Wordstar_3.0_General_Information_Manual_May81 Wordstar 3.0 General Information Manual May81

WordStar

General

Information

Manual

WS-3630-1 (3.ftJ)

First

Issue:

May

lS,

1981

Copyright

(c)

1981

MicroPro

International

Corporation

1299

Fourth

street,

Suite

488

San

Rafael,

California

94991

USA

All

Rights

Reserved

Worldwide

COPYRIGB~

NOTICB

Copyright

ec)

1981

by

MicroPro

International

Corporation.

All

Rights

Reserved

Worldwide.

No

part

of

this

publication

may

be

reproduced,

transmitted,

transcribed,

stored

in

a

retrieval

system,

or

translated

into

any

human

or

computer language,

in

any

form

or

by

any means,

electronic,

mechanical, magnetic,

optical,

chemical,

manual,

or

otherwise,

without

the

express

written

per-

mission

of

MicroPro

International

Corporation, 1299

Fourth

Street,

San

Rafael,

california

94991

U.s.A.

TRADEMARK

The

names

MailMerge, WordStar, DataStar, WordMaster, SUperSOrt,

I/O

Master, and MicroPro InternatioriaJ. Corporation

are

trademarks

of

MicroPro

Intecnational

Corporation.

DISCLAIJlBR

MicroPro

International

Corporation

makes no

representations

or

warranties

wit:h

respect

to

the

contents

hereof

and

specifically

disclaims

any

implied

warranties

of

merchantibility

or

fitness

for

any

particular

purpJse.

Further, MicroPro

International

Corpora-

tion

reserves

the

right

to

revise

this

publication

and

to

make

changes from

time

to

time

in

the

O)ntent hereof

without

d:lligation

of

MicroPro

International

Corporation

to

notify

any

person

or

organization

of

such

revision

or

changes.

References

are

made

throughout

this

manual

to

the

Control

Program

Monitor,

commonly

known

as

CP/M.

CP/M

is

a trademark

of

Digital

Research

of

Pacific

Grove,

california.

i

This

page

intentionally

left

blank

ii

1

Introduction

An

Overview

of

Wordstar

The

Fdi

ting

Function

Video

Editing

Contents

Autatatic

Disk

Buffering

Ch-Screen

Text

Fo:cmatting

Powerful

Elli

ting

Canmands

Flexible

Find

and

Replace

camnands

Help

systen

Dynamic Page Break

Display

Precise

Control

of

Text

Fomat

Hyphen-Help

Moving

Text

and

Wide Documents

The

Printing

Function

Page

Formatting

Pagination

Control

Special

Effects

Microspice

Justification

~rator

Options

The MailMerge

Option

Merging

Text

Data

Files

Nested

and Chained

Printing

Screen

Display

and

Input

Printing

Multiple

Copies

Print-Time

Formatting

Print-Time

Conditionals

Additional

WorCiStar

Features

Keyboard

BUffering

Convenient

Defaults

2 .

System

Requirements

Canpatibility

FUe

CcmpitibUity

Terminal

Canpatibility

Printer

Ccmpitibili

ty

Fasy

Installation

~e

TeIlllinal

The

Scr~

~e

CUrsor

Highlighting

Insert

and

Delete

a

Line

The Keyboard

Other

canponents

The Disk

Drives

The

Rest

of

the

catputer

The

Cperating

Systan

iii

Contents

1-1

1~1

1-1

1-2

1-3

1-4

1-5

1-6

1-7

2-1

2-2

2-3

2-4

Contents

3

Piles

and

Diskettes:

Part

1

FUes

3-1

Text

Files

3-1

Documents and

FUes

3-1

Structure

of

a

Text

File

3-1

The Importance

of

Saving

Text

3-2

Naning

Files

3-2

Nane and Tyr:e

3-2

Drive

Name

3-2

Choosing

File

Names

3-2

Diskettes

and

FUes

3-3

The Logged Disk

Drive

3-3

Diskette

Capacity

3-3

File

Sizes

3-3

File

Backup

3-4

4

Piles

aDd

Diskettes:

Part

2

Setting

Up

Diskettes

4-1

Wor

dstar

Installa

tmn

4-1

WorOStar

Files

4-1

Setting

Up

a

Wordstar

Systen

Diskette

4-1

Work

Diskettes

4-2

Changing

Diskettes

4-2

The

S~1e

and

Safe

Rule

4-2

The WordStar

Exceptmn

4-2

File

Chalges

OUr

mg

Editing

4-3

Saving

a Document

4-3

Restoring

the

Backup

File

4-4

Sl.lmIIBry

of

Backing

Up

a

File

4-4

File

Update

in

Detail

4-5

5

Editing

a Doc,.l1IB\t

Line

FOIming

5-1

Marg:ins

5-1

Line

Spicing

5-1

Just:i.f

ica

twn

5-1

Foening

a L.ine

5-2

Word

Wrap

5-2

Ref orming a

Paragr

c:ph

5-2

Carriage

Retums

5-3

Spices

5-3

Hyphena t:ion

5-4

Sumrrary

of

Reforming

5-4

6

Printing

a Da:tDDf!!lt

Pr:int

Foena.

tting

6-1

Pagina

t:ion

6-1

S};ecial

Effects

6-1

Other

Printing

Features

6-1

Pr

in

tcontro1

Charactem

6-2

Dot

Camnands

6-3

Dynamic Page Break

Display

6-4

iv

Contents

A '!'erm;

na]

S

SUpported

S1:aldard

InstalJa

tion

A-1

Special

Installa

tlon

A-1

On~st

A-2

Special

Versions

A-2

Under

Consideration

A-3

NotSupported

A-3

B

Faaats

SUpplrted

FOIInats

Supplied

by

MicroPro and Lifel::oat

B-1

Fornats

Supplied

by

MicroPro

O.E.M.s

B-2

Forma

ts

Supplied

by

Lifeboat

B-2

C

~cialty

Printers

C-1

Teletype-Like

Pr

inters

C-1

D.lustrations

Typical

Screen

Display

1-1

The Help Menu 1-3

Typical

Keybaird 2-3

Sanple

Backup

Procedure

4-4

Word

Wrap 5-2

v

This

Page

Intentionally

Left

Blank

vi

AN

OVERVIEW

OF

WORDSTAR

Section

1

Introduction

WordStar

is

a

screE!l-Oriented

word-process:ing

systan

with

integratal

I;rinting.

Both

initial

altry

of

text

and

alteration

of

text

I;%'eviously

altered

are

dis-

played

directly

on

the

screen.

Most

formatting

functions

take

place

imme-

diately,

resulting

in

the

display

of

a

Ute

pr:int

image1

additional

enhance-

ments

are

p!.r:formed dur:ing

pr

:intOlt.

The MailMerge

option

adcs

form

letter

generation

and

other

capabilities.

Originally

designed

for

use

under

the

Canmand

Progr

an

Monitor

(CP/M), WordStar

has

since

been

modified

for

use

on

other

op!ra

ting

systems.

TBB

EDITIBG

PUNaIOB

WordStar's

editing

function

is

used

to

create

and

alter

documents

stored

on

diskette.

Features

of

the

edit

function

include

vic20

editing,

automatic

disk

tnffering,

on-screen

text

formatting,

powerful

editing

canmands,

flexible

f:ind

and

replace

canmands,

help

system,

dynanic

pige

break

display,

precise

centrol

of

text

format,

and

hyplen

help.

Video

Editing

A

portion

'of

the

document

being

entered

or

corrected

is

al

ways

shown

on

the

terminal

screen

1

addit:ions

and

correct:ions

are

immediately

displayed.

Text

entry

is

accomplished

merely

by

typing

the

desired

text1

command

functions

such

as

cursor

motion

or

deletion

of

text

are

quickly

accoutplished

with

visual

feedback.

A:Tml'

.ra:

PAGE

1 LINE 1

<DL

1 INSERl'

CN

«<

MAIN

MENU

»>

* * CUrsor Movement * * I * Dele

te

* I *

MiscelJanerus

* I *

Other

Menus

*

AS

char

left

~

dlar

right

I

AG

char

I AI Tab

~

Reform I

(fran

Main

only)

AA

word

left

AF

word

right

IDEL

chr

Ifl"V

Insert

off

/

ON

IAJ Help

.lOoK

Block

AE

line

up

"X

line

down

IAT

word

rtl"L

Find/Replce

agamlAQ Quick

~

Print

*.

*

Scrolling

*

*I~

line

1RE'IDRN

ErxJ

piragrzphlAO

Ons::reen

A

Z

line

up

~

line

down

I I

~

Insert

a

RETtmN

I

AC

screen

up

"'R

screen

oownl

III

Step

a cannand I

L--!-!-!-1-1-1-!-1-1--1-1

R

WordStar

is

a

screen-oriented

word-processing

systen

with

integrated

pr:in

ting.

Both

initial

entry

of

text

and

alteration

of

text

previously

entered

are

displayed

dira::tly

on

the

screen.

Most

fornatting

ftmct:ions

take

place

•

1-1

Section

1

Introduction

ADtanatic

Disk

Buffering

'!he

size

of

a doctment

is

not

limited

by

the

amount

of

random

access

memory

(RAM)

in

your CQ'q?uter,

but

by

disk

capacity.

Text

is

brought

into

RAM

as

required,

with

no

operator

intet:Vention

or

concern.

CD-screen

'!'ext:

Fomatt:1ng

Text

is

displayed

on

the

screen

as

it

will

app:!ar

when

printed,

thereby

facilitating

review

and

correction

before

printing.

On-screen

text

fOInBtting

is

accanplished

with

the

aid

of

these

features:

word wrap;

autanatic

margina-

tion,

justification,

line

spacing,

and

centering;

and r:aragraph

re-fotm.

Paragraphs

may

be

enterai

at

high

S);:eed

without

striking

the

RE'lORN

key.

When

a word exceeds

the

right

margin,

WordStar

autamtically

moves

the

word

being

entered

to

the

and

justifies

and

redisplays

the

line

just

completed.

The

RE'ItJRN

key

is

used

only

to

indicate

the

end

of

a

p9Iagraph,

blank

line,

or

other

point

where a

pennanent

line

break

is

desired.

The

typist

need

not

break

rhythm

to

think

about

the

end

of

the

line,

nor

feel

the

necessity

of

looking

up

fran

the

material

being

enterai.

Atrn:MATIC

MARGINATION,

JUSTIFICATION,

LINE

$PACIW,

AND

CENrEBINi

With word wrap

in

effect,

each

canpleted

line

is

autanatically

adjusted

to

fit

the

left

and

right

margins,

justified

(right-aligned)

unless

the

user

has

selected

ragged-right

focnat,

and,

optionally,

double-Sp:lced

or

triple

staced.

A

line

of

text

can

te

centered

between

the

current

left

and

right

margins

with

a

keystroke

camnand.

Text

fran

the

cursor

pesi

tion

to

the

end

of

the

Piragr~h

my

be

-re-fomed

w

on ccmnand

to

change

tile

margins

or

line

spacing,

to

change

fran

ragged

right

\

to

justified

or

vice

versa,

or

to

clean

up

after

alterations.

PoNerful

EdU:iDJ

Cmmands

In

addition

to

the

basic

function&-cUrsor rootion,

scrolling,

text

deletion

by

character,

word,

or

line,

and

selection

of

:insertion

or

overtypinq-

WordStar· s

editing

cc:mm:mds

include

the

following:

•

set

or

clear

a

variable

tab

stop-ordinary

or

decimal

• IOOVe, copy,

or

delete

a

block

•

set

or

move

to

a

place

marker

• f:fD1

or

f:iDd

aD3

replace

text

•

write

to

and

read

fran

additional

files

1-2

Section

1

In

troduction

Plexi

Me

Find

and

Replace

0

"""

•

.as

Searchmg

Op!rations

and

StDstitution

operations

can

be

done orx:e, n

times,

globally

(on

the

en

tire

dcx:ument) ,

on

whole words

only,

i910ring

case

(upp!r

or

lower),

and/or

selectively

(the

op:ratar

is

asked

whether

replacement

is

to

be

I;2rformed

in

each

.instance).

A

meml

of

ccnurands

ap};eaIS

at

the

tcp

of

the

screen

during

editing,

or

may

be

suppressed

for

additional

text

display

area.

When

the

first

character

of

a

two-character

CDInIIaIld

is

entered,

after

a

short

};ause

the

n:enu

autanatically

changes

to

show

all

camnands

that

begin

with

the

key

just

entered.

Additional

explanations

of

various

tcpics

can

be

called

up

at

will,

by

selecting

fran

the

Help

Meml

(shown

here).

A:Tmr

.IX:c

PAGE

1 LINE 1

<DL

1 INSERr

ON

> > >

«<

HELP

MENU

H

Display

and

set

the

help

level

B

Paragrcph

reform

(Cl'BL B comnand)

F

Flags

in

righ1::IIost column

of

screen

D

Ordinary

cbt

cnmrends

(P

comnand)

I I *

Other

Menus

*

I S

status

line

I

(fran

Main

only)

I R

Ruler

line

IAJ

Help

AK

Block

I M Marg:ins and

tats

I

AQ

Quick

"'p

Pr

int

I P

Place

markeIS

lAO

Ons:reen

I V Moving

text

I Space

bar

retums

I

Iyou

to

Main Menu.

Ir--l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-l-i-l----KR

•

Dynanic

Pac]e

Break

Display

Within

certain

limitations,

the

};age

breaks

that

will

occur

at

printCllt

are

indicated

on

the

screen

during

editing,

and change

appro};riately

in

rest;:Onse

to

every

insertion

or

deletion.

Thus

printing

is

unnecessary

to

review

tage

layout

or

};age

break

I,X)si

tmns.

Precise

Contr:o~

of

'!'ext

Pm:Dat

WordStar rananbeIS which

Staces

and

carriage

returns

were

typed

by

the

op:!ra-

tor

and

'lbich

were

.inserted

by

the

word

wrap

or

taragraph

refoIItl

oJ;eration.

For example,

if

text

is

entered

with

two

Staces

after

periods,

the

Sp!ces

will

remain .

through

the

initial

word wrap

and

any

later

refoming,

even

if

they

fall

initially

at

end

of

line

and

later

in

mid-line.

Anything

produced

by

the

autaIBtic

fomatting

features

can

be

altered

by

explicit

editing

camnands

aftawards.

All

autanatic

features

can

be

disabled.

1-3

Section

1

Introduction

WordStar can

identify

desirable

places

to

divide

a word between

lines

with

a

l¥Phen.

At

each

occurence,

the

o~rator

may

decide

whether

to

hyphenate, and

optionally

adjust

the

hyphen

p:>sition.

Hyphen-Help

inserts

t:e.poraJ;y hjj;:t.Iais

which do

not

print

if

moved

to

mid-line

by

later

refoming.

Mov:lD!J

'l'ezt

aDd

Wide

nrx,

nts

WordStar

allows

you

to

move

either

an

ordinaty

block

of

text

or

a column

of

text,

as.in

a

table.

For

docUIIelts

more

than

8ra

coltmns wide, WordStar

also

allows

horizontal

scrolling

of

text

.in

either

direction.

THE

PRINTING

FUNCTION

WordStar's

printing

function

is

used

to

print

documents

which have been

entered

and saved on

diskette

with

the

edit

function.

The

print

function

features

axx:urrent

IXint::ing -one docunent

may

be

printed

while

another

is

being

edi

ted.

Print

formatting

features

in-

clude

page

fomatting,

pagination

con-

trol,

~ial

effects,

microS};8ce

justification,

and

qerator

options.

Each p;lge

is

vertically

formatted

with

top

margin,

variable

heading

and

footing

texts,

r=age

number, and

oottan

margin.

The

r=age

size

and margins

may

be

~ified

with

"dot

cortmmdsJt

inserted

in

the

document;

defaults

make

such

specification

unneccessaty

for

typical

cases.

The heading. and

footing

may

be

changed

as

many

times

as

desired

throughout

the

document.

The page

nmi'ler

appears

by

default

at

oottan

center,

but

may

be

placed

at

top,

bottan,

left,

center,

right,

or

alte!:nating

left

and

right

via

S};eCifications

in

the

heading

and/or

footing

texts.

The

page

n1lIICer

may

be

set

to

an:y

number

deSired,

or

supp:essed

ccmpletely.

Pag:ination

Control

Page

breaks

occur whenever

the

P=lge

is

full,

or

in

response

to

unconditional

page

or

conditional

page

directives

in

the

docuuent.

Conditional

page

directives

allow

SJ;:ECifying

that

a group

of

lines

is

to

print

together,

at

the

top

of

the

if

they

will

not

fit

the

current

page.

Use

of

these

camnands

will

prevent

inappropriate

p;lge

breaks

without

the

necessity

of

explicitly

readjusting

page

ends

every

time changes

are

made

in

the

document.

Page

breaks

are

shown

on

the

screen

during

editing.

1-4

Section

1

In

traduction

Speci

a1

Effects

pndetline,

Double

Strike,

Boldface,

and Sbd:lteem:

are

generated

at

pr:int

t:ime,

.in

resp:lnse

to

special

characters

imbedded

in

the

dcx:ument. WordStar can

pr

int

these

enhancements on

regular

pr

inters

as

well

as

on

da.isy-..beel

printers.

During

editing,

the

special

characters

used

to

invoke

the

enhance-

ments

are

displayed

at

the

beginning

and

em

of

the

affected

text,

allowing

mst

staneard

rnT

teminals

to

be

used.

Satmcripts

(CD

2) ,

sup!ISCrjp:s

(e

2x

),

variable

charact:er

pitch

(pica,

elite,

or

your

choice

of

number

of

characters

:fer

inch),

variable

line

height

(6,

8,

or

your

choice

of

lines:fer

inch)

and

al

tema

te

riblDn

color

are

fully

supported

on

daisy-wheel

and

other

incremental

prmters,

and

within

limita-

tions

on

Tele~like

pr:intem.

Underline,

double

strike,

l:oldface,

and

strikerut

may

be

used

freely

in

IIid-

IBragra.tX1 as

well

as

in

seplrate

lines

such

as

titles;

use

of

these

features

is

completely

c:cnq;:atible

with

word

wrzp

and J;aragrcph

reform.

Prmt

enhance-

ments

may

be

used

in

all

cxubinations.

For

example,

unaerlined

text

and

boldfaced

stDscripts

are

possible

~).

MicxosplCe

Justification

When

printing

justified

text

on

a

daisy

wheel

pr:inter,

the

white

SPlce

:in

each

line

is

evenly

distribut:ed

Q!~

the

words and

characters

for

sU};:erior

ap};earance.

On

printem

not

capable

of

incranental

sJ;licing, and

on

the

temi-

nal

display

'Iilile

editing,

justification

is

accanplished

by

varying

the

number

of

blanks

betweEn words.

Operator

Options

The

op!ratcx

may

sp!Cifrj

any

CDnbination

of

the

following

pr:inting

features:

•

starting

and

ending

l=8ge

numbers

• use

of

-fom

feed"

chara::tetS

•

pausing

Q!tween

pages

for

single-sheet

pap!r

loading

• -

pr:inting

exact

file

contents

without

J:8ge

formatting

•

outputting

to

a

disk

file

:instead

of

the

prmter

Print

op!ration

can be SUS'f2nded

or

arorted

at

any

time

while

printing

is

being

~rformed,

whether

or

not

a dccument

is

being

edited.

TIlE IlAILMBRGE OPTION

WordStar's

MailMerge

option

allows

prooud:ion

of

form

lettetS

and

provides

other

enhanced

printing

ca;abilities.

The

sepu-ately

supplied

Ma.iJ.Merge

option

activates

the

"MailMerge"

cannend.

The Maill'..erge cannand

has

all

of

the

cap!bilities

of

the

regular

lXint

function

(as

described

above)

except

the

ability

to

edit

while

pr:inting,

plus

a number

of

additional

capabilities,

including

the

following:

1-5

Section

1

In

troduction

MailMerge can

insert

variable

information

into

a document and

autanatically

print

a copy

for

each

set

of

data.

For

example, a

p!I'Sonalized

letter

can be

produced

for

each

name

and addrESs

on

a

mailing

list.

The

letter

is

pr~red

with

the

edit

function

in

the

usual

manner,

with

imbedded

directives

added

to

control

the

merg:inq. The

information

to

be

inserted

COInDDnly

cxmes

fran

a

"chta

file";

alternately,

the

opa-ator

may

be

q1.Eried

for

variable

infOIIna-

tion,

or

values

may

be

set

at

the

beginning

of

a document

for

:insertion

at

mul

tiple

places

in

the

dccument.

Data

Piles

Data

files

containing

mailing

lists

or

other

information

to

be

:inserted

into

dccuments

by

MailMerge

may

be prep!]:

ed

with

WordStar' s

edit

function

or

wi

th

MicroPro' s

screen-oriented

data

entry

progran,

DataStar.

The

canI;atible

for-

nat

used

also

allows

generation

of

data

files

by

programs

written

in

~c

or

another

language.

Nested

am

Oytjnpd

Pr:inting

One

<Dcunent

nay

:invoke

another

document

file

by

name

dur:ing pr:intCllt.

"Boiler

plate

n pu:

agr

aphs

used

in

many

dccuments can

be

recorded

on

seplrate

files

and invoked

fran

as many <Dctinents

as

desired;

insertion

of

variable

infoIIIBtion

and

refornatting

may

be

p!rfomed

during·

prmtout

of

the

invoked

file.

A

large

doc1.JllElt

that

is

maintained

on

multiple

files

may

be lX':inted

with

a

single

ot;erator

request

through

the

use

of

a

control

file

ccntaining

comnands

to

invoke

pr

:intOlt

of

the

various

sections.

Screen

Display

and

Input.

Conmmds

nay

be

imbedded

in

a

docuuent

file

to

display

messages

to

the

op!ra-

tor

on

the

screen

during

~:intout:,

and

to

request

o~ator

mput

of

variable

information.

Printing

Multiple

eq,i.es

A comnand

may

be imbedded

in

a doctment

to

cause

repeata:i

pr

:inting.

Such

retetition

also

cx:curs

aut:ata

tically

when

variable

infornation

is

read

fran

a

data

file.

In

addition,

the

op!rata:

may

request

multiple-copy

printing

when

MailMerge

is

invoked. The

o~rator-requested

mul

tiple-copy

pr

:intout

canple-

menta

that

invoked

by

comnands

in

the

file,

to

:feI1llit

p:ooucing

(for

example)

two

or

more

oopies

of

each

letter

pr

:inted

fran

a

mailing

list.

Pr:iDf:-'.riIle

Paaatting

The form;ing

of.

text

into

lines,

nornally

done dur:ing

text

entry

with

WordStar's

edit

function,

is

also

J;erfor:med

by

MailMerge.

Thus,

variable

information

may

be

inserted

in

mid-I;aragr~h1

MailMerge

will

realign

the

narg:ins

as

necessary.

1-6

Section

1

In

troduction

Print-Time

Comitionals

WOrdStar

allows

yoo

to

write

corXiitioml

statanents

to

control

pr:inting

of

a

document. These

statements

may

be

canpounded and

may

<J:)ntain

arithmetic

and

logical

tetmS.

ADDZ'rIORAL

1iO~1Ul

FEATURES

If

the

Op!rator

1:yp:!s

faster

than

the

screen

display

can resI=Om,

the

key-

strokes

are

saved

until

they

can

be

processed.

AlSo,

screen

upchting

is

usually

SUStended

tmtil

WordStar

catches

up

with

processing

all

the

key-

strokes.

'lllus,

the

opu:ator

can

enter

text

or

~

camnands

at

high

speed,

then

Pluse

when

he/she

wishes

to

see

the

latest

scree1

display.

The

only

exception

to

this·

is

during

disk

I/O, 'Iilich

is

indicated

by

a message

at

the

tcp

of

the

screen

as

well

as

the

usual

noise

fran

the

disk

drive.

ComeDient

DpfaJl1

ts

While WordStar

has

many

options

and

user-set

quantities,

all

are

set

to

gen-

erally

useful

values

at

startup.

For example,

the

left

mrgin

is

at

column

1,

the

right

margin

is

at

column

65

and

there

are

tab

steps

every

5 columns. The

p3.ge

paJ;er

length

defaults

to

66

lines

long

for

nor:mal

11

inch

foIIIlS,

with

margins

at

the

tcp

and

botten.

Thus, WordStar

can

be

used

initially

without

even knowing

how

to

change

these

variables,

and

there

will

rarely

be need

to

change more

than

a few

of

than

for

a

typical

oocunent.

1-7

This

Page

Intentionally

Left

Blank

1-8

Section

2

COMPATIBILITY

Section

2

Syste.

Require.ents

System

Requirements

WordStar

is

co.patible

with

a wide

varie~

of

hardware

configurations,

and

can

share

files

with

other

software:

File

CcIIpatihj

1 j

i:y

The

disk

files

used

by

WordStar

for

documents

are

standard

CP/M

text

files,

with

very

minor

additions;

a "non-document"

edit

mode

is

available

to

supt;ress

even

the

minor

differences.

All

formatting

features

such

as

word

wrap,

justification,

and

settable

tabs

can

be

individually

enabled

and

disabled.

The

formatting

performed

by

the

pr:int

command

can be suptXessed.

Thus, WordStar

is

useful

as a

general

purpose

text

editor/print

despooler

as

well

as

a

self-contained

word

processing

system.

It

may

be

used

to

edit

program

source

files,

to

input

files

for

other

text

formatters,

for

data

entry,

etc.

The

print

function

may

be used

to

print

Oltput

written

to

disk

by

other

applications

or

programs (even

while

you

use

the

edit

fmction

to

pre-

pare

the

inp.tt

for

the

Qlce

installed,

WordStars

video

editing

function

will

operate

on

almost

any

~

terminal

or

video

board

16

x 64

or

larger

that

has

a

cursor

positioning

function

and

that

is

accessible

as

a

console

device

under

CP/M

(also

Apple

II

16 x 49).

If

the

Cla' has

line

insert

and

line

delete

functions,

these

will

be

used

for

split

screen

update

after

changes

in

the

text.

If

the

CRT

has

a

highlighting

method

such

as

inverse

video

or

bright/dim,

the

highlighting

method

will

be used

to

distinguish

menus and

other

prompts from

the

text

being

edited,

as

well

as

for

distinguishing

blocks

of

text

"markedw

in

pr~ation

for

block

copy, move,

or

delete.

Certain

memory-mapped

video

boards

meeting

requirements

detailed

.in

the

Installation

Manual can

alternately

be

o~rated

in

direct

memory

access

mode

for

extra

fast

and smooth

screen

update.

Printer

Compatibility

WordStar

will

drive

almost

any

printer,

whether

it

is

Teletype-like

or

daisy

wheel, and whether

it

is

accessed

via

CP/M's

"list

output"

logical

device

or

via

direct

hardware I/O

instructions

issued

by

WordSt:ar.

OEM

daisy

wheel and

similar

printers

are

supported

when

used

with

the

MicroPro nI/o Master"

S-l~Hl

interface

board.

For

daisy

wheel and

similar

incremental

printers,

variable

line

spacing

(1

to

127

fori:y-eighths

of

an

inch),

variable

character

pitch

(1

to

127 one-hundred-

twentieths

of

an

inch),

and

autanatic

microspace

justification

are

supported.

For

other

printers,

selection

of

two

character

widths

·is

supported

(when

supported

by

t;he

printer)

and

limited

user-definab1e

access

to

other

special

a:>ntrol sequences

is

provided.

Subscripts,

superscripts,

and

boldface

text

print

differently

on

non-incremental

printers.

2-1

section

2

System

Requirements

It

is

p:>ssible

to

use a

fast

pr:inter

for

drafts

and a

daisy

wheel

for

finished

copy

with

no

special

considerations

other

than

creating

two

versions

of

WordStar

:installed

for

different

pr:int~rs.

'nle

INST.PLL

program

supplied

with

WordStar

allows

easy

menu

selection

of

arrJ

of

about

twenty

common

terminal

types

and

of

one

of

the

following

printers

(see Appendices A, B, and C

for

canplete

lists)

:

• Diablo 1618/1621/1648/1658

• OllIe

Spr:int

5

•

NEt:

Spinwriter

5Sl.8/5528

•

OEM

daisy

wheel

printer

(Diablo

By-Type

II,

Qume

Sprint

3,

NEe

55~

01))

connected

to

either

a MicroPro

"I/O

Master"

:interface

OOard

or

an

Imsai

PI0-4/4

with

an

Imsai

cable

G

•

Teletype-like

printer

Operation

of

the

INSTALL

program

is

described

in

the

Insta1lation

ManuaL

Installation

for

lmUSual

terminals,

video boaroo,

and

pr:inters

is

handled

by

"patching"

the

program.

Extensive provisiOns have been made

for

user

patching

to

accomodate

various

console

and

printer

devices,

as

well

as

to

customize

other

features.

SUch

roodifications

are

discussed

in

the

Installation

Manual.

'mE

TERMINAL

~e

Screen

The

screen

is

capable

of

displaying

at

least

It)

lines

of

64

characters7

24

lines

of

a9

characters

is

a

common

size.

We

will

refer

to

the

leftmost

character

posi

tion

on

each

line

as

·column

l",

and

the

rightmost

character

position

as

·the

right-most

column"

since

the

actual

number

of

columns on

the

screen

varies

from

termmal

to

tepnmaJ..

The

cursor

indicates

where

the

will

appear

on

the

screen.

Depmding

on

the

terminal,

the

cursor

may

apr:ear

as

a recta.ngle,

triangle,

or

underline,

and

mayor

may

not

blink.

Many

termlnals

have

sane

w~

of

making

certain

text

stand

out

on

the

screen.

Qle

common

method·

is

to

use

bright

and

dim

display:

another

is

inverse

video,

whereby

the

characters

to

be

differentiated

are

black

on a

white

background

instead

of

white

on a

black

background.

If

your

terminal

has

one

of

these

highlighting

methods and WordStar

is

installed

to

use

it,

wordStar

will

use

highlighting

to

distinguish

menus

and

error

messages

fran

text,

and

to

indi-

cate

text

in

the

document

that

has been "marked"

as

a block.

2-2

Section

2

S.ystem

Requirements

Insert

and

Delete

Line

Many

terminals

have

SI=eCial

control

codes

to

\

permit

deleting

or

inserting

a

line

of

text

on

the

screen,

automatically

moving

the

lines

below up

or

down.

If

your

termmal

has

these

capabilities

and WordStar

is

correctly

installed

to

use

them,

WordStar

will

use

split

screen

upward and downward

scrolling

to

achieve

rapid

screen

upJate

as

text

is

edited

or

scanned.

Most computer keyboards

are

similar

to

1:yI:ewriter keyboards,

but

with

a number

of

additional

keys. Placement and

labelling

of keys

varies

from keyboard

to

keyboard. A

picture

of

a

typical

keyboard showing

all

keys

that

are

essential

to

use

of

WordStar

is

shown below (see

Appendix

B

of

the

Installation

Manual

for

keyboard arrangements

of

special

versions

such

as

the

TRS-80

Model

I):

The

CT.RL

key

is

used

like

a

shift

key

to

enter

the

control

characters

(conuol-A

wough

control-Z).

To

type

a

control

character,

hold

the

CJ:m.

key I

down

while

typing

the

letter.

In

this

manual, "controlN

is

abbreviated

'-";

that

is,

AA

means

control-A,

typed

by

holding

down

CTRL

and

typing

an

A;

AB

means

control-B,

etc.

Control

characters

are

used

for

COIImands

to

WordStar,

to

tell

WordStar

to

cb

something~

other

keys

enter

document

characters.

Your

DEL

key

may

be

labelled

DELETE,

RUB

or

RtJBOtJT

and

mayor

may

not

be

shared

with

the

underscore key and

may

or

may

not

require

SBIFr

to

activate.

Your

ES:

key

may

be

labelled

ES:APE.

'!he

RE"lURN

key

may

be

labelled

CARRI1Q

RE'l.tJHN

or

EmER.

Note

that

the

space

bar

is

for

entering

spaces.

Unlike

on a

typewr

iter,

you

cannot use

the

space

bar

to

move

over

characters

already

on

the

screen.

2-3

Section

2

System

Requirements

A number

of

additional

keys

may

J:e

present,

including:

lW:XSPACE:

same

as

AHr

use

with

WordStar

for

backstacing.

TAB:

same as

AI;

use

with

WordStar

for

tabbin9.

LIN!

FEm:

same as AJ.

Some

term:inal keyboards have

four

clltsor

motion keys

with

arrows

pointing

in

four

directions,

these

can be

activated

for

WordStar through

special

installa-

tion

procedures

(Inst:allation

Mamal).

Many

terminals

have a

REPEAT

key which

may

be

held

oown

alorq

with

another

key

to

type

that

character

continuously;

other

terminals

auto-re~at

any

dlaracter

whose key

is

held

down.

OTHER

COMPONENTS

'.rhe

Disk

Drives

In

addition

to

the

terminal,

a computer

sui

table

for

WordStar use

has

one

or

more

disk

drives

into

which

diskettes

may

be

inserted

for

file

storage.

To

use

WordStar,

you

should

know

how

to

load

diskettes

into

your

particular

drives.

Before

beginning

extensive

entry

of

documents,

you

should

have

a

supply

of

blank

diskettes.

Also, remember

that

you cannot change

diskettes

indiscriminately

while

using

WordStar-the

appropriate

times

for

changing

the

diskette

in

a

drive

will

be

described

in

Section

4 ("Changing Diskettes")

e·

'1b!

Rest

of

the

CoIpJter

The remainder

of

the

computer

need

not

be

understcxXl

to

make

effective

use

of

WordStar.

We

will

occasionally

refer

to

pirts

of

the

computer such

as

"RAM"

(random

access

memory)

for

the

better

understanding

of

those

familiar

with

such terms1

if

such words

are

all

Greek

to

you,

oon't

be concerned.

WordStar

operates

under

CP/X

and a few

other

operating

systems.

The

operating

system

is

used by WordStar

to

mamtain

files

of

data

on

diskette,

and

by

the

user

for

a number

of

utility

functions.

(Files

are

discussed

in

Sections

3

and 4.)

After

turning

your

computer

on,

you

must

start

("boot")

your

opera-

ting

system

before

you can invoke WordStar. Refer

to

your computer

or

opera-

ting

system

:instruction

manuals

for

"I::ooting-

directions.

When

you

turn

on

your

computer

and

boot

CP/M,

the

system's

"console

command

processor"

(probably

referred

to

as

the

CCP

in

your

system

manuals)

is

invoked.

It

prompts

with

nA>.

and

waits

for

you

to

enter

a

command.

WordStar can

then

be

called

up

by

typing

"WS"

and

pressing

carriage

return,

as

discussed

in

greater

detail

in

the

Refererx:e

Mama].

There

are

also

a number

of

CP/M commands

("console

commands")

which

can

be

given

at

this

point.

Functions

performed

by CP/M commands needed

in

con-

jtmction

with

WordStar

use

include:

2-4

• Determining

the

amotmt

of

stace

left

on a

diskette,

(STAT

command

in

most systems).

Section

2

System

Requirements

•

l:etemining

the

size

of

a

J;8rticular

file

("STAT

filename"'.

• Making a copy

of

a

file

on

another

diskette

(PIP

command).

PIP

may

be

used

to

make backup

copies

of

documents,

as

well

as

to

set

up

diskettes

(Section

4).

You

may

also

use

the

WordStar

copy command

to

copy

files

(refer

to

the

Reference

Manua1).

2-5

'!his

Page

Intentionally

Left

Blank

2-6

Section

3

Piles

and

Diskettes:

Part

1

PILES

Understanding

the

nature

of

a

file

is

important

to

understanding

the

Ot;=eration

of

WordStar. Since

we

will

refer

to

files

frequently,

we

will

discuss

them

and

before

proceeding.

What

is

a

file?

A

file

is

a

collection

of

characters

stored,

in

order,

under

a

name,

on a

diskette.

'l.'ext.

files

Files

containing

text

are

used

to

store

documents,

such

as

letters,

books,

grocery

lists,

and so

on

diskette.

When

you

enter

a document

into

the

compu-

ter

with

WordStar, you

are

using WordStar

to

create

a

file

containing

the

text

of

the

document.

When

you

make

corrections

:in

a document, you

are

modifying

an

existing

file.

I:ocuments and

Files

Generally,

we

will

use

the

words

-f

ile"

and "document"

interchangeably

to

refer

to

the

textual

material

being

entered

or

altered

with

WordStar.

Q::ca-

sionally,

of

course,

what you

think

of

as a "document"

may

not

corres};Orxl

to

a

"filell.

For example, a

book

(a

large

document!) might have, each

chapter

stored

as

a

separate

file,

or

a

commonly

used

taragraph

(less

than

a document) might

be

stored

on a

sep!rate

file

for

later

retrieval

for

inclusion

in

future

docu-

ments.

stmcture

of

a

'l'eI±

Pile

The

characters

are

stored

in

a

file

containing

text

in

exactly

the

order

you

would

type

them on a

~writer.

Every

place

you

would

hit

the

space

bar,

a

"spacell

character

is

stored

in

the

file.

At

the

end

of

each

line,

where

you

would

return

the

carriage,

there

is

a

-carriage

return"

character

stored

in

the

file.

There

really

is

a

"character"

for

llcarriage

return

ll

that

is

stored

between

lines

in

the

file.

You

can

take

advantage

of

this

knowledge

when

editing

a document. For example,

if

you

want

to

join

two

lines

together,

you

delete

the

IIcarriage

return

ll

at

the

end

of

the

first

line.

If

you command

the

cursor

to

back up from

the

beginning

of

a

line,

the

cursor

goes

to

the

end

of

the

preceding

line.

(Technically

speaking,

there

are

two

characters,

called

"carriage

return"

and

IIline

feed",

between

lines

of

a

text

file.

Since

WordStar

automatically

manipulates

the

line

feed

along

with

the

carriage

return,

the

user

need

not

be

aware

of

the

second

character

except:

in

a few

sp!cific

contexts

which

will

be mentioned

later.)

3-1

Section

3

Files

and

Diskettes

~

Importance

of

saving

'l'ert

A

file

is

the

only

non-ephemeral

storage

in

the

computer.

Text

entered

into

WordStar

(or

modification

to

previously

entered

text)

is

permanently

filed

only

when

the

operator

gives

one

of

WordSt:ar's

save

commands. For example,

if

you

enter

text

~~en

turn

off

your

computer

without

saving,

the

text

will

be

gone when you

tum

the

computer on

again.

save

JOlr

&x:u.ent1

NAMING

PILES

A

file

is

identified

by a "name";

this

name

is

typed

whenever

the

file

is

referred

to,

(e.g.,

to

determine

its

size,

edit

it,

or

print

it).

A name

is

chosen

for

a

file

when

it

is

created.

The name may

be

changed

with

a

CP/M

system

command

(REN)

or

with

the

WordStar

rename

command

(see

"No-File

Commands,"

BefereD:e

Mamal).

As

described

in

detail

in

your

operating

system

documentation,

a

file

name

contains

up

to

three

parts:

the

primary

part

is

a

name

consisting

of

one

to

eight

letters

and/or

digits

(most

punctuation

characters

can

also

be

used).

!£)wer

case

letters

may

be

typed

in,

but

they

are

taken

as

equivalent

to

upt::er

case

letters.

This

name

can

optionally

be

followed

by

a

period

and

one

to

three

more

characters

called

the

"type"

or

"extension". Commonly,

type

I:CC

is

used

for

documents

to

distinguish

them from

other

files,

but

blank, (omitted)

file

types

also

work. Examples

of

valid

file

names

as

described

so

far:

ABC.XYZ

X

Drive

NeIDe

CBAP'l'ERl.llX

xxs-a-79.OCC

The

third

part

of

a

file

name, a

dri-ve

letter,

is

optional.

It

is

entered

first

arxl

sep!rated

fran

the

rest

of

the

name

with

a colon.

'Ibis

letter,

A

or

B

(or

Cor

D

if

you

have

more

drives)

specifies

the

drive

(A

or

B)

containing

the

diskette

for

the

file.

Examples:

A:ABC.D

B:FCXl

B:A'BBAC\DA.BRA

When

no

letter

is

included

in

the

file

name,

the

file

name

is

assumed

to

be

on

the

drive

currently

logged.

A

file

name

as

we

have

just

described

it

may

be

referred

to

as

an "unambiguous

file

name"

or

"ufn"

in

your system documentation.

<:boosing

Pile

Names

File

names

may

be chosen any

~

you

wish,

provided

the

same

name

and

type

are

not

already

Jon

use

for

another

file

on

the

same

diskette,

except

that

you

should

not

use

type

"BAK-

(backup). Choose something

that

helps

you remember

the

file

alntents.

3-2

Section

3

Files

and

Diskettes

The "Logged

Drive"

(or

current

logged

drive

or

current

drive)

is

the

disk

drive

used

for

any

file

for

which

no

drive

letter

is

entered

when

the

file

name

is

entered.

The

logged

drive

is

drive

A when

the

operating

system

(CP/M)

is

started.

The

logged

drive

may

be

changed

with

a

CP/M

command

(by

typing

drive

letter

followed

by

a

colon

to

the

console

command

processor),

or

with

WordStar

commands

(described

later).

For

example,

if

you

are

going

to

be

working

with

files

on a

diskette

in

drive

B, you

might

find

it

convenient

to

change

the

logged

drive

to

B

to

eliminate

the

need

to

type

B:

before

each

file

name.

WordStar

displays

the

file

directory

of

drive

B,

you must change

the

logged

drive

to

drive

B.

Diskette

capacity

A

diskette

has

a

fixed

capacity

in

characters

(bytes) •

This

is

the

total

for

all

files

on

the

diskette,

including

non-text

files

such

as

the

WordStaE

program

or

PIP

or

STAT

as

well

as

your documents. The

exact

number

of

charac-

ters

varies

with

the

diskette

type

and

system;

an

ordinary

a-inch

single-

density

mM-compatible

diskette

will

oold

a

total

of

24lK (243,892)

characters

on most

systems.

The

total

number

of

files

is

also

limited

(sometimes

to

64),

but

unless

you

use

very

short

files,

the

total

number

of

characters

is

the

limi

ting

factor.

If

a

diskette

gets

full,

it

may

be

impossible

to

save

a document

that

has

just

been

entered

or

corrected.

It

is

not

permissable

to

change

diskettes

after

entry

or

correction

of

a

file

has

begun,

so

check

your

disk

space

(STAT

command

in

most

systems)

before

commencing

entry

or

corr~ction.

If

the

diskette

you

are

using

doesn't

have

lots

of

extra

spice

on

it,

start

another.

Watch

yaIr

disk

spacer

A

printed

I=Bge

of

text

usually

contains

two

or

three

thousand

characters;

the

exact

size

of

course

depends on

the

line

length,

number

of

lines,

and

number

of

blank

lines.

A system

console

command

is

available

(STAT

filename

in

most

systems)

to

display

the

current

size

of

a

given

file.

While you

are

learning

WordStar, you

will

probably

work

with

files

of

moderate

size-several

pages

only.

With

such

files,

it

is

prudent

to

keep empty

space

on

the

diskette

equal

to

twice

the

size

of

your

largest

document.

When

the

space

gets

less

than

this,

start

a

new

diskette1

if

you

are

going

to

be

adding

to

existing

files,

move

sane

of

them

to

the

new

diskette.

For

large

files,

of

course,

it

may

not

be

practical

to

keep

this

much

space,

as

the

file

may

be

bigger

than

a

third

the

capacity

of

a

diskette.

We

recom-

mend

that,

when

practical,

large

documents

be

divided

into

several

files

of

moderate

size.

For example, each

chapter

of

a bock

might

be

a

separate

file.

We

will

discuss

large

file

considerations

further

in

the

Reference

Manual.

3-3

Section

3

Files

and

Diskettes

Pile

Backup

Prudent

data

processing

practice

includes

keeping

additional

copies

of

all

data.

'!his

permits

recovery

if

a

file

is

destroyed

by

any unforeseen

circum-

stances

such as computer breakoown, power

failure,

accidentally

deleting

the

wrong

file,

spilling

a cup of.

coffee

on

the

diskette,

etc.

In

microcomputer word

processing,

the

best

method

of

backup

is

to

make

a copy

of

the

file

on

a

different

diskette,

then

remove

this

diskette

and

store

it

safely.

Any

time

you

have

invested

considerable

effort

in

correcting

or

up-

dating

a

file,

exit

from WordStar and

make

another

backup. Be

sure

to

label

your

backup

diskettes

carefully

-

you go

to

use

the

document,

you

will

want

to

be

sure

you can

identify

the

latest

version!

Files

may'

be

copied

in

most

systans

with

a

command

called

"PIJ?II1

refer

to

your

system

documentation.

WordStar

also

has

a

file

copy

command

that

will,be

described

later.

Some

systems

have

a command

with

a name

such

as

DISKCOPY

that

makes and

verifies

a copy

of

an

entire

diskette1

if

this

is

available,

it

is

the

best

method due

to

the

verification.

Orderly

and

regular

backup

procedures

take

little

effort

and

will

save much

grief

should

a

file

loss

or

diskette

loss

ever

occur. Back

up

your

files!

3-4

Section

4

Piles

and

Diskettes:

Part

2

SETTIBG

UP

DISKETTES

Initializing

diskettes

requires

greater

undez:standing

of

the

q:2rating

system

canmands

than

other

aerpects

of

WordStar

use.

In

some

installat:icns,

a

single

individual

may

learn

this

IXocess,

and

make

a

supply

of

initialized

diskettes

for

use

by

a number

of

typists,

who

will

then

need

only

to

understand

the

operation

of

WordStar

proper.

Be

sure,

however,

to

keep

extra

initialized

diskettes

at

hand and

make

sure

all

o};erators

know

how

to

mnitor

the

empty

sp!ce

on

their

diskettes.

WardStar

Installation

If

you

don't

already

have

a

copy

of

WordStar

installed

to

work

with

your

terminal

and

printer,

refer

to

the

Installation

Manual

before

attempting

to

initialize

a

diskette

or

to

use WordStar.

WardStar

Piles

The

WordStar

progran

Q)nsists

of

the

following

files:

ws.CQt

Maln

Program.

The

program

loaded

when

you

call

up

WordStar.

In

order

to

call

up

WordStar,

you

must

have

this

file!

on

the

diskette

in

the

drive

you

call

it

from

(normally

A).

(Yoo

can

select

another

name

during

instal-

lation.

For

details,

see

the

Installation

Manual.)

~.OVR

liBNLn.OVR

MAIUR;E.OVR

Message

Pile.

The

text

of

all

WordStar

messages

and

menus.

'Ibis

file

should always

be

on-line

when

WordStar

is

in

use.

WSMSGS.OVR

may

be

on

the

diskette

in

drive

A,

or

in

the

diskette

in

the

legged

drive

(if

other

than

A)-

WordStar

will

f:ind

it

either

place.

OVerlay

Pile.

WordS

tar

overlays.

This

file

Q)ntams

elements

of

the

WordStar

progran,

and

must

be

on-line

at

all

times

in

order

to

use

WordStar.

Mai.l.Merge

Pile

(Optional).

MailMerge

overlays.

This

file,

which must

be

IXesent on

the

system

in

order

to

use

the

optional

MailMerge comnand,

is

supplied

separately.

Sett:i.D)

Up a

WordStar

System

Diskette

You

will

normally

want

to

put

the

following

on each WordStar worJdng

diskette:

1.

The

"system

image":

the

portion

of

the

operating

system

read

into

RAM

whenever

the

systen

boots

or

wann-restarts

(this

includes

when

WordStar

exits

to

the

system).

This

is

not

a

file,

but

is

on

a

reserved

area

of

the

diskette,

Q)pied from one

diskette

to

another

wi

th

a

special,

system-dep=ndent

program sometimes

called

gyS;EN.

4-1

Section

4

Files

and

Diskettes

2.

The

files

for

any

-transient"

CP/M

canmands you wish.

We

recanmend

STAT.COM

and

PIP.CDM

for

all

diskettes.

3.

'!be

files

required

by

WordStar:

a.

WS.COM,

the

WS

program

(as

produced

by

the

"installation"

procedure,

described

in

the

Installation

Manual).

b.

WSMSGS.ovR,

the

WordStar message

text

file.

This

file

should

al

ways

be

on

the

diskette

in

drive

A,

or

on

the

diskette

in

the

logged

drive.

c.

WSOVLn.ovR,

the

WordStar

overlay

file.

This

file

must

al

ways

be

on

the

diskette

in

the

logged

dr

i

ve,

or

on

the

diskette

in

drive

A.

We

recommend

that

you

keEP

a

diskette

containing

all

three

of

these

files

in

drive

A whenever you

use

WordStar.

d.

MAILMRGE.OVR

(optional).

This

f

lie

must be

pr

esent

on

the

dis-

kette

in

drive

A

(or

in

the

logged

drive)

in

order

to

use

WordStar's MailMerge

capability.

In

most

systems,

files

(items

2 and

3)

are

moved

with

the

CP/M

utility

program

PIP:

refer

to

your

operating

system

documentation.

Once

your

WordStar

is

installed,

a WordStar canmand

may

also

be

used

to

move

files.

A

diskette

in

drive

B

can

be

used

for

document

file

storage

only.

It

need

have

none

of

the

above

items

on

it

(provided

WSMSGS.ovR

and

~OVLn.OVR

are

on

the

diskette

in

drive

A),

making

its

entire

capacity

available

for

document

stcrage.

(However,

it

is

often

to

include

itans

2

and

3

for

ccnvenience.)

Rote

For WordStar

to

op:!rate,

there

must

always

be

a

diskette

in

drive

A,

and

also

in

the

logged

drive

if

other

than

A.

'lb!

Simple

and

Safe

Rule

Change

diskettes

only

when

the

systan.

is

ready

to

accept

a

command

(A>

or

B>

pranpt),

and

after

changing

diskettes

typ!

CDltrol-<:

("'e).

l:on't

forget

the

"'Cl Cha'lging

diskettes

at

the

wron;

time,

such as when WordStar

is

editing

or

printing

a

file,

or

forgetting

the

CDntrol-<:

results

in

errors

under some

versions,

and

destroys

existing

files

under

other

versions.

Under

certain

systems,

"'c

is

unnecessary,

but

it

ooes

no harm.

'!be

WcxdStar BmepI

ion

When

WordStar

is

running,

diskettes

may be

changed

if

WordStar

is

neither

editing

a

file

nor

printing.

The

no-file

menu

(described

later)

must

be'

on

the

screen,

and

printing

must be

inactive.

"'c

is

not

used

in

this

case.

4-2

Section

4

Files

and

Diskettes

Used

with

caution,

this

exception

is

a convenience:

it

makes

it

lJUlecessary

to

re-invoke

WordStar

to

edit

a

file

on a

different

diskette,

and

elimmates

the

need

to

have

WS.CDM

~.e

up

diskette

stace

when

working

with

large

files.

There

is

no

general

provision

for

chmging

diskettes

in

the

midst

of

an

edit.

Make

sure

you

have

plenty

of

working

space

on

your

diskette

before

invoking

WordStar.

caution

Never change

diskettes

W:lile

editing

or

printing!

When

initiating

editing

with

WordStar,

the

op!ratar

enteIS

a

f:lle

name.

Thjs

may

be

the

name

of

an

existing

file

to

be

altered,

or

the

name

of

a new

file

into

which

text

is

to

be

entered.

The

processes

of

altering

an

existing

Cbcu-

ment

and

enter

ing

a new

document

are

the

same

in

WordStar,

except

of

course

that

the

new

oocument

starts

out

empty.

Saving

a DOCl1"E'1'lt

When

an

existing

oocument

is

edited,

the

changes

are

entered

ten};X)rar:lly

into

an

ephemeral

working

document;

no

change

is

made

in

the

permanent

diskette

storage

until

one

of

WordStar's

save

commands

is

given.

When

you

save

the

dccument,

the

I;X'eviOlS

version

of

the

file

is

changed

to

type

"BAr (backup),

and

the

contents

of

the

working document

are

filed

lmder

the

file

name

of

the

I;X'evioos

version

(see

the

illustration

below uncer "Summary").

For

example,

if

you

edit

a

previously

entered

file.

named

LETTER.DOC,

after

saving

it

the

new

version

will

be

on

the

original

file

name

(IETTER-DOC)

and

the

version

of

the

document

that

existed

before

the

edit

will

now be

called

IETlER.BAK.

When

a

new

oocument

is

entered,

the

text

goes

into

the

working Cbcument

as

it

is

entered

and

is

J;:ermanently

recorCed

on

diskette

only

when

a

save

canmand

is

given.

After

saving

the

first

time,

the

enteral

text

will

be on

the

st:ecified

file

name.

There

will

be

no

BAK

file

since

there

was no

lXior

version.

To

review,

the

working

docmaent

is

the

version

of

the

document

containing

changes and

additwns

made

during

editing.

The

.original

file

is

not

altered

until

you

give

a

save

command (and

even

then

the

original

version

is

kept,

wi

th

type

BAK).

If

the

edit

is

inter

rupted

for

any reasol'l-OJ;:erator canmand,

power

failure,

etc.--the

working

document

is

lost

and

the

original

file

is

unchanged

(non-existent

for

a

new

file).

The most

important

t:Oint atout

the

working oocument

is

its

transitory

nature:

working document

text

is

not

J;:ermanently

recorded

on

diskette

until

you

~

it.

Save

your

docmaentl

For convenience, WordStar

contains

a "save and

re-

edit"

canmand which ooes a

canplete

save,

then

initiates

editing

of

the

file

just

saved.

Use

of

this

command

periodically

dur

ing

long

edit

sessions

is

highly

recommended.

4-3

Section

4

Files

and

Diskettes

BestoriDg

the

Backup

Pile

Alternately,

if

you

make

changes

in

a document,

then

decide

before

saving

that

you

want

the

original

kept,

you

may

use

WordStar's

abandon command as

des-

cribed

later.

This

oommand

discards

the

working document,

leaving

the

origi-

nal

f

ile

un~ianged.

If

you

discover

after

saving

that

you

made

drastic

errors

while

editing

file

LETrER.IX:C,

you

may

recover

the

prior

version

by

using

operating

system

com-

mands

to

copy

or

rename

LETl'ER.BAK

to

LE'.ITERJX)C,

or

by usinq WordStar's

"real

addi

tional

file"

canmand.

Note

that

only

one

prior

version

is

kept.

If

you

want

to

keep

a

version

indefinitely,

make

a

coJ;¥

on

another

file

name.--say

LE'I'I'EB.OLD

or

IETTEIU3~1.

If

the

"save

and

re-edit"

command

is

used

during

an

edit,

the

BAK

file

(upon

completion)

will

be

the

version

at

the

last

"save and

reedit".

9JMIBry

We

have

made

three

important

};X.)ints

in

the

above l;Braqraphs:

4-4

1.

Disk

files

aren't

changed

at

all

tmtil

a

save

canmand

is

given,

and

any

work

not

saved

will

be

lost.

2.

When

an

existing

file

is

edited

and saved,

the

new

version

is

filed

under

the

original

primary

name

and

type.

3.

When

an

existing

file

is

edited

and saved,

the

is

filed

under

the

original

J;rimat:y

name

and

type

BAR.

~rkinq

Docunent

(TEXT.IX:x:)

=>

Saq2l.e Backup Procedure

TEXT.

roc

(Disk

File)

TEXT.

BAR:

(Disk

File)

Section

4

Files

and

Diskettes

Pile

Update

in

Detail

We

will

now

descrfre

the

implementation

of

the

working docmnent and

the

file

changes

which

occur

when a

file

is

edited

in

a more

pr

ecise

and

technical

manner, and

p:lint

rut

implications

for

large

docmnents.

(New

and

non-ta:hni-

cal

readers

may

skip

the

rest

of

this

section).

During

an

edit,

the

working

document

is

stored

in

RAM

and,

for

large

docu-

ments,

on

temporary

disk

files

that

are

created

and

erased

automa

tically.

Initially,

the

beginning

of

the

original

(input)

document

is

read

from

disk

into

RAM

for

display

and

pas

sible

modif

ica

tion.

As

you

proceed

through

the

oocument,

additional

text

is

autanatically

read

as

required.

If

and when

the

capacity

of

your

PAM

is

reached, some

of

the

text

fran

the

begmning

of

what

is

in

RAM

is

autanatically

written

to

a

tanporaty

output

file.

Up:>n

saving,

the

rest

of

the

text

is

copied

to

this

tempcrary

file.

Then,

any

existing

BAK

file

is

deleted,

the

input

file

is

renamed

to

type

BAK,

and

the

temporary

file

is

renamed

to

the

file

name

being

edited,

thus

becaning

the

output

file.

If

you

move

the

cursor

backwards through

the

file

O'ler more

chara::tem

than

are

contained

in

RAM

(the

number

of

characters

RAM

will

hold

depends

on

how

much

RAM

yoo have),

text

is

read

back from

this

tanporaty

output

file,

and,

if

necessary,

text

from

the

end

of

that

in

RAM

is

written

to

another

temporary

file.

This

backing up

o~ration

is

logically

transp!rent,

rut

it

is

slow and

uses

extra

diskette

space

for

the

additional

working

file.

Thus,

large

files

can be

edited

most

r~idly

and

with

mmimum

diskette

sp!ce

requirements

by

working forward throlJ3h

the

file,

fran

the

begmning

to

the

end.

To

move

from

near

the

end

to

near

the

beginning, use a "save

and

ree3it"

command (AKS)

as

described

later.

Saving

is

a

relatively

quick

oparation

because,

if

the

cursor

is

near

the

erxl

of

the

document when

the

save

command

is

given,

llUlch

of

the

text

is

already

in

the

tempexary

file

which

is

renamed

to

become

the

attput

file.

4-5

This

Page

Intentionally

Left

Blank

4-6

Section

5

Editing

a

Document

This

section

introduces

the

concepts

and

termmology

relating

to

WordStar·s

on-screen

formatting.

Section

6

describes

those

concepts

that

apply

to

printing.

Descriptions

of

the

specific

editing

commands

and

print

directives

are

given

in

the

Reference

Manual.

LDIB-PORIIIBG

Here

we

will

introduce

WordStar's

on-screen

line

formatting

features,

word

wrap and J;8Iagra{il

reform,

and

define

a number

of

terms

used

when

discussing

WordStar.

Margins

WordStar

uses

left

and

right

margins

that

determme

where on

the

:r;age

the

text:

appears

and

how

long

the

lines

are.

Like

a

typewriter,

the

left

margin

and

right

margin

are

set

to

the

desired

columns;

the

difference

between

them

determines

the

line

length.

By

default,

the

left

marg:in

is

column 1 and

the

right

margin

is

column 65;

commands

for

changing

the

margins

willl:e

described

later.

Line

Spacing

WordStar

allows

you

to

set

single,

double,

triple,

or

greater

line

SP!cing1

the

default

is

single.

Justification

IIJustified-

text

has

additional

staces

inserta:i

l:etween

the

words

to

make

the

right

end

of

each

line

in

a

paragraph

come

out

exactly

at

the

right

margin;

IIragged

right"

text

does

not

have

these

S{:aces. The

bulk

of

this

manual

is

an

example

of

IIjustified-

text;

this

particular

paragratb

is

ragged

right

to

provide

an example

of

the

difference.

wordStars

justification

is

on

by

de-

fault,

but

may

1:e

turned

off

to

produce ragged

right

text:.

Some

users

prefer

ragged

right,

e.g.

for

corresJ:X)nJence which

they

wish

to

apJ;:ear

hand-typed.

Justified

text

is

always

displayed

on

the

screen

with

whole S{:aces

inserted

to

achieve

justification;

this

leads

to

uneven

word

spacing.

However,

if

you

have

a

daisy

wheel

printer

capable

of

incremental

spacing

and WordStar

is

properly

installed

for

it,

the

printed

copy

will

be

-microspace

justified-

with

the

white

space

added evenly throughout

the

line.

Margins,

line

spacing,

and

justification

are

all

applied

automatically

by

WordStar

to

text

as

it

is

entered,

or

uy;on

command

to

previously

entered

text.

We

will

refer

to

this

process

as

forming

the

text;

and

will

describe

the

process

in

more

detail.

5-1

section

5

Editing

a

Document

Porming

a

line

Given a

collection

of

words,

WordStar

forms a

Nline-

in

the

document

as

follows:

1.

EStablishes

the

left

margin:

inserts

the

necessaty

number

of

spaces

to

move

from colwnn 1

to

left

margin column.

2.

Places

as

many

words

as

fit

on

the

line.

If

all

the

words

fit,

then

this

is

a

partial

line

and WordStar

stops

here.

Otherwise, saves

the

excess words

for

~ter

lines

and

does

steps

3 and

4.

3.

If

justification

is

on,

adds

spaces

between

words

to

align

right

margin.

4.

Adds a

carriage

return

to

the

end

of

the

line--or

two

for

double

spacing,

three

for

triple

spacing,

and

so

on.

Word Wrap

When

word wrap

is

on (as

it

is

by

default),

lines

are

autanatically

formed

as

text

is

entered

by

the

o~rator.

'!be

operator

types

words,

without

using

the

return

key

within

a

paragraph.

On

the

first

keystroke,

indentation

to

the

left

margin

occurs;

whenever

text

is

typed

beyond

the

right

margin, a

line

is

"formed-

as

described,

and

the

tartly-typed

word

that

did

not

fit

on

the

line

is

moved down

to

the

line

and

over

to

the

left

margin.

This

all

happ:ms

autanaticallY1

the

operator

just

keeps

typing,

and

the

lines

form on

the

screen

as

they

will

prmt.

REFORMING

A

PARAGRAPH

A document

is

a changing

entity.

After

entry,

one

usually

makes

revisions

and

corrections.

During

entry,

one

can

pause

in

typing,

read

the

screen,

and

immediately

start

rewriting.

Or, one might want

to

change

the

margins

or

line

spacing

of

text

already

entered,

or

change

text

from

justified

to

ragged

right

or

vice

versa.

Thus, WordStar

mat

be

able

to

"reform"

text

already

entered.

Text

is

reformed

by

applying

the

line

forming procedure

described

above

re-

peatedly

until

all

words

to

the

end

of

the

paragraph

have

been

formed

into

lines.

First,

of

course,

all

the

spaces

and

carriage

returns

added by

pre-

vious

forming

are

renoved.

5-2

Section

5

Editing

a

Document

This

brings

us

to

a

vert

important

point.

WordStar

must

know

where

the

paragraph

ends.

When

reforming,

the

words

in

a

paragraph

are

regrouped,

frequently

changing

the

liPe

break

points.

However,

the

reforming

process

must

not

continue

across

the

end

of

a

paragraph

-

the

must

begin

on a

new

line,

even

if

the

last

line

of

the

preceding

paragra:r;il was

not

full

of

words.

The same

situation

occurs

with

tables,

columnar

lists,

etc:

the

user

wants

the

text

in

these

divided

into

lines

as

originally

entered1'

WordStar should never remove

the

carriage

returns

between

the

lines

of

a

table

or

list.

Similarly,

user-entered

blank

lines

should

not

be removed from

the

docunent.

Thus,

there

is

the

need

to

record

in

the

file

permanent,

user-entered

line

breaks

that

WordStar

will

not

alter

when

reforming, as

distinct

from

the

line

breaks between

lines

in

a r:aragraph, which

are

supplied

by

WordStar and which

may

be moved

or

removed

as

necessary

during

the

reforming

of

the

paragraph.

This

distinction

is

handled

via

permanent and tenporcuy

carriage

returns.

carriage

Returns

PERMANENl'

("BARO")

CARRUGE

RE'mEN

A

permanent

("hard")

carriage

return

is

a

carriage

return

used

at

a

point

in

the

file

where

the

user

wants

a

line

break,

as

at

the

end

of

a

paragraph

or

between

lines

of

a

table.

All

permanent ("hard,,)

carriage

returns

are

expli-

citly

entered

by

the

user,

usually

with

the

RETORN

key.

Permanent

carriage

returns

are

never

moved

or

removed by

WordStar's

reforming

process.

The

presence

of

a

permanent

(or

"hard-)

carr

iage

return

at

the

end

of

a

document

line

is

indicated

on

the

screen

by a

"<"

in

the

rightmost

column

of

the

saeen.

A temporazy (·soft..,

carriage

return

is

a

carriage

return

supplied

by

WordStar

in

the

process

of

forming

lines,

ei

ther

under word wrap

during

text

entty

or

during paragraph reform

up:>n

user

command.

Temporaty

carriage

returns

will

be

moved

or

removed

freely

by

WordStar

up:>n

later

reformation

of

the

text;

thIs,

they

should

be

present

only

between

lines

of

a

paragraph

or

at

other

points

where

the

user

does

not

want a

fixed

line

break. The presence

of

a temporary

(or ·soft,,}

carriage

return

at

the

end

of

a

line

is

indicated

on

the

screen

by

a blank

rightmost

col~

To review,

all

carriage

returns

supplied

by

wordStar

jn

the

process

of

autana-

tically

forming

lines

are

"soft"

carriage

returns

and

may

be

moved

or

removed

by

WordStar

if

the

text

is

later

reformed:

all

carriage

returns

entered

by

the

user

are

"hard"

carriage

retums

(indicated

by <

in

the

rightmost

saeen

co-

lumn)

and

will

not

be

moved

or

removed except

by

an

explicit

editing

command.

When

entering

text

Wlder

word wrap,

do

not

use

the

RE'1URN

key between

lines

of

a

paragraph,

but

do

use

the

RETORN

key

wherever

you

want

a

fixed

line

break

(e.g.,

the

end

of

a

paragraph,

between

lines

of

a

table,

after

headings

and

titles,

etc).

To

make a

blank

line

(as

between

block

paragraphs)

press

the

RE"lORN

key a second time.

Spaces

WordStar

also

makes a

distinction

between

the

s;aces

entered

by

the

user

and

tr.e spaces

supplied

by

the

systen:

5-3

Section

5

Editing

a

Document

A

permanent

("hard,,}

space

is

a

space

entered

into

the

file

by

the

user,

by

pressing

the

space

bar.

Permanent

(or

"hard

n)

spaces

are

never

deleted

by

wordSt:ars reforming

process.

TmroMRY

("SOFl'.)

SPACE

A

temporary

(llsoftft)

space

is

a

space

supplied

by

WordStar

in

the

process

of

forming

lines:

the

spaces

to

the

left

of

the

left

margin, and

the

spaces added

between words

to

achieve

justification

(when

justification

is

on).

All

exis-

ting

temporary (or ftsoft") spaces

are

deleted

before

a

line

is

reformed, as an

insertion

or

margin change

may

reduce

the

number

of

s};'aces needed.

WordStar never

forgets

spaces

typed

by

the

user.

Spaces

that

fall

at

the

end

of

a

line

are

not

visible,

but

they

will

reappear

if

later

reforming

makes

them

fall

in

mid

line.

User-entered

spaces

at

the

beginning

of

a

paragraph

(after

a

hard

carriage

return)

are

forced

to

the

right

of

the

left

margin,

like

any

other

character.

When

entering

text

under word wrap, wherever you want a

space,

type

a

sp!Ce.

For

example,

indented

paragraphs

can

be

fanned

by

pressing

the

space

bar

a

number

of

times

just

after

pressing

the

RE'lURN

key

to

end

the

graph.

This

will

cause

the

first

line

of

the

paragraph

to

be

indented

from

the

left

margin,

i.e.,

a number

of

columns

more

than

the

rest

of

the

para-

graph.

If

you

like

two st;Bces

after

periods,

type

that

wa:y,

and

WordStar

will

never'

print

the

sentences

closer

than

that.

The

spaces

may

fall

at

the

end

of

the

line

when

initially

entered,

but

they

will

be remembered. (The

sentences

may

also

print

farther

apart,

because

of

justification.)

Hyphenation

WordStar

has

a "hyt:hen-help·

feature

that

allows

you

to

hyphenate words

when

reforming

p!ragraphs

for

retter

line

ap~arance.

When

WordStar

is

refonning

a

paragraph

and

encounters

a word

that

will

not

fit

at

the

end

of

a

line,

a

prompt

will

be

displayed

to

allow

you

to

insert

a hyphen

if

desired

before

continuing

to

reform

the

I=8ragraph. WordStar

will

indicate

a

position

for

the

proposed

hyphenl you

may

place

the

hyphen

elsewhere

within

the

word

if

you

prefer.

After

the

word

has

been

hyphenated,

or

if

you

instruct

WordStar

to

skip

the

hyphen, WordStar

will

continue reforming

the

r:aragraph. Hyphen-Belp

may

be

turned

on

or

off

as

desired.

Summary

of

Reforminq

Text

that

has

been

entered

with

the

RE'IDRN

key

used

only

at

paragraph

ends,

blank

lines,

and

other

fixed

line

breaks can be

};aI'tially

or

wholly reformed

at

will

to

change

the

margins,

line

spacing,

or

to

change

between

justified

and

ragged

right

format.

There

is

nothing

done by word wrap

as

text

is

entered

that

cannot

be

redone

as

often

as

desired

by

the

paragraph

reform

c~and.

Thus,

one can

initially

concentrate

on

entering

the

text

of

a

docu-

ment

without

regard

to

format;

subsequently,

one can

manipulate

the

margins,

spacing, and

justification

to

achieve

the

desired

appearance.

5-4

PRINT

FORMA'rrING

Section

6

Printing

a

Document

Section

5

descril:ed

line

forming,

which

is

Cbne

as

text

is

enteral

and

alteral

and

is

recorded

in

the

file

and

visible

on

the

screen.

This

section

intro-

duces

the

additional

formatting

op:!rations

oone

as

text

is

being

pr:inted

by

the

pr:int

function,

under

the

CDntrol

of

optional

print

directives

entered

in

the

file.

Pagination

The

pr:int

function

divides

the

text

into

};ages, and

can

add

headings

and

pige

numbers. Page

breaks

(t:oth

conditional

and

l.mconditional)

can

be

specified

by

the

user

where

desired;

otherwise

the

print

function

starts

a

new

page

when-

ever

a

page

is

full.

Since

the

appropr

iate

places

for

page

breaks

can

change

as

text

is

added,

deleted,

or

moved,

the

p3.ge

breaks

are

not

recorded

in

the

file.

However,

the

places

where

they

will

fall

are

displayed

on

the

screen

by

the

d~amic

~

break

displa¥

feature,

described

Jater

:in

this

section.

Spec:ial

Effects

Subscripts,

sUI;erscripts,

boldface,

underline,

and

other

s};ecial

printing

effects

are

activated

by

special

characters

entered

:into

the

file

before

and

after

the

desired

text.

During

editing,

these

chara:tem

display

as

centrol

characters;

during

pr

intout,

the

print

function

responds

appropriately

to

produce

the

desired

effect.

These

features

may

thus

be

used

freely

in

mid-

paragraph

-

they

fall

through

word

wrap

and

p!ragraph

reform

with

no

special

user

consideration;

there

is

no

neal

to

manually

align

the

tmderline

with

the

text

to

be

underlined,

or

to

align

the

sutscript

with

the

space

it

pr:ints

in.

ChEllges

in

line

height,

chara:::ter

width,

and rib1:on

color,

insofar

as supp:>r-

ted

by

your

plrticular

pr

mter,

can

also

be I;erformed

by

the

print

function

in

resplnfe

to

directives

imbedd!d

in

the

file.

User

control

of

print

formatting

is

accomplished

via

print

directives

imbedded

in

the

file.

WordStar

has

two

tYI=eS

of

print

directives,

print

control

characters

and

.QQt

commands.,

Pr:int

contml

characters

are

single-chara:ter

directives

for

functions

such

as

begin/end

underline

or

change

riboon

color;

prmt

control

dlaracters

can

be

used

freely

in

mid-word,

mid-line

and mi.d-p3.ragrc:ph.

Dot

commands

are

special

lines

enter

ed

:into

the

file

for

functions

such

as

setting

the

p3.per

length,

or

sI;ecifying

a J:age

heading,

or

causing

a

new

page

to

be

begun.

All

cbt

canmands

have

defaults

suitable

for

normal

use.

6-1

Section

6

Printing

a

Document

Print

COlltral

Qaract:ers

Print

control

characters

are

single-character

commands

enteral

into

the

file

to

sped£;(

functions,

including

begin/end

underline,

begin/end

strikeout

or

change

ribbon

color.

For example, a

control-S

character

in

the

file

turns

underlining

on

if

off,

or

off

if

on.

To

print

The

word

gnc1et'

lin

e

is

underlined.

type

the

following:

The word

YSmderlineYS

is

underlined.

and see

this

displayed

on

the

screen:

The

word

ASmderlineAS

is

underlined.

(where

...

s

represents

a

control-S

character-not

a

caret

and an

51)

As

described

in

more

detail

in

the

Reference

Manual,

a

Qrint

control

character

is

entered

into

the

file

by

typing

a

special

prefix

C'P),

then

the

desired

character.

If

typed

without

the

prefix,

control

characters

~rform

editing

canmand

ftmctions.

As

another

example, a

control-H

character

in

the

file

causes

the the

character

after

the

control-H

to

p:cint

in

the

same

pasi

tion

as

the

character

before

the

control-a.

'Ibis

facility

is

useful

for

printing

accent

marks

over

letteIS,

as

used

in

a number

of

Euro};'ean

languages. To

print

Ie

db-sept:ieme

siecJ.e

type

the

following:

le

dh-sept:ie~'me

sie~'cle

and see

this

displayed

on

the

screen:

Ie

db-sept:ieil'me

sieil'cle

All

the

print

oontrol

characters

are

described

in

the

Reference

Manual.

Print

control

characters

can be

used

freely

in

mid-line

and

in

mid-paragraph1

they

are

treated

as

other

file

characters

and

fall

through

word

wrap

and

paragraph

reform

with

no

special

operator

consideration.

When

a {:aragraph

is

reformed,

the

underlines,

etc.

move

with

the

words1 a i;ilrase can be

underlined

with

two

AS'S,

one

at

the

beginning

and

one

at

the

end.

It

doesn't

matter

if

the

end

is

on a

different

line

fran

the

beginning.

However,

the

columns

they

occupy·

on

the

screen

are

disregarded

in

forming

lines,

since

the

characters

themselves

don't

print.

Thus,

if

a

line

in

a

paragraph

contains

an

underlined

word,

that

line

will

appear

longer

when

justified

on

the

screen,

because

of

the

print

controls

to

start

and

stop

underline.

Each

print

control

displays

as

an A

and

a

letter.

6-2

Section

6

Printing

a

Document

DDt

0

liHiBi

ds

~

commands

are

special

lines

entered

into

the

file

for

purposes

such

as

positioning

the

text

on

the

paper,

settinq

the

page number,

or

startinq

a

new

};'age.

Dot

exmtmands

do

not

in

themselves

print,

but

control

the

printing.

The

dot

commands

have

defaults

suitable

for

normal

use;

you can

begin

using

wordStar

without

using

dot

commands

at

all.

The

gener

al

form

of

a

dot

command

begins

with

a

per

iod

(hence

the

name),

in

column 1

(i.e.,

immediately

after

a

carriage

return),

followed

immediately

by

a

2-1etter

code

in

upper

or

lower

case

identifying

the

function,

optionally

followed

by

a number,

text,

or

other

argument

depending

on

the

particular

command. A number,

if

used,

may

be

separated

from

the

code

by

nothing,

1

space,

or

several

spaces.

!n¥

additional

.text

,gn

~.aam.e.

~

(up

to

and

including

the

iage

return)

.ia.

assumed

J:.Q

.bJ=.

.a

cgmment

~

.1a.

.ua.t.

printed.

Here

are

three

examples:

.M!

5

.BE

Sect:ion

II

.CP

12

Indicates

that

a

5-line

margin

is

to

be

used

at

the

t~

of

each page

Indicates

that

IIS

ec

tion

II-

is

to

be

printed

at

the

top

of

each page

until

another

.BE

canmand

is

given

Starts

a

new

page

if

fewer

than

12

lines

remain

on

the

current

page

Full

descriptions

of

all

the

individual

dot

commands

will

be

given

in

the

Reference

Manual.

WordStar can be

initially

learned

using

the

default

page

format.

Dot

commands

are

being

introduced

here

because

they

will

be

referred

to

frequently

in

subsequent

sections.

Dot

commands

are

normally

used

in

con-

junction

with

documents

rather

than

programs.

Since

dot

commands

invoke

print

functions,

they

<Xl

not

app!ar

in

the

prmtout

unless

print

formatting

is

sup-

pressed.

Dot

commands

are

entered

into

the

file

like

any

other

text,

using

the

edit

function

as

will

be

described

in

the

following

sections.

Dot

command

lines

are

not

counta:i

as

lines

in

the

};'age

for

page break

determmation,

since

they

do

not

print

unless

print

formatting

is

suppressed.

The

print

function

has no

error

messages

for

dot

commands. unrecognized

dot

command

lines

have

no

effect,

and

are

not

printed:

they

are

assumed

to

be

comments. However,

unrecognized

or

incomplete

dot

commands

are

brought

to

y<?ur

attention

during

editing

with

a

II?_

in

the

rightmost

column

of

the

screen

line.

Avoid document

lines

intended

for

printcnt:

that

begin

with

a t:eriod

in

column

1,

as

they

will

be

taken

as

dot

commands

and

not

printed.

For

example,

be

sure

that

a

space

or

other

character

appears

before

any

ellipsiS

you

use.

A

-trick-

to

use

in

this

case

is

to

place

control

characters

(such

as

'-SAS)

in

column

1.

The

control

characters

will

be

dropped

when

your

document

is

pr:inted.

(See

the

Reference

Manual

for

details.)

6-3

Section

6 .

Printing

a

Document

DyIaIic

Page

Bceat

Display

DyDaaic

Page

Break

Display

is

the

ability

to

continually

determine

and

display,

while

the

document

is

beiD;

changed, where

the

page

breaks

will

fall

during

printing.

The

I2gination

information

is

displayed

in

two

ways:

the

page and

line

where

the

cursor

is

posi

coned

are

displayed

on

the

top

line

of

the

screen,

and

the

following

display

app!ars

at

each page

boundaty:

----------------------------------------------------------------.P

A

page

break

is

displayed

wherever

a

full

page

would

occur

on

pr

intout,

and

wherever

a

page

break

is

caused

by

an

unconditional

page

(.PA)

or

a

condi-

tional

page (.CP)

dot

command.

Dynamic

I2ge

break

display

res{X)rXIs

to

those

dot

commands

which

influence

the

number

of

lines

printed

on

a page:

.LH

(line

height)

.PL (pcq:2r

length)

.Mr

(t~

margin)

.MB

(oottan

margin)

However, resp:>nse

is

limited

to

these

commands

at

the

very

beginning

of

the'

file

only,

as documents

are

handled

with

a

constant

number

of

lines

on a page.

(The

print

function

will

handle

aIbitraty

changes

in

vertical

page

format;

the

dynamiC

paging

limitation

relates

only

to

display

of

page

breaks

while

editing.)

If

one

of

those

dot

commands

app!ars

in

the

file

:in a

position

where dynamic

page break

display

cannot hancUe·

it,

a warning message apJ;ears

it

on

the

screen

and

the

command

is

ignored

for

page

break

display

purposes.

In

this

case,

the

pr:inted page

breaks

may

not

be

the

same

as

tmse

displayed

on

the

screen

during

editing.

Dynamic

page

break

display

can

be

turned

off

and

is

always

disabled

in

the

non-dccument

edit

mode.

6-4

Appendix

A

Terminals

Supported

In

general.

WordStar

may

be

rtm

on

any

48K

Z-80.

8080.

or

8085

microcomputer

system

that

runs

under

CP/M

or

one

of

its

derivative

operating

systems.

Here

are

the

terminals

to

which

wordStar

is

known

to

be

comt:atible,

listed

in

five

groups

(terminals

supported

with

standard

installation,

terminals

supported

with

special.

installation.

terminals

available

on

request

..

terminals

for

which

special

versions

of

WordStar

are

available,

and

terminals

currently

under

evaluation

or

developnent).

'nle

following

terminals

are

supp:>rted

through

simple

resIX>nses

to

the

standard

installation

menus:

Beehive

150

Conplcolor

II

Cranemco

3100

Flashwriter

I

Flashwriter

II

Hazeltine 1500/10/20

Heath

8-19

(Zenith

Z-19)

Hewlett

Packard

262lA1P

IMSAI VIC module

Infoton

I-IOO

Lear-Siegler

ACM-3A

Lear-Siegler

ADM-3I

Micro'l'etm ArJr-

IV

Micro'l'ellll

Acr-V

Perkin-Ellner

550

Processor

Tee

SOLIVDM

SDS

VDB-8024

VOO

Sorce IQ-120

Sorce

IQ-l40

Si'l'PC

cr-82

TEe

Medel 571

Televideo

9121920

rms-80

Model

II

with

FftG

CP/M

rms-80 Model

II

with

LIFE8JAT

CP/M

Visual

200

1be

following

terminals

are

supported

through

st=eCial

responses

to

the

instal-

lation

menus

(available

from

your

dealer):

ADDS

Regent

25

DEC

VT-IOO

A-I

Appendix

A

ADDS

Regent

45

ADDS

Regent

60

AIDS

VT-IOO

DEC

V'1'-52

Terminals

Supported

DIRECT

VP800/B

Lear-Siegler

AcM-2

SD

Systems

Televideo

950

The

following

tetminals,

similarly

supported,

will

soon be

available:

Beehive

I:M30

DataMedia

Model

2500

DataMedia Model 3025

EEOC

Model 0300/400

EmIT

DS-1920X

ELBIT

DS-480lX

Infoton

400

aq

RIQJJ§4'

Lear-Siegler

ACM-42

OMRON

8030B

Perkin-Elmer

CWL-1200

Polymorphics VTI module

Teleray

Model

12

Teleray

3900

'Dle

following

terminals

can be

supported

on request:.

with

help

from MicroPro's

Beta

test

mellu.

(MicroPro'

s

Technical

Services

Department

requests

your

opinions

after

testing

installations

on any

of

these

terminals.)

ADDS

Regent

20

ADDS

Regent

40

Arm

Arbor 6080

Data

General

DlOO/D200

Hazeltine

1400/10/20

IBM 3101

TRS-80 Medel

II

w/P&T

CP/M

TRS-80 Model

II

with

Cybemetic

CP/M

Special

versions

of

WordStar

are

available

for

the

following

teminals:

A-2

Apple

II

40-column

Apple

II

80-co1umn

M&R

SUp' R'

Term*

(and

others)

Videx Videotetm+

(and

others>

Wordstar_3.0_General_Information_Manual_May81 Wordstar 3.0 General Information Manual May81

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