MC 55 Get TRDoc?AD=ADA955694&Location=U2&doc=Get TRDoc

User Manual: MC-55

Open the PDF directly: View PDF PDF.
Page Count: 75

0)
Plepaled
fo
FIELD
COM4,;"'.:V ATOMIC
SUPPORT
&..
Eri'
SANDIA
BASC
A,
.~t~
NEW
MEXKICO
C ~Coftrect.
CA
jFr-
Iat-*.-lJ7
Plepalej
b?
e
a
d
.obtand
antl
Lambert
T
;w6Alll.
Jr
ELECTE
JUN
16
1989
D
I
_-*
89
6
15
1
1
DISCLAIMER
NOTICE
\Pr
THIS
DOCUMENT
IS
BEST
QUALITY
AVAILABLE.
THE
COPY
FURNISHED
TO
DTIC
CONTAINED
A
SIGNIFICANT
NUMBER
OF
PAGES
WHICH
DO
NOT
REPRODUCE
LEGIBLY.
Project
Officer's
Interim
Report
(
~)
STARFISIH
PRIME
..
Jm..p4.byl
lJ
Pay
L.
Loadabrand
~
1~
c
i
:-o-
and
Lanmbrt
T.
Dolphin,
Jr.
Prepared
for:
Field
CoAmamd.
ateons
Atomic
Support
Agency
Sandia
Base.
Albuquerque,
New
Mexico
C.
C
o
n
t
r
o
c
t
:
A 4
9
1
4 6
-X 1
3
7
.
-- i
~~~~~S I i i -- L2-920 ... P _,-., X... u
T_
_
.....
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~~~PP
P
........
I-, m
... .. .....
.__
_ -....... .....
Lai
I-
AAA
tril
-A
ZI 6
U
*
waL
4>
3
oil
t4
ns
4
i~
400
ONANNOU.c.
12o
1
wn
v> 4:
74 <
If--
-
4-
A& --
WIL
isct-V
dW-
LIST
O
FIGt'IES
.. ... ... . . . . . . .*...
ii
LIST
OF
TAII.JS
......
. . . . . . .. ..
......
.v
CIAIER
I
A. |Is
rtIu'tlon
. .
I.
Ilc
kgrmsd
andl
Theory
. .. . . . . . ... . .. .. . 5
C.
I
s.t
rum
.n
t
Ion
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II
D .I
II-A1
1i'tl
.At0
1cm o Cn , II .t Th .. .... .... . . .
17
'lAl ll :11
i
--
t
'iI"
RAIDAR
Mt
V'I.TS
A.
liurht
Ar..At
U
CIF
tVuttr.
.............
29
il.
(iJagilate
Area
Uitt
Cliuttr ..... ...............
.31
(IAIrr:i
III
--
It'
ANi)
VIii'
IESUITS
A.
EmU
1i n 't
Des'icr
Iion.
........ ................. 36
If.
s
i
I
1bu'b.1in'1v.,
--
Jollilhimlt
VIII
iars .. .
....
37
C.
Johilnttll
PPI
Ruiultb
--
VIII..
............. .... 39
0.
Ec-,imu.
at
C-rv,.ct
R.lgeL
%cc,
I
From
JohlmItili
IblInd
..
..
41
F.
Jc
htol
l
aiunl
It' I mii ll ...... .......... 42
F.
Conjua..te
Are'a
VIII'
UInd
Il
,ut-ult.
..... ........... 45
C1lAPTEU
IV
--
AIIUIU0NIF
RAiAR
RESU.TS
A.
Fmulin'lia
De.crlpltion
....................... .74
II.
lw.ation
alid
L,
uOtry
. .. . . . . . . . ...
.......
76
C.
..
,-iht
t .. . . . . . ......................
78
I).
Inte.rlrvtatilou
anI
Anlytl.
.. .... .............. .. O
CllMI'Frll
V --
('ANI'ON
ISIAND
MEASIIEIWTF.
S ...................
IOk
CIIAI'lIrIl
VI
--
.MNINSTON
ISLANI)
AIIwII-IIT'FNTIAL
R
OII)S
...... ..
149
C1IAprI:I
VI
--ii
IMI
SiP
IESULTS
..... ..... .............
151
CIIA1TER
VIII
--
CONC.UISIO4S
o. . . . ....
....
...............
152
tEFEREIII'
............
. . ...... ................
153
I
I-.USTIRATIONS
Front.
.peL'e
A
X/V
ACANIA
... .... .. ..
........
.. . .
Frent.pit
!'v 0i
John~.tun
l.-lund
Radars
. . . .... . .........
Fig.
-i-I
De1,PO.itin
of
STARFISH
FI.son
Fragments
.eI
1:
Uicha-rged
Debris.
..... ................ . 18
F
g.
1-2
Mrid:an
View
of
STAItFISH,
Mdel
3
.... ............. .19
Fig.
1-3
PPI
of
1'o.sbtble
STARFISH
Echoes
(Irom
Jihn.,t
to
Is.land
only)
...... ................
.20
Fig.
1-4
Mg'etIC
Field
Geometry
for
STARFISH
Burst
Area
......... ..
21
Fig.
1-S
M.gnett
Field
C
unetry
for
STARFISH!
ConJugate
Area
.......
22
Fig.
2-1
Jin-.tun
I..l.izid
UHIF
Radars
....... .................
.32
Fig.
2-2
STARFISH!
PRIME
-
ACANIA
Anteimt
Positions
vs
Time
370,
1.10.
32,
11
Me
........ ....................
.33
Fig.
2-3
STARFISH
PRIM:
-
ACANIA
Hatdar.s,
Range-Time
Display
.......
34
Fig.
3-1
John.ton
cometry
........ .....................
47
Fig.
3-2
Conjugate
Geometry
........ .....................
.48
Fig.
3-3
STAIIFISi
PII51M..
VIIF
Range-Tim.
Records
... ...........
.49
Fig.
3-4
STARFISHi
IEII,
Range
to
Traveling
Disturbance
.. .......
.50
Fig.
3-5
STARFISH
i'itM',
VIIF
R.nge-Time.
Records
... ...........
.51
Fig. 3-6
STARFISIH
PRIME,
H..nge
to
VIIF
Echoes
(Johnston
Radar)
....
52
Fig.
3-7
STAKFISI!
PRIME.
PPI
Radar
Display
Snapshots
21.050
Mc
.... 53
Fig.
3-8
STAIWISH
IR IU,
P
1 '
R.cdar
Dlspl.ay
Snapshots
2S.541
Mc
.
54
lg.
3-9
STARiISi
PRIME,
111P
Display
Swaipihots
49.964
Mc
.........
.55
Fig.
3-141
STAIFISI!
PtIW.,
Geometry
for
h4ing-Range
Radar Echoes
....
56
Fig.
3-11
STAIFISH
INOW.,
IIF
Range-Timo
Records
57
Johnston
Phas..-I'.th
Sounder.
............. .. . . ..6
Fig.
3-12
STARFIbh!
I'IMF.
VIIF
R.tuge-rimt.
Record
21.050
Mc
......... 9
Fig.
3-13
STARFISH
i'OW.
HF
UP.nge-Time
Record
21.050
Mc.
...
.......
G0
Fg.
3-14
STARFISH
PRIME.
VIIF
R.tnge-Tlmw. Record
28.541
Mc.
.......... 61
Fig.
3-15
STA
FISH
PIOW,
hiF
Rasge-Time
Record
28
Mc.
... .........
.62
Fig.
3-16
STARFIOII
PRIME.
HF
Hasge-Time
Record
3.358
Me
...........
.63
Ii
I
i.LISTItAT1!
ONS
(c
,,at
'd)
Fig.
3-17
STAIFISII
I'iM.
it"
II.Fang.-Ti.
Rtec'ord
6.83'3
He
......
63
Fig.
3-18
STAIIFiSI lllUII,
11
tlRsge-Tan.
Rcord
7.430
Vc
.
.....
64
Fig.
3-1.4
STAIRFISII 'IllME.
11F
latin.-Tim
R(,cord
7.430
Ik-
.
.....
65
Fig.
3-20
STAIRFISII
1iIIUF
11F
tt.angt-Ti.
tecord
5
.640
1k
......
66
Fig.
3-21
STAIFISII
1lME,
1F
Hl.aag'-Tit.
Recourd
8.640
Mc
......
67
Fig.
3-22
STAIIFISl1
11IM
.IInge
to
Sounder
Ectwus
Jo
thnstu
t
ilt .m . . . . . . . . .......... 68
Fig.
3-23
STAFISII
PlIME.
ACANIA
Iadar
R.ange-Tia.
Di
pl
My
.....
69
Fig.
3-2.1
STAIWFIStt
PIIIME,
ACANIA
Phai.se-Sounder
l.,gane-Tiamn
Recod.
....... ................... ....
70
rig.
3-25
STAtIt.
SiI
I'lME,
ACAN
|A
Phl.-w
-Sounder
tiingte-Timt.
RI-tcrd.
....... ................... 71
Fig.
3-26
STAIISi
MI!M1,
Range
to
Soundkr
Echues
Conjug.ate
Arva..
......... ....................
72
Fig.
4-1
U.S.
Air
Foxct
IIC-121D
......... .................. 19
Fig.
4-2
Not
used
.......... ..........................
Fig.
4-3
Mot
u.wd
..........
.........................
Fig.
4-4a
Abu.ive
I
Pattern
......... ................... .90
Fig.
4-tI1)
l.taikin
1-1.
Pattern
......... ................... 90
Fig.
4-5
h|I,
Slit),Al
g
f.1.at
lt
rumtaaot.ot
ion
I#cdtiunb
for
the
Study
t
Clutlt.r
A%.'e*
sa.itd
Iti
igh-Altitudc
Ntvlvar
Ihtr'.t.
(t
=
400
kmg)
STARFISH
PRIME ..........
Fig. 4-6
M.p
ShAoll
g
itt.iar
lis
t
'tu
enlt-'t
j.n
isor
the
Study
of
Mi.glat-t
It"
cini
Iugatl
Voinalut
tter
Ashuclatcd
wltb
Etigli-Altitudte
Nut
letr
lur:-t
(h
u
400
ku)
........... 92
Fig.
.1-7
Pill
ll
..
plaiy,
A!t..lve
1, ,tt
1#2.25
min
Prior
It
Tank-lbrls
Echo...
. ..... ............... 93
Fig.
4-8
PP!
Dlbpljy,
AIthitvt
1,
at
H2.4
min
..... ........... 94
Fig.
4-9
1P
)s.
la.ty.
AbulVt"
1,
ant
H#2.55
mAn
..............
9
Fig.
4-10
Pil
t.l:,play,
Abu.%lve
.fi
849.11
mA.
.............. 96
Fig.
4-11
1P
Ii.plamy,
Abu.lve
1,
at
11+16.4
ain
............. 07
Fig.
4-12
Pil
Display.
Abu.sive
,
ut
Ht28.4
min
....
.......... 94
Fig.
4-13
1P1
Unt
A-StU
th
Dabplay
lkltw-en
H#0.5
and
1#0.85 min.
,
99
I"
ILL1USTRATIONS
(cont
'd)
Fig.
41-14
Pill
unit
A-S.vipc
D:,Pl-$Y
Oetacez,
114-0.85
and
11.1.2
Isa...
100
Fig.
4-15
AIIS-95
Ra.da.r
Ante*nna
Pa..ttern
In
Azimuth
Plane
III
Direcion
of
Echoes
.
*
101
Fig.
4-16
AI'S-95
Rad.Iar
Antvnnj
Pattvrn
In
Elevation
Plane
lor-
Azimuth
of
279
.......
.
102
Ib
16
itwc,
?Aen-Degrve
Off-Ilerik-ndicular
Contours
8l.o*11
fill
VariouN
Hi~vghts.
................ 103
11.56
%vv*
Zt
ro-!).g
rev
Off
-le*rptend
i
ul
r
Contours
Slm
for
Vairiuws
livights.
................
104
Fig. 41-19~
1'!11
Disp.tvy
Sl
ant
It.'nge
vs
Magnet
ic
lkaring.
11.66G
"- .
w-L)-grcc
0
if-I'cz-pndicular
Contours
SIooail
for
Vari
u%
Iflihtb. ................
105
Fig.
5-1
Gvomiatr:y
fur
Caunton
0biservations......
... .. .. .. . ...
Fig,
5-2
STAlWISH
11WM.
C-antDi
Ibxlond
Raidar
Haunge-Tiont.
Display.
27
Sic.
... ..............
112
Fig.
5-3
STARIFISHIPIM:
C..toitn
I-,1nd
Radar
(cont'd)
Btangu'-Tivica
01isplay
27
Mc
.. ................ 113
Fig.
5-4
STARISH1~
'IMY,
Canitoni
Island
Radaur
(cont
d)
II..uigu.-Timnv
I,play
27
111c..
................
114
Fig.
5-5
-STAltF181
1'1111M,
Cantoni
Ibl~uid
Radar
(cont
'd)
Itailge-Timti
Dirp1.iy
27
Me
.. .. ...............
115
Fig.
5-C.
STARIS11
IIIIH,
Isla.'u
~1nd
R;tir
(enint'01)
I1.n-Tint'
Dibpluy.
.....................
116
Fig.
5-7
STAIIFISII
11111W..
Cuntion
Ra~dar
Echoes
8-9J
July
1962,
27
c . ....................
117
Fig.
5-b
thbrough
Fig.
5-20
AllI-Sky
Camur..
1'hotsbgrajplis
Time-
Suries
.. .........
1111-130
Fig.
5-21
thrnoughi
Fig.
5-33
ikt...hue'mv
I'll')
t419~sh
Visuis1
Phenomunon
.. ...... ..
131-143
Fig.
5-34
STARIFISHB
NOWlM.
Cliton
Ibslnd
All-Sky
Caw-ra.
.. .......
144
Fig.
6-1
E..rthI-Pottitlul
t)ull
Johnsaton
Island
M-veloped
Atrusb
200-it
11ahelinva.
.. ................
150
IV
LIST
(W
TAILF.S
Tatle
1-1
Tt.nmeruturt
li.e
flue
to
Travel
of
Flssion
Ih.brli,
from
STAIWIIS
.............
23
Tub'e
1-I Flht
ion-lk-brl
Cloud
Radius
at;
a
Functlots
of
Time
...............
24
Table
1-111
Juhn.ton
Iblaslai
Uadur
Characteristics ......
25
*ruble
i-IV
DAMI'
Itaudr
Churactristlc...
............. .26
Table
I-V
AIW
ltidur
Ch.,raterihtlcs
.... ............. ...
27
Table
I-VI
It.dar.
Aboard
M'V
ACANIA
.... ............. ...
28
Table 2-1
Jil,,.to:
Uskind
UIF
Hadr
Clutter
Ehts
..... ...
35
Table
3-1
UAW
Clutter
Echous
. .... ................ ...
73
Table
4-1
Purameters
at
tte
APS-95
Radar
... .......... .
106
Table
.I-i
lALuatilul.
of
AEW
Aircraft
....
............
.107
Table
5-1
Ciinton
Ilund
Iadar
Characteristics
....... 145
Table
5-11
Cartiirlouy
of
Cantou
Island
Hadar
tesult
....
146
T-Able
5-111
STARISHI
PIIME
Canton
Color
Photos
.......... ..
148
V
Ilia.
(Ittsi
los
tu t
iruelvAia.r
dt
vie.
.At
Jiaz
1
i
-&It
I
tudc%~
in
the
otmassplert
ptro~uies~
coaplek
land
lnittrreltal
jIestisesti.
dependent
not
only
onl
yield,
~altitzude
and a,tio of(~ui-uiuia
yield.
but
al.,u
upon
guasmutry
111sth
rC.%.pee1
10
tOhW
v
Natu'.
qtkht
ic I
s-ld.
and
time
of
day.
'Me
Ioniz.ing
aadlatiost.
[rom
th~e
bugibt
Itmvelf
produce
widL*-bea1.-
effects
%bilels~
.A
,lagh
MAItuJ.%
are*
ceanbt
ri
Iied
usnly
lay
the*
L-r~lh
curvature,
the
L*4rtta*-,
magaitie
f
ield
slid
Oak'
dvs%-.tr
sair
ltwlos.
In
saddi
tion.
the
Ii
ai
1
gtri IlIi'.?.II
prtaeuct-.
Jafl.
a
*.iIgtI1ifltal
cusit
inuing~
soturce
us
ionization
vitative-
fr
&.ei
hoeur,.
.3bairdly,
the
dvp,).-
I
ion
of
large
ausounitt
of
Vllel'g
ill
the
t..
u
.PIK'Ie
produc%
large-scalc
attioubn
in
the
atiu-phere;
Miaok-..
%.Ave~.
and
turmbulesive.
~iai
its
the
nb~.ence
of
the
other
two
direct.
JoenSzutaue
o
fctl
would
ulone
Ix.
very
Importanit
Lis
rearranging
the
naturuid
eaJ.-itiii
1
Iiiizutlofl.
Tfacre
are
tabo
t-paraae
viefapoisti.
from whild
radar
mcabeiruenta
during~
hiah-altude
ktur.U.
are
talartant.
To
ansucr
the
Immediate
iie.4el.
tot
syv.
do*%igsivr%.
anid
to
fill
lit
ga.
tin
pru.e.,t
knowledge,
I-.iIj
eade,
uSlata-pieduced
clutter
AIL.
itally
needed.
From
the
:.ae.(stad
viewlsulit
dazagacst
ic
:,tudie.,
are
vtvry
such
in
ojrder
to
Isprove
our
uaierstandisag
o
ath Il
k-
weau
61WO
l It-ll.
Only
through
thit.
latter
approach
can
a
good
budy
of
detail.d
knowle.dge
evolve
which
can
be
drawn
uptin
in
the
future
for
systen..
as
yet
unconcelved.
Pr.vious
high-altitude
nuclear
tests:
TEAK,
ORANGE,
¥UCCA,
plu.s
the
three
ARGUS
slants
were
poorly
Instrumented
ann
hastily
executed.
Despite
thorough studies of
the
meager
data,
present
models
of
t;ee
bursts
are
sketchy
and
tentative.
Those models
are too
uncertain
to
permit
extrapolation
to
other
altitudos
and
yields
with
any
confidence.
Thus
there
is a
strong
need,
not
only
for
better
in.strm,'ntation, but for
further
tests
covering
a
rarge
of
altitudes
and
yields.
Extensive
radar
clutter
frim
TEAK
and
ORANGE
was
obberved
during
IHARI)TACK/NEWSREF.L
by
Project
6.11
and
6.13
radars
(Refs.
I
end
2).
There
are
striking differences
between
the
results
observed
by
these
projets'.
which
can
only
be
attributed
to
the
different
observing
geometry.
Thebe
differences,
plus
our
good understanding
of
the
radio-reflecting
properties
of
natural
aurora,
lead
one
to
the
belief
that
such
of
the
bomb-produced
clutter
is
due
to
ionization
which
iecomep..
aligned
with
the
earth's
magnetic
field
into
long
thin
columns
Waich
-att.r
on
.otropically.
Field-aligned
ionization
is
by no
mens
tW
entire tiory:
absorption,
the
localized debris
cloud,
shock
waves.
mid
other
traveling
disturbances
complicate
the
picture
so
that
rA
single
radar
location,
or
*lntle
frequency.
Is
adequate
to
separate
th.
eil.rt.
ol.erved
and
to
resolve
the
uncertainties.
To
a
rade,
tIke
sequemce
of
events
eximc
ted
from
high-altitude
nuclear
explopi4sn
lb
somewhat
as
follows:
prior
to
the
burst
there
2
0:11
b-*
radar
retu'n.,
,;,Iy
from
clutter
source
such
as
alrcrs!t,
la,.ai
mowv.,
or
%'-hv.."
, .eril
targets.
Immedlitely
following
tMe@
bur'.
t'cng
absobrption
, ii.;-1
for
30-60
be
which
will
usu.Ally
preclude
r-Ceiving
i,'ik,
1, *,
;.*,nse
Ionization
produced
even
at
MIF. 7here
vit?.
be
a
d-cYuvs.x
In
cosmic
noise
(or
propagated
..
kaoupherlc
noise
;-,
I1F)
received
ty
th
radars
due
to
this
absorption.
)'.
chane
will
be
noticud
it;
tc
rIr.-o .
from
lo*-altitude
targets
'which
vaiute'
pr&sr
to
buist,
ukbie?4
-"
course,
one
of
these
targets
it a
missile
ot
eateltiee
locAted
above
30
or
40
km
altitude.
The
tir:AL
r:.;Ar
ro-,srns
at
.:;
aod
UP5"
associated
with
the
burst
can
tK,
expected
to
come
fri,' 1*
region
of
the
fireball itself.
Dirr-;
the
early
time
extraely
h-ign
ionization
densities
will
fall
rapidly.
There
will
be
somw
cross-over
for
a
given
frequency
and
given burst
wheh
absorption
has
decreased
sufficiently
that
radar
returns
can
be
obtained,
providea
that
electron
densities
6n the
vI.:Inity
of
the
burst
then
remain
sufficiently
high.
In
the
wave
of
TAX,
radar
returns
as
snclc,,t
dire..tiy
with
the
fission
debris
permitted
tracking
of
the
debris
motion
at
UHF
for
several
minutes,
and
at
HF
for
several
bours.
Geometry
of
the
fission
debris
with
respect
to
the
radar
Is
also
believed
Important
if
such
echoes
are
to
be
obtained.
The
energetic beta
particls
arisitig
from
the
primary
and
secondary
'ouau
st.
will
be
heavily
confined
by
the
earth's
magnetic
field.
A
gIs
vot
aumlxr
of
these
electrunm
travel
to
the.
conjugte
point
along
magnetic
lint,.,
prn.Iu'ing
clttter,
auroras,
and
absorption,
in
that
ares
as
they
re-enlter
the
atmooitaer'
and
are
stopped
by
collision%.
3
- " " "
....................
I....
I-
As
the
fl.%lt)n
clo
id
bloaly
dh-cays
a-t
n
rate
approximately
pr"Ilk)rtton-il
to
the
1.2
t),Aer
of
time,
c¢tter
frum
the
decay
tbta
will
gradually
fail
in
inten.ity.
The
dtisle..io
of
the
debris
cloud,
or
confinement
by
the
field
or
by
(lenbe
surrounding
air.
will
be
very
important
In
determining
the
geographic
extent
as
well
am
Intenbity
of
the
clutter.
For
higher-altltude
bursts
the
debris
Itself
will
probably
bx
partially
confined
by
the
field
linves.
The
lu-ge
scale
hydrodynmlc
motions
a.s.ociated
with
the
high-
altitude
bursts
will
severely
disrupt
the
natural
state
of
the
ae-
jhere
over
a
large
area.
The
re.tortion
of
natural
equilibrium
SOy
require
twenty-four
hosurs
or
more,
even
in
the
abbtnce
of
lingering
fission
debris.
lspite
well
unders'tood
physical
pehnomena.
a
gap
exists
b.csu.t
the
sci
ne
to(
radar
physics
is
relatively
young
and
undeveloped.
Electromagnetic
.cuttering
from
complex
ionied
targets
must
always
be
considered
in
research of
this
nature
and
poorly-understood
mechunis
%
are
often
ifvolved.
For
e.xample.
our
understanding
of
the
scattering
of
radio
waves
Irm
natural
auroro
or
sporadic-E
lonitatiom
Is
not
ye.t
satisfactory.
I)vpite
these
dilfittiltics
multi-frequency
radar.rs0
Ie
vsIuible
mlti-dimeniontsl
prol
e,.
Wavelength
dependence,
.levation,
azimuth,
range.
fating
rate,
tkipllpivi spectrum,
amplitude.
and
uile lIltflry
of
the
return
fl'se
i
target
all
provide
iniorsation
esas
the
target
charucteristitc.
lrats
which
many
sound
conclusions
can
Iws.
drawn
it
the
thita
are
casalully
exanined.
.4
lmilll~l~l
!_. . ... ... I Jw II-
~
ll
It.
Ihtt'k
routio
d
uald
'lit'(hry
lkl
orv,
de.ribisig
t
iit.-cipf.uic
le
utbIint
u'.cd
for
the
FISHI
"Ic
i.
tv't.u,
a
brief,
.aad
tv.nt
it l,
de-se'iptton
of
the
moatlia
for
STARFISH
%Il
be
presented.
The
midclu
shuuld
atrvt-
a-
ux.cvful
guldsb
In
bracketing
the
extreme
of
pubbible
behavior.
Theti,
iitels
are
drawn
largely
from
d-,vu
I(,nb
held
A&t
Stasiford
IR.ierch
IllhttutUt
in
January
19621
frosi
re-v.xmination
ot
TEAK
and
ORIANGE
ProJect
6.11
and
G.13
radar
data.
and
*
ront
%umn
ary
do,
un.nt.N
buch
u.,
thi,
Elect
rttitIlet
l
a
llackout
Guide
(Ref.
3).
Llevou-,v
of
the
aidt.ly dlvergenit
up1injut.
ik-b
to
how STARIFISII
will
behave
ti'aev
distinct
m &ile.
will
bt
outlined.
1.
ModtI
I -
M-I1rtb1
Uni*hargt-t
d
2Utd
It,m,aIlt,
So
Flbblutn dvbri,
undI
missile
lagmtlitt
will
fly rudiully
outward
from
tht,
STARFIS!
t..xtobiuoI
point
c..,'tially
unimpeded
by
the
surrounding
air.
The
flbbion
debris
productb
are
atumm
hatying
musieb
on
the
order
of
half
the
uranium
uttm
traveling
ut
about
2
X
10M
cmb
ec
(2000
km/bee
or
I
percent
of
tht-
veloclt)
of
light).
At
they
11'41vvl
through
the
air,
they
teat
it
:,liz~t
(clc-truva
tLampcratur
I.,
atiuut
I10
0
°K
du
a
it
prc-daw
hauru).
1
L.atl.,hoil
Igive%
th.
followlnag
figure.s
lot
teaprature
rlae:
1.
The-t,
&etilng.
were
attended
by
C.
Cralin,
RAND;
H.
Hendrick,
GE
TIEKPO;
R.
Wyerott.
It.
lind.,hofl,
D.
ilollantid
stuld
V.
Counter,
Lockheed;
arl
Rt.
Dycet., K.
ILAonurd,
and
R.
LourIbrainnd,
SRI.
2.
7'ltl:,
view
uunpurtcd
by
Dr.
J.
W.
lond,
Geophysics
Corporation
of
Amri..,
Io.otun,
Matmachubutto.
-I-.
~It
is
not
meaningful
to
speak
of
any
"fireball"
or
"rise
of
the
fireball"
because
the
constltuents
of
the
shot
essentially
leave
the
shot
area.
The
debris
which
travels
upward from
the
burst
will
fly
outward
into
space,
(This
is
a
measureable
quantity.)
Upward
debris
expansion
could
also
be
measured
optically
by
obhorving
the
radial
outward
growth
using
equipment
with
0.1
second
time
resolution.
Under
the
assumption
that
the
debris
Is
uncharged,
it
will not
reach
the
conjugate
point,
although
fission betas
from
the
fission decay
will
be
compellod
to
follow
the
earth's
magnetic field.
~
It
can
be
shown
that
RY-absorptton measurements
made
through
the
tntire atmosphere
are
primarily
Influenced
by
the
beta
de-
position
and nut
appreciably
by
Sam&
effects.
On
the
other
band.
VIS
waves
are
reflected
from the
lower
levels
of
the
1-region
and
so
are
influenced
largely by
gama
effects
and
to
some
extent
by
the
beta
effects.
Optical
measuremnts
will,
on
the
other
hand,
be
indicative
of
both
beta
and
gamma
depucltion. Roughly speaking,
for
every
beta
particle.
there
6
is
a
games
photon
from
fission
debris
decay.
11-e
layering of
the
fission
debria
at
altitude.
of
110-120
k,
t
C
has
caused
-he
STARWISM
shot
to
be
occasionally
termed
the
"pacake
shot"
(Rot.
4).
The
foregoing gives
the
picture
Immediately
after
the
burst.
Thereafter
the
debris
Is*
likely
to
expand
laterally
in
all
directions.,
In
accordance
with
the
behavior
of
TEAK
and
ORANG
fission
debris.
It in
uncertain
wh; and
bow
this
process
occurs.
lxperiientally
obeerved
radial
growth
rates
for
TlAZ
and
ORANGE
are
given
in
Table
t-1.
7
I
2. MOOI. 2 -
DEBlIS
CIIARGED
It t
unlikely
that
the
dle);ia
will
be
uncharged
as
was
assuted
in
MIoel
1.
Many
theorists
feel
thut
chsrged
debris
were responsible
for
many
of
the
thetsmuena
during
TEAKC.
OiANGE,
and
ARGUS.
In
fact,
experimental
confirmut
ion
for
charged
debris
traveling
along
the
field
comets
faum
the
satellite
determination
of
mirorr-peint
distrl
butiol
of
the
ARGUS
shots.
Instead
of
experimentally observing
A
distribution
consistent
with
point-injection
process,
there
was
found
s
continuous
spread
in
height,
suggesting
that
fission
debris
followed
the field
lines giving
off
botas
as they
traveled.
3
If
charged,
the
fission debris
will
travel
unimpeded
along
the
earth's
field,
but will
be
opposed
by
the
magnetic
field
when
having
a
component
of velocity
st
right
angles
to
the
magnetic
field.
Actually,
the
explosion
consists
of
an
lonized expanding
plama
which
will
do work
against
the
magnetic
field,
3,
until
a Volume,
V,
in
displaced Which
formorly
contained
a
magnetic energy
!-
)
equal
to
the
energty
release
of
the
explosion.
For
STARFISO,
this
yields
a
radius
of
about
1000 ka.
Thus,
a
magnetic
bubble
Will
be
formed
restricted
in
the
downward
direction
by
the
earth's
neutral
atmosphere.
as
in
Model
I.
There
Is
likely
to
he
a
large
measure
of
funneling
of
debris
down
tho
field
lines
because
wo
work
is
required
in this
direction,
giving
risle
to
a
great
deposition
of
bet&a
well
to
the
north
of
Johnston
Island,
but
south
of
French
Frirate
Shoals.
3.
Nowever,
a
megaton
device
would
result
in
speeds
different
by
at
least
a
factor
of
10
from
the
debris
speods
during ARGUS.
S
ktat
dp
ii
dirv
zlelly
unidur
the
hhut,
fur
Wdelu
I
and
2
%Ill
b..
1roughly
idtntcal.
I,%
Mdi*I-
2,
mugnetic
wavcu
launched
by
the,
disturbatuwt
of
the
field
will be
phenummunl
and
will
be
observed
am
ltArge
mugnetic
perturhalons
on a
world-wide
basls.
The
field
pushed
aside
by
the
expainding
plasma
will
quickly
attempt
to
collapse, probably
breaking
through
the
plasma
in
an
Irregular
manner
analogous
to
the
oqueozing
of
putty
between
the
fingers.
3.
MOOEL
3 -
DEBIRIS
CHARGED AND EFFECT
OF
TIlE
MAGNETIZED
IONOSPHERE
INCLUDED
Thu
magnetic
field
can
be
considered
as
parallel strings
under
longitudinal tension
and'lateral
compression.
In
Model
2
we
considered
the
degree
to
which
the
earth's
magnutic
field
can
contain
a megator
explosion.
In
Model
3,
we considor
the
added effects
of
the
shock
wave
in
the
.abitnet
ionosphere
as
the
field
lines
are displaced.
Thls
shock
heats
up
the
ionized
component
of
the
Ionosphere
and
the
ambient
electrons
acquire
sufficient
energy
to
produce,
by
collision
with
neutrals,
a
large
scale
ionization
of
the
neutral
atmosphere.
(At
night,
only
0.1
percent
of
the
air
in
Ionized
even
at
the
maximum
of
the
lonospheric
F-region.)
It
the
entire
neutral
component
Is
Ionized
by
the
shock,
the
debris
will
come
to
rest
at
a
distance
of
approximately
30
km
in all
directions
which
are
at
right
angles
to
the
field.
If
thia
ionizing
process
is
less
than
100
parcent, the
debris
would
travel
further
than
30
kA
before
being stopped. This
type
of
expansion
process
gives
rise to
a
"banana-shaped"
plasma
bubble, sketched
in
rig.
1-2.
C.
NSTHUMENTATION
While
radar
1nbtrumuntatidan
fur
FISH
BOWL
was
hastily
conceived
and
assembled,
it is
felt
that
a
guod
assembly
of
equipment
hs
resulted both
at
the
northern
burst
area
and
at
the
conjugate
location.
Briefly.
this
instrumentation consists
of:
(1)
Multitruquney
radars
at
Johnston
Island
(a)
400-,
800-.
and
1200-Mc
radars
operating
Into
an
85-foot
ateorable dish
(b)
20-, 30-,
and
50-Mc
radars
opc;ratlng
into
a
rotating
antenna
(c)
Four-frequency
sounding
radar. In
the
4
to
10-Me
band, operating
Into
a
vertical
looking
antemaa.
(2)
Airborne
425-9c radars
(a) Tvo
RC
121
D
aircraft
equipped
with
425-i
Air
Early
Warning
radars
w111
operate
In
the
burst
area
to
ap
bomb-pradwced
clutter
(b)
Three
similar aircraft
will
operate
In
the
conjugate
area
during
each
event.
(3)
Shipborne
radars
(a)
The
/V
ACANIA
with
research
radars
will
operate
in
the conjugate
area
during
each
event.
tMse
radars
include
a
seven-frequency
1W
soundifg
radar,
and fixed
radar&
at
3.
11.
32.
140
mAd
370
16c.
51
fite-aust*
tof
tlti shoIrt
tip
.~
hal'a
amid
,.1Itt
vvly
Itwi
tv-d
budget$
v~i"txit;
vouipita
was
utli
icdi
%Iiertver
Pst-IibIv.
The
Johnston
lI%I
iitl t1It
sje.trs
avrt*4
assumab
I
d
usiii;
ava
I
I
sib
v
t
ranbmit
ter%
used
on
prt-vious
rvstar&Ia
progras.
Tilt
X/V
MVANIA
has
been
littlie
changti~i.
excvpt
for
refinmvtilm.
and
the
addition
of
the
bounding
radtar.
seiinct
her
poticiptieit
lit
ILARDTACK.
Thus,
the
equipment
atid
vxper~iftital
techniques
plutnted
for
FISH
OWL
are
proven
and
reliable.
Tilt
Jtihi%%ttun
lsluid
VII?
riadasrs
operate
bsmultanteusly
into
an
8Me-1mict
pamiehultc
dish.
fhhLI
e
it
ii%
expeetvid
that
such
of
the
bur-t-prodeewd
vlut
ttr
*Ill
4sweur
under
mvmKuttic
field.
tertla~egonatity
ceenitit
~s
at
tit-
inta
ranm
Ibe
resolved
otimly
by
searching
for
cluter
oesr
largv
laremo
of
thne
sky.
At.
mentioned
earlier,
echoes
direcly
frimm
the
debris
clofud,
and
possi1bly
also
frii
regioins
where
lurge
tumtw,-
of
ietaft
are
mtppvd.
way
also
hot
observed
ill
usddition
it
"austeral"
cluttvr.
Foir
times'v
resisout;
the
&5-fest
dish
can
be
ope-rated
lit
a
rapid
scaning
Owtv.
c..asiititig
of
rapid
(6 rpm)
rota-
Lion
in
au
imuth.
with
prograwund
fttejps
In
elevastion
occurring
once
echi
r'vv%.utl-1tt.
This
automaItic
ic~ll
feature
c111
1-t
Interrupted
at
the
mdiscetien
ofellhe
upe-rators
to
concentrate
us'
pArticular
phenomena.
For
example.
time
launch
Sl4Lici
Aft
U!,ually
followed
to
burbt
and
tilt
antenna
poised
AL
t1w
Ibur*l
Until
Aotrtly
after
detona-
Lion
toe
ascertuin
how
soon
vvithee
call
be
eebtained
in
the
midst
of
the
4espected
high
absorption
levels.
22
Tht.
UIWF
r.adar,
at
John.ton
I.laid
will
provide
Widly
n-t..dVd
data
on
rilLct:.
tit
high-altitud,
bursta
at
Important
syhtems
trequ.ncy.
Such
data
art-
usgattly
tk-td-dd
for
HWWS.
for
exarpl'.
in
order
to
assess
the
clutter
and
blackout problems
which
Ibis
system
might
suffer
it
the
encmy
were
to
deliberately
detonate
tiva|t.lh
at
high altitudes
in
tht- 1*IVWS
surveillance
area.
In
termlaal
dtfenne
studleb
such data
are
vital
to
the
assessment
of
thty
problems
of
tracking~
incoming
warheads
and
discriminating
ag~ainst
decoys.I
n
an
4environmk
nt
aherv
high-altitude
bursts
have
oc'urrd
or
are
occurring.
During
HARDTACK
good radar data
were
obtained
only
as
high
a.
125
Me.
The three
U3IF
radarb
utilize
modulating
anode
kystr.
n
to
develop
approximately
40
kw of
peak
power.
The
vathids
of
these
tubes
permit
opal'ation
at
long
pulse.
It
destlred.
althtough
operation
at
100
to
300
*.teec
pul
s,
and
Ptt*
of
75
to
150.
Is
|l1kely
during
12:,t
COWL.
Riceivrs
are
preceded
in
each
case
by
pal.ibt-ll'
amplifiers
to
Improve
tK-,tiltivittes;
and
hold
nciiee
figure',
It)
.I
dh
ar
lobs.
1,e'wer
rquency
radars
at
Joahisiogn
Inland
have
beetn
Inclu-.ed
to
piivildt.
Iing-term
tracking of
ftvt1o4
d.,hris.
and
ftformatiton
an
the.
45htItiI.d Itoiosplierv.
Radar
frt
t,
im;e
f
t
20. 30.
and
50
Mc
will
prima.raly
lit
us.d
for
tras-king
of
tht,
(fi,.4m
debris.
Theste
radars
ofaa
t1 hrt..
exester,
skoquiuAttlly
fedt
tootu
a
30-ha
dis.iibit-d-
lint,
piwer
amshiller.
A
eomamn
rostating
log-,.riod:.c
antrnna
Is
use4I.
iss .
sam.
filial
ampliil-la
it.
also.
u%.cd
ter
i1w
low
st
fIsur
13
radar
frequencies,
which
can
be
adjusted
anywhere
in
a
bond
extending
irom
4
to
10
Mc.
A
filter
is
used
to
divert
the
4 to
IO-Mc
frequencies
into
a
vertical
log-periodic
antenna.
Table
1-Ill
is
a
summary
of the
characteristics
of
the
Johnston
Island radars.
Data
from
all
radars
will
be
recorded
on
magnetic tape
together
with
antenna
position
and
timing
Information,
as
well
as
voice
comments
sad
auxiliary
data.
Backup
film
recording
will
be
used.
and
PPI
photographs
will
be
taknn
in
real-time
to
provide
continuous
surveys
of
results
and
imm-diately
available
data.
The
project
also
operates
an
all-aky
camera
and
earth
potential
recorders
at
Johnston
Island.
The
camera,
a
type
developed
for
auroral
photography,
provides
a
wide
angle
view
of
the
entire
sky.
the
earth
potential
records
provided
information
on
the
direction
and
relative
intensity
of
induced
currents flowing
in
the
ground
which
rebult
from
from
charge motion
in
the
Ionosphere.
Early
in
the
planning
of
radar
instrumentation
for
FISH
BML
it
wa;
realizod
that
participation
of
the
USAS
AMERICAN
MARINER
with
her
precision
tracking
radars would
add
valuable
instrumentation
to
the
operation
and
fill
a geographical
gap
by
providing
a
radar plat-
form
at
sca
in
the
burst
art-a.
Tht.
AMERICAN
MARINER,
also
known
as
the
DAW'
ihip
(for
Downrange
Anti-Missile
Program).
is
operated
for
AXPA
and
AOMC
by
RCA.
This
ship
has
been engaged
for
the
past
three
year.
in
misbilh
re-entry
investigations
on
tht.
Atlantic
Missile
Range..
BeSw&,
of
ANPA's
Interest
in
nuclear
iflfects.
the
ship's
norasl
mnitslt
a-entry
program
was
interrupted
to
permit
partici-
pation
in
rlSH
BOWL.
Althuuch
originally
conaidered
a
part
of
14
ProJect
6.9,
a
separate
project
number
(6.13)
was
later
established
becz,,t,
to[
the
differen.t
logitstics
and
contractual
requirements
for
the
tto
operatitew..
The
DAMP
bhip
radarh
conist
of
two
C-band
AN/FlYN-4
precisiton
trackters,
and
an
L-b.and
and
a
UWIF
radar
(with
cofl,-n
30-fcoot
dish)
which
can
be
saves
to
either
FPN-4
tracker.
Tablt
I-IV
is
a
summary
of
the
DAI1P
radar
charactertstics.
In
addition
to
clutter
IivestiIga
ilns,
thit.
IMX) sip
obtins
data
on
suintillatiou
and
anguiar
devut
on
effects.
To
acceen
Lish
this,
st.ven
rocket%
(launched
frum
Johnston
l
,l-nd)
carrying
C-band
beacons
are
tracked
during
each
event
by
one
of
the
C-band
radars.
The
remining
radArs
investigate
the
extent
of
the
kixmb-pruduced
clutter.
Since
neither
the
burst
nor-
itb
conjugate
area
can
be
adequately
studil
from
a
sitgle
radar
location,
additional
radarb
are
required
if
valid
m..$,'a),
r, lt be.
%x~sJble.
The
deficiency
of
nearby
land
masses
in
,ither
area
make:
it
ne
rly
imrp)sibie
to
provide
adequate
covtrage
without
mobile
platforlmts.
Project
6.13
employed
an
vxpgerimeftul
AMW
aircraft
during
TEAK
ased
OPANGL
and
were
highly
suvctesful.
Since
1955
this
alrborne
radar
ayatwm
hum
be.ome
operational
with
the
Air
'orrce
to
fill
gaps
In
lana-babid
AIW
networks.
Mounted
in
i£lockhetd
MC.
121
I
(Supwr-Cuntel
LituJon)
aircralt,
these
radars
i1
are
highly
sensitive
and
relatively
flexible, hence
are
well
suited
for
nuclear clutter measuremcnts. Characteristics
of
the
radars
are
outlined
in
Table
l-V.
Data
is
recorded
aboard
the
five
AEW
aircraft
photographically.
In
addition
to
photographing
the
PPI
d
.,play,
echo
amplitude
is
recorded
by
photogruphling
the
A-scope
presentation.
The
K/V ACAHIA,
to
be
operated
as
primary
instrumentation
at
the
conjugate
location
during
FISH
BOiL.,
was
originally outfitted
for
participatlon in
HARDTACK
in
1958.
The
ship
houses radars
which
cover
the
spectrum
from low
HF
through
370
Mc,
at
twelve
discrete
frequencies.
Radar
characturistics
are
outlined
in
Table
1-VI.
Data
are
recorded
on
magnetic
tape
from
which
a
variety
of
film
or
pen-chart
records
can
be
made.
Timing
and
antenna
position information
arc
also recorded
on
tape.
The ship
houses
data
reduction
facilites
and
is
capable
Of
operating
on
the
open
sea
txcept
during
severe
weather.
An
all-sky
cawt.ra
Aill
also
be
operated
aboard
the
ship.
16J
D.
Instrumentation
Locations
It
is
important
that
research
radar
equipment
be
placed In
the
bwst
and
conjugate
areas
in
enough
different
locations
to
assure
that
the
clutter
areas are
adequately covered,
so
that
the
extent
of
the distu
d
regions can
be
determined,
to
provide
variable
geometry
with
respect
to
the
ionized aress,
and
to
ascertain
the
significance
of
field
confinement
and
goomtrica.
properties
of
the
scattering centers. Project
instrumen-
tation
for
FISH DOWL
has
been
placed
with
these
points
in
mind.
Pri'aa
instrumentation was
first
located
at
Johnston
Islan4.
The
W/V
ACARIA
was
then
placed
in
the
conjugate area
along a
magnetic
morldian
from
the
burst,
and
such
that the
ship's radars
can look
south
perpendicular
to
the
field
lines
at
about
E-reglon heights.
Contours
of
orthogonality
were
them
drawn
for
both
locations
and
four
AEW
aircraft
placed
so
that
either
occurrec
or
non-occurreco
of
echoes
is
significant.
Figures
1-4
and
1-5
are
maps
showing
the
locus of
points
perpendicular
to
the
fild
for
each
transmitter
location,
for
which
fe1-a1ignsd
eches
would
be
possible.
PAGESW\
'
DELETED
17
TABLE
1-1
TEMPERATURE
RI.SE
DUE
TO
TRAVEL
OF
FISSION
DEBRIS
FROM
STARFISH
23
TAS
1-12
ISO-DEBRIS
CLAMK
RADIUS
AS
A
FUNC71OR
OF
TI
24
2
IN
j
2
t '0
* S
toA
04
C
-424
A
*a
00
r
4.
4
asa
J~
4.
*1 .
!0
U
I
ia
!
!,
U2
-4
C'
a
~a
Ii 0
A
0
-4
CI
40
-4
N
C~ ~
E~
~4
.4
C
4
0
-4
'a
U
I I
Eu
.~
.~
.4 1
3i1
U
':3
~i
:
-4
U
U;. be
*4~
I 0~
S
..
~t.1U
UU
4'
I'
A
*
* 4
j
V
-
~
8 r~.
r.
0
.~
~
'.~
i
~
.2
4 4
U
.n
'a
4
Na
~ *~ 'a
U
~ ~ b4
-4
a
U
NI, 0
-
~.'
U
"U
o
U
~
en
.0
fl
U
~
en
-' *=
~
*4 -.
* .
I
~
IA ~
rd
~'
.......... .
rq
CIAPTEI
I1 UHF
RADAR
RESULTS
A.
Burst
Area
UHF
Clutter
by
Ronald
Prosnell
The
UIF
clutter
rad.Ars
lo
,.d
ua
Johnston
Island
wore
operated
for
several hours prior
to the
bomb burst
and
for
seven hours
following
the
bomb
burst.
The
equipaeutt
characterictIcs
are
described
In
Chapter
I-C.
Prior
to
the
burst,
the
radar
executed
a
programed
track
of
the
Thor
launch,
and
the
850-
and
1210-ML
radars
obtained
skin
echoes
during
the
entire
trajectory. Shortly
before
the
burst
the
antenna
was positioned
to
look
In the
direction
of
87
degrees
elevation
and
190
degrees
azimuth,
which
is
approximately
2
degrees
higher
in
elevation
than
the
burst
direction.
At
burstt
apparontly
was
not
up
to
power
in
timo to
see
these
same
echoes.
During
the
next
1,000
seconds
many
echoes
were
observed
on
all
three
radars.
Figure
2-1
Is
a
display
of
the
antenna
position,
and
range-time
tsplays
o
the
three
U11F
radars.
The
great
majority
of
these
echoes
appear
to
be
caused
by
ground
clutter
and
small
rocket
debris,
as
well as
tankage
debris.
The
echoes
which
appear
to
be
due
to
burst
effects
are
listed
In
Table
2-1.
From
H+120
sec
to
about
He3,000
sec
the
antenna
was
executing
a
programmed
scan.
Following
H+3,000
sec
the
antenna
was positioned
at
magnetic north
and
'O
degree
elevation,
or
was
periodically
scaned.
29
(3)
Noeffects
were
observed
during
the
sudium-flare
launching
the
following
morning.
30
U.
Conjug.tt.
Area
UHF
Clutter
by
laimbert Dolphin,
Jr.
Hadarb
at
1.10
and
37U
M
aboard
the
H/V
ACANIA
In
the
southern
conJugate
area
obtained
radar
returnb
for
brief
per.ods
after
the
deton-
ation.
These
returns
were
cuufined
to
the
afnet
.c
south
and
appear
to
hiAve
s
tistled
the
orthogonality
conditions
for
reflctlon
from
field-
aliged
Ionization.
The
ACANIA's
30-foot
disih
was
scanned
in
a
complex
manner
throughout
the
test;
antenna
azimuth
and
elevation
vs.
time
are
shown
In
Fig. 2-2.
Range-time
recorls
prepared
from
magnetic
tape
are
presented
In
Fig.
2-3
for
the
period
H=O
to
H+10
,,in.
All
of
the
southern
MHF
echoes
appear
to
have
occurred
In
this
time
interval.
Almost
immeiately
after
U-0
lour
individual
radar
returns
spaced
1/30
of
a
second
apart
were
seen
on
the
140-Nc
radar
at
a
range
of
150
km.
These
echoes
were
evidently
due
to
electrons
from
the
burst
passing
down
the
burst
field
line
into
the
conjugate
area.
Radar
clutter
echoes
followed
at
140
and
370
Nc
for
brief
periods
as
the
antenna
scanned
past
60-degree
elevation
and
191-degree
azimuth.
At
370
Mc
those
echoes
occurred
between
0901:00
and
0903Z
and
at
140
Mc
from
0901:00
to
0904:10Z.
Range
to
all
echoes
was
150
to
1SO
ks.
Records
beyond
H4
15
mn
have
not
yet
been
examined
at
these
frequencies.
The
32.5
Mc
Range-time
record
Is
also
shown
In
Fig.
2-3.
This
record
Is
discussed
in
Chapter
3.
31
~
DELETED
B.
Moving
DisturbanCos--ohnston
V1F
Radars
No
echoes corresponding
to
these
echoes
were
observed
In
the
conjugate
aea
by the
ACANIA,
using similar frequencies,
indicating
that
the
disturbance
was
probably
unique
to
the
burst
location.
Figure
3-3
Is
tte
range-time
record
which
exhibits
these
echoee.
Itange
to
these
earliest
traveling
echoes
is
plotted
In
Figure
3-4.
In
an
attempt
to
explain
thehe echoes
it
was
first
hypothesized
that the
echoes
were
&£bociated
uith a
horizontally traveling
disturbanlce
near
the
F-layer
awximun.
The,
data
was
then
replotted
to
show
true
disturbance
velocity
horizo.
Ily am
a
function
of
time.
Velocities
from
the
resulting
plot
appear
to
be
associated
neither with
the slow
magnoto-acoustic,
nor
the
fast
10
waves. In addition velocities
increased
with
time
result.
The
first
hypothusis
was
therefore
discarded.
A
second
hypothesis
Is th0t
the
radars
observed
motion
of
Ionization directly upwards,
perhaps
due
to
debris
escaping
directly
overhead.
Or thirdly,
the
motion
of
debris
up
thb
feld
lines
toward
te
conjugate
area
may
have
been
observed.U
=d
no
sodulatic
of
the
echoes
by
antenna
rotation
was
sen
for
the
first
sevoral
minutes
so
that
the
echoing
area
must
have
been
uearly
overhead
and
moving
with
a
large
vertical
component
of
velocity.
37
Teseio
edcoue.b
wro,
mudulated
by
antunuw
rotation
although
it
has
not
yet
beeu
determined
It
maximum
echo
ItunslIty
occurred
to
the
south.
Following
these
curly
moving
echoes
which
receded
in
range
away
from
the
radar,
echoes
approaching
the
radar,
and
apparently
unrelated
to
the
precvdink
echoes
were
seen.
From
thu
PPI
photographs
it
appears
that
these
later
echoeb
moved
in
from
the
uouth,
pabsod
overhead,
and
were
followed
by
auroral
ech.n-.,
of
long
duration
to
the
north.
Figure 3-6
Is
a
plot
of
the range
to
all
moving
echoes
vs.
time.
(On
this
plot,
the
echoes
at
great
range
which
do
not
move
significantly
In
range
are
discumbed
In
Sec.
4).
Virtual velocity
(not
considering
geometry
or
group
retardation)
is
lisalait-d
on
the
plot.
Prior
to
approach
and
passase
of
the
disturbance
which
moved
In
from
the
south
This
leads
to
the ape
-Ulation
that
the
clutter
to
the
north
wab
somehow
related
to
the
echo.e
which
moved
In
from
the south
and
passed
overhead.
1I
seems
diflicull
to
ascribe
these
results
to
debris
motion
at
buch
late times
after
burst,
but this
is the
mechanism which
occurs
to
the
authors,
in
the
absence
of
other
data
inputs.
35
C.
Johnston
PPI
Results--VHF
W
Into
the
normal
mugnetic
tape
recording
of
the
receiver
outputs,
a
PPI
oscilloscope
was photographod
In
order
to
present radar
returns
vs.
azimuth
und
range.
Sulections
from
these
PPI
films
are
shown
my
Figs~.
3-7.
3-8,
and
3-9.
Table
3-1
is
a
compilation
of
the
times
Ad
durations
of
the
northern
radar
clutter
echoes
s
en
at
each
frequency.
It
can
be
sen
that
this
echo
Is
due
to
a
disturbance
traveling
towards
Johnston
Island.
(See
also
Chap-
tur
II)
Perhaps
notion
of
debris down
the
field lines
towards
the
radar
would
account
for
those
echoes.
The
relativoly
high
elevation
afgle
to
the
field
lines
in
question
Is
consistent
with
the
broad
spread In
asalth
of
the
observed targets.
Except for
this
one
moving disturbance
all
of
the
PPI
records
show
in
general
echoes
at
ranges
less
than
500-ha
range,
skewed
to
sgmatic
nor;h. Ground
ref
lfcted
multiple
echoes
are
also
present
at
time.
The
disturbance
which
was
seen
receding
from
the
radar
(20
and
V
Me)
ton
the
range-time
records
betwuon
0901
and
0904Z
wan
too
weak
to
be
sn
39
S.
Julanttus
Island
HP
Results
The
Johnhton
pvvn-frequewncy phabt-phth
sounder
was
st
for
operation
at
tho
fixed
fri-quences:
3.358
M
6.833
Me
Vertical log-poriodic
antenna
7.430
W~
8.640
M;
21.050
Mc
49.964
Me
Horizontal
rotating
log-periodic
antenna
28.541
c
While
featurs o!
the
20/30/50
Mc
records
havu
already
been
discussed
under
VHF
clutter
effects,
there
Is
useful
F-region
iooospheric
data
in
these
records
as
well,
just
as
those
three
frequunclus
provide
data
which
is
transitional
to tho
URF
clutter
data.
Range
time
records
of
the
seven
sounder
channels
tire
presented
as
NIg.
3-11
through
3-21.
Except
for
a
few
special
points
along
thes
rectirds.
a
cursory
exastation
suUfices
to
pick
out
the
highllghts.
•4
The
character
or
the
echou,
from
the
new
F-layer
became
more
diffuse
aL
all
four
low
1rV*quVt1'v1-
beKinn1ing
about
1105Z,
%,
iLn
the
layer
height
bcmaan
to
fall.
(D1iIuL'uncns
here
Indicates
an
increase
in
range
depth
of
the
echoes.)
11F
data
was
collected
thruughout
tlh
day
following
STARFISH
PRIME
but
has
not
yet
been
examlnij.-t|
due
to
time
re4t0red
for
runinSg
film
records
from
magnetic
tape.
44
/A
--
-
-
-
-
---
---
F.
Conjugate
Area
VIIF and
11F
Results
Radars
aboard
the
AC¢NIA
at
3.3,
11.15,
and
32.5
Mc,
as
well
as
sounder
frequuncies
of
4.7,
5.6,
6.66, 7.92,
9.63,
13.82,
and
20.0
Me,
provided
data
for
many
hours
after
STARFISH
PRIME.
Like
similar
data
In
the
northern
area,
this
data
concerns
(1)
long-lasting
field-aligned
clutter,
aiad
(2)
the
disturbed
Ionosphere
in
the
conjugate
region.
Figure
2-3
contuins
the
32.5-Mc
radar
early
range-time
records.
Figures
3-23
through
3-25
are
early
range-timu
records
for
the
remaining
frequencies.
Because
of
the
long
times
required
to
run
range-time
films
from
magnetic
tape, all
the
recoida
have
not
been
run
in time
for
this
report.
Since
the
slow
magneto-acoustic
wave
had
not yet
arrived
at the
conjugate
area,
the
overhead echoes
may
have
been
due,
to
the
normal
pro-shot
F-layor,
seen after
absorption
fell
to
sufficiently
low
values.
45
Radar
rocalvern
on
the
ACANIA
were
vaturatud
for
many
hours
by
the
Intense
ochoe*._________________________________
While
a
quantitative
estimate
of
the
dliffronces
in
northern
and
southern
area
clutter
i
not
yet possible.
it
soves
quito
clear
that
the
late
tim
southern
clutter wa.
definituly
more extensive
&nd
Intensive than
that
seen
from
Johnston.
PAGES,-
DELETED
46
dw¢
by
4.Equipmenit 1:1).pio
Operation
ISH~
B1OWL
be'long
to
the
5521nd
AFW
unit
C
Wing
at
MCle11an
to
dietet
any
penetrattlon
oi
the
ADIZ
by
unidentified
aircraft.
They
otwriaiiwwiiy
report
to
the
Air
Defnse
Commund.
In
order
to
perform
their
normal
mission
they
are
eqjulipd
(Fig.
4-1)
with
the
APS
45
X-Band
hvight-finder
radtir
anti
the
APS
95
UHF
,.eurch
radar.
In
addition
to
their
normal
navigationul
equipment,
these
aircraft
carry
five
ARC
27
U11i,
tran.,eivera.
and
two
618
SI
high-frequency
AM
transceivers.
The
arcraft
Is
captiole of
up
to
17
hours
irk
the
air
atid
cars-labw~*~
14
anti
18
crew
numbers
on a
normal
mission.
For
the
purpose.,
of
Operation
FISH
DOWL
only
tiv.
APS
95 UHF
radar
was
ubed.
The
parameterb
of
this
radar
are
shown
in
Table
4-1.
*Notw:
Figs.
4-2
and
4-3
were
not
usxed.
74
Th:r'u
o,
tht
i-
P-6
~i.asl.ut
Ii
a.
p-tqd
sit
01""
* KM1
at
Cu
I.tltI
II1t),.
a~aL.
i;'~...
6INT.1inle-idebm~.~id
)IF
trans-
111.,
t
a* I.I
n
vd
I it
Ilk-V
it
re
ra
It
ho(
ti
I
t
haey
wou I
ii
he
aibIe
to
vi'
u
f
l"
Iit
'ii,
anal
the'
Iam.
lainingI
two
aircraft
were
equipjcd
by
St
atilt
f
at
Iiem-anst
I
aIitu tf'
th
tta
CiItn-.
?5SI
sing
Iv-Sidebu'nana
1I'
rrveI
r
h.
TI~*t*
ata~aaII
a
aa.'li
ama
lv
vequiIpixl
w
ith
1111l
s('iapK
rumeas
t aingI jitr.
U
it'~
ltIi.
rald tit
mi
thu
'LIL
amt jr
afltemma~
revolut
ion.
A
'tadin
ar.
o
,
.~alka'.
tl y
ht-
U11
1c:
cupe.
t'aaa'h
t
Imt'
t
he
bea-m
sweeps
Ia, ftilt
flo:.
t'
t1he-
airra.ttI.
Thet
st'iojt
are
nurthI-mdanuic
s
tabi
lized.
Vol-
tilt-
purpobt'-.
ul
Qpt'asia
F1IH
IIIYL,
Sf11
eqauippeda
the
five
uircraft
%l
ilt
A-N-.tOpL-
cameai'
%
aa'
ih
'a
mounted
un
t
i't
5-1111.-11
A-b.cope
unoramally
uM'd.k
to
ujulliton
.Iiu
funtionNaa~
of
tilt-'
ridaaa.
Til!
A-.upe
athio
took
OW't I
tnaa.'
pela'
itiaa
IL'vouttoitaa,
I
Iuh
InI~tL'aingau
the
amapl
itutde
vs.
rang~e
I
iinaal
au
over
I
hv
Iul
1 1-ree
S4we.ep.
97
IAJtt
and
11t)
oi,
t
ry
For
.-tti
te.st
iro.ect
G.9
Iad
reques.ted
five
'i
rvraft
schUi
that
two
sotu
iid
bc., ait
rlil
i
tilie
.buuthe.
rn
ctaij
ugiit
,
ii
1% irifc In
the
northern
burs
t
i rea, ,tinl
one..
airplaneu.hd a.
ldhi'ill
,at
Hi'kum.
Becau.e
of
the
lai.erge.
iitimhvr
of
ai
rcr.aft
[In tie
ut
ltiorne
ri''y
around
Jouh$.tun
il.nd
liii
be
diI%&.
L1f tht. tit
and
b a
of
t
i
v
a'. rienl't eIi
III
4
4tuttis'll.
| J
an
buti L
.try
dur
ing the
MIG.IT.
r'hit'*rsalh,
T.G.
8.4
'iutiu
-.
l4vd
Irowi
T.G.
8.1.3
tht.
the
fifth
ttatr'rlit
ie
m.ide
ivniltl Lt
T.G.
N4,
I
during
the
temth
uU
thadt
It
t*ul
herve
a%
primary
aiilbiirt
contol
" at i.lt,
lk.
aube
of
the
" lit)
g0"
Continl
timpc."ed
)it
the
tLjS
I
1,ioi
ol,
".1
6.9
aircraft
in
either
the
nIoilt iiriiiUior
h.ai
thvlie
area
mea'.
grounild'l
ti
il.d
it
*,
it
m.a.
agreed
tittlc
tlt-
.ini
ll rie
cunKallIl
a
idrra t wAdouIll
iti5,illlW
t
i
t
pri
al y 3
-oiti
o n
dssignucd
to
one
o1
t
tAc
PuJe.t
6.9
tial'titr tin
tie
inoritern
area
If
ieth
p'lane
coulu
h e
oIl
sta
tio)n
aIt
the
time
of
th
te:,t,
F,
STAUFIS!
l'rmte
the
arcraft
were'I
|itutt.d
uh
Nltlla
in
Table
4-11.
T.G
8.4
t'udl
101me
Ifur
tihe
.1i'cruft
were
ia
I"ol
l":
AbuMVe
I
was the
altrbir'i"
'unt
vol
atrtIt;
Lacmbklnb
]
titl
el't
2m
li're'aift
tin
tl.
northern
bur,.
I
*re.a;
anti
L
eninktn3i
3
anud
4 %eur
ilt
l'. t
In)
flh'
hoUtltfl
t
ugitte
area.
76
Th'
lioII
l
jon
stlUl
t I
igit
patl
tern
(Fig.
I-I.1)
of
thi.
Abusive
air
raft
was
i.
tt nlm
I
itit-d
by
It-,
a
II
rII'
col
I
rul
I fut t
in.
Tie
Jour
L.amhkn
aircraft
flew
.a
p1.at
tern
it.
stil
in
an
Fig.
4-4b.
The
chi'
i
,
vzt
ttern
was
babed
on
till.
|ol|
lt
owing
tco
u.idtrat
ions:
(t)li odrit lemtlo us
.as
'
aS
pos.ible.
tO
the
Cterltt.I
iuhllt
uf
It
-statilol
but
btill
have
the
aircraft
fly
In
i
straight
line
for
a
reabonable
length
l
time
(rad.'r
dii
td
unttsdbl.
11
ri
ng
turns).
a
Cotinlii'tint
o
e
vailue
til
5-min.
legs
will,
t'hosen.
(2)
lktlaot-.
,
i
titttr
echoes
uerv
expected
primarily
in
tlhe
Iall.Ignilt
ea.-t
.lit
test
and
because
the
antenna
p.1tt.tern
of
the
APS
95
Is
qtitte
favorable
at
tile
90-
aniid
270-tit-gree
'ail'lltngt.
from
tilt'
airert.*
the
pattern
was
ebtibl
.iied
along
tihe
magnetic
north-south
line.
At
tile
time
at
l1ll'h
tle
cotlordinttes
of
tile
alrraft
stations
Wel'
diL't'-tit4l
UiI)ll, it
was
telt
th.t
the
fission
debris
from
the
STAItF1Wil
btl't
woold
be.
in
tite
vxt'
mevic
dmispersive
vase,
deposited in
$li.
F-i.iy.r
under
tilt.
Shotl)
|ot'atvIion
Ill
pancake
l.ashloll
(bee
Mudel
2.
p.
20,
Pr
t-tt..t
Iillert
).
TIt'
atrcraft
were
thetn
located
such
that
thi'y
kinildt
give
u
mit.ure
of
tle
gv.ograiIlic
extent
of
the
debris
spread
vb
.
tiro..
ittvr
hIurst
(Figs.
4-5
&sill
6).
The
reason
for
tile
lateral
olit.,t
(e.t.tlard
shilt)
I
th1.at
t i
APS
95
airborne
radar
i.
limited
to
20
dt''t'i'.
Ini
ai
evati4n
wi
h
cis
ruttll
l'ue
a
minimum
ground
range
of
260
km
it)
ob.
rvt,
targets
at
a
height
of
100
ki.
Lc.ud.sbr01ll.
I.L.
Alld
D)olliln
.
I..T..
"Hdur
Uua,.sueeLltb
Durnlg
FJSl
BOWL
I
Pri.-te'.st
it'-rt.
Operwation
FISH
IOWL,
TU
8.1.3,
Project
6.9
SRI.
Ik'nlo
Park
c.,i
tloprll.t.
April
1962
77
H.aLdar
(1h.rvud
raidar
r.s~ult-
str
:.imilar
to
tiau~mt
pu.-ali.d
by thuc Mudel
3
oii
th
1i.1-ct-T*,A
).port.
Tut~
loulwd
ujebri,
itngith-1.d
c.sgiidrubly
toi
the
nurth
by
thia
Arraf1t.
IEI E
Abu-sivov
1. J1
ing1
at
1304M$
Its
had
bcatitertd
cirrus
cloIuds.
la
ubkia,
I
wiad
2.
I)I
)a
O.11*UJ)
ft.
lad
141rly
thin.
hazy
cov.recst.
III
the
,,,PIII~~fl4t'SLudihisith
:4
awi
4.
1YIyigat
aL
1,UOU
ft,
bad
w)olcut
O~pt
.ial..i I:
.4:.
84rtz.1vd
by
va3r1i.u
,ti.-vi-vrs
it
tim-so
aircr~im
t
mre
I~enIba~nd
I.I.
..
i.41
I10a1hb.o
1.3..
*ibwdaa
ia.rr
~
ai
During
I1SH
-
w
r-v-
UeitaL,
Operati..ai
11514
IcMI.
TU
8.1.3.
1'roj.it
6.9
Siti.
Niltoe
11as0,.
C..!it-'witia,
April
1962
78
*11ti~
had
hign
a
"Chults-u±"
&Wgear
Streak.
_________________________
The*
wide
hand
fagdii
through
deep
pink
to
paiv
pin1k.
with
the
ceater
streak
becouminig
fainter,
Mllevr,
usid
wider.
Laasiijkill
I
al
sl
I
6lien1j
S2.
f
yiyl
u
san-Asic
ti
zsti
Lh
a.tck
at
the
tist-
.Ii
Issv
burs.t,
ri-pssatI
is i
bA
i
b~lKS
titeisdin~
sig tro i%
Isig.t
urea
A!,
fat-
Ussutti
AI%
ctsu
Id
tssv
dv1
it
tAd
litt'ui~h
the
e
lesudsh.
*wIt
L%,
t
-.
s
m-fssre
Uddl
L
UnAl
uhi
tt
W~nd.-.
uppeuriasa;
ta
be
man
lisp
ssf
Ibv
baAiltvl
tmvi.
Itliskin
2
ini
pssn,1
Llst
SL
Aa1~mp
A-uposattd
yeiisa-uhitv
"fagrs"ixtesit1S5l
Ith111
butth
M1~5ite
t~isti4-st.
LjustskLsb
3
.alid
4
li
lt,.
,.sutheria
ctsssjugits
Meea,
flingas
on as
ugsile~
asesth
t~ack
gat
the
tigai
ofi
buubt,
bth~l
rvepuated
the
pr.svie
c
e
itil i
glisa
it
the
bouth
Isund
h&ilght
ly
wrist
ii
theM-.
A
brighat
stieaik
extteadd
trin
IsslsIA4saa
to,
litW11.011
110lths
to
Skuuths,
breaking
Lip
tuitu
J
ingtr-Uikv
-.
1
reaners
Intse
nor
srthernm
her.
umt.
7,
2D.
flterprt-tat
lust
anit
Analysis
i.
Abusive
I Data
At
the-
tlift
of the
burbt.
Abuttve
I
wai
located
80)
aim
slightly
1101-th
401
e'Abt
Of
ground
ze-ro
on
a
true
heading
of
330 degree-s.
Thte
cho
is,
hittiatt-d
19
nin
oui
at
-nlttic
Ija-stIg
ot
1et0
degrees~ from
JuhnIittunz
IlaMfd
which
is
t.'*htflt
tally
the
itwati-11
tit
ground
z4ulu.
The
position
of
this
L-cho
with
rea.petct
to
the
butriot,
11wt
duration
tif
thet
echu,
aid
the
geometry
of
the-
raihto
rity
with
rLvsjwt't
tu
ft:
ugskttic
filid
atre
such
that
we
speulate
that
these
weAucsw:
uriglittv
frosm
the
Thus-
tainkage
debris
located
essentilally
directly
1K14ot
the,
burbt
at
an
altitude
bietween
40
aid
50
km.
The
timev
of
onset
of
tol
evitu
to
C0.nensuate
wlith
the
tlom.
It
would
take
for
the
tainkage
to
rach this
altitude
land
to
break
up
If It
were
nut
already
broken
up
dut.
to
flat-
ilets
of
the
detonation.
ThL~duration
of
this
cho
is
also
wit
withinthulk
Ilitb
ol
previus~
observations
on
the
AtlatiC
Missile
Range
by
itis
Whik
radirti
(376
Mc)
and
(*-foand
ratiars.
Pictures
of
the
detoliation
have
shuwhi
that
izt
leubt
flat
burinsc
of
the
tankage
wlas
he'atedc
to
very
high
temperatur'
cwhuss
It
wats
reaClk-d
bs
the
blast
or
debris
wave.
'to
the best
of
uuar
pre-sentt
klatc*edge
there
voub
sno
evidence
of
the
tankag-v
breaking
up
at
thtit
tim
aIt
thugha
I It
appear a
to
be
ibafe
to
surmise
that
I
he
t
a
nkage
Was
atructurally
wieaktened
from
ft-
vi
ftts
of
boit
the
X-rays
and
the
debris
Impiag't-saa.
'hue
tankage
Ill)'
stay
would
not.
survive
re-entry.
80
2-
Lamuikin
I
Data
Figures
.4-13
andl
14
allu
PPI
ald
A-scoul.
prt'eieutattons
smultaiieously.
starting
with
Frame
93
at
H.0.5 mit.
Note
that
the
cuock
oil
the
PPI
film
lb
fast
by
2.5
min.
Thie
heavy
lite
across
the,
echo
on
thu
A-scope
display
is
due
to
the
"folding
over"
ot
the
peak
of
tht-
echo
because
of
receiver
baturation.
Saturation
effects
are
alaho
iotieeatilt-
i
tthe
sea
clutter
echoes
as
been
in
tho.
A-scope.
Oil
the
PPI
dt.
pl-y,
pnrl
i'ulaurly
on
Fratt.,
94,
a
darkviiud
area
between
the
bea
clutter
and
the
vho
I.,
due
to
the
decrease
in
noise
which
sometimes
occur.
wivu
the
receiver
%aturate!.
The
antenna
pattern
in
the
direction
of
the
ech
lb i
huwii
in
Figb.
'1-15
&ind
16.
The
vch.v|
oba..rved
extend
over
a
lurge
geogruailical
area.
For
dicuasion
purpo-s.S
au'enk
that
ths-
echoe..
swir
[veLfd-aligned.
Zero-degree
off-
perpu.ndicuiar
angles
were
computed
for
the
magnetic
bearings
at
which
Lhe
echo
exists
and
for
heightb
of
HU, 100,
120,
&wJ
150
ka (Figs.
.-
17,
18,
avid
19).
0
Delphin,
L.
T.,
and
IDyce,
R.
1).,
"Optrat
ion
HARDTACK/NEWSREEL
Radio
Al
ten-
uatlon
ol
lbieflectioll
FlhnomenaW
S111
Proj.
2445,
Final
Report,
Part
1,
AFCRC-TI-60-105,
p
35,
Staniord
Research
Institute,
liano
Park,
California
(February
1960)
l
Tile
actual
picture
is
more
complex
s1nce
tile
antenla
patterl
Is
not
a
rectangular
block
but
more
banana
Ahnped.
For
the
purpose
of
ubtaining
a quantitative value
of
cross
aection
of
the
echo,
let
us
assume
that
tile
target
was
essentially
*
poimt.U
More
realiuCallY
olle
hus
to
assume
that
the
target
was
bam-filliug
in
tile
nzI
L
uth
plane.
If
the
scattering
region
is
indeed
field-aligned.
one
must
then
anke
absumptionb
on
the
scattering efiLAency
and
on
the
vertical
82
e*xtent
of
tilt
1u
icloe,.
befolre
one*
tas
compute
radar
crutim
%.ctilus.
if
one.
Avre
tos
assumt.
Ititat
tla.
t*iks-gt
fi
lled tht-
ahol..
$Klux.
one
can
%then
compare
tilt,
cross
becttuea
of
a
point
target
to
the*
volume
In
the
3.
Pos.,itsle
Ilypotiaez.es
to
E.xplatin
ftet2,lt-
on
Lambliin
I
1.
ItypUthehis
I
At
very
e.arly
timet,,
X-ruys
atkd
gamma
rays
cau.'e
lil~iz.ti-a
at
many
Peterson,
A. M.
,
"Hadar
Clutter
Lffects
of
131gh
Altitudc
Nuclear
Explosions."
A&MC
Ps'oevesding4,
Vol.
IV,
Pasrt
1,
lubtitute
OZ
Scisencle
and
Tocchuolon,
The
University
of
Michigan,
Meeting
of
8-10
May
1961,
Colorado
Springs.
Colorado,
p
847
Advanced
Rtesearch
Projects
Agency,
"Re-port
on
N~uclear
Interference,"
Advanced
Rteoarch
Projects
Division.
Institute
for
1k."onso
Analysis,
Contract
SD-50,
IDA
ARPA,
'FR
60-3.
63
a. Pro
usid
Cos
Argurents
(2)
X-rays.
It
not
uclhk-d
Its
TMWO1's
work,
may
cause
additional ionization
whiAch
would
cause
additional
aborption.m
"Their
owurgy
Is
deposited
bigher
so
absorption
per
tree
electron
\~W
.
produced
Is
loss
effective.
(3)
Lioetters
on
Jobastum
Island
pinned -
or
a
l
unte
or
so
before
:-winging
positive
due
to
sysichrotron
radiation.
bi.
Summary
Though
detailed
numbwrs
most
be
calculated
and
sre
d~sts
ACCuMulUtt'd
from
other
projects,
4
Ik.sdrIck
R. W
.,
Christian,
U.
U.,
Fischer,
P.
G.
,
"Operation
FISH
BOWL
Estlmates
of
Expected
PhenutellomUP
E.
TEMPO,
kW2TMP-L;,
DA
49-146-XZ-O36
l
May
1962m
2.
HyPott-:is
2
Some
sort
sl
prop.t
Lttug
dit.turibance
fantnng
out
from
tih-
dttonation
point
too)
The
disturbance
Initiated
turbulenia-e
ionization,
or
abrupt
dibculitilult
leb
uind
what
Is
"~.en,"
bI
th-
r.pad
dv.eay
of.
.ay,
turl.ulence
or
ionizution
(electron
relaxutton).
a.
Pro
iand
Cous
Arguments
(1)
Tim.
most
bcV4'rL-
Argumm..nt
agAinbt
thib
hypothesis
is
treat
tbe
di±tance
roxm
air
zero to
the
tlvarv.bt
echo
is
.oti.stdleralby
greater
thutn
the
distanco
to
the
Iurtht
echo,
thub
impl)ing
a
non-uniform
velocity
ot
propagation
verbus
direction.
It
becow-s
difficult
then
to
4explain
the
simuitaneous appearaiice
o)l
th.
echo
over
the
entire
echoing
region.
(2)
TL,-
po.,Itive
argument
Is
that
a
propagating
disturbance
alltow.
for
the
delay
from
ti-0
to
the
time
of
observation
of
effect.
It
Is
mubt
probable
that
thie
dibturbance
arrived
at
the
echoing
region
while
the
beam
%aa
pointed
aaAy
Irow
it;
thus
thtre
is
somAe
allowance
for
perhaps
a
30
p.rWI.nt
dibperbion
1i:
%rrival
tine
while
giving
the
appearance
of
a
,udde
s
onbut
when
the
beum
awepi
back
aroud
to
the echoing
area.
b.
Sumary
Our
feeling
Is
that
the
"simultanelty"
of
appeak'titne
of
echoes
vvtor
such
a
large
rt~gaon
(with
very
diflerent
propagating
distances)
prubabi)
precludet.
this
vxplaitation
of
the
observed
effuctil.
85
us e.... --......- m
3.
Hypothetitb
3
"bvi)Ilu
ie
V4
will
give
ri.-#w
to
rntlar
reflections.
As
the
acuu~tit
wave.
pa~
ulpwuil
eauubiiig
furthe.r
turbulenice,
it
(a)
pabbvb
too)
high&
for
the
rular
uIntvttflu
puttL-rn,
alld
(b)
cuuses
turbulence
in
regitni.
atk-rv
turbuktnt
--
cale
sizes
must
be
very
lurgv
becjae
of
the
large
molecular
avn-f
ree
puthb.
4C
a.
Pro
aild
Con
Arguments
86m
1).
Suzary
Atty
hlm-p
that
011-N
hypotlwsts
could
exp~lain
the.
observed
effects
a:
ratitt
wl
I
ar~ppt up
Lit,
at
this
time-,
unidetermined
numbers.
4.
llypothwsis
4
Snn,,
PrOeIeu11:1iun
1ulculthoI)
(st-v
'Fmi,(O
and
L.ASO.
predictions)
.ujggtedtv
that
deblris
from
the
weapon
would
travel
and
be
htopped
in
a
flat
-lint
t
uiskd
mangier
att
an
elt.vation
of
t
he
order
of
200
km.
Though
post
dettndt
l
lvet s
mts-Uroulet-bs
eem
nout
to
confirm
many
of
the
pvedI
et
Itls ,
a
t I.At
-but
turned
de-bri
-,
p
atie
uke
(,A
tich
itsubsvquL.nt
ly co
IlIapses
back
Anto
flit,
orig4il
field
1111e.0
could
also
give
ribe
to
a
wave
of
some
!sort %ich
trovets
in
platie-ave
fashion
downi
Into
the
reflecting
region
QD
much
a.,
an
X-ray
Iirodci-d
wave
Wi
llypothets±,
3
traveled
upwards.
Such
&
wave
aii
may
producv
Intiorngenties
producing
echoes.
a.
Pro
and
Con
Argumentv
b.
Summary
At
tlilt
tiae
without
additional
data
from
other
projcc;ts
to
draw
Upon
wt,
have'
not
formed
any
opinions
as
to
the
validity
of
this
hypothesis.
*
Loc.
cit.
*
Private
communication,
It.
Hlovrlin,
referring
to
report
by
11. W.
liussard.
ft.
D.
Ctman,
"Buumh
Plabina
Expanion
and
Stopping
in
Hi1gh
Altitude
Shots".
87
There
mu.t
t.rtuinly
he
additiunal
pufthible
muchanismb
which
have
not
occurred
tu us
at
this
tin
.It is
very
po
sible
that,
it
one
of
our
hypoth,'€e
is
correct
in
tht
henise
that
thu
particular
mechanism
is in
pr.domntint
contrul,
other
effects
will
alter
magnitudes
and
locations
of
Zhe
radar
echoes.
98
U.i
I
1 w
i
i
I-i
Ix.
OL,
I -
IL) 4
.
I
ll
Ix
N
II
i " "
FA
89
Tr.V
rho
v v
'
olv
FIG.
4-4b
FIG.
4
LAMOKIN
1.4PATR
$SUSIVEI
PAT1TRW
to
TAB3LE
4-1
P~tr.'.~rtit
thu.
APS-05
P.'ldar
Freqiuency
420
to
450
Me'
Pte.4k
pujvor
1.5
Mw
PuI-v
width
6
to
9 pse
P1WF
250
cps
IF
ba~ndwidth
200
kc
Noi1se
figure
8 db
WDS
-115
dbe
aoi
at
20C
na
10
a2
Be,'amidth
10
dcgrees-E
plane
18
degrees--H
plane
Antenna rotation
6
rpm
IDyntsmic
range
20
db
Normal
prt
is
320
cps
M~ain
htiam
is
orientedl
8.5
degrees
duwn
from
airplane
axis;
however,
plimne
get-raIly
ilis
4.5
devgr-c.
nose-up,
resulting
in the
aiai
bea'm
being
4
degrevs
down
from
horizontal
J-*Antenna
cain
also
rotate
at
1,
2,
and
4 rpm
106
TAiMLE
4-11
I.OtA'rlONS
OF
AMW
AIRCRAFT
LAOc
C
n
t
t
o
.,,
C..
UL
Lat
i
t
ude
so
Alwstivi
1
167057.51
W 17a02' 9
SI
,jalktI
it
2
165°36
W
10°54
, )
$2
t,unk
Ifn
1
165
30'
W 13046' N
S2Lum1kt1
3
1690001
w
8048
' S
S4
I.ilkin
4
170012
' W
12033
' S
S4
107
Tile
Frkdar
plinuim-sin
&)b.-vrvt-d
are
by
sit
Wseans
CI~PAIt
ly
hjndt.rbstod
at
thlb
time,
and
tho:
muthors
prest*nt
Inbtvad
a few
cisimnLtt
for
the pur-
Pose
of
Stimulitilig
vimnments
und
dibcussion.
Tile
ubseue
of1
vhuew
oil
thae
radlar
prior
to
N
+22
sec
It-
CUUsistcfI
isith
the
varly-time
uabnorptiuaa
picture.
and
Is
well
documented
by
rio-
flee~at
Claio
asi ad
'laeahulere.
Tile
:,yuchrotrtin
nui~ot.aobserved
by
the
ratlas
z
eetiver
is
jalibs
cunist-sit
with
results
repo~rte.d
elbebbere.
_____________________________________
.and
it Is
pub*ible
1,~
(tha
t
Slis
echo
urobe
from
is
vonfined,
&stcending
tube.
of
debris;
echos
Is v
re
SI11
Perpensdletulai
to)
that
field
ahisuh
passeb
through
the
burst
jmint.
Ishotographs
of
the!
visual
phemumvivit
arc
reprioduved
In
Figs.
5-21
*tiantugli
33~
prinic-d
1mam
thte
urigisai
ligh-spead,
D~aylight
Lktuechrome.
Table
5-111
describess
the
exposure
coinditions
and
camera
positin
f..a
eavh
of
theme
photogrophs.
109
An
all-sky
came.ra
was
albo
operated
at
Canton
Island
during
the
event.
This
type
of
camera.
wilth
"fish-eye"
14.na,
provIdei
an
extremely
wide
field
of
view.
All-sky
photographs
(the
originals
are
black
and
white)
are
presented
as
Fig..
5-
a
throuih
20
.
The
ilne
fiL
amentery
t
ructurtes
Lt.
the
tube
t
are
evident.
Nute
tthat
the
late-time
brightne%
of
the
authern
auroral
I
area
eareedv
that
of
the
northern
end.
Fig.
5-3I4
shows
the
results
of
a
densitometer
tracing
of
the
all-sky
camers
ntegativaus.
PAGxESII\-
V\DELETED
11
CIIAPTjIt
V;
JUiINST()x
fUANU
EARAH-PONTIA-L
RECOUID
Anl
Qrth-pottntlal
recordo,'
wax
operated during
STARFISH
PI
at
Juhnbton
laland.
Thisn
recorder
wzAmlOti
of
lung
copper
rads
driven
Into
thc
ground
2C
fee*
apart.
The
rods
paired
magnetically
amotk
aW
south
and
magnutically vaut
meWS
*eat
wore
connected
to
DC
amplifier
chains
and
put%
chart
recorder.,
Figure
6-1
ehows
the
earth-p-itential
recirdb
during
the
ovent.
After
inttially
pouitivu
north
and
*.t
potential
a
long
negative
Poteatial
differenco
developed.
Them-
pv'.,ntialv
were
dia
to
currents
fliog
Is
the
earth,
induced
uy
aiimalar
&.ax
Iuta1.foing
in
It
lououphcae.
Since
th-:
recorder
drwsi
negligible
current,
it
measur
es
sentiallp
the
Potential
differences
developed
across
p.411,ts
on
tbe
ground
stlb
revulted
from
tbe
flow
of
thusu
currents.
149
p~~ r
LIJj
if
1-k
Lj
AU
14
I2 IIJ
L
I
-T -147-
-- 4
060
120
88ch
FIG.
6-1
EARTH-PQtEtJTlAL
ON
JONNsTCN
ISLAND
DEVELOPED ACROSS
20C)-foot
BASEMES
150
CHAPTER
VII
PA)W
SHIF
RESULTS
There
a,
sW
rez.ltu
other
than
4v
.crhd utt
Interim
72-hour
reports
by
the
Project
b.9 portion
of
Project
6.13
at
thib
tlme. it
is
hoped
that
VAN,
results will
be
mado
vatlable
to
Project
6.9
In
time
for
the
POR.
151
CIL\PTEi
Vl
IVI
L'O.Ut1SIONS
Altiuugh
final
concluslo1z
cannot
b
drawn
frun,
the
ratl-r
interim
r.adar
clutter
results4
presented
in
thib
report,
a
nuumber
of
comments
concerninsW
STARFI
H
PRIME
can
be
made.
First,
th,
results
obtuined
indicate
that
nonu
of
the
three models
described
in
Chapter
I
for
SrARFISII
PRIX0
are
completely
descriptive
of
the
actual
effects.
The
lucations
of
the
A.W
aircraft
w.s
chosen
to
determine
whe.ther
or
not
a
dt-bris
"pantcake"
was
formed,
a&nd
if
so,
to
what
size.
Thi
rvlativ,.ly
negativ.
resultb
Indicate
that
such
a
"pancake"
was
not
forarm.d.
Although
the
negutive
VH.F
rehultw
%,re
in
a
way
disappointing
4
to
projecL
persounel,
they
are
quite
valuablu
to
the
ui&a
.rtandi1)g
of the
phenomena.
The
relatively
btriking
radar
results
from
tho
ACANIA
asd
the
radar
and
visuaL
ctantln
iland
i'usujLa
Indicate
the
considerable
Influence
of
the
earth',
magnetic
field upon
the
radar echoes.
The
lack
oi
early
time
U1IF
radar
clutter
aL
Johnston
1:;Jand
Indicate
thlat
the
drbris
was
spread
In
altitude
over
such
a
large
extent
that
its
ef
fect
in
producing
radar
clutter
was
relatively
weak.
Overall,
the
radar
clutter
results
and
associated
experimentb
conducted
duritsj
STARFISH
PRIME
were
very
succe-lul.
Final
conclusion
as
to
their
significance
mc.t
await
further
analy3* and
comparison
with
oth.r
projects
results.
152

Navigation menu