

2

prior to the burst there

0:11 b-* radar retu'n., ,;,Iy from clutter source
la,.ai mowv.,
bur'.

targets.

or %'-hv..", .eril

Immedlitely following tMe@

for 30-60 be

t'cng absobrption , ii.;-1

7here vit?. be a d-cYuvs.x

.. kaoupherlc noise ;-, I1F)

In cosmic noise (or propagated

received ty th

radars due to this absorption.

)'. chane will be noticud it;tc rIr.-o.
'which vaiute' pr&sr to buist, ukbie?4
it

from lo*-altitude targets
course, one of these targets

-"

a missile ot eateltiee locAted above 30 or 40 km altitude.

The

r:.;Ar ro-,srns at .:; aod UP5" associated with the burst can

tir:AL

tK,

which will usu.Ally

i,'ik, 1, *, ;.*,nse Ionization produced even

preclude r-Ceiving
at MIF.

such as alrcrs!t,

expected to come fri,'

1* region of the fireball itself.

Dirr-;

the early time extraely h-ign ionization densities will fall rapidly.
There will be somw cross-over for a given frequency and given burst
wheh absorption has decreased sufficiently that radar returns can be
obtained, providea that electron densities 6n the vI.:Inity of the
In the wave of TAX, radar

burst then remain sufficiently high.
returns as snclc,,t

dire..tiy with the fission debris permitted tracking

of the debris motion at UHF for several minutes, and at HF for several
bours.

Geometry of the fission debris with respect to the radar Is

also believed Important if such echoes are to be obtained.
The energetic beta particls arisitig from the primary and secondary
'ouau
st. will be heavily confined by the earth's magnetic field.

A

gIs
vot aumlxr of these electrunm travel to the. conjugte point along
auroras,

magnetic lint,., prn.Iu'ing clttter,

and absorption,

in

that

and are stopped by collision%.

ares as they re-enlter the atmooitaer'
3

-"

"

"

....................

I....

I-

As

the fl.%lt)n clo id bloaly dh-cays a-tn rate approximately
to the 1.2 t),Aer of time, c¢tter frum the decay tbta

pr"Ilk)rtton-il

will gradually fail in inten.ity.

The dtisle..io

of the debris cloud,

or confinement by the field or by (lenbe surrounding air. will be very
important In determining the geographic extent as well am
of the clutter.

Intenbity

For higher-altltude bursts the debris Itself will

probably bx partially confined by the field linves.
The lu-ge scale hydrodynmlc motions

a.s.ociated with the high-

altitude bursts will severely disrupt the natural state of the
jhere over a large area.

The re.tortion of natural equilibrium SOy

require twenty-four hosurs or more,
fission debris.
exists b.csu.t

ae-

even in the abbtnce of

lingering

lspite well unders'tood physical pehnomena. a gap
the sci ne

to(

radar physics is

relatively young and

undeveloped.
.cuttering from complex ionied targets must

Electromagnetic

always be considered in research of this nature and poorly-understood
For e.xample.

mechunis % are often ifvolved.

scattering of radio waves Irm natural
Is not ye.t satisfactory.

auroro or sporadic-E lonitatiom

I)vpite these dilfittiltics multi-frequency

,
radar.rs0 Ie vsIuible mlti-dimeniontsl prol e .

.levation,
and
uile

azimuth,

lIltflry

range.

of the return

fl'se i

lrats

Wavelength dependence,

tkipllpivi spectrum, amplitude.

fating rate,

esas the target charucteristitc.
Iws. drawn it

our understanding of the

target all provide iniorsation

which many sound conclusions can

the thita are casalully exanined.

.4

lmilll~l~l

!_.

.

...

.

..

I

Jw

I

I

-

~

ll

Ihtt'k routio d uald

It.

lkl orv, de.ribisig t iit.-cipf.uic
le
tv't.u,

a brief, .aad tv.nt it
be presented.

%Il

the extreme

'lit'(hry

utbIint

u'.cd for the FISHI

"Ici.

de-se'iptton of the moatlia for STARFISH

l,

The midclu shuuld atrvt-

of pubbible behavior.

a- ux.cvful guldsb In bracketing

Theti, iitels

d-,vu I(,nb held A&tStasiford IR.ierch IllhttutUt

are drawn largely from
in January 19621

frosi

re-v.xmination ot TEAK and ORIANGE ProJect 6.11 and G.13 radar data.
* ront %umn ary do, un.nt.N buch u., thi, Elect rttitIlet l

and

llackout
a
Guide (Ref.

3).

Llevou-,v of the aidt.ly dlvergenit up1injut. ik-b to how STARIFISII will behave
ti'aev distinct m

ModtI I

1.

&ile.
will bt outlined.

- M-I1rtb1

Uni*hargt-td 2Utd It,m,aIlt,

Flbblutn dvbri,
tht, STARFIS!

undI missile

t..xtobiuoI

So

lagmtlitt will fly rudiully outward from

point c..,'tially

unimpeded by the surrounding air.

The flbbion debris productb are atumm hatying musieb on the order of half
the uranium uttm traveling ut about 2 X
of tht- veloclt) of
:,liz~t

light).

(clc-truva tLampcratur

1
L.atl.,hoil Igive% th.

1.

The-t, &etilng.
R. Wyerott.
Rt. Dycet.,

2.

At

cmb ec (2000 km/bee or I percent

they 11'41vvl through the air,
I., atiuut I10 0 °K dua it

followlnag figure.s lot

they teat it

prc-daw

hauru).

teaprature rlae:

were attended by C. Cralin, RAND; H. Hendrick, GE TIEKPO;
It. lind.,hofl, D. ilollantid stuld V. Counter, Lockheed; arl

K. ILAonurd,

and R.

7'ltl:, view uunpurtcd by Dr.
Amri..,

10M

LourIbrainnd,
J. W. lond,

Io.otun, Matmachubutto.

SRI.
Geophysics Corporation of

-I-.

~It

is not meaningful to speak of any "fireball"

or "rise of the fireball" because the constltuents of the shot essentially
leave the shot area.

The debris which travels upward from the burst

will fly outward into space,
(This is a measureable
quantity.)

Upward debris expansion could also be measured optically

by obhorving the radial outward growth using equipment with 0.1 second
time resolution.
Under the assumption that the debris Is uncharged, it will not
reach the conjugate point, although fission betas from the fission decay
will be compellod to follow the earth's magnetic field.

~

It can be shown that RY-absorptton measurements made

through the tntire atmosphere are primarily Influenced by the beta deposition and nut appreciably by Sam& effects.

On the other band. VIS

waves are reflected from the lower levels of the 1-region and so are
influenced largely by gama effects and to some extent by the beta effects.
Optical measuremnts will,

on the other hand, be indicative of both beta

Roughly speaking, for every beta particle. there
6
is a games photon from fission debris decay.

and gamma depucltion.

t

C

11-e layering of the fission debria at altitude. of 110-120 k,
has caused -he STARWISM shot to be occasionally termed the "pacake
shot" (Rot. 4).

The foregoing gives the picture Immediately after the burst.
Thereafter the debris Is* likely to expand laterally in all directions.,
In accordance with the behavior of TEAK and ORANG
It

in uncertain wh; and bow this process occurs.

fission debris.
lxperiientally

obeerved radial growth rates for TlAZ and ORANGE are given in
Table t-1.

7

I
2.

MOOI. 2

It t

-

DEBlIS CIIARGED

unlikely that the dle);ia will be uncharged as was assuted

in MIoel 1.

Many theorists feel thut chsrged debris were responsible

for many of the thetsmuena during TEAKC. OiANGE, and ARGUS.

In fact,

experimental confirmut ion for charged debris traveling along the field
comets faum the satellite determination of mirorr-peint distrlbutiol
of the ARGUS shots.

Instead of experimentally observing A distribution

consistent with point-injection process, there was found s continuous
spread in height, suggesting that fission debris followed the field
lines giving off botas as they traveled.

3

If charged, the fission debris will travel unimpeded along the
earth's field, but will be opposed by the magnetic field when having
a component of velocity st right angles to the magnetic field.
Actually, the explosion consists of an lonized expanding plama
which will do work against the magnetic field, 3, until a Volume, V,
in displaced Which formorly contained a magnetic energy
equal to the energty release of the explosion.
yields a radius of about 1000 ka.

!- )

For STARFISO, this

Thus, a magnetic bubble Will be

formed restricted in the downward direction by the earth's neutral
atmosphere.

as in Model I.

There Is likely to he a large measure of

funneling of debris down tho field lines because wo work is

required

in this direction, giving risle to a great deposition of bet&a well to
the north of Johnston Island, but south of French Frirate Shoals.

3.

Nowever, a megaton device would result in speeds different by at
least a factor of 10 from the debris speods during ARGUS.

S

ktat dp
%Ill b.. 1roughly

ii

dirv
zlelly unidur the hhut,

idtntcal.

fur Wdelu I and 2

I,%Mdi*I- 2, mugnetic wavcu

launched

by the, disturbatuwt of the field will be phenummunl and will be
observed am ltArge mugnetic perturhalons on a world-wide basls.

The

field pushed aside by the expainding plasma will quickly attempt to
collapse, probably breaking through the plasma in an Irregular manner
analogous to the oqueozing of putty between the fingers.

3.

MOOEL 3 - DEBIRIS CHARGED AND EFFECT OF TIlE MAGNETIZED
IONOSPHERE INCLUDED

Thu magnetic field can be considered as parallel strings under
longitudinal tension and'lateral compression.

In Model 2 we considered

the degree to which the earth's magnutic field can contain a megator
explosion.

In Model 3, we considor the added effects of the shock

wave in the .abitnet ionosphere as the field lines are displaced.
Thls shock heats up the ionized component of the Ionosphere and the
ambient electrons acquire sufficient energy to produce,
with neutrals,

by collision

a large scale ionization of the neutral atmosphere.

(At night, only 0.1 percent of the air in Ionized even at the maximum
of the lonospheric F-region.)

It the entire neutral component Is

Ionized by the shock, the debris will come to rest at a distance of
approximately 30 km in all directions which are at right angles to
the field.

If thia ionizing process is less than 100 parcent, the

debris would travel further than 30 kA before being stopped.

This

type of expansion process gives rise to a "banana-shaped" plasma
bubble, sketched in rig. 1-2.

The X-rays,

g:±mm

shine
. and proiapt neutrOns from the burst

directly downward. of courbe.

down
but charged emissions must travel

whorever the fission debris particles
the flld lines. originating
at
to note that a thermal electron
are located. (It is intereuting
gyroradius
2 cn, a 1-Nev electron has a
1000 K har a gyroradius of
particle. If singly charged,
of 80 a, and a typicul fission-debris
km.)
ha% a gyroradius of about 20
It

an area of the D-region located

is ciear that in any model,

effects of
the shot will show profound
down the field lines from
to the
spectrup of possibilities as
the shot. There is a w.tde
the shot
areas of the ionosphere neat
degree of effects at other
as
clutter and absorption as well
location. Thus the extent of
correct
Important in arriving at a
relative intensities will be
interpretation.
according to Model 3. a
Asstming STARFISH behaves roughly
Is shown ia fig. 1-3.
of radar echoes at UHF
possible PPI presentation
results may lie anywhere between
Since the actual experimental
early time
since those models h'AId for
the above three modela, and
postponed
on STARFISH models mubt be
periods only, further comments
until data reduction is completed.

10

NSTHUMENTATION

C.

While radar 1nbtrumuntatidan fur FISH BOWL was hastily conceived
and assembled,

it

felt that a guod assembly of equipment hs

is

resulted both at the northern burst area and at the conjugate
location.
Briefly. this instrumentation consists of:
(1)

Multitruquney radars at Johnston Island

(a)

800-. and 1200-Mc radars operating Into

400-,

an 85-foot ateorable dish
(b)

20-, 30-, and 50-Mc radars opc;ratlng into a
rotating antenna

(c)

Four-frequency sounding radar. In the 4 to 10-Me
band, operating Into a vertical looking antemaa.

(2)

Airborne 425-9c radars
(a)

Tvo RC 121 D aircraft equipped with 425-i
Air Early Warning radars w111 operate In the
burst area to ap bomb-pradwced clutter

(b)

Three similar aircraft will operate In the
conjugate area during each event.

(3)

Shipborne radars
(a)

The
in

/V ACANIA with research radars will operate
the conjugate area during each event.

tMse

radars include a seven-frequency 1W soundifg
radar, and fixed radar& at 3. 11. 32. 140 mAd
370 16c.
51

fite-aust* tof

tlti

shoIrt tip

.~
hal'a

v~i"txit; vouipita was utli icdi
lI%I iitl t1It

sje.trs avrt*4

amid ,.1Itt

vvly Itwi tv-d budget$

%Iiertver Pst-IibIv.

The Johnston

assumab I d usiii; ava I I sib v t ranbmit ter% used

on prt-vious rvstar&Ia progras.

Tilt X/V MVANIA has been littlie

excvpt for refinmvtilm. and the addition of the bounding

changti~i.

radtar. seiinct her poticiptieit
atid vxper~iftital

lit ILARDTACK.

Thus,

the equipment

techniques plutnted for FISH OWL are proven and

reliable.
Tilt Jtihi%%ttun lsluid VII?
8Me-1mict pamiehultc

dish.

cluter

fhhLI e it

inta ranm Ibe resolved otimly by searching for

direcly frimm the debris clofud,

it

ii% expeetvid that such of the

oesr largv laremo of thne sky.

lurge tumtw,- of
"austeral"

into an

*Ill 4sweur under mvmKuttic field. tertla~egonatity

bur-t-prodeewd vlut ttr
ceenitit~s at tit-

riadasrs operate bsmultanteusly

At. mentioned earlier, echoes

and possi1bly also frii

regioins where

ietaft are mtppvd. way also hot observed ill usddition

cluttvr.

Foir times'v resisout; the &5-fest dish can be
c..asiititig of rapid (6 rpm) rota-

ope-rated lit a rapid scaning Owtv.
Lion

in au imuth. with prograwund fttejps In elevastion occurring once

echi

r'vv%.utl-1tt.

This automaItic

ic~ll feature c111 1-t

Interrupted at

the mdiscetien ofellhe upe-rators to concentrate us' pArticular
phenomena.

For example.

time launch Sl4Lici

Aft U!,ually followed to

burbt and tilt antenna poised AL t1w Ibur*l Until Aotrtly after detonaLion toe ascertuin how soon vvithee

call be eebtained in the midst of

the 4espected high absorption levels.

22

Tht. UIWF r.adar, at John.ton I.laid will provide Widly n-t..dVd
data on rilLct:. tit high-altitud, bursta at Important syhtems
trequ.ncy.

Such data art- usgattly tk-td-dd for HWWS. for exarpl'.

in order to assess the clutter and blackout problems which Ibis
system might suffer it

the encmy were to deliberately detonate

at high altitudes in tht- 1*IVWS surveillance area.

tiva|t.lh

In

termlaal dtfenne studleb such data are vital to the assessment of

thtyproblems of tracking~ incoming warheads and discriminating
ag~ainst decoys.I n an 4environmk nt aherv high-altitude bursts have
oc'urrd or are occurring.
During HARDTACK good radar data were obtained only as high
a.

125 Me.

kystr. n

The three U3IF radarb utilize modulating anode
to develop approximately 40 kw of peak power.

vathids of

these tubes permit opal'ation at long pulse.

althtough operation at 100 to 300 *.teec pul
Is

|l1kely during 12:,t COWL.

pal.ibt-ll'

s, and Ptt*

The
It destlred.
of 75 to 150.

Riceivrs are preceded in each case by

amplifiers to Improve tK-,tiltivittes; and hold nciiee figure',

It).Idh ar lobs.
1,e'wer

rquency radars at Joahisiogn Inland have beetn Inclu-.ed to

piivildt. Iing-term tracking of ftvt1o4 d.,hris. and ftformatiton an the.
45htItiI.d

Radar frt

Itoiosplierv.

t, im;e tf 20. 30. and 50 Mc will

prima.raly lit us.d for tras-king of tht, (fi,.4mdebris.

Theste radars

ofaa
t1 hrt.. exester, skoquiuAttlly fedt tootu a 30-ha dis.iibit-dlint, piwer amshiller.
Is

use4I.

iss

A eomamn rostating log-,.riod:.c antrnna

sam.
.
filial ampliil-la

13

it.

also. u%.cd ter

i1w
low

st

fIsur

radar frequencies, which can be adjusted anywhere in a bond
extending irom 4 to 10 Mc.
IO-Mc frequencies
is

A filter is used to divert the 4 to

into a vertical log-periodic antenna.

Table 1-Ill

a summary of the characteristics of the Johnston Island radars.
Data from all radars will be recorded on magnetic tape together

with antenna position and timing Information, as well as voice
comments sad auxiliary data.

Backup film recording will be used.

and PPI photographs will be taknn in

real-time to provide continuous

surveys of results and imm-diately available data.
The project

an all-aky camera and earth

also operates

potential recorders at Johnston Island.

The camera, a type developed

for auroral photography, provides a wide angle view of the entire
sky.

the earth potential records

provided

information on the

direction and relative intensity of induced currents flowing in the
ground which rebult from from charge motion in the Ionosphere.
Early in the planning of radar instrumentation for FISH BML
it

wa; realizod that participation of the USAS AMERICAN MARINER with

her precision tracking radars would add valuable instrumentation to
the operation and fill a geographical gap by providing a radar platform at sca in

the burst art-a.

the DAW' ihip (for Downrange Anti-Missile Program).
AXPA and AOMC by RCA.
year. in misbilh
Range..

BeSw&,

norasl mnitslt

also known as

Tht. AMERICAN MARINER,

is operated for

This ship has been engaged for the past three

re-entry investigations on tht. Atlantic Missile
of ANPA's Interest in nuclear iflfects.

a-entry program was interrupted

pation in rlSH BOWL.

the ship's

to permit partici-

Althuuch originally conaidered a part of

14

ProJect 6.9, a separate project number (6.13) was later established
to[ the differen.t logitstics and contractual requirements for

becz,,t,

The DAMP bhip radarh conist of two C-band

the tto operatitew..

AN/FlYN-4 precisiton trackters,
cofl,-n 30-fcoot

and an L-b.and and a UWIF radar (with

dish) which can be saves

to either FPN-4 tracker.

I-IV is a summary of the DAI1P radar charactertstics.

Tablt

addition to clutter

IivestiIga ilns,

thit. IMX) sip

In

obtins data on

suintillatiou and anguiar devut on effects.

To acceen

st.ven rocket% (launched

carrying C-band beacons

frum Johnston

l ,l-nd)

Lish this,

are tracked during each event by one of the C-band radars.
remining radArs investigate the extent of the

The

kixmb-pruduced clutter.

Since neither the burst nor- itb conjugate area can be adequately
studil
if

from a sitgle radar location, additional radarb are required
m..$,'a),
r,
lt be.

valid

%x~sJble.
The deficiency of nearby

land masses in ,ither area make: it ne rly imrp)sibie to provide
adequate covtrage without mobile platforlmts.
vxpgerimeftul

AMW aircraft

suvctesful.

Since

with the Air
in

i1

1955

'orrce to fill

i£lockhetd MC. 121 I

Project 6.13 employed an

during TEAK ased OPANGL and were highly
this

alrborne radar ayatwm hum be.ome
gaps In

lana-babid AIW networks.

(Supwr-Cuntel LituJon)

aircralt,

operational
Mounted

these radars

are highly sensitive and relatively flexible, hence are well suited
for nuclear clutter measuremcnts.

Characteristics of the radars are

outlined in Table l-V.
Data is

recorded aboard the five AEW aircraft photographically.

In addition to photographing the PPI d .,play, echo amplitude is recorded
by photogruphling the A-scope presentation.
The K/V ACAHIA, to be operated as primary instrumentation at the
conjugate location during FISH BOiL.,
participatlon in HARDTACK in 1958.

was originally outfitted for
The ship houses radars which cover

the spectrum from low HF through 370 Mc, at twelve discrete frequencies.

Radar characturistics are outlined in Table 1-VI.

Data are recorded on

magnetic tape from which a variety of film or pen-chart records can be
made.

Timing and antenna position information arc also recorded on

tape.

The ship houses data reduction facilites and is capable Of

operating on the open sea txcept during severe weather.
cawt.ra Aill also be operated aboard the ship.

16J

An all-sky

D.

Instrumentation Locations

It is important that research radar equipment be placed In the bwst
and conjugate areas in enough different locations to assure that the
clutter areas are adequately covered, so that the extent of the distu

d

regions can be determined, to provide variable geometry with respect to
the ionized aress, and to ascertain the significance of field confinement
and goomtrica. properties of the scattering centers.

Project instrumen-

tation for FISH DOWL has been placed with these points in mind.
instrumentation was first located at Johnston Islan4.

Pri'aa

The W/V ACARIA was

then placed in the conjugate area along a magnetic morldian from the burst,
and such that the ship's radars can look south perpendicular to the field

lines at about E-reglon heights.

Contours of orthogonality werethem drawn

for both locations and four AEW aircraft placed so that either occurrec
or non-occurreco of echoes is significant.
Figures 1-4 and 1-5 are maps showing the locus of points perpendicular
to the fild

for each transmitter location, for which fe1-a1ignsd

eches would be possible.

PAGESW\ '

DELETED

17

TABLE 1-1
TEMPERATURE RI.SE DUE TO TRAVEL OF FISSION DEBRIS FROM STARFISH

23

TAS

1-12

ISO-DEBRIS CLAMK RADIUS AS A FUNC71OR OF TI

24

2
IN

2

j

t '0

*

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toA

04C
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r
4.

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asa

J~
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4. .

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U

I
ia

!

!,
U2

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C'

a

Ii

~

a0

A
0
-4

CI

40

-4 N
~4
.4

E~

C

C~

~

4

0

-4

'a

I
Eu

':3

13i1

.~

.~

I :

~i

.4

*4~

U

I

U
U

-4

U;.

be

S

0~

~t.1U

..
UU

4'
i ~
A

I'
*

4

~

8

r~.

r.

0

*

V

.~

'.~

.2
4
U

j

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4

.n
N

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en

.0

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*=
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..........

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rq

CIAPTEI
A.

UHF RADAR RESULTS

I1

Burst Area UHF Clutter
by Ronald Prosnell

The UIF clutter rad.Ars lo ,.d

ua Johnston Island wore operated for

several hours prior to the bomb burst and for seven hours following the
bomb burst.

The equipaeutt characterictIcs are described In Chapter I-C.

Prior to the burst, the radar executed a programed track of the Thor
launch,

and the 850- and 1210-ML radars obtained skin echoes during the

entire trajectory.

Shortly before the burst the antenna was positioned to

look In the direction of 87 degrees elevation and 190 degrees azimuth,
which is

approximately 2 degrees higher in elevation than the burst direction.

At burstt

apparontly was not up to power in timo to see these same echoes.

During

the next 1,000 seconds many echoes were observed on all three radars.
Figure 2-1 Is a display of the antenna position, and range-time
o

the three U11F radars.

tsplays

The great majority of these echoes appear to be

caused by ground clutter and small rocket debris, as well as tankage debris.
The echoes which appear to be due to burst effects are listed In Table 2-1.
From H+120 sec to about He3,000 sec the antenna was executing a
programmed scan.

Following H+3,000 sec the antenna was positioned at

magnetic north and 'O degree elevation, or was periodically scaned.

29

(3)

Noeffects were observed during the sudium-flare launching the following
morning.

30

U.

Conjug.tt.

Area UHF Clutter

by laimbert Dolphin,

Hadarb at

Jr.

1.10 and 37U M aboard the H/V ACANIA In the southern

conJugate area obtained radar returnb for brief per.ods after the detonation.

These returns were cuufined to the

afnet .c south and appear to

hiAve s tistled the orthogonality conditions for reflctlon from fieldaliged Ionization.
The ACANIA's 30-foot disih was scanned in a complex manner throughout
the test; antenna azimuth and elevation vs.

time are shown In Fig. 2-2.

Range-time recorls prepared from magnetic tape are presented In Fig. 2-3
for the period H=O to H+10 ,,in.

All of the southern

MHFechoes appear

to have occurred In this time interval.
Almost immeiately after U-0 lour individual radar returns spaced
1/30 of a second apart were seen on the 140-Nc radar at a range of 150 km.
These echoes were evidently due to electrons from the burst passing down the
burst field line into the conjugate area.
Radar clutter echoes followed at 140 and 370 Nc for brief periods as
the antenna scanned past 60-degree elevation and 191-degree azimuth.

At

370 Mc those echoes occurred between 0901:00 and 0903Z and at 140 Mc from
0901:00 to 0904:10Z.

Range to all echoes was 150 to 1SO ks.

Records

beyond H4 15 mn have not yet been examined at these frequencies.
The 32.5 Mc Range-time record Is also shown In Fig. 2-3.

This record

Is discussed in Chapter 3.

31

~

DELETED

iiw'i;

1|

IJIF AND VHF RESULTS
by

Lambert T. Dolphin. Jr.
A. Equipment Description
11F and VW ruadair.
the ACANIA in

were, operated both at Johnbton Ibland and aboard

the. conJugate are-a during STARFISII Prime.

At Johnston Island

thlb equipment consists of a seven-fre-quency pha!e coherent sounder,
providing 10 kilo'attb of peak power output (200 microseconds pulses),
seven frequ.ncies which remained fix%,d during the test.
fruquencies (3.3.

6.H, 7.4,

and 8.6 V-)

at

The lowest four

operated into a log-periodic

antenn.

mounted vertically on a 150-foot to%er.

21.050,

49.964,

The remuining frequencies

and 281.541 Mc operated Ino a horizontal log-periodic

antenna which was rotated at 2 rpm.
Aboard the ACANIA itsa jlailar seven frequency antenna with frequencies
set to 4.7, 5.6. 6.66, 7.92, 9.63,

13.62. and 20.0 M.

The ACANIA also

possesses radars operating at 3.3,

11.15, and 32.5 Mo.

Peak powers at

these latter frequoncies are approximately 4. 7,
A bimple dipole i

and 100 kw, respectively.

used at 3.3 M:, a 3-element beam at 11.15 Me,

a-element beam at 32.5 Mc.

and as

The sounder antenna on the ACANIA Is similar to

that at Johnston, except that the tower is half a; high.
Geometry of the Johaston Island radars is

shown In Fig. 3-1 and the

corresponding ACANIA geoictry for the conjugate area is

36

shown in Fig. 3-2.

B.

Moving DisturbanCos--ohnston V1F Radars

No echoes corresponding to these echoes
were observed In the conjugate aea by the ACANIA,
using similar frequencies,
indicating that the disturbance was probably unique
to the burst location.
Figure 3-3 Is tte range-time record which exhibits
these echoee.
Itange to these earliest traveling echoes is

plotted In Figure 3-4.

In an

attempt to explain thehe echoes it was first hypothesized
that the echoes
were &£bociateduith a horizontally traveling disturbanlce
near the F-layer
awximun.
horizo.

The, data was then replotted to show true disturbance
velocity
Ily am a function of time.

Velocities from the resulting plot

appear to be associated neither with the slow
magnoto-acoustic,
fast

10 waves.

In addition velocities increased

The first hypothusis was therefore discarded.

nor the

with time result.

A second hypothesis Is

th0t

the radars observed motion of Ionization directly
upwards, perhaps due to
debris escaping directly overhead.
thb feld lines toward te

=d no sodulatic

Or thirdly, the motion of debris up

conjugate area may have been observed.U

of the echoes by antenna rotation was

sen for

the first sevoral minutes so that the echoing area
must have been uearly
overhead and moving with a large vertical component
of velocity.

37

Teseio edcoue.b wro, mudulated by antunuw rotation although it
beeu determined It

has not yet

maximum echo ItunslIty occurred to the south.

Following these curly moving echoes which receded in range away from
the radar, echoes approaching the radar,
precvdink echoes were seen.
later echoeb moved in
by auroral ech.n-.,

and apparently unrelated to the

From thu PPI photographs it

from the uouth, pabsod overhead,

appears that these

and were followed

of long duration to the north.

Figure 3-6 Is a plot of the range to all moving echoes vs. time.
(On this plot, the echoes at great range which do not move significantly
In range are discumbed In Sec. 4).

Virtual velocity (not considering

geometry or group retardation) is lisalait-d on the plot.
Prior to approach

and passase of

the disturbance which moved In from

the south
This leads to the ape-Ulation that the clutter to the north
wab somehow related to the echo.e
overhead.

1I

which moved In from the south and passed

seems diflicull to ascribe these results to debris motion at

buch late times after burst, but this is the mechanism which occurs to

the authors, in the absence of other data inputs.

35

C.

W

Johnston PPI Results--VHF

Into the normal mugnetic tape recording of the receiver outputs,

a PPI oscilloscope was photographod In order to present radar returns
vs. azimuth und range.
Figs~. 3-7.

3-8, and 3-9.

Sulections from these PPI films are shown my

Table 3-1 is a compilation of the times Ad

durations of the northern radar clutter echoes s en at each frequency.

It can be sen that this
echo Is due to a disturbance traveling towards Johnston Island.
tur

II)

(See also Chap-

Perhaps notion of debris down the field lines towards the radar

would account for those echoes.

The relativoly high elevation afgle to

the field lines in question Is consistent with the broad spread In asalth
of the observed targets.
Except for this one moving disturbance all of the PPI records show
in general echoes at ranges less than 500-ha range, skewed to sgmatic
nor;h.

Ground ref lfcted multiple echoes are also present at time.

The disturbance which was seen receding from the radar (20 and V
ton the range-time records betwuon 0901 and 0904Z wan too weak to be

39

Me)

sn

01

the PPI rtecordb,

..1ue the rasig-Itlaw prebentation glvem cun o1derable

film IntugratLion.
PPI recordings wero taken frum 0 to 1500 kr only; hence, vchoes seen
on range-tiLme records beyond 1500 km we,

I

' %

40

L -------------------

)t uen on the PP! display.

D.

Echuc-

at Great Ranges Seen ?roe Johnston Island

Is addition to movinr, diuturbances and close-ln clutter, the 20- 30and50-Me radars at Johnston also obtained radar reflectionsI

-

uThe"echows are visible on the rSnge-time

rtcord-, Fig. 3-5.

,.

3-10 is

a sketch of tro large-scale STARFIWS

geometry which should

PR1I

aid In interpreting theme far out echo es.q

reIlectlons fron the southern
auroral region could have been sem at Johnston.

It

Is

also possible

that

rvclkctions from the debris tube were tnolawd.

Interpretation of these echoes should be simplified when the Canton
27-M

radar records have been exasined more completely.

41

Julanttus

S.

Island HP Results

The Johnhton pvvn-frequewncy phabt-phth sounder was st

for operation

at tho fixed fri-quences:

3.358
6.833
7.430
8.640

M
Me
W~
M;

21.050 Mc
49.964 Me
28.541 c

Vertical log-poriodic antenna

Horizontal rotating log-periodic antenna

While featurs o! the 20/30/50 Mc records havu already been discussed
under VHF clutter effects,
these records as well,

there Is

useful F-region iooospheric data in

just as those three frequunclus provide data which

is transitional to tho URF clutter data.
Range time records of the seven sounder channels tire presented as
NIg.

3-11 through 3-21.

rectirds.

•4

Except for a few special points along thes

a cursory exastation suUfices

to pick out the highllghts.

Rang.

to the leading edge of all echoes at ea'h sounder frequency Is

plotted in Fig. 3-22 ab functions of time.

From 1w liF records we conclude

that a new F-layer formed pr:-sumably as a result o! the iustLation from
debris decay.

(It

Is asstmkjd that the origjial F-layer wus largely swept

out of the Johnston Island area by the action of the sonic magneto-acoustic
wave, which had proven large effects (i.e.,
Irequencies) at many distant stations.

lowariug F-rullun critical

Another argwasnt for exis

ta

r'"

of a new F-layer target is the fact that even the early pobt-burst echoes
obtained at the lowest four trequercle

wero coherent Un . pulse to pulse

basia., w4l1* the early 20/3L%50 Wo early auroral echovs were not

43

The character or the echou, from the new F-layer became more diffuse
aL all four low 1rV*quVt1'v1-

bcmaan to fall.

beKinn1ing about 1105Z,

(D1iIuL'uncns

%,iLn the layer height

here Indicates an increase in

range depth of

the echoes.)
11F data was collected

thruughout tlh

day following STARFISH PRIME but

has not yet been examlnij.-t| due to time re4t0red for runinSg film records
from magnetic tape.

/A
---------44

F.

Conjugate Area VIIF and 11F Results

Radars aboard the AC¢NIA at 3.3, 11.15, and 32.5 Mc, as well as
sounder frequuncies of 4.7,

5.6, 6.66,

7.92,

9.63, 13.82, and 20.0 Me,

provided data for many hours after STARFISH PRIME.

Like similar data In

the northern area, this data concerns (1) long-lasting field-aligned
clutter, aiad (2) the disturbed Ionosphere in the conjugate region.
Figure 2-3 contuins the 32.5-Mc radar early range-time records.
Figures 3-23 through 3-25 are early range-timu records for the remaining
frequencies.

Because of the long times required to run range-time films

from magnetic tape, all the recoida have not been run in time for this
report.

Since the slow magneto-acoustic wave had
not yet arrived at the conjugate area, the overhead echoes may have been
due, to the normal pro-shot F-layor, seen after absorption fell to sufficiently
low values.

45

Radar rocalvern on the ACANIA were vaturatud for many hours by the Intense
ochoe*._________________________________

While a quantitative estimate of the dliffronces in northern and southern
area clutter i

not yet possible. it

soves quito clear that the late tim

southern clutter wa. definituly more extensive &nd Intensive than that
seen from Johnston.

DELETED

PAGES,-

46

dw¢

by

1:1).pio

4.Equipmenit

Operation

ISH~ B1OWL be'long

to the 5521nd AFW unit C Wing at MCle11an

to dietet any penetrattlon oi the ADIZ by unidentified aircraft.
otwriaiiwwiiy report to the Air Defnse Commund.

They

In order to perform

their normal mission they are eqjulipd (Fig. 4-1) with the APS 45 X-Band
hvight-finder radtir anti the APS 95 UHF ,.eurch radar.
their normal navigationul equipment,

In addition to

these aircraft carry five ARC 27

U11i, tran.,eivera. and two 618 SI high-frequency AM transceivers.

The

arcraft Is captiole of up to 17 hours irk the air atid cars-labw~*~
14 anti 18 crew numbers on a normal mission.
For the purpose., of Operation FISH DOWL only tiv. APS 95 UHF radar
was ubed.

*Notw:

The parameterb of this radar are shown in Table 4-1.

Figs. 4-2 and 4-3 were not usxed.

74

Th:r'u o,

tht i-

Cu
I.tltI

~i.asl.ut

II1t),.

by

St

atilt

u l"
Iit 'ii,

Ilk-V

it re ra It

sit 01"" *

ho(

anal the' Iam. lainingI

I aIitu

Iiem-anst

fat

I it

p-tqd

KM1

at

a~aL.
6INT.1inle-idebm~.~id )IF trans-

i;'~...

111.,
n t a*I.I vd
vi'
f

Ii a.

P-6

ti

I

t haey

wou I ii

he aibIe to

were equipjcd

two aircraft

th
tta CiItn-. ?5SI sing Iv-Sidebu'nana 1I'

tf'

rrveI r h.
TI~*t*ata~aaII
t aingI

A

U

jitr.

it'~

'tadinar.
Ia,
ftilt

flo:.

aaa.'li
ltIi.

ama lv vequiIpixl w ith 1111l s('iapK

rald tit

o , .~alka'.
t'

tl

mi thu 'LILamt
jr

afltemma~

revolut ion.

hty U11 1c: cupe. t'aaa'h t Imt' t he bea-m sweeps

t1he- airra.ttI.

Thet st'iojt

are nurthI-mdanuic s tabi lized.

Vol- tilt- purpobt'-. ul Qpt'asia F1IH IIIYL, Sf11 eqauippeda
%l ilt A-N-.tOpL- cameai'

uM'd.k

to ujulliton .Iiu

OW't I tnaa.' pela'

I iinaal

97

itiaa

aa' ih
%

'a

IL'vouttoitaa,
1-ree

the five uircraft

mounted un t i't 5-1111.-11 A-b.cope unoramally

funtionNaa~

au over I hv Iul 1

rumeas

of tilt-' ridaaa.

Til! A-.upe athio took

I Iuh InI~tL'aingau
S4we.ep.

the amapl itutde vs. rang~e

IAJtt

For-

sotu iid bc., ait rlil

of

tilie .buuthe.rn ctaij ugiit

i

irea, ,tinlone..

.try

dur ing the

thadt

It

t*ul

m.ide

"lit)g0" Continl

timpc."ed
)it the

the nIoilt iiriiiUior h.ai thvlie

area

.inill

dssignucd

to one o1

rie

t

F,

STAUFIS!

T.G 8.4 t'udl

101me

tAc

'iutiu -. l4vd Irowi

8.4

"
contol at

PuJe.t

wAdouIll

Ifur tihe .1i'cruft

anti L eninktn3i

Lacmbklnb ]

3 anud 4 %eur

area.

76

8.1.3

"

*, it

it

i

pri

th

al y

I"ol l":

3

m.a.

either

agreed
o n

-oiti

inoritern area If

te:,t,

|itutt.d uh Nltlla
ia

T.G.

lk. aube of the

i.lt,

6.9 tial'titr tin tie

were

an
L

buti

ol, . 1 6.9 aircraft in

iti5,illlW t t

l'rmte the arcraft were'I

Becau.e

N4,I during the temth uU

Lt T.G.

tLjS I 1,ioi

t

the

|J
4 4tuttis'll.

eIi III

he oIl sta tio)n aIt the time of

altrbir'i" 'unt vol atrtIt;

bur,. I *re.a;

ldhi'ill ,at Hi'kum.

rienl't

a'.

ivniltl

that two
In

irifc

1%

,

mea'. grounild'l ti il.d

a idrra

cunKallIl

p'lane coulu

ieth

v

t i

herve a% primary aiilbiirt

tittlc tlt-

schUi
rvraft
'i

ltiorne ri''y around Jouh$.tun

ut

MIG.IT. r'hit'*rsalh, T.G.

ttatr'rlit ie

tht. the fifth

a.

tie

L1f tht. tit
of

a
and
liii bbe diI%&.

ii

airplaneu.hd

[In
the lai.erge. iitimhvr of aircr.aft

il.nd

oi,t ry

and

iro.ect G.9 Iad reques.ted five

. tti te.st

northern burs t

11t)

in

AbuMVe

Table 4-11.
I was the

titl 2m el't li're'aift tin tl. northern
ilt

l'.
t In) flh' hoUtltfl

t

ugitte

Th'

stlUl t I igit

jon
lioII l

flew .a p1.at tern it. stil in an Fig.

lemtlo
.

odrit
iuhllt
Cterltt.I

,vzt ttern was babed on

length l

time

e
o
a Cotinlii'tint

as pos.ible. tO the
aS

'

us

-statilol but btill

uf It

i straight

aircraft fly In

(2)

Tie Jour L.amhkn aircraft

The chi'i

4-4b.

was

ions:

owing tcou.idtrat
lt
|ol|
till.
(t)li

t in.

rII' col I rul I fut

i. tt nlmI itit-d by It-, a II

of thi. Abusive air raft

I-I.1)

patl tern (Fig.

line for a reabonable

dii td unttsdbl.

(rad.'r

have the

11 ri ng turns).

vailue til 5-min. legs will, t'hosen.

lktlaot-. , i titttr echoes uerv expected primarily in

tlheIall.Ignilt

ea.-t

and because the antenna

.littest

p.1tt.tern of the APS 95 Is qtitte favorable at tile 90aniid 270-tit-gree
pattern was ebtibl

from
'ail'lltngt.
.iied

tilt' airert.*

the

along tihe magnetic north-south

line.
At

Wel'

tile

diL't'-tit4l UiI)ll,

STAItF1Wil

l1ll'h tle cotlordinttes of

time at
it

was

thi'y

Pr t-tt..t Iillert

|ot'atvIion Ill pancake l.ashloll (bee Mudel 2.
TIt' atrcraft were thetn located such that

).

give u mit.ure of tle

kinildt

vb . tiro.. ittvr hIurst (Figs.
olit.,t

telt th.t the fission debris from the

btl't woold be. in tite vxt'mevic dmispersive vase, deposited in

Shotl)
$li.F-i.iy.r under tilt.
p. 20,

tile alrraft stations

(e.t.tlard shilt)

I

gv.ograiIlic extent of the debris spread

The reason for tile lateral

6).
4-5 &sill
th1.at

ti

APS 95 airborne radar

20 dt''t'i'. Ini ai evati4n wi cish ruttll l'ue

i.

limited to

a minimum ground range of 260 km

it) ob. rvt, targets at a height of 100 ki.

Lc.ud.sbr01ll.
Pri.-te'.st

I.L.

Alld D)olliln . I..T..

"Hdur Uua,.sueeLltb

it'-rt. Operwation FISH IOWL, TU 8.1.3,

c.,i tloprll.t. April 1962

77

Durnlg

FJSl

Project 6.9 SRI.

BOWL

Ik'nlo Park

I

H.aLdar
(1h.rvud raidar r.s~ult- str
1i.1-ct-T*,A

th

by thia

Tut~ loulwd ujebri,

).port.

wiad 2.

I)I)a

O.11*UJ)

I~enIba~nd
w-

Siti.

I:

I.I.
r-v-

itngith-1.d c.sgiidrubly toi the nurth

E

1304M$ Its had bcatitertd cirrus cloIuds.

at

,,,PIII~~fl4t'SLudihisith

.ial..i

pu.-ali.d by thuc Mudel 3 oii

IEI

Arraf1t.

Abu-sivov 1. J1 ing1

O~pt

:.imilar to tiau~mt

III the

ft. lad 141rly thin. hazy cov.recst.

:4 awi 4.

..i.41 I10a1hb.o

1,UOU ft, bad w)olcut

1YIyigat
aL

.4:. 84rtz.1vd by va3r1i.u

,ti.-vi-vrs

1.3.. *ibwdaa

UeitaL, Operati..ai

Niltoe 11as0,. C..!it-'witia, April

la ubkia,

ia.rr
~

11514 IcMI.

1962

78

it

tim-so

ai

aircr~im

During

TU 8.1.3.

t mre

I1SH

1'roj.it 6.9

I

*11ti~ had

The* wide hand fagdii

_________________________

&Wgear Streak.

hign a "Chults-u±"

deep pink to

through

paiv pin1k. with the ceater streak becouminig fainter, Mllevr,

Laasiijkill I
.Ii

al

6lien1j
sl I

S2.

Issv burs.t, ri-pssatI is i bAi

Ussutti AI%ctsu Id tssv dv1 it tAd
uhi tt

W~nd.-. uppeuriasa;

pssn,1 Llst

flingas

u san-Asic tizsti Lh

the e lesudsh. *wIt

L%,
t s -.

be man lisp ssf Ibv baAiltvl

LjustskLsb 3 .alid 4

li lt,.

on as ugsile~ asesth t~ack gat the tigai

the pr.svie

i% Isig.t urea A!, fat-

b~lKS titeisdin~ sig tro

litt'ui~h

a.tck at the tist-

m-fssre

ec

itil i

glisa

bth~l

Isund h&ilght ly wrist ii
it the bouth

brighat stieaik extteadd trin IsslsIA4saa

to, litW11.011 110lths

srthernm her. umt.
Lip tuitu J ingtr-Uikv -. 1 reaners Intse nor

7,

Ith111

,.sutheria ctsssjugits
ofi buubt,

Uddl L UnAl

Itliskin 2 ini

tmvi.

SL Aa1~mp A-uposattd yeiisa-uhitv "fagrs"ixtesit1S5l
t~isti4-st.

M1~5ite

ta

f yiyl

usid wider.

butth

Meea,

rvepuated
theM-.

A

to Skuuths, breaking

2D.

flterprt-tat

lust

anit Analysis

i. Abusive I Data
At the- tlift
1101-th 401 e'Abt

of the burbt.

Abuttve I wai

ground ze-ro on a true heading of 330 degree-s.

Of

Thte
Ija-stIg ot

The position of this L-cho with rea.petct to the

11wt duration tif thet

rLvsjwt't

cho is, hittiatt-d 19 nin oui at -nlttic

1et0 degrees~ from JuhnIittunz IlaMfd which is t.'*htflt tally the

itwati-11 tit ground z4ulu.
butriot,

located 80) aim slightly

tu ft:

echu,

ugskttic filid

aid the geometry of the- raihto rity with

atre such that we speulate that these

weAucsw: uriglittv frosm the Thus- tainkage debris located essentilally directly
1K14ot
of

tol

the, burbt at

aid 50 km.

an altitude bietween 40

evitu to C0.nensuate wlith the tlom. It would take for the tainkage

to rach this altitude land to break up If
dut. to flat-

of the detonation.

ilets

wit withinthulk
by

The timev of onset

Ilitb

ThL~duration of this cho is also

ol previus~ observations on the AtlatiC Missile Range

(376

itis Whik radirti

It were nut already broken up

Mc)

and (*-foand

ratiars.

Pictures of the detoliation

have shuwhi that izt leubt flat burinsc of the tankage wlas he'atedc
to very high
temperatur'

cwhuss It

wats reaClk-d bs the blast or debris wave.

'to the best of

uuar pre-sentt klatc*edge there voub snoevidence of the tankag-v breaking up at

thtit tim aIt thugha
I It appear a to

be ibafe to surmise

atructurally wieaktened from ft- vi ftts
Impiag't-saa.

'hue

tankage

Ill)' stay

of boit

that

the X-rays

I he

ta nkage Was

and the debris

would not. survive re-entry.

80

2-

Lamuikin I Data

Figures

allu

PPI ald A-scoul.

at H.0.5 mit.

effects

starting with Frame 93

Note that the cuock oil the PPI film lb fast by 2.5 min.

lite across the, echo on thu A-scope display is due to the "folding

Thie heavy
over" ot

prt'eieutattons smultaiieously.

.4-13 andl 14

the peak of

tht- echo because of

are alaho iotieeatilt-

Oil the PPI dt. pl-y,

i

tthe sea clutter

and

occur. wivu

the receiver %aturate!.

the vho I., due

huwii in

The vch.v|

Figb.

that

ths-

tho. A-scope.

a darkviiud area between the

to the decrease in noise which sometimes
The antenna pattern

in

the direction

'1-15 &ind 16.

oba..rved extend over a lurge geogruailical

purpo-s.S au'enk

Saturation

echoes as been in

pnrl i'ulaurly on Fratt., 94,

bea clutter

of the ech lb i

receiver baturation.

echoe.. swir

[veLfd-aligned.

For dicuasion

area.

Zero-degree off-

perpu.ndicuiar angles were computed for the magnetic bearings at which Lhe
echo exists and for heightb of

HU,

100,

1).,

"Optrat ion HARDTACK/NEWSREEL

120,

&wJ 150 ka (Figs. .- 17,

18, avid

19).

0

Delphin,

L.

T.,

and IDyce,

R.

uatlon ol lbieflectioll FlhnomenaW
AFCRC-TI-60-105,
(February 1960)

p 35,

S111 Proj.

Staniord Research Institute,
l

2445,

Radio Al ten-

Final Report,
liano Park,

Part

1,

California

Tile actual picture is more complex
s1nce tile antenla patterl

Is not a rectangular block but more banana

Ahnped.

of
For the purpose of ubtaining a quantitative value of cross aection
the echo, let us assume that tile target was essentially * poimt.U

bam-filliug
More realiuCallY olle hus to assume that the target was
L
in tile nzI uth plane.

one must

If

the scattering region is

indeed field-aligned.

on the vertical
then anke absumptionb on the scattering efiLAency and

82

e*xtent

of

if

tilt
1u

icloe,. befolre one* tas

compute

one. Avre tos assumt. Ititat tla.

radar crutim %.ctilus.

t*iks-gt fi lled tht-

ahol.. $Klux. one can

%thencompare tilt, cross becttuea of a point target to the* volume In the

3.

Pos.,itsle
1.

Ilypotiaez.es

to E.xplatin

ftet2,lt- on

Lambliin I

ItypUthehis I

At very e.arly timet,, X-ruys

atkd gamma rays cau.'e lil~iz.ti-a

at many

Peterson, A. M., "Hadar Clutter Lffects of 131gh Altitudc Nuclear Explosions."
A&MC Ps'oevesding4,

Vol.

IV,

Pasrt 1, lubtitute OZ

Scisencle and Tocchuolon,

The University of Michigan, Meeting of 8-10 May 1961, Colorado Springs.
Colorado,

p 847

Advanced Rtesearch Projects Agency,

"Re-port on N~uclear Interference,"

Advanced Rteoarch Projects Division.

Institute for 1k."onso Analysis,

Contract SD-50, IDA ARPA, 'FR 60-3.
63

a.

Pro usid Cos Argurents

(2)

X-rays.

It

not

uclhk-d Its TMWO1's work, may cause

additional ionization whiAch would cause additional aborption.m

"Theirowurgy Is deposited bigher so absorption per tree electron

\~W.

produced Is
loss effective.
(3)

Lioetters on Jobastum Island pinned
or a l

-

unte or so before :-winging positive due

to sysichrotron radiation.
bi. Summary
Though detailed numbwrs most be calculated and sre d~sts
ACCuMulUtt'd from other projects,

4 Ik.sdrIck

R. W ., Christian, U. U.,

Estlmates of Expected PhenutellomUP
l

May 1962m

Fischer,
E.

P. G. , "Operation FISH BOWL

TEMPO, kW2TMP-L;, DA 49-146-XZ-O36

2.

HyPott-:is 2

Some sort sl prop.t
Lttug

dit.turibance fantnng out from tih- dttonation

point too)

The disturbance

Initiated turbulenia-e

"~.en,"

bI th-

ionization, or abrupt dibculitilult leb uind what Is

r.pad dv.eay of.

.ay,

turl.ulence or ionizution (electron

relaxutton).
a.

Pro iand Cous
(1)

treat tbe di±tance

Arguments

Tim. most bcV4'rL- Argumm..nt agAinbt thib hypothesis is
roxm air zero to the tlvarv.bt echo is

.oti.stdleralby greater

thutn the distanco to the Iurtht

echo,

ot propagation verbus direction.

It becow-s difficult then to 4explain the

simuitaneous appearaiice o)l
(2)
alltow.

thub impl)ing a non-uniform velocity

th. echo over the entire echoing region.

TL,-po.,Itive argument Is that a propagating disturbance

for the delay from ti-0 to the time of observation of effect.

It Is

mubt probable that thie dibturbance arrived at the echoing region while the
beam %aa pointed aaAy Irow it;

thus thtre is

somAe allowance for perhaps

a 30 p.rWI.nt dibperbion 1i: %rrivaltine while giving the appearance of a
,udde s

onbut when the beum awepi back aroud to the echoing area.
b.

Sumary

Our feeling Is

that the "simultanelty" of appeak'titne of echoes

vvtor such a large rt~gaon (with very diflerent propagating distances)
prubabi) precludet. this vxplaitation of the observed effuctil.

85

us

e....

--......-

m

3.

Hypothetitb 3

"bvi)Iluie

As the acuu~tit wave. pa~

V4 will give ri.-#w

to rntlar reflections.

ulpwuil eauubiiig furthe.r turbulenice, it

pabbvb too) high&for the rular uIntvttflu puttL-rn, alld (b)

(a)

cuuses turbulence

in regitni. atk-rv turbuktnt --cale sizes must be very lurgv becjae of the
large molecular avn-f ree puthb.

4C

a.

Pro aild Con Arguments

86m

1).

Suzary

Atty hlm-p
a:

wl I

ratitt

4.

that

up Lit,

ar~ppt

PrOeIeu11:1iun

1ulculthoI)

(st-v

'Fmi,(O

flat -lint t uiskd

post
dettndt l
pvedI et Itls

,

mangier att an elt.vation of t he order of 200 km.
lvet

s mts-Uroulet-bs

trovets

%ich

eem nout

Though

to confirm many of the

field 1111e.0 could also give ribe to a wave of some

in

platie-ave fashion downi Into the reflecting region

much a., an X-ray Iirodci-d wave Wi llypothets±,
aii

in a

a t I.At -but turned de-bri -, p atie uke (,A tichitsubsvquL.nt ly co IlIapses

back Anto flit, orig4il

wave

and L.ASO. predictions)

that deblris from the weapon would travel and be htopped

.ujggtedtv

QD

at this time-, unidetermined numbers.

llypothwsis 4

Snn,,

!sort

011-N hypotlwsts could exp~lain the. observed effects

3 traveled upwards.

Such &

may producv Intiorngenties producing echoes.
a.

Pro and Con Argumentv

b.

Summary

At tlilt tiae without additional data from other projcc;ts to draw
Upon wt, have' not formed any opinions as to the validity of

* Loc.

this hypothesis.

cit.

* Private communication,
ft. D. Ctman, "Buumh

It.Hlovrlin,

referring to report by 11.W. liussard.

Plabina Expanion and Stopping in Hi1gh Altitude Shots".

87

There mu.t

t.rtuinly he additiunal pufthible muchanismb which have not

occurred tu us at this tin
hypoth,'€e
pr.domntint

is correct in
contrul,

.

It

is

very po sible that,

it one of our

tht henise that thu particular mechanism is

in

other effects will alter magnitudes and locations of

Zhe radar echoes.

98

U.i

I

1

w

i

i

I-i

OL,

I

Ix.

.I

-

Ix

ll
IL)

4

N

II
i

"

"

FA

89

Tr.V

v v'
rho

olv

FIG. 4-4b
LAMOKIN 1.4PATR

FIG. 4

$SUSIVEI PAT1TRW

to

TAB3LE 4-1
P~tr.'.~rtit thu. APS-05 P.'ldar

Freqiuency

420 to 450 Me'

Pte.4k
pujvor

1.5 Mw

PuI-v width

6 to 9 pse

P1WF
IF ba~ndwidth

250 cps
200 kc

Noi1se

figure

8 db

WDS
aoi

-115 dbe
10 a2

at 20C na

Be,'amidth

10 dcgrees-E plane
18 degrees--H plane

Antenna rotation
IDyntsmic range

6 rpm
20 db

Normal prt is 320 cps
M~ain htiam is orientedl 8.5 degrees duwn from airplane axis; however,
plimne get-raIly ilis
4.5 devgr-c.
nose-up, resulting in the aiai
bea'm being 4 degrevs down from horizontal
J-*Antenna cain also rotate at 1, 2, and 4 rpm

106

TAiMLE 4-11
I.OtA'rlONS OF AMW AIRCRAFT

C n tt

LAOc

o C.. .

UL

,,

167057.51 W

SI

1
Alwstivi
2
it
,jalktI

$2
S2Lum1kt1

t,unk Ifn 1
3

165 30' W
1690001 w

S4

I.ilkin

170012

so

4

W

165°36

S4

107

'

W

Lat i t ude
9

17a02'
10°54

,

)
N

13046'
8048

'

S

12033

'

S

CU1APThH V

C ANTON ISIAND MLASUHIOkNTS

biy
J.Ii. tt.odgut.,

As. parzt tof l'auj%'L 6.9.

bit

L.T. ZDlplitt, Jr.

upvrati-d

a bimpi.

PUIM.

&*.11 bky CAnktI'A Ati C.&rton I-ilatd during STAUI1

thtse vqupmi:a1

l
t1tv P1%ujvt *'vPrtevtstj1 vt oeatilns

the~

chrome~ photogiruph% #4 the~ visual phetsn.i,
toi lexp1r) 1kL1. in

The* radar,
shi.:

tv-tstic

pli)a~lgrap~hing na tural1

a tyliv 4lumnk'
airt

the STAIWISH 1111M.
anlss

which IN

radar 4and

7M

In addItIOD,
L 4 ok Stitne Ekta4;1t~~fl ch w&ab due

usural fabrm%.

&it IGY backt.,.Ltr rv-

dv-,c&atb'd lit Table 5-1.

iacb,

The r'adar s.*

eet and dala raurordt-d on

aui

has. c1.aracopLI.atod

for

apt- lips late~r

ut yet fully complvted.

G4iwwtry of thu Canton lIamd Radar P1b
This -4ketch, togethetr with the buwiiary of

is -dukLevhtd in Fig.

5-1.

addr v1Lvnt.- (Table 5-11),

can

be ubvd to derive A qualitative radar picture of STAWISH ['UM~ as seen
fromr

Cautin Island.
Vie basic radar data lit the form of Itin1ty-shdul-dled,

reco~rds Is; presented Lis FIi.
dat i

bhouwli.

vxutbiautiuin,

Thv~m-

r-ange-time

5-2 through 46. Doth long Ai.t short pulbe

ligurv?. will be mint useful fair qualA.Ativi

sisice Table 5-1

eventsi Hseen on thei reciprid.

contains

&

gid

chroistulegy 4of the ilsrtant

Fig. 5-7 is a range-Limv plot of observed

echoes.

I08

j

Tile Frkdar plinuim-sin

&)b.-vrvt-d are by

sit

Wseans

ly hjndt.rbstod

CI~PAIt

at thlb time, and tho: muthors prest*nt Inbtvad a few cisimnLtt

for the pur-

Pose of Stimulitilig vimnments und dibcussion.
Tile ubseue

of1 vhuew

oil thae radlar prior to N +22 sec It- CUUsistcfI

isith the varly-time uabnorptiuaa picture. and Is
flee~at Claio asiad

'laeahulere.

ratlas z eetiver is jalibs

Tile :,yuchrotrtin nui~ot.aobserved by the

cunist-sit with results repo~rte.d elbebbere.

_____________________________________

(tha

1,~ t Slis

well documented by rio-

.and

it

Is

pub*ible

echo urobe from is vonfined, &stcending tube. of debris; echos

Isv re SI11 Perpensdletulai

to) that field ahisuh passeb through

the burst

jmint.

Ishotographs of the! visual phemumvivit arc reprioduved In
*tiantugli

Figs. 5-21

33~ prinic-d 1mam thte urigisai ligh-spead, D~aylight Lktuechrome.
Table 5-111 describess the exposure coinditions and camera positin
f..a eavh of theme photogrophs.

109

An all-sky came.ra was albo operated at Canton Island during the
event.

This type of camera.

wilth "fish-eye" 14.na,

provIdei an extremely

wide field of view.
All-sky photographs (the originals are black and white) are presented
as Fig.. 5- a throuih 20 .
t

are evident.

I

The

ilne fiL amentery

tructurtes Lt. the tube

Nute tthat the late-time brightne% of the authern auroral

area eareedv that of the northern end.
Fig. 5-3I4 shows the results of a densitometer tracing of the all-sky
camers ntegativaus.

PAGxESII\-

V\DELETED

11

urn
TABLE 5-111
STARFISH PRIME CANTON COLOR PHOTOS
Taken by J. Hodges

Figure

Camera
Direction

Approximate Time
Exponure Was Start.ed

Approximate
Exposure Time

3-21

South

H + 0 sec

10 sec

5-22

North

H + 30

10

5-23

North

H + 45

15

5-24

South

H +

10

5-25

North

H + 115

10

5-26

North

H + 130

10

5-27

North

H + 170

10

5-28

South

H + 205

10

5-29

south

H + 315

10

5-30

south

V + 340

3

s-31

boutL

V + 350

3

5-32

boutr.

. 360

10

5-33

south

V + 370

10

Eastman 35m

HLi Epeed Daylight Ektachrome,

143

-

-

-

-

-

ASA 160, with regular

tocal length lens,

used with a 30m

developaent ws

5

-

-

--

set at

/2L.

CIIAPTjIt V;

JUiINST()x

Anl Qrth-pottntlal recordo,'
Juhnbton laland.
Into thc ground 2C

fUANU EARAH-PONTIA-L RECOUID

wax operated during STARFISH PI

at

Thisn recorder wzAmlOti of lung copper rads driven
fee* apart.

The rods paired magnetically amotk aW

south and magnutically vaut meWS*eat wore connected to DC amplifier
chains and put% chart recorder.,
Figure 6-1 ehows the earth-p-itential recirdb during the ovent.
inttially pouitivu north and *.t
differenco developed.
the earth,

potential

a long negative Poteatial

Them- pv'.,ntialv were dia

induced uy aiimalar &.ax

th-: recorder drwsi negligible current,

to currents fliog

Iuta1.foing in It
it

measur es

differences developed across p.411,ts on tbe ground stlb

flow of thusu currents.

149

After

lououphcae.

Is
Since

sentiallp the Potential
revulted from tbe

p~~

r

LIJj 1-k

14

if
Lj

L

AU

I2 IIJI
-T -147-

--

060
FIG. 6-1

4

120

88ch

EARTH-PQtEtJTlAL ON JONNsTCN ISLAND DEVELOPED ACROSS 20C)-foot BASEMES

150

CHAPTER VII

There

a,

sW rez.ltu other

PA)W SHIF RESULTS

than 4v .crhd

utt Interim 72-hour

reports by the Project b.9 portion of Project 6.13 at thib tlme.
is hoped that VAN, results will be mado
time for the POR.

151

it

vatlable to Project 6.9 In

CIL\PTEi

Vl IVI L'O.Ut1SIONS

Altiuugh final concluslo1z cannot b

drawn frun, the ratl-r interim

r.adar clutter results4 presented in thib report,

a nuumber of comments

concerninsW STARFI H PRIME can be made.
First,

th, results obtuined indicate that nonu of the three models

described in Chapter I for SrARFISII PRIX0 are completely descriptive of
the actual effects.

The lucations of the A.W aircraft w.s chosen

determine whe.ther or not a dt-bris "pantcake"
size.

Thi rvlativ,.ly negativ.

was not forarm.d.
4

was formed,

a&nd if

to

so,

to what

resultb Indicate that such a "pancake"

Although the negutive VH.F rehultw %,re in a way disappointing

to projecL persounel,

they are quite valuablu to the ui&a .rtandi1)g of the

phenomena.
The relatively btriking radar results from tho ACANIA asd the radar
and visuaL ctantln iland i'usujLa Indicate the considerable Influence of
the earth', magnetic field upon the radar echoes.
The lack oi

early time

U1IF radar

clutter aL Johnston 1:;Jand

Indicate thlat the drbris was spread In altitude over such a large extent
that its ef fect in producing radar clutter was relatively weak.
Overall, the radar clutter results and associated experimentb conducted
duritsj STARFISH PRIME were very succe-lul.
significance mc.t await further analy3*
results.

152

Final conclusion as to their

and comparison with oth.r projects

Test Report
1. V. L. Lynn and others; "Wvapons

f HAR[WTACK

No. 72, 13 Ppril 19,9Q; Lincoln
Project 6.13"; Technical Memorandum

a

of TOchnology
Laboratory. Massachusetts Institute

Radio
and R. Dyt; "operation HAIWTACK/NEWSREEL
Final P,port Part I, Contract
Attenuation and Hf lection PhenowenA"i
Stanford Research Inst tute, Menlo
AF 19(604)-3162, February 1960;
2.

L. Dolphil

Park. California
(inidu, Volume 11; lWSA-1229,
3. "Eloctromagnetic Blackout
Santa
General Electric TEIAPO,
I May 1961; Contract VA 49-146-XZ-O3K;
Barbara. California
RAND Research
E. tLluvlUr, "Pancake Shot";
4. A. L. Latter and R.
Monica, California;
1959; PAND Corp., Santa
Memorandum RM-2361, April

Ionosphertc
King, "Disturbance is the
5. C. H. Cummsak and G.A.M.
Nlow Uealand
Island Nuclear Explulon,"
F-region Following the Jchn-i
1959).
2, pp. 634-641 (August
Journal of Geology and Geophysics

153
b.



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