Wordstar_3.0_General_Information_Manual_May81 Wordstar 3.0 General Information Manual May81
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WordStar
General Information Manual
WS-3630-1 (3.ftJ)
First Issue: May lS, 1981
Copyright (c) 1981
MicroPro International Corporation
1299 Fourth street, Suite 488
San Rafael, California 94991 USA
All Rights Reserved
Worldwide
COPYRIGB~
NOTICB
Copyright ec) 1981 by MicroPro International Corporation. All
Rights Reserved Worldwide. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval
system, or translated into any human or computer language, in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical,
chemical, manual, or otherwise, without the express written permission of MicroPro International Corporation, 1299 Fourth Street,
San Rafael, california 94991 U.s.A.
TRADEMARK
The names MailMerge, WordStar, DataStar, WordMaster, SUperSOrt,
I/O Master, and MicroPro InternatioriaJ. Corporation are trademarks
of MicroPro Intecnational Corporation.
DISCLAIJlBR
MicroPro International Corporation makes no representations or
warranties wit:h respect to the contents hereof and specifically
disclaims any implied warranties of merchantibility or fitness for
any particular purpJse. Further, MicroPro International Corporation reserves the right to revise this publication and to make
changes from time to time in the O)ntent hereof without d:lligation
of MicroPro International Corporation to notify any person or
organization of such revision or changes.
References are made throughout this manual to the Control Program
Monitor, commonly known as CP/M. CP/M is a trademark of Digital
Research of Pacific Grove, california.
i
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ii
Contents
Contents
1
Introduction
An Overview of Wordstar
The Fdi ting Function
Video Editing
Autatatic Disk Buffering
Ch-Screen Text Fo:cmatting
Powerful Elliting Canmands
Flexible Find and Replace camnands
Help systen
Dynamic Page Break Display
Precise Control of Text Fomat
Hyphen-Help
Moving Text and Wide Documents
The Printing Function
Page Formatting
Pagination Control
Special Effects
Microspice Justification
~rator Options
The MailMerge Option
Merging Text
Data Files
Nested and Chained Printing
Screen Display and Input
Printing Multiple Copies
Print-Time Formatting
Print-Time Conditionals
Additional WorCiStar Features
Keyboard BUffering
Convenient Defaults
2
1-1
1~1
1-1
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-3
1-3
1-3
1-3
1-4
1-4
1-4
1-4
1-4
1-5
1-5
1-5
1-5
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-6
1-7
1-7
1-7
1-7
. System Requirements
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-2
2-2
2-2
Canpatibility
FUe CcmpitibUity
Terminal Canpatibility
Printer Ccmpitibility
Fasy Installation
~e TeIlllinal
The Scr~
~e CUrsor
Highlighting
Insert and Delete a Line
The Keyboard
Other canponents
The Disk Drives
The Rest of the catputer
The Cperating Systan
2-2
2-2
2-3
2-3
2-4
2-4
2-4
2-4
iii
Contents
3
4
Piles and Diskettes: Part 1
FUes
Text Files
Documents and FUes
Structure of a Text File
The Importance of Saving Text
Naning Files
Nane and Tyr:e
Drive Name
Choosing File Names
Diskettes and FUes
The Logged Disk Drive
Diskette Capacity
File Sizes
File Backup
Piles aDd Diskettes: Part 2
Setting Up Diskettes
Wor dstar Installa tmn
WorOStar Files
Setting Up a Wordstar Systen Diskette
Work Diskettes
Changing Diskettes
The S~1e and Safe Rule
The WordStar Exceptmn
File Chalges OUr mg Editing
Saving a Document
Restoring the Backup File
Sl.lmIIBry of Backing Up a File
File Update in Detail
5
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-2
4-2
4-2
4-2
4-3
4-3
4-4
4-4
4-5
Editing a Doc,.l1IB\t
5-1
5-1
5-1
5-1
5-2
5-2
5-2
5-3
5-3
5-4
5-4
Line FOIming
Marg:ins
Line Spicing
Just:i.f ica twn
Foening a L.ine
Word Wrap
Ref orming a Paragr c:ph
Carriage Retums
Spices
Hyphena t:ion
Sumrrary of Reforming
6
3-1
3-1
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-2
3-2
3-2
3-2
3-3
3-3
3-3
3-3
3-4
Printing a Da:tDDf!!lt
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
Pr:int Foena.tting
Pagina t:ion
S};ecial Effects
Other Printing Features
Pr in tcontro1 Charactem
Dot Camnands
Dynamic Page Break Display
iv
Contents
A
'!'erm; na] S SUpported
A-1
A-1
A-2
A-2
A-3
A-3
S1:aldard InstalJa tion
Special Installa tlon
On~st
Special Versions
Under Consideration
NotSupported
B
Faaats SUpplrted
FOIInats Supplied by MicroPro and Lifel::oat
Fornats Supplied by MicroPro O.E.M.s
Forma ts Supplied by Lifeboat
B-1
B-2
B-2
~cialty Printers
Teletype-Like Pr inters
C-1
C-1
C
D.lustrations
1-1
1-3
2-3
4-4
5-2
Typical Screen Display
The Help Menu
Typical Keybaird
Sanple Backup Procedure
Word Wrap
v
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
vi
Section 1
Introduction
AN OVERVIEW OF WORDSTAR
WordStar is a screE!l-Oriented word-process:ing systan with integratal I;rinting.
Both initial altry of text and alteration of text I;%'eviously altered are displayed directly on the screen. Most formatting functions take place immediately, resulting in the display of a Ute pr:int image1 additional enhancements are p!.r:formed dur:ing pr :intOlt. The MailMerge option adcs form letter
generation and other capabilities. Originally designed for use under the
Canmand Progr an Monitor (CP/M), WordStar has since been modified for use on
other op!ra ting systems.
TBB EDITIBG PUNaIOB
WordStar's editing function is used to create and alter documents stored on
diskette. Features of the edit function include vic20 editing, automatic disk
tnffering, on-screen text formatting, powerful editing canmands, flexible f:ind
and replace canmands, help system, dynanic pige break display, precise centrol
of text format, and hyplen help.
Video Editing
A portion 'of the document being entered or corrected is al ways shown on the
terminal screen 1 addit:ions and correct:ions are immediately displayed. Text
entry is accomplished merely by typing the desired text1 command functions
such as cursor motion or deletion of text are quickly accoutplished with visual
feedback.
A:Tml' .ra:
* *
AA
*.
AZ
Movement * * I* Dele te * I * MiscelJanerus *
~
AC
L--!-!-!-1-1-1-!-1-1--1-1
R
WordStar
is a screen-oriented word-processing systen
with
integrated pr:in ting.
Both initial entry of text and alteration
of text previously entered are displayed dira::tly on the screen.
Most fornatting ftmct:ions take place •
1-1
Section 1
Introduction
ADtanatic Disk Buffering
'!he size of a doctment is not limited by the amount of random access memory
(RAM) in your CQ'q?uter, but by disk capacity.
Text is brought into RAM as
required, with no operator intet:Vention or concern.
CD-screen '!'ext: Fomatt:1ng
is displayed on the screen as it will app:!ar when printed, thereby
facilitating review and correction before printing. On-screen text fOInBtting
is accanplished with the aid of these features: word wrap; autanatic margination, justification, line spacing, and centering; and r:aragraph re-fotm.
Text
Paragraphs may be enterai at high S);:eed without striking the RE'lORN key. When
a word exceeds the right margin, WordStar autamtically moves the word being
entered to the next line and justifies and redisplays the line just completed.
The RE'ItJRN key is used only to indicate the end of a p9Iagraph, blank line, or
other point where a pennanent line break is desired. The typist need not break
rhythm to think about the end of the line, nor feel the necessity of looking
up fran the material being enterai.
Atrn:MATIC MARGINATION, JUSTIFICATION,
LINE $PACIW, AND CENrEBINi
With word wrap in effect, each canpleted line is autanatically adjusted to fit
the left and right margins, justified (right-aligned) unless the user has
selected ragged-right focnat, and, optionally, double-Sp:lced or triple staced.
A line of text can te centered between the current left and right margins with
a keystroke camnand.
fran the cursor pesi tion to the end of the Piragr~h my be -re-fomedw
on ccmnand to change tile margins or line spacing, to change fran ragged right \
to justified or vice versa, or to clean up after alterations.
Text
PoNerful EdU:iDJ Cmmands
In addition to the basic function&-cUrsor rootion, scrolling, text deletion
by character, word, or line, and selection of :insertion or overtypinqWordStar· s editing cc:mm:mds include the following:
1-2
•
set or clear a variable tab stop-ordinary or decimal
•
IOOVe,
•
set or move to a place marker
•
f:fD1 or f:iDd aD3 replace text
•
write to and read fran additional files
copy, or delete a block
In troduction
Section 1
Plexi Me Find and Replace 0 """•.as
Searchmg Op!rations and StDstitution operations can be done orx:e, n times,
globally (on the en tire dcx:ument) , on whole words only, i910ring case (upp!r
or lower), and/or selectively (the op:ratar is asked whether replacement is to
be I;2rformed in each .instance).
meml of ccnurands ap};eaIS at the tcp of the screen during editing,
or may be
suppressed for additional text display area.
When the first character of a
two-character CDInIIaIld is entered, after a short };ause the n:enu autanatically
changes to show all camnands that begin with the key just entered. Additional
explanations of various tcpics can be called up at will, by selecting fran the
Help Meml (shown here).
A
A:Tmr .IX:c
PAGE 1 LINE 1 >>
S status line
R Ruler line
M Marg:ins and tats
P Place markeIS
V Moving text
I * Other Menus
*
I (fran Main only)
IAJ Help AK Block
Quick "'p Pr int
I AQ
lAO Ons:reen
ISpace bar retums
Iyou to Main Menu.
Ir--l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-i-l----KR
•
Dynanic Pac]e Break Display
Within certain limitations, the };age breaks that will occur at printCllt are
indicated on the screen during editing, and change appro};riately in rest;:Onse
to every insertion or deletion.
Thus printing is unnecessary to review tage
layout or };age break I,X)si tmns.
Precise
Contr:o~
of '!'ext Pm:Dat
WordStar rananbeIS which Staces and carriage returns were typed by the op:!rator and 'lbich were .inserted by the word wrap or taragraph refoIItl oJ;eration.
For example, if text is entered with two Staces after periods, the Sp!ces will
remain . through the initial word wrap and any later refoming, even if they
fall initially at end of line and later in mid-line. Anything produced by the
autaIBtic fomatting features can be altered by explicit editing camnands
aftawards. All autanatic features can be disabled.
1-3
Section 1
Introduction
WordStar can identify desirable places to divide a word between lines with a
l¥Phen. At each occurence, the o~rator may decide whether to hyphenate, and
optionally adjust the hyphen p:>sition.
Hyphen-Help inserts t:e.poraJ;y hjj;:t.Iais
which do not print if moved to mid-line by later refoming.
Mov:lD!J
'l'ezt aDd Wide nrx,
nts
WordStar allows you to move either an ordinaty block of text or a column of
text, as.in a table.
For docUIIelts more than 8ra coltmns wide, WordStar also
allows horizontal scrolling of text .in either direction.
THE PRINTING FUNCTION
WordStar's printing function is used to
print documents which have been entered
and saved on diskette with the edit
function.
The print function features
axx:urrent IXint::ing - one docunent may
be
printed while another is being
edi ted.
Print formatting features include page fomatting, pagination control,
~ial
effects,
microS};8ce
justification, and qerator options.
Each p;lge is vertically formatted with top margin, variable heading and
footing texts, r=age number, and oottan margin. The r=age size and margins may
be ~ified with "dot cortmmdsJt inserted in the document; defaults make such
specification unneccessaty for typical cases.
The heading. and footing may be
changed as many times as desired throughout the document.
The page nmi'ler appears by default at oottan center, but may be placed at top,
bottan, left, center, right, or alte!:nating left and right via S};eCifications
in the heading and/or footing texts. The page n1lIICer may be set to an:y number
deSired, or supp:essed ccmpletely.
Pag:ination Control
Page breaks occur whenever the P=lge is full, or in response to unconditional
page or conditional page directives in the docuuent.
Conditional page
directives allow SJ;:ECifying that a group of lines is to print together, at the
top of the next page if they will not fit the current page. Use of these
camnands will prevent inappropriate p;lge breaks without the necessity of
explicitly readjusting page ends every time changes are made in the document.
Page breaks are shown on the screen during editing.
1-4
In traduction
Section 1
Speci a 1 Effects
pndetline, Double Strike, Boldface, and Sbd:lteem: are generated at pr:int t:ime,
.in resp:lnse to special characters imbedded in the dcx:ument.
WordStar can
pr int these enhancements on regular pr inters as well as on da.isy-..beel
printers.
During editing, the special characters used to invoke the enhancements are displayed at the beginning and em of the affected text, allowing
mst staneard rnT teminals to be used.
Satmcripts (CD 2 ) , sup!ISCrjp:s (e2x ), variable charact:er pitch (pica, elite,
or your choice of number of characters :fer inch), variable line height (6, 8,
or your choice of lines:fer inch) and al tema te riblDn color are fully
supported on daisy-wheel and other incremental prmters, and within limitations on Tele~like pr:intem.
Underline, double strike, l:oldface, and strikerut may be used freely in IIidIBragra.tX1 as well as in seplrate lines such as titles;
use of these features
is completely c:cnq;:atible with word wrzp and J;aragrcph reform.
Prmt enhancements may be used in all cxubinations.
For example, unaerlined text and
boldfaced stDscripts are possible ~).
MicxosplCe
Justification
When printing justified text on a daisy wheel pr:inter, the white SPlce :in each
line is evenly distribut:ed Q!~ the words and characters for sU};:erior
ap};earance. On printem not capable of incranental sJ;licing, and on the teminal display 'Iilile editing, justification is accanplished by varying the number
of blanks betweEn words.
Operator Options
The op!ratcx may sp!Cifrj any CDnbination of the following pr:inting features:
•
starting and ending l=8ge numbers
•
use of -fom feed" chara::tetS
•
pausing Q!tween pages for single-sheet pap!r loading
•
- pr:inting exact file contents without J:8ge formatting
•
Print
being
outputting to a disk file :instead of the prmter
op!ration can be SUS'f2nded or arorted at any time while
whether or not a dccument is being edited.
printing
is
~rformed,
TIlE IlAILMBRGE OPTION
WordStar's MailMerge option allows prooud:ion of form lettetS and provides
other enhanced printing ca;abilities.
The sepu-ately supplied Ma.iJ.Merge
option activates the "MailMerge" cannend.
The Maill'..erge cannand has all of
the cap!bilities of the regular lXint function (as described above) except the
ability to edit while pr:inting, plus a number of additional capabilities,
including the following:
1-5
Section 1
In troduction
MailMerge can insert variable information into a document and autanatically
print a copy for each set of data.
For example, a p!I'Sonalized letter can be
produced for each name and addrESs on a mailing list.
The letter is pr~red
with the edit function in the usual manner, with imbedded directives added to
control the merg:inq.
The information to be inserted COInDDnly cxmes fran a
"chta file"; alternately, the opa-ator may be q1.Eried for variable infOIInation, or values may be set at the beginning of a document for :insertion at
mul tiple places in the dccument.
Data
Piles
files containing mailing lists or other information to be :inserted into
dccuments by MailMerge may be prep!]: ed with WordStar' s edit function or wi th
MicroPro' s screen-oriented data entry progran, DataStar. The canI;atible fornat used also allows generation of data files by programs written in ~c or
another language.
Data
Nested
am Oytjnpd Pr:inting
One ntrol sequences is provided. Subscripts, superscripts, and boldface text
print differently on non-incremental printers.
2-1
section 2
System Requirements
It is p:>ssible to use a fast pr:inter for drafts and a daisy wheel for finished
copy with no special considerations other than creating two versions of
WordStar :installed for different pr:int~rs.
'nle INST.PLL program supplied with WordStar allows easy menu selection of arrJ
of about twenty common terminal types and of one of the following printers
(see Appendices A, B, and C for canplete lists) :
•
Diablo 1618/1621/1648/1658
•
OllIe Spr:int 5
•
NEt: Spinwriter 5Sl.8/5528
•
•
OEM daisy wheel printer (Diablo By-Type II, Qume Sprint 3, NEe
connected to either a MicroPro "I/O Master" :interface OOard
or an Imsai PI0-4/4 with an Imsai cable G
55~ 01))
Teletype-like printer
Operation of the INSTALL program is described in the Insta1lation ManuaL
Installation for lmUSual terminals, video boaroo, and pr:inters is handled by
"patching" the program. Extensive provisiOns have been made for user patching
to accomodate various console and printer devices, as well as to customize
other features. SUch roodifications are discussed in the Installation Manual.
'mE TERMINAL
~e
Screen
The screen is capable of displaying at least It) lines of 64 characters7 24
lines of a9 characters is a common size. We will refer to the leftmost
character posi tion on each line as ·column l", and the rightmost character
position as ·the right-most column" since the actual number of columns on the
screen varies from termmal to tepnmaJ..
The cursor indicates where the next character will appear on the screen.
Depmding on the terminal, the cursor may apr:ear as a recta.ngle, triangle, or
underline, and mayor may not blink.
Many termlnals have sane w~ of making certain text stand out on the screen.
Qle common method· is to use bright and dim display: another is inverse video,
whereby the characters to be differentiated are black on a white background
instead of white on a black background. If your terminal has one of these
highlighting methods and WordStar is installed to use it, wordStar will use
highlighting to distinguish menus and error messages fran text, and to indicate text in the document that has been "marked" as a block.
2-2
S.ystem Requirements
Section 2
Insert and Delete Line
terminals have SI=eCial control codes to \ permit deleting or inserting a
line of text on the screen, automatically moving the lines below up or down.
If your termmal has these capabilities and WordStar is correctly installed to
use them, WordStar will use split screen upward and downward scrolling to
achieve rapid screen upJate as text is edited or scanned.
Many
Most computer keyboards are similar to 1:yI:ewriter keyboards, but with a number
Placement and labelling of keys varies from keyboard to
keyboard. A picture of a typical keyboard showing all keys that are essential
to use of WordStar is shown below (see Appendix B of the Installation Manual
for keyboard arrangements of special versions such as the TRS-80 Model I):
of additional keys.
The CT.RL key is used like a shift key to enter the control characters
(conuol-A wough control-Z). To type a control character, hold the CJ:m. key
down while typing the letter. In this manual, "controlN is abbreviated '-";
that is, AA means control-A, typed by holding down CTRL and typing an A; AB
means control-B, etc. Control characters are used for COIImands to WordStar,
to tell WordStar to cb something~ other keys enter document characters.
Your DEL key may be labelled DELETE, RUB or RtJBOtJT and mayor may not be
shared with the underscore key and may or may not require SBIFr to activate.
Your ES: key may be labelled ES:APE.
'!he RE"lURN key may be labelled
CARRI1Q RE'l.tJHN
or EmER.
Note that the space bar is for entering spaces. Unlike on a typewr iter, you
cannot use the space bar to move over characters already on the screen.
2-3
I
Section 2
System Requirements
A number of additional keys may J:e present, including:
lW:XSPACE: same as AHr use with WordStar for backstacing.
TAB: same as AI; use with WordStar for tabbin9.
as AJ.
LIN! FEm: same
Some term:inal keyboards have four clltsor motion keys with arrows pointing in
four directions, these can be activated for WordStar through special installation procedures (Inst:allation Mamal).
Many terminals have a REPEAT key which may be held oown alorq with another key
to type that character continuously; other terminals auto-re~at any dlaracter
whose key is held down.
OTHER COMPONENTS
'.rhe Disk Drives
In addition to the terminal, a computer sui table for WordStar use has one or
more disk drives into which diskettes may be inserted for file storage. To
use WordStar, you should know how to load diskettes into your particular
drives. Before beginning extensive entry of documents, you should have a
supply of blank diskettes. Also, remember that you cannot change diskettes
indiscriminately while using WordStar-the appropriate times for changing the
diskette in a drive will be described in Section 4 ("Changing Diskettes") e·
'1b! Rest of the CoIpJter
The remainder of the computer need not be understcxXl to make effective use of
WordStar. We will occasionally refer to pirts of the computer such as "RAM"
(random access memory) for the better understanding of those familiar with
such terms1 if such words are all Greek to you, oon't be concerned.
WordStar operates under CP/X and a few other operating systems. The operating
system is used by WordStar to mamtain files of data on diskette, and by the
user for a number of utility functions. (Files are discussed in Sections 3
and 4.) After turning your computer on, you must start ("boot") your operating system before you can invoke WordStar. Refer to your computer or operating system :instruction manuals for "I::ooting- directions.
When you turn on your computer and boot CP/M, the system's "console command
processor" (probably referred to as the CCP in your system manuals) is
invoked. It prompts with nA>. and waits for you to enter a command.
WordStar can then be called up by typing "WS" and pressing carriage return, as
discussed in greater detail in the Refererx:e Mama].
There are also a number of CP/M commands ("console commands") which can be
given at this point. Functions performed by CP/M commands needed in conjtmction with WordStar use include:
•
2-4
Determining the amotmt of stace left on a diskette, (STAT command in
most systems).
Section 2
System Requirements
•
l:etemining the size of a J;8rticular file ("STAT filename"'.
•
Making a copy of a file on another diskette (PIP command).
PIP may be used to make backup copies of documents, as well as to set up
diskettes (Section 4). You may also use the WordStar copy command to copy
files (refer to the Reference Manua1).
2-5
'!his Page Intentionally Left Blank
2-6
Section 3
Piles and Diskettes: Part 1
PILES
Understanding the nature of a file is important to understanding the Ot;=eration
of WordStar. Since we will refer to files frequently, we will discuss them
and related concepts before proceeding.
What is a file? A file is a collection of characters stored, in order, under
a name, on a diskette.
'l.'ext.
files
Files containing text are used to store documents, such as letters, books,
grocery lists, and so on diskette. When you enter a document into the computer with WordStar, you are using WordStar to create a file containing the text
of the document. When you make corrections :in a document, you are modifying an
existing file.
I:ocuments and Files
Generally, we will use the words -f ile" and "document" interchangeably to
refer to the textual material being entered or altered with WordStar. Q::casionally, of course, what you think of as a "document" may not corres};Orxl to a
"filell. For example, a book (a large document!) might have, each chapter stored
as a separate file, or a commonly used taragraph (less than a document) might
be stored on a sep!rate file for later retrieval for inclusion in future documents.
stmcture of a 'l'eI± Pile
The characters are stored in a file containing text in exactly the order you
would type them on a ~writer. Every place you would hit the space bar, a
"spacell character is stored in the file. At the end of each line, where you
would return the carriage, there is a -carriage return" character stored in
the file.
There really is a "character" for llcarriage return ll that is stored
between lines in the file. You can take advantage of this knowledge
when editing a document. For example, if you want to join two lines
together, you delete the IIcarriage return ll at the end of the first
line. If you command the cursor to back up from the beginning of a
line, the cursor goes to the end of the preceding line.
(Technically speaking, there are two characters, called "carriage
return" and IIline feed", between lines of a text file. Since
WordStar automatically manipulates the line feed along with the
carriage return, the user need not be aware of the second character
except: in a few sp!cific contexts which will be mentioned later.)
3-1
Files and Diskettes
Section 3
~
Importance of saving 'l'ert
in the computer. Text entered into
(or modification to previously entered text) is permanently filed
the operator gives one of WordSt:ar's save commands. For example, if
text ~~en turn off your computer without saving, the text will be
you tum the computer on again. save JOlr &x:u.ent1
A file is the only non-ephemeral storage
WordStar
only when
you enter
gone when
NAMING PILES
A file is identified by a "name"; this name is typed whenever the file is
referred to, (e.g., to determine its size, edit it, or print it). A name is
chosen for a file when it is created. The name may be changed with a CP/M
system command (REN) or with the WordStar rename command (see "No-File
Commands," BefereD:e Mamal).
a file name
contains up to three parts: the primary part is a name consisting of one to
eight letters and/or digits (most punctuation characters can also be used).
!£)wer case letters may be typed in, but they are taken as equivalent to upt::er
case letters. This name can optionally be followed by a period and one to
three more characters called the "type" or "extension". Commonly, type I:CC is
used for documents to distinguish them from other files, but blank, (omitted)
file types also work. Examples of valid file names as described so far:
As described in detail in your operating system documentation,
ABC.XYZ
CBAP'l'ERl.llX
X
xxs-a-79.OCC
Drive NeIDe
The third part of a file name, a dri-ve letter, is optional. It is entered
first arxl sep!rated fran the rest of the name with a colon. 'Ibis letter, A or
B (or Cor D if you have more drives) specifies the drive (A or B) containing
the diskette for the file. Examples:
A:ABC.D
B:FCXl
B:A'BBAC\DA.BRA
When no letter is included in the file name, the file name is assumed to be on
the drive currently logged.
A file name as we have just described it may be referred to as an "unambiguous
file name" or "ufn" in your system documentation.
<:boosing Pile Names
File names may be chosen any ~ you wish, provided the same name and type are
not already Jon use for another file on the same diskette, except that you
should not use type "BAK- (backup). Choose something that helps you remember
the file alntents.
3-2
Section 3
Files and Diskettes
The "Logged Drive" (or current logged drive or current drive) is the disk
drive used for any file for which no drive letter is entered when the file
name is entered. The logged drive is drive A when the operating system (CP/M)
is started. The logged drive may be changed with a CP/M command (by typing
drive letter followed by a colon to the console command processor), or with
WordStar commands (described later). For example, if you are going to be
working with files on a diskette in drive B, you might find it convenient to
change the logged drive to B to eliminate the need to type B: before each file
name.
WordStar displays the file directory (i.e., the names of all files on the
diskette) of the logged drive. Thus, to view the file directory of drive B,
you must change the logged drive to drive B.
Diskette capacity
A diskette has a fixed capacity in characters (bytes) •
This is the total for
all files on the diskette, including non-text files such as the WordStaE
program or PIP or STAT as well as your documents. The exact number of characters varies with the diskette type and system; an ordinary a-inch singledensity mM-compatible diskette will oold a total of 24lK (243,892) characters
on most systems. The total number of files is also limited (sometimes to 64),
but unless you use very short files, the total number of characters is the
limi ting factor.
If a diskette gets full, it may be impossible to save a document that has just
been entered or corrected. It is not permissable to change diskettes after
entry or correction of a file has begun, so check your disk space (STAT
command in most systems) before commencing entry or corr~ction. If the
diskette you are using doesn't have lots of extra spice on it, start another.
Watch yaIr disk spacer
A printed I=Bge of text usually contains two or three thousand characters; the
exact size of course depends on the line length, number of lines, and number
of blank lines. A system console command is available (STAT filename in most
systems) to display the current size of a given file.
While you are learning WordStar, you will probably work with files of moderate
size-several pages only. With such files, it is prudent to keep empty space
on the diskette equal to twice the size of your largest document. When the
space gets less than this, start a new diskette1 if you are going to be adding
to existing files, move sane of them to the new diskette.
For large files, of course, it may not be practical to keep this much space,
as the file may be bigger than a third the capacity of a diskette. We recommend that, when practical, large documents be divided into several files of
moderate size. For example, each chapter of a bock might be a separate file.
We will discuss large file considerations further in the Reference Manual.
3-3
Section 3
Files and Diskettes
Pile Backup
Prudent data processing practice includes keeping additional copies of all
data. '!his permits recovery if a file is destroyed by any unforeseen circumstances such as computer breakoown, power failure, accidentally deleting the
wrong file, spilling a cup of. coffee on the diskette, etc.
In microcomputer word processing, the best method of backup is to make a copy
of the file on a different diskette, then remove this diskette and store it
safely. Any time you have invested considerable effort in correcting or updating a file, exit from WordStar and make another backup. Be sure to label
your backup diskettes carefully - next time you go to use the document, you
will want to be sure you can identify the latest version!
Files may' be copied in most systans with a command called "PIJ?II1 refer to your
system documentation. WordStar also has a file copy command that will,be
described later. Some systems have a command with a name such as DISKCOPY
that makes and verifies a copy of an entire diskette1 if this is available, it
is the best method due to the verification.
Orderly and regular backup procedures take little effort and will save much
grief should a file loss or diskette loss ever occur. Back up your files!
3-4
Section 4
Piles and Diskettes: Part 2
SETTIBG UP DISKETTES
Initializing diskettes requires greater undez:standing of the q:2rating system
canmands than other aerpects of WordStar use. In some installat:icns, a single
individual may learn this IXocess, and make a supply of initialized diskettes
for use by a number of typists, who will then need only to understand the
operation of WordStar proper. Be sure, however, to keep extra initialized
diskettes at hand and make sure all o};erators know how to mnitor the empty
sp!ce on their diskettes.
WardStar Installation
If you don't already have a copy of WordStar installed to work with your
terminal and printer, refer to the Installation Manual before attempting to
initialize a diskette or to use WordStar.
WardStar Piles
The WordStar progran Q)nsists of the following files:
ws.CQt
Maln Program. The program loaded when you call up
WordStar. In order to call up WordStar, you must have
this file! on the diskette in the drive you call it from
(normally A). (Yoo can select another name during installation. For details, see the Installation Manual.)
~.OVR
Message Pile.
The text of all WordStar messages and
menus. 'Ibis file should always be on-line when WordStar
is in use. WSMSGS.OVR may be on the diskette in drive A,
or in the diskette in the legged drive (if other than A)WordStar will f:ind it either place.
liBNLn.OVR
OVerlay Pile.
WordS tar overlays. This file Q)ntams
elements of the WordStar progran, and must be on-line at
all times in order to use WordStar.
MAIUR;E.OVR
Mai.l.Merge Pile (Optional). MailMerge overlays. This
file, which must be IXesent on the system in order to use
the optional MailMerge comnand, is supplied separately.
Sett:i.D) Up a WordStar System Diskette
You
will normally want to put the following on each WordStar worJdng diskette:
1.
The "system image": the portion of the operating system read into
RAM whenever the systen boots or wann-restarts (this includes when
WordStar exits to the system). This is not a file, but is on a
reserved area of the diskette, Q)pied from one diskette to another
wi th a special, system-dep=ndent program sometimes called gyS;EN.
4-1
Files and Diskettes
Section 4
2.
The files for any -transient" CP/M canmands you wish.
STAT.COM and PIP.CDM for all diskettes.
3.
'!be files required by WordStar:
We recanmend
a.
WS.COM, the WS program (as produced by the "installation"
procedure, described in the Installation Manual).
b.
WSMSGS.ovR, the WordStar message text file. This file should
al ways be on the diskette in drive A, or on the diskette in the
logged drive.
c.
WSOVLn.ovR, the WordStar overlay file. This file must al ways
be on the diskette in the logged dr i ve, or on the diskette in
drive A. We recommend that you keEP a diskette containing all
three of these files in drive A whenever you use WordStar.
d.
MAILMRGE.OVR (optional). This f lie must be pr esent on the diskette in drive A (or in the logged drive) in order to use
WordStar's MailMerge capability.
In most systems, files (items 2 and 3) are moved with the CP/M utility program
PIP: refer to your operating system documentation. Once your WordStar is
installed, a WordStar canmand may also be used to move files.
A diskette in drive B can be used for document file storage only. It need
have none of the above items on it (provided WSMSGS.ovR and ~OVLn.OVR are on
the diskette in drive A), making its entire capacity available for document
stcrage. (However, it is often to include itans 2 and 3 for ccnvenience.)
Rote
For WordStar to op:!rate, there must always be a diskette in drive A,
and also in the logged drive if other than A.
'lb! Simple and Safe Rule
Change diskettes only when the systan. is ready to accept a command (A> or B>
pranpt), and after changing diskettes typ! CDltrol-<: ("'e). l:on't forget the
"'Cl Cha'lging diskettes at the wron; time, such as when WordStar is editing
or printing a file, or forgetting the CDntrol-<: results in errors under some
versions, and destroys existing files under other versions. Under certain
systems, "'c is unnecessary, but it ooes no harm.
'!be WcxdStar BmepI ion
When WordStar is running, diskettes may be changed if WordStar is neither
editing a file nor printing. The no-file menu (described later) must be' on
the screen, and printing must be inactive. "'c is not used in this case.
4-2
Files and Diskettes
Section 4
Used with caution, this exception is a convenience: it makes it lJUlecessary to
re-invoke WordStar to edit a file on a different diskette, and elimmates the
need to have WS.CDM ~.e up diskette stace when working with large files.
There is no general provision for chmging diskettes in the midst of an edit.
Make sure you have plenty of working space on your diskette before invoking
WordStar.
caution
Never change diskettes W:lile editing or printing!
When initiating editing with WordStar, the op!ratar enteIS a f:lle name. Thjs
may be the name of an existing file to be altered, or the name of a new file
into which text is to be entered. The processes of altering an existing Cbcument and enter ing a new document are the same in WordStar, except of course
that the new oocument starts out empty.
Saving a
DOCl1"E'1'lt
When an existing oocument is edited, the changes are entered ten};X)rar:lly into
an ephemeral working document; no change is made in the permanent diskette
storage until one of WordStar's save commands is given. When you save the
dccument, the I;X'eviOlS version of the file is changed to type "BAr (backup),
and the contents of the working document are filed lmder the file name of the
I;X'evioos version (see the illustration below uncer "Summary").
For example, if you edit a previously entered file. named LETTER.DOC, after
saving it the new version will be on the original file name (IETTER-DOC) and
the version of the document that existed before the edit will now be called
IETlER.BAK.
When a new oocument is entered, the text goes into the working Cbcument as it
is entered and is J;:ermanently recorCed on diskette only when a save canmand is
given. After saving the first time, the enteral text will be on the st:ecified
file name. There will be no BAK file since there was no lXior version.
To review, the working docmaent is the version of the document containing
changes and additwns made during editing. The .original file is not altered
until you give a save command (and even then the original version is kept,
wi th type BAK). If the edit is inter rupted for any reasol'l-OJ;:erator canmand,
power failure, etc.--the working document is lost and the original file is
unchanged (non-existent for a new file).
The most important t:Oint atout the working oocument is its transitory nature:
working document text is not J;:ermanently recorded on diskette until you ~
it. Save your docmaentl For convenience, WordStar contains a "save and reedit" canmand which ooes a canplete save, then initiates editing of the file
just saved. Use of this command periodically dur ing long edit sessions is
highly recommended.
4-3
Section 4
Files and Diskettes
BestoriDg the Backup Pile
Alternately, if you make changes in a document, then decide before saving that
you want the original kept, you may use WordStar's abandon command as described later. This oommand discards the working document, leaving the original f ile un~ianged.
If you discover after saving that you made drastic errors while editing file
LETrER.IX:C, you may recover the prior version by using operating system commands to copy or rename LETl'ER.BAK to LE'.ITERJX)C, or by usinq WordStar's "real
addi tional file" canmand.
Note that only one prior version is kept. If you want to keep a version
indefinitely, make a coJ;¥ on another file name.--say LE'I'I'EB.OLD or IETTEIU3~1.
If the "save and re-edit" command is used during an edit, the BAK file (upon
completion) will be the version at the last "save and reedit".
9JMIBry
We have made three important };X.)ints in the above l;Braqraphs:
1.
Disk files aren't changed at all tmtil a save canmand is given, and
any work not saved will be lost.
2.
When an existing file is edited and saved, the new version is filed
under the original primary name and type.
3.
When an existing file is edited and saved, the previous version is
filed under the original J;rimat:y name and type BAR.
~rkinq
Docunent
=>
TEXT.roc
(Disk File)
(TEXT.IX:x:)
TEXT. BAR:
(Disk File)
Saq2l.e Backup Procedure
4-4
Section 4
Files and Diskettes
Pile Update in Detail
We will now descrfre the implementation of the working docmnent and the file
changes which occur when a file is edited in a more pr ecise and technical
manner, and p:lint rut implications for large docmnents. (New and non-ta:hnical readers may skip the rest of this section).
During an edit, the working document is stored in RAM and, for large documents, on temporary disk files that are created and erased automa tically.
Initially, the beginning of the original (input) document is read from disk
into RAM for display and pas sible modif ica tion. As you proceed through the
oocument, additional text is autanatically read as required. If and when the
capacity of your PAM is reached, some of the text fran the begmning of what
is in RAM is autanatically written to a tanporaty output file.
Up:>n saving, the rest of the text is copied to this tempcrary file. Then, any
existing BAK file is deleted, the input file is renamed to type BAK, and the
temporary file is renamed to the file name being edited, thus becaning the
output file.
If you move the cursor backwards through the file O'ler more chara::tem than
are contained in RAM (the number of characters RAM will hold depends on how
much RAM yoo have), text is read back from this tanporaty output file, and, if
necessary, text from the end of that in RAM is written to another temporary
file. This backing up o~ration is logically transp!rent, rut it is slow and
uses extra diskette space for the additional working file.
Thus, large files can be edited most r~idly and with mmimum diskette sp!ce
requirements by working forward throlJ3h the file, fran the begmning to the
end. To move from near the end to near the beginning, use a "save and ree3it"
command (AKS) as described later.
Saving is a relatively quick oparation
because, if the cursor is near the erxl of the document when the save command
is given, llUlch of the text is already in the tempexary file which is renamed
to become the attput file.
4-5
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
4-6
Section 5
Editing a Document
This section introduces the concepts and termmology relating to WordStar·s
on-screen formatting. Section 6 describes those concepts that apply to
printing. Descriptions of the specific editing commands and print directives
are given in the Reference Manual.
LDIB-PORIIIBG
Here we will introduce WordStar's on-screen line formatting features, word
wrap and J;8Iagra{il reform, and define a number of terms used when discussing
WordStar.
Margins
WordStar uses left and right margins that determme where on the :r;age the text:
appears and how long the lines are. Like a typewriter, the left margin and
right margin are set to the desired columns; the difference between them
determines the line length. By default, the left marg:in is column 1 and the
right margin is column 65; commands for changing the margins willl:e described
later.
Line Spacing
WordStar allows you to set single, double, triple, or greater
the default is single.
line SP!cing1
Justification
IIJustified- text has additional staces inserta:i l:etween the words to make the
right end of each line in a paragraph come out exactly at the right margin;
IIragged right" text does not have these S{:aces. The bulk of this manual is an
example of IIjustified- text; this particular paragratb is ragged right to
provide an example of the difference. wordStars justification is on by default, but may 1:e turned off to produce ragged right text:. Some users prefer
ragged right, e.g. for corresJ:X)nJence which they wish to apJ;:ear hand-typed.
Justified text is always displayed on the screen with whole S{:aces
inserted to achieve justification; this leads to uneven word
spacing. However, if you have a daisy wheel printer capable of
incremental spacing and WordStar is properly installed for it, the
printed copy will be -microspace justified- with the white space
added evenly throughout the line.
Margins, line spacing, and justification are all applied automatically by
WordStar to text as it is entered, or uy;on command to previously entered text.
We will refer to this process as forming the text; and will describe the
process in more detail.
5-1
section 5
Editing a Document
Porming a line
Given a collection of words, WordStar forms a Nline- in the document as
follows:
1.
EStablishes the left margin: inserts the necessaty number of spaces
to move from colwnn 1 to left margin column.
2.
Places as many words as fit on the line. If all the words fit, then
this is a partial line and WordStar stops here. Otherwise, saves
the excess words for ~ter lines and does steps 3 and 4.
3.
If justification is on, adds spaces between words to align right
margin.
4.
Adds a carriage return to the end of the line--or two for double
spacing, three for triple spacing, and so on.
Word Wrap
When word wrap is on (as it is by default), lines are autanatically formed as
text is entered by the o~rator. '!be operator types words, without using the
return key within a paragraph. On the first keystroke, indentation to the
left margin occurs; whenever text is typed beyond the right margin, a line is
"formed- as described, and the tartly-typed word that did not fit on the line
is moved down to the next screen line and over to the left margin. This all
happ:ms autanaticallY1 the operator just keeps typing, and the lines form on
the screen as they will prmt.
REFORMING A PARAGRAPH
A document is a changing entity. After entry, one usually makes revisions and
corrections. During entry, one can pause in typing, read the screen, and
immediately start rewriting. Or, one might want to change the margins or line
spacing of text already entered, or change text from justified to ragged right
or vice versa. Thus, WordStar mat be able to "reform" text already entered.
reformed by applying the line forming procedure described above repeatedly until all words to the end of the paragraph have been formed into
lines. First, of course, all the spaces and carriage returns added by previous forming are renoved.
Text is
5-2
Section 5
Editing a Document
This brings us to a vert important point. WordStar must know where the
paragraph ends. When reforming, the words in a paragraph are regrouped,
frequently changing the liPe break points. However, the reforming process
must not continue across the end of a paragraph - the next paragraph must
begin on a new line, even if the last line of the preceding paragra:r;il was not
full of words. The same situation occurs with tables, columnar lists, etc:
the user wants the text in these divided into lines as originally entered1'
WordStar should never remove the carriage returns between the lines of a table
or list. Similarly, user-entered blank lines should not be removed from the
docunent.
Thus, there is the need to record in the file permanent, user-entered line
breaks that WordStar will not alter when reforming, as distinct from the line
breaks between lines in a r:aragraph, which are supplied by WordStar and which
may be moved or removed as necessary during the reforming of the paragraph.
This distinction is handled via permanent and tenporcuy carriage returns.
carriage Returns
PERMANENl' ("BARO") CARRUGE RE'mEN
permanent ("hard") carriage return is a carriage return used at a point in
the file where the user wants a line break, as at the end of a paragraph or
between lines of a table. All permanent ("hard,,) carriage returns are explicitly entered by the user, usually with the RETORN key. Permanent carriage
returns are never moved or removed by WordStar's reforming process. The
presence of a permanent (or "hard-) carr iage return at the end of a document
line is indicated on the screen by a "<" in the rightmost column of the
saeen.
A
temporazy (·soft.., carriage return is a carriage return supplied by WordStar
in the process of forming lines, ei ther under word wrap during text entty or
during paragraph reform up:>n user command. Temporaty carriage returns will be
moved or removed freely by WordStar up:>n later reformation of the text; thIs,
they should be present only between lines of a paragraph or at other points
where the user does not want a fixed line break. The presence of a temporary
(or ·soft,,} carriage return at the end of a line is indicated on the screen by
a blank rightmost col~
A
review, all carriage returns supplied by wordStar jn the process of autanatically forming lines are "soft" carriage returns and may be moved or removed
by WordStar if the text is later reformed: all carriage returns entered by the
user are "hard" carriage retums (indicated by < in the rightmost saeen column) and will not be moved or removed except by an explicit editing command.
To
When entering text Wlder word wrap, do not use the RE'1URN key between lines of
a paragraph, but do use the RETORN key wherever you want a fixed line break
(e.g., the end of a paragraph, between lines of a table, after headings and
titles, etc). To make a blank line (as between block paragraphs) press the
RE"lORN key a second time.
Spaces
WordStar also makes a distinction between the s;aces entered by the user and
tr.e spaces supplied by the systen:
5-3
Section 5
Editing a Document
permanent ("hard,,} space is a space entered into the file by the user, by
pressing the space bar. Permanent (or "hardn ) spaces are never deleted by
wordSt:ars reforming process.
A
TmroMRY ("SOFl'.) SPACE
A temporary (llsoftft) space is a space supplied by WordStar in the process of
forming lines: the spaces to the left of the left margin, and the spaces added
between words to achieve justification (when justification is on). All existing temporary (or ftsoft") spaces are deleted before a line is reformed, as an
insertion or margin change may reduce the number of s};'aces needed.
WordStar never forgets spaces typed by the user. Spaces that fall at the end
of a line are not visible, but they will reappear if later reforming makes
them fall in mid line. User-entered spaces at the beginning of a paragraph
(after a hard carriage return) are forced to the right of the left margin,
like any other character.
When entering text under word wrap, wherever you want a space, type a sp!Ce.
For example, indented paragraphs can be fanned by pressing the space bar a
number of times just after pressing the RE'lURN key to end the previous :paragraph. This will cause the first line of the paragraph to be indented from
the left margin, i.e., a number of columns more than the rest of the paragraph.
If you like two st;Bces after periods, type that wa:y, and WordStar will never'
print the sentences closer than that. The spaces may fall at the end of the
line when initially entered, but they will be remembered. (The sentences may
also print farther apart, because of justification.)
Hyphenation
WordStar has a "hyt:hen-help· feature that allows you to hyphenate words when
reforming p!ragraphs for retter line ap~arance. When WordStar is refonning a
paragraph and encounters a word that will not fit at the end of a line, a
prompt will be displayed to allow you to insert a hyphen if desired before
continuing to reform the I=8ragraph. WordStar will indicate a position for the
proposed hyphenl you may place the hyphen elsewhere within the word if you
prefer. After the word has been hyphenated, or if you instruct WordStar to
skip the hyphen, WordStar will continue reforming the r:aragraph. Hyphen-Belp
may be turned on or off as desired.
Summary of Reforminq
Text that has been entered with the RE'IDRN key used only at paragraph ends,
blank lines, and other fixed line breaks can be };aI'tially or wholly reformed
at will to change the margins, line spacing, or to change between justified
and ragged right format. There is nothing done by word wrap as text is
entered that cannot be redone as often as desired by the paragraph reform
c~and.
Thus, one can initially concentrate on entering the text of a document without regard to format; subsequently, one can manipulate the margins,
spacing, and justification to achieve the desired appearance.
5-4
Section 6
Printing a Document
PRINT FORMA'rrING
Section 5 descril:ed line forming, which is Cbne as text is enteral and alteral
and is recorded in the file and visible on the screen. This section introduces the additional formatting op:!rations oone as text is being pr:inted by
the pr:int function, under the CDntrol of optional print directives entered in
the file.
Pagination
The pr:int function divides the text into };ages, and can add headings and pige
numbers. Page breaks (t:oth conditional and l.mconditional) can be specified by
the user where desired; otherwise the print function starts a new page whenever a page is full.
Since the appropr iate places for page breaks can change as text is added,
deleted, or moved, the p3.ge breaks are not recorded in the file. However, the
places where they will fall are displayed on the screen by the d~amic ~
break displa¥ feature, described Jater :in this section.
Spec:ial Effects
Subscripts, sUI;erscripts, boldface, underline, and other s};ecial printing
effects are activated by special characters entered :into the file before and
after the desired text. During editing, these chara:tem display as centrol
characters; during pr intout, the print function responds appropriately to
produce the desired effect. These features may thus be used freely in midparagraph - they fall through word wrap and p!ragraph reform with no special
user consideration; there is no neal to manually align the tmderline with the
text to be underlined, or to align the sutscript with the space it pr:ints in.
ChEllges in line height, chara:::ter width, and rib1:on color, insofar as supp:>rted by your plrticular pr mter, can also be I;erformed by the print function in
resplnfe to directives imbedd!d in the file.
User control of print formatting is accomplished via print directives imbedded
in the file. WordStar has two tYI=eS of print directives, print control
characters and .QQt commands.,
Pr:int contml characters are single-chara:ter directives for functions such as
begin/end underline or change riboon color; prmt control dlaracters can be
used freely in mid-word, mid-line and mi.d-p3.ragrc:ph.
Dot commands are special lines enter ed :into the file for functions such as
setting the p3.per length, or sI;ecifying a J:age heading, or causing a new page
to be begun. All cbt canmands have defaults suitable for normal use.
6-1
Section 6
Printing a Document
Print COlltral Qaract:ers
Print control characters are single-character commands enteral into the file
to sped£;( functions, including begin/end underline, begin/end strikeout or
change ribbon color.
For example, a control-S character in the file turns underlining on if off, or
off if on. To print
The word gnc1et' line is underlined.
type the following:
The word YSmderlineYS is underlined.
and see this displayed on the screen:
The word ASmderlineAS is underlined.
(where ... s represents a control-S character-not a caret and an 51)
described in more detail in the Reference Manual, a Qrint control character
is entered into the file by typing a special prefix C'P), then the desired
character. If typed without the prefix, control characters ~rform editing
canmand ftmctions.
As
As another example, a control-H character in the file causes the the character
after the control-H to p:cint in the same pasi tion as the character before the
control-a. 'Ibis facility is useful for printing accent marks over letteIS, as
used in a number of Euro};'ean languages. To print
Ie db-sept:ieme siecJ.e
type the following:
le dh-sept:ie~'me sie~'cle
and see this displayed on the screen:
Ie db-sept:ieil'me sieil'cle
All the print oontrol characters are described in the Reference Manual.
Print control characters can be used freely in mid-line and in mid-paragraph1
they are treated as other file characters and fall through word wrap and
paragraph reform with no special operator consideration. When a {:aragraph is
reformed, the underlines, etc. move with the words1 a i;ilrase can be underlined
with two AS'S, one at the beginning and one at the end. It doesn't matter if
the end is on a different line fran the beginning.
However, the columns they occupy· on the screen are disregarded in forming
lines, since the characters themselves don't print. Thus, if a line in a
paragraph contains an underlined word, that line will appear longer when
justified on the screen, because of the print controls to start and stop
underline. Each print control displays as an and a letter.
A
6-2
Section 6
DDt 0
liHiBi
Printing a Document
ds
~
commands are special lines entered into the file for purposes such as
positioning the text on the paper, settinq the page number, or startinq a new
};'age. Dot exmtmands do not in themselves print, but control the printing. The
dot commands have defaults suitable for normal use; you can begin using
wordStar without using dot commands at all.
The gener al form of a dot command begins with a per iod (hence the name), in
column 1 (i.e., immediately after a carriage return), followed immediately by
a 2-1etter code in upper or lower case identifying the function, optionally
followed by a number, text, or other argument depending on the particular
command. A number, if used, may be separated from the code by nothing, 1
space, or several spaces. !n¥ additional .text ,gn ~.aam.e. ~ (up to and
including the next carr iage return) .ia. assumed J:.Q .bJ=. .a cgmment ~ .1a. .ua.t.
printed. Here are three examples:
.M! 5
Indicates that a 5-line margin is to be used at the
of each page
t~
.BE Sect:ion II
Indicates that IISection II- is to be printed at the
top of each page until another .BE canmand is given
.CP 12
Starts a new page if fewer than 12 lines remain on
the current page
Full descriptions of all the individual dot commands will be given in the
Reference Manual. WordStar can be initially learned using the default page
format. Dot commands are being introduced here because they will be referred
to frequently in subsequent sections. Dot commands are normally used in conjunction with documents rather than programs. Since dot commands invoke print
functions, they nse is limited to these commands at the very beginning of the'
file only, as documents are handled with a constant number of lines on a page.
(The print function will handle aIbitraty changes in vertical page format; the
dynamiC paging limitation relates only to display of page breaks while
editing.)
If one of those dot commands app!ars in the file :in a position where dynamic
page break display cannot hancUe· it, a warning message apJ;ears next to it on
the screen and the command is ignored for page break display purposes. In
this case, the pr:inted page breaks may not be the same as tmse displayed on
the screen during editing.
Dynamic page break display can be turned off and is always disabled in the
non-dccument edit mode.
6-4
Appendix A
Terminals Supported
In general. WordStar may be rtm on any 48K Z-80. 8080. or 8085 microcomputer
system that runs under CP/M or one of its derivative operating systems. Here
are the terminals to which wordStar is known to be comt:atible, listed in five
groups (terminals supported with standard installation, terminals supported
with special. installation. terminals available on request .. terminals for which
special versions of WordStar are available, and terminals currently under
evaluation or developnent).
'nle following terminals are supp:>rted through simple resIX>nses to the standard
installation menus:
Beehive 150
Micro'l'etm ArJr- IV
Conplcolor II
Micro'l'ellll Acr-V
Cranemco 3100
Perkin-Ellner 550
Flashwriter I
Processor Tee SOLIVDM
Flashwriter II
SDS VDB-8024 VOO
Hazeltine 1500/10/20
Sorce IQ-120
Heath 8-19 (Zenith Z-19)
Sorce IQ-l40
Hewlett Packard 262lA1P
Si'l'PC cr-82
IMSAI VIC module
TEe Medel 571
Infoton I-IOO
Televideo 9121920
Lear-Siegler ACM-3A
rms-80 Model II with FftG CP/M
Lear-Siegler ADM-3I
rms-80 Model II with LIFE8JAT CP/M
Visual 200
1be following terminals are supported through st=eCial responses to the installation menus (available from your dealer):
ADDS Regent 25
DEC VT-IOO
A-I
Appendix A
Terminals Supported
ADDS Regent 45
DIRECT VP800/B
ADDS Regent 60
Lear-Siegler AcM-2
AIDS VT-IOO
SD Systems
DEC V'1'-52
Televideo 950
The following tetminals, similarly supported, will soon be available:
Beehive I:M30
Lear-Siegler ACM-42
DataMedia Model 2500
OMRON
DataMedia Model 3025
Perkin-Elmer CWL-1200
EEOC Model 0300/400
Polymorphics VTI module
EmIT DS-1920X
Teleray Model 12
ELBIT DS-480lX
Teleray 3900
8030B
Infoton 400
aq RIQJJ§4'
can be supported on request:. with help from MicroPro's
Beta test mellu. (MicroPro' s Technical Services Department requests your
opinions after testing installations on any of these terminals.)
'Dle following terminals
ADDS Regent 20
Hazeltine 1400/10/20
ADDS Regent 40
IBM 3101
Arm Arbor 6080
TRS-80 Medel II w/P&T CP/M
Data General DlOO/D200
TRS-80 Model II with Cybemetic CP/M
Special versions of WordStar are available for the following teminals:
Apple II 40-column
Apple II 80-co1umn
M&R SUp' R' Term* (and others)
Videx Videotetm+ (and others>
Archives
*
Turns the cursor off
+ Leaves the cursor on
A-2
Heath H-89 (Zenith Z-89)
with Lifeboat CP/M
Heath H-89 (Zenith Z-89)
with Magnolia CP/M
Heath H-89 (Zenith Z-89)
with zenith CP/M
SUp!rbrain
with DOS Version 1.0/2.0
SUperbrain
with OOS Version 3.0
Terminals Supported
Appendix A
••
'..:1n:~·
I. '
'!he following terminals are presently under consideration for possible future
support:
~
Dialogue 80
MicroAngelo VDU
veo
Datamedia DTSO/l
Screensplitter
DEC V'I'l32
SSM VBlB Video module
G'lC Model 101
SSM VB2 VDU
Hazeltine 1552
SSe! VB3 VDU
Hazeltine Series 80
TRS-SO Medel III
IS 64 x 16 VDO
V-lOa VDU
Ithaca Audio 64 x 16 VDO
Xitec SCl'-lOO VDO
Wordstar cannot currently be run on the fo11a-ll.ng systems:
PET
Sft'p Co.
A-3
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
A-4
Appendix B·
Pormats Supported
PORIlATS SUPPLIED BY IIICROPRO
The following disk formats are supplied by MicroPro:
Altos
ISC Intecolor Model 8063/8360/8963
App[e II
13-sector
Micranation
Apple II
16-sector
Micropolis Model II
Black Hawk Micropolis Model II
Mostek
cos Versatile
North Star single-density
4
canpal.-SO
North Star double-densi tv
Cranenco System III
Nylac Micropolis Mediel II
Delta
Pertec PCC 2000
Digital Microsystems
Research Machines 8-inch
Dynabyte DBS/2
S)
Dynabyte DB8I4
Spacebyte
Exidy Sorcerer w/Lifeboat CP/M
SUp!rbrain
Heath H-89 (Zenith Z-89)
Tarbell
Heath H-8 with Hl7/B27
TEl 8-inch
lean 3712
TBS-80 Model I 5-inch
lean 3812
'mS-80 Model II
IMS 8000
Vector Graphic
IMSAI 8-inch
Vector HZ
Systans 8-inch
B-I
Appendix B
POlUIA~
Formats Supported
SUPPLIED BY IIICROPRO O.B.II.s
'l!le folloWing disk formats are supplied by original equipment manufacturers
(O.E.M.s) of MicroPro products:
Archives
Gnat CWordStar only)
FORMATS SUPPLIED BY DIS'rRIBU'l'ORS
#
The following disk foI'Illats are supplied by various MicroPro distributors:
Al tair 8800 disk
AVL Eagle
Micropolis Model I
BASF System 7100
MITS 3200/3202
Black Hawk single-densitv
MSD 5-inch
CDS Versatile 3B
Nylac single-densi ty
CranencoZ2D
Ohio SCientific C3
Digi-Log
B-2
Microte~
II
Processor Technology Helios II
Durango F-85
Olay 500/520
Exidy Sorcerer with Exidy CP/M
RAm
Iean 2411 micro floppv
REX
IMS 5000
Sanco 7000 5-inch
Imsai S-inch
SD Systens 5-inch
Intel MDS .
TEl 5-inch
Kontron PSI-eO
Vista VSO 5-inch, single-densi ty
Meca 5-inch
Vista V200 5-inch, singltHlensity
Appendix C
Printers Supported
WordStar currently supports two kinds of printers, specialty printers and
teletype-like printers.
The following bidirectional printers, which offer microsp!ce justification,
are supported through resplnses to the standard menus:
Diablo 633
NEZ: 5593 w/Diablo Hi-Type II interface
Diablo 1355/S5A/55WP Hi-Type I
NEX: 5510/23 w/serial interface
Diablo 1610/29 w/serial interface NPX: 5515/25 w/Diablo look-alike serial
Diablo 1649/1659 (not 1641)
NEX: 5533
I'ItB starNriter 150B
()Jme Sprint 5 w/serial interface
ITCH Model 1549
Xerox 1711/29
I'.ltE VISTA V339
xerox 1739
Xerox 1740/50
~ELE~E-LlXE P~ERS
'ftle following Teletype and Teletype-like printers, which generally support all
WordStar features except: bidirectional printing and microspace justification,
are also available through resplnses to the standard installation menus:
AJ.};ilaccm Sprinter 48
m 449G
Anadex DP-S300
Malibu 165
Anadex DP-9500/B1
MicroTek m'-a9
Base II Model S00B
MPI Model S8
Centronics 700-9
Okidata Microline 89
Centronics 73B
Paper Tiger 445G
Centronics 737
Paper Tiger 460G
Centronics
n9
Paper Tiger 560
C-1
Printers Supported
Appendix C
C-2
Canprint 912
Teletype 40
DECW4
.Teletype 43
Faton LRC70B9
Quantex Series 6990
Epson 'lX-SO
Texas Instruments TI-S19
IBM Selectric (serial)
x~
HY-Q 1990
(mi
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