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A Manual of Brāhmī Keyboard Layout
for Mac OS X
Prachya Boonkwan
National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Thailand

kaamanita@gmail.com, prachya.boonkwan@nectec.or.th

𑀓𑀸𑀫𑀦𑀺𑀢

1

What is Brahmi Script?
Brahmi script is the oldest attested writing system of Ancient
India, apart from the undeciphered Indus script. Brahmi is an
abugida, i.e. each consonant has an individual inherent sound, such
as 𑀓 /ka/. It makes use of diacritic marks to modify a consonant with
a vowel, such as 𑀓𑀺 /ki/, 𑀓𑀼 /ku/, and 𑀓𑁂 /ke/. Some hypotheses state

distributed under the MIT License. The keyboard icon

represents

the consonant 𑀲 /s/, which is short for Sanskrit.
Note that the keyboard layout is based on Unicode character
encoding. It cannot be installed on older operating systems that do
not support Unicode and will not work with non-Unicode
applications that rely on 8-bit character set. This manual is typeset
using the Unicode-enabled font Google Noto Sans Brahmi.

that Brahmi is derived from Aramaic and Greek alphabets as a result
of language contact through commerce with Middle Eastern
merchants and Indo-Greek communities in Bactria. Brahmi is the
ancestor of many scripts used in today’s South, Central, and
Southeast Asia, such as Devanagari, Thai, Burmese, and Khmer.

Introduction
This manual and keyboard layout are designed to help you make use
of the Brahmi keyboard layout (v1.0). This keyboard layout is
developed to facilitate typing of Brahmi texts including vowel
diacritics (saras), conjunct consonants (saṃyoga), and Brahmi
numbers. It works with Mac OS X 10.10 onwards and is made
available for downloads from Prachya Boonkwan’s Github
(https://github.com/kaamanita/brahmi). The keyboard layout
was designed by Prachya Boonkwan as a hobby using Ukelele
Keyboard Layout Designer (available on App Store) and is

𑀓𑀸𑀫𑀦𑀺𑀢

Instruction for Installation
Brahmi Keyboard Layout is packaged in a disk image file with the
DMG extension. Follow the instruction below to install the keyboard
layout.
1. Double click the file to open the disk image. A window for the
disk image will show up.
2. Double click the Keyboard Installer app.
3. Go back to the window of the disk image. Drag the file
Brahmi.keylayout to the app window.
4. Select a method of installation: (1) install for the current user,
or (2) install for all users. Click on the corresponding icon to
install the keyboard layout.
5. When finished, the keyboard installer app will close down
automatically.
6. Unmount the disk image.
2

7. Add this keyboard layout to the system. Go to System
Preferences > Keyboard.
8. In the Input Sources pane, push the + button. Under the
Others language, click Brahmi and push the Add button.
9. Log out and relog in to refresh the memory.

Using the Keyboard Layout
There are four states of pressing a keystroke in this keyboard layout.
Normal state: The Brahmi keyboard layout attempts to match each
keystroke to the Sanskrit romanization system as much as
possible. In most cases, consonants and vowels can be typed in
quite straightforwardly. For example, K is mapped to the

Finally, note that the independent forms of vowels are distributed
throughout the keyboard layout.
Shift state: The shift key is pressed for four specific purposes. First,
it makes a consonant aspirated. For example, pressing Shift + 𑀕
/g/ yields 𑀖 /gh/. Second, it lengthens a vowel. For example,
pressing Shift + ◌ /i/
Third, it upgrades the class
𑀺 produces ◌ /ī/.
𑀻
of a long vowel. For example, pressing Shift + ◌𑁂 /e/ will result in
◌𑁃 /ai/, while pressing Shift + ◌𑁂 /o/
will result in ◌𑁃 /au/.
Fourth
𑀸
𑀸
and last, it converts a consonant into a diacritic sign. For
example, Shift + 𑀳 /h/ yields a visarga ◌𑀂 /ḥ/, and Shift + 𑀫 /m/
yields an anusvāra ◌ 𑀁 /ṃ/.

consonant 𑀓 /k/, and S to the consonant 𑀲 /s/. Consonants and

Alternate state: The alternate key is pressed for four specific

vowels are combined automatically, e.g. typing 𑀓 [K] and ◌ [I]
𑀺

purposes. First, it gives the independent form of a vowel. For

will result in 𑀓𑀺 /ki/. There are certain cases where consonants

example, pressing Alt + ◌𑁂 /o/
yields 𑀑 /ʔo/. Second, it produces
𑀸

and vowels cannot be mapped to their positions due to the

an alternative form of a consonant. For example, pressing Alt + 𑀮

linguistic dissimilarity between English and Sanskrit. For

/l/ will give us the alternative form 𑀵 /l/. Third, it produces the

example, the consonant 𑀗 /ṅ/ is mapped to the position of

non-digit numeral system of Ancient India. For example,

apostrophe ['], while the independent vowel 𑀅 /ʔa/ to the position

pressing Alt + minus [-] yields 𑁤 (one hundred). Fourth and last,

of [Q]. A conjunct consonant can be typed in using the virāma

it converts a consonant into a diacritic sign. For example, Shift +

sign (◌)𑁆 at the position of [F]. For example, 𑀲 /s/ + virāma + 𑀢

𑀫 /m/ yields a candrabindu ◌𑀀 /ṁ/.

/t/ + virāma + 𑀭 /r/ results in a conjunct consonant 𑀲
𑁆 𑀢𑁆𑀭 /str/.
𑀓𑀸𑀫𑀦𑀺𑀢

3

Shift and alternate state: This key combination is pressed for two
purposes. First, it yields the independent form of an upper class
long vowel. For example, pressing Shift + Alt + ◌𑁂 /e/ will result in
𑀐 /ʔai/.

𑀓𑀸𑀫𑀦𑀺𑀢

4

Keyboard Mapping
Consonants
Most consonants are mapped to their equivalent Sanskrit romanization on the keyboard layout. However, eight consonants are displaced due to
linguistic dissimilarity between Sanskrit and English, as highlighted by the red bold face. As shown in the table below, consonant aspiration is
regularly marked by pressing the shift key. Conjunct consonants can be achieved using the sub-conjoiner (virāma) on the keystroke [F]. For
example, one can easily achieve the conjunct 𑀦𑁆𑀤 /nd/ by keying [N] + virāma [F] + [D].
Plosive
Guttural

Palatal

Retroflex

Dental

Labial

𑀓𑀸𑀫𑀦𑀺𑀢

Nasal

Approximant

Fricative

𑀓 /k/

𑀔 /kh/

𑀕 /g/

𑀖 /gh/

𑀗 /ṅ/

𑀳 /h/

[K]

Shift+[K]

[G]

Shift+[G]

[']

[H]

𑀘 /c/

𑀙 /ch/

𑀚 /j/

𑀛 /jh/

𑀜 /ñ/

𑀬 /y/

𑀰 /ś/

[C]

Shift+[C]

[J]

Shift+[J]

Shift+[Y]

[Y]

[W]

𑀝 /ṭ/

𑀞 /ṭh/

𑀟 /ḍ/

𑀠 /ḍh/

𑀡 /ṇ/

𑀭 /r/

𑀴 /ɭ/

𑀱 /ṣ/

[Z]

Shift+[Z]

[X]

Shift+[X]

Shift+[N]

[R]

Shift+[L]

Shift+[W]

𑀢 /t/

𑀣 /th/

𑀤 /d/

𑀥 /dh/

𑀦 /n/

𑀮 /l/

𑀲 /s/

[T]

Shift+[T]

[D]

Shift+[D]

[N]

[L]

[S]

𑀧 /p/

𑀨 /ph/

𑀩 /b/

𑀪 /bh/

𑀫 /m/

𑀯 /v/

[P]

Shift+[P]

[B]

Shift+[B]

[M]

[V]

5

Vowels

Dependent form

Almost all vowels are placed on the keyboard layout
with

respect

to

their

equivalent

Guttural

positioned at the keys [ [ ] and [ ] ], respectively.

Palatal

As seen, vowel lengthening is marked by
pressing the shift key. The independent form of a

Labial

vowel can be achieved by pressing the Alt key. The
consonant allophones can also be achieved by
pressing the Shift and Alt keys.

Retroflex

One final remark to make here is that the short
vowel /a/ does not have any glyphs. This is because

Dental

each consonant has an inherent /a/ sound;
therefore, one can simply type [K] to achieve the

Palato-guttural

sound /ka/. Typing [K] and Shift+[A] will produce
𑀓𑀸 /kā/. For the purpose of shortcut, the user can
also opt for [K] and [A] to produce 𑀓𑀸 /kā/.

Labio-palatal

Consonant allophones

𑀓𑀸𑀫𑀦𑀺𑀢

◌ /ā/
𑀸

𑀅 /ʔa/

𑀆 /ʔā/

Shift+[A]

Alt+[A]

Shift+Alt+[A]

◌ /i/
𑀺

◌ /ī/
𑀻

𑀇 /ʔi/

𑀈 /ʔī/

[I]

Shift+[I]

Alt+[I]

Shift+Alt+[I]

𑀼
◌ /u/

𑀽
◌ /ū/

𑀉 /ʔu/

𑀊 /ʔū/

[U]

Shift+[U]

Alt+[U]

Shift+Alt+[U]

𑀾
◌ /ṛ/

𑀿
◌ /ṝ/

𑀋 /ṛ/

𑀌 /ṝ/

[[]

Shift+[ [ ]

Alt+[ [ ]

Shift+Alt+[ [ ]

◌ 𑁀 /ḷ/

◌ 𑁁 /ḹ/

𑀍 /ḷ/

𑀎 /ḹ/

[]]

Shift+[ ] ]

Alt+[ ] ]

Shift+Alt+[ ] ]

◌𑁂 /e/

◌𑁃 /ai/

𑀏 /ʔe/

𑀐 /ʔai/

[E]

Shift+[E]

Alt+[E]

Shift+Alt+[E]

◌𑁂 /o/
𑀸

◌𑁃 /au/
𑀸

𑀑 /ʔo/

𑀒 /ʔau/

[O]

Shift+[O]

Alt+[O]

Shift+Alt+[O]

◌ 𑀁 /aṃ/

◌𑀀 /aṁ/

◌𑀂 /aḥ/

Shift+[M]

Alt+[M]

Shift+[H]

/a/

Sanskrit

romanization. However, the vocalic r and l are

Independent form

6

Numbers
There are two numeral systems in Brahmi script: the digit one and
the older non-digit one.
The digit system is based on the decimal numbers, similar to
the current Hindu-Arabic numbers.

𑁦

𑁧

𑁨

𑁩

𑁪

𑁫

𑁬

𑁭

𑁮

𑁯

[0]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

𑁛 10

𑁜 20

𑁝 30

𑁞 40

Shift+Alt+[1]

Shift+Alt+[2]

Shift+Alt+[3]

Shift+Alt+[4]

𑁟 50

𑁠 60

𑁡 70

𑁢 80

Shift+Alt+[5]

Shift+Alt+[6]

Shift+Alt+[7]

Shift+Alt+[8]

𑁣 90

𑁤 100

𑁥 1,000

Shift+Alt+[9]

Alt+[ - ]

Alt+[ = ]

The non-digit system is preserved in the keyboard layout only for the

Note that the number zero is represented by a single middle dot.

purpose of ancient text transcription. Its use is rather discouraged

These Brahmi digits can be achieved by pressing their equivalent

because it under-represents the decimal system.

keystrokes in English.

Punctuation Marks

The non-digit system, on the other hand, is not based on the
decimal numbers because each numeral value is represented by a
distinct glyph. These non-digit number glyphs can be achieved by
pressing Alt + number.

𑁒

𑁓

𑁔

𑁕

𑁖

Alt+[1]

Alt+[2]

Alt+[3]

Alt+[4]

Alt+[5]

𑁗

𑁘

𑁙

𑁚

Alt+[6]

Alt+[7]

Alt+[8]

Alt+[9]

The values from 10 to 90 can be achieved by pressing a combination

There are seven punctuation marks in Brahmi script. Each of them is
graded according to the levels of segmentation.

𑁇
𑁈
𑁉
𑁊
𑁋
𑁌
𑁍

[.]

End of clause (single ḍanda)

Shift+[ . ]

End of verse (double ḍanda)

[;]

Comma

Shift+[ ; ]

Colon

[/]

Dash

Shift+[ / ]

End of section

[`]

End of chapter

of Shift + Alt + (first digit).

𑀓𑀸𑀫𑀦𑀺𑀢

7

Orthographical System

Vowel attachment: We characterize any vowel diacritic mark
by its attachment position: top-left, top-right, bottom-right, top, and

Combination of Consonants and Vowels

outside. The following chart classifies each vowel diacritic into five

When a consonant is combined with a dependent vowel, the vowel

attachment positions as follows.

becomes a diacritic mark attached to the consonant. The shape of the

top-left

top-right

bottom-right

top

outside

vowel diacritic mark depends on the shape of the consonant and the

◌𑁂 /e/

◌ /ā/
𑀸

𑀼
◌ /u/

◌𑁂 /o/
𑀸

𑀾
◌ /ṛ/

◌𑁃 /ai/

◌ /i/
𑀺

𑀽
◌ /ū/

◌𑁃 /au/
𑀸

𑀿
◌ /ṝ/

attachment position of the vowel (top or bottom).
Consonant shapes: In Brahmi script, we characterize the
shape of a consonant by its top and bottom parts. Each part is either

◌ /ī/
𑀻

straight, round, flat, or angled. For example, the following characters

◌ 𑁁 /ḹ/

have distinct shapes of the top part.

𑀓 /k/

𑀣 /th/

𑀜 /ñ/

𑀕 /g/

straight

round

flat

angled

◌ 𑀁 /aṃ/
◌𑀀 /aṁ/
◌𑀂 /aḥ/

On the other hand, the following characters have different shapes of
the bottom part.

◌ 𑁀 /ḷ/

The vowels in the first four categories are attached to a consonant,

𑀔 /kh/

𑀧 /p/

𑀩 /b/

𑀢 /t/

straight

round

flat

angled

There is only one exception for the character 𑀪 /bh/, presumably

while those in the last category (outside) are written separately.
When attached to a consonant, a vowel may change its orientation
with respect to the following rotation rules to comply with the shape
of the consonant.

derived from the capital Pi (Π) in Ancient Greek. In this case, we

Rotation rules: Once we identify the shape of a consonant and

consider the top part as flat, and the bottom part as straight. This is

the attachment position of a vowel diacritic mark, we can now

because the vowels will be attached to the right-hand-side pillar.

determine the shape of the latter by the following rotation rules.

𑀓𑀸𑀫𑀦𑀺𑀢

8

Rule 1: If the shape of the attached part is straight or angled, the
vowel can be directly attached to that part.

Rule 3: In the case where the shape of the attached part is flat,
consider rules 3.1 and 3.2.

𑀓 /k/ + ◌𑁂 /e/ = 𑀓𑁂 /ke/

𑀕 /g/ + ◌𑁂 /e/ = 𑀕𑁂 /ge/

Rule 3.1: If the position is top-left, top-right, or top, we sometimes

𑀓 /k/ + ◌ /ā/
= 𑀓𑀸 /kā/
𑀸

𑀕 /g/ + ◌ /ā/
= 𑀕𑀸 /gā/
𑀸

move the vowel slightly towards the center to avoid overlapping.

𑀼
𑀓 /k/ + ◌ /u/
= 𑀓𑀼 /ku/

𑀼
𑀕 /g/ + ◌ /u/
= 𑀕𑀼 /gu/

𑀜 /ñ/ + ◌𑁂 /e/ = 𑀜𑁂 /ñe/

𑀗 /ṅ/ + ◌𑁂 /e/ = 𑀗𑁂 /ṅe/

𑀓 /k/ + ◌𑁂 /o/
=𑀓
𑁄 /ko/
𑀸

𑀕 /g/ + ◌𑁂 /o/
=𑀕
𑁄 /go/
𑀸

𑀜 /ñ/ + ◌ /ā/
= 𑀜𑀸 /ñā/
𑀸

𑀗 /ṅ/ + ◌ /ā/
= 𑀗𑀸 /ṅā/
𑀸

𑀓 /k/ + ◌ 𑀁 /aṃ/ = 𑀓𑀁 /kaṃ/

𑀕 /g/ + ◌ 𑀁 /aṃ/ = 𑀕𑀁 /gaṃ/

𑀜 /ñ/ + ◌𑁂 /o/
= ‚ /ño/
𑀸

𑀗 /ṅ/ + ◌𑁂 /o/
= 𑁄 𑀗 /ṅo/
𑀸

𑀜 /ñ/ + ◌ 𑀁 /aṃ/ = 𑀜𑀁 /ñaṃ/

𑀗 /ṅ/ + ◌ 𑀁 /aṃ/ = 𑀗𑀁 /ṅaṃ/

Rule 2: In the case where the shape of the attached part is round,
consider rules 2.1 and 2.2.

Rule 3.2: If the position is bottom-right, we rotate the vowel before

Rule 2.1: If the attachment position is top-left, top-right, top, or
outside, we sometimes move the vowel slightly towards the center
to avoid overlapping.

attaching.
𑀼
𑀦 /n/ + ◌ /u/
= ƒ /nu/

𑀼
𑀩 /b/ + ◌ /u/
= „ /bu/

The rotation rules aforementioned can be summarized as follows.

𑀣 /th/ + ◌𑁂 /e/ = 𑀣
𑁂 /the/

𑀔 /kh/ + ◌𑁂 /e/ = 𑀔𑁂 /khe/

𑀣 /th/ + ◌ /ā/
= 𑀣𑀸 /thā/
𑀸

𑀔 /kh/ + ◌ /ā/
= 𑀔𑀸 /khā/
𑀸

Shape

Part

straight

any

Attach

𑀣 /th/ + ◌𑁂 /o/
= • /tho/
𑀸

𑀔 /kh/ + ◌𑁂 /o/
= 𑀔𑁄 /kho/
𑀸

angled

any

Attach

𑀣 /th/ + ◌ 𑀁 /aṃ/ = 𑀣𑀁 /thaṃ/

𑀧 /p/ + ◌ 𑀁 /aṃ/ = 𑀧
𑀁 /paṃ/

top

Move towards center

round

Rule 2.2: If the position is bottom-right, we rotate the vowel before
attaching.
𑀼
𑀣 /th/ + ◌ /u/
= € /thu/

𑀓𑀸𑀫𑀦𑀺𑀢

flat
𑀼
𑀧 /p/ + ◌ /u/
= • /pu/

bottom
top
bottom

Action

Rotate
Move towards center
Rotate

9

of Brahmi script (the Edicts of King Aśoka, circa 500 BC) shows that

Remarks on Vowel Attachment
Remark 1: As aforementioned, the character 𑀪 /bh/ is an
exceptional case for vowel attachment. Since the vowels will be
attached to the right-hand-side pillar, we obtain the following
attachment scheme.

conjunct consonants were written consecutively. But this practice
evolved to stacking up a conjunct consonant for orthographical
compactness in the following Gupta Dynasty era (circa 200 BC). The
font Google Noto Sans Brahmi supports the Aśoka’s version, while
Microsoft’s font Segoe UI Historic supports the Gupta version.

top-left

top-right

bottom-right

top

outside

𑀪𑁂

𑀪𑀸

𑀪𑀼

𑀪
𑁄

𑀪
𑀁

/bhe/

/bhā/

/bhu/

/bho/

/bhaṃ/

Word Boundaries and Sentence Boundaries
The earliest attestation of Brahmi script (the Edicts of King Aśoka)
portrays an extensive use of space as the word delimiter. Generally,

Remark 2: The candrabindu ◌𑀀 /aṁ/ becomes very similar to the

phrase and sentence boundaries are implicitly marked with (1)

anusvara ◌ 𑀁 /aṃ/ when combined with a consonant, e.g. 𑀓… /kaṁ/

enclitic conjunction 𑀘 /ca/ ‘and’, (2) direct-speech particle 𑀇𑀢𑀺 /iti/

vs. 𑀓𑀁 /kaṃ/. The candrabindu is articulated as a nasalized sound

‘thus’, and (3) subordinate conjunction 𑀢𑀺 /ti/ ‘because’. In proses and

/an/ in Modern Hindi while the anusvara still preserves the

poetry, the single ḍanda (𑁇) was used for clause delimiters, while the

original pronunciation /aṃ/. In the case of the character 𑀪 /bh/,

double ḍanda (𑁈), as verse delimiters. For example, famous Sanskrit

the candrabindu is moved towards the center 𑀪… /bhaṁ/ while the

poem Ambā (Mother) is rendered as follows.

anusvara is placed above the character 𑀪
𑀁 /bhaṃ/.

Conjunct Consonants
Two consonants can be combined to form a conjunct consonant using
the virāma sign (◌),𑁆 which cancels the inherent /a/ sound. For
example, 𑀲 /sa/ + virāma + 𑀢 /ta/ + virāma + 𑀭 /ra/ = 𑀲
𑁆 𑀢𑁆𑀭 /stra/;
therefore 𑀰𑀸 𑀲
𑁆 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸 is articulated as /śāstrā/. The earliest manifestation
𑀓𑀸𑀫𑀦𑀺𑀢

𑀅𑀫
𑁆 𑀩𑀸 𑀲𑀢𑀢𑀁 𑀮𑀸 𑀮𑀬𑀢𑀺 𑁇
𑀅𑀫
𑁆 𑀩𑀸 𑀲𑀢𑀢𑀁 𑀧𑀸𑀮𑀬𑀢𑀺 𑁇
𑀅𑀫
𑁆 𑀩𑀸 𑀲𑀢𑀢𑀁 𑀯𑁂 𑀤𑀬𑀢𑀺 𑁇
𑀅𑀫
𑁆 𑀩𑀸 𑀲𑀢𑀢𑀁 𑀢
𑁄 𑀱𑀬𑀢𑀺 𑁈
𑀅𑀫
𑁆 𑀩𑀸 𑀦𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀬𑀁 𑀲
𑁆 𑀭𑀸 𑀧𑀬𑀢𑀺 𑁇
𑀅𑀫
𑁆 𑀩𑀸 𑀦𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀬𑀁 𑀪
𑁄 𑀚𑀬𑀢𑀺 𑁇
𑀅𑀫
𑁆 𑀩𑀸 𑀕𑀻𑀢𑀁 𑀰𑁆𑀭𑀸 𑀯𑀬𑀢𑀺 𑁇
𑀅𑀫
𑁆 𑀩𑀸 𑀫𑀸 𑀫𑀓𑀲𑀭𑁆𑀯𑀲
𑁆 𑀯𑀫
𑁆 𑁈

10

Example Texts in Brahmi Script
Karla Caves (160 BC)
More information at Wikipedia

𑀢𑀺𑀦𑀸𑀬𑀯𑀸 𑀦𑀺 𑀫𑀁‡𑀮𑁆𑀮𑁄 𑀘 𑀙𑀁𑀫𑀸 𑀤𑀸𑀫 𑀪𑀸𑀮𑀓𑀸𑀦𑀺𑀯
tina-yavāni maṃthulloca-chaṃmā-dāma-bhālakāniva
𑀮𑀁 𑀓𑀬𑀺𑀬𑀢𑀺 𑀸𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀬𑀺𑀓𑀸𑀬 𑁄𑀦 𑀕𑀸𑀳
𑀺 𑀢𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀸 𑀬
laṃ kayiyati atiyāyikāya no gahi(ta)vvāya

𑀥𑁂ƒ𑀓𑀸𑀓𑀝𑀸 𑀬𑀯𑀦𑀲

Translation: “At the junction called Manawasi, these two

Dhenukākaṭā Yavanasa

storehouses are prepared, for the sheltering of loads of commodities,

𑀬𑀲𑀯𑀥𑀦𑀸𑀦𑀁

of Tiyavani, Mathura and Chanchu.” — Translated by Sircar Fleet

Yasava dhanānaṃ

(1942) Selected Inscriptions Vol 1 OCR p.85.

𑀣𑀪
𑁄 𑀤𑀸𑀦𑀁
thabho dānaṃ

Aśoka Pillar in Lumbini (circa 300 BC)
More information at Wikipedia

Translation: “(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Yasavadhana

𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸 𑀦𑀁𑀧
𑀺 𑀬𑁂𑀦 𑀧
𑀺 𑀬𑀤𑀲
𑀺 𑀦 𑀮𑀸 𑀚𑀺𑀦𑀯𑀻 𑀲𑀢𑀺𑀯𑀲
𑀸 𑀪
𑀺 𑀢𑁂𑀦
𑀺 𑀲

from Denukakata.” — Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 p.328 Inscription

Devānaṃpiyena Piyadasina lājina vīsati-vasābhisitena

No.10

Sohgaura copper plate inscription (300 BC)
More information at Wikipedia
𑀲
𑀸 𑀯𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀫𑀳
𑀸 𑀫𑀸 𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀲
𑀸 𑀲𑀦𑁂 𑀫𑀸 𑀦𑀯𑀸 𑀲
𑀻 𑀢𑀺𑀓

𑀅𑀢𑀦𑀆𑀕𑀸𑀘 𑀫𑀳
𑀻 𑀬𑀺𑀢𑁂 𑀳
𑀺 𑀤„𑀥𑁂ˆ𑀢 𑀲𑀓
𑁆 𑀬‰𑀦𑀺𑀢𑀺
atana āgāca mahīyite hida Budhe jāte Sakyamuni ti
𑀲
𑀺 𑀮𑀸 𑀯𑀺 𑀕𑀥𑀪
𑀸 𑀧
𑀺 𑀢𑀲
𑀺 𑀮𑀸 𑀣𑀪𑁂𑀘 𑀉𑀲𑀧𑀸𑀧
𑀺 𑀢𑁂
𑀺 𑀘𑀸 𑀓𑀸𑀳
silā vigaḍabhī cā kālāpita silā-thabhe ca usapāpite

Sāvatiyānaṃ Mahāmattānaṃ sāsane Mānavāsītika

𑀳
𑀺 𑀤𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀁ˆ𑀢𑀢𑀺 Š𑀁𑀫𑀺 𑀦𑀺𑀕𑀸𑀫
𑁂 𑀉𑀩𑀮𑀺 𑀓𑁂𑀓𑀝𑁂

𑀟𑀲
𑀺 𑀮𑀺 𑀫𑀸 𑀢𑁂 𑀉𑀲
𑁆 𑀲𑀕𑀸𑀫
𑁂 𑀯 𑀏𑀢𑁂 𑀤𑀼𑀯𑁂 𑀓
𑁄 𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸 𑀕𑀸𑀮𑀸 𑀦𑀺

hida Bhagavaṃ jāte ti Luṃmini-gāme ubalike kaṭe

ḍasilimate Ussagāme va ete duve koṭṭhāgālāni

𑀓𑀸𑀫𑀦𑀺𑀢

11

𑀅𑀞𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀘
aṭha-bhāgiye ca
Translation: “When King Devandmpriya Priyadarsin had been
anointed twenty years, he came himself and worshipped (this spot)
because the Buddha Shakyamuni was born here. (He) both caused to
be made a stone bearing a horse (?) and caused a stone pillar to be
set up, (in order to show) that the Blessed One was born here. (He)
made the village of Lummini free of taxes, and paying (only) an
eighth share (of the produce).” — Translated in Hultzsch, E. (1925).
Inscriptions of Asoka pp. 164-165.

𑀓𑀸𑀫𑀦𑀺𑀢

12

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𑀓𑀸𑀫𑀦𑀺𑀢

13



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