The Red Book Introduction RRP502
User Manual: RRP502
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GYP500 October 2004. RRP $24.95 Table of Contents. SECTION SUBJECT ‘A’ Introductory Information. ‘B’ Steel Stud Wall Systems. ‘C’ Timber Stud Wall Systems. ‘D’ Masonry Wall Systems. ‘E’ Ceiling Systems. ‘F’ Services Systems. ‘G’ Rain Noise Reduction Ceiling Systems. ‘Z’ Penetration & Perimeter Detailing. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Inside Back Cover . . . . . Index to Systems - by System Nº. Outside Back Cover . . . Contact Details. The Red Book™ Index to Systems. System Nº Page Nº 005 B9 010 B9 015 B9 020 B9 025 B9 030 B9 31 B12 32 B14 035 B10 39 B14 40 B11 41 B11 42 B11 050 B10 051 B10 055 B10 60 B24 61 B24 62 B24 075 B10 080 B10 089 B15 090 B15 091 B15 092 B15 093 B15 105 B16 110 B16 121 B29 122 B29 125 B16 127 B29 128 B29 130 B16 131 B16 135 B16 150 B18 152 B18 154 B18 155 B18 157 B18 160 B18 161 B19 162 B19 165 B31 167 B31 168 B31 170 B32 171 B32 175 B19 178 B32 179 B32 180 B19 185 B30 186 B30 191 B19 192 B35 193 B35 194 B35 195 B35 196 B35 197 B35 198 B35 205 B20 System Nº Page Nº 206 B21 207 B21 208 B20 209 B20 210 B20 211 B20 212 B21 215 B20 217 B22 218 B21 219 B22 220 B22 250 B21 255 B21 275 B22 280 B22 290 B25 291 B25 292 B25 293 B25 294 B26 295 B26 296 B27 297 B26 298 B27 305 C6 310 C6 315 C6 320 C6 325 C6 330 C6 335 C7 350 C7 352 C7 354 C7 355 C7 375 C8 380 C8 390 C15 391 C15 392 C15 393 C15 403 C14 410 C14 411 C14 415 C14 419 C14 425 C12 430 C12 450 C12 455 C12 475 C12 480 C12 493 C22 494 C22 495 C22 496 C22 497 C22 498 C22 500 C11 501 C11 502 C11 503 C11 530 D12 System Nº Page Nº 531 D12 532 D12 533 D12 534 D12 535 D12 536 D12 537 D12 540 D10 541 D10 542 D10 543 D10 544 D11 545 D11 546 D11 547 D11 550 C9 555 C9 575 C9 580 C9 582 C9 600 B12 601 B12 602 B12 605 B12 606 B12 610 B13 611 B13 613 B13 614 B13 620 B17 630 B19 631 B17 632 B17 633 B17 640 B22 652 C7 653 C8 654 C8 660 C8 661 C13 662 C13 663 C13 664 C13 665 C8 670 C13 671 C13 672 C13 674 C10 675 C10 677 C9 678 C9 680 C10 681 C10 682 C10 690 C20 693 C20 694 C21 695 C21 696 C20 697 C21 698 C21 722 D15 723 D15 724 D15 System Nº Page Nº 730 D15 731 D15 732 D15 735 SC13 736 SC13 760 D6 761 D6 762 D6 764 D6 765 D6 766 D6 767 D7 768 D7 769 D7 770 D7 771 D7 772 D7 780 D8 781 D8 782 D8 783 D8 784 D8 785 D8 786 D9 787 D9 788 D9 789 D9 790 D9 791 D9 795 D16 796 D16 797 D16 798 D16 800 E7 801 E7 802 E7 803 E7 804 E7 805 E8 806 E8 807 E8 808 E8 809 E8 810 E9 811 E9 812 E9 813 E9 814 E9 815 E9 816 E9 817 E9 818 E9 819 E9 821 E10 822 E10 823 E10 824 E10 825 E10 826 E10 827 E10 829 E10 831 E11 832 E11 833 E11 System Nº Page Nº 834 E11 835 E11 836 E11 837 E11 838 E11 839 E11 841 E12 845 E12 846 E12 847 E12 848 E12 849 E12 851 E15 852 E15 853 E15 856 E15 857 E15 858 E15 859 E15 860 E16 862 E14 863 E14 864 E14 865 E16 866 E16 867 E14 868 E14 869 E16 870 E13 871 E13 874 E14 875 E14 876 E14 890 E19 900 C16 901 C16 902 C16 903 C16 911 C17 912 C17 915 C17 916 C17 920 C19 921 C19 923 C19 924 C19 925 C19 927 C19 928 C19 940 B28 940+ ExpressWall B28 941 B28 942 B28 945 B34 946 B34 947 B34 950 E13 951 E13 952 E13 953 E13 955 E13 960 G5 961 G5 System Nº Page Nº 965 G5 966 G5 967 B33 968 B33 969 B33 970 B23 971 B23 972 B23 974 G6 975 G6 976 G6 980 G6 981 E17 982 E17 983 E17 985 E17 986 E17 987 E18 992 E18 993 E18 994 E18 995 E18 997 E18 75PP D13 75PP-DC D13 75SS D14 75SS-DC D14 RWS Timber C18 RWS Steel B30 SF001 E17 SS01 F4 SS02 F4 SS03 F4 SS04 F4 SS05 F4 SS06 F4 SS07 F4 SS10 F5 SS11 F5 SS12 F5 SS13 F5 SS14 F5 SS15 F5 SS16 F5 SS20 F6 SS21 F6 SS22 F6 SS23 F6 SS24 F6 SS25 F6 SS26 F6 SS27 F6 SS30 F7 SS31 F7 SS32 F7 SS33 F7 SS34 F7 SS35 F7 SS36 F7 SS37 F7 SS40 F8 SS41 F8 SS42 F8 The Red Book™ CSR Gyprock Web Site. www.gyprock.com.au CSR Gyprock Sales Support. Telephone: 13 17 44 Facsimile: 1800 646 364 CSR designLINK® Technical Support Service. Telephone: 1800 621 117. New South Wales and ACT. 376 Victoria Street, Wetherill Park NSW 2164. Queensland. 768 Boundary Road, Coopers Plains QLD 4108. Victoria. 277 Whitehall Street, Yarraville VIC 3013. South Australia. Lot 100 Sharp Court, Mawson Lakes SA 5095. Western Australia. 21 Sheffield Road, Welshpool WA 6106. Tasmania. PO Box 61, Glenorchy TAS 7010. Northern Territory. Cnr Stuart Hwy & Angliss Rd, Berrimah NT 0828. Health & Safety. Information on any known health risks of our products and how to handle them safely is on their package and/or the documentation accompanying them. Additional information is listed in the Material Safety Data sheet. To obtain a copy, telephone 1800 807 668. CSR Building Products guarantees its Gyprock® products to be free of defects in materials and manufacture. If a CSR product does not meet our standard, we will, at our option, replace or repair it, supply an equivalent product, or pay for doing one of these. CSR recommends that only products, components and systems recommended by it be used. If this is not done, CSR will need to be satisfied that any defect in its product is attributable to our failure to meet our standard (and not another cause) before this guarantee applies. This guarantee excludes all other guarantees and liability for damage or loss in connection with defects in CSR's product, other than those imposed by legislation. © CSR Gyprock®, CSR Building Products A.B.N. 55 008 631 356. The following are trade marks of CSR Limited and are under license. CSR™, Gyprock®, Supaceil™, Fyrchek™, Soundchek™, Aquachek™, Bracechek™, Impactchek™, FlamechekMR™, Freshtone™, Supatone™, Bradford™, designLINK®. October 2004 GYP500.BMS7993.1004 Guarantee. The Red Book™ CSR Gyprock™ On-Line SECTION ‘A’ Introduction Literature On-Line Contents. A1. SUBJECT PAGE An Introduction to The Red Book™ A2 Components A2 Product Properties A10 Material & Construction Standards A12 Fire Testing A12 Building Acoustics A13 Building Acoustics in Practice A14 Detailing for Acoustics A15 Definitions A17 The Red Book™ An Introduction to The Red Book . Components. CSR GFC manufactures and supplies a diverse range of plasterboard and fibre cement sheets, acoustic panels and accessories to suit a multitude of wall, ceiling and encasement applications. ™ GYPROCK® Plasterboard CD is machine made sheet composed of a gypsum core encased in a heavy duty linerboard. Available with long edges recessed to assist in producing a smooth, even and continuous surface once jointed, or in square edge. GYPROCK Plasterboard CD is manufactured to AS2588 – ‘Gypsum Plasterboard’, and incorporates CD (Controlled Density) technology. GYPROCK Plasterboard CD is suitable for internal walls and ceilings. The CSR Gyprock and Fibre Cement Fire & Acoustic Design Guide…‘The Red Book™’, provides a ready reference to the performance of an extensive range of CSR Gyprock and Fibre Cement (GFC) fire and acoustic wall, ceiling and column/beam systems. Over the last 50 years, CSR has developed effective, practical and cost effective fire and acoustic systems for most applications. Fire, acoustic and structural testing has been carried out for all GFC products as well as those of CSR Bradford Insulation and Rondo Building Products. To complement this extensive testing program, CSR GFC has obtained certified assessments from appropriate authorities on the likely performance of some systems. These assessments are based on test results and expert opinion. GYPROCK SUPACEIL™ is a 10mm thick sheet designed to span up to 600mm in ceiling applications. GYPROCK Supaceil™ is machine made sheet composed of a gypsum core encased in a heavy duty linerboard. Long edges are recessed for flush jointing. GYPROCK Supaceil ™ is manufactured to AS2588 –‘Gypsum Plasterboard’, and incorporates CD (Controlled Density) technology. GYPROCK SOUNDCHEK™ has been designed to provide increased acoustic resistance in wall and ceiling systems. GYPROCK Soundchek™ is machine made sheet composed of a high density gypsum core encased in a heavy duty linerboard. Long edges are recessed to assist in producing a smooth, even and continuous surface once jointed. GYPROCK Soundchek™ is manufactured to AS2588 – ‘Gypsum Plasterboard’, and is suitable for internal walls and ceilings. CSR GFC fire rated systems have been tested or assessed to AS1530.4 : 1990 or 1997 at approved testing laboratories. Test reports and assessments are available on request. CSR GFC has developed systems with ‘Fire Resistance Levels’ (FRL) up to –/180/180 (3 hours). The systems and performance specifications detailed in this manual are guaranteed only for the construction specified. Any variation or substitution of materials or assembly requirements, or any compromise in assembly may result in failure under critical conditions. It is recommended that only accredited plasterboard fixers install fire rated systems. GYPROCK IMPACTCHEK™ is high strength plasterboard designed for impact areas. It is composed of a glass fibre reinforced gypsum core plus a fibreglass mesh bonded to the inside of the back face. 13mm IMPACTCHEK is encased in a violet linerboard and may be used in fire rated applications, and 10mm IMPACTCHEK is encased in white linerboard. The long edges of both are recessed for flush jointing. CSR GFC acoustic rated systems have been assessed by PKA Consulting, acoustic engineers. CSR is continuously developing its products, which may result in changes to product specifications, range and performance. The systems and products in this Fire and Acoustic Design Guide are current at the publication date. GYPROCK AQUACHEK™ is designed for use in lining the walls of ‘wet areas’ of residential and commercial buildings. It is machine made gypsum plasterboard with a core treated to make it resistant to moisture and humidity. It is manufactured to satisfy the requirements of AS2588 – ‘Gypsum Plasterboard’, and the water resistant requirements of ASTM C630. It is encased with light blue linerboard and the long edges are recessed. A2. The Red Book™ GYPROCK FYRCHEK™ can be used in wall and ceiling systems where an FRL is to be achieved, or where acoustic performance is required. GYPROCK Fyrchek™ is machine made sheet composed of a specially processed glass fibre reinforced gypsum core encased in a heavy duty pink liner board. GYPROCK® Perforated Plasterboard has been designed for use in ceilings where additional sound absorption is required. It is a machine made sheet composed of a gypsum core encased in a heavy duty linerboard and incorporates CD technology. Long edges are recessed for flush jointing. Perforations total 8.2% of the sheet area. For detailed pattern information, refer to Section ‘E’. GYPROCK FYRCHEK MR ™ is pr imar ily intended for walls and ceilings in ‘wet area rooms’ and for soffits and external walls that must achieve fire resistance. GYPROCK Fyrchek MR ™ is machine made sheet composed of a specially processed glass fibre reinforced gypsum core which is treated in manufacture to withstand the effects of moisture, and encased in a heavy duty light blue liner board. 1200mm (nominal) FIG A1. PERFORATION PATTERN. GYPROCK FLAMECHEK MR™ is a fire and moisture resistant high performance 10mm thick plasterboard. GYPROCK FlamechekMR™ is a machine made gypsum plasterboard with a treated core to make it resistant to moisture and fire. It is manufactured to satisfy the requirements of AS2588 –‘Gypsum Plasterboard’, and the water resistant requirements of ASTM C630. It is encased with blue linerboard and the long edges are recessed. 3600mm (nominal) GYPROCK® PLASTERBOARD PANELS. GYPROCK Plasterboard Panels have a gypsum core and various face treatments. GYPROCK Panels are produced to fit metric grid specifications of (600 x 1200mm nominal). Perforated Panel has a white vinyl face finish, and a regular grid of 6mm full depth holes. Perforations are approximately 10% of the panel area, and combined with suitable insulation, provide a medium level of acoustic absorption. GYPROCK® Shaft Liner Panel is a 25mm thick machine made sheet composed of a glass fibre reinforced gypsum core encased in a heavy duty linerboard. GYPROCK Shaft Liner Panel is used to enclose lift shafts, stairwells and service shafts in multistorey construction. GYPROCK Shaft Liner Panel can be used to achieve fire resistance in wall and ceiling systems. FIG A2. GYPROCK PERFORATED PANEL DIMENSIONS. CSR Fibre Cement Wallboard is an autoclaved, cellulose fibre reinforced cement sheet that is immune to permanent water damage and has high impact resistance. CSR Fibre Cement Wallboard is suitable for internal walls as well as internal and external ceiling applications. It has a recess on both long edges so that sheets may be flush jointed, using CSR Gyprock® plasterboard jointing materials. 1100mm 1200mm (nominal) GYPROCK ® Flexible Plasterboard has been designed for curved wall and ceiling systems and has an enhanced core to enable bending to a small radius. It is machine made sheet composed of a gypsum core encased in a heavy duty linerboard. Long edges are recessed to assist in producing a smooth, even and continuous surface once jointed. GYPROCK Flexible Plasterboard is 6.5mm thick and is installed in two layers. 500mm 600mm (nominal) Supatone™ is a paper faced white ceiling tile suited to basic commercial ceilings. A low maintenance bright white panel, it can be wiped clean with a damp cloth. Freshtone™ UltraMatt has a low sheen, white vinyl face that can easily be wiped clean. It is ideally suited to large commercial environments, such as supermarkets and shopping centres, where high reflectivity is required. A3. The Red Book™ Hygiene: 20mm thickness panels with a ‘cleanroom’ classification. Provides excellent acoustic performance and the Akutex T finish is suitable for pressure wash-down situations. For detailed information, please refer to the ‘Ecophon Product Catalogue’. Freshtone™ Diamond White has a lightly textured vinyl surface which resists fading and mould growth. With a white finish, it is suitable for shopping centres, factories and offices. Freshtone™ Platinum combines a contemporary metallic look with the simplicity of plasterboard ceiling panels. Appropriate for office foyers, administration areas or any modern space that requires a refined ceiling feature. CELOTEX™ CEILING PANELS. Celotex™ ceiling panels have a mineral fibre core and offer a range of attractive textured finishes and acoustic absorption ratings to meet basic requirements. The range includes: Fine Fissured: 16mm thickness panels with a discrete non-directional pattern. Also available in 19mm thickness with scored bands. Akutex T GYPROCK® CORNICE. CSR Gyprock manufactures six popular machine made cornice profiles which cater for many styles and applications. Please refer to Table A1 in this section for detailed product size and availability information. It is recommended that cornice be attached with Gyprock® Cornice Cement. Fine Fissured GYPROCK® COVE CORNICE. GYPROCK® JAZZ CORNICE. GYPROCK® SYMPHONY CORNICE. GYPROCK® CONCERTO CORNICE. GYPROCK® TEMPO CORNICE. GYPROCK® CLASSIC CORNICE. Concorde Concorde: 16mm thickness panels with various fissure sizes. Directional Fissured: 16mm thickness panels with an aligned fissure pattern. Sand Perforated: 16mm thickness panels with a sand grain-like texture and small round perforations. For detailed infor mation, please refer to the ‘CSR Gyprock ® Celotex Acoustic Ceiling Systems’ guide. Directional Fissured Sand Perforated ECOPHON™ CEILING PANELS. ™ Ecophon ceiling panels have a bonded glasswool core for high acoustic absorption performance and the Akutex T finish to provide an attractive easy care surface. The range includes: Focus: 20mm thickness panels with a range of edge profiles. Also available for direct fixing to battens or existing ceiling. The Akutex T surface is micro-perforated vinyl paint that can be easily wiped clean. Advantage: 15mm thickness panels with a glass tissue facing to meet general conditions and good acoustic performance. Master: 40mm thickness panels with the highest acoustic performance plus Akutex T finish. A4. The Red Book™ TABLE A1. GYPROCK PLASTERBOARD AVAILABILITY. Colour shading behind each product approximates the colour of the product face liner sheets. Thickness Width Sheet Length (mm) GYPROCK Product mm mm 2400 2700 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 1200 ✓W ✓W ✓W ✓W ✓W ✓W ✓W ✓W 10 1350 ✓W ✓W ✓W ✓W ✓W ✓W CD 900 *✓WSN W W RECESSED EDGE 13 1200 ✓SN ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓W ✓ SN ✓WSN 1350 ✓ ✓ SN ✓W 10 1200 W SN WSN W CD SQUARE EDGE 13 1200 SN SN 900 W W W W SUPACEIL™ 10 1200 ✓SN ✓ ✓ ✓ W ✓ ✓▲ ✓ 1350 ✓ W ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 10 1350 ✓ SOUNDCHEK™ 13 1200 ✓ 1200 ✓ ✓SN ✓ ✓ ✓ 10 AQUACHEK™ 1350 ✓WSN SN SN WSN ✓SN 1200 13 ✓W ✓ W IMPACTCHEK™ 13 1200 ✓ 10 1200 BRACECHEK™ ✓ 6.5 1200 FLEXIBLE ✓ 10 1350 FLAMECHEK MR™ ✓ 13 1200 ✓ ✓W ✓ FYRCHEK™ 16 1200 ✓SN ✓ ✓W ✓ 13 1200 ✓WSN SN FYRCHEK™ MR 16 1200 W SN ✓WSN 1200 PERFORATED SHEET 13 ✓ 25 600 SHAFT LINER PANEL ✓ 55 – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ COVE CORNICE 75 – W W W W 90 – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ – 90 CLASSIC CORNICE ✓ – 90 TEMPO CORNICE ✓ – 90 CONCERTO CORNICE ✓ 75 SYMPHONY CORNICE – ✓ – 75 JAZZ CORNICE ✓ Mass kg/m2 6.5 8.5 6.5 8.5 7.2 9.3 13.0 8.0 10.4 10.3 8.4 4.25 8.0 10.5 12.5 10.7 13.5 10.0 19.8 0.68kg/m 0.93kg/m 1.3kg/m 1.2kg/m 1.6kg/m 1.4kg/m 0.90kg/m 1.8kg/m Indicates available in: ✓ = Australia wide; W = Western Aust.; S = South Aust.; N = Northern Territory. Indicates NOT available in: W = Western Aust.; S = South Aust.; N = Northern Territory. * = Length is 2740. ▲ = 3300 and 3900mm lengths also available in WA only. In Western Australia only, additional Recessed Edge/Square Edge products are available. Additional sizes may be available in some products. Call your state office for details. A5. The Red Book™ in service. Additional information on CSR Bradford Insulation materials is available by telephoning CSR Bradford on (02) 9765 7100. TABLE A2. CSR FIBRE CEMENT WALLBOARD AVAILABILITY AND MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES. Although insulation materials are often specified for thermal resistance, they can contribute significantly to the acoustic performance of wall and ceiling systems. CSR GFC only recommends materials that have been tested for fire and acoustic applications, have proven durability, and are supported by their manufacturer for these applications. Should other insulation materials be used, the manufacturer of those materials must verify the performance of the complete system, CSR GFC will not support the performance of substitute materials. CSR Fibre Cement Wallboard is manufactured in the following sizes and available in all states. CSR Fibre Cement Wallboard has two long edges recessed to allow seamless jointing. Thickness (6mm RE = ✓) (9mm RE = ■) (12mm RE = ✤) Length mm. 1800 2400 2700 3000 3600 4200 Width mm. 1200 ✓ ✓■✤ ✓■✤ ✓■✤ ✓ ✓ 900 ✓ ✓ ✓ Mass 6mm thickness (nominal) Mass 9mm thickness (nominal) Mass 12mm thickness (nominal) Length Width Thickness Diagonals Difference (max) 1350 Acoustic Polyester insulation manufactured by Tontine and Autex have been tested in acoustic applications by the manufacturer and are specifically made for that purpose. CSR accepts the use of Tontine and Autex Polyester insulation. ✓ ✓ ✓ BRADFORD INSULATION. 9kg/m2 13.5kg/m2 18.3kg/m2 +0 to -4mm +0 to -3mm +0.25 to -0.25mm 3mm INSULATION. CSR GFC Fire and Acoustic Systems incorporate CSR Bradford glasswool and rockwool insulation. These products have undergone significant acoustic testing and have a proven track record of performance and durability TABLE A3. SPECIFIED INSULATION AND ABBREVIATIONS. (Abbreviated names have been used in system tables). Product Abbreviation ™ 75mm Bradford SoundScreen R2.0 batts (rockwool) 75mm Soundscreen™ 2.0 batts 60mm Bradford SoundScreen™ R1.6 batts (rockwool) 60mm Soundscreen™ 1.6 batts 45mm Bradford Rockwool Fibertex Partition batts, 38kg/m3 45mm Rockwool Partition batts 75mm Bradford Comfortseal™ R1.5 batts wall (glasswool) 75mm Comfortseal™ R1.5 batts 105mm Bradford Comfortseal™ R2.0 ceiling batts (glasswool) 105mm Comfortseal™ R2.0 batts 50mm Bradford Glasswool Partition batts, 10.8kg/m2 50mm Glasswool Partition batts 75mm Bradford Glasswool Partition batts, 10.8kg/m2 75mm Glasswool Partition batts Autex ASB 2 (50mm) / Tontine TSB 2 (50mm) Polyester Insulation ASB2/TSB2 Polyester batts Tontine TSB 3 (65mm) / Autex ASB 3 (60mm) Polyester Insulation ASB3/TSB3 Polyester batts Tontine TSB 4 (75mm) / Autex ASB 4 (70mm) Polyester Insulation ASB4/TSB4 Polyester batts Tontine TSB 5 (85mm) / Autex ASB 5 (80mm) Polyester Insulation ASB5/TSB5 Polyester batts Tontine Blanket (25mm) 10kg/m3 Polyester Insulation TBL/1025 Polyester A6. The Red Book™ STEEL COMPONENTS. CSR GFC recommends steel building elements manufactured by Rondo Building Services Pty Ltd, for our systems. Top hats manufactured by Stramit, Lysaght and Rhino Steel are also specified in some systems. MASONRY ADHESIVE. CSR Gyprock® Masonry Adhesive is used to adhere GYPROCK plasterboards to CSR Hebel Aerated Autoclaved Concrete substrates and all masonry substrates. FASTENERS. CSR Gyprock distributes a comprehensive range of ring shank nails, hot-dip galvanised clouts, and screws for use with timber and steel framing to accommodate most installation applications. General information on Rondo steel building components is provided throughout this manual. Additional information can be obtained from the Rondo Building Services Pty Ltd office in your state, or telephone 1300 367 663. CSR GFC will not support the performance of substitute materials. It is the responsibility of the manufacturer of the component to substantiate equivalent performance in any particular application. • GYPROCK Ring Shanked Nails. Hardwood 25 x 2.8mm. Softwood 30 x 2.8mm. • GYPROCK Clouts. CSR GYPROCK® RESILIENT MOUNT. The CSR Gyprock® Resilient Mount is a proprietary component used in conjunction with Rondo steel sections for fastening GYPROCK plasterboard to a supporting structure while simultaneously isolating it from structure bor ne vibration. (Hot-dip galvanised). 30, 40 and 50mm x 2.8mm. • GYPROCK Plasterboard Screws. Nº6 Type ‘W’ for timber framing. Nº6 Type ‘S’ Needle Point for lightweight steel studs and furring channel up to 0.8mm thickness This significantly reduces the amount of impact noise, speech and low frequency sound filtering through to rooms above, below or alongside the noise generating room. The resilient mount has been design for use on ceilings and can be used on walls provided plasterboard with minimum mass of 15kg/m2 is fixed on the resilient mount side of the wall. The mount can be used in fire rated and non fire rated systems. Nº6 Type ‘S’ Drill Point for steel framing 0.8mm to 1.2mm thickness. GYPROCK Plasterboard Laminating Screws. 40mm x Nº10. for laminating layers of plasterboard together at butt joints and control joints (where permitted). STUD ADHESIVE. CSR Gyprock® Acrylic Stud Adhesive is coloured blue for easy identification. It can be used on both timber and steel in temperatures not less than 5ºC. CSR Fibre Cement Nails: Galvanised 2.0mm x 30mm for softwood and 2.0mm x 25mm for hardwood. Contact surfaces must be free of oil, grease or other foreign materials before application. The adhesive is applied with a broad knife to form 25mm diameter by 15mm high walnuts. This product is suitable for use with pre-painted metal battens and some treated timbers. Always follow directions on packag ing when using CSR stud adhesive. CSR Fibre Cement Screws: For 6mm thickness sheets only. Nº 8 x 20mm self embedding head, needle point for light gauge steel frames up to 0.8mm. Nº 8 x 25mm self embedding head, drill point for heavy gauge steel frames from 0.8mm to 1.2mm. A7. The Red Book™ TABLE A4. FIXING PLASTERBOARD TO SOFTWOOD. 1st Layer Plasterboard Thickness 10mm Plasterboard 13mm Plasterboard 16mm Plasterboard 2x6.5mm Plasterboard 13mm+16mm Plasterboard 2nd Layer 2.8x40mm Gal Nail or Nº6-18 x 25mm 2.8x50mm Gal Nail or Nº6-18 x 40mm Bugle, NP or 2.8x30mm Ring Shank Nail Bugle, NP 2.8x40mm Gal Nail or Nº6-18 x 32mm 2.8x50mm Gal Nail or Nº6-18 x 45mm Bugle, NP or 2.8x30mm Ring Shank Nail Bugle, NP 2.8x50mm Gal Nail or Nº6-18 x 32mm 3.15x65mm Gal Nail or Nº6-18 x 50mm Bugle, NP Bugle, NP 2.8x40mm Gal Nail or Nº6-18 x 25mm 2.8x40mm Gal Nail or Nº6-18 x 32mm Bugle, NP or 2.8x25mm Ring Shank Nail Bugle, NP or 2.8x30mm Ring Shank Nail 2.8x40mm Gal Nail or Nº6-18 x 32mm 2.8x50mm Gal Nail or Nº6-18 x 45mm Bugle, NP or 2.8x30mm Ring Shank Nail Bugle, NP 3rd Layer 3.75x75mm Gal Nail or Nº8-15 x 65mm Bugle, NP or Nº10-40 Laminating 3.75x75mm Gal Nail or Nº8-15 x 65mm Bugle, NP or Nº10-40 Laminating TABLE A5. FIXING PLASTERBOARD TO HARDWOOD. Plasterboard Thickness 2nd Layer 1st Layer 1 x 10mm Plasterboard 2 x 10mm Plasterboard 1 x 13mm Plasterboard 2 x 13mm Plasterboard 3 x 13mm Plasterboard 1, 2 or 3 x 16mm Plasterboard 2 x 6.5mm Plasterboard 13mm+16mm Plasterboard 2.8x30mm Gal Nail or #6-18 x 30mm Bugle, NP or 2.8x25mm Ring Shank Nail 2.8x40mm Gal Nail or #6-18 x 32mm 2.8x30mm Gal Nail or #6-18 x 25mm Bugle, NP Bugle, NP or 2.8x25mm Ring Shank Nail 2.8x30mm Gal Nail or #6-18 x 30mm Bugle, NP or 2.8x25mm Ring Shank Nail 2.8x40mm Gal Nail or #6-18 x 40mm 2.8x30mm Gal Nail or #6-18 x 32mm Bugle, NP Bugle, NP or 2.8x25mm Ring Shank Nail 2.8x40mm Gal Nail or #6-18 x 45mm 2.8x30mm Gal Nail or #6-18 x 32mm Bugle, NP Bugle, NP or 2.8x25mm Ring Shank Nail 2.8x50mm Gal Nail or #6-18 x 45mm 2.8x40mm Gal Nail or #6-18 x 32mm Bugle, NP Bugle, NP 2.8x30mm Gal Nail or #6-18 x 32mm 2.8x30mm Gal Nail or #6-18 x 25mm Bugle, NP or 2.8x25mm Ring Shank Nail Bugle, NP or 2.8x25mm Ring Shank Nail 2.8x50mm Gal Nail or #6-18 x 45mm 2.8x30mm Gal Nail or #6-18 x 32mm Bugle, NP Bugle, NP or 2.8x25mm Ring Shank Nail 3rd Layer 3.15x65mm Gal Nail or #8-15 x 65mm Bugle, NP or #10-40 Laminating 3.15x65mm Gal Nail or #8-15 x 65mm Bugle, NP or #10-40 Laminating TABLE A6. FIXING FIBRE CEMENT AND PLASTERBOARD TO TIMBER. Fibre Cement Thickness 6mm Wallboard 9mm Wallboard 6/9mm Wallboard over 13mm Plasterboard 6/9mm Wallboard over 16mm Plasterboard 13/16mm Plasterboard over 6mm Wallboard 13/16mm Plasterboard over 9mm Wallboard 1st Layer 2nd Layer Nº8-15 x 20 CSK NP or 2.8x40mm Gal nail Nº8-15 x 30 CSK NP or 2.8x40mm Gal nail 2.8x40mm Gal Nail or Nº6-18 x 32mm Bugle, NP or 2.8x30mm Ring Shank Nail 2.8x50mm Gal Nail or Nº6-18 x 32mm Bugle, NP Nº8-15 x 20 CSK NP or 2.8x40mm Gal nail Nº8-15 x 30 CSK NP or 2.8x40mm Gal nail 2.8x50mm Gal Nail or Nº8-15x40mm CSK, NP 2.8x50mm Gal Nail or Nº8-15x40mm CSK, NP 2.8x50mm Gal Nail or Nº6-18 x 45mm Bugle, NP 2.8x50mm Gal Nail or Nº6-18 x 45mm Bugle, NP NOTES: Predrill 9mm and 12mm Wallboard for easier fixing. Fixings are suitable for internal applications only. Type 'W' screws of equivalent length may be used as an alternative to ‘NP’. NP = Needle Point Screws. DP = Dill Point Screws. Bugle = Bugle Head Screws. CSK = Countersunk Head Screws. GAL = Galvanised. A8. The Red Book™ TABLE A7. FIXING TO STEEL 0.5-0.8mm BMT. 1st Layer 2nd Layer 1 or 2 x 6.5mm Plasterboard #6-18 x 25mm Bugle, NP #6-18 x 25mm Bugle, NP 1 or 2 x 10mm Plasterboard #6-18 x 25mm Bugle, NP #6-18 x 40mm Bugle, NP 1, 2 or 3 x 13mm Plasterboard #6-18 x 25mm Bugle, NP #6-18 x 40mm Bugle, NP #10-40 Laminating 1, 2 or 3 x 16mm Plasterboard #6-18 x 30mm Bugle, NP #6-18 x 45mm Bugle, NP #10-40 Laminating 13mm + 16mm Plasterboard #6-18 x 25mm Bugle, NP #6-18 x 45mm Bugle, NP Plasterboard Thickness 3rd Layer TABLE A8. FIXING TO STEEL 0.8-2.0mm BMT. 1st Layer 2nd Layer 1 or 2 x 6.5mm Plasterboard #6-18 x 25mm Bugle, DP #6-18 x 25mm Bugle, DP 1 or 2 x 10mm Plasterboard #6-18 x 25mm Bugle, DP #6-18 x 40mm Bugle, DP 1, 2 or 3 x 13mm Plasterboard #6-18 x 25mm Bugle, DP #6-18 x 40mm Bugle, DP #10-40 Laminating 1, 2 or 3 x 16mm Plasterboard #6-18 x 30mm Bugle, DP #6-18 x 45mm Bugle, DP #10-40 Laminating 13mm + 16mm Plasterboard #6-18 x 25mm Bugle, DP #6-18 x 45mm Bugle, DP Plasterboard Thickness 3rd Layer TABLE A9. FIXING TO STEEL 0.5-0.8mm BMT. Fibre Cement Thickness 1st Layer 6mm Wallboard #8-15 x 20 CSK NP or 9-18x20 Fibretek 9mm Wallboard #8-15 x 30 CSK NP or 9-18x30 Fibretek 6/9mm Wallboard over 13mm Plasterboard 6/9mm Wallboard over 16mm Plasterboard 13/16mm Plasterboard over 6mm Wallboard 13/16mm Plasterboard over 9mm Wallboard 2nd Layer #6-18 x 25mm Bugle, NP #8-15x40mm CSK NP #6-18 x 30mm Bugle, NP #8-15x40mm CSK NP #8-15 x 20 CSK NP or 9-18x20 Fibretek #6-18 x 40mm Bugle, NP #8-15 x 30 CSK NP or 9-18x30 Fibretek #6-18 x 40mm Bugle, NP TABLE A10. FIXING TO STEEL 0.8-2.0mm BMT. Fibre Cement Thickness 1st Layer 6mm Wallboard #8-15 x 20 CSK DP 9mm Wallboard #8-15 x 30 CSK DP 6/9mm Wallboard over 13mm Plasterboard 6/9mm Wallboard over 16mm Plasterboard 13/16mm Plasterboard over 6mm Wallboard 13/16mm Plasterboard over 9mm Wallboard 2nd Layer #6-18 x 25mm Bugle, DP #8-15x40mm CSK DP #6-18 x 30mm Bugle, DP #8-15x40mm CSK DP #8-15 x 20mm CSK DP #6-18 x 40mm Bugle, DP #8-15 x 30mm CSK DP #6-18 x 40mm Bugle, DP Notes: Predrill 9mm and 12mm Wallboard for easier fixing. Fixings are suitable for internal applications only. NP = Needle Point Screws. DP = Dill Point Screws. Bugle = Bugle Head Screws. CSK = Countersunk Head Screws. GAL = Galvanised. A9. The Red Book™ JOINTING ACCESSORIES AND COMPOUNDS. CSR GFC has a wide range of compounds, cements and accessories for finishing plasterboard installations. INTERNAL MOISTURE. GYPROCK plasterboard must not be used where it will be in contact with liquid water or constant relative humidity above 90%. Refer to the Gyprock® Residential Installation Guide, NºGYP547 for detailed jointing and finishing information. GYPROCK Plasterboard CD, GYPROCK SUPACEIL and GYPROCK SOUNDCHEK are designed for use in dry areas only. CSR GFC MASTICS AND SEALANTS. CSR Gyprock® Fire Mastic must be used in fire rated systems where caulking is indicated and is recommended for caulking acoustic systems. For wet area walls and external ceilings subject to intermittent high humidity where plasterboard is specified, GYPROCK AQUACHEK or GYPROCK FYRCHEK MR or CSR Fibre Cement Wallboard must be used. In all cases follow product installation brochures. CSR Gyprock ® Wet Area Acr ylic Sealant is recommended for sealing non fire rated wet area systems. THERMAL PERFORMANCE. The ‘R’ values for GYPROCK plasterboards are: • 10mm thickness = 0.062 m2k/w. • 13mm thickness = 0.074 m2k/w. • 16mm thickness = 0.086 m2k/w. Physical Properties. The ‘R’ values for CSR Fibre Cement are: • 6mm thickness = 0.02 m2k/w. • 7.5mm thickness = 0.025 m2k/w. • 8mm thickness = 0.027 m2k/w. • 9mm thickness = 0.03 m2k/w. THERMAL AND MOISTURE STABILITY. CSR GFC plasterboard and fibre cement products are stable building materials when subjected to the normal range of interior temperature and humidity conditions. STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES. CSR Fibre Cement Wallboard properties at EMC*/Saturated. • Density (kg/m3) 1350/–. • Compressive Strength. Parallel to sheet length (MPa) 20/15. Parallel to sheet width (MPa) –/50. • Flexural Strength. Parallel to sheet length. - ultimate (MPa) 13/9. - yield (MPa) 10/6. Parallel to sheet width. - ultimate (MPa) 16/11. - yield (MPa) 12/8. • Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 6/4. Thermal coefficient of Linear Expansion (α). • Plasterboard: α =16.2 x 10-6 mm (mm/ºC) in the temperature range 4°C to 38°C. • Fibre cement: α = 7.5 x 10-6/°C. • Final length is Lf = Li (1 + α∆T). calculated as follows: The hygrometric coefficient of expansion (δ). • Plasterboard: δ =7.2 x 10 -6 mm/mm/% R.H. (5% – 90% R.H.). Final length is calculated as follows: Lf =Li (1 + δ∆RH). • Fibre cement: δ = 0.18% (expansion from equilibrium to saturated). Final length is calculated Lf = Li x δ x (% of saturation). NOTE: *EMC = Equilibrium Moisture Content. A10. The Red Book™ TABLE A11. IMPACT AND UDL RESISTANCE FOR STUD SPACING AND LINING MATERIAL COMBINATIONS. Typical Wall Application Wall Lining Material Soft Body Impact Stud Spacing Resistance UDL Resistance Public corridor, stair shaft and fire isolated exit in a spectator stand, sports stadium, cinema, theatre, railway station, bus or airport terminal. (Some Class 9 Buildings) 1 x 13mm GYPROCK Impactchek 600mm 400mm ≥ 1.0 kPa 1 x 13mm GYPROCK Impactchek + 1 x 13mm GYPROCK Fyrchek 600mm 400mm ≥ 1.0 kPa 1 x 13mm GYPROCK Fyrchek + 1 x 6mm CSR Fibre Cement Wallboard 600mm 350mm ≥ 1.0 kPa 1 x 9mm CSR Fibre Cement Wallboard 600mm 350mm ≥ 1.0 kPa 2 x 16mm GYPROCK Fyrchek 400mm 350mm ≥ 1.0 kPa Walls of stairways and service shafts and fire isolated exits generally. 2 x 13mm GYPROCK Fyrchek 600mm 175mm ≥ 0.35 kPa 1 x 16mm GYPROCK Fyrchek 600mm 150mm ≥ 0.35 kPa Fire resisting walls generally. 1 x 13mm GYPROCK Fyrchek 600mm 125mm ≥ 0.25 kPa Walls generally. 1 x 10mm GYPROCK Impactchek 600mm 300mm ≥ 0.25 kPa 1 x 6mm CSR Fibre Cement Wallboard 600mm 250mm ≥ 0.25 kPa IMPACT RESISTANCE. GYPROCK plasterboard of 10mm and 13mm thickness provide adequate resistance to soft body impacts likely in domestic or light commercial use respectively. TABLE A12. FIRE HAZARD PROPERTIES. GYPROCK Product EFHI SMOGRARC Group Number 10 – 13mm Plasterboard CD 13/0/1/2 0 1 10mm SUPACEIL™ 14/0/1/1 0 1 10mm SOUNDCHEK™ 0/0/0/3 0 1 10 – 13mm AQUACHEK 13/0/2/3 0 1 6.5mm FLEXIBLE 13/0/1/2 0 1 13mm Perforated Sheet 0/0/0/3 0 1 13 – 16mm FYRCHEK™ 0/0/0/3 0 1 13 – 16mm FYRCHEK MR™ 13/0/2/2 0 1 25mm SHAFT LINER 0/0/0/3 0 1 10mm FLAMECHEK MR™ 13/0/2/2 0 1 13mm IMPACTCHEK™ 0/0/0/3 0 1 13mm Perforated Panels 0/0/0/4 0 1 10mm FRESHTONE™ Diamond White 0/0/0/3 0 1 10mm FRESHTONE™ UltraMatt & Platinum 0/0/0/3 0 1 AS ISO9705 room burn test or AS/NZS3837 the cone calorimeter test. The room burn test is a large scale test to deter mine SMOGRA RC , and the cone calorimeter is a small scale test to determine a Group Number. 10mm SUPATONE™ 13/0/2/3 0 1 10 – 13mm Unpainted Panel 13/0/1/3 0 1 Celotex 0/0/0/2 0 2 Ecophon ADVANTAGE 0/0/0/2 0 1 Ecophon FOCUS 0/0/0/3 0 1 Please refer to Table A12 for Gyprock® plasterboard and CSR Fibre Cement product performance details. Fibre Cement Wallboard 0/0/0/0 0 1 Walls lined with Gyprock Fyrchek™, Impactchek™ and CSR Fibre Cement Wallboard can meet various requirements of Specification C1.8 of the Building Code of Australia 2004. This clause specifies resistance to Uniform Distributed Loads (UDLs), surface indentation and impact from a weighted sand bag that is dropped from a specified height. Refer to Table A11 for performance details. FIRE HAZARD PROPERTIES. The BCA limits the materials used in Class 2 to 9 buildings by controlling the Fire Hazard properties of linings. These properties may be assessed by two methods. AS/NZS1530.3 (Simultaneous determination of, ignitability, flame propagation, heat release and smoke release) known as Early Fire Hazard Indices. This method is expected to be phased out for wall and ceiling lining materials. NOTES: EFHI = Early Fire Hazard Indices (Ignitability/Spread of Flame/Heat Evolved/Smoke Developed. SMOGRARC = Smoke Growth Rate Index A11. The Red Book™ Material & Construction Standards. HOW IS THE SPECIMEN ASSESSED? The test specimen is heated in the prescribed manner until the failure criteria has been reached, or is terminated by agreement between parties. Assessment cr iter ia are represented by three performance measurements known as ‘Fire Resistance Levels’ (FRL). Structural Adequacy. All materials and procedures shall comply with the following standards where applicable, and all additional details contained in CSR Gyprock and CSR Fibre Cement Technical Literature. Failure occurs when the specimen collapses under load. Integrity. Failure occurs when the specimen develops cracks or openings through which flames or hot gases can pass. Plasterboard Manufacture. AS/NZS2588 : 1998 ‘Gypsum plasterboard’. Insulation. Plasterboard Installation. Failure occurs when the average temperature of the unexposed surface of the specimen increases by more than 140°C above the initial temperature, or the temperature at any point of the unexposed surface increases by more than 180°C above the initial temperature. AS/NZS2589 : 1997 ‘Gypsum linings in residential and light commercial construction – Application and Finishing’. Plasterboard in Wet Areas. The test performance of the specimen is expressed as a ‘Fire Resistance Level’, which indicates the number of minutes for which the specimen fulfils the requirements of the three fire test criteria. AS3740 : 2004 ‘Waterproofing of Wet Areas Within Residential Buildings’. Fire Testing. These numbers are then rounded down to the nearest regulatory requirement. The common regulatory ‘FRL’ requirements are: Fire resistance testing is conducted to the Australian Standard AS1530 – part 4 ‘Fire Resistance Tests of Elements of Building Construction’. This standard gives the test method and criteria of failure for the various elements of construction such as partition walls, floor/ceilings and roof/ceilings. The specimen assemblies are built into the test furnace and subjected to furnace temperatures in accordance with AS1530.4 ‘Standard Time vs Temperature Curve’. Non Loadbearing Loadbearing – /30/30 30/30/30 – /60/60 60/60/60 – /90/90 90/90/90 – /120/120 120/120/120 – /180/180 180/180/180 For Example: – /120/120. FIG. A3. STANDARD TIME vs TEMPERATURE CURVE. • The dash indicates no requirement for ‘Structural Adequacy’, which applies to all non loadbearing systems. 1200 1100 TEMPERATURE (°C) • The first 120 indicates ‘Integrity’ for 120 minutes. 1000 • The second 120 indicates ‘Insulation’ for 120 minutes. 900 For any specified FRL, a system having equal or higher respective criteria may be used. Some systems have multiple FRLs stated. FRLs expressed as –/y/z relate to non-loadbearing walls; FRLs expressed as x/y/z relate to loadbearing walls; or FRLs expressed as x/y/z* relate to walls with additional design limits. 800 700 600 500 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 TIME (minutes) A12. The Red Book™ Other paths are via open windows, ducts, doorways and suspended ceilings. Noise sources that have a high degree of low frequency noise such as traffic, aircraft and DVD sound systems have more potential for flanking transmission through the building structure. WHAT IS RESISTANCE TO THE INCIPIENT SPREAD OF FIRE? Ceiling systems may be required to achieve a ‘Resistance to the Incipient Spread of Fire’. This requires the ceiling to provide adequate thermal insulation to prevent combustibles in a roof/ceiling or floor/ceiling cavity from igniting for the specified time. Transmission of this type of noise follows structural load paths and can be controlled by breaking these load paths or providing complete separation of the structure. The Building Code of Australia requirement for some ceiling systems is to provide ‘Resistance to the Incipient Spread of Fire (RISF), into the space above itself, for not less than 60 minutes’. Systems that meet this requirement are indicated in the system tables. Noise sources that generate a high amount of mid and high frequency noise, such as services and speech, tend to transmit via air paths and direct transmission in lightweight construction. Typical problem areas for this type of transmission include doors and door frames, glazing, suspended ceiling cavities and ductwork. Practical methods for addressing common situations within buildings can be seen in Section ‘Z’. FIRE HAZARD PROPERTIES. Fire hazard properties of wall and ceiling linings in some classes of building are specified by the BCA. Refer to Table A12 for fire hazard properties of CSR GFC products. FIG A4. COMMON FLANKING TRANSMISSION PATHS. SMOKE PROOF WALLS. Smoke proof walls are required in some Class 9a buildings, and they must be built from non-combustible materials. 1. Ceiling plenums, floors, walls. 2. Poor seals between structural elements and around service penetrations. 3. External air-borne paths. Where smoke proof walls do not require an FRL, steel framed wall systems clad with GYPROCK Plasterboard CD (eg. CSR 010) may be used. 4. Heating and ventilation ducting. 5. Rigid plumbing connections and penetrations. 6. Back-to-back cabinets and switches/power outlets. 1 1 4 Fire rated smoke proof walls should be selected from the steel framed systems (refer to Section ‘B’) with an appropriate FRL. 2 2 3 2 3 Building Acoustics. 2 6 4 2 3 6 5 1 Building acoustics can be separated into sound absorption and sound transmission. SOUND IMPACT RATINGS. The BCA has performance requirements relating to sound impact for floors and some walls. Sound absorption relates to control of sound that is generated within a room and how it affects people in that room. For floors, this is specified as a maximum value such as: Lnw+CI = 62. Note that lower values of Lnw+CI indicates better acoustic impact performance. Sound transmission relates to sound that passes through a dividing element (direct sound, controlled by the element’s sound insulation), and through the surrounding structure (indirect or flanking transmission). Walls required to have an impact rating must meet the definition of ‘Discontinuous Construction’. This means that wall leaves must be separated by at least 20mm and no mechanical connection is permitted, except that masonry may have resilient ties. Methods of controlling noise in buildings can be based on systems, structure and lining materials and their absorption and transmission properties. Systems that meet this specification are noted in the appropriate system specifications. FLANKING TRANSMISSION. Flanking sounds reach adjoining areas by indirect paths, rather than through the dividing element. The walls, floors and ceilings that surround the dividing element are the main paths for flanking transmission. A13. The Red Book™ Building Acoustics in Practice. TABLE A13. ACOUSTIC INTEGRITY. Wall System Chance of Gaps Being Left Unsealed Effect of Defects on Performance High High Degradation High High Degradation Low High Degradation Low Low Degradation Low Low Degradation Single skin masonry wall SYSTEM PERFORMANCE. The Rw, Rw + Ctr and Ln,w+CI values in this manual refer to expected results of a laboratory test on an element. The mathematical model used to make the predictions has been verified statistically on a large body of test data. The accuracy of the prediction is generally within measurement tolerance of results from different acoustic laboratories, that is 2dB. Masonry with stud uninsulated All care has been taken with preparation of these predictions and it is assumed that construction is strictly in accordance with this manual and relevant Gyprock and Fibre Cement installation guides. Single stud, uninsulated CSR GFC recommends that an acoustic engineer be consulted for all projects where acoustics are important. SITE PERFORMANCE vs. LABORATORY PERFORMANCE. As houses are not built like laboratories, it is unlikely that performance measured in ideal test conditions will be achieved in a building. Designers should take care to select systems compatible with the support structure to provide the desired level of insulation. Single stud, insulated Double stud, insulated Field performance is typically 10% less than laboratory performance. Additionally, some forms of surrounding construction have upper limits unrelated to the rating of the element. In these cases, the difference between laboratory and site performance could be larger. BACKGROUND NOISE. Low levels of noise transmitted from other areas can be partially obscured by background noise. ACOUSTIC INTEGRITY. The acoustic integrity of a system can be influenced by the combination of elements that make up the system. Single leaf and uninsulated systems are more dependant on high quality installation, as relatively minor defects can cause major degradation of the system performance. Where the background noise level is low, such as in remote areas, consideration should be given to providing a higher than standard level of sound insulation. VARIATION IN OCCUPANT PERCEPTION OF NOISE. Tolerance for noise varies greatly between people, and variations of up to 15dB can be considered acceptable. This means consideration should be given to the occupant’s expectation of the inter nal acoustic environment. Users of concert halls and practice rooms may have higher acoustic expectations than guests of inner city hotels. Building systems that allow defects to be hidden from view have a higher chance of gaps being left unsealed, making them more vulnerable to perfor mance degradation. The likelihood and effect of defects occurring with typical systems is shown in Table A13. A14. The Red Book™ DESIGNING FOR OPTIMUM SOUND INSULATION. Acoustic design issues are different for every building, and for internal and external noise sources. • Systems that meet the new BCA minimum Rw+Ctr requirements may have lower performance than systems that meet the cor responding R w requirements. When designing apartments and townhouses, reference can be made to the Association of Australian Acoustical Consultants (AAAC) ‘Acoustical Star Ratings for Apartments and Townhouses’ (www.aaac.org.au), a rating system that considers both internal and external sound transmission. It provides a graded rating system for the acoustic quality of apartments, from 2 Star to 6 Star, and is intended to provide assurance that an occupant’s expectations of quality are met. • Var iation in occupant perceptions of noise, e.g. high, medium or low cost housing. • Background noise levels may be very low. • The lack of simplicity in construction could reduce actual performance. MINIMUM PERFORMANCE LEVELS FOR EXTERNAL WALLS. The BCA does not set minimum performance levels of transmission for external walls. Guidance should be sought from an acoustic consultant or local authority for setting the design requirements of these elements, as they may be affected by road or aircraft noise. Where expectations are not met, remedial measures can be expensive and inconvenient. Some local government areas have adopted the AAAC 4 Star level as a minimum. This exceeds the current BCA requirements in some respects. Issues that may affect the design levels for external walls are: MINIMUM PERFORMANCE LEVELS FOR INTERNAL WALLS AND CEILINGS. The BCA sets out minimum performance levels for internal walls and ceilings based on acceptable standards for affordable housing. The performance requirements are in terms of Rw, Rw+Ctr and Ln,w+CI. • Var iation in occupant perceptions of noise, e.g. high, medium or low cost housing. • Background noise levels are low. • Flanking transmission of the surrounding structure, particularly at windows and doors. • The lack of simplicity in construction could reduce actual performance. These levels may need to be increased for: • Var iation in occupant perceptions of noise, e.g. high, medium or low cost housing. Detailing for Acoustics. • Local authorities have higher requirements such as the AAAC Star rating system. • Background noise levels are low. • Flanking transmission of the surrounding structure. Lightweight structures can be more prone to low frequency flanking. GAPS, CRACK AND HOLES. Small openings allow airborne sound to pass through an element and can significantly reduce sound insulation performance. For optimum sound insulation, the element must be airtight. • The presence of services will vary which BCA provisions are applicable, and could mean separate construction is required. • The lack of simplicity in construction could reduce actual performance. Perimeters and penetrations for services can be sealed with CSR Gyprock Fire Mastic. It is a dense, flexible compound capable of accommodating minor building movement. Where major movement is expected, use a polyurethane fire and acoustic rated sealant. MINIMUM PERFORMANCE LEVELS FOR SERVICES. The BCA sets out minimum performance levels for isolation of noise from services based on acceptable standards for affordable housing. The performance levels are in terms of Rw and Rw+Ctr. For systems that are multi-layered, such as masonry composite systems, each layer must be air tight, as services such as power points and switches can act as airborne flanking paths. To remedy this, consider using acoustic rated power boxes, the Gyprock® Silencer, and insulation in the cavity. Refer to flanking details, Section ‘Z’. These levels may need to be increased for: • The nature of the noise source and adjacent occupant activity. Some noises are particularly annoying to occupants. A15. The Red Book™ SOUND FLANKING VIA PERIMETER WALLS. This is similar to flanking via the ceiling. The recommended detail is for the partition wall to continue through the perimeter wall. SOUND FLANKING VIA HEAD & BASE. Particular attention should be paid to sealing the joints at the top and base of walls with flexible sealant. Such joints are usually required to accommodate some building movement. Details to treat sound flanking in this situation are given in Section ‘Z’ for a range of plasterboard panel linings. SOUND FLANKING VIA THE CEILING. This is a common source of sound transmission, particularly where the ceiling has low sound insulation. SOUND FLANKING A FLOOR VIA THE PARTITION BELOW. This source of sound transmission particularly affects lightweight floors and walls. Both impact and airborne sound can travel through the floor and support walls. It is recommended that, wherever possible, walls pass through the ceiling and be sealed to the floor or roof. This can maintain the desired sound rating of the wall. Details to treat sound flanking in this situation are given in Section ‘Z’ for a range of plasterboard and acoustic panel linings. Refer to Section ‘Z’ for potential performance of various construction details. SOUND FLANKING VIA ELECTRICAL AND SERVICE PENETRATIONS. Electrical power outlets, switch boxes and similar penetrations produce areas of low sound insulation in a partition. These should not be placed back to back as they could limit the acoustic rating of the wall. SOUND FLANKING VIA THE FLOOR. This is also a common source of sound transmission, particularly where the floor is lightweight and continues under the wall. High flanking transmission performance can be achieved if there is a break in construction, or floor slabs are thick enough. Penetrations should be avoided where sound insulation is important. Treatment options include using acoustic rated power boxes, the Gyprock® Silencer, and insulation in the cavity. Refer to Section ‘Z’ for potential performance of various construction details Refer to Section ‘Z’ for potential performance of various construction details. A16. The Red Book™ SOUND FLANKING VIA DOWNLIGHTS. Downlights installed in ceilings penetrate the linings and create a path through which sound can pass. Insulation may be ineffective as it must be clear of the light fitting and transformer to reduce the likelihood of the light overheating. dB(A) – The ‘A’-scale and dB(A) noise level are used to degrade the performance of a sound level meter to simulate what humans hear. The human ear is not a perfect listening device, it is poor at hearing low frequency noise. dB(A) is used to compare measured sound with perceived sound. When ceiling downlights are required in acoustically sensitive (non fire rated) locations, fire and sound rated lights can be used. Refer to manufacturer’s information for limitations. A number of noise criteria refer to, and are measured in dB(A). The larger the dB(A) level the louder the noise. Ln,w – Weighted Normalised Impact Sound Pressure Level. A measure of the noise impact performance of a floor/ceiling. It is measured in very controlled conditions in a laboratory and is characterised by how much impact sound reaches the receiving room via the ceiling/floor from a standard tapping machine test. Refer to Service Systems Section ‘F’ for performance details for various combinations of linings and downlights in selected systems. Definitions. The lower the number the better the performance. Rw – Weighted Sound Reduction Index. A measure of the sound insulation performance of a building element. Rw is a laboratory measurement similar to STC. L’nT,w – Weighted Standardised Field Impact Sound Pressure Level. A measure of the noise impact performance of a floor/ceiling. It is similar to Ln,w except it is measured in the field and is therefore subject to the inherent inaccuracies involved in such a measurement. All BCA references to STC have been removed and upgraded to refer to either Rw or Rw+Ctr. Rw is measured and calculated using the procedures from AS1276 and AS1191. The related field measurement is abbreviated as DnT,w. The lower the number the better the performance. CI – A spectrum adaptation term used to modify the measured impact sound pressure level, Ln,w or L’nT,w. The higher the number the better the insulation performance. Impact sound is generated by a laboratory grade tapping machine placed on the floor to be tested. This tapping machine does not accurately simulate the noise of a person’s foot steps on the floor above, so the CI term was developed to more closely simulate foot step noise. DnT,w – Weighted Standardised Field Level Difference. A measurement of the sound insulation performance of a building element. It describes the difference in noise level on each side of a wall or floor, and indicates the level of speech privacy between spaces. It is measured in the field and is therefore subject to the inherent inaccuracies involved in such a measurement. The term is defined in ISO717-2. The Ln,w or L’nT,w alone is sufficient to characterise concrete floors covered with carpet. Other types of floors such as timber joist floors, bare concrete floors or polished timber or tiles laid on concrete floors require the CI term to properly characterise footstep noise. The higher the number the better the insulation performance. Timber joist floors can have a CI value slightly positive. Concrete floors with an effective covering such as carpet have CI terms approximately equal to 0dB. Concrete floors with a hard, or less effective covering, can have CI terms varying between –15dB and 0dB. Ctr – A spectrum adaptation value used to modify the sound insulation performance of a wall or floor. Sound insulation performance can be described by Rw or the DnT,w but these are not accurate for all noises, especially for low frequency bass noise from modern stereo systems. Ctr values are negative value which is added to either the R w or D nT,w . AS/NZS1276 - sets out testing methodologies for the sound insulation properties of building elements and incorporates these factors and explains their use. Smaller negative Ctr values are more favourable than large negative values. A17. The Red Book™ NRC – Noise Reduction Coefficient. A measure of the ability of a material to absorb sound. NRC is generally a number between 0 and 1. A material with an NRC rating of 1 absorbs 100 % of incoming sound, that is, no sound is reflected back from the material. STC – Sound Transmission Class. A measure of the sound insulation performance of a building element. It is measured in very controlled conditions in a laboratory. STC is an old term and is now obsolete. The BCA has replaced all references to STC with Rw. NOTE: Source Building Code of Australia, Sound Insulation Guideline. A18. The Red Book™
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