Ppl_validation Ppl Validation
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PPL Air Law Study guide for Validations NAMIBIA 2003 COPYRIGHT RED SKY VENTURES AVIATION CC November 2003 1 PPL Air Law Notes to Text These notes have been compiled to assist you with study for your Namibian PPL validation and to provide you with important practical information for safe operation within Namibia. Current Namibian Law The Namibian Air Law follows the international system of parts. This text is aimed at the fixed wing, VFR Private Pilot, the following parts have been covered in detail: Part 1: Definitions and Abbreviations Part 61: Flight crew licensing Part 91: Flight Operations AIP: Some references have been included from the Namibian Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). Useful information to be found in the AIP includes: Units of measurement and standard conversions, Abbreviations, Chart symbols Location indicators Sunrise and Sunset times ATS information and contact numbers VFR operating minima (as included) Airspace classifications and standards Information on special airspace: danger, restricted, prohibited and training areas, their nature and limitations Obstacles and hazards to air navigation Aerodrome Plates and information (licensed airfields) The integrity of the AIP information is guaranteed by the director for operational use. There are many other useful aviation publications available, for obtaining information not contained in the IAIP (eg. unlicensed airfield data), however it should be remembered that the information is not guaranteed and should be confirmed before using wherever possible. Layout Generally the chronological layout of the parts has been followed. Some text has been grouped in order of subject where is was seen to be more relevant, for example fuel, weight and balance etc, where all related references have been included. The text has been abbreviated for ease of reference and only that applicable to a pilot flying under a validation has been included. Text in capitals has been used for emphasis of importance, text included in italics is author opinion provided for clarification. 2 PPL Air Law Part 1: ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS Included are abbreviations used in this document and definitions nescessary for understanding the Namibian law. Most will already be known to you. AGL above ground level Refers generally to a height AMSL above mean sea level Refers generally to altitude on QNH advisory route A route where advisory service is available, implemented to assist flow (not controlled) AFIS aerodrome flight information service air traffic service assistant providing information for the assistance of safe flight operation ATA aerodrome traffic area Area around an aerodrome established for protection of the traffic where a flight information service is provided AIC aeronautical information circular Information pertinent to aviation that does not qualify for inclusion in an AIP or NOTAM, relating to flight safety, air navigation, technical, administrative or legislative matters AIP aeronautical information publication Information issued by the director essential to air navigation of a lasting character AIP SUP aip supplement temporary changes to the information in the AIP, these issues always have an expiry date ATC air traffic control An aerodrome, approach or area control service for preventing collisions and maintaining expeditious and orderly flow of aircraft ATS air traffic services Air traffic control, flight information, alerting, or air traffic advisory services provided to aircraft ATZ air traffic zone Controlled airspace around an aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic alerting service service to provide notification for search and rescue altitude the vertical distance of an object/level/point above mean sea level (altimeter set to QNH) approved Approved by the Director ceiling Height above ground or water of the lowest layer of cloud below 20,000ft covering more than half the sky child 2 years of age but not yet 12 years CAR civil aviation regulations The Civil Aviation Law issued in 2001 comprising Parts 1 to 187 in accordance with international standards CATS civil aviation technical standard Technical standards are operating instructions issued by the director, they are not law, but the law (CAR) requires compliance with the technical standards clearance Clearance from air traffic control 3 PPL Air Law communication failure procedure A procedure published in the AIP and prescribed by ICAO procedures for loss of communications CRP compulsory reporting point Designated point where a position report must be made CTA control area Controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth CTR control zone Controlled airspace extending from surface to a defined upper limit, normally established around an airfield controlled airspace airspace of defined dimensions which air traffic control is provided critical phase of flight all operations below cruise altitude or 10,000 (the lower of implied) day The time between 15 minutes before sunrise to 15 minutes after sunset designated Designated by the director DE designated examiner person appointed by the commissioner for air crew examinations or tests DCA directorate of civil aviation The State authority for civil aviation ETA estimated time of arrival Estimated time at which the aircraft will arrive OVERHEAD an airfield, and for IFR from a point at which the approach may be commenced FIS flight information service Service provided for the purpose of providing advice and information useful for safe and efficient conduct of flights. FL flight level A surface of constant atmospheric pressure referenced to the pressure datum 1013.2 and separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure intervals (Altimeter set to 1013.25HPa or 29.92”Hg standard setting or QNE) FIR Flight information Region Airspace of defined dimensions which flight information and alerting services are provided. GFA general flying area Area in the vicinity of an airfield used for flight training and other manoeuvres, uncontrolled airspace height Vertical distance above a specified datum, point or surface indicated airspeed The airspeed “indicated” on the airspeed indicator infant A child who has not reached his/her 2nd birthday integrated aeronautical information package Includes: AIP, AIC, AIP supplements, NOTAM IAS IAIP 4 PPL Air Law MCM international flight A flight that passes over the AIRSPACE OVER THE TERRITORY of more than one state, however applied as any flight crossing a different countries FIR. Maximum certified mass Maximum mass of the aircraft as certified in the approved flight manual mass and balance documentation. night Hours outside those specified under day NOTAM PIC or PI (P1) notices distributed by telecommunications containing information of which timely knowledge is essential to flight operations pilot in command person responsible for operation and safety of the flight regardless of the manipulation of controls psychoactive substance Includes alcohol, cannabinoids, optoids, sedatives and other psycho- stimulants, excludes coffee and tobacco QDM Magnetic bearing to a station QDR Magnetic bearing from a station QNE Standard pressure of 1013.2HPa Set on Altimeter sub-scale indicates Flight Level or Pressure Altitude QNH The pressure reduced measured at the field and reduced to mean sea level using standard factors Set on altimeter sub-scale, to indicate height AMSL release to service Issuing of a certificate of release, or for line maintenance completing an appropriate entry in the technical log TMA terminal control area A Control area normally established at the confluence of ATS routes in the vicinity of major aerodromes TAS true airspeed The Calibrated Airspeed corrected for density variations type of aircraft All aircraft of the same basic design, including all modifications except those that effect the handling or flight characteristics VFR visual flight rules flight conducted under visual flight rules: at or above the meteorological conditions required for visual flight VMC visual meteorological conditions Meteorological conditions that permit flight under VFR wake categories Weight classifications as specified on flight plan and used as a means of providing standard wake separations Light: below 7000kg MCM Medium: 7000-136,000kg Heavy: above 136,000kgs 5 PPL Air Law Part 61: FLIGHT CREW LICENSING 01 GENERAL 01.32 Duties of pilot A pilot shall carry the license or rating issued when exercising the privileges of and produce the license or rating to an authorized person if requested 61.03 Private Pilot License (Aeroplane): Validation requirements AIP Validation Requirements For validation of a PPL the applicant must • hold a valid civil aviation license • hold a valid Class 2 medical • hold a Namibian radio license or validation • meet the minimum experience requirements • comply with requirements prescribed by the director* *as advised by the training organisation you will deal with,, typically including a flight test and law exam. 03. 2-4 Experience Total flight experience consisting of • 45hours total flight time • 25hours dual instruction • 10hours solo flight time • 5 hours cross country 5hours maximum may be acquired in a simulator Completed the training referred to in NAM CATS Passed the theoretical exams referred to in NAM CATS 03.8 Validity A validation of a private pilot license will be issued for a period of three months. 03.9 Privileges 1) A Private pilot may act as PIC or as co-pilot on any aircraft which a valid type rating is held engaged in non revenue flights 2) Exercise the privileges of a rating for special purposes for which a valid rating is held in accordance with 61.01.10 3) Pro-rata sharing or direct operating costs among the occupants of the aircraft is not considered revenue 03.11 Maintenance of Competency A Private Pilot shall not act as PIC of an aircraft under VFR, while carrying passengers unless within the preceding 90 days three takeoffs and landings have been completed in the same TYPE OR SIMILAR TYPE as prescribed in the NAM CATS or in a similar TYPE simulator • by day, or • by night if holding a valid night rating, and night privileges are required If (2) (night competency) is complied with the license holder shall be exempt from the requirements of (1) 6 PPL Air Law Part 91: FLIGHT OPERATIONS 1 GENERAL 01.1 Applicability This part shall apply to all aircraft registered in Namibian operated internationally and all aircraft operating within Namibia 01.11 Endangering safety NO person shall through an act or omission endanger the safety of an aircraft or person therein or cause or permit an aircraft to endanger the safety of any person or property 02 CREW 02.1 02.2 Crew responsibility The number of flight crew shall be not less than that specified in the Certificate of Airworthiness or the flight manual. If a crew member is to operate a radio they must have a radio license. One crew member only shall be assigned as PIC. The PIC shall assign duties, including emergency action to other crew members. 02.3 Prohibition 1)No person shall act as a crew member: a) Under the influence of psychoactive drug, or within 8 hours of use of such substance b) Within 24 hours of scuba diving c) Within 48 hours of blood donation d) While knowing to or anticipating fatigue or inability to perform duties 2) No crew member shall e) Engage in any problematic substance use f) use a psychoactive substance within 8hrs prior to commencement of standby or flight duty g) commence flight duty with blood alcohol of 0.04 grams per 100 ml or consume alcohol less than 8 hours prior to reporting for flight duty h) take psychoactive substance within 8 hours of an accident of which they were involved 02.3 Flight times 2)No person shall act as a flight crew member for a planned flight time of more than: a) 8 hours on one calendar day b) 100 hours in 30 consecutive calendar days c) 1000 hours in one calendar year d) 6 hours ab-initio instruction in one calendar day 02.6 Deviation from In an emergency INVOLVING the aircraft, (and or occupants), in the interests of safety only, the PIC may deviate from any law or CARs operational procedure. Such deviation shall be reported to the Director, forthwith, and comply with the subsequent requests of the director on information 7 PPL Air Law 02.7 Duties of PIC: Pre-flight action The PIC must ensure a) The aircraft is airworthy, b) Instruments and equipment required serviceable c) a release to service is issued in accordance with Part 43 d) Loading is compliance with the aircraft flight manual mass and balance requirements, e) Part 92 dangerous goods, and properly secured f) A flight plan has been completed and filed with ATS if required g) All required documentation, current maps and charts required are on board h) Performance is in compliance with 91.09 i) the external surfaces are clear of deposits that may affect controllability j) The required search and rescue information from 91.01.5 is available on board k) Fuel, oil, oxygen, minimum safe altitudes and alternate availability has been checked and complied with l) NOTAM’s, AIC, AIP, and ATS information must be checked, and all necessary facilities are operational m)The weather at the aerodromes to be used has been checked and ascertained above the required minimum’s n) Before takeoff, landing and when deemed necessary, crew, passengers and equipment are properly secured and exits unobstructed 2.8 Authority The PIC has the authority over any person, to disembark or restrain, posing a hazard to safety of the flight 02.8 General duties The PIC shall ensure: a) The pre-flight inspection has been completed b) decide whether or not to accept unserviceability permitted by the minimum equipment list c) Passengers are briefed prior to flight d) During take-off, landing and during turbulence or other emergency requiring safety harnesses or belts are worn 02.8 Reporting incidents The pilot in command must in accordance with the appropriate regulations: a) Report any Dangerous goods incident in accordance with part 92 b) Report any unserviceable facilities to nearest ATC/S c) Report any accident or incident involving the aircraft d) Report any ATS incident near miss, or potentially dangerous condition e) Record any technical defect in the flight folio f) Report any occurrence of an unlawful interference with operation of the aircraft or the PIC to the director 8 PPL Air Law Critical Phase The PIC shall a) Ensure the flight crew members are not required to do other than essential duties during critical phases of flight b) Not permit any activity that may distract flight crew during critical phases of flight c) shall not continue beyond the nearest suitable aerodrome should a flight crew member become incapacitated 04 DOCUMENTATION 03.1 Documents to be carried Documents to be carried at all times: a) Certificate of registration b) Certificate of airworthiness c) Certificate of safety or maintenance release d) Aircraft radio station license e) Aircraft mass and balance data (91.07.11) f) Crew licenses, ratings and medical certificates g) A technical log, Flight folio or similar document h) Approved aircraft flight manual (AFM) or pilot operating handbook (POH) (91.03.2) i) A list of visual interception signals j) A minimum equipment list If applicable k) Noise certificate if applicable For cross border additionally: l) Journey log book, and general declaration m)Passenger manifest (if carried and not included in Gen-Dec) n) Cargo manifest (if carried) 03.2 Aircraft flight manual Every owner or operator shall have an Approved Aircraft Flight Manual for each aircraft owned or operated. 03.3 Checklists The owner operator shall make available where applicable for use in all phases of flight 03.4 Flight plans The operator or PIC shall ensure a flight plan is filed for: a) flights into or through controlled or advisory airspace except for: i. a flight that takes off and lands at the same aerodrome without an intermediate landing and remains within a 50nm radius (“a local flight”) ii. VFR flights into or out of an ATZ or CTZ from or to unmanned aerodromes without entering any other control or advisory airspace iii.flights crossing an airway or advisory route at right angles iv. flights exempted by the director b) International flights c) Flights requiring alerting services Flight plans shall be filed 30 minutes prior to departure, or if airborne 10 minutes prior to entering controlled airspace, and will be canceled 1hr after ETD if not activated. Variation of greater than 5% of flight planned TAS, and 3 minutes on reported ETA, ATS shall be notified. 9 PPL Air Law 03.5 Tech logs The owner, operator or PIC shall ensure that the aircraft carries a technical log or similar document (as per NAM-CATS). The technical log shall be legible and up to date, all entries made after completion of the relevant occurrence. Rectification of defects shall be certified by the person responsible for the maintenance. Technical logs shall be maintained by the owner or operator for a period of two years 03.6 Fuel and oil records The PIC shall enter the fuel and oil records in the technical log (or similar document). Fuel and oil records shall be maintained by the owner or operator for a period of two years 03.7 Release to service No owner, operator, or Pilot in Command shall operate a Namibian registered aircraft without a valid release to service signed by an appropriately rated engineer or an approved Aviation Maintenance Organisation. Certificate of release to Service shall be retained for a period of 12 months 91.04 INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT 04.1 Use of Equipment Instrument required to be used shall be readily visible from his/her station with minimum deviation from the line of sight along the flight path Instruments required by more than one pilot must be readily seen from both pilot stations. Instruments shall have a means of indicating power supply (ie. suction gauge, Turn Indicator flag etc) 04.2 Circuit protection The greater of 3 or 10% of each rating must be carried Fuses and circuit breakers must be readily reset or replaced during flight 04.3 Lights By day: anti collision lighting (no definition given) By night: (additionally) a) instrument lights b) passenger compartment lights c) one torch per crew member d) navigation lights in accordance with 91.06.10 e) two independent landing lights or two separate filaments 06.10 Navigation lights The navigation or position lights must be as follows: Left: RED indicating from directly ahead through an angle of 110 degrees Right: GREEN indicating from directly ahead through an angle of 110 degrees Rear: WHITE indicating 70 degrees either side of the fore-aft 10 PPL Air Law 04.4 Equipment for VFR For flight under VFR the aircraft must be equipped with: a) a magnetic compass b) a sensitive altimeter with an adjustable subscale calibrated in Hpa for barometric pressure c) a time piece with hours, minutes and seconds d) an airspeed indicator 04.9 Icing No PIC shall operate in known or forecast icing conditions unless: 1) The aircraft is certified for icing conditions 2&3) by night unless there is a means to detect or illuminate ice formation that does not cause any distracting glare or reflection 01.10 Electronic devices The PIC shall not permit the use of any electronic devices that may adversely affect performance The director may identify devices that are allowed to be carried in the NAM CATS CATS 01.10 Electronic devices that do not intentionally transmit any radio signals may, with the prior permission of the PIC be operated in cruise flight only. Examples of such are: laptops, electronic games, cameras, calculators, tape recorders. 04.27- Flight over 28 water 1) Life jackets with a light, accessible from the seat must be carried for: a) An aircraft not capable of maintaining flight following a critical power failure flying greater than 10nm from shore ( b) At an aerodrome where the take off or approach is over water 04.29 Survival equipment Survival equipment (as prescribed in NAM CATS) is required when operating over areas where rescue would be difficult 91.05 COMMUNICATION AND NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT 05. 1-2 Communication Unless with prior approval of the director aircraft shall be equipped with one two way radio capable of communication with an ATS unit and on 121.5MHz Navigation Navigational equipment shall not be required by flights operated under VFR providing they can be accomplished by VISUAL REFERENCE TO LANDMARKS Navigational equipment shall be carried enabling the aircraft to proceed according to flight plan for the route including one redundancy 11 PPL Air Law CAT 05.1 Navigation Equipment Navigational equipment required where no visible landmarks: • Two independent radio communication systems • One VOR, ADF, DME and Marker Beacon receiving system • Two VOR's if the route is dependent on VOR's • Two ADF's if the route is dependent on ADF's • An ILS or MLS if required • An area navigational system if required • SSR transponder equipment as required 91.06,91.07: RULES OF THE AIR AND FLIGHT OPERATIONS Rules of the Air: General 06.1 Roads Landing or taking off on public roads is allowed only: a) In an emergency involving the aircraft or occupants b) For purposes of saving human lives c) For law enforcement or civil defense 07.3 Use of Aerodromes No person shall use an aerodrome unless it is suitable for the type of aircraft and operation. 07.3 Night flights Except in an emergency, no person shall use an aerodrome at night unless it is equipped with night flying facilities 06.2 Dropping objects No objects shall be dropped out of an aircraft except: a) sand or water used as ballast b) agricultural spray 06.3-4 Picking up and Towing No objects shall be picked up or towed by an aircraft unless: a) with prior approval by the director b) if certified to do so in terms of the regulations 06.5 Towed aircraft (excepting gliders) Shall not be higher than 150ft above the surface, not closer than 5nm from an airfield boundary, and not above a public road Formation flight: Not in such proximity to cause hazard and Only by prior arrangement of the PIC of both aircraft Right Of Way 1) Power driven heavier than air aircraft shall give way to: a) Balloons, gliders, airships and non powered aircraft b) Aircraft approaching or crossing from the right c) Aircraft lower if approaching to land d) Non power driven aircraft or tow aircraft e) Aircraft compelled to land or in a n emergency situation f) Airborne aircraft if on the ground 6.6 06.7 2) Where avoiding action is required: a) Always alter heading to the right for avoidance b) Always pass to the right unless in a right hand circuit, where you should pass on the left (ie. the outside) 12 PPL Air Law 06.11 Taxi rules 1) Taxiing aircraft give way to: a) Aircraft taking off or landing, b) aircraft being towed by vehicles, 2) Vehicles not towing aircraft shall give way to other aircraft 3) The landing area should be cleared as soon as safely possible 4) For avoiding action: a) Slow or stop, b) alter heading to right and pass on right, c) avoid crossing ahead, 5) Vehicles keep to the right side of runway or taxiway 06.8 Line features: Below 1500, within 1nm of a line feature (such as a road, railway or coastline) should keep to the right of the line feature unless otherwise instructed by an ATS unit 06.9 Speed restrictions: 1) Outside controlled airspace below FL100 unless authorized or required by director: Not greater than 250kts 2) In a CTZ or ATZ unless authorized or required by ATS: Not greater than 200kts for turbine or 160kts for piston OR the minimum safe speed should it be greater than the above 06.12 Operation in the vicinity of an Aerodrome: Aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aerodrome shall: a) Observe other traffic b) Conform with or avoid the traffic pattern c) Make all turns to left unless a right hand pattern, otherwise instructed by ATC or a helicopter for the interests of safety d) Land and take off into wind where possible e) If not joining pattern fly across at not less than 2000AGL or if less than 2000 conform with the pattern f) maintain listening watch on appropriate frequency and comply with all ATC instructions AIP Vicinity In the vicinity of an aerodrome applies to aircraft within a 5nm Radius and up to 2500ft AGL 06.19 Prohibited Areas Prohibited areas are designated by the director, in NOTAM, AIP, AIP SUP or AIC in terms of a height or altitude above the surface. Prohibited airspace MAY NOT be flown into. 06.20 Restricted areas Restricted areas are designated by the director, in NOTAM, AIP, AIP SUP or AIC. The nature of the restriction will always be stated, flights into restricted areas are only IN COMPLIANCE WITH terms of the RESTRICTION 13 PPL Air Law 06.21 Danger areas Danger areas are designated by the director, in NOTAM, AIP, AIP SUP or AIC. The nature of the danger will always be stated, Danger Areas MAY NOT be flown into. Communication 06.13 Signals The PIC upon receiving any of the signals prescriged in the NAMCATS shall act accordingly CAT 06.13 Light signals Light Air: Ground Steady Green: Cleared to land Cleared to take-off Flashing green: return for landing cleared to taxi Steady red: Give way (continue circling) stop Flashing Red: aerodrome unsafe (do Clear runway not land) Flashing White: Land at this return to starting point aerodrome and return to the starting point Steady Red on Final approach Notwithstanding any previous instructions do not land for the time being CAT 6.13 Pyrotechnic Signals A series of projectiles at 10 second intervals each showing red or green lights or stars will indicate the aircraft is about to enter a restricted, prohibited or danger area and remedial action should be taken 06.15 06.16 06.17 06.32 Mandatory Radio Communication It is the responsibility of the PIC to ensure in controlled airspace, advisory airspace, at Compulsory Reporting Points, where an alerting service is provided, at intervals requested by ATC, or published by the director (IAIP) the appropriate position reporting is carried out, giving: passing level and time and any other meteorological or required information In controlled airspace a continuous listening watch, and two way radio communications is maintained, unless prior arrangement has been made, or in compliance with the radio failure procedures ATS may permit non radio equipped aircraft in airspace at their discretion and conditions In advisory airspace where two way radio cannot be maintained blind transmissions shall be made, until it can be re-established Priority 14 ATC may give priority to aircraft to aircraft operating under a flight plan PPL Air Law 6.32 Loss of communications If flight plan filed and activated aircraft may continue in controlled or advisory airspace in accordance with the radio failure procedures AIP Radio Failure Procedures: • Squawk 7600 • In VMC: Land at nearest SUITABLE aerodrome and report to ATC AS SOON AS POSSIBLE (i.e. Applies to all VFR flights) 6.12 When joining an aerodrome circuit, unless in prior contact with ATC make a circuit of aerodrome to observe traffic and visual signals before landing 06.18 06.31 Compliance with ATC The PIC shall: a) operate in accordance with and not contrary to any ATC clearance OR obtain an amended clearance b) if deviation is required in exceptional circumstances notify ATC as soon as practicable (eg in an emergency or in interests of safety) 06.30 Interception Attempt to establish contact on 121.5, if no contact: Use 2nd series to indicate aircraft to proceed Use 1st then 2nd as appropriate to lead away from restricted or prohibited area Use 1st then 3rd as appropriate to indicate landing area, then interceptor to use 4th if necessary Use distress signals if in distress Signals as prescribed in NAM CATS, currently from AIP as follows below. AIP/ Series 1 CATS Rocking wings and at night flashing navigation or landing light: ahead to left follow me away from prohibited/restricted area ahead to right follow me to landing site Followed by a slow turn to desired course 15 Series 2 An abrupt breakaway proceed Series 3 over flying landing site land here Intercepted aircraft rock wings, steady landing light acknowledged over-flying landing site 1000ft to 2000ft AGL with gear up and rocking wings landing site not suitable PPL Air Law VFR: Visual Flight Rules 06.22 Visibility and distance from loud 1) VFR flight shall be conducted: a) By day with visual reference to identifiable objects on the ground b) At night i. 7 days before or after full moon from 15 minutes after moon rise till 15 minutes before moon set OR ii. With visual reference to identifiable objects on the ground c) At no time above more than 3/8 cloud within 5nm radius d) Under flight visibility and distance from cloud as prescribed in NAM CATS (currently in the AIP as detailed below) 2)Flight in class G may be authorized by ATC below 1500m in areas of low traffic and at speeds or situations that make collision (aircraft/terrain) unlikely 6.23 SVFR is permitted in a CONTROL ZONE (CTZ) only, and in provision with ATC clearance, clear of cloud, by day, with base not less than 500ft, visibility not less than 1500m Special VFR 07.10 VFR Operating VFR flights shall be operated according to visual flight rules prescribed in Part 6 minima SVFR flights: should not be commenced if the visibility is less than 3km, and not continued unless weather above SVFR or VFR minima as applicable 06.24 Responsibility -25 to maintain VFR Outside a CTZ, ATZ or ATA the PIC shall be responsible for ascertaining whether VFR conditions exist. Above FL200 or below VFR requirements aircraft may continue either in accordance with IFR or not at all. AIP AIRSPACE VFR Met Minima (Aeroplanes) 16 Cloud, ↑ / → Ceiling CTZ/ATZ 5km 500ft/2000ft 1500ft Entering or Leaving a CTZ/ATZ 5km Clear 500ft 1.5 km Clear none 1000ft AGL day/1500ft night to FL 100 5km 500ft/2000ft none Above FL100 8km 1000ft/1.5km none Below 1000ft AGL day 07.9 Visibility Met conditions No flight operating under VFR shall takeoff unless forecasts/reports or combination indicate along the entire route compliance with VFR is possible PPL Air Law Heights and operating levels 6.33 Minimum Heights Except when necessary for take-off or landing or with prior approval of the director, Not less than: i 1000ft above obstacles within 2000ft Radius over built up area or open air assembly ii 3000ft over open air assembly if circling or repeated passes iii Else where, when not specified not below 500ft above ground or water. AIC Reprint of v. 3000ft (1000m) over a game reserve conservation law vi. 1500ft over a bird sanctuary AIC Recommendation vii. 5000ft recommended when overflying an active firing range or in vicinity of kite fishing AIP Transition Altitude and level: Outside 25nm of controlled airfields: Transition Altitude: IN VMC 2000ft AGL or IN IMC Minimum Safe Cruising Altitude, Transition level: IN VMC 3000ft, IN IMC MSCA+500ft, Within 25nm of a controlled airfield transition altitude as published in the AIP; transition level advised by ATC The transition level is not published as it must be 1000ft above Transition Altitude and so can change when the QNH differs significantly from QNE Flight above transition altitude shall with respect to flight levels, flight below transition level shall be with respect to altitude. Pilots may change to QNE or QNH on reaching Transition Altitude or Transition Level respectively without notifying ATC. 06.34 Semi Circular rule: AIP/ Semi Circular CATS levels: Unless otherwise directed by ATS or VFR below 1500ft AGL in accordance with the NAM CATS Above 1500ft AGL to FL200, outside controlled airspace: 000-170: VFR odd flight levels +500ft, IFR odd flight levels 180-359: VFR even flight levels +500ft, IFR even flight levels (East odd, West even) Low level flight (less than 1500ft AGL): at the discretion of the PIC Controlled flight: at the discretion of the controller AIP 17 Corridors and routes: 1) When flying within a track approximately directly north of Windhoek or on the R987F: North Even flight levels, South Odd flight levels. The corridor is formed by coordinates approximate to FYWE, FYWH, FYOA and FYOS, 2) When flying approximately directly South of Windhoek or on R987D, incl. FYWH-FYKT: North Odd flight levels South Even flight levels If in doubt about your flight level check with the Flight Briefing Office. PPL Air Law Mass and Balance 02.7 Mass and balance If mass and balance documentation is required it must be countersigned by the PIC, unless submitted by electronic data transfer, where commencement of the flight is deemed acceptance thereof 07.11 Mass and balance documentation The PIC shall ensure that the loading and center of gravity is within limits specified in the approved flight manual. Load sheet requirements are as prescribed in NAMCATS Aircraft empty weight includes oil and unusable fuel. Aircraft mass shall be established by weighing every 5 years. Additions and subtractions may be calculated if actual mass is known. Passenger, baggage and fuel masses shall be determined by actual weighing or by using standard masses in accordance with the NAM CATS. CATS Mass and The operatore must establish mass and balance documentation prior to 07.11 Balance each flight, specifying the load and its distribution. Documentation Acceptance of the load by the PIC must be indicated by countersignature or equivalent. Fuel 07.12 Fuel reserves The PIC must carry sufficient fuel and oil to safely complete the flight considering: • meteorological conditions, • EXPECTED delays, (eg. ATC, traffic, VIP movement) • fuel and oil requirements of NAM CATS CATS 07.12 Fuel and oil Sufficient fuel must be carried for the planned flight, and 1) Thereafter for a period of 45 minutes, OR 2) If an alternate is required, hence to an alternate, and thereafter for a period of 45 minutes 07.13 Refueling and defueling Refueling and De-fueling while passengers are on board, embarking or disembarking: May not be completed with AVGAS or wide cut fuel Other types may be permitted if manned by qualified personnel ready to evacuate if necessary Carriage of persons 07.18 Seating -19 18 The PIC shall ensure 1) Before Take-off, landing and when deemed necessary all passengers must have seat belts fastened 2) No multiple occupancy except by one adult and one infant who is properly secured by a child restraint device. 3) Passengers shall be seated where they may best assist and not hinder emergency evacuation PPL Air Law 04.14 Seat belts One seat or berth must be provided for each passenger two years old or more with a safety belt A child restraint device for each infant (less than 2yrs) Safety harness or belt with diagonal strap, with torso restraint under rapid deceleration for every flight crew member A means of indicating to passengers that safety belts must be fastened if seats cannot be seen from flight deck 07.2 Passenger Briefing Passengers shall be briefed on: a) safety matters And before take off and before landing: b) prohibition of smoking c) when to put seat upright and stow tray table d) location of escape markings and emergency exits e) stowage of baggage f) restrictions of electronic devices g) seat belts If applicable: h) oxygen i) life jackets 01.7 Method of carriage No person shall be carried in an area not designed for accommodation of persons unless temporary permission has been granted by the PIC 01.8 Admission to flight deck No person shall be allowed on the flight deck unless 1) with permission of the PIC 2) they shall not interfere with operation of the aircraft 3) they are made familiar with applicable procedures Oxygen 04.17 04.18 04.19 Oxygen Supplemental oxygen is required for all pressurised aircraft and for non pressurised aircraft operating between 10,000 and 12,000 for more than 60min or above 12,000 02.8 PIC responsibility: Oxygen The PIC must ensure oxygen is available for to crew members and passengers on flights in non pressurised aircraft: a) Between 10,000 and 12,000 for greater than 60 minutes b) Above 12,000 Flight Operations: General 07.1- Operating 2,3,5,7 minima The owner, operator or PIC shall ensure the routes and areas, aerodromes, alternate aerodromes and selected minimum flight altitudes to be used are authorized for use, and comply with the minimum performance and safety requirements of the operation The pilot or operator shall ensure that all considerations are made and all routes, MFA’s and Aerodrome's are adequate for the planned operation, including all appropriate state or foreign minima 19 PPL Air Law 07.9 Met conditions No flight shall take off OR continue beyond an in flight decision point unless information is available to indicate at the destination and at the alternate the weather is above aerodrome operating minima (Aerodrome Operating Minima: the higher of operator, pilot, airport or state minima) 07.14 Smoking Smoking shall not be permitted in a Namibian registered aircraft or an aircraft taking off and landing in Namibia while carrying passengers In other cases Smoking shall not be permitted during a) Take-off, approach and landing b) During any ground operations c) Whenever required by the flight manual or operator 07.17 Search and Rescue The PIC shall not commence the flight unless sufficient information for alerting action is available if required Operator or PIC of a flight which S&R has been requested and fails to comply with the requirements shall be responsible for costs incurred, not less than N$500 01.5 Search and rescue Information The owner, operator, or PIC shall ensure information concerning search and rescue services of the area to be flow over is carried on board GEN 1.5 Ground to Air Signalling Symbols to be used in search and rescue for ground to air signaling shall be at least 2.5m at 3m spacing, as follows: V – Require assistance X – Require Medical Assistance N – No or Negative Y – Yes or Affirmative P – Proceed in this direction 07.26 Emergency simulation No person shall simulate an emergency affecting flight characteristics while passengers are on board 07.27 Starting engines A competent person must be at the controls when an engine is started. If the PIC is the only competent person present he/she must use brakes. 07.28 Aerobatics Unless prior approval by director, not in the vicinity of ATS routes, below 4000ft if within 5nm of an aerodrome, over populated areas or gatherings, below 2000ft AGL on completion 20 PPL Air Law
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