Java Internalization Quick Guide

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Java Internalization - Quick Guide
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Java Internalization - Overview
Internalization
Internalization or I18N refers to the capablity of an Applicatyion to be able to server users
in multiple and different languages. Java has in-built support for Internalization. Java also
provides formating of numbers, currecies and adjustment of date and time accordingly.
Java Internationalization helps to make a java application handle differnt languages,
number formats, currencies, region specific time formatting.

Localization
Localization or L10N is the adaptablity of an application that is how an application adapts
itself with a specific language, number formats, date and time settings etc.
A java application should be internationalized in order to be able to localize itself.

Culturally Dependent Information
Following information items often varies with different timezones or cultures.
Messages
Date
Time
Number
Currency

Measurements
Phone Numbers
Postal Addresses
GUI labels

Internationalization Classes
Java has a set of built-in classes which help in internationalization of an application. These
classes are following:
Sr.No.
1

Class & Description

Locale
Represents a language along with country/region.

2

ResourceBundle
Contains localized text or objects.

3

NumberFormat
Use to format numbers/currencies as per the locale.

4

DecimalFormat
Use to format numbers as per customized format and as per locale.

5

DateFormat
Use to format dates as per locale.

6

SimpleDateFormat
Use to format dates as per customized format and as per locale.

Java Internalization - Environment Setup
In this chapter, we will discuss on the different aspects of setting up a congenial
environment for Java.

Local Environment Setup

If you are still willing to set up your environment for Java programming language, then
this section guides you on how to download and set up Java on your machine. Following
are the steps to set up the environment.
Java SE is freely available from the link Download Java

. You can download a version

based on your operating system.
Follow the instructions to download Java and run the .exe to install Java on your machine.
Once you installed Java on your machine, you will need to set environment variables to
point to correct installation directories −

Setting Up the Path for Windows
Assuming you have installed Java in c:\Program Files\java\jdk directory −
Right-click on 'My Computer' and select 'Properties'.
Click the 'Environment variables' button under the 'Advanced' tab.
Now, alter the 'Path' variable so that it also contains the path to the Java
executable. Example, if the path is currently set to 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32', then
change your path to read 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32;c:\Program Files\java\jdk\bin'.

Setting Up the Path for Linux, UNIX, Solaris, FreeBSD
Environment variable PATH should be set to point to where the Java binaries have been
installed. Refer to your shell documentation, if you have trouble doing this.
Example, if you use bash as your shell, then you would add the following line to the end of
your '.bashrc: export PATH = /path/to/java:$PATH'

Popular Java Editors
To write your Java programs, you will need a text editor. There are even more
sophisticated IDEs available in the market. But for now, you can consider one of the
following −
Notepad − On Windows machine, you can use any simple text editor like Notepad
(Recommended for this tutorial), TextPad.
Netbeans − A Java IDE that is open-source and free which can be downloaded
from https://www.netbeans.org/index.html

.

Eclipse − A Java IDE developed by the eclipse open-source community and can be
downloaded from https://www.eclipse.org/

What is Next?

.

Next chapter will teach you how to write and run your first Java program and some of the
important basic syntaxes in Java needed for developing applications.

Java Internalization - Locale Class
A Locale object represents a specific geographical/political/cultural region. Any operation
requiring a Locale to perform its task is called locale-sensitive operation and uses the
Locale to master information relative to the user. For example, displaying a number is a
locale-sensitive operation. The number should be formatted as per the customs and
conventions of the user's native country, region, or culture.

Locale Contents
A Locale object contains the following:
Language - ISO 639 alpha-2 or alpha-3 language code, or registered language
subtags up to 8 alpha letters. alpha-2 code must be used if both alpha-2 and
alpha-3 code are present. The language field is case insensitive, but Locale always
canonicalizes to lower case.
Script - ISO 15924 alpha-4 script code. The script field is case insensitive, but
Locale always canonicalizes to title case.
Country (region) - ISO 3166 alpha-2 country code or UN M.49 numeric-3 area
code. The country field is case insensitive, but Locale always canonicalizes to upper
case.
Variant - Any arbitrary value used to indicate a variation of a Locale. Where there
are two or more variant values each indicating its own semantics, these values
should be ordered by importance, with most important first, separated by
underscore('_'). The variant field is case sensitive.
Extensions - A map from single character keys to string values, indicating
extensions apart from language identification. The extensions in Locale implement
the semantics and syntax of BCP 47 extension subtags and private use subtags.
The extensions are case insensitive, but Locale canonicalizes all extension keys and
values to lower case.

Java Internalization - Example - Locale Details
In this example, we'll get default locale and print its details. Then create a locale for "fr"
and print its details.
I18NTester.java

import java.util.Locale;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Locale locale =Locale.getDefault();
System.out.println("Default Locale Properties:\n");
System.out.println(locale.getDisplayCountry());
System.out.println(locale.getDisplayLanguage());
System.out.println(locale.getDisplayName());
System.out.println(locale.getISO3Country());
System.out.println(locale.getISO3Language());
System.out.println(locale.getLanguage());
System.out.println(locale.getCountry());
Locale frenchLocale = new Locale("fr","fr");
System.out.println("\nfr Locale Properties:\n");
System.out.println(frenchLocale.getDisplayCountry());
System.out.println(frenchLocale.getDisplayLanguage());
System.out.println(frenchLocale.getDisplayName());
System.out.println(frenchLocale.getISO3Country());
System.out.println(frenchLocale.getISO3Language());
System.out.println(frenchLocale.getLanguage());
System.out.println(frenchLocale.getCountry());
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
Default Locale Properties:
United States
English
English (United States)
USA
eng
en
US
fr Locale Properties:
France
French
French (France)
FRA
fra
fr
FR

Java Internalization - Example - Display
Language
In this example, we'll get display language per locale passed as an argument.
I18NTester.java
import java.util.Locale;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Locale defaultLocale = Locale.getDefault();
Locale enLocale = new Locale("en", "US");
Locale frLocale = new Locale("fr", "FR");
Locale esLocale = new Locale("es", "ES");
System.out.println(defaultLocale.getDisplayLanguage(enLocale));
System.out.println(defaultLocale.getDisplayLanguage(frLocale));
System.out.println(defaultLocale.getDisplayLanguage(esLocale));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
English
anglais
inglés

Java Internalization - ResourceBundle Class
ResourceBundle class is used to store text and objects which are locale sensitive. Generally
we use property files to store locale specific text and then represent them using
ResourceBundle object. Following are the steps to use locale specific properties file in a
java based application.

Step 1: Create properties files.
Suppose we need properties file for English locale. Then create a properties file name
XXX_en_US.properties where XXX is the name of the file and en_US represents the locale
for English(US).
Messages_en_US.properties
message=Welcome to TutorialsPoint.COM!

Let's now create properties file for French locale. Then create a properties file name
XXX_fr_FR.properties where XXX is the name of the file and fr_FR represents the locale for
French(France).
Messages_fr_FR.properties
message=Bienvenue sur TutorialsPoint.COM!

Here you can figure out that the key is same but the value is locale specific in both the
properties file.

Step 2: Create ResourceBundle object
Create ResourceBundle object with properties file name and locale using following syntax.
ResourceBundle bundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Messages", Locale.US);

Step 3: Get the value from ResourceBundle object.
Get the value from ResourceBundle object by passing the key.
String value = bundle.getString("message");

Example
Following example illustrate the use of ResourceBundle objects to display locale specific
values from properties files.
IOTester.java
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.ResourceBundle;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ResourceBundle bundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Messages", Locale.US);
System.out.println("Message in "+Locale.US +": "+bundle.getString("message"));
bundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle("Messages", Locale.FRANCE);
System.out.println("Message in "+Locale.FRANCE +": "+bundle.getString("message"));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
Message in en_US: Welcome to TutorialsPoint.COM!
Message in fr_FR: Bienvenue sur TutorialsPoint.COM!

Notes for Naming Conventions
Following are the naming conventions for the properties file.
For

properties

file

mapped

to

default

locale,

no

prefix

is

mandatory.

message_en_US.properties is equivalent to message.properties.
For properties file mapped to locale, prefix can be attached in two ways.
message_fr.properties is equivalent to message_fr_FR.properties.

Java Internalization - NumberFormat Class
The java.text.NumberFormat class is used for formatting numbers and currencies as per a
specific Locale. Number formats varies from country to country. For example, In Denmark
fractions of a number are separated from the integer part using a comma whereas in
England they use a dot as separator.

Example - Format Numbers
In this example, we're formatting numbers based on US locale and Danish Locale.
IOTester.java
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.util.Locale;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Locale enLocale = new Locale("en", "US");
Locale daLocale = new Locale("da", "DK");
NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getInstance(daLocale);
System.out.println(numberFormat.format(100.76));
numberFormat = NumberFormat.getInstance(enLocale);
System.out.println(numberFormat.format(100.76));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
100,76
100.76

Java Internalization - Format Currencies

In this example, we're formatting currencies based on US locale and Danish Locale.
IOTester.java
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.util.Locale;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Locale enLocale = new Locale("en", "US");
Locale daLocale = new Locale("da", "DK");
NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(daLocale);
System.out.println(numberFormat.format(100.76));
numberFormat = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(enLocale);
System.out.println(numberFormat.format(100.76));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
kr 100,76
$100.76

Java Internalization - Format Percentages
In this example, we're formatting numbers in percentage format.
IOTester.java
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.util.Locale;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Locale enLocale = new Locale("en", "US");
NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance(enLocale);
System.out.println(numberFormat.format(0.76));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
76%

Java Internalization - Set Min/Max Precision
In this example, we're setting min and max digits for both integer as well as fractional part
of a number.
IOTester.java
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.util.Locale;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Locale enLocale = new Locale("en", "US");
NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getInstance(enLocale);
numberFormat.setMinimumIntegerDigits(2);
numberFormat.setMaximumIntegerDigits(3);
numberFormat.setMinimumFractionDigits(2);
numberFormat.setMaximumFractionDigits(3);
System.out.println(numberFormat.format(12234.763443));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
234.763

Java Internalization - Set Rounding Mode
In this example, we're showcasing Rounding Mode.
IOTester.java
import java.math.RoundingMode;
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.util.Locale;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Locale enLocale = new Locale("en", "US");
NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getInstance(enLocale);
numberFormat.setMinimumFractionDigits(0);
numberFormat.setMaximumFractionDigits(0);
System.out.println(numberFormat.format(99.50));
numberFormat.setRoundingMode(RoundingMode.HALF_DOWN);
System.out.println(numberFormat.format(99.50));

}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
100
99

Java Internalization - Parsing Numbers
In this example, we're showcasing parsing of number present in different locale.
IOTester.java
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.util.Locale;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException {
Locale enLocale = new Locale("en", "US");
Locale daLocale = new Locale("da", "DK");
NumberFormat numberFormat = NumberFormat.getInstance(daLocale);
System.out.println(numberFormat.parse("100,76"));
numberFormat = NumberFormat.getInstance(enLocale);
System.out.println(numberFormat.parse("100,76"));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
100.76
10076

Java Internalization - DecimalFormat Class
The java.text.DecimalFormat class is used for formatting numbers as per customized
format and as per locale.

Example - Format Numbers
In this example, we're formatting numbers based on a given pattern.
IOTester.java

import java.text.DecimalFormat;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String pattern = "####,####.##";
double number = 123456789.123;
DecimalFormat numberFormat = new DecimalFormat(pattern);
System.out.println(number);
System.out.println(numberFormat.format(number));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
1.23456789123E8
1,2345,6789.12

Java Internalization - Format Patterns
Followings is the use of characters in formatting patterns.
Sr.No.
1

Class & Description

0
To display 0 if less digits are present.

2

#
To display digit ommitting leading zeroes.

3

.
Decimal separator.

4

,
Grouping separator.

5

E
Mantissa and Exponent separator for exponential formats.

6

;

Format separator.
7

Negative number prefix.

8

%
Shows number as percentage after multiplying with 100.

9

?
Shows number as mille after multiplying with 1000.

10

X
To mark character as number prefix/suffix.

11

'
To mark quote around special characters.

In this example, we're formatting numbers based on different patterns.
IOTester.java
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String pattern = "###.###";
double number = 123456789.123;
DecimalFormat numberFormat = new DecimalFormat(pattern);
System.out.println(number);
//pattern ###.###
System.out.println(numberFormat.format(number));
//pattern ###.#
numberFormat.applyPattern("###.#");
System.out.println(numberFormat.format(number));
//pattern ###,###.##
numberFormat.applyPattern("###,###.##");
System.out.println(numberFormat.format(number));
number = 9.34;
//pattern 000.###
numberFormat.applyPattern("000.##");

System.out.println(numberFormat.format(number));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
1.23456789123E8
1,2345,6789.12

Java Internalization - Locale Specific
DecimalFormat
By default, DecimalFormat object is using the JVM's locale. We can change the default
locale while creating the DecimalFormat object using NumberFormat class. In the example
below, we'll use same pattern for two different locale and you can spot the difference in
the output.
IOTester.java
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.util.Locale;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String pattern = "###.##";
double number = 123.45;
Locale enlocale
Locale dalocale

= new Locale("en", "US");
= new Locale("da", "DK");

DecimalFormat decimalFormat = (DecimalFormat) NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(enlocale);
decimalFormat.applyPattern(pattern);
System.out.println(decimalFormat.format(number));

decimalFormat = (DecimalFormat) NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(dalocale);
decimalFormat.applyPattern(pattern);
System.out.println(decimalFormat.format(number));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
123.45
123,45

Java Internalization - DecimalFormatSymbols
Class
Using DecimalFormatSymbols class, the default separator symbols, grouping separator
symbols etc. can be changed. Following example is illustrating the same.
IOTester.java
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String pattern = "#,###.###";
double number = 126473.4567;
DecimalFormat decimalFormat = new DecimalFormat(pattern);
System.out.println(decimalFormat.format(number));

DecimalFormatSymbols decimalFormatSymbols = new DecimalFormatSymbols();
decimalFormatSymbols.setDecimalSeparator(';');
decimalFormatSymbols.setGroupingSeparator(':');
decimalFormat = new DecimalFormat(pattern, decimalFormatSymbols);
System.out.println(decimalFormat.format(number));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
126,473.457
126:473;457

Java Internalization - Grouping Digits
Using setGroupingSize() method of DecimalFormat, default grouping of numbers can be
changed. Following example is illustrating the same.
IOTester.java
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double number = 121223232473.4567;
DecimalFormat decimalFormat = new DecimalFormat();

System.out.println(number);
System.out.println(decimalFormat.format(number));

decimalFormat.setGroupingSize(4);
System.out.println(decimalFormat.format(number));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
1.212232324734567E11
121,223,232,473.457
1212,2323,2473.457

Java Internalization - DateFormat Class
java.text.DateFormat class formats dates as per the locale. As different coutries use
different formats to display dates. This class is extremely useful in dealing with dates in
internalization of application. Following example show how to create and use DateFormat
Class.
IOTester.java
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Locale;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Locale locale = new Locale("da","DK");
DateFormat dateFormat = DateFormat.getDateInstance();
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));
dateFormat = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.DEFAULT, locale);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
Nov 29, 2017
29-11-2017

Java Internalization - Formatting Dates
DateFormat class provides various formats to format the date. Following is list of some of
the formats.
DateFormat.DEFAULT
DateFormat.SHORT
DateFormat.MEDIUM
DateFormat.LONG
DateFormat.FULL
In following example we'll show how to use different formats.
IOTester.java
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
DateFormat dateFormat = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.DEFAULT);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));
dateFormat = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.SHORT);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));
dateFormat = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.MEDIUM);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));
dateFormat = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.LONG);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));
dateFormat = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.FULL);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));

}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
Nov 29, 2017
11/29/17

Nov 29, 2017
November 29, 2017
Wednesday, November 29, 2017

Java Internalization - Formatting Time
DateFormat

class

provides

various

formats

to

format

DateFormat.getTimeInstance() method is to be used. See the example below.
In following example we'll show how to use different formats to format time.
IOTester.java
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
DateFormat dateFormat = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(DateFormat.DEFAULT);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));
dateFormat = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(DateFormat.SHORT);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));
dateFormat = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(DateFormat.MEDIUM);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));
dateFormat = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(DateFormat.LONG);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));
dateFormat = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(DateFormat.FULL);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));

}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
4:11:21 PM
4:11 PM
4:11:21 PM
4:11:21 PM IST
4:11:21 PM IST

the

time.

Java Internalization - Formatting Date and Time
DateFormat class provides various formats to format the date and time together.
DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance() method is to be used. See the example below.
In following example we'll show how to use different formats to format date and time.
IOTester.java
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
DateFormat dateFormat = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(DateFormat.DEFAULT, DateFormat.DEFAU
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));
dateFormat = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(DateFormat.SHORT, DateFormat.SHORT);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));
dateFormat = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(DateFormat.MEDIUM, DateFormat.MEDIUM);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));
dateFormat = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(DateFormat.LONG, DateFormat.LONG);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));
dateFormat = DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance(DateFormat.FULL, DateFormat.FULL);
System.out.println(dateFormat.format(new Date()));

}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
Nov 29, 2017 4:16:13 PM
11/29/17 4:16 PM
Nov 29, 2017 4:16:13 PM
November 29, 2017 4:16:13 PM IST
Wednesday, November 29, 2017 4:16:13 PM IST

Java Internalization - SimpleDateFormat Class

java.text.SimpleDateFormat class formats dates as per the given pattern. It is also used to
parse dates from string where string contains date in mentioned format. See the following
example of using SimpleDateFormat class.
IOTester.java
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException {
String pattern = "dd-MM-yyyy";
SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat(pattern);
Date date = new Date();
System.out.println(date);
System.out.println(simpleDateFormat.format(date));
String dateText = "29-11-2017";
date = simpleDateFormat.parse(dateText);
System.out.println(simpleDateFormat.format(date));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
Wed Nov 29 17:01:22 IST 2017
29-11-2017
29-11-2017

Java Internalization - Locale specific
SimpleDateFormat
Locale can be used to create locale specific formatting over a pattern in SimpleDateFormat
class. See the following example of using locale specific SimpleDateFormat class.
IOTester.java
import
import
import
import

java.text.ParseException;
java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
java.util.Date;
java.util.Locale;

public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException {

Locale locale = new Locale("da", "DK");
String pattern = "EEEEE MMMMM yyyy";
SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat(pattern);
Date date = new Date();
System.out.println(date);
System.out.println(simpleDateFormat.format(date));
simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat(pattern,locale);
System.out.println(simpleDateFormat.format(date));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
Wed Nov 29 17:48:14 IST 2017
Wednesday November 2017
onsdag november 2017

Java Internalization - DecimalFormatSymbols
Class
Using DecimalFormatSymbols class, the default separator symbols, grouping separator
symbols etc. can be changed. Following example is illustrating the same.
IOTester.java
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String pattern = "#,###.###";
double number = 126473.4567;
DecimalFormat decimalFormat = new DecimalFormat(pattern);
System.out.println(decimalFormat.format(number));

DecimalFormatSymbols decimalFormatSymbols = new DecimalFormatSymbols();
decimalFormatSymbols.setDecimalSeparator(';');
decimalFormatSymbols.setGroupingSeparator(':');
decimalFormat = new DecimalFormat(pattern, decimalFormatSymbols);
System.out.println(decimalFormat.format(number));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
126,473.457
126:473;457

Java Internalization - Date Format Patterns
Followings is the use of characters in date formatting patterns.
Sr.No.
1

Class & Description

G
To display Era.

2

y
To display Year. Valid values yy, yyyy.

3

M
To display Month. Valid values MM, MMM or MMMMM.

4

d
To display day of month. Valid values d, dd.

5

h
To display hour of day (1-12 AM/PM). Valid value hh.

6

H
To display hour of day (0-23). Valid value HH.

7

m
To display minute of hour (0-59). Valid value mm.

8

s
To display second of minute (0-59). Valid value ss.

9

S

To display milliseconds of minute (0-999). Valid value SSS.
10

E
To display Day in week (e.g Monday, Tuesday etc.)

11

D
To display Day in year (1-366).

12

F
To display Day of week in month (e.g. 1st Thursday of December).

13

w
To display Week in year (1-53).

14

W
To display Week in month (0-5)

15

a
To display AM / PM

16

k
To display Hour in day (1-24).

17

K
To display Hour in day, AM / PM (0-11).

18

z
To display Time Zone.

In this example, we're formatting dates based on different patterns.
IOTester.java
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
public class I18NTester {

public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException {
String pattern = "dd-MM-yy";
SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat(pattern);
Date date = new Date();
System.out.println(simpleDateFormat.format(date));
pattern = "MM-dd-yyyy";
simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat(pattern);
System.out.println(simpleDateFormat.format(date));
pattern = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss";
simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat(pattern);
System.out.println(simpleDateFormat.format(date));
pattern = "EEEEE MMMMM yyyy HH:mm:ss.SSSZ";
simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat(pattern);
System.out.println(simpleDateFormat.format(date));
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
29-11-17
11-29-2017
2017-11-29 18:47:42
Wednesday November 2017 18:47:42.787+0530

Java Internalization - UTC
UTC stands for Co-ordinated Universal Time. It is time standard and is commonly used
across the world. All timezones are computed comparatively with UTC as offset. For
example, time in Copenhagen, Denmark is UTC + 1 means UTC time plus one hour. It is
independent of Day light savings and should be used to store date and time in databases.

Conversion of time zones
Following example will showcase conversion of various timezones. We'll print hour of the
day and time in milliseconds. First will vary and second will remain same.
IOTester.java
import
import
import
import

java.text.ParseException;
java.util.Calendar;
java.util.GregorianCalendar;
java.util.TimeZone;

public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException {
Calendar date = new GregorianCalendar();

date.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("Etc/UTC"));
date.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 12);
System.out.println("UTC: " + date.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY));
System.out.println("UTC: " + date.getTimeInMillis());
date.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("Europe/Copenhagen"));
System.out.println("CPH: " + date.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY));
System.out.println("CPH: " + date.getTimeInMillis());
date.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("America/New_York"));
System.out.println("NYC: " + date.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY));
System.out.println("NYC: " + date.getTimeInMillis());
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
UTC: 12
UTC: 1511956997540
CPH: 13
CPH: 1511956997540
NYC: 7
NYC: 1511956997540

Available Time Zones
Following example will showcase the timezones available with the system.
IOTester.java
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.util.TimeZone;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException {
String[] availableIDs = TimeZone.getAvailableIDs();
for(String id : availableIDs) {
System.out.println("Timezone = " + id);
}
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
Timezone = Africa/Abidjan
Timezone = Africa/Accra

...
Timezone = VST

Java Internalization - Unicode Conversion
from/to String
In java, text is internally stored in Unicode format. If input/output is in differnt format then
conversion is required.

Conversion
Following example will showcase conversion of a Unicode String to UTF8 byte[] and UTF8
byte[] to Unicode byte[].
IOTester.java
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.text.ParseException;
public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException, UnsupportedEncodingException {
String unicodeString = "\u00C6\u00D8\u00C5" ;
//convert Unicode to UTF8 format
byte[] utf8Bytes = unicodeString.getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
printBytes(utf8Bytes, "UTF 8 Bytes");
//convert UTF8 format to Unicode
String converted = new String(utf8Bytes, "UTF8");
byte[] unicodeBytes = converted.getBytes();
printBytes(unicodeBytes, "Unicode Bytes");
}
public static void printBytes(byte[] array, String name) {
for (int k = 0; k < array.length; k++) {
System.out.println(name + "[" + k + "] = " + array[k]);
}
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
UTF 8 Bytes[0] = -61
UTF 8 Bytes[1] = -122
UTF 8 Bytes[2] = -61
UTF 8 Bytes[3] = -104
UTF 8 Bytes[4] = -61

UTF 8 Bytes[5] = -123
Unicode Bytes[0] = -58
Unicode Bytes[1] = -40
Unicode Bytes[2] = -59

Java Internalization - Unicode Conversion
from/to Reader/Writer
Reader and Writer classes are character oriented stream classes. These can be used to
read and convert Unicode characters.

Conversion
Following example will showcase conversion of a Unicode String to UTF8 byte[] and UTF8
byte[] to Unicode byte[] using Reader and Writer classes.
IOTester.java
import
import
import
import
import
import
import
import
import
import

java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
java.io.IOException;
java.io.InputStream;
java.io.InputStreamReader;
java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
java.io.Reader;
java.io.Writer;
java.nio.charset.Charset;
java.text.ParseException;

public class I18NTester {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException, IOException {
String input = "This is a sample text" ;
InputStream inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(input.getBytes());
//get the UTF-8 data
Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(inputStream, Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
//convert UTF-8 to Unicode
int data = reader.read();
while(data != -1){
char theChar = (char) data;
System.out.print(theChar);
data = reader.read();
}
reader.close();
System.out.println();
//Convert Unicode to UTF-8 Bytes
ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
Writer writer = new OutputStreamWriter(outputStream, Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
writer.write(input);

writer.close();
String out = new String(outputStream.toByteArray());
System.out.println(out);
}
}

Output
It will print the following result.
This is a sample text
This is a sample text

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