Materials Manual M 46 01 T 27_T 11 27 T27 T11
User Manual: T-27
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WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29 Page 1 of 30
January 2018
WSDOT Errata to WAQTC FOP for AASHTO T 27_T 11
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
WAQTC FOP for AASHTO T 27_T 11 has been adopted by WSDOT with the following
changes:
Procedure Method C – Method not recognized by WSDOT.
Sample Preparation
Table 1 Test Sample Sizes for Aggregate Gradation Test – Shall conform to the
following table.
Nominal Maximum Size*in (mm) Minimum Dry Mass lb (kg)
US No. 4 (4.75) 1 (0.5)
¼ (6.3) 2 (1)
(9.5) 2 (1)
½ (12.5) 5 (2)
(16.0) 5 (2)
¾ (19.0) 7 (3)
1 (25.0) 13 (6)
1¼ (31.5) 17 (7.5)
1½ (37.5) 20 (9)
2 (50) 22 (10)
2½ (63) 27 (12)
3 (75) 33 (15)
3½ (90) 44 (20)
T 27_T 11 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
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Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates T 27_T 11
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January 2018
FOP for AASHTO T 27
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
FOP for AASHTO T 11
Materials Finer Than 75 µm (No. 200) Sieve In Mineral Aggregate By Washing
Scope
A sieve analysis, or ‘gradation,’ measures distribution of aggregate particle sizes within a
given sample.
Accurate determination of the amount of material smaller than 75 µm (No. 200) cannot
be made using just AASHTO T 27. If quantifying this material is required, use AASHTO
T 11 in conjunction with AASHTO T 27.
This FOP covers sieve analysis in accordance with AASHTO T 27-14 and materials finer
than 75 µm (No. 200) in accordance with AASHTO T 11-05 performed in conjunction
with AASHTO T 27. The procedure includes three methods: A, B, and C.
Apparatus
• Balance or scale: Capacity sufficient for the masses shown in Table 1, accurate to
0.1 percent of the sample mass or readable to 0.1 g, and meeting the requirements
of AASHTO M 231
• Sieves: Meeting the requirements of ASTM E11
• Mechanical sieve shaker: Meeting the requirements of AASHTO T 27
• Suitable drying equipment (refer to FOP for AASHTO T 255)
• Containers and utensils: A pan or vessel of sufficient size to contain the test sample
covered with water and permit vigorous agitation without loss of test material
or water
• Optional: mechanical washing device
Sample Sieving
• In all procedures, the test sample is shaken in nested sieves. Sieves are selected
to furnish information required by specification. Intermediate sieves are added for
additional information or to avoid overloading sieves, or both.
• The sieves are nested in order of increasing size from the bottom to the top, and
the test sample, or a portion of the test sample, is placed on the top sieve.
• The loaded sieves are shaken in a mechanical shaker for approximately 10 minutes,
refer to Annex A; Time Evaluation.
• Care must be taken so that sieves are not overloaded, refer to Annex B; Overload
Determination. The test sample may be sieved in increments and the mass
retained for each sieve added together from each test sample increment to avoid
overloading sieves.
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Sample Preparation
Obtain samples according to the FOP for AASHTO T 2 and reduce to test sample size,
shown in Table 1, according to the FOP for AASHTO R 76.
Table 1 Test Sample Sizes for Aggregate Gradation Test
Nominal Maximum Size* mm (in) Minimum Dry Mass g (lb)
125 (5) 300,000 (660)
100 (4) 150,000 (330)
90 100,000 (220)
75 (3) 60,000 (130)
63 35,000 (77)
50 (2) 20,000 (44)
37.5 15,000 (33)
25.0 (1) 10,000 (22)
19.0 5000 (11)
12.5 2000 (4)
9.5 1000 (2)
6.3 1000 (2)
4.75 (No. 4) 500 (1)
sieves exist, intermediate sieve(s) may be inserted to determine nominal
maximum size.
Test sample sizes in Table 1 are standard for aggregate sieve analysis, due to equipment
restraints samples may need to be divided into several “subsamples.” For example, a
gradation that requires 100 kg (220 lbs) of material would not fit into a large tray shaker
all at once.
Some agencies permit reduced test sample sizes if it is proven that doing so is not
detrimental to the test results. Some agencies require larger test sample sizes. Check
agency guidelines for required or permitted test sample sizes.
Selection of Procedure
Agencies may specify which method to perform. If a method is not specified, perform
Method A.
Overview
Method A
• Determine dry mass of original test sample
• Wash over a 75mm (No. 200) sieve
• Determine dry mass of washed test sample
• Sieve washed test sample
• Calculate and report percent retained and passing each sieve
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Method B
• Determine dry mass of original test sample
• Wash over a 75mm (No. 200) sieve
• Determine dry mass of washed test sample
• Sieve test sample through coarse sieves, 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieves and larger
• Determine dry mass of fine material, minus 4.75 mm (No. 4)
• Reduce fine material
• Determine mass of reduced portion
• Sieve reduced portion
• Calculate and report percent retained and passing each sieve
Method C
• Determine dry mass of original test sample
• Sieve test sample through coarse sieves, 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieves and larger
• Determine mass of fine material, minus 4.75 mm (No. 4)
• Reduce fine material
• Determine mass of reduced portion
• Wash reduced portion over a 75mm (No. 200) sieve
• Determine dry mass of washed reduced portion
• Sieve washed reduced portion
• Calculate and report percent retained and passing each sieve
Procedure Method A
1. Dry the test sample to constant mass according to the FOP for AASHTO T 255.
Cool to room temperature. Determine and record the total dry mass of the sample
to the nearest 0.1 percent or 0.1 g. Designate this mass as M.
When the specification does not require the amount of material finer than 75 µm
(No. 200) be determined by washing, skip to Step 11.
2. Nest a sieve, such as a 2.0 mm (No. 10), above the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve.
3. Place the test sample in a container and cover with water.
Note 1: A detergent, dispersing agent, or other wetting solution may be added to
the water to assure a thorough separation of the material finer than the 75 µm (No.
200) sieve from the coarser particles. There should be enough wetting agent to
produce a small amount of suds when the sample is agitated. Excessive suds may
overflow the sieves and carry material away with them.
4. Agitate vigorously to ensure complete separation of the material finer than 75 µm
(No. 200) from coarser particles and bring the fine material into suspension above
the coarser material. Avoid degradation of the sample when using a mechanical
washing device.
5. Immediately pour the wash water containing the suspended material over the
nested sieves; be careful not to pour out the coarser particles or over fill the 75 µm
(No. 200) sieve.
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6. Add water to cover material remaining in the container, agitate, and repeat Step 5.
Continue until the wash water is reasonably clear.
7. Remove the upper sieve and return material retained to the washed test sample.
8. Rinse the material retained on the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve until water passing
through the sieve is reasonably clear and detergent or dispersing agent is removed,
if used.
9. Return all material retained on the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve to the container by
rinsing into the washed sample.
Note 2: Excess water may be carefully removed with a bulb syringe; the removed
water must be discharged back over the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve to prevent loss
of fines.
10. Dry the washed test sample to constant mass according to the FOP for AASHTO
T 255. Cool to room temperature. Determine and record the dry mass.
11. Select sieves required by the specification and those necessary to avoid
overloading. With a pan on bottom, nest the sieves increasing in size starting with
the 75 µm (No. 200).
12. Place the test sample, or a portion of the test sample, on the top sieve. Sieves
may already be in the mechanical shaker, if not place sieves in mechanical shaker
and shake for the minimum time determined to provide complete separation for
the sieve shaker being used (approximately 10 minutes, the time determined by
Annex A).
Note 3: Excessive shaking (more than 10 minutes) may result in degradation of the
sample.
13. Determine and record the individual or cumulative mass retained for each sieve and
in the pan. Ensure that all material trapped in full openings of the sieve are removed
and included in the mass retained.
Note 4: For sieves 4.75 mm (No. 4) and larger, check material trapped in less than
a full opening by sieving over a full opening. Use coarse wire brushes to clean the
600 µm (No. 30) and larger sieves, and soft bristle brushes for smaller sieves.
Note 5: In the case of coarse/fine aggregate mixtures, distribute the minus 4.75
mm (No. 4) among two or more sets of sieves to prevent overloading of individual
sieves.
14. Perform the Check Sum calculation – Verify the total mass after sieving agrees with
the dry mass before sieving to within 0.3 percent. The dry mass before sieving is the
dry mass after wash or the original dry mass (M) if performing the sieve analysis
without washing. Do not use test results for acceptance if the Check Sum result is
greater than 0.3 percent.
15. Calculate the total percentages passing, and the individual or cumulative
percentages retained to the nearest 0.1 percent by dividing the individual sieve
masses or cumulative sieve masses by the total mass of the initial dry sample (M).
16. Report total percent passing to 1 percent except report the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve
to 0.1 percent.
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Method A Calculations
Check Sum
Percent Retained
Where:
IPR = Individual Percent Retained
M = Total Dry Sample mass before washing
IMR = Individual Mass Retained
Percent Passing (PP)
Where:
PP = Percent Passing
PPP = Previous Percent Passing
Method A Example Individual Mass Retained
Dry mass of total sample before washing (M): 5168.7 g
Dry mass of sample after washing: 4911.3 g
Total mass after sieving is equals
Sum of Individual Masses Retained (IPR), including pan: 4905.9 g
Amount of 75µm (No. 200) minus washed out (5168.7 g – 4911.3 g): 257.4 g
Check Sum
The result is less than 0.3 percent therefore the results can be used for
acceptance purposes.
Individual Percent Retained (IPR) for 9.5 mm (3/8 in) sieve:
Percent Passing (PP) 9.5 mm (3/8 in) sieve:
Reported Percent Passing = 74 percent
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As shown in the following table:
Gradation on All Sieves Individual Mass
Sieve Size mm (in)
Individual Mass
Retained g (IMR)
Individual
Percent
Retained (IPR)
Percent Passing
(PP)
Reported
Percent Passing*
19.0 0 0 100.0 100
12.5 724.7 14.0 86.0 86
9.5 619.2 12.0 74.0 74
4.75 (No. 4) 1189.8 23.0 51.0 51
2.36 (No. 8) 877.6 17.0 34.0 34
1.18 (No. 16) 574.8 11.1 22.9 23
0.600 (No. 30) 329.8 6.4 16.5 17
0.300 (No. 50) 228.5 4.4 12.1 12
0.150 (No. 100) 205.7 4.0 8.1 8
0.075 (No. 200) 135.4 2.6 5.5 5.5
Pan 20.4
*Report total percent passing to 1 percent except report the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve to 0.1 percent.
Method A Example Cumulative Mass Retained
Dry mass of total sample before washing (M): 5168.7 g
Dry mass of sample after washing: 4911.3 g
Total mass after sieving is equals
Final Cumulative Mass Retained (CMR) in pan: 4905.9 g
Amount of 75µm (No. 200) minus washed out (5168.7 g – 4911.3 g): 257.4 g
Check Sum
The result is less than 0.3 percent therefore the results can be used for acceptance
purposes.
Cumulative Percent Retained (CPR) for 9.5 mm (3/8 in) sieve:
Percent Passing (PP) 9.5 mm (3/8 in) sieve:
Reported Percent Passing = 74 percent
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As shown in the following table:
Gradation on All Sieves
Sieve Size mm (in)
Cumulative
Mass Retained g
(CMR)
Cumulative
Percent
Retained (CPR)
Percent Passing
(PP)
Reported
Percent Passing*
19.0 0 0.0 100.0 100
12.5 724.7 14.0 86.0 86
9.5 1343.9 26.0 74.0 74
4.75 (No. 4) 2533.7 49.0 51.0 51
2.36 (No. 8) 3411.3 66.0 34.0 34
1.18 (No. 16) 3986.1 77.1 22.9 23
0.600 (No. 30) 4315.9 83.5 16.5 17
0.300 (No. 50) 4544.4 87.9 12.1 12
0.150 (No. 100) 4750.1 91.9 8.1 8
0.075 (No. 200) 4885.5 94.5 5.5 5.5
Pan 4905.9
* Report total percent passing to 1 percent except report the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve to 0.1 percent.
Procedure Method B
1. Dry the test sample to constant mass according to the FOP for AASHTO T 255.
Cool to room temperature. Determine and record the total dry mass of the sample
to the nearest 0.1 percent or 0.1 g. Designate this mass as M.
When the specification does not require the amount of material finer than 75 µm
(No. 200) be determined by washing, skip to Step 11.
2. Nest a protective sieve, such as a 2.0 mm (No. 10), above the 75 µm (No. 200)
sieve.
3. Place the test sample in a container and cover with water.
Note 1: A detergent, dispersing agent, or other wetting solution may be added to
the water to assure a thorough separation of the material finer than the 75 µm (No.
200) sieve from the coarser particles. There should be enough wetting agent to
produce a small amount of suds when the sample is agitated. Excessive suds may
overflow the sieves and carry material away with them.
4. Agitate vigorously to ensure complete separation of the material finer than 75 µm
(No. 200) from coarser particles and bring the fine material into suspension above
the coarser material. Avoid degradation of the sample when using a mechanical
washing device.
5. Immediately pour the wash water containing the suspended material over the
nested sieves; be careful not to pour out the coarser particles or over fill the 75 µm
(No. 200) sieve.
6. Add water to cover material remaining in the container, agitate, and repeat Step 5.
Continue until the wash water is reasonably clear.
7. Remove the upper sieve and return material retained to the washed test sample.
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8. Rinse the material retained on the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve until water passing
through the sieve is reasonably clear and detergent or dispersing agent is removed,
if used.
9. Return all material retained on the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve to the container by
rinsing into the washed sample.
Note 2: Excess water may be carefully removed with a bulb syringe; the removed
water must be discharged back over the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve to prevent loss of
fines.
10. Dry the washed test sample to constant mass according to the FOP for AASHTO T
255. Cool to room temperature. Determine and record the dry mass.
11. Select sieves required by the specification and those necessary to avoid
overloading. With a pan on bottom, nest the sieves increasing in size starting with
the 4.75 mm (No. 4).
12. Place the test sample, or a portion of the test sample, on the top sieve. Sieves may
already be in the mechanical shaker, if not place the sieves in the mechanical shaker
and shake for the minimum time determined to provide complete separation for
the sieve shaker being used (approximately 10 minutes, the time determined by
Annex A).
Note 3: Excessive shaking (more than 10 minutes) may result in degradation of
the sample.
13. Determine and record the individual or cumulative mass retained for each sieve.
Ensure that all particles trapped in full openings of the sieve are removed and
included in the mass retained.
Note 4: For sieves 4.75 mm (No. 4) and larger, check material trapped in less than
a full opening by sieving over a full opening. Use coarse wire brushes to clean the
600 µm (No. 30) and larger sieves, and soft hair bristle for smaller sieves.
14. Determine and record the mass of the minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) material in the pan.
Designate this mass as M1.
15. Perform the Coarse Check Sum calculation – Verify the total mass after coarse sieving
agrees with the dry mass before sieving to within 0.3 percent. The dry mass before
sieving is the dry mass after wash or the original dry mass (M) if performing the
sieve analysis without washing. Do not use test results for acceptance if the Check
Sum result is greater than 0.3 percent.
16. Reduce the minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) according to the FOP for AASHTO R 76 to
produce a sample with a minimum mass of 500 g. Determine and record the mass
of the minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) split, designate this mass as M2.
17. Select sieves required by the specification and those necessary to avoid
overloading. With a pan on bottom, nest the sieves increasing in size starting with
the 75 µm (No. 200) up to, but not including, the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.
18. Place the test sample portion on the top sieve and place the sieves in the
mechanical shaker. Shake for the minimum time determined to provide complete
separation for the sieve shaker being used (approximately 10 minutes, the time
determined by Annex A).
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19. Determine and record the individual or cumulative mass retained for each sieve
and in the pan. Ensure that all particles trapped in full openings of the sieve are
removed and included in the mass retained.
Note 4: For sieves 4.75 mm (No. 4) and larger, check material trapped in less than
a full opening by sieving over a full opening. Use coarse wire brushes to clean the
600 µm (No. 30) and larger sieves, and soft hair bristle for smaller sieves.
20. Perform the Fine Check Sum calculation – Verify the total mass after sieving agrees
with the dry mass before sieving (M2) to within 0.3 percent. Do not use test results
for acceptance if the Check Sum result is greater than 0.3 percent.
21. Calculate to the nearest 0.1 percent, the Individual Mass Retained (IMR) or
Cumulative Mass Retained (CMR) of the size increment of the reduced sample and
the original sample.
22. Calculate the total percent passing.
23. Report total percent passing to 1 percent except report the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve
to 0.1 percent.
Method B Calculations
Check Sum
Percent Retained for 4.75 mm (No. 4) and larger
Where:
IPR = Individual Percent Retained
M = Total dry test sample mass before washing
IMR = Individual Mass Retained
Percent Passing (PP) for 4.75 mm (No. 4) and larger
Where:
PP = Percent Passing
PPP = Previous Percent Passing
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Minus 4.75mm (No. 4) adjustment factor (R)
The mass of material retained for each sieve is multiplied by the adjustment factor, the
total mass of the minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) from the pan, M1, divided by the mass of the
reduced split of minus 4.75 mm (No. 4), M2. For consistency, this adjustment factor is
carried to three decimal places.
Where:
R = minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) adjustment factor
M1 = total mass of minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) before reducing
M2 = mass of the reduced split of minus 4.75 mm (No. 4)
Adjusted Individual Mass Retained (AIMR):
Where:
AIMR = Adjusted Individual Mass Retained
R = minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) adjustment factor
Adjusted Cumulative Mass Retained (ACMR)
Where:
R = minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) adjustment factor
Method B Example Individual Mass Retained
Dry mass of total sample, before washing: 3214.0 g
Dry mass of sample after washing: 3085.1 g
Total mass after sieving
Sum of Individual Masses Retained (IPR) and pan 3085.0 g
Amount of 75 µm (No. 200) minus washed out (3214.0 g – 3085.1 g): 128.9 g
Coarse Check Sum
The result is less than 0.3 percent therefore the results can be used for acceptance
purposes.
Individual Percent Retained (IPR) for 9.5 mm (3/8 in) sieve
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Percent Passing (PP) for 9.5 mm (3/8 in) sieve:
As shown in the following table:
Gradation on Coarse Sieves Individual Mass
Sieve Size
mm (in)
Individual
Mass Retained
g (IMR)
Individual
Percent
Retained (IPR)
Percent Passing
(PP)
16.0 0 0 100
12.5 161.1 5.0 95.0
9.50 481.4 15.0 80.0
4.75 (No. 4) 475.8 14.8 65.2
Pan 1966.7 (M1)
Total mass after sieving = sum of sieves + pan = 3085.0
Dry mass of total sample, before washing (M): 3214.0 g
Fine Test Sample
The pan, M1 (1966.7 g), was reduced according to the FOP for AASHTO R 76, to at
least 500 g. In this case, the reduced mass was determined to be 512.8 g. This is M2.
The reduced mass was sieved.
Total mass after sieving equals
Sum of Individual Masses Retained (IPR) and pan 511.8 g
Fine Check Sum
The result is less than 0.3 percent therefore the results can be used for acceptance
purposes.
Adjustment Factor (R) for Adjusted Individual Mass Retained (AIMR) on minus 4.75
(No. 4) sieves
The mass of material retained for each sieve is multiplied by the adjustment factor (R)
carried to three decimal places.
Where:
R = minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) adjustment factor
M1 = total mass of minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) from the pan
M2 = mass of the reduced split of minus 4.75 mm (No. 4)
Each “individual mass retained” on the fine sieves must be multiplied by R to obtain the
Adjusted Individual Mass Retained.
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Adjusted Individual Mass Retained (AIMR) for 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve
Individual Percent Retained (IPR) for 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve:
Percent Passing (PP) 2 mm (No. 10) sieve:
As shown in the following table:
Final Gradation on All Sieves Individual Mass
Sieve Size mm (in)
Individual Mass
Retained, g (IMR)
Adjusted
Individual Mass
Retained (AIMR)
Individual
Percent
Retained (IPR)
Percent
Passing (PP)
Reported
Percent
Passing*
16.0 0 0.0 100.0 100
12.5 161.1 5.0 95.0 95
9.5 481.4 15.0 80.0 80
4.75 (No. 4) 475.8 14.8 65.2 65
2.00 (No. 10) 207.1 × 3.835 794.2 24.7 40.5 41
0.425 (No. 40) 187.9 × 3.835 720.6 22.4 18.1 18
0.210 (No. 80) 59.9 × 3.835 229.7 7.1 11.0 11
0.075 (No. 200) 49.1 × 3.835 188.3 5.9 5.1 5.1
Pan 7.8 × 3.835 29.9
Total Sum of masses on fine sieves + pan = 511.8
Dry mass of total sample, before washing: 3214.0 g
* Report total percent passing to 1 percent except report the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve to 0.1 percent.
Method B Example Cumulative Mass Retained
Dry mass of total sample, before washing: 3214.0 g
Dry mass of sample, after washing out the 75 µm (No. 200) minus: 3085.1 g
Total mass after sieving equals
Cumulative Mass Retained (CMR) on the 4.75 (No. 4) plus the pan: 3085.0 g
Amount of 75 µm (No. 200) minus washed out (3214.0 g – 3085.1 g): 128.9 g
Coarse Check Sum
The result is less than 0.3 percent therefore the results can be used for acceptance
purposes.
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Cumulative Percent Retained (CPR) for 9.5 mm (3/8 in) sieve
Percent Passing (PP) for 9.5 mm (3/8 in) sieve
Reported Percent Passing = 80 percent
As shown in the following table:
Gradation on Coarse Sieves Cumulative Mass
Sieve Size mm (in)
Cumulative Mass
Retained g (CMR)
Cumulative Percent
Retained (CPR) Percent Passing (PP)
16.0 0 0 100
12.5 161.1 5.0 95.0
9.50 642.5 20.0 80.0
4.75 (No. 4) 1118.3 (D) 34.8 65.2
Mass in Pan 1966.7 (M1)
Cumulative sieved mass: 1118.3 + 1966.7 = 3085.0
Dry mass of total sample, before washing (M): 3214.0 g
The mass of minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) material in the pan, M1 (1966.7 g), was reduced
according to the FOP for AASHTO R 76, to at least 500 g. In this case, the reduced
mass was determined to be 512.8 g. This is M2.
The reduced mass was sieved.
Total mass after sieving equals
Final Cumulative Mass Retained (CMR) in pan: 511.8 g
Fine Check Sum
The result is less than 0.3 percent therefore the results can be used for acceptance
purposes.
The cumulative mass of material retained for each sieve is multiplied by the adjustment
factor (R) carried to three decimal places and added to the cumulative mass retained
on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve, D, to obtain the Adjusted Cumulative Mass Retained
(ACMR).
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Adjustment factor (R) for Cumulative Mass Retained (CMR) in minus 4.75 (No. 4)
sieves
Where:
R = minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) adjustment factor
M1 = total mass of minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) from the pan
M2= mass of the reduced split of minus 4.75 mm (No. 4)
Adjusted Cumulative Mass Retained (ACMR) for the 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve
Total Cumulative Mass Retained (TCMR) for the 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve
Cumulative Percent Retained (CPR) for 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve:
Percent Passing (PP) 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve:
Reported Percent Passing = 41 percent
As shown in the following table:
Final Gradation on All Sieves Cumulative Mass
Sieve Size mm (in)
Cumulative
Mass
Retained g
(CMR)
Adjusted
Cumulative
Mass Retained,
g (ACMR)
Total
Cumulative
Mass
Retained
g (TCMR)
Cumulative
Percent
Retained
(CPR)
Percent
Passing
(PP)
Reported
Percent
Passing*
16.0 0 0 0.0 100.0 100
12.5 161.1 161.1 5.0 95.0 95
9.5 642.5 642.5 20.0 80.0 80
4.75 (No. 4) 1118.3 1118.3 34.8 65.2 65
2.00 (No. 10) 207.1 × 3.835 794.2 + 1118.3 1912.5 59.5 40.5 41
0.425 (No. 40) 395.0 × 3.835 1514.8 + 1118.3 2633.1 81.9 18.1 18
0.210 (No. 80) 454.9 × 3.835 1744.5 + 1118.3 2862.8 89.1 10.9 11
0.075 (No. 200) 504.0 × 3.835 1932.8 + 1118.3 3051.1 94.9 5.1 5.1
Pan 511.8 × 3.835 1962.8 + 1118.3 3081.1
Total sum of masses on fine sieves + pan = 511.8
Dry mass of total sample, before washing: 3214.0 g
* Report total percent passing to 1 percent except report the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve to 0.1 percent.
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates T 27_T 11
WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29 Page 17 of 30
January 2018
Procedure Method C
1 Dry the test sample to constant mass according to the FOP for AASHTO T 255.
Cool to room temperature. Determine and record the total dry mass of the sample
to the nearest 0.1 percent or 0.1 g. Designate this mass as M.
2. Break up any aggregations or lumps of clay, silt or adhering fines to pass the 4.75
mm (No. 4) sieve.
3. Select sieves required by the specification and those necessary to avoid
overloading. With a pan on bottom, nest the sieves increasing in size starting with
the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.
4. Place the sample, or a portion of the sample, on the top sieve. Sieves may already
be in the mechanical shaker, if not place the sieves in the mechanical shaker
and shake for the minimum time determined to provide complete separation for
the sieve shaker being used (approximately 10 minutes, the time determined by
Annex A).
Note 3: Excessive shaking (more than 10 minutes) may result in degradation of the
sample.
5. Determine and record the cumulative mass retained for each sieve. Ensure that
all material trapped in full openings of the sieve are removed and included in the
mass retained.
Note 4: For sieves 4.75 mm (No. 4) and larger, check material trapped in less than a
full opening sieving over a full opening. Use coarse wire brushes to clean the 600
µm (No. 30) and larger sieves, and soft bristle brush for smaller sieves.
6. Determine and record the mass of the minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) material in the pan.
Designate this mass as M1.
7. Perform the Coarse Check Sum calculation –Verify the total mass after coarse sieving
agrees with the dry mass before sieving (M) within 0.3 percent.
8. Reduce the minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) according to the FOP for AASHTO R 76, to
produce a sample with a minimum mass of 500 g.
9. Determine and record the mass of the minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) split, designate this
mass as M3.
10. Nest a protective sieve, such as a 2.0 mm (No. 10), above the 75 µm (No. 200)
sieve.
11. Place the test sample in a container and cover with water.
Note 1: A detergent, dispersing agent, or other wetting solution may be added to
the water to assure a thorough separation of the material finer than the 75 µm (No.
200) sieve from the coarser particles. There should be enough wetting agent to
produce a small amount of suds when the sample is agitated. Excessive suds may
overflow the sieves and carry material away with them.
12. Agitate vigorously to ensure complete separation of the material finer than 75 µm
(No. 200) from coarser particles and bring the fine material into suspension above
the coarser material. Avoid degradation of the sample when using a mechanical
washing device.
T 27_T 11 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
Page 18 of 30 WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29
January 2018
13. Immediately pour the wash water containing the suspended material over the
nested sieves; be careful not to pour out the coarser particles or over fill the 75 µm
(No. 200) sieve.
14. Add water to cover material remaining in the container, agitate, and repeat Step 12.
Repeat until the wash water is reasonably clear.
15. Remove the upper sieve and return material retained to the washed test sample.
16. Rinse the material retained on the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve until water passing
through the sieve is reasonably clear and detergent or dispersing agent is removed,
if used.
17. Return all material retained on the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve to the container by
flushing into the washed sample.
Note 2: Excess water may be carefully removed with a bulb syringe; the removed
water must be discharged back over the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve to prevent loss of
fines.
18. Dry the washed test sample to constant mass according to the FOP for AASHTO
T 255. Cool to room temperature. Determine and record the dry mass, designate
this mass as dry mass before sieving.
19. Select sieves required by the specification and those necessary to avoid
overloading. With a pan on bottom, nest the sieves increasing in size starting with
the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve up to, but not including, the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.
20. Place the sample on the top sieve. Place the sieves in the mechanical shaker
and shake for the minimum time determined to provide complete separation for
the sieve shaker being used (approximately 10 minutes, the time determined by
Annex A).
Note 3: Excessive shaking (more than 10 minutes) may result in degradation of the
sample.
21. Determine and record the cumulative mass retained for each sieve. Ensure that all
material trapped in full openings of the sieve are removed and included in the mass
retained.
Note 4: For sieves 4.75 mm (No. 4) and larger, check material trapped in less than
a full opening by sieving over a full opening. Use coarse wire brushes to clean the
600 µm (No. 30) and larger sieves, and soft bristle brushes for smaller sieves.
22. Perform the Fine Check Sum calculation – Verify the total mass after fine sieving
agrees with the dry mass before sieving within 0.3 percent. Do not use test results
for acceptance if the Check Sum is greater than 0.3 percent.
23. Calculate the Cumulative Percent Retained (CPR) and Percent Passing (PP) for the
4.75 mm (No. 4) and larger.
24. Calculate the Cumulative Percent Retained (CPR-#4) and the Percent Passing (PP-#4)
for minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) split and Percent Passing (PP) for the minus 4.75 mm
(No. 4).
25. Report total percent passing to 1 percent except report the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve
to 0.1 percent.
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates T 27_T 11
WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29 Page 19 of 30
January 2018
Method C Calculations
Check Sum
where:
M = Total dry sample mass before washing
Cumulative Percent Retained (CPR) for 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and larger
where:
M = Total dry sample mass before washing
Percent Passing (PP) 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and larger
where:
PP = Percent Passing of the size increment for the total sample
Or, calculate PP for sieves larger than 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve without calculating CPR
Cumulative Percent Retained (CPR-#4) for minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) split
Where:
CPR-#43
CMR-#43
M3 = Total mass of the minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) split before washing
Percent Passing (PP-#4) for minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) split
where:
PP-#4 = Percent Passing for the sieve sizes of M3
CPR-#4 = Cumulative Percent Retained for the sieve sizes of M3
T 27_T 11 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
Page 20 of 30 WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29
January 2018
Percent Passing (PP) for sieves smaller than 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve
where:
PP = Total Percent Passing
PP-#4 = Percent Passing for the sieve sizes of M3
#4 PP = Total Percent Passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve
Or, calculate PP for sieves smaller than 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve without calculating
CPR-#4 and PP-#4
Where:
PP = Total Percent Passing
#4 PP = Total Percent Passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve
M3 = Total mass of the minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) split before washing
CMR-#43
Method C Example
Dry Mass of total sample (M): 3304.5 g
Total mass after sieving equals
Cumulative Mass Retained (CMR) on the 4.75 (No. 4) plus the pan: 3085.0 g
Coarse Check Sum
The result is less than 0.3 percent therefore the results can be used for acceptance
purposes.
Cumulative Percent Retained (CPR) for the 9.5 mm (3/8 in) sieve:
Percent Passing (PP) for the 9.5 mm (3/8 in) sieve:
Reported Percent Passing = 82 percent
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates T 27_T 11
WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29 Page 21 of 30
January 2018
Example for Alternate Percent Passing (PP) formula for the 9.5 mm (3/8 in) sieve:
Reported Percent Passing = 82 percent
Gradation on Coarse Sieves Cumulative Mass
Sieve Size mm (in)
Cumulative Mass
Retained, g (CMR)
Cumulative
Percent Retained
(CPR)
Percent Passing
(PP)
Reported Percent
Passing*
16.0 0 0.0 100.0 100
12.5 125.9 3.8 96.2 96
9.5 604.1 18.3 81.7 82
4.75 (No. 4) 1295.6 39.2 60.8
(#4 PP)
61
Mass in Pan 2008.9
Cumulative sieved mass: 1295.6 + 2008.9 = 3304.5
Total Dry Sample (M) = 3304.5
Fine Test Sample
The pan (2008.9 g) was reduced according to the FOP for AASHTO R 76, to at least
500 g. In this case, the reduced mass was determined to be 527.6 g. This is M3.
Dry Mass of minus 4.75mm (No. 4) reduced portion before wash (M3): 527.6 g
Dry Mass of minus 4.75mm (No. 4) reduced portion after wash: 495.3 g
Total mass after sieving equals
Final Cumulative Mass Retained (CMR) in pan: 495.1 g
Fine Check Sum
The result is less than 0.3 percent therefore the results can be used for acceptance
purposes.
Cumulative Percent Retained (CPR-#4) for minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) for the 2.0 mm
(No. 10) sieve:
T 27_T 11 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
Page 22 of 30 WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29
January 2018
Percent Passing (PP-#4) for minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) for the 2.0 mm (No. 10) sieve:
Gradation on Minus No. 4 Sieves Cumulative Mass
Sieve Size mm (in)
Cumulative Mass
Retained g (CMR-#4)
Cumulative Percent
Retained-#4 (CPR-#4)
Percent Passing-#4
(PP-#4)
2.0 (No. 10) 194.3 36.8 63.2
0.425 (No. 40) 365.6 69.3 30.7
0.210 (No. 80) 430.8 81.7 18.3
0.075 (No. 200) 484.4 91.8 8.2
Pan 495.1
Dry mass before washing (M3
Percent Passing (PP) for the 2.0 mm (No. 10) sieve for the entire test sample:
#4 PP (Total Percent Passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve) = 60.8 percent
Reported Percent Passing = 38 percent
As shown in the following table:
Final Gradation on All Sieves Cumulative Mass
Sieve Size
mm (in)
Cumulative
Mass
Retained, g
(CMR)
Cumulative
Percent
Retained
(CPR)
Percent
Passing
(PP-#4)
Percent
Passing (PP)
Reported
Percent
Passing*
16.0 0 0.0 100.0 100
12.5 125.9 3.8 96.2 96
9.5 604.1 18.3 81.7 82
4.75 (No. 4) 1295.6 39.2 60.8
(#4 PP)
61
2.0 (No. 10) 194.3 36.8 63.2 38.4 38
0.425 (No. 40) 365.6 69.3 30.7 18.7 19
0.210 (No. 80) 430.8 81.7 18.3 11.1 11
0.075 (No. 200) 484.4 91.8 8.2 5.0 5.0
Pan 495.1
* Report total percent passing to 1 percent except report the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve to 0.1 percent.
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates T 27_T 11
WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29 Page 23 of 30
January 2018
Example for Alternate Percent Passing (PP) for the 2.0 mm (No. 10) sieve for the entire
test sample:
#4 PP (Total Percent Passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve) = 60.8 percent
Reported Percent Passing = 38 percent
As shown in the following table:
Final Gradation on All Sieves Cumulative Mass
Sieve Size
mm (in)
Cumulative
Mass Retained,
g (CMR)
Cumulative
Percent Retained
(CPR)
Determined
Percent Passing
(PP)
Reported
Percent Passing*
16.0 0 0.0 100.0 100
12.5 125.9 3.8 96.2 96
9.5 604.1 18.3 81.7 82
4.75 (No. 4) 1295.6 39.2 60.8
(#4 PP)
61
2.0 (No. 10) 194.3 38.4 38
0.425 (No. 40) 365.6 18.7 19
0.210 (No. 80) 430.8 11.2 11
0.075 (No. 200) 484.4 5.0 5.0
Pan 495.1
Dry mass before washing (M3
* Report total percent passing to 1 percent except report the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve to 0.1 percent.
T 27_T 11 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
Page 24 of 30 WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29
January 2018
Fineness Modulus
Fineness Modulus (FM) is used in determining the degree of uniformity of the
aggregate gradation in PCC mix designs. It is an empirical number relating to the
fineness of the aggregate. The higher the FM the coarser the aggregate. Values of 2.40
to 3.00 are common for fine aggregate in PCC.
The sum of the cumulative percentages retained on specified sieves in the following
table divided by 100 gives the FM.
Sample Calculation
Example A Example B
Percent Percent
Retained Retained
Sieve Size mm (in) Passing
On Spec’d
Sieves* Passing
On Spec’d
Sieves*
75* (3) 100 0 0 100 0 0
37.5* 100 0 0 100 0 0
19* 15 85 85 100 0 0
9.5* 0 100 100 100 0 0
4.75* (No.4) 0 100 100 100 0 0
2.36* (No.8) 0 100 100 87 13 13
1.18* (No.16) 0 100 100 69 31 31
0.60* (No. 30 0 100 100 44 56 56
0.30* (No. 50) 0 100 100 18 82 82
0.15* (100) 0 100 100 4 96 96
= 278
FM = 7.85 FM = 2.78
In decreasing size order, each * sieve is one-half the size of the preceding * sieve.
Report
• Results on forms approved by the agency
• Sample ID
• Percent passing for each sieve
• Individual mass retained for each sieve
• Individual percent retained for each sieve
or
• Cumulative mass retained for each sieve
• Cumulative percent retained for each sieve
• FM to the nearest 0.01
Report percentages to the nearest 1 percent except for the percent passing the 75 µm
(No. 200) sieve, which shall be reported to the nearest 0.1 percent.
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates T 27_T 11
WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29 Page 25 of 30
January 2018
ANNEX A Time Evaluation
The sieving time for each mechanical sieve shaker shall be checked at least annually
to determine the time required for complete separation of the test sample by the
following method:
1. Shake the sample over nested sieves for approximately 10 minutes.
2. Provide a snug-fitting pan and cover for each sieve, and hold in a slightly inclined
position in one hand.
3. Hand-shake each sieve by striking the side of the sieve sharply and with an
upward motion against the heel of the other hand at the rate of about 150 times
per minute, turning the sieve about one sixth of a revolution at intervals of about
25 strokes.
If more than 0.5 percent by mass of the total sample before sieving passes any sieve
after one minute of continuous hand shaking adjust shaker time and re-check.
In determining sieving time for sieve sizes larger than 4.75 mm (No. 4), limit the
material on the sieve to a single layer of particles.
T 27_T 11 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
Page 26 of 30 WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29
January 2018
ANNEX B Overload Determination
Additional sieves may be necessary to keep from overloading sieves or to provide other
information, such as fineness modulus. The sample may also be sieved in increments to
prevent overloading.
• For sieves with openings smaller than 4.75 mm (No. 4), the mass retained on any
sieve shall not exceed 7 kg/m2 (4 g/in2) of sieving surface.
• For sieves with openings 4.75 mm (No. 4) and larger, the mass, in grams shall not
exceed the product of 2.5 × (sieve opening in mm) × (effective sieving area). See
Table B1.
Table B1 Maximum Allowable Mass of Material Retained on a Sieve, g
Nominal Sieve Size, mm (in)
Exact size is smaller (see AASHTO T 27)
Sieve Size mm (in)
203 dia (8) 305 dia (12)
305 by 305
(12 × 12)
350 by 350
(14 × 14)
372 by 580
(16 × 24)
Sieving Area m2
0.0285 0.0670 0.0929 0.1225 0.2158
90 * 15,100 20,900 27,600 48,500
75 (3) * 12,600 17,400 23,000 40,500
63 * 10,600 14,600 19,300 34,000
50 (2) 3600 8400 11,600 15,300 27,000
37.5 2700 6300 8700 11,500 20.200
25.0 (1) 1800 4200 5800 7700 13,500
19.0 1400 3200 4400 5800 10,200
16.0 1100 2700 3700 4900 8600
12.5 890 2100 2900 3800 6700
9.5 670 1600 2200 2900 5100
6.3 440 1100 1500 1900 3400
4.75 (No. 4) 330 800 1100 1500 2600
-4.75 (-No. 4) 200 470 650 860 1510
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates T 27_T 11
WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29 Page 27 of 30
January 2018
PERFORMANCE EXAM CHECKLIST
METHOD A
FOP for AASHTO T 27
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
FOP for AASHTO T 11
Materials Finer Than 75 µm (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregate by Washing
Record the symbols “P” for passing or “F” for failing on each step of the checklist.
Procedure Element Trial 1 Trial 2
1. Minimum sample mass meets requirement of Table 1?
2. Test sample dried to a constant mass by FOP for AASHTO T 255?
3. Test sample cooled and mass determined to nearest 0.1 percent or 0.1 g?
4. Test sample placed in container and covered with water?
5. Contents of the container vigorously agitated?
6. Complete separation of coarse and fine particles achieved?
7. Wash water poured through nested sieves such as 2 mm (No. 10) and 75 µm
(No. 200)?
8. Operation continued until wash water is clear?
9. Material retained on sieves returned to washed sample?
10. Washed test sample dried to a constant mass by FOP for AASHTO T 255?
11. Washed test sample cooled and mass determined to nearest 0.1 percent
or 0.1 g?
12. Test sample placed in nest of sieves specified? (Additional sieves may be used
to prevent overloading as allowed in FOP.)
13. Material sieved in verified mechanical shaker for proper time?
14. Mass of material on each sieve and pan determined to 0.1 g?
15. Total mass of material after sieving agrees with mass before sieving to within
0.3 percent?
16. Percentages calculated to the nearest 0.1 percent and reported to the nearest
whole number, except 75 µm (No. 200) which is reported to the nearest
0.1 percent?
17. Percentage calculations based on original dry sample mass?
18. Calculations performed properly?
T 27_T 11 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
Page 28 of 30 WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29
January 2018
Comments:
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates T 27_T 11
WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29 Page 29 of 30
January 2018
Performance Exam Checklist
METHOD B
FOP for AASHTO T 27
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
FOP for AASHTO T 11
Materials Finer Than 75 µm (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregate by Washing
Record the symbols “P” for passing or “F” for failing on each step of the checklist.
Procedure Element Trial 1 Trial 2
1. Minimum sample mass meets requirement of Table 1?
2. Test sample dried to a constant mass by FOP for AASHTO T 255?
3. Test sample cooled and mass determined to nearest 0.1 percent or 0.1 g?
4. Test sample placed in container and covered with water?
5. Contents of the container vigorously agitated?
6. Complete separation of coarse and fine particles achieved?
7. Wash water poured through nested sieves such as 2 mm (No. 10) and 75 µm
(No. 200)?
8. Operation continued until wash water is clear?
9. Material retained on sieves returned to washed sample?
10. Washed test sample dried to a constant mass by FOP for AASHTO T 255?
11. Washed test sample cooled and mass determined to nearest 0.1 percent or
0.1 g?
12. Test sample placed in nest of sieves specified? (Additional sieves may be used
to prevent overloading as allowed in FOP.)
13. Material sieved in verified mechanical shaker for proper time?
14. Mass of material on each sieve and pan determined to the nearest 0.1 percent
or 0.1 g?
15. Total mass of material after sieving agrees with mass before sieving to within
0.3 percent?
16. Material in pan reduced in accordance with FOP for AASHTO R 76 to at least
500 g and weighed to the nearest 0.1 g?
17. Test sample placed in nest of sieves specified? (Additional sieves may be used
to prevent overloading as allowed in FOP.)
18. Material sieved in verified mechanical shaker for proper time?
19. Mass of material on each sieve and pan determined to the nearest percent
or 0.1 g?
T 27_T 11 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
Page 30 of 30 WSDOT Materials Manual M 46-01.29
January 2018
Procedure Element Trial 1 Trial 2
20. Total mass of material after sieving agrees with mass before sieving to within
0.3 percent?
21. Percentages calculated to the nearest 0.1 percent and reported to the nearest
whole number, except 75 µm (No. 200) which is reported to the nearest
0.1 percent?
22. Percentage calculations based on original dry sample mass?
23. Calculations performed properly?
Comments:
