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PPL Air Law
Study guide for Validations
NAMIBIA 2003
COPYRIGHT
RED SKY VENTURES AVIATION CC
November 2003
1 PPL Air Law
Notes to Text
These notes have been compiled to assist you with study for your Namibian PPL
validation and to provide you with important practical information for safe operation
within Namibia.
Current Namibian Law
The Namibian Air Law follows the international system of parts. This text is aimed at
the fixed wing, VFR Private Pilot, the following parts have been covered in detail:
Part 1: Definitions and Abbreviations
Part 61: Flight crew licensing
Part 91: Flight Operations
AIP:
Some references have been included from the Namibian Aeronautical Information
Publication (AIP).
Useful information to be found in the AIP includes:
Units of measurement and standard conversions, Abbreviations, Chart symbols
Location indicators
Sunrise and Sunset times
ATS information and contact numbers
VFR operating minima (as included)
Airspace classifications and standards
Information on special airspace: danger, restricted, prohibited and training areas, their
nature and limitations
Obstacles and hazards to air navigation
Aerodrome Plates and information (licensed airfields)
The integrity of the AIP information is guaranteed by the director for operational use.
There are many other useful aviation publications available, for obtaining information
not contained in the IAIP (eg. unlicensed airfield data), however it should be
remembered that the information is not guaranteed and should be confirmed before
using wherever possible.
Layout
Generally the chronological layout of the parts has been followed. Some text has been
grouped in order of subject where is was seen to be more relevant, for example fuel,
weight and balance etc, where all related references have been included.
The text has been abbreviated for ease of reference and only that applicable to a pilot
flying under a validation has been included. Text in capitals has been used for emphasis
of importance, text included in italics is author opinion provided for clarification.
2 PPL Air Law
Part 1: ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS
Included are abbreviations used in this document and definitions nescessary for understanding
the Namibian law. Most will already be known to you.
AGL above ground level Refers generally to a height
AMSL above mean sea level Refers generally to altitude on QNH
advisory route A route where advisory service is available, implemented to
assist flow (not controlled)
AFIS aerodrome flight
information service
air traffic service assistant providing information for the
assistance of safe flight operation
ATA aerodrome traffic
area
Area around an aerodrome established for protection of the
traffic where a flight information service is provided
AIC aeronautical
information circular
Information pertinent to aviation that does not qualify for
inclusion in an AIP or NOTAM, relating to flight safety, air
navigation, technical, administrative or legislative matters
AIP aeronautical
information
publication
Information issued by the director essential to air navigation of
a lasting character
AIP SUP aip supplement temporary changes to the information in the AIP, these issues
always have an expiry date
ATC air traffic control An aerodrome, approach or area control service for preventing
collisions and maintaining expeditious and orderly flow of
aircraft
ATS air traffic services Air traffic control, flight information, alerting, or air traffic
advisory services provided to aircraft
ATZ air traffic zone Controlled airspace around an aerodrome for the protection of
aerodrome traffic
alerting service service to provide notification for search and rescue
altitude the vertical distance of an object/level/point above mean sea
level (altimeter set to QNH)
approved Approved by the Director
ceiling Height above ground or water of the lowest layer of cloud
below 20,000ft covering more than half the sky
child 2 years of age but not yet 12 years
CAR civil aviation
regulations
The Civil Aviation Law issued in 2001 comprising Parts 1 to
187 in accordance with international standards
CATS civil aviation
technical standard
Technical standards are operating instructions issued by the
director, they are not law, but the law (CAR) requires
compliance with the technical standards
clearance Clearance from air traffic control
3 PPL Air Law
communication
failure procedure
A procedure published in the AIP and prescribed by ICAO
procedures for loss of communications
CRP compulsory
reporting point
Designated point where a position report must be made
CTA control area Controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit
above the earth
CTR control zone Controlled airspace extending from surface to a defined upper
limit, normally established around an airfield
controlled airspace airspace of defined dimensions which air traffic control is
provided
critical phase of
flight
all operations below cruise altitude or 10,000 (the lower of
implied)
day The time between 15 minutes before sunrise to 15 minutes
after sunset
designated Designated by the director
DE designated examiner person appointed by the commissioner for air crew
examinations or tests
DCA directorate of civil
aviation
The State authority for civil aviation
ETA estimated time of
arrival
Estimated time at which the aircraft will arrive OVERHEAD
an airfield, and for IFR from a point at which the approach
may be commenced
FIS flight information
service
Service provided for the purpose of providing advice and
information useful for safe and efficient conduct of flights.
FL flight level A surface of constant atmospheric pressure referenced to the
pressure datum 1013.2 and separated from other such surfaces
by specific pressure intervals (Altimeter set to 1013.25HPa or
29.92”Hg standard setting or QNE)
FIR Flight information
Region
Airspace of defined dimensions which flight information and
alerting services are provided.
GFA general flying area Area in the vicinity of an airfield used for flight training and
other manoeuvres, uncontrolled airspace
height Vertical distance above a specified datum, point or surface
IAS indicated airspeed The airspeed “indicated” on the airspeed indicator
infant A child who has not reached his/her 2nd birthday
IAIP integrated
aeronautical
information
package
Includes:
AIP, AIC, AIP supplements, NOTAM
4 PPL Air Law
international flight A flight that passes over the AIRSPACE OVER THE
TERRITORY of more than one state, however applied as any
flight crossing a different countries FIR.
MCM Maximum certified
mass
Maximum mass of the aircraft as certified in the approved
flight manual mass and balance documentation.
night Hours outside those specified under day
NOTAM notices distributed by telecommunications containing
information of which timely knowledge is essential to flight
operations
PIC or
PI (P1)
pilot in command person responsible for operation and safety of the flight
regardless of the manipulation of controls
psychoactive
substance
Includes alcohol, cannabinoids, optoids, sedatives and other
psycho- stimulants, excludes coffee and tobacco
QDM Magnetic bearing to a station
QDR Magnetic bearing from a station
QNE Standard pressure of 1013.2HPa
Set on Altimeter sub-scale indicates Flight Level or Pressure
Altitude
QNH The pressure reduced measured at the field and reduced to
mean sea level using standard factors
Set on altimeter sub-scale, to indicate height AMSL
release to service Issuing of a certificate of release, or for line maintenance
completing an appropriate entry in the technical log
TMA terminal control area A Control area normally established at the confluence of ATS
routes in the vicinity of major aerodromes
TAS true airspeed The Calibrated Airspeed corrected for density variations
type of aircraft All aircraft of the same basic design, including all
modifications except those that effect the handling or flight
characteristics
VFR visual flight rules flight conducted under visual flight rules: at or above the
meteorological conditions required for visual flight
VMC visual
meteorological
conditions
Meteorological conditions that permit flight under VFR
wake categories Weight classifications as specified on flight plan and used as a
means of providing standard wake separations
Light: below 7000kg MCM
Medium: 7000-136,000kg
Heavy: above 136,000kgs
5 PPL Air Law
Part 61: FLIGHT CREW LICENSING
01 GENERAL
01.32 Duties of pilot A pilot shall carry the license or rating issued when exercising the
privileges of and produce the license or rating to an authorized
person if requested
61.03 Private Pilot License (Aeroplane): Validation requirements
AIP Validation
Requirements
For validation of a PPL the applicant must
•hold a valid civil aviation license
•hold a valid Class 2 medical
•hold a Namibian radio license or validation
•meet the minimum experience requirements
•comply with requirements prescribed by the director*
*as advised by the training organisation you will deal with,,
typically including a flight test and law exam.
03.
2-4
Experience Total flight experience consisting of
•45hours total flight time
•25hours dual instruction
•10hours solo flight time
•5 hours cross country
5hours maximum may be acquired in a simulator
Completed the training referred to in NAM CATS
Passed the theoretical exams referred to in NAM CATS
03.8 Validity A validation of a private pilot license will be issued for a period of
three months.
03.9 Privileges 1) A Private pilot may act as PIC or as co-pilot on any aircraft
which a valid type rating is held engaged in non revenue flights
2) Exercise the privileges of a rating for special purposes for which
a valid rating is held in accordance with 61.01.10
3) Pro-rata sharing or direct operating costs among the occupants
of the aircraft is not considered revenue
03.11 Maintenance of
Competency
A Private Pilot shall not act as PIC of an aircraft under VFR, while
carrying passengers unless within the preceding 90 days three take-
offs and landings have been completed in the same TYPE OR
SIMILAR TYPE as prescribed in the NAM CATS or in a similar
TYPE simulator
•by day, or
•by night if holding a valid night rating, and night privileges are
required
If (2) (night competency) is complied with the license holder shall
be exempt from the requirements of (1)
6 PPL Air Law
Part 91: FLIGHT OPERATIONS
1GENERAL
01.1 Applicability This part shall apply to all aircraft registered in Namibian operated
internationally and all aircraft operating within Namibia
01.11 Endangering
safety
NO person shall through an act or omission endanger the safety of an
aircraft or person therein or cause or permit an aircraft to endanger the
safety of any person or property
02 CREW
02.1
02.2
Crew
responsibility
The number of flight crew shall be not less than that specified in the
Certificate of Airworthiness or the flight manual.
If a crew member is to operate a radio they must have a radio license.
One crew member only shall be assigned as PIC.
The PIC shall assign duties, including emergency action to other crew
members.
02.3 Prohibition 1)No person shall act as a crew member:
a) Under the influence of psychoactive drug, or within 8 hours of use
of such substance
b) Within 24 hours of scuba diving
c) Within 48 hours of blood donation
d) While knowing to or anticipating fatigue or inability to perform
duties
2) No crew member shall
e) Engage in any problematic substance use
f) use a psychoactive substance within 8hrs prior to commencement
of standby or flight duty
g) commence flight duty with blood alcohol of 0.04 grams per 100 ml
or consume alcohol less than 8 hours prior to reporting for flight
duty
h) take psychoactive substance within 8 hours of an accident of which
they were involved
02.3 Flight times 2)No person shall act as a flight crew member for a planned flight
time of more than:
a) 8 hours on one calendar day
b) 100 hours in 30 consecutive calendar days
c) 1000 hours in one calendar year
d) 6 hours ab-initio instruction in one calendar day
02.6 Deviation from
CARs
In an emergency INVOLVING the aircraft, (and or occupants), in the
interests of safety only, the PIC may deviate from any law or
operational procedure.
Such deviation shall be reported to the Director, forthwith, and
comply with the subsequent requests of the director on information
7 PPL Air Law
02.7 Duties of PIC:
Pre-flight
action
The PIC must ensure
a) The aircraft is airworthy,
b) Instruments and equipment required serviceable
c) a release to service is issued in accordance with Part 43
d) Loading is compliance with the aircraft flight manual mass and
balance requirements,
e) Part 92 dangerous goods, and properly secured
f) A flight plan has been completed and filed with ATS if required
g) All required documentation, current maps and charts required are
on board
h) Performance is in compliance with 91.09
i) the external surfaces are clear of deposits that may affect
controllability
j) The required search and rescue information from 91.01.5 is
available on board
k) Fuel, oil, oxygen, minimum safe altitudes and alternate availability
has been checked and complied with
l) NOTAM’s, AIC, AIP, and ATS information must be checked, and
all necessary facilities are operational
m)The weather at the aerodromes to be used has been checked and
ascertained above the required minimum’s
n) Before takeoff, landing and when deemed necessary, crew,
passengers and equipment are properly secured and exits
unobstructed
2.8 Authority The PIC has the authority over any person, to disembark or restrain,
posing a hazard to safety of the flight
02.8 General duties The PIC shall ensure:
a) The pre-flight inspection has been completed
b) decide whether or not to accept unserviceability permitted by the
minimum equipment list
c) Passengers are briefed prior to flight
d) During take-off, landing and during turbulence or other emergency
requiring safety harnesses or belts are worn
02.8 Reporting
incidents
The pilot in command must in accordance with the appropriate
regulations:
a) Report any Dangerous goods incident in accordance with part 92
b) Report any unserviceable facilities to nearest ATC/S
c) Report any accident or incident involving the aircraft
d) Report any ATS incident near miss, or potentially dangerous
condition
e) Record any technical defect in the flight folio
f) Report any occurrence of an unlawful interference with operation
of the aircraft or the PIC to the director
8 PPL Air Law
Critical Phase The PIC shall
a) Ensure the flight crew members are not required to do other than
essential duties during critical phases of flight
b) Not permit any activity that may distract flight crew during critical
phases of flight
c) shall not continue beyond the nearest suitable aerodrome should a
flight crew member become incapacitated
04 DOCUMENTATION
03.1 Documents to
be carried
Documents to be carried at all times:
a) Certificate of registration
b) Certificate of airworthiness
c) Certificate of safety or maintenance release
d) Aircraft radio station license
e) Aircraft mass and balance data (91.07.11)
f) Crew licenses, ratings and medical certificates
g) A technical log, Flight folio or similar document
h) Approved aircraft flight manual (AFM) or pilot operating
handbook (POH) (91.03.2)
i) A list of visual interception signals
j) A minimum equipment list If applicable
k) Noise certificate if applicable
For cross border additionally:
l) Journey log book, and general declaration
m)Passenger manifest (if carried and not included in Gen-Dec)
n) Cargo manifest (if carried)
03.2 Aircraft flight
manual
Every owner or operator shall have an Approved Aircraft Flight
Manual for each aircraft owned or operated.
03.3 Checklists The owner operator shall make available where applicable for use in
all phases of flight
03.4 Flight plans The operator or PIC shall ensure a flight plan is filed for:
a) flights into or through controlled or advisory airspace except for:
i. a flight that takes off and lands at the same aerodrome without
an intermediate landing and remains within a 50nm radius (“a
local flight”)
ii. VFR flights into or out of an ATZ or CTZ from or to unmanned
aerodromes without entering any other control or advisory
airspace
iii.flights crossing an airway or advisory route at right angles
iv. flights exempted by the director
b) International flights
c) Flights requiring alerting services
Flight plans shall be filed 30 minutes prior to departure, or if airborne
10 minutes prior to entering controlled airspace, and will be canceled
1hr after ETD if not activated.
Variation of greater than 5% of flight planned TAS, and 3 minutes on
reported ETA, ATS shall be notified.
9 PPL Air Law
03.5 Tech logs The owner, operator or PIC shall ensure that the aircraft carries a
technical log or similar document (as per NAM-CATS).
The technical log shall be legible and up to date, all entries made after
completion of the relevant occurrence. Rectification of defects shall
be certified by the person responsible for the maintenance.
Technical logs shall be maintained by the owner or operator for a
period of two years
03.6 Fuel and oil
records
The PIC shall enter the fuel and oil records in the technical log (or
similar document).
Fuel and oil records shall be maintained by the owner or operator for a
period of two years
03.7 Release to
service
No owner, operator, or Pilot in Command shall operate a Namibian
registered aircraft without a valid release to service signed by an
appropriately rated engineer or an approved Aviation Maintenance
Organisation.
Certificate of release to Service shall be retained for a period of 12
months
91.04 INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
04.1 Use of
Equipment
Instrument required to be used shall be readily visible from his/her
station with minimum deviation from the line of sight along the flight
path
Instruments required by more than one pilot must be readily seen from
both pilot stations.
Instruments shall have a means of indicating power supply (ie. suction
gauge, Turn Indicator flag etc)
04.2 Circuit
protection
The greater of 3 or 10% of each rating must be carried
Fuses and circuit breakers must be readily reset or replaced during
flight
04.3 Lights By day: anti collision lighting (no definition given)
By night: (additionally)
a) instrument lights
b) passenger compartment lights
c) one torch per crew member
d) navigation lights in accordance with 91.06.10
e) two independent landing lights or two separate filaments
06.10 Navigation
lights
The navigation or position lights must be as follows:
Left: RED indicating from directly ahead through an angle of 110
degrees
Right: GREEN indicating from directly ahead through an angle of 110
degrees
Rear: WHITE indicating 70 degrees either side of the fore-aft
10 PPL Air Law
04.4 Equipment for
VFR
For flight under VFR the aircraft must be equipped with:
a) a magnetic compass
b) a sensitive altimeter with an adjustable subscale calibrated in Hpa
for barometric pressure
c) a time piece with hours, minutes and seconds
d) an airspeed indicator
04.9 Icing No PIC shall operate in known or forecast icing conditions unless:
1) The aircraft is certified for icing conditions
2&3) by night unless there is a means to detect or illuminate ice
formation that does not cause any distracting glare or reflection
01.10 Electronic
devices
The PIC shall not permit the use of any electronic devices that may
adversely affect performance
The director may identify devices that are allowed to be carried in the
NAM CATS
CATS
01.10
Electronic devices that do not intentionally transmit any radio signals
may, with the prior permission of the PIC be operated in cruise flight
only. Examples of such are: laptops, electronic games, cameras,
calculators, tape recorders.
04.27-
28
Flight over
water
1) Life jackets with a light, accessible from the seat must be carried
for:
a) An aircraft not capable of maintaining flight following a critical
power failure flying greater than 10nm from shore (
b) At an aerodrome where the take off or approach is over water
04.29 Survival
equipment
Survival equipment (as prescribed in NAM CATS) is required when
operating over areas where rescue would be difficult
91.05 COMMUNICATION AND NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT
05.
1-2
Communication
Navigation
Unless with prior approval of the director aircraft shall be equipped
with one two way radio capable of communication with an ATS unit
and on 121.5MHz
Navigational equipment shall not be required by flights operated
under VFR providing they can be accomplished by VISUAL
REFERENCE TO LANDMARKS
Navigational equipment shall be carried enabling the aircraft to
proceed according to flight plan for the route including one
redundancy
11 PPL Air Law
CAT
05.1
Navigation
Equipment
Navigational equipment required where no visible landmarks:
•Two independent radio communication systems
•One VOR, ADF, DME and Marker Beacon receiving system
•Two VOR's if the route is dependent on VOR's
•Two ADF's if the route is dependent on ADF's
•An ILS or MLS if required
•An area navigational system if required
•SSR transponder equipment as required
91.06,91.07: RULES OF THE AIR AND FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Rules of the Air: General
06.1 Roads Landing or taking off on public roads is allowed only:
a) In an emergency involving the aircraft or occupants
b) For purposes of saving human lives
c) For law enforcement or civil defense
07.3 Use of Aerodromes No person shall use an aerodrome unless it is suitable for the type
of aircraft and operation.
07.3 Night flights Except in an emergency, no person shall use an aerodrome at
night unless it is equipped with night flying facilities
06.2 Dropping objects No objects shall be dropped out of an aircraft except:
a) sand or water used as ballast
b) agricultural spray
06.3-4 Picking up and
Towing
No objects shall be picked up or towed by an aircraft unless:
a) with prior approval by the director
b) if certified to do so in terms of the regulations
06.5 Towed aircraft (excepting gliders) Shall not be higher than 150ft above the
surface, not closer than 5nm from an airfield boundary, and not
above a public road
6.6
Formation flight: Not in such proximity to cause hazard and
Only by prior arrangement of the PIC of both aircraft
06.7 Right Of Way 1) Power driven heavier than air aircraft shall give way to:
a) Balloons, gliders, airships and non powered aircraft
b) Aircraft approaching or crossing from the right
c) Aircraft lower if approaching to land
d) Non power driven aircraft or tow aircraft
e) Aircraft compelled to land or in a n emergency situation
f) Airborne aircraft if on the ground
2) Where avoiding action is required:
a) Always alter heading to the right for avoidance
b) Always pass to the right unless in a right hand circuit, where
you should pass on the left (ie. the outside)
12 PPL Air Law
06.11 Taxi rules 1) Taxiing aircraft give way to:
a) Aircraft taking off or landing,
b) aircraft being towed by vehicles,
2) Vehicles not towing aircraft shall give way to other aircraft
3) The landing area should be cleared as soon as safely possible
4) For avoiding action:
a) Slow or stop,
b) alter heading to right and pass on right,
c) avoid crossing ahead,
5) Vehicles keep to the right side of runway or taxiway
06.8 Line features: Below 1500, within 1nm of a line feature (such as a road, railway
or coastline) should keep to the right of the line feature unless
otherwise instructed by an ATS unit
06.9 Speed restrictions: 1) Outside controlled airspace below FL100 unless authorized or
required by director:
Not greater than 250kts
2) In a CTZ or ATZ unless authorized or required by ATS:
Not greater than 200kts for turbine or 160kts for piston
OR the minimum safe speed should it be greater than the above
06.12 Operation in the
vicinity of an
Aerodrome:
Aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aerodrome shall:
a) Observe other traffic
b) Conform with or avoid the traffic pattern
c) Make all turns to left unless a right hand pattern, otherwise
instructed by ATC or a helicopter for the interests of safety
d) Land and take off into wind where possible
e) If not joining pattern fly across at not less than 2000AGL or if
less than 2000 conform with the pattern
f) maintain listening watch on appropriate frequency and comply
with all ATC instructions
AIP Vicinity In the vicinity of an aerodrome applies to aircraft within a 5nm
Radius and up to 2500ft AGL
06.19 Prohibited Areas Prohibited areas are designated by the director, in NOTAM, AIP,
AIP SUP or AIC in terms of a height or altitude above the surface.
Prohibited airspace MAY NOT be flown into.
06.20 Restricted areas Restricted areas are designated by the director, in NOTAM, AIP,
AIP SUP or AIC. The nature of the restriction will always be
stated, flights into restricted areas are only IN COMPLIANCE
WITH terms of the RESTRICTION
13 PPL Air Law
06.21 Danger areas Danger areas are designated by the director, in NOTAM, AIP, AIP
SUP or AIC. The nature of the danger will always be stated,
Danger Areas MAY NOT be flown into.
Communication
06.13 Signals The PIC upon receiving any of the signals prescriged in the
NAMCATS shall act accordingly
CAT
06.13
Light signals Light
Steady Green:
Air: Ground
Cleared to land Cleared to take-off
Flashing green: return for landing cleared to taxi
Steady red: Give way (continue
circling)
stop
Flashing Red: aerodrome unsafe (do
not land)
Clear runway
Flashing White: Land at this
aerodrome and return
to the starting point
return to starting point
Steady Red on
Final approach
Notwithstanding any previous instructions do
not land for the time being
CAT
6.13
Pyrotechnic
Signals
A series of projectiles at 10 second intervals each showing red or
green lights or stars will indicate the aircraft is about to enter a
restricted, prohibited or danger area and remedial action should be
taken
06.15
06.16
06.17
06.32
Mandatory Radio
Communication
Priority
It is the responsibility of the PIC to ensure in controlled airspace,
advisory airspace, at Compulsory Reporting Points, where an
alerting service is provided, at intervals requested by ATC, or
published by the director (IAIP) the appropriate position reporting
is carried out, giving: passing level and time and any other
meteorological or required information
In controlled airspace a continuous listening watch, and two way
radio communications is maintained, unless prior arrangement has
been made, or in compliance with the radio failure procedures
ATS may permit non radio equipped aircraft in airspace at their
discretion and conditions
In advisory airspace where two way radio cannot be maintained
blind transmissions shall be made, until it can be re-established
ATC may give priority to aircraft to aircraft operating under a
flight plan
14 PPL Air Law
6.32
AIP
6.12
Loss of
communications
If flight plan filed and activated aircraft may continue in
controlled or advisory airspace in accordance with the radio
failure procedures
Radio Failure Procedures:
•Squawk 7600
•In VMC: Land at nearest SUITABLE aerodrome and report to
ATC AS SOON AS POSSIBLE
(i.e. Applies to all VFR flights)
When joining an aerodrome circuit, unless in prior contact with
ATC make a circuit of aerodrome to observe traffic and visual
signals before landing
06.18
06.31
Compliance with
ATC
The PIC shall:
a) operate in accordance with and not contrary to any ATC
clearance OR obtain an amended clearance
b) if deviation is required in exceptional circumstances notify
ATC as soon as practicable (eg in an emergency or in interests
of safety)
06.30 Interception Attempt to establish contact on 121.5, if no contact:
Use 2nd series to indicate aircraft to proceed
Use 1st then 2nd as appropriate to lead away from restricted or
prohibited area
Use 1st then 3rd as appropriate to indicate landing area, then
interceptor to use 4th if necessary
Use distress signals if in distress
Signals as prescribed in NAM CATS, currently from AIP as
follows below.
AIP/
CATS
Series 1 Rocking wings and at night flashing navigation or landing light:
ahead to left follow me away from
prohibited/restricted area
ahead to right follow me to landing site
Followed by a slow turn to desired course
Series 2 An abrupt breakaway proceed
Series 3 over flying landing site land here
Intercepted
aircraft
rock wings, steady
landing light
acknowledged
over-flying landing site
1000ft to 2000ft AGL
with gear up
and rocking wings
landing site not suitable
15 PPL Air Law
VFR: Visual Flight Rules
06.22 Visibility and
distance from
loud
1) VFR flight shall be conducted:
a) By day with visual reference to identifiable objects on the ground
b) At night
i. 7 days before or after full moon from 15 minutes after moon rise
till 15 minutes before moon set OR
ii. With visual reference to identifiable objects on the ground
c) At no time above more than 3/8 cloud within 5nm radius
d) Under flight visibility and distance from cloud as prescribed in
NAM CATS (currently in the AIP as detailed below)
2)Flight in class G may be authorized by ATC below 1500m in areas
of low traffic and at speeds or situations that make collision
(aircraft/terrain) unlikely
6.23 Special VFR SVFR is permitted in a CONTROL ZONE (CTZ) only, and in
provision with ATC clearance, clear of cloud, by day, with base not
less than 500ft, visibility not less than 1500m
07.10 VFR Operating
minima
VFR flights shall be operated according to visual flight rules
prescribed in Part 6
SVFR flights: should not be commenced if the visibility is less than
3km, and not continued unless weather above SVFR or VFR minima
as applicable
06.24
-25
Responsibility
to maintain
VFR
Outside a CTZ, ATZ or ATA the PIC shall be responsible for
ascertaining whether VFR conditions exist.
Above FL200 or below VFR requirements aircraft may continue either
in accordance with IFR or not at all.
AIP VFR Met
Minima
(Aeroplanes)
AIRSPACE Visibility Cloud, ↑ / → Ceiling
CTZ/ATZ 5km 500ft/2000ft 1500ft
Entering or
Leaving a
CTZ/ATZ
5km Clear 500ft
Below 1000ft
AGL day
1.5 km Clear none
1000ft AGL
day/1500ft night
to FL 100
5km 500ft/2000ft none
Above FL100 8km 1000ft/1.5km none
07.9 Met conditions No flight operating under VFR shall takeoff unless forecasts/reports or
combination indicate along the entire route compliance with VFR is
possible
16 PPL Air Law
Heights and operating levels
6.33 Minimum
Heights
Except when necessary for take-off or landing or with prior approval
of the director, Not less than:
i 1000ft above obstacles within 2000ft Radius over built up area or
open air assembly
ii 3000ft over open air assembly if circling or repeated passes
iii Else where, when not specified not below 500ft above ground or
water.
AIC Reprint of
conservation law
v. 3000ft (1000m) over a game reserve
vi. 1500ft over a bird sanctuary
AIC Recommendation vii. 5000ft recommended when overflying an active firing range or in
vicinity of kite fishing
AIP Transition
Altitude and
level:
Outside 25nm of controlled airfields:
Transition Altitude: IN VMC 2000ft AGL or IN IMC Minimum Safe
Cruising Altitude,
Transition level: IN VMC 3000ft, IN IMC MSCA+500ft,
Within 25nm of a controlled airfield transition altitude as published
in the AIP; transition level advised by ATC
The transition level is not published as it must be 1000ft above
Transition Altitude and so can change when the QNH differs
significantly from QNE
Flight above transition altitude shall with respect to flight levels,
flight below transition level shall be with respect to altitude.
Pilots may change to QNE or QNH on reaching Transition Altitude
or Transition Level respectively without notifying ATC.
06.34 Semi Circular
rule:
Unless otherwise directed by ATS or VFR below 1500ft AGL in
accordance with the NAM CATS
AIP/
CATS
Semi Circular
levels:
Above 1500ft AGL to FL200, outside controlled airspace:
000-170: VFR odd flight levels +500ft, IFR odd flight levels
180-359: VFR even flight levels +500ft, IFR even flight levels
(East odd, West even)
Low level flight (less than 1500ft AGL): at the discretion of the PIC
Controlled flight: at the discretion of the controller
AIP Corridors and routes:
1) When flying within a track approximately directly north of
Windhoek or on the R987F:
North Even flight levels, South Odd flight levels.
The corridor is formed by coordinates approximate to FYWE,
FYWH, FYOA and FYOS,
2) When flying approximately directly South of Windhoek or on
R987D, incl. FYWH-FYKT: North Odd flight levels South Even
flight levels
If in doubt about your flight level check with the Flight Briefing
Office.
17 PPL Air Law
Mass and Balance
02.7 Mass and
balance
If mass and balance documentation is required it must be
countersigned by the PIC, unless submitted by electronic data transfer,
where commencement of the flight is deemed acceptance thereof
07.11 Mass and
balance
documentation
The PIC shall ensure that the loading and center of gravity is within
limits specified in the approved flight manual.
Load sheet requirements are as prescribed in NAMCATS
Aircraft empty weight includes oil and unusable fuel.
Aircraft mass shall be established by weighing every 5 years.
Additions and subtractions may be calculated if actual mass is known.
Passenger, baggage and fuel masses shall be determined by actual
weighing or by using standard masses in accordance with the NAM
CATS.
CATS
07.11
Mass and
Balance
Documentation
The operatore must establish mass and balance documentation prior to
each flight, specifying the load and its distribution.
Acceptance of the load by the PIC must be indicated by
countersignature or equivalent.
Fuel
07.12 Fuel reserves The PIC must carry sufficient fuel and oil to safely complete the
flight considering:
•meteorological conditions,
•EXPECTED delays, (eg. ATC, traffic, VIP movement)
•fuel and oil requirements of NAM CATS
CATS
07.12
Fuel and oil Sufficient fuel must be carried for the planned flight, and
1) Thereafter for a period of 45 minutes, OR
2) If an alternate is required, hence to an alternate, and thereafter for
a period of 45 minutes
07.13 Refueling and
defueling
Refueling and De-fueling while passengers are on board, embarking
or disembarking:
May not be completed with AVGAS or wide cut fuel
Other types may be permitted if manned by qualified personnel
ready to evacuate if necessary
Carriage of persons
07.18
-19
Seating The PIC shall ensure
1) Before Take-off, landing and when deemed necessary all
passengers must have seat belts fastened
2) No multiple occupancy except by one adult and one infant who is
properly secured by a child restraint device.
3) Passengers shall be seated where they may best assist and not
hinder emergency evacuation
18 PPL Air Law
04.14 Seat belts One seat or berth must be provided for each passenger two years old
or more with a safety belt
A child restraint device for each infant (less than 2yrs)
Safety harness or belt with diagonal strap, with torso restraint under
rapid deceleration for every flight crew member
A means of indicating to passengers that safety belts must be
fastened if seats cannot be seen from flight deck
07.2 Passenger
Briefing
Passengers shall be briefed on:
a) safety matters
And before take off and before landing:
b) prohibition of smoking
c) when to put seat upright and stow tray table
d) location of escape markings and emergency exits
e) stowage of baggage
f) restrictions of electronic devices
g) seat belts
If applicable:
h) oxygen
i) life jackets
01.7 Method of
carriage
No person shall be carried in an area not designed for accommodation
of persons unless temporary permission has been granted by the PIC
01.8 Admission to
flight deck
No person shall be allowed on the flight deck unless
1) with permission of the PIC
2) they shall not interfere with operation of the aircraft
3) they are made familiar with applicable procedures
Oxygen
04.17
04.18
04.19
Oxygen Supplemental oxygen is required for all pressurised aircraft
and for non pressurised aircraft operating between 10,000 and 12,000
for more than 60min or above 12,000
02.8 PIC
responsibility:
Oxygen
The PIC must ensure oxygen is available for to crew members and
passengers on flights in non pressurised aircraft:
a) Between 10,000 and 12,000 for greater than 60 minutes
b) Above 12,000
Flight Operations: General
07.1-
2,3,5,7
Operating
minima
The owner, operator or PIC shall ensure the routes and areas,
aerodromes, alternate aerodromes and selected minimum flight
altitudes to be used are authorized for use, and comply with the
minimum performance and safety requirements of the operation
The pilot or operator shall ensure that all considerations are made and
all routes, MFA’s and Aerodrome's are adequate for the planned
operation, including all appropriate state or foreign minima
19 PPL Air Law
07.9 Met conditions No flight shall take off OR continue beyond an in flight decision
point unless information is available to indicate at the destination and
at the alternate the weather is above aerodrome operating minima
(Aerodrome Operating Minima: the higher of operator, pilot, airport
or state minima)
07.14 Smoking Smoking shall not be permitted in a Namibian registered aircraft or
an aircraft taking off and landing in Namibia while carrying
passengers
In other cases Smoking shall not be permitted during
a) Take-off, approach and landing
b) During any ground operations
c) Whenever required by the flight manual or operator
07.17 Search and
Rescue
The PIC shall not commence the flight unless sufficient information
for alerting action is available if required
Operator or PIC of a flight which S&R has been requested and fails to
comply with the requirements shall be responsible for costs incurred,
not less than N$500
01.5 Search and
rescue
Information
The owner, operator, or PIC shall ensure information concerning
search and rescue services of the area to be flow over is carried on
board
GEN
1.5
Ground to Air
Signalling
Symbols to be used in search and rescue for ground to air signaling
shall be at least 2.5m at 3m spacing, as follows:
V – Require assistance
X – Require Medical Assistance
N – No or Negative
Y – Yes or Affirmative
P – Proceed in this direction
07.26 Emergency
simulation
No person shall simulate an emergency affecting flight characteristics
while passengers are on board
07.27 Starting
engines
A competent person must be at the controls when an engine is started.
If the PIC is the only competent person present he/she must use
brakes.
07.28 Aerobatics Unless prior approval by director, not in the vicinity of ATS routes,
below 4000ft if within 5nm of an aerodrome, over populated areas or
gatherings, below 2000ft AGL on completion
20 PPL Air Law

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