House Style Guide ROW4520101451415

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Wiley-Blackwell

House Style Guide

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any

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1988, without the prior permission ofthe publisher.

INTROD UCTI O N, 4

PA R T 1: GE NE RA L EDITING ST Y L E, 5

1.1 Copy-editing, 5

1.2 English Usage and Grammar,5

1.3 Editing for Sense, 10

1.4 Spelling,13

1.5 Punctuation, 15

1.6 Units, 19

1.7 Italics, 21

1.8 Quotations, 22

1.9 Lists, 22

1.10 Footnotes, 23

1.11 Abbreviations, 24

1.12 Time, 26

1.13 Special Characters, 27

1.14 Computing Terms,28

1.15 Currency, 28

1.16 Qualifications, 28

1.17 Organizations, 30

1.18 Places, 30

1.19 URLs in Text, 33

PA R T 2: DE AL I N G W I TH OTHER MAT ERI A L , 34

2.1 Electronic Submission,34

2.2 Disks, 34

2.3 Artwork, 34

2.4 Tables, 35

2.5 References, 37

2.6 Commercial Products, 39

2.7 Permissions, 40

2.8 Appendices,40

PA R T 3: S U B J E C T-S PE CIFIC S T YLE S, 4 1

3.1 Scientific Names, 41

3.2 Aquaculture and Veterinary Science, 43

3.3 Linguistics, 44

3.4 Business, Economics, Maths and Statistics, 44

3.5 Computing and Engineering, 46

3.6 Law, 46

3.7 Life and Physical Sciences, 47

3.8 Medicine,50

3.9 Nursing,Health and Dentistry, 56

3.10 Social and Behavioural Sciences, 57

3.11 Resources for Journal Abbreviations, 58

3.12 Recommended Reference Books, 58

Acknowledgments, 60

I N T R O D U C T I O N

The Wiley-Blackwell Publishing House Style Guide and its online version have been produced for

the use of editors, production editors, freelances, copy-editors, authors and typesetters. The level

of consistency that this guide promotes is intended to assist all those involved in the production

of Wiley-Blackwell (WB) publications. The WB definition of copy-editing is best described as

technical or mechanical editing, which involves language editing, mechanical style (style related to

content) and format (visual style). Technical or mechanical editing includes applying house style,

technical style, formatting, consistency and correcting grammar. Creative or substantive editing is

not usually within the remit ofthe WB copy-editor and is not commented upon. This guide is not

intended to be a comprehensive account ofall that is necessary for the presentation of research

material, and should be used in conjunction with texts that have greater scope (see recommended

references). Some journals and subject areas employ their own systems and conventions and the

intention is not to impose upon them a rigid style, but rather to establish a framework within

which they can operate.

The online version ofthis guide, available at www.blackwellpublishing.com/housestyle, will

be updated on a regular and on-going basis and should be regarded as the definitive version.A

separate guide is available for US journals.

Printed by The Charlesworth Group, Huddersfield,UK.

PA R T 1 : GEN E RA L ED IT I N G S T YL E

1.1 Copy-editing

Journals and articles varyin the amount of editing required, depending on the thoroughness

of the editor and the standard ofthe text supplied. Copy-editing usually involves:

•applying journal style

•applying Wiley-Blackwell house style where no specific journal convention exists

• formatting text

•making text consistent

• correcting English to ensure the article is readable

STY L E AND FORM AT T I N G

Check your journal style sheet for the styles of authors’names, addresses and affiliations,

correspondence details,keywords, table and figure captions, etc., and for the formatting of text

(e.g. use of small text in some sections).

C O N S I S T E N C Y

The following should all be usedconsistently:UK/US spellings, alternative spellings, grammar,

punctuation, italics, Greek letters, diacritics, hyphenation, capitalization, abbreviations and

contractions. References and their citations should be consistent and complete. Make sure that all

figures and tables are present and match their legends, and that they are cited in order.

CO RR E C TION OF E NG L I SH

You may need tocorrect spelling, punctuation, grammar and syntax, and to edit for sense. If text is

ambiguous, add a query to the author asking for clarification. Do not rewrite or delete large

sections of text.

1.2 English Usage and Grammar

V O I C E

The tendency to present scientific text in the passive voice is fading.Most Wiley-Blackwell journals

and readers now accept use ofthe active voice. Unless the journal has a strict requirement for the

active or passive voice, follow the authors’preference,as long as this is consistent within the

manuscript.

Be wary ofthe passive voice in the Discussion,as it can sometimes be unclear whether the authors

are talking about their own work or that ofother people. You may need to use phrases such as ‘in

the present study, it was found that …’ to clarify this.

T E N S E

Methods usedand results obtained by the authors should be referred to in the past tense:

•mice were given two types of grain

•mice in group Aate 50 mg of grain

The past tense will therefore generally be employed in the Abstract, Methods and Results sections.

The past tense should also be used to talk about specific findingsof previous work:

•Smith (1990) found that yield decreased by50%

Interpretation of results should be in the present tense:

•the results for groups A and B aresignificantly different

The present tense will therefore generally be employed in the Introduction (except, for example,

when the authors are stating what their hypothesis and aims were before the study commenced).

The present tense should also be used in the Discussion when the results are being interpreted:

•Our studyshows that a significant number ofFinnish people speak Finnish

Findings of previous studies should also be referred to in the present tense if they have become

generally accepted‘facts’:

•treatment X results in Y, as demonstrated by Jones (1978)

•the expression ofclass I genes varies amongst haplotypes

Watch for mistakes in the use oftenses in manuscripts from non-native English speaking authors

(native English speakers tend to use the correct tense instinctively).

SUBJ ECT AND VER B A GREEMEN T

Verbs must agree in number with the sense and form ofthe subject. Check whether a noun is plural

or singular and make sure that the verb agrees.

• Collective nouns, e.g. school, number, family and committee, usually take singular verbs but

can take plural verbs if the emphasis is on the individual rather than on the unit itself, e.g.the

committee has agreed to extend the deadline; the committee have been at odds from the beginning.

•Note the difference between mass nouns (which do not have countable elements) and count

nouns (which identify things that can be counted), when used with pronouns (all, any, none,

some), e.g. some ofthe sky was visible; some ofthe stars were visible.

• Units usually take singular verbs, e.g. 150 mL of blood was sampled.

•Take care with Latin and Greek nouns such as data, media, errata, criteria and phenomena,

which are plurals; singulars are datum, medium, erratum, criterion and phenomenon (an

exception is data processing): data are presented; dual-medium filters were used; two

phenomena were classified using one criterion.

US E OF T H ATAN D W H I C H

That is used for defining or restrictive clauses:

•The patient made a list ofthe symptoms that were most troublesome

A defining clause is specific (limiting) to a particular person or thing; i.e. the patient had to list

only those particular symptoms that were most troublesome.

Which is used in nondefining or nonrestrictive clauses:

•The patient made a list ofthe symptoms, which were most troublesome

A nondefining clause is general (nonlimiting); it provides additional information, and the use of

commas is often important. In this example, all the symptoms were very troublesome.

DA N GL I N G PA R T I C I P L E S

These frequently occur where the passive voice is used, and they can link an action to an agent that

is incapable of performing it. The clause ‘the ribosomes could be observed using a microscope’

should be reworded:‘the ribosomes were observed by using a microscope’or‘using a microscope,

the ribosomes were observed’.

R E D U N D A N C Y

Avoid using a modifying word when the intended meaning is inherent in a word already used.

Redundancy is obvious in examples such as the results were plotted graphically,past history, bright

blue in colour, inactivates its activity and completely filled. Does the term careful monitoring suggest

that the alternative is careless monitoring?

DE FINI TE A ND IN DEFINI T E ART I C L E S

Many non-native English speaking authors have some confusion about when to use the definite

(the) and indefinite (aand an) articles.

✗… to determine effect ofthe salinity on grain yield of wheat

✓… to determine the effect of salinity on the grain yield of wheat

Also be aware that use of definite and indefinite articles in titles can differ from that in ordinary

text:

✓Effect of Salinity on Grain Yield of Wheat

See the recommended usage guides for guidance on the use ofthe indefinite article with words

beginning with ‘h’(e.g. a hotel; an hour).

I N A C C U R ATE P HRA S ES

Be accurate in your word choice. For example, dose is the amount of drug given at one time;

dosage is the regulation or determination of doses.

US E OF ‘O NLY ’

The position of the word ‘only’ can lead to ambiguity, e.g.‘the doctoronly sees patients in the

morning’could mean ‘only the doctor sees patients in the morning’;‘the doctor sees patients in the

morning only’, or‘the doctor sees only patients in the morning’.

BA L AN C I NG A SENTE NCE

It is important to ensure that a sentence balances on either side of certain words (correlatives) that

emphasize similarity or contrast and that are used in parallel:both and and;either and or;neither

and nor;not onlyand but;between and and;whether and or. For example,‘I swam both in the

morning and afternoon’ should be‘I swam both in the morning and in the afternoon’ or‘I swam in

both the morning and the afternoon’. Note the position ofthe preposition in.(See also the section

‘Editing for Sense’.)

C O M PA R AT I VE S AN D SU P ERLATI V ES

•If you are comparing two things, or two groups of things, or one thing with a group of things,

you should use a comparative,not a superlative.

✗Jim is tallest compared with David, John and Mike

✓Jim is the tallest ofthe four men

✓Jim is taller than David, John and Mike

•Do not use ‘relatively’ with a comparative,e.g. relatively less. This is tautology;‘relatively’

should be deleted.

•Make sure that it is clear what is being compared with what (e.g.‘in patient 3, there was greater

reactivity for P. gingivalis in dental plaque from the first molar’… Is‘greater’ being used to

compare patients,bacteria or sites in mouth?).

MI S CELLA NEO US PO I NTS

‘Male’and ‘female’ are adjectives, so be careful to use them as such (i.e. a male patient and a female

frog,but a 35-year-old man,a French woman and a group of25 men and 35 women). Many authors

get this wrong.

EXP R ESS IO N S TO AV O I D

•Since should be used only with reference to time,and not for because.

•Although is preferred tothough.

•Done,as in the experiment was done, should be replaced with performed or carried out.

•Parameter should only be used to describe a defining limit, and is not interchangeable with

variable.

•A lot ofshould be replaced with manyor, preferably, should be defined more precisely.

•Avoid get and got.

•As a result ofor because ofare preferred todue to.

•Hopefully should be avoided.

•Try to avoid references in the text tosee belowor in the Results section.

•Use dependency only for foreign territories; otherwise use dependence.

US E WITH CAU TI O N

Be aware of potentially litigious content, for example the naming of patients or criticism of the

actions of individuals, organizations or companies.

P O L I T I C A L LY SEN S I TIVE TER M S

Race and ethnicity

Try to avoid the terms Blacks and Whites;use insteadBlack people,White people, etc. Caucasian,

Mongoloid,Negroid, etc. are generally to be avoided, except in human population studies. Mixed

race is preferable tohalf-casteor coloured.

Disabilities

•People with disabilities not the disabled

•People with learning difficulties not mentally handicapped

Gender

Use neutral nouns: avoid the use ofman if not specifically referring tomen; for example, for man

use humans; for mankind use the human race; for manpower use workforce; for manmade fibreuse

synthetic fibre. Use inclusive pronouns: use he or she,or rephrase the sentence (rephrasing to the

plural form often works):

✗Any observer of changes in publishing technology will perceive that he has need of…

✓Observers of… will perceive that they have…

Beware of referring to people with stereotypical pronouns (e.g.‘the doctor treated his patient’;‘the

secretary tidied her desk’). Social classes and age groups should also not be stereotyped.

Disease

Avoid health-determined categorization. Use people with diabetes not diabetics;people with cancer

not cancer sufferers, etc. Avoid phrasing that dehumanizes a patient: many authors use case

(instance ofa disease) when they mean patient (person who is ill with the disease).

Sexuality

Avoid the terms homosexual activities (specify which activity is being referred to) and homosexuals

(specify homosexual men or lesbians).

Geography

The terms ThirdWorld,poor countries and underdeveloped countries should beavoided.Developing

or nondeveloped country/society is better, but it is best to specify countries or regions instead.

Western society and Western World should only be used in relation to geography; otherwise, use

developed world/society or, even better, specify the countries themselves or the region.

AIDS

•Ensure that AIDS is used for the disease and HIV for the virus, e.g. do not use AIDS carrier,

AIDS positive,AIDS virus or catching AIDS.

•AIDS sufferer/victim is inappropriate; use people with AIDS.

•People who practise high-risk activities not high-risk groups.

•The expression full-blown AIDS is unnecessary if the correct distinction has been made

between HIV and AIDS.

Key points

•It is now acceptable touse the active or the passive voice.

•Use the past tense for the author’s methods and results, and the present tense for

interpretation and generally accepted‘facts’.

•The subject and verb must agree in number.

•‘That’is defining;‘which’is not.

•Check that articles (‘a’,‘an’and ‘the’) are used correctly.

•Sentences must balance(e.g. with ‘both… and…’).

•In comparisons (e.g.with lower/higher/less/more), make sure it is clear what is being

compared with what.

• Avoid sexist, dehumanizing and stereotypical language.

1.3 Editing for Sense

You do not need knowledge ofthe subject matter to be able to edit for sense. Often it will be

obvious what the author is trying to say, in which case you do not need to add a specific query (e.g.

‘with this investigation the effects ofantibiotic treatment were inquired’can safely be changed to

‘in this investigation, the effects of antibiotic treatment were investigated’). However, if you are

having to make substantial changes,add a query to the beginning ofthe article telling the authors

that text has been reworded throughout and asking them to check carefully.

Be very careful not to change the meaning. It should always be your goal to makeonly the changes

that arenecessary. If in doubt, leave unchanged and ask the author for clarification.

AM BIG U O US T EX T

When text is ambiguous, the intended meaning is sometimes obvious from the context and

rewording is straightforward. If this is not the case, you must query the authors. It is best, if you

can, to give them two (or more) choices rather than just asking what they mean.

Phosphorylated hexoses: glucose-6-P and fructose-1-P, repress the expression of many resistance

genes.

Query Do you mean ‘Phosphorylated hexoses, such as glucose-6-P and fructose-1-P, repress the expression of

many resistance genes’ or‘The phosphorylated hexoses glucose-6-P and fructose-1-P repress the expression of

many resistance genes’ or something else?

Misplaced modifiers (words or phrases that limit or qualify the sense oftext) can create ambiguity

about what they are modifying.

✗She continued editing after the meeting finished early because she had to send the issue to the

typesetter

✓Because she had to send the issue to the typesetter,the meeting finished early and she continued

editing

✓After the meeting finished early, she continued editing because she had to send the issue to the

typesetter

NO N SE Q U I TUR S

Look out for text that does not logically follow what goes before (e.g.‘humans and mammals…’

should be changed to‘mammals,including humans, …’ because humans are mammals).

✗Forage turnip is widely grown in northern Europe, but it is distributed over much of

northern Asia, northern North America and southern Oceania.

✓Forage turnip is widely grown in northern Europe and is alsodistributed…

Sometimes it is not clear what the author means to say.

The sensitivity ofbarley seedlings changed after 4 weeks of cold treatment, but decreased after 6

weeks.

Query Do you mean ‘The sensitivity ofbarley seedlings began to decrease after 4 weeks… and decreased further

after 6 weeks’ or ‘The sensitivity ofbarley seedlings increased after 4 weeks…. but decreased after 6 weeks’?

These results are in conformity with the results of Smith et al. (1984). This provides acid

production in vitro observed over a period oftime by Jones (1980) also.

Change These results are consistent with those ofSmith et al. (1984). They also provide an explanation for the

acid production in vitro observed over a period oftime by Jones (1980).

Query ‘These results…’Rewording oftwo sentences OK?

BA L AN C I NG SE NTE NCES

Use parallel grammatical constructions with conjunctions (and, but, etc.) and in comparisons.

✗the titre in week 2 increased by 50% for patient 1, and by 60% for patient 3 in week 4

✓the titre increased by 50% for patient 1 in week 2,and by 60% for patient 3 in week 4

✗… to evaluate the relationships between clinical (e.g. stroke impairment,functional status,

depression, and side of stroke lesion) and sociodemographic (e.g. age, gender, marital status

and emotional support) factors

✓… to evaluate the relationships between clinical (degree ofstroke impairment, functional

status, presence/absence of depression and side of stroke lesion) and sociodemographic (age,

gender, marital status and extent ofemotional support) factors

✗Detection of immunostained proteins by light microscopy is not as clear as electron

microscopy

✓Detection ofimmunostained proteins by light microscopy is not as clear as that byelectron

microscopy

P R O N O U N S

Watch out for pronouns that refer back to the wrong noun.

The pellet was dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water.It was then filtered through Whatman no. 41

paper.

Change ‘It’to e.g.‘This solution’(‘the pellet’ can’t be filtered!).

F E W E R / L E S S

Although more can be used for both countable (e.g.more stars) and uncountable (e.g.more rain)

nouns, fewermust be used for countable nouns (e.g.fewer stars,fewer cups of tea,fewer examples)

and less for uncountable nouns (e.g.less rain,less tea,less information).

✗Less people

✓Fewer people

STR O NG/WE AK , H I GH/ L O W AN D L ARGE /SM A L L

Authors sometimes make the wrong choices here.

✗the values ofrwere strong

✓the values ofrwere high

✗there was a low correlation

✓there was a weak correlation

MI S CELLA NEO US PROBLEMS

•Words missing

The sorbitol and xylitol interaction on sugar metabolism was greater at higher pH.

Change The effect ofthe sorbitol and xylitol interaction on sugar metabolism was greater at higher pH.

In this study the relationship between plant resistance to fungi and some physiological

processes.

Change In this study, the relationship… was investigated.

•Words wrong

Barley companion crop reduced weed content of herbage by 39–94% related in sowing rate

and cutting stage.

Change The barley companion crop reduced the weed content of herbage by 39–94 %depending on the

seeding rate and cutting stage.

• Strange wording

All patients were examined and interviewed on a hospital basis.

Change (and query) All patients were examined and interviewed in hospital.

•Wrong subject and verb

Harvest date in barley gave different effects depending on seeding rates.

Change (and query) In barley, the effect of harvest date depended on the seeding rate.

• Adjective with wrong noun

the highest patient for recovery score

Change (and query) the patient with the highest recovery score

• Typos

The weed forms its own pure colonies at the expanse of native gasses

Change (and query) … at the expense of native grasses

Key points

• If text does not make sense or is likely to cause the reader problems, change it and, if

necessary, add a query to the author.

•Look out for ambiguous text and non sequiturs.

•Make sureparallel grammatical constructions are used with conjunctions and in

comparisons.

• Pronouns must refer back to the correct noun.

• Fewer/less,strong/high/low and weak/low/smallare often used incorrectly.

•Check that subject/verb and noun/adjective pairs make sense (e.g.in ‘the highest patient

for recovery score’,the adjective has been attached to the wrong noun).

1.4 Spelling

Spelling should beconsistent within an article.When two or more spellings ofa word are given in a

dictionary,the first listed is generally the one preferred.

UK /US E N GLISH

In the following examples,the UK spellings are shown to the left ofthe double arrows and the US

spellings to the right.

ae- ↔e-

aetiology ↔etiology

caesium ↔cesium

haemoglobin ↔hemoglobin

leukaemia ↔leukemia

palaeoenvironment ↔paleoenvironment

oe- ↔e-

diarrhoea ↔diarrhea

dyspnoea ↔dyspnea

manoeuvre ↔maneuver

oedema ↔edema

oesophagus ↔esophagus

oestrogen ↔estrogen

-lled ↔-led, -lling ↔-ling

labelling ↔labeling

modelled ↔modeled

-ical ↔-ic

anatomical ↔anatomic

biological ↔biologic

geographical ↔geographic

immunological ↔immunologic

-logue ↔-log

analogue ↔analog

(except‘analog–digital conversion’)

catalogue ↔catalog

-re ↔-er

centre ↔center

fibre ↔fiber

litre ↔liter

metre (the unit) ↔meter

titre ↔titer

-our ↔-or

behaviour ↔behavior

colour (but coloration) ↔color

neighbour ↔neighbor

tumour ↔tumor

-yse ↔-yze

analyse ↔analyze

catalyse ↔catalyze

dialyse ↔dialyze

adrenaline ↔epinephrine (Adrenalin = US trade name)

ageing ↔aging

alternative ↔alternate

aluminium ↔aluminum

amongst ↔among

cyclosporin ↔cyclosporine

despatch ↔dispatch

disc ↔disk (NB always disk for computers)

dysrhythmias ↔arrhythmias

fulfil ↔fulfill

leucocyte ↔leukocyte

licence (noun) ↔license

mould ↔mold

neurone ↔neuron

noradrenaline ↔norepinephrine

orientate ↔orient

practise (verb) ↔practice

programme ↔program (and UK for computers)

quantify ↔quantitate

quantification↔quantitation

skilful ↔skillful

S VER SUS Z SP EL L IN G

FOREIGN LAN GUA GES

Accents and diacritical marks

These are marks attached toletters of the alphabet that show (i) how the pronunciation differs

from that ofthe unmarked letter,(ii) where the stress falls in a polysyllabic word or (iii) what tone

or pitch goes with a particular word.

• German Use ß (eszett) for ss, but only in lower case (and note that not all ss are ß); in caps

(and small caps), SS is always used. Use umlauts over ä, ö and ü rather than using the

respective diphthongs ae, oe and ue. Remember that, in German, all nouns have initial caps

(e.g. ein Haus, das Sein) and they should retain these when italicized.

• French Upper-case letters carry accents, e.g. RÉSUMÉ.The exception is the preposition à,

e.g. A la porte.

• Scandinavian characters should be alphabetized as follows:

…Z, Æ, Ø, Å (Danish, Norwegian)

…Z, π, Æ, Ö (Icelandic)

…Z, Å, Ä, Ö (Finnish, Swedish)

Foreign names

Take care with the capitalization of particles in foreign names (e.g.Philippe Du Puy de

Clinchamps,Vasco da Gama, Vincent van Gogh). These appear in lower case except at the start of a

sentence or when the name is anglicized. Generally, just use what the author provides. In reference

lists, lower case particles are listed under the letter ofthe name proper but upper case particles

under the letter ofthe particle (e.g.da Silva under‘S’but Von Trapp under‘V’). Do not abbreviate

‘Saint’and ‘Sainte’in French surnames. Some Japanese and Chinese names are presented with the

surname first, so be careful when filing these in a reference list. Spanish and Portuguese names are

sometimes composed of two family names (mother’s and father’s) and should be listed under the

penultimate element (e.g. Federico Gutierrez Granier should be listed under Gutierrez).

Hyphenated Asian names do not take a full point after the first initial (e.g. Jen-Yi Hwang is J-Y.

Hwang not J.-Y. Hwang; cf. Jean-Marc Lafayette,which is J.-M. Lafayette).

S spellingsexercise

advise expertise

arise franchise

chastise improvise

circumcise incise

comprise revise

compromise supervise

concise surmise

despise surprise

devise televise

excise treatise

Z spellings hypothesize

agonize metabolize

civilize minimize

colonize pasteurize

criticize realize

emphasize recognize

equalize stabilize

familiarize standardize

finalize summarize

generalize temporize

globalize vaporize

RE COMME NDE D SP ELLING GU ID ES

•UK spelling: Concise Oxford Dictionary

•US spelling: Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary

•Australian spelling: Macquarie Dictionary

•See The Chicago Manual of Style for information on capitalization, punctuation and word

division in foreign languages.

1.5 Punctuation

Punctuation should be used tohelp the reader understand the text.

C O M M A S

Context

Not essential where a conjunction is used between

two clauses unless there is a change of subject

Used to isolate a word, phrase or subordinate

clause

Used to isolate nondefining clauses

Not used to separate sentences

Used in lists

‘Therefore’ should not be enclosed within commas

when used as an adverb

Used to clarify a sentence

Examples

We tried to resuscitate the patient but to no avail.

Resuscitation is possible, but brain damage is likely.

Resuscitation, although dangerous, is possible.

On revival, the patient was monitored regularly.

… days 3, 4 and 10, respectively.

Therefore, the experiment was….

The cells, which were infected, were excised.

The commas help to isolate the nondefining clause

(see differences between ‘that’ and ‘which’above).

✗The cells produced more lactate, however they

did not produce acetate.

✓The cells produced more lactate; however, they

did not produce acetate.

The solution contained 200 mg of glucose, 100 g of

ascorbic acid and 500 mL ofdistilled water.

UK English: a comma before ‘and’ (known as the

Oxford comma or serial comma) is unnecessary in

the above example, but it may be used in lengthy

lists or to avoid ambiguity.

US English: authors prefer to place a comma before

the ‘and’ here.

These samples were therefore discounted.

The precipitate formed after shaking on the bottom

makes more sense with the addition of commas,

thus:

The precipitate formed, after shaking, on the bottom.

AP OST R OP HE S AN D PRI ME S

Apostrophes should be used to identify possessive nouns, e.g. the body’s defence system,the girls’

hats. Such words ending in ‘s’should still be followed with an apostrophe ‘s’, e.g. Claudius’s reign.

An apostrophe should not be used where an acronym, abbreviation, date or number is pluralized:

ANOVAs, 1980s, etc. Where apostrophes are used to indicatemissing letters in informal English

(e.g. I’m, we’re, he’s; it’s not clear; there’re many patients; it’s been found), it is usually preferable to

write the words out in full (e.g.it is not clear; there are many patients; it has been found).

Look out for its (possessive; e.g.its tail) and it’s (‘it is’or‘it has’; e.g.it’s got a tail).

St Thomas’ Hospital

Queens’ College, Cambridge

The Queen’s College, Oxford

Primes (´) are used to denotederivatives of mathematical variables (e.g.aand a´) and for minutes

of angle (e.g. 12°14´N). They should not be used instead ofthe standard abbreviation‘min’ for

minutes of time.

H Y P H E N S

Journals will often have a specific hyphenation style, for which you should refer to your journal

style sheet. Also check the relevant dictionaryif necessary. Make a decisionabout hyphenation

and apply it throughout the typescript, taking into account the author’s style, the likely readership,

and the meaning of individual words and phrases. Minimal hyphenation is generally preferred.

Prefixes

DO hyphenate… prefixes that stand as words in their own right (e.g. cross, half, all); these are

usually hyphenated when used as adjectives (e.g. cross-section,half-life, all-inclusive). There are,

however, more than a few exceptions (e.g. outpatient, crosshatched, overexposed). Hyphens are

also needed when a prefix is attached to a word or phrase starting with a capital letter (e.g. anti-

HLA,non-Euclidean,sub-Alpine).

DO NOT hyphenate… prefixes that cannot stand as words in their own right (e.g. anti, bi, co,

hyper, hypo,infra, inter, intra, micro, multi, palaeo, peri, pre, pseudo,re, sub, supra, ultra, uni);

these are usually closed up when used as adjectives, unless two vowels or the same consonants abutt

(e.g. hyper-reactive, pre-operative, anti-inflammatory, co-opted,re-election; NB US authors are

less inclined to use hyphens in such cases). Note, however, that this rule may need to be broken (e.g.

ultra-high-vacuum environment, pseudo-first-order distribution, re-create). If in doubt,follow

the author’s style.

Compound terms

DO hyphenate… many compound terms and adjectives (e.g. iron-rich sediments; salt-leached

water; 19-year-old boy but boy aged 19 years; T-cell receptorbut T cell), particularly where the

meaning would otherwise be ambiguous. In more complex examples, the second hyphen normally

has priority over the first (e.g.‘T cell-receptor expression’ would often be preferred to‘T-cell-

receptor expression’; but ‘10-cm-diameter pots’, not ‘10 cm-diameter pots’). The second part of a

compound term used in a book case heading should not be capitalized (e.g. Subject-specific

Conventions).

DO NOT hyphenate… compound adjectives consisting ofa past participle preceded by an adverb

ending in ‘-ly’ (e.g. dermatologically tested soap). It is not necessary to use hyphens for well-

established compound terms whose meaning is clear (e.g.amino acid residues, freezing point

determination). Avoid floating hyphens (e.g. phosphorus- or sulphur-containing compounds).

Try to reword the sentence to eliminate the need for the floating hyphen, but be careful not to

change the sense (e.g. if the hyphen is removed after ‘phosphorus’ in the sentence above, the sense

changes).

Chemical names

Hyphens are often used in chemical names (e.g. 2-mercaptoethanol, a1-antitrypsin).

Miscellaneous

•Avoid bad word breaks at the ends oflines (e.g.pseud-obedding;the-rapist)

•10-fold but twofold

•Two-thirds, thirty-seven

•North-west

•Inpatient and outpatient (not hyphenated)

EN/EM RU L ES

Authors often confuse en/em rules and hyphens.

For You should use Example

A number or value rangeEn rule 5–10 (but‘from 5 to 10’,not‘from 5–10’)

Chemical mixtures/bonds that En rule DEAE–cellulose

have retained their individual

properties and have not

become a new compound

Long chemical names,by Hyphen 2-isopropyl-(3,4)-dihydro(carbodiimide)purine

convention

Two names associated with a En rule Epstein–Barr virus

process, invention, syndrome Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium

or company

A compound expression in En rule dermal–epidermal junction

which the first part ofthe dose–response curve

compound does not modify case–control study

the second part

A compound expression in Hyphen Dermo-epidermal junction

which the first part is a prefix

continued

S E M I C O L O N S

•The semicolon is stronger than a comma but not as decisive as a full point. It can be used to

separate sentences (whereas a comma cannot).

•Use a semicolon before, and a comma after,the conjunctive adverbs however, that is,

nevertheless, etc.

C O L O N S

Colons are used to introduce material that restates, explains, enlarges upon or summarizes

previous material. They also introduce items in a list set off from text (but a colon is not needed in

run-on lists introduced by the words for example,namely,including, etc.; e.g. in the sentence ‘The

pavlova looks nice with red fruit on it, for example: strawberries, raspberries and redcurrants’the

colon should not be there).

•In UK spelling,a capital letter is not used after a colon (except in titles and subtitles). In US

spelling, if the material introduced by a colon consists of more than one sentence, or if it is a

formal statement, quotation or speech in dialogue it should take a capital after the colon.

• Ratios containing words should have a thin space on each side ofthe colon (e.g.the light : dark

cycle) but ratios containing numbers should be closed up (e.g. 16:8 h).

Key points

•Use commas to clarify sentences.

•Do not use a comma to separate sentences;use a semicolon (this is a particularly common

error before‘however’and ‘nevertheless’).

•Do not use apostrophes with plural abbreviations (e.g. ANOVAs, not ANOVA’s).

•For hyphenation, refer to your journal style sheet.

•Do not hyphenate adverbs ending in -ly(e.g. dermatologically tested soap).

•Use hyphens in compound terms to clarify meaning (e.g. six-well plates).

•Use en rules,not hyphens, for associations (e.g. dose–response curve).

For You should use Example

Complex associations Hyphen and en rule oak-forest–hazel-scrub interaction

or or

hyphen and solidus oak-forest/hazel-scrub interaction

Compound expressions that ‘To’ 5- to 10-day interval

already contain hyphens not not

en rule 5–10-day interval

Missing data in a table En rule or em rule e.g. for ‘not tested’

Missing words or lettersEm rule Rarely, it may be journal style in reference lists

to indicate the same author(s) as the previous

entry by em rules.

Smith, B., and P.G. Pardey. The economics of…

—. Funding, structure and management…

1.6 Units

Check your journal style sheet for the use ofunits (e.g.some journals use a negative index and

some use a solidus to indicateper).

DO USE

• Abbreviations for seconds (s), milliseconds (ms), minutes (min), hours (h), million years

(Myr), million years ago (Ma) and billion years ago (Ga).(Exceptions in running text are e.g.

5 minutes’ walk and five-minute start.)

•Ahyphen with units as adjectives (e.g.30-cm ruler, 2-min test, 5-kb fragment), unless this is

not journal style.

•Either a solidus (/) or a negative index (–1,–3,etc.) for per (e.g. 5 m/s or 5 m s–1).

•Figures for quantities that are measured in units, but words for numbers of objects less than

10 (e.g.5 years but five dogs; also fifth but 15th). However, it may be better to break this rule if

an inventory of objects is presented (e.g.13 cats,8 dogsand 24 mice).

•En rules for ranges of values (e.g. 15.4–27.6 g), except for values used with linked prepositions

(e.g. between…and).

•Système International (SI) units,unless instructed otherwise.

•Closed-up figures for numbers in the single-digit thousands (1000–9999), and thin spaces in

UK English for numbers of five figures and over (US English uses commas not spaces) (e.g.

12 624, 200 000 000).However, it is usually preferable to express large numbers using factors

of 10 (e.g. 3.75 ×107cells/L).

•A unit term as a singular entity when considering subject–verb agreement (e.g. 5 g was…).

•Numbers and their units in full at the start ofa sentence (e.g. Fifty-eight kilograms ofgrain…).

•Thin spaces between numbers and units, and between units (e.g.10 min, 6.5 W,20 °C,

47.6 m/s 5 mg mL–1,but 4% and sometimes 20°C).

DO NOT USE

• Abbreviations for days, weeks, months and years.

• Acre;use hectare (1 acre = 0.4047 ha).

•Ångström;use nanometres (1 Å = 0.1 nm).

• Calorie;use joules (1 cal = 4.186 J).

•×before gravitational force(e.g. 15 000 gnot 15 000 ×g). Also, do not use r.p.m. as the unit for

gravitational force, except for ultracentrifugation, where r.p.m. is usually given together with

the centrifuge model and manufacturer and the rotor code (e.g. SS34).

•En rules with linked prepositions (from and to; or between and and) (e.g.between 10 and 15

days,not between 10–15 days).

•m for micron;use µm.

•N orN(small caps) for normal concentration:ask authors to provide the molar

concentration.

•p.p.b. for parts per billion;use ng/g.

•p.p.m. for parts per million;use mg/g.

• Percent. Use either % or per cent.

•A unit term as a plural (e.g. 10 mL was… not 10 mL were…).

• Repeated units (e.g.between 10 days and 15 days should be written between 10 and 15 days).

• Superfluous material in units. For example, in the expression‘organic carbon at a

concentration of 56 mg C/L’ the symbol for carbon is superfluous in the unit;‘organic carbon

at a concentration of 56 mg/L’is sufficient.

•Lots ofzeros in numbers. Add unit prefixes so that values are≥1 and <1000 (e.g. 0.081 g/L

should be changed to 81 mg/L, and 1.67 ×10–7 m to 167 nm). However, always inform the

author/editor of such changes and seek their approval.

•Expressions such as 20 mg/100 mL;use 200 mg/L.

MI S CELLA NEO US UN I TS

CFU colony-forming units

Da daltons (do not use d)

IU international units

L litre; this is now preferred to l

(lower-case L)

mL = millilitre = cm3(do not use cc)

mmHg millimetres of mercury only in medical work; otherwise, use pascals (1 mmHg = 133 Pa)

MO L E A ND M O L AR

It is recommended that you use mol for mole and mol/L or mol L–1 for molar. However,some

styles use M for mole and M(small caps) for molar.

Key points

•There should be a thin space between numbers and units (e.g.10 days), or a hyphen in

compound adjectives (e.g.10-day cycle).

•For per,use a solidus or a negative index, depending on journal style.

•For quantities,use figures (e.g.5 mL); for numbers of objects less than 10, use words (e.g.

five patients).

•A unit term is singular (e.g. 10 mL was added…).

•Do not use en rules with linked prepositions (e.g. between 10 and 15 days,not between

10–15 days).

•Do not repeat units unnecessarily (e.g.not 10 days and 15 days).

•L for litre is now preferred to l.

•Use Da for daltons,not d.

Unit prefixes

m milli (10–3) k kilo (103)

µmicro (10–6) M mega (106)

nnano (10–9) G giga (109)

ppico (10–12)

1.7 Italics

To find out whether a word should be italicized, check the latest edition ofthe recommended

dictionary.You should also refer to your journal style sheet for journal-specific usage (e.g. for et al.

and variables such as P).

E X A M P L E S

DO italicize

Foreign language phrases that arenot in common

usage (e.g.ad libitum,en bloc,sensu lato). These are

better presented in italics than in inverted commas.

Book and journal titles

Names of parties in legal cases

Genus and species names

(e.g. Homo sapiens)

Abbreviations for genes

(e.g. ced-3 for the C. elegans cell-death gene)

Symbols and abbreviations that represent variables

(e.g. x-axis, n)

Parentheses (like these) within italic text.

DO NOT italicize

Foreign language phrases that arein common

usage (e.g. alias, per annum, vice versa). The fact

that a word has made it into an English dictionary is

a good indication that it is familiar (or at least can

be looked up), so it can be set in roman.

Names ofpeople (except in legal cases), places or

institutions

Family, order and class names

(e.g. Hominidae, Primates, Mammalia)

Modifiers to species names (e.g. cv., var., ex., ssp.),

and authorities (e.g.L.)

Abbreviations for gene products

(enzymes/ protein) (e.g.CED-3)

Symbols, abbreviations and whole words that

represent constants (e.g. e, π), functions

(e.g. f, exp,log) or modifiers (e.g.na,nair).

Parentheses around italic text (like these).

Italic words used in italic headings

(e.g. Preparations ofP. gingivalis)

a posteriori

a priori

ad libitum

bona fide

debris

en bloc

in situ

in toto

in vitro; in vivo

inter alia

laissez-faire

levee

mise-en-oeuvre

motif

née

par excellence

per annum; per capita

post-mortem

raison d’être

role (not rôle)

sensu lato; sensu stricto

tour de force

via

vice versa

1.8 Quotations

Every quotation should be accompanied by a reference to its source (e.g.Author 2003).

Short quotations (< 30 words) ‘should run on within the normal sentence structure’(Author

2003). Use quotation marks to distinguish the quote, and,if appropriate, precede by a comma (for

shorter quotations) or a colon (for longer quotations).

Long quotations (>30 words) should be displayed.

Displayed quotations do not require quotation marks. They should be set smaller than normal text type

and indented by the normal paragraph indent, with no extra space above or below.

(Author 2003)

The spelling, grammar, etc. of direct quotations is not edited. Check that direct quotations have

not been changed by any macros that have been run on the paper. Use ‘[sic]’(always in square

brackets and italic) to signify a direct quote ofan error.

Direct speechis the exact quotation ofanother person’s words. Punctuation should be placed

inside the quote marks when it belongs to the quotation or before mention ofthe speaker.

•‘This is an important finding,’ the Director-General said.

•He asked,‘Why did you do it?’

Punctuation should be placed outside the quote marks when it does not belong to the quotation.

•WHO declared TB ‘a global emergency’.

SIN GL E O R D OU BLE?

It is UK and Australian style to use ‘single’quotation marks, with closing punctuation outside

marks (unless it belongs to the quoted material), and “double” marks for quotes within quotes.

It is US style to use “double”quotation marks, with closing punctuation (except colons and

semicolons) inside marks, and ‘single’marks for quotes within quotes.

Use a thin space between single and double quotation marks if they occur next to each other.

1.9 Lists

An itemized list that is part ofthe text should continue the punctuationof the sentence that

precedes it, so:

•if preceded by a colon the list should begin with a lower case letter;

•there should be a full point at the end ofthe sentence.

For long,complicated lists with internal sentences, each item ofthe list should start with an initial

capital, in which case the sentence preceding the list should be rewritten toend in a full point.

1Check your journal style sheet for the style of numbered lists.Often, a bold number followed

by a tab is used. Lists within lists should be indented, and have a different style of numbering

from the main list (e.g. Roman numerals).

2Some styles have extra space above and below lists, but some do not.

3Lists ofdefinitions ofabbreviations should be displayed or, if set in continuous text, should

have individual entries separated by commas and semicolons,not equals signs (e.g.Y, young;

M, middle-aged; O, old; VO, very old).

1.10 Footnotes

•See your journal style sheet for the formatting of footnotes. On the title page, there may be a

mixture of footnotes using numbers and symbols (e.g.for author affiliations or

‘correspondence’ details), depending on the journal style.

•Check for consistency of footnote links in text/tables with the footnotes themselves.

•Footnote links should be placed after punctuation.

•The preferred order of footnote symbols (which should not be superscripted) is *,†,‡,§,¶

(these are doubled up if more footnotes are required, e.g.††).

•When superscript numbers or letters are used, beware of potential confusion with other

superscripts (e.g.2for‘squared’).

IN TE XT

Footnotes in the text are not encouraged for journals that are full text online. Sometimes it may be

possible to eliminate a footnote by moving the text it contains to the main body ofthe article,

especially if the footnote is short and just adds extra details.

✗We randomly selected 24 individuals from each ofsix groups.1

[Footnote: 1. Groups 3,5, 11, 28, 30 and 34.]

✓We randomly selected 24 individuals from each ofsix groups (groups 3, 5, 11, 28, 30 and 34).

• Numbers in the text indicating footnotes should be superscripts (do not use parentheses,

punctuation or slash marks). Numbers for the notes themselves should be on the line and

followed by a full point.

•When a footnote is continued on the next page, there should be a hairline rule above it.Avoid

beginning a continued footnote with a full sentence, as this will make it look like a separate

footnote.

•If the first mention ofan abbreviation occurs in a footnote, it should be defined there.

UN D ER TA B L E S

Footnote links. Notes about the table as a whole can be left unlinked (i.e. no linking

letters/numbers/symbols) or linked to, for example, a relevant column heading. Notes about

specific parts ofthe table should be linked using superscript lower case letters (preferred),

superscript numbers or symbols (see Table 1 for examples). If lower case letters could be confused

with the table data, use symbols or numbers instead.Avoid the use of superscript numbers in

parentheses.

If an abbreviation is mentioned for the first

time in a table (e.g.‘CE’in Table 1), it must be

defined in a footnote to that table.

Asterisk footnotes are reserved for probability

values in tables and usually signify the following

values: *,P≤0.05; **,P≤0.01; ***,P≤0.001.

The asterisk is often used in mathematics and

should therefore be avoided as a footnote

symbol.

Order

Footnote links within the table itself should

be ordered, according to first mention, across

columns by row (seea,b,cin Table 1).

The actual footnotes should appear in the

following order:

•source notes

•other general notes

•notes on specific parts ofthe table

(following the order in the table itself)

•notes on level of probability

1.11 Abbreviations

Keep the number of abbreviations in an article (particularly in the Abstract) to a minimum. If a

term is not used often, do not use its abbreviation: it will not help readers if they have to search

back through the article for its definition.

Use of abbreviations such as etc., i.e. and e.g.is best avoided in running text and is more suitable for

use with parentheses.

DE FINI N G ABBR E VIAT I O N S

Some abbreviations are so common that they do not need defining (e.g. DNA, PCR, d.f.).Whether

to spell out or not will depend on the subject matter ofyour journal.

Table 1. Ratios for wheat in 1989

GroupaFirst ratio Second ratio

11.31 4.56

2 6.57*33.87***

3 15.89** 17.55

4 NDb2.35

5 10.66** 2.13

6 67.43*** 23.56*

7c1.29 NDb

CE 3.45 6.57*

Data were obtained from Smith (1990).

All yields were measured in April–June 1989.

CE, controlled-environment plots; ND, not done.

aEach group consisted of three separate plots.

bPest infestation prevented data collection.

cThe plots in Group 7 were not irrigated in April.

*P≤0.05,**P≤0.01 and ***P≤0.001, according

to a t-test

Abbreviations are shortened forms of words or phrases.

Acronyms are abbreviations formed from the initial letter(s) of individual words in phrases. True acronyms

serve as pronouncable words (e.g. QANTAS, ANZAC, radar); others are technically called ‘initialisms’ (e.g.

ECG, LDL).

Contractions are abbreviations that include the first and last letters ofa word (e.g.Ltd)

Define all other abbreviations (term in full followed by abbreviation in parentheses) onfirst

mention in the Abstract, text, figure legends and table legends or footnotes; thereafter, use the

abbreviation only, except at the beginnings ofparagraphs (it is acceptable to use abbreviations at

the beginnings of sentences). If abbreviations are defined in an Abstract, they must beredefined at

first mention in the main body ofthe text. Do not define or use abbreviations in titles or headings.

When defining a series of abbreviations in legends, use commas and semicolons (e.g.Y, young; M,

middle-aged; O, old). Never use equals signs in definitions.

P U N C T U AT I O N

Full points

•Abbreviations that areall caps generally do not take full points (e.g. USA, NSW), but

abbreviations that are alllower case or end with a lower case letter do (e.g. i.v., b.i.d., Co., Ed.).

•When referring to authors by their initials,use full points and thin spaces [e.g.‘One of the

authors (D. M. D.)…’].

•Full points arenot used at the end ofcontractions (e.g. St, Mr, Dr, Natl, Figs, Ltd) in UK

English, but they are used in US English.

•When an abbreviation that takes a full point comes at the end ofa sentence, another full point

is not necessary.

Apostrophes

An apostrophe should not be used when an abbreviation is pluralized, but it can be used to indicate

possession.

F O R M AT T I N G

Roman type is generally used for scholarly Latin abbreviations (see below for some common

examples). The notable exception is et al., which is usually italicized.

There is no need to use capital letters in the full term (unless it is a proper name), even though the

abbreviation might be in capital letters.

N A M E S

Abbreviations should not be used for given names (e.g. William not Wm). When a person is

referred to by initials only (e.g. JFK), do not use full points. Titles should be spelt out before last

names (e.g.General Washington) but abbreviated before full names (e.g. Sen. Robert A. Taft).

‘Reverend’and ‘Honourable’are only spelt out when preceded by‘the’.‘Jr’and ‘Sr’ are set off by

commas after the name.

Agencies and organizations can be abbreviated in running text, in all caps with no periods (e.g.

NAACP). They should be defined at first mention as usual.

SOM E C O MMON E XA M PLE S

For more examples, see The Chicago Manual of Style,the Concise Oxford Dictionary,

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary and subject-specific lists in this guide.

1.12 Time

D AT E S

•In UK English,dates are given in the form 24 August 1964 (24/8/64). In US English,the form

August 24, 1964 (8/24/64) is used.

•Do not use ordinal numbers in dates (e.g.

1st, 11th, 22nd or 23rd). For year ranges, use

an en rule and do not elide (e.g.1995–1999

not 1995–99). Decades should be written as

e.g. 1960s not 1960’s or ’60’s.

•For centuries,use the form 18th century.

Key points

• Define all abbreviations (except very common ones such as DNA) at first mention in the

Abstract and again in the main text.

• Punctuate lower case (e.g.b.i.d.) but not upper case (e.g.USA) abbreviations.

•Do not use capitals in the full term (e.g.LSD stands for least significant difference).

Ms (not Mrs or Miss)

Bro.,Bros, Co., Corp., Inc.,plc, Pty, Ltd

(no need to spell out)

PO Box

Tel.: +44 (0) 1865 240201

Fax: +44 (0) 1865 200918

ed. (editor)

eds (editors)

edn (edition)

p. (page)

pp. (pages)

Suppl. (supplement)

Vol.(volume)

Eqn (equation; e.g. Eqn 2)

no. (‘number’ or‘number of’)

ISSN 1023-4567 (International Standard

Serial No.)

ISBN 0 123 45678 9 hardback (International

Standard Book No.)

CIP (Cataloguing in Publication)

etc.

e.g. and i.e. (use mainly in parentheses; comma

before but no comma after)

vs (use between numerals only; spell out in text)

ca (circa: use before dates instead of ~)

cf. [compare with (confer imperative); use only in

parentheses]

viz. (namely; with comma before not after)

r.p.m. avoid – ask for gvalue

2D (two-dimensional)

AD Anno Domini (e.g.AD 1945)

BC before Christ (e.g. 3000 BC)

BP before present (e.g. 10 000 BP,not

10 000 years BP)

TIM ES OF DAY

In UK English, the 24-hour clock is preferred (e.g.1600 h, 16.00 hours or 16:00 h, depending on

journal style). If AM and PM are used (US English), they should be small caps.

1.13 Special Characters

Special characters are characters that arenot found on a conventional keyboard.These include

mathematical symbols, and symbols used in linguistics and foreign languages (Greek, Latin,

Arabic, Russian, Oriental languages, etc.). For more information on special characters used in

linguistics and mathematics, please see the relevant sections in this guide.

B E W A RE A MBIGU O US CH ARAC T ERS !

Care must be taken to distinguish between upper and lower case letters (particularly if subscripts

and superscripts are used), between Greek and othercharacters and between roman and italic

characters.

Examples

Major time zones

UT Universal Time

BST British Summer Time

GMT Greenwich Mean Time

USA

cdt Central Daylight Saving Time

cst Central Standard Time

edt Eastern Daylight Saving Time

est Eastern Standard Time

mdt Mountain Daylight Saving Time

mst Mountain Standard Time

pdt Pacific Daylight Saving Time

pst Pacific Standard Time

UN I T S O F TIME

Ma million years ago

Myr million years

Ga billion years ago (109years)

year year (not a or yr)

day day (not d)

α(alpha) versus ∝(proportional to)

d (differential) versus d(variable)

δ(delta) versus

∂

(partial differential)

e (exponential) versus e(variable)

i (letter) versus ι(iota)

k (letter) versus κ(kappa)

l (ell) versus 1 (one) versus I (capital i)

O (letter) versus 0 (zero)

p (letter) versus ρ(rho)

µ(mu) versus υ(upsilon) versus ν(nu)

versus v(letter v italic)

x (letter) versus ×(multiplication sign)

versus χ(chi)

’ (apostrophe) versus ′(prime)

1.14 Computing Terms

•Computer and word-processing languages should be given as their tradenames (e.g.

WordPerfect). Those that are acronyms should be given in caps (e.g. BASIC, PASCAL).

•Computer programs should be given in small caps (e.g.SPSS for‘Statistical Package for the

Social Sciences’).

1.15 Currency

• Symbols (and abbreviations for non-US/UK

currencies) for units of currency generally

precede the figure (e.g. £58.00, $4580, €120,

EUR 350). The exceptions are those written in

full (e.g. 12 rupees). Use $ for $US unless other

dollar types are mentioned (e.g. $A, $HK).

•In book reviews etc., prices should be given

with values for the two decimal units after a

decimal point (e.g.$A38.00 not $A38).

•For ‘million’use ‘m’(e.g. £75m); for ‘billion’use ‘bn’ (e.g. £75bn). Note that ‘billion’ means ‘a

million million’ in UK English, but‘a thousand million’ in US English.

•Use whole figures and decimals consistently (e.g. $4.25 and $7.00, not $4.25 and $7).

•The following EU countries are now using the euro (former currency in parentheses): Austria

(schilling), Belgium (franc), Finland (markkaa), France (franc), Germany (mark), Greece

(drachma),Ireland (punt), Italy (lira), Luxembourg (franc), the Netherlands (guilder),

Portugal (escudo) and Spain (peseta).

1.16 Qualifications

Qualifications after a person’s name should be listed in the following order.

1 Academic qualifications, in ascending order (e.g.BA MA PhD)

2 Professional qualifications (e.g.RN RM)

3 Honorary/fellowship qualifications (e.g. FAAN OBE)

Note that some qualifications automatically supersede others (e.g.to be a fellow ofa college you

must already be a member,so there is no point in putting MRCP if someone is also FRCP).

Some common terms

database

debug

disk

email (no hyphen)

hard copy

Internet (capital I; not Net)

log on (verb)

online (no hyphen), offline

program, programming,

programmer

World Wide Web or the Web

(caps)

website

ct cent (cts cents); $dollar

fl. florin

kr. krone

ppence; £pound

¥yen

€,EUR euro

S C I E N T I F I C / E N G I N E E R I N G / A R T S

BA or MA Bachelor of Arts or Master of Arts; Bachelor ofScience (Oxford/Cambridge)

BEng Bachelor of Engineering

BSc Bachelor of Science

DPhil Doctor of Philosophy

MPhil Master of Philosophy

MS Master of Science (US)

MSc Master of Science

PhD Doctor of Philosophy

M E D I C A L

BMedSci Bachelor of Medical Science

FFARCS Fellow ofthe Faculty ofAnaesthetists ofthe Royal College of Surgeons

FFCM Fellow ofthe Faculty of Community Medicine

FFOM Fellow ofthe Faculty ofOccupational Medicine

FRCGP Fellow ofthe Royal College of General Practitioners

FRCOG Fellow ofthe Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists

FRCP Fellow ofthe Royal College of Physicians

FRCPath Fellow ofthe Royal College of Pathologists

FRCPsych Fellow ofthe Royal College of Psychiatrists

FRCS Fellow ofthe Royal College of Surgeons

MB BChir Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery

MB BS Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery

MB ChB Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery

MD Doctor of Medicine

D E N TA L

BChD Bachelor ofDental Surgery

BDS Bachelor ofDental Surgery

DDS Doctor ofDental Surgery

MDS Master of Dental Surgery

V E T E R I N A R Y

BSc(Vet) Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery

BVMS Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery

BVM&S Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery

BVSc Bachelor of Veterinary Science

MRCVS Member ofthe Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons

T I T L E S

•Use Dr for physicians (i.e.medics who are not surgeons) and for scientists or others (e.g.

dentists) with a doctoral degree (PhD,DPhil or DSc).

•Use Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms for dentists without a doctoral degree and for surgeons.

•Use Professor for professors who are still working or who have retired but been made

Professor Emeritus (otherwise they lose the title ‘Professor’ on retirement).

•Check the Medical Directory,Who’s Who, etc. for honours such as OBE, CBE and DBE.

1.17 Organizations

Abbreviation Organization

ANA American Nurses Association

CERN Conseil Européen de la Recherche Nucléaire

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization

DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (London) (formerly MAFF)

DoE Department ofthe Environment (London)

DoH Department ofHealth (London) (formerly DHSS)

DWP Department for Work and Pensions (London) [DWP was formed from the Department of

Social Security (DSS) and the Department ofEducation and Employment]

EU European Union (no longer EC)

HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (London)

ICN International Council of Nurses

IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (Oxford)

NHS National Health Service (UK)

NIH National Institutes of Health (US)

PAHO Pan American Health Organization

UN United Nations [not UNO] (New York)

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNESCO United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization (Paris)

USDA United States Department of Agriculture (Washington, DC)

WHO World Health Organization (Geneva)

1.18 Places

C O M PA SS DIRE CT I ON S

•North-west, south-southeast, etc. should beabbreviated if used extensively, particularly if

used as part ofa compound adjective (e.g.SW-facing slope,NNE-trending escarpment). Note

that north–south comes before east–west in the abbreviations.

• Adjectives using north, south, east or west take the forms north-east, north-eastern, northerly,

northeasterly, northward and northernmost.

L A TI T UD E AND LONG I T U DE

Use the form 44º56´N, 71º45´E (north–south first then east–west). There is no reason to use the

abbreviations ‘lat.’ and ‘long.’ in front ofthe coordinates because the compass directions show

which ofthe two is being given. Coordinates are usually given with an altitude (not elevation),

which should be given in metres above sea level (m a.s.l.).

UK GRID R EFE REN CES

Use the form‘NZ 684 018’.

C O U N T R I E S

•Avoid the terms America and North America unless it is clear that the continent is being

referred to; otherwise, use USA (always abbreviate; do not use U.S.A. or the States). US is used

as the adjectival form ofUSA (e.g.‘US aircraft carriers stationed in the Persian Gulf’).

•Use UK (always abbreviate).Note that UK = Great Britain plus Northern Ireland; Great

Britain = England, Scotland and Wales; the British Isles = UK plus the Irish Republic. UK can

be used as an adjective (e.g.‘UK harrier jets flying over the Falkland Islands’).

•Use the Netherlands not The Netherlands (although a capital Tis usually used in addresses –

this rule also applies for the Phillipines) orHolland (a region).

• Republics. Use China not People’s Republic of China/PRC (and Taiwan not Republic of

China); Korea not Republic of Korea/ROK; Germany not Federal Republic of Germany/FRG;

Ireland not Republic of Ireland (nor Eire); South Africa not Republic ofSouth Africa/RSA.

• Other. Use Russia,the Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, etc., not the USSR

(use the former USSR if countries are not specified).Use the Czech Republic and Slovakia, not

Czechoslovakia. Use Bosnia and Herzegovina,Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro,and Slovenia

(or the former Yugoslavia if in doubt). Check the latest edition ofan atlas to confirm any recent

changes.

AU T HO R AD DRESS E S

Institutes,street names, etc. are better given in the native tongue ofthe author (e.g.Université de

Lyon should be preferred toLyon University,and Universität München to Munich University).

However, the names ofcities and countries should be given in the language in which the paper is to

be published.

C A P I T A L I Z A T I O N

•Use initial caps for e.g.Western Australia,South West Africa and Northern Ireland (proper

names) but not for e.g.southern Scotland or eastern India (descriptive terms).

•When climates or regions are described using an adjective that is a proper name, the name is

capitalized (e.g.Mediterranean climate, Alpine region, sub-Saharan desert).

•Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere (caps).

MI S CELLA NEO US PO I NTS

•Use Asia–Pacific (en rule; not Asian-Pacific) and South-East Asia (initial caps; hyphen).

•Use Island(s) (do not abbreviate toIs.) and River(s) (do not abbreviate toRiv.).

•Use Mount (not Mt). Note that ‘yama’,‘dake’ and several other suffixes mean mountain in

Japanese; however, they should not be removed from the name unless it has been anglicized;

check with the author or leave as supplied (e.g. Mount Tanakami-yama but Mount Fuji).

A B B R E V I AT I O N S

American states

AK Alaska ID Idaho MT Montana RI Rhode Island

AL Alabama IL Illinois NE Nebraska SC South Carolina

AR Arkansas IN Indiana NC North Carolina SD South Dakota

AZ Arizona KS Kansas ND North Dakota TN Tennessee

CA California KY Kentucky NH New Hampshire TX Texas

CO Colorado LA Louisiana NJ New Jersey UT Utah

CT Connecticut MA Massachusetts NM New Mexico VA Virginia

DC District of Columbia MD Maryland NV Nevada VT Vermont

DE Delaware ME Maine NY New York WA Washington

FL Florida MI Michigan OH Ohio WI Wisconsin

GA Georgia MN Minnesota OK Oklahoma WV West Virginia

HI Hawaii MO Missouri OR Oregon WY Wyoming

IA Iowa MS Mississippi PA Pennsylvania

Canadian provinces

Australian states

UK regions and counties

You should usually delete region and county names from UK addresses, giving only the city or

town and the postcode.However, it will occasionally be necessary to give the county or region (e.g.

for rural addresses).

AB Alberta

BC British Columbia

MB Manitoba

NB New Brunswick

NF Newfoundland

NS Nova Scotia

NT Northwest Territories

NU Nunavut

ON Ontario

PE Prince Edward Island

QC Quebec

SK Saskatchewan

YT Yukon

NSW New South Wales

NT Northern Territory

Qld Queensland

SA South Australia

Tas. Tasmania

Vic. Victoria

WA Western Australia

1.19 URLs in Text

C A P I T A L I Z A T I O N

•For consistency and ease of reading, always type URLs and email addresses in lower case

letters (e.g. www.blackwellpublishing.com; person@wiley.com). Both URLs and email

addresses are case-insensitive, but there is a clear international trend to present both in

all lower case text. In many other electronic contexts (e.g.Web searches),a capital letter

represents only the capital letter, whereas the lower case letter represents both, so it seems

sensible to retain the distinction for URLs and email addresses.

•There may beexceptions when the capitals have been used extensively in branding a website

(e.g. www.GastroHep.com).

PREF E R RE D ADDR E SSES

•‘http://’is needed in URLs in articles so that the link becomes live on Wiley InterScience.

•The ScholarOne Manuscripts URLs do not start with ‘www’, so the URL should be written in full;

e.g. http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ejn

•The ‘www’part ofa URL doesn’t appear at the start of all Web addresses,so when writing a

URL that does start with ‘www’, it cannot be left out.

•There are a few variants ofthe Companywebsite URLs, but the preferred versions are as

follows:

www.wiley.com

www.blackwellpublishing.com

www.blackwellpublishing.com/<journal acronym>

www3.interscience.wiley.com/

BR E A K IN G A UR L

•When a URL must be broken over a line in a printed work, breaking after a slash or double

slash is preferable.

•Try not to break after a dot, leaving the dot at the end ofthe line of text. Do not use hyphens to

break long words at the end ofa line.

•A hyphen within a URL shouldn’t appear at the end ofa line.

SET TI NG O FF URLS F RO M SU RROUN DING T EX T

•Do not set off URLs with angle brackets, because angle brackets are used in some markup

languages.

•Do not underline URLs in printed text.

• Avoid placing punctuation directly after a URL, as it may be unclear whether the punctuation

is part ofthe URL.

PA R T 2 : DEA L IN G WI TH O T H E R M AT E R I A L

2.1 Electronic Submission

P R E PA R AT I ON OF EL E C TR ON I C A RT W O R K

•Authors should be asked tosubmit EPS (line art) or TIFF (half-tone/photographs) files only.

•For scanned images, the scanning resolution(at final image size) should be as follows to

ensure adequate reproduction: > 800 dots per inch (d.p.i.) for line art; > 300 d.p.i. for half-

tones; > 600 d.p.i. for figures containing both half-tone and line images.

•EPS files should be saved with fonts embedded (and with a TIFF preview if possible).

• Black and whiteimages should be supplied as grayscale.

• Colour images should be supplied as CMYK, not RGB.

• Multipart figures should be supplied in the final layout in one file.

•For further details, see http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/bauthor/digill.asp

•The following artwork packages give suitable quality formats when dealing with electronic

artwork and allow you to‘save as’ or ‘export’ as TIFF and EPS, the preferred standardized

formats:

Adobe Illustrator 7.0 and above (EPS)

Adobe Illustrator 9.0 (EPS; also export as TIFF)

CorelDRAW 7.0 and above (EPS)

Deneba Canvas 6.0 and above (EPS)

Adobe Photoshop 4.0 and above (TIFF)

2.2 Disks

• CDs and floppy disks are both OK, but there is no current facility to process optical disks.

•Any word-processing format can be handled.

•The author must check that the final version of the hard copy and the file on the disk are the

same.

2.3 Artwork

There are many journal-specific requirements for artwork, so refer to your journal style sheet and,

if necessary, the ‘Instructions for Authors’guidelines (usually on the inside back cover of the

journal). See ‘Electronic Submission’ for information on electronic artwork.

GE NE RA L C H EC K L I ST

•Do the figures match the legends?

•What level of intervention is appropriate for figures in this journal? (There is always a ‘cost

versus quality’trade-off.)

•What reductionis appropriate for the figure? Consider (1) the size of any lettering and line

art, and (2) the column width ofthe journal.

•Do you need to add (a),(b),etc. to the various parts ofthe figure?

•Is the text in the figurelegible and error-free?

•Do anytints,areas of shading, etc. have to be redrawn? After reproduction, fine tints may

become solid black, and light shading may disappear.A crude way to check whether this could

be a problem is to photocopy the figure at the appropriate reduction.

•Is the figure to be processed as colour? If so, special attention needs to be paid to the authors’

and editor’s requirements as money is often involved! There is a requirement in some journals

to minimize colour – please consult the Wiley-Blackwell production editor if you are unsure

whether or not colour is acceptable.

2.4 Tables

WHE N IS A TAB L E NOT A TA B L E ?

Atable concisely presents numerical or factual information in a grid format. A table usually

contains at least two rows (including the column headings) and two columns; otherwise the

information may be better presented as a list.A ‘table’containing graphics (e.g. arrows in a

flowchart) is probably better treated as a figure, although occasionally figures may be embedded in

tables (e.g. chemical structures); in this case, alert the typesetter to the fact that graphics need to be

dropped into the table.

F O R M AT T I N G

•Make sure column headings arealigned (using tabs) with the entries below them.

•The first word ofan entry should normally have an initial capital.

•Complex tables may benefit from extra spaces between groups of rows (see example overleaf).

E D I T I N G

•The table legend should usually be treated as a title,and should stand on its own as a

description ofthe content. It should contain only a brief, general description of what is shown

in the table. Details about methods, statistics and specific parts ofthe table (e.g.‘Standard

errors are given in parentheses’) should be confined to footnotes.

• Units should be given in column headings, rather than repeated for every entry in the body of

the table.

•Define anyabbreviations in a footnote.

•See‘Footnotes’ (1.10) for how to deal with table footnotes.

•Make sure that rules in hierarchical column headings are correct (i.e. that they span the

appropriate text).

•In the column or row headings, authors sometimes neglect to include the top level of the

hierarchy (i.e.they do not tell you what the numbers in the table actually are!).You may find

that this information has been included in the legend (e.g.‘leaf dry weight’in the example

table overleaf).

B E F O R E …

Table 1. Leaf dry weight of three pea varieties grown at different temperatures (g).Values

are given as means (n= 30).Within a column, means followed by the same letter are not

significantly different at P< 0.05,using the Tukey test. Heat events were introduced at

weekly intervals.

Varieties Temperature Days after sowing

Mean HE 40 55 70

EC-12876 18°C 35°C 0.40 a 3.88 a 0.17 a

EC-12876 22°C 38°C 0.52 a 0.43 b 1.20 b

EC-12876 25°C 38°C 1.35 b 5.36 a 4.20 c

P-116 18°C 35°C 0.54 a 0.48b 1.99 b

P-116 22°C 38°C 0.75 a 1.25b 1.56 b

P-116 25°C 38°C 0.22 a 2.07b 1.43 b

T-163 18°C 35°C 0.08 a 0.12a 0.97 a

T-163 22°C 38°C 2.34 c 2.44a 1.67 b

T-163 25°C 35°C 0.31 a 0.29 a 3.30c

…AN D AFTER

Table 1. Leaf dry weights of three pea varieties grown at different temperatures.

Leaf dry weight (g)

Temperature (°C) Days after sowing

Variety Mean HE 40 55 70

EC-12876 18 35 0.40 a 3.88 a 0.17 a

22 38 0.52 a 0.43 b 1.20 b

25 38 1.35 b 5.36 a 4.20 c

P-116 18 35 0.54 a 0.48 b 1.99 b

22 38 0.75 a 1.25 b 1.56 b

25 38 0.22 a 2.07 b 1.43 b

T-163 18 35 0.08 a 0.12 a 0.97 a

22 38 2.34 c 2.44 a 1.67 b

25 35 0.31 a 0.29 a 3.30 c

Values are given as means (n= 30).

HE, heat event (introduced at weekly intervals).

Within a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at

P< 0.05,using the Tukey test.

2.5 References

Check your journal style sheet for how to style references in the list and their citations in the text.

In general, there are two main systems, Harvard and Vancouver, although there are some hybrids

with features ofboth styles (e.g. alphabetical Vancouver).

H A R VA R D

Citations in the text take the form ofauthor names and dates (e.g. Smith et al. 1990), and

references in the list are sorted alphabetically byauthor name.

In the text

Sort references in the text chronologically (e.g. Smith 1990; Jones 1995), and then alphabetically

within dates (e.g.Smith 1990; Brown 2001; Walton 2001).

For references with three or more authors,use the first author’s name and ‘et al.’ in the text (e.g.

Smith et al. 1990).

In the list

Sort references in the list alphabetically by first author, then bynumber of authors (one; two; three

or more), then chronologically within the one-author group,alphabetically within the two-author

group, and chronologically within the ≥three-author group:

Smedley, P. (2002)

Smith, G. (1983)

Smith, G. (2001)

Smith, G. and Jones, B.N. (1997)

Smith, G. and Stevens, D. (1996)

Smith, G., Wheeler, A., Lawrie, S. and von Hoffman, C. (1992)

Smith, G., McDonald, D.W. and Jones, B.N. (1994)

If two or more references have the same first author and date,you must use ‘a’,‘b’, etc.after the date

to distinguish them (e.g.Smith et al. 1990a). NB For two-author references, you need only do this if

both authors are the same.

Lower case particles are listed under the letter ofthe name proper but upper case particles under

the letter ofthe particle (e.g.da Silva under ‘S’ but Von Trapp under ‘V’).

VA N C O U V E R

•In straight Vancouver, references are numbered sequentially as they occur in the text.

Citations in the text take the form of superscript or parenthetical numbers,which refer the

reader to the references in the list. References in the list are ordered according to these

numbers.

•In alphabetical Vancouver,the references are ordered alphabetically in the list and then

numbered,and it is these numbers that appear in the text (so they will be out ofsequence in

the text; e.g. reference 51 might come before reference 6).

In the text

Reference numbers are set as superscripts or within brackets (usually square brackets), depending

on the journal style. Superscripts should appear after,1and square brackets within [1],

punctuation. Use en rules for ranges; e.g. [1,2,3,4] becomes [1–4] and 24,25,26 becomes 24–26.

In the list

Numbers in the list are seton the line.

1Smith G, 1990

2Author CD, 2001

EXA M PLES OF REF E R EN CE LIST ST YLE

Check your journal style sheet for the style you should follow. These are just examples.

Article in journal

Author, A.B. & Author, B.C. (2000) Title of article. Journal Title in Italics in Full,00 (Suppl. 2),000–000.

Author, A.B. & Author, B.C. (2003) Title of article. Journal Title in Italics in Full,in press.

Article within conference proceedings or book

Author, A., Author, B., Author, C. et al. [if e.g. > 6] (2002) Title of article.In: A. G. Smith & C. H. Jones (eds),

Conference or Book Title in Italics, pp. 000–000. Publisher, City.

Book or conference proceedings

Smith,A.G. & Jones, C.H. (eds) (2002) Conference or Book Title in Italics. Publisher, City.

Book-Author, T. (1997) Book Title. Publisher, City.

Court cases

Adkins v Thomas Solvent Co., 440 Mich 293, 487 NW2d 715 (Mich 1992).

DOIs (digital object identifiers)

Mazmanian, S. K., Ton-That, H. & Schneewind, O. (2001) Sortase-catalysed anchoring of surface proteins to the

cell wall ofStaphylococcus aureus. Molecular Microbiology,40, 1049–1057. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02411.x

Government departments

Use the Department as the author, and The Stationery Office (HMSO before mid-1997), London

as the publisher.

Department ofHealth (1993) Caring for People: Community Care in the Next Decade and Beyond. HMSO, London.

Institutions cited as authors

Institutions cited as authors should be given in abbreviated form where referred to in the text (e.g.

WHO 1989) and in abbreviated form (for the authors) and in full (for the publisher) in the

reference list:

WHO (1989) Fisheries Handbook. World Health Organization, Geneva.

Newspapers

Cracknell, D. and Porter, A. Brown set for new tax bombshell. Sunday Times,31 August 2003, p.1.

Thesis

Author, J. (2002) Title of thesis.PhD Thesis, University, City.

URLs

Full reference details must be given along with the URL, i.e. authorship, year, title of

document/report and URL. If this information is not available, the reference should be removed

and only the web address cited in the text.

Smith A. (1999) Select committee report into social care in the community[WWW document].URL

http://www.dhss.gov.uk/reports/report015285.html [accessed on 7 November 2003]

UN P U BLISHED RE F ER ENC E S

Unpublished references should only appear in the list if they are‘in press’. Otherwise, they should

be cited in the text only,and should give the authors’names and (unless one ofthe authors is also

an author ofthe present article) their main institution and city to enable the reader to trace them

(do not give the article title or other details). Use e.g.‘unpublished results’,‘manuscript in

preparation’(in prep.),‘personal communication’ (pers. comm.) or‘personal observations’(pers.

obs.) depending on the context (e.g.authors ofthe present article can’t make a personal

communication with themselves!) and the journal style.

•...was also found to be effective (S. Smith, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, unpublished results).

GE NE RA L R U LES

• Avoid in litt.and op. cit. Use e.g.‘(Jones et al. 1958, cited in Smith 1990)’.

• Avoid ibid.(ibidem,as above) in the text and the list. The full details should be repeated.

• Initials should be spaced when they occur before the surname and closed up when they occur

after it.

• Jr,III, etc.go after the name and initials in both the text and the list (e.g. A. B. Author Jr;

Author A.B., III).

•Do not give the total page extents of books and theses in the list.

•Refer to the Index Medicus or the World List of Scientific Periodicals for the correct way to

abbreviate a journal title.

CH E C K IN G R EF E R EN C ES

References can be checked at the following sites:

• Pubmed: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query/static/citmatch.html

• Medline: http://intapp.medscape.com/px/medlineapp/medline?cid=med&adv=1

2.6 Commercial Products

Any commercial product mentioned in the text (e.g. equipment,drugs or computer software)

should be accompanied at first mentionby the name,city and (US) state/country ofthe company

that made it (usually in parentheses).Add a query to the author if this information is missing.

•…incubated in the basal broth medium Easy-Grow (Biology Solutions, Boston, MA, USA)…

2.7 Permissions

•Authors must have written permission to reproduce figures, tables or any other material from

another source.This also applies todata from which a figure or table has been produced. If

you suspect that an author has taken material from another source, but either has not

acknowledged this or has supplied incomplete information, add a query (we assume that

authors have followed their responsibility to seek permission – refer them to our Copyright

Assignment Form).

• Acknowledge sources in figure and table legends in the format ‘Reproduced from Smith et al.

(1990), with permission from Mercat Press’. Some publishers may require the use of a

particular copyright line. Make sure that there is a reference to the source ofthe material – ask

the author to supply one if there is not.

• Photographs of equipment or company products should be checked for reference to the

manufacturer. It may be necessary to obtain permission for their use, particularly if the

product is referred to in a negative light.

2.8 Appendices

Appendices contain extra material (usually tables, lists, equations or lengthy sections of text) and

should be placed at the very end ofthe article.

•The style of appendices varies from journal to journal, but generally they are headed e.g.

‘Appendix 1’ and cited in the main body ofthe text as you would cite a figure or table.

Equations in appendices are numbered separately (e.g. Eqn A1, etc.).

•An appendix may have its own reference list.

•Supporting information (in the online publication) is now replacing appendices in many

journals.

PA R T 3 : S U B J E C T- SP E C IF I C S TY L ES

3.1 Scientific Names

The scientific name ofa species is known as a binomen (zoology) orbinomial (botany). There are

differences in the naming conventions of animals, plants, bacteria and viruses (seeScientific Style

and Format for detailed naming conventions and style for each kingdom, or the individual codes –

listed below),but below are the basic guidelines.

International Code ofZoological Nomenclature

International Code ofBotanical Nomenclature

International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants

International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria

International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature

• Genus and species names are presented in italics (e.g.Caenorhabditis elegans) and they have

singular endings. Higher taxa (i.e.family, order, class, phylum and kingdom) are set in roman

type with an initial capital (e.g. Coleoptera,

Insecta and Rosaceae). These taxa have plural

endings.

• Modifiers to species names are presented in

roman after the species name and are always

abbreviated.

•Spell outgenus and species names in full at

the first citation in the Abstract and text

(e.g. Bufo marinus); abbreviate genus names thereafter (e.g.B. marinus – note the full point

and thin space after the abbreviated genus name). However, use the full name at the start of

paragraphs, in tables, and whenever there could be ambiguity if the abbreviated name is used.

If two genera with the same initial letter are referred to, it may be beneficial to use partial

genus abbreviations (e.g.Picea abies ➝Pi. abies and Pinus sylvestris ➝P. sylvestris;

Staph. aureus and Strep. faecalis). Alternatively, use the full name to make it clear which genus

each species belongs to. If a new species ofthe same genus as another, already cited species is

introduced,the full name ofthe new species (i.e. repeat the genus name) should be given at its

first citation (e.g. if Xenopus laevis has already been named, you still need to spell outXenopus

at the first mention ofXenopus tropicalis).

•Adjectives and nouns derived from genus names become roman with a lower case initial (e.g.

Felis ➝feline, Libellula ➝libellulids, Streptococcus ➝streptococcal infection).Those derived

from higher taxonomic groups also begin with a lower case letter and are presented in roman

(e.g. Ostracoda ➝ostracods, Cactaceae ➝cacti).

•A scientific name given at its first mention after a vernacular name should be separated from

it by a comma if the two names are exact synonyms (e.g.…the two-spotted cricket, Gryllus

bimaculatus,…) but not if the vernacular name may apply to more than one species (e.g.the

starfish Asterina pectinifera,the medaka Oryzias latipes).

•The genus name is sometimes referred toalone,even in titles (e.g.Xenopus, Asterina), but the

species name cannot be (laevis, pectinifera). Species within a genus can be referred to in

general terms by the abbreviations sp.(singular) or spp. (plural) after the genus name (e.g.

Xenopus sp.).

Common modifiers

ssp. subspecies sp. n. species nova

cv. cultivar var. variety

×cross (hybrid)

A U T H O R I T I E S

The ‘authority’of a scientific name is the name ofthe personwho originally classified the species.

It is particularly important to include the authority if there is some controversy about the

classification.

•The authority should be given at first

mention of the species,set in roman after

the scientific name (e.g.Anthomyza elbergi

Andersson).Alternatively, a reference

may be cited.

•If a date of classification is given with the

authority, it should be separated from the

authority by a comma (e.g.Anthomyza bellatrix Roháçek, 1984).

•When a species or subspecies is transferred to a genus other than that in which it was first

classified, the original authority is placed in parentheses. In botany and microbiology, the

authority ofthe new combination follows and is not placed in parentheses [e.g.Calluna

vulgaris (L.) Hull, Shigella dysenteriae (Shiga) Castellani & Chalmers]. In zoology, the

authority ofthe new combination is not given [e.g.Lepomis gulosus (Cuvier)].

BA C T E R IA NA MES

•Names ofall bacterial taxa areitalicized [e.g. Pseudomonadales (order),Pseudomonadaceae

(family), Pseudomonas (genus), etc.].

•Some organisms that cannot be differentiated taxonomically at the level of subspecies are

given the infrasubspecific designations pathovars (pv.), biovars (b.), serovars (sv.), phagovars,

chemovars and morphovars.

• Vernacular names ofbacteria are always set in roman lower case (e.g. mycobacteria,

salmonella, klebsiellae).

VIR US NAM ES

•Virus names end in virales (order), viridae (family) virinae (subfamily) and virus (genus).

They donot follow normal binomial naming.

• Approved (by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) international names for

orders, families, subfamilies and genera are set in italics with initial capitalization. The name

of the taxon should precede the term in formal use (e.g.the familyParamyxoviridae,the genus

Orthopoxvirus).

•Names that have not yet been approved and vernacular names are set in lower case roman

(e.g. maize dwarfmosaic virus,herpes simplex virus type I, rhabdovirus,yellow fever virus).

Virus names are also set in roman when used in an adjectival form. Be careful not to jump

hierarchical levels in vernacular usage (because it is not always easy to identify which level is

being referred to): add taxon identification wherever needed.

•The first letter of a proper noun or proper adjectiveincorporated into the name ofa virus is

capitalized (e.g.West Nile virus). If part ofthe vernacular name incorporates a Latin name,

the Latin name is capitalized and italicized.

RE COMME NDE D TE XT S

Council of Biology Editors (1994) Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors,

and Publishers,6th edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

L. (Linnaeus) the most well-known

authority

(e.g. Parage aegeria L.)

gen. & sp.indet. ‘genus and species

indeterminate’

(no need to define)

3.2 Aquaculture and Veterinary Science

A Q U A C U LT U R E

Names oforganisms should be given in full, i.e. common name and Latin name with authority,

when cited for the first time.Latin names should be given in italics.

Use ofparentheses in scientific names follows strict protocols, and generally what is supplied will

be correct [e.g.Boops boops (L.) but Gadus morhua L.].

Common terms

RE COMME NDE D TE XT S

American Fisheries Society Special Publication No.20, A List ofCommon and Scientific Names of Fishes from the

United States and Canada.

For fishes occurring in British waters, give precedence to Wheeler A. (1992) A list ofthe common and scientific

names offishes ofthe British Isles. Journal of Fish Biology 41,Supplement A.

www.fishbase.org

V E T E R I N A R Y S C I EN CE

Common abbreviations

•Q12 hours, Q8 hours, Q24 hours (every 12 hours, every 8 hours, every 24 hours)

a.s.l. above sea level

m.s.l. mean sea level

CPUE catch per unit effort

fish plural for one species

fishes plural for multiple species

Iindex

IGgonado-somatic index

IHhepato-somatic index

Llength

LFfork length

LSstandard length

LTtotal length

ALS advanced life support

CI cardiac index

CO cardiac output

CPCR cardiopulmonary cerebral

resuscitation

CVP central venous pressure

DAP diastolic arterial pressure

DSH Domestic Short Hair

FE′CO2end tidal carbon dioxide

FeLV feline leukemia virus

FHV-1 feline herpes virus

FIV feline immunodeficiency virus

gnot rpm or rev min–1

H&E haemotoxylin and eosin stain

IO intraosseus

IOP intraocular pressure

IT intratracheal

LDPI laser Doppler perfusion imaging

MAP mean arterial pressure

MHC major histocompatibility complex

OD optical density

OD right eye

OS left eye

OU both eyes

PACO2partial pressure of alveolar carbon dioxide

PaCO2partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide

PV papillomaviruses

PVR pulmonary vascular resistance

RAU relative antibody unit

SAP systolic arterial pressure

SVR systemic vascular resistance

w/v weight/volume

3.3 Linguistics

Follow either the style ofthe Modern Language Association (MLA) or that ofthe American

Psychological Association (APA):

•http://www.apastyle.org/aboutstyle.html

•http://www.mla.org

3.4 Business, Economics, Maths and Statistics

BU S I N ESS AN D EC O N O MICS

Common terms

M AT H S

Equations

• Simple equations should run on in the text and should be punctuated as part ofthe sentence

(e.g.‘...was calculated as h=a+B2’). Complex equations should be displayed for clarity. Note

that reactions and inequalities should be neither referred to nor numbered as equations.

•Even for displayed equations, definitions of symbols should run on in the normal sentence

structure within the text:

s= 1 – [n(2 + y)],

where sis the growth rate, nis the number of cells...

APT arbitrage pricing theory

the Bank ofEngland (also just ‘the Bank’)

BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis

Bear-Sterns

below-market performers

bertrand competition

book-to-market adjustments

buy-and-hold strategy

CAP CommonAgricultural Policy

CPI consumer price index

cut-and-run behaviour (but to cut and run)

DAX100

DF Dickey–Fuller test

DTI Department of Trade and Industry

ECB European Central Bank

EMU European Monetary Union

EPO European Patent Office

ERM exchange rate mechanism

formulas (not formulae)

FTSE100

GATT general agreement on trade and tariffs

GDP gross domestic product

GNP gross national product

IMF International Monetary Fund

IRPP Institute for Research on Public Policy

London’s Seaq

London Stock Exchange

LOOP law ofone price

Nasdaq

Nikkei 225

NYSE New York Stock Exchange

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation

and Development

OPEC Organisation ofthe Petroleum Exporting

Countries

ROW rest of world

RPI Retail Price Index (in UK)

RTAs regional trade agreements

S&L

S&P 500

SEC Securities and Exchange Commission

spillover (n.)

spin-off (n.)

t-statistics

t-value

takeoff (n.)

tip-off (n.)

trade-off (n.)

turnover (n.); turn over (v.)

VAR vector autoregression

WTO World Trade Organisation

ANOVA (analysis of variance) F-test Student’s t-test

ANCOVA (analysis of covariance) Mann–Whitney U-test χ2-test (chi-squared test)

MANOVA (multiple analysis of variance)

•The order ofbrackets should be <{[( )]}>.

•If an equation (displayed) runs over more than one line, line breaks should occur before a

relational sign (i.e. =, >, ⊃,∉,∝, etc.). The turnover line should then be aligned with previous

relational signs. Breaks can also occur before operational signs (i.e. +, –, ±, ×,÷,∑, etc.); the

turnover line then aligns to the right ofthe relational sign.

•Operational and relational signs have fixed thin spaces on either side ofthem (e.g.x+y).

• Fractions in run-on equations can be represented by use ofa solidus [e.g.x/(y+1)] to prevent

disruption to the line oftext above. Parentheses often need to be added when converting

fractions to the solidus form.

•The radical (root sign) is set using the symbol (√) or a superscript index (–1/2), rather than

taking a line (vinculum) across the whole equation. This is most important in run-on

equations to prevent disruption to the line of text above.

Formatting

For Use Examples

Variables Italics x-axis, n,

Constants Roman e,π

Functions and operators Roman f, exp, log, sin

Modifiers Roman,subscript dE,na,nair

Scalars Italics A, V, M

Vectors Italics, bold (sometimes arrow over letter) a, AB, eb

Tensors Sans serif, italics T, T:S

Functions and operators

S TAT I S T I C S

Statistical tests

ad adjoint

arg argument

cos cosine

cosh hyperbolic cosine

cov covariance

det determinant

dim dimension

E expectation

EU expected utility

exp exponential

GL general linear

inf infimum

lim limit

ln natural logarithm

log logarithm

max maximum

min minimum

mod modulus

prob probability

s.t. subject to

sin sine

sinh hyperbolic sine

sup supremum

tan tangent

tanh hyperbolic tangent

tr trace

var variance

trn transition

Common abbreviations

RE COMME NDE D TE XT S

AMS (1986) Mathematics into Type (rev. edn).American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI.

3.5 Computing and Engineering

C O M P U T I N G

Programming languages should be given in CAPS; software names in SMALL CAPS.

Common terms

E N G I N E E R I N G

Common terms

3.6 Law

•The official title ofthe Supreme Court is the Supreme Court ofthe United States.US Supreme

Court is acceptable.Supreme Court is also acceptable if the context is clear (e.g.the article

does not make frequent references to state supreme or other courts). Do not use United States

Supreme Court.

Apple

BASIC

BIOSYS-1

BLAST, BLASTX

CD-ROM

CELLSIM

CLUSTALX

COBOL

DECORANA

disk

FORTRAN

GenBank

GLM

Google

IBM

Internet

Lotus 1-2-3

Macintosh

MEDLINE

MS-DOS

PASCAL

PAUP

program

Prolog

SPSS

TreeView

URL

WordPerfect

Microsoft

Access

Excel

Outlook

PowerPoint

Word

COD crack opening displacement

EIFS equivalent initial flaw size

ERS enhanced reference stress

FEM finite element method

HCF high cycle fatigue

LBB leak-before-break

LCF low cycle fatigue

RS reference stress

SCF stress concentration factor

SEM scanning electron microscope

CI confidence interval

CL confidence limits

d.f. degrees of freedom

Fvariance ratio

Fx,y variance ratio, where xand yare d.f.

LSD least significant difference

nnumber of observations

ND not done

NS not significant

OR odds ratio

Pprobability (always abbreviate)

rcoeffient of variation

RMS root mean square

SD standard deviation

SE standard error

SEM standard error ofthe mean

xaverage/mean

• Washington, D.C.– use comma and periods.

•Case names should be in italics.

Useful websites

Modern Law Review website: http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/law/modernLawReview.htm

http://www.law.buffalo.edu/baldycenter/styleinfo.html

http://dictionary.law.com/

3.7 Life and Physical Sciences

Note: for general biology, see also general medicine.

C H E M I S T R Y / B I O C H E M I S T R Y

Common terms

Initial capitals

Court, Bench, Justice, Term, Brethren and

Chambers when referring to the Supreme Court

Attorney General, Solicitor General, President,Vice

President and Cabinet-level titles

Progressive Era, Federalist, Anti-Federalist and

Prohibition

Framers ofthe Constitution and Founding Fathers

Amendments to the Constitution and clauses

within the Constitution (e.g. First Amendment,

Commerce Clause)

Lower case

court in references tolower courts

ambassador, judge, assistant attorney general, etc. –

i.e. any national positionunder Cabinet level; any

state position

presidents or chairmen of commissions or

companies

‘party’when referring to a political party

government and parliamentary as adjectives

C4, C3 carbon-4 pathway, carbon-3 pathway

chlorophyll a, b, c

cis- same side

Ddextro

fac- facial

fMet formylmethionine

G1, G0,

S, G2, M phases of cell cycle

gem- geminal

Hb haemoglobin

KmMichaelis constant

Llaevo

mmeta

Mmolar

mer- meridional

Nnormal concentration

nnormo

Nsubstituted nitrogen but N-terminus,

C-terminus

oortho

Osub-oxygen

ppara

P680 photosystem II [photosynthesis]

P700 photosystem I [photosynthesis]

PGA1/PGA2prostaglandin A1/A2

Piinorganic orthophosphate

pK, pH

Rrecto

Ssinister

T4bacteriophage

trans opposite side

vic- vicinal

Vmax maximal rate

v/v volume in volume

w/v weight in volume

Useful website

•Standard nomenclature and symbols can be found at:

http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iubmb/nomenclature/

ECOLOGY

Vegetation classifications/plant community assemblages

•The UK National Vegetation Classification (NVC) scheme (co-ordinated by J. S. Rodwell)

uses an en rule between species names, which are italicized (e.g.Phragmites australis–

Peucedanum palustre tall herb fen).

•The phytosociological classifications (continental European) scheme (J. Braun-Blanquet)

uses a hyphen between class names, which are not italicized (e.g.Class Oxycocco-Sphangetea,

Order Sphagnetalia magellanici, Alliance Sphagnion magellanici, and Pallavicinio-

Sphagnetum).

Common terms

G E N E T I C S

For Use Examples

Gene abbreviations Italics lacA, ampr

Protein abbreviations Roman LacA

Phenotypes Roman Lac+

Transposons Roman Tn5

•Restriction endonucleases: HindIII, HinfI, EcoRI, MboI, etc.

•Strains of mice: BALB/c, C57B1/6, BD/V, BD/IX,LEW, etc.

•Always abbreviate: mtDNA, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

•R388::Tn1721 represents transposon Tn 1721 encoding gene R388

•Chromosome locations: 6q22-24,11p15.5

•DNA sequence: 5´-ATCGGAG-3´

blowdowns

capture–mark–recapture

cold-water species

DEFRA, Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural

Affairs (was MAFF, Ministry of Agriculture,

Fisheries and Food)

flood-plain alder forests (but‘on the floodplain’)

medium- and high-light treatments

nutrient-poor or nutrient-rich habitats

plant functional type (PFT)

post-dispersal

quadrat, not quadrate

relative growth rate (RGR)

root : shoot ratio

root–shoot allocation

semi-arid

semi-natural

subalpine

sub-blocks

subpopulation

tree line (not tree-line or treeline)

Common terms

Useful websites

•Birgid Schlindwein’s Hypermedia Glossary of Genetic Terms:

http://hal.weihenstephan.de/genglos/asp/genreq.asp?list=1

•The Laboratory ofStatistical Genetics at Rockefeller University:

http://linkage.rockefeller.edu/wli/glossary/genetics.html

•National Genome Research Institute:

http://www.genome.gov/glossary.cfm

G E O L O G Y

Websites for glossaries

http://college.hmco.com/geology/resources/geologylink/glossary.html

http://www.evcforum.net/WebPages/Glossary_Geology.html

PLAN T S C I EN C ES

Light

In general, use units based onenergy for heat or energy balance; use units based onphotons for

photochemical processes such as photosynthesis or photomorphogenesis.The waveband over

which measurements are made should be specified [e.g. energy fluence rate (irradiance) of

650 W m–2 over the waveband 300–1000 nm; photosynthetic photon fluence rate (PPFR) of

720 µmol m–2 s–1 over the waveband 400–700 nm].

AFLP amplified fragment length

polymorphism

bp base pairs

BLAST basic linear alignment sequence tool

bloodmeal not blood meal

CAPS cleaved amplified polymorphic

sequence

Da daltons (not d)

FISH fluorescence in situhybridization

F1first filial generation

F2second filial generation

(GATA)4key genetic sequence

GBA genetic bit analysis

HEexpected heterozygosity

HOobserved heterozygosity

IAM infinite allele model

ITS internal transcribed spacer

kb kilobases (e.g.10.3-kb fragment)

Mb megabase (a unit of length for DNA

fragments)

Mrrelative molecular mass

Ne, NemNei’s value

ORF open reading frame

PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

PCR polymerase chain reaction

QTL quantitative trait loci

rrecombinant (e.g.lacr)

RAPD random amplified polymorphic DNA

RecA– recombinant strain; but recA is a gene

RFLP restriction fragment length

polymorphism

RT reverse transcriptase

SMM stepwise-mutation model

SNP single nucleotide polymorphism

SPAR single primer amplification reaction

ssDNA single-stranded DNA

SSOP sequence-specific oligonucleotide

probes

SSP sequence-specific primers

SSR single sequence repeat

TcR,ApRantibiotic resistance

TDT transmission/disequilibrium test

TGF transforming growth factor

UTR untranslated region

Units based on photons or energy

Recommended nomenclature Units Near-equivalent terms

Based onphotons

Quantity of photons mol

Photon fluence mol m–2 Photon density

Photon rate mol s–1 Photon flow; Photon flux

Photon fluence rate mol m–2 s–1 Photon flux density; Photon irradiance

Based onenergy

Radiant energyJ (Ws)

Energy fluence J m–2 (W s m–2)Energy density

Energy rate J s–1 (W) Energy flow; Energy flux; Radiant flux

Energy fluence rate J m–2 s–1 (W m–2) Irradiance; Energy flux density

Radiant flux density

Common terms

chlorophyll aand bor Chl aand b

cytochrome cor cytc

d. wt dry weight

EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

f. wt fresh weight

Foinitial fluorescence

FV:FMthe ratio ofvariable to maximum fluorescence

gcstomatal conductance to CO2

gsstomatal conductance to water vapour

glasshouse or controlled environment room not greenhouse

HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography

mycorrhiza formation or mycorrhiza development not mycorrhization

mycorrhizas not mycorrihae for plural of mycorrhiza

PAR photosynthetically active radiation

photo usually closed up (e.g. photoprotective, not photo-protective)

PSI photosystem I

PSII photosystem II

UV-A, UV-B not UVA,UVB

vesicular–arbuscular

WUE water-use efficiency

xanthi (always roman)

3.8 Medicine

GE NE RA L M ED IC I N E

Drug names have recently changed; most now take American spellings (e.g. ganciclovir, not

gancyclovir), with very different original names in brackets [e.g. epinephrine (adrenaline)].

Soil classifications

The names ofunits ofthe

USDA Soil Taxonomy should

begin with upper case initials.

The hierarchy is as follows:

Order (e.g. Spodosols)

Suborder (e.g. Orthods)

Great Groups (e.g. Fragiorthods)

Subgroups (e.g. Typic

Fragiorthods)

Families

Series

The FAO/UNESCO Soil Map ofthe

World is divided intoWorld Classes

(e.g. Fluvisols, Lithosols, Podzols,

Redzinas, Chernozems, Phaeozems),

which are divided into Soil Units.

Common terms

α-interferon, γ-interferon but IFN-α, IFN-γwhen

abbreviated

AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

BNF British National Formulary

BSA bovine serum albumin

BU Bethesda units

CHD coronary heart disease

CNS central nervous system

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

c.p.m. counts per minute

CSF cerebrospinal fluid

CT computed tomography

CVD cerebrovascular disease

DBP diastolic blood pressure

DMEM Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s minimal

essential medium

dose–response curve

EBSS Eisen’s balanced salt solution

EBV Epstein–Barr virus

EC Enzyme Commission

EC effective concentration

ECL enhanced chemiluminescence

ED50 50% effective dose

EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EEG electroencephalogram

EGTA ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid

ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EMBL European Molecular Biology Laboratory

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorter

(FACScan)

FasL Fas ligand

FB fast blue

FCA Freund’s complete adjuvant

FCS fetal calf serum

FDA Food and Drug Administration (US)

FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate

GI gastrointestinal

HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy

haematoma/hamartoma areoften confused

H&E haematoxylin and eosin

HDL high-density lipoprotein

HIV human immunodeficiency virus

HPLC high-performance liquid

chromatography

hyperkalaemic

ICU intensive care unit

IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

(but WHO recommends use ofthe term

‘type 1 diabetes’ instead)

Ig immunoglobulin

IL interleukin

i.m. intramuscular(ly)

INR international normalized ratio

IU international units

i.v. intravenous(ly)

LD50 lethal dose 50%

LDL low-density lipoprotein

LOS,LES lower (o)esophageal sphincter

LPS lipopolysaccharide

mAb monoclonal antibody

MEM minimal essential medium

mmHg

MW molecular weight

NICE National Institute for Clinical

Excellence

NOS nitric oxide synthase

NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

drug

OD optical density

PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells

PBS phosphate-buffered saline

PCR polymerase chain reaction

PET positron emission tomography

PGA1prostaglandin A1

p.o. per os (orally)

PRP platelet-rich plasma

q.d.s./q.i.d. four times daily

QoL quality of life

RNAse (not RNase) deoxyribonuclease

RPMI-1640 (no need to define)

RR relative risk

SBP systolic blood pressure

s.c. subcutaneous(ly)

t.d.s./t.i.d. three times daily

TEQ toxic equivalents

TG triglyceride

TNF tumour necrosis factor (usually a)

tumour stages: stage I, stage II, etc.

VCAM vascular cell adhesion molecule

VF ventricular fibrillation

w/v weight/volume

X ray (n.), X-ray (v.,adj.)

A N A E S T H E S I O L O G Y

Examples

Pamean arterial pressure

VCO2production rate of CO2

PAN2pressure of N2in alveolar gas

FECO2fraction CO2in mixed expired gas

Ca´O2end-tidal O2concentration in arterial blood

Common terms

ARDS Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

(use initial caps for full term)

b min–1 not bpm

CBF cerebral blood flow

CPP cardiopulmonary pressure

CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation

endtidal not end tidal

EPS electrophysiological studies

epinephrine not adrenaline

FEV1forced expiratory volume in 1 s

FVC forced vital capacity

HR heart rate

IPPV intermittent positive pressure ventilation

IRDS Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome

laryngotracheo-oesophageal cleft not laryngo-

tracheo-oesophageal cleft

LVdP/dtrate of change ofleft ventricle pressure

nasopharyngeal

PECO2not PECO2

PEEP positive end-expired pressure

RA, RV right atrium, right ventricle

RFA radiofrequency ablation

TCAD tricyclic antidepressant drugs

TOF train of four

Variables

Cconcentration in liquid

Ffractional concentration

Ppressure

Qvolume (blood)

Vvolume (gas)

Gas modifiers (subscript)

A alveolar

B barometric

D deadspace

E expired

I inspired

Ttotal (tidal)

General modifiers

.first time derivative

–mean (over variable)

–mixed (over gas)

´ end value

Blood modifiers (subscript)

a arterial

b blood (general)

c capillary

p pulmonary

s shunt

ttotal (of CO)

v venous

No need to define

ASA American Society of

Anesthesiologists

ASA PS ASA physical status

AV atrioventricular

CVP central venous pressure

EMLA cream PECO2

LMA laryngeal mask airway

MAC minimum alveolar concentration

NIBP non-invasive blood pressure

PO per oral

No need to provide manufacturer for LMA or

Tuohy needle

H A E M AT O L O G Y

Common terms

OBST E TRICS AND GYN A EC O L O GY

APTT activated partial thromboplastin time

AT antithrombin

BUN blood urea nitrogen

CRP C-reactive protein

CVP central venous pressure

DDAVP 1-8-deamino-d-arginine vasopressin

(also known as desmopressin)

DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation

DVT deep vein thrombosis

factor (F)V Leiden

FVII factor VII

GPI glycophosphatidylinositol

haemophilia A, haemophilia B

INR international normalized ratio

LMWH low molecular weight heparin

MCV mean corpuscular volume

PCF platelet contractile force

PCV packed cell volume

PE pulmonary embolism

PT prothrombin time

PTT partial thromboplastin time

Rco Ristocetin co-factor (not RcoF)

rFVIIa recombinant factor VIIa

TED thromboembolic disease

TGT thrombin generation time

TIA transient ischaemic attack

TM thrombomodulin

von Willebrand disease, not von Willebrand’s disease

(type 1, 2A, 2B, 3); VWD, not vWD.

von Willebrand factor,not von Willebrand’s factor;

VWF, not vWF.

VPC ventricular premature contractions

VTE venous thromboembolism

Drug names

Note use ofcapitals and trademarks (superscript).

beneFix® Haemate-P Kogenate® OctanolTM

FEIBATM Havrix® NovoSeven®

Common abbreviations

CIN cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

FIGO International Federation of Gynecologic

Oncology (no need to give in full)

HPV human papillomavirus

LOH loss of heterozygosity

LVSI lymphvascular space invasion (not

lymphovascular)

SCC squamous cell carcinoma

VAIN vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia

VIN vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia

Common terms

birthweight (not birth weight)

bottle-feed

breastfeed

breastmilk

gynaecology (UK spelling)

gynecology (US spelling)

Kaplin-Meier

Pap test

paraprofessional

I M M U N O L O G Y

Common terms

P H A R M A C O L O G Y

Devices, products and drugs

At first mentionof a device,product or drug, give its generic name (in lower case; e.g.

amoxycillin) followed (in parentheses) by its brand name (with initial capitals; e.g. Amoxil)

and the manufacturer’s name, city and state(include Inc., Corp., Ltd and Co.). Trademark (™)

symbols are not used unless referring to a registered trademark (®), and then only at first mention.

•A siliastic catheter (Catheter X, Manufacturer, City, State) was used.

•Patients were given furosemide (Lasix,Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Somerville,

NJ).

In all subsequent references,only the generic name of the device, product or drug should be used,

unless a clear distinction is being made between two or more such products with different brand

names.

Anti-

antibody anti-goat

antimicrobial anti-human

antiserum anti-mouse

antitetanus anti-rabbit

Immunoglobulin heavy chains

IgA αIgG γ

IgD δIgM µ

IgE ε

ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated

cellular cytotoxicity

αIL-4 anti-interleukin-4

Antigens: Der p III, Der f III

APC antigen-presenting cell

autoantigen, autoimmune

C3 the third component of complement

CALL common acute lymphocytic leukaemia

CD45RO+

CD8+CD4+(thin space between parts)

CDR complementarity determining region

cIgM cytoplasmic immunoglobulin G

CMC cell-mediated cytotoxicity

CTL cytotoxic T lymphocyte

CTLA cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen

DLN draining lymph nodes

EIA enzyme immunoassay

F(ab´)2

Fab´ (no brackets if not a dimer)

FLI Fos-like immunoreactivity

GM-CSF granulocyte–macrophage colony-

stimulating factor

gp60 glycoprotein 60

GVH graft-versus-host

H-2 mouse version of MHC

HDL high-density lipoprotein

HLA human leucocyte antigen

[3H]TdR [3H]thymidine

I-Ab(not I-Ab)

ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule type 1

LCL lymphoblastoid cell line

mAb monoclonal antibody

MACS magnetic antibody cell sorting

MHC major histocompatibility complex

MIP macrophage inflammatory protein or

medial intraparietal (area)

MOI multiplicity of infection

NK natural killer

PMN polymorphonuclear cells/leucocytes

TCGF T-cell growth factor (= IL-2)

TCR T-cell receptor (not TcR)

TDL thoracic duct lymphocytes

TGF transforming growth factor

Th T helper (Th1 never Th-1 or Th 1)

TNF-αtumour necrosis factor-α

TRF T-cell replacing factor

Dosage/dose

•Adosage is a regimen, usually expressed as a quantity per unit of time.Always abbreviate

b.i.d., t.i.d., q.i.d. (two, three and four times daily, respectively) and h.s. (hora somni, at

bedtime).

•Adose is a quantity to be administered.

Abbreviations

•In drug administration,always abbreviate i.d.(intradermal), i.m. (intramuscular), i.p.

(intraperitoneal), i.v. (intravenous), p.o. (per os, oral), p.r. (per rectum, rectal), s.c.

(subcutaneous) and s.l. (sublingual).

•Abbreviations for drugs and other humoral mediators use a roman or Greek character with

an additional alphanumeric or numeric designator (usually subscript) [e.g.α1A,α1B (alpha-

adrenoceptors); D1, D2(dopamine receptors)].

Common terms

AUC0–24 area under the concentration–time

curve

measured from t=0 tot= 24 h (mg h/L)

αabsorption-rate coefficient

βelimination-rate coefficient

beta-blocker

β-adrenoceptor

Cmax maximum concentration (ofa drug)

Cl clearance (L/h)

Ddose (mg)

ED50 median effective dose (mg)

LD50 median lethal dose (mg)

NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

pKa dissociation coefficient

Qblood flow (L/h)

t1/2 half-life

t1/2αabsorption half-life

t1/2βelimination half-life

Vd(area) volume ofdistribution (L)

Vd(ss) volume ofdistribution at steady state (L)

3.9 Nursing, Health and Dentistry

NU RS I NG, MIDW I F ERY AN D A L L IE D HE ALT H

Common terms

Common abbreviations

ANA American Nurses Association ICNP® International Classification for Nursing

APTs Acute Pain Teams Practice

CINAHL Cumulative Index to Nursing and NHS National Health Service (UK)

Allied Health Literature NIH National Institutes ofHealth (US)

DoH Department ofHealth (UK) PAHO Pan American Health Organization

ICN International Council of Nurses

D E N T I S T R Y

Common terms

audiotape/videotape (n.), audio-/video-tape (v.),

audio-/video-taped (adj.)

birthweight (not birth weight)

bottle-feed

breastfeed/breastmilk

caregiver, caregiving

case finder, finding, manage, manager,

management, study but caseload, caseworker

day care

endpoint

firstborn

full-term/preterm

health care

healthcare (adj)

in utero (roman)

inpatient/outpatient

life span

life-event

Likert scale (5-point Likert scale)

low-birthweight/very low-birthweight

meta-analysis

NHS Modernisation Agency

NHS trust (generic), NHS Trust (specific)

Pap test

Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient

(with en rule, not hyphen)

pretest

primigravadas (pl.)

Registered Nurse (RN)

tape-record (v.), tape recorder, tape recording (n.),

tape-recorded (adj.)

well-being

wet nurse

World Health Organization (WHO)

or Organisation mondiale de la Santé (French)

or Organización Mundial de la Salud (Spanish)

ABL alveolar bone loss

AgNOR argyrophilic nucleolar organizer

region

BMD bone mineral density

CK cytokeratin

DMFT decayed, missing or filled permanent

teeth

dmft decayed, missing or filled primary

teeth

GCF gingival crevice fluid

GSTM glutathione S-transferase µ1

HGF hepatocyte growth factor

IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1

MMP matrix metalloproteinase

OHIP oral health impact profile

OLP oral lichen planus

OSCC oral squamous cell carcinoma

PBL problem-based learning

PDGF platelet-derived growth factor

PGE2 prostaglandin E2

Sjögren’s syndrome

TGFß1 transforming growth factor ß1

TIMP tissue inhibitor of matrix

metalloproteinase

TMD temporomandibular disorder

TMJ temporomandibular joint

TNF tumour necrosis factor

VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor

RE COMME NDE D TE XT S

Blackwell’s Dictionary of Nursing (1994). Blackwell Science,Oxford.

Zwemer T.J. (1998) Mosby’s Dental Dictionary. Mosby, London.

3.10 Social and Behavioural Sciences

G E O G R A P H Y

See the section‘Places’in Part 1 ofthis guide.

Common terms

S O C I O L O G Y

Please refer to the ‘Politically sensitive terms’section of ‘English Usage and Grammar’in Part 1 of

the guide. In particular, you should avoid gender bias and ethnic stereotyping.

P S Y C H O L O G Y

Please refer to the ‘Politically sensitive terms’section of ‘English Usage and Grammar’in Part 1 of

the guide.

Common terms

destination choice

distance-related

economies-of-scale

export-demand

export-sector

graph-theoretic

gross and net migration

in- and out-migration

interregional

intraregional

nonsurvey

per capita

policymaker

shortest-path

shortest-route/path

street-front

subarea

subnational

town-wide

tract-level geography

trade-area survey

worldwide

DO use DO NOT use

person, people and humankind man,men and mankind

‘he or she’,‘her or him’,‘his or hers’ ‘he/she’,‘him/her’and ‘his/hers’

(varying the order occasionally)

change to plural ‘they’

Asian American (n. and adj.)

Black

bipolar

bivariant

broad-based

covariance

Cronbach’s alpha

cross-cultural

cross section (n.); cross-sectional (adj.)

Likert

midlife (n.)

multiscale

neo-Freudian

sociocultural

well-being

White

Common abbreviations

RE COMME NDE D TE XT S

APA (2001) Publication Manual (5th edn).American Psychological Association, Washington, DC (available from

http://www.apastyle.org/pubmanual.html).

ASA (1996) American Sociological Association Style Guide (2nd edn). American Sociological Association,

Washington, DC (available from the ASA Executive Office,1307 New York Avenue NW, Suite 700,Washington, DC

20036, USA).

3.11 Resources for Journal Abbreviations

• Index Medicus

ftp://nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov/online/journals/ljiweb.pdf

• PubList (You need to register before using this one, but it’s free to do so.)

http://www.publist.com/

•ISI Journal Abbreviations Index

http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/

• Guide to Journal Abbreviations

http://www.library.uiuc.edu/vex/vetdocs/jnabbrev.htm

3.12 Recommended Reference Books

STY L E MA N UAL S

The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers, 15th edn (2003)

by The University ofChicago Press, Chicago,IL.

•The ‘essential reference for authors,editors, proofreaders,indexers,copywriters,designers,

and publishers’in all subject areas.

Copy-editing: The Cambridge Handbook for Editors, Authors and Publishers, 3rd edn (1992)

by J. Butcher. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

• Covers all aspects ofthe editorial process.

MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 2nd edn (1998)

by J. Gibaldi. The Modern Language Association of America, NewYork, NY.

•Guide for graduate students, teachers, and scholars in the humanities and for professional

writers in many fields.

The Oxford Guide to Style (2002)

by R. Ritter. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

•A completely rewritten and expanded modern edition ofHart’s Rules for Compositors and

Readers.

•The ‘ultimate guide for all printers, publishers, and editors’.

ANOVA analysis of variance

BPI Basic Personality Inventory

CECS Courtauld Emotional Control Scale

CES-D Center for Epidemiology Depression Scale

DIF differential item functioning

WAI Weiberger Adjustment Inventory

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edn (2001)

by the American Psychological Association,Washington, DC.

• Style manual for behavioural and social sciences.

Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 6th edn (1995)

by E. J. Huth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

• Covers all sciences, not just biology and the medical sciences.

•Both US and UK preferences are recognised.

DI C T I ONA RIES A ND R EFEREN C E W O RKS

Concise Oxford Dictionary, 10th edn

For standard UK spelling.

Macquarie Dictionary, 3rd edn

For standard Australian spelling.

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary,11th edn

For standard US spelling.

American Psychological Association Publication Manual, 5th edn (2001)

American Psychological Association, Washington, DC (available from

http://www.apastyle.org/pubmanual.html).

American Sociological Association Style Guide, 2nd edn (1996)

American Sociological Association,Washington, DC (available from the ASA Executive

Office, 1307 New York Avenue NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036, USA).

Blackwell’s Dictionary of Nursing (1994)

Blackwell Science, Oxford.

Butterworths Medical Dictionary, 2nd edn (1978)

edited by M. Critchley. Butterworth, London.

Dictionary of Medical Acronyms and Abbreviations, 4th edn (2001)

by S. Jablonski. Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia, PA.

A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds: Recommendations (1993)

by J.-C. Richer, R. Panico and W.H. Powell. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

See also http://www.iupac.org/dhtml_home.html

List of Journals Indexed in Index Medicus (published annually)

US Department of Health and Human Sciences, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

See also http://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/lji.html

Mosby’s Dental Dictionary (1998)

edited by T. J. Zwemer. Mosby, London.

Mathematics into Type (1999)

by E. Swanson.American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI.

Medical Directory (2003)

See http://www.informalaw.com/LPP863/?source=healthcare

Units, Symbols and Abbreviations: A Guide for Medical and Scientific Authors, 5th edn (1994)

edited by D. N. Baron. The Royal Society of Medicine Press, London.

Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 27th edn (2000)

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Hagerstown, MD.

Who’s Who

See http://www.marquiswhoswho.com/

US AG E G U I DES

The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage, 3rd edn (1998)

revised by R. W. Burchfield. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

The Elements of Style, 4th edn (2000)

by W. Strunk Jr and E. B.White.Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA.

Modern Australian Usage, 2nd edn (1997)

by N. Hudson. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

Longman Guide to English Usage (1996)

by S. Greenbaum and J. Whitcut. Penguin, London.

GE NE RA L B OOKS

How to Copyedit Scientific Books and Journals (1986)

by M. O’Connor. ISI Press, Philadelphia, PA.

Woe is I: The Grammarphobe’s Guide to Better English in Plain English (1996)

by P. T. O’Conner. Riverhead Books, New York, NY.

The New Print Production Handbook (1997)

by D.Bann. Little & Brown, London.

The Australian Editing Handbook (2001)

by E. Flann and B. Hill. Common Ground Publishing,Australia.

On Writing, Editing and Publishing, 2nd edn (1986)

by J. Barzun. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the ‘Define Editorial Standards’project team (Patrick Baker, Helen Birchall, Erin

Bogle, Donna Cole, Maria Cusano,Ruth Gibb, Rachel Leslie, Kim Marello, Steve Raywood and

Ruth Swanney) who researched this guide, to Jane Farquharson for writing it and to Helen Holt

and Annie Wilson for proof-reading it.

We are indebted to Alice Franek and her colleagues in Asia for allowing us to make extensive use of

their excellent style guide. We are very grateful to all those who contributed to and commented on

earlier drafts ofthis guide.

House Style Guide ROW4520101451415

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