FLIR Systems FLIRT62101 Infrared Camera with WLan interface User Manual UserManual

FLIR Systems AB Infrared Camera with WLan interface UserManual

UserManual.pdf

User’s manual
Flir T4xx series
User’s manual
Flir T4xx series
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US iii
Table of contents
1 Legal disclaimer ................................................................................ 1
1.1 Legal disclaimer .......................................................................1
1.2 U.S. Government Regulations......................................................1
1.3 Copyright ................................................................................1
1.4 Quality assurance .....................................................................2
1.5 Patents...................................................................................2
1.6 EULATerms.............................................................................2
2 Warnings & Cautions..........................................................................4
3 Notice to user....................................................................................8
3.1 User-to-user forums...................................................................8
3.2 Calibration...............................................................................8
3.3 Accuracy.................................................................................8
3.4 Disposal of electronic waste ........................................................8
3.5 Training...................................................................................8
3.6 Documentation updates..............................................................8
3.7 Important note about this manual ..................................................8
4 Customer help...................................................................................9
4.1 General ..................................................................................9
4.2 Submitting a question.................................................................9
4.3 Downloads ..............................................................................9
5 Quick Start Guide ............................................................................ 10
5.1 Procedure ............................................................................. 10
6 Parts lists .......................................................................................11
6.1 Contents of the transport case ................................................... 11
6.2 List of accessories and services ................................................. 11
7 A note about ergonomics.................................................................. 14
7.1 General ................................................................................ 14
7.2 Figure................................................................................... 14
8 Camera parts ..................................................................................15
8.1 Rear view.............................................................................. 15
8.1.1 Figure........................................................................ 15
8.1.2 Explanation................................................................. 15
8.2 Front view ............................................................................. 16
8.2.1 Figure........................................................................ 16
8.2.2 Explanation................................................................. 16
8.3 Bottom view........................................................................... 17
8.3.1 Figure........................................................................ 17
8.3.2 Explanation................................................................. 17
8.4 Battery condition indicator......................................................... 18
8.4.1 Figure........................................................................ 18
8.4.2 Explanation................................................................. 18
8.5 Laser pointer.......................................................................... 19
8.5.1 Figure........................................................................ 19
8.5.2 Laser warning label....................................................... 19
8.5.3 Laser rules and regulations............................................. 19
9 Screen elements.............................................................................. 20
9.1 Figure................................................................................... 20
9.2 Explanation ........................................................................... 20
10 Navigating the menu system ............................................................. 21
10.1 Figure................................................................................... 21
10.2 Explanation ........................................................................... 21
11 External devices and storage media................................................... 22
11.1 Figure................................................................................... 22
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Table of contents
11.2 Explanation ........................................................................... 22
12 Pairing Bluetooth devices ................................................................. 23
12.1 General ................................................................................ 23
12.2 Procedure ............................................................................. 23
13 Configuring Wi-Fi............................................................................. 24
13.1 General ................................................................................ 24
13.2 Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (most common use) ................ 24
13.3 Connecting the camera to a wireless local area network (less common
use) ..................................................................................... 24
14 Fetching data from external Extech meters ......................................... 25
14.1 General ................................................................................ 25
14.2 Figure................................................................................... 25
14.3 Supported Extech meters ......................................................... 25
14.4 Technical support for Extech meters ............................................ 25
14.5 Procedure ............................................................................. 25
14.6 Typical moisture measurement and documentation
procedure ............................................................................. 26
14.6.1 General...................................................................... 26
14.6.2 Procedure................................................................... 26
15 Handling the camera ........................................................................ 27
15.1 Charging the battery ................................................................ 27
15.1.1 General...................................................................... 27
15.1.2 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge
the battery when it is inside the camera ............................. 27
15.1.3 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge
the battery when it is outside the camera............................ 27
15.1.4 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the
battery ....................................................................... 28
15.2 Inserting the battery ................................................................. 28
15.2.1 Procedure................................................................... 28
15.3 Removing the battery............................................................... 29
15.3.1 Procedure................................................................... 29
15.4 Turning on and turning off the camera .......................................... 30
15.5 Adjusting the angle of lens ........................................................ 30
15.5.1 Figure........................................................................ 30
15.5.2 Procedure................................................................... 30
15.6 Mounting an additional lens ....................................................... 30
15.6.1 Procedure................................................................... 30
15.7 Removing an additional infrared lens ........................................... 32
15.7.1 Procedure................................................................... 32
15.8 Attaching the sunshield ............................................................ 34
15.8.1 Procedure................................................................... 34
15.9 Using the laser pointer ............................................................. 35
15.9.1 Figure........................................................................ 35
15.9.2 Procedure................................................................... 35
15.10 Calibrating the compass ........................................................... 35
15.10.1 Figure........................................................................ 35
15.10.2 Procedure................................................................... 35
15.11 Calibrating the touchscreen LCD ................................................ 36
15.11.1 Figure........................................................................ 36
15.11.2 Procedure................................................................... 36
16 Working with images and folders ....................................................... 37
16.1 Adjusting the infrared camera focus............................................. 37
16.1.1 Procedure................................................................... 37
16.2 Previewing an image................................................................ 37
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Table of contents
16.3 General ................................................................................ 37
16.3.1 Procedure................................................................... 37
16.4 Saving an image ..................................................................... 37
16.4.1 General...................................................................... 37
16.4.2 Formatting memory cards............................................... 37
16.4.3 Image capacity ............................................................ 37
16.4.4 Procedure................................................................... 38
16.5 Periodically saving an image...................................................... 38
16.5.1 General...................................................................... 38
16.5.2 Procedure................................................................... 38
16.6 Opening an image................................................................... 38
16.6.1 General...................................................................... 38
16.6.2 Procedure................................................................... 38
16.7 Adjusting an image manually ..................................................... 38
16.7.1 General...................................................................... 38
16.7.2 Example 1 .................................................................. 39
16.7.3 Example 2 .................................................................. 39
16.7.4 Changing the temperature scale level................................ 39
16.7.5 Changing the temperature scale span ............................... 40
16.8 Hiding overlay graphics ............................................................ 40
16.8.1 General...................................................................... 40
16.8.2 Procedure................................................................... 40
16.9 Deleting images...................................................................... 40
16.9.1 General...................................................................... 40
16.9.2 Procedure................................................................... 40
16.10 Creating an Adobe PDF report ................................................... 40
16.10.1 General...................................................................... 40
16.10.2 Procedure................................................................... 40
17 Working with fusion ......................................................................... 42
17.1 What is picture-in-picture?......................................................... 42
17.2 What is thermal fusion? ............................................................ 42
17.3 Types ................................................................................... 42
17.4 Image examples ..................................................................... 42
17.5 Procedure ............................................................................. 44
18 Working with video .......................................................................... 46
18.1 Recording video clips............................................................... 46
18.1.1 General...................................................................... 46
18.1.2 Procedure................................................................... 46
19 Working with measurement tools and isotherms.................................. 47
19.1 Setting up measurement tools.................................................... 47
19.1.1 General...................................................................... 47
19.1.2 Procedure................................................................... 47
19.2 Setting up a difference calculation............................................... 47
19.2.1 General...................................................................... 47
19.2.2 Procedure................................................................... 47
19.3 Setting up isotherms ................................................................ 47
19.3.1 General...................................................................... 47
19.3.2 Setting up a high-temperature isotherm ............................. 48
19.3.3 Setting up a low-temperature isotherm .............................. 48
19.3.4 Setting up an interval isotherm......................................... 48
19.3.5 Setting up a humidity isotherm......................................... 48
19.3.6 Setting up an insulation isotherm...................................... 49
19.4 Working with presets................................................................ 49
19.4.1 General...................................................................... 49
19.4.2 Procedure................................................................... 49
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US vii
Table of contents
19.5 Removing measurement tools.................................................... 49
19.5.1 Procedure................................................................... 49
19.6 Moving measurement tools ....................................................... 50
19.6.1 Procedure................................................................... 50
19.7 Resizing areas ....................................................................... 50
19.7.1 Procedure................................................................... 50
19.8 Changing object parameters...................................................... 50
19.8.1 General...................................................................... 50
19.8.2 Types of parameters...................................................... 50
19.8.3 Recommended values................................................... 50
19.8.4 Procedure................................................................... 51
20 Annotating images........................................................................... 52
20.1 General ................................................................................ 52
20.2 Adding a digital photo automatically............................................. 52
20.2.1 General...................................................................... 52
20.2.2 Procedure................................................................... 52
20.3 Adding a digital photo manually.................................................. 52
20.3.1 General...................................................................... 52
20.3.2 Procedure................................................................... 52
20.4 Creating a voice annotation ....................................................... 52
20.4.1 General...................................................................... 52
20.4.2 Procedure................................................................... 53
20.5 Creating a text........................................................................ 53
20.5.1 General...................................................................... 53
20.5.2 Procedure................................................................... 53
20.6 Creating a table ...................................................................... 54
20.6.1 General...................................................................... 54
20.6.2 Definition of field and value ............................................. 54
20.6.3 Procedure................................................................... 55
20.7 Adding a sketch...................................................................... 56
20.7.1 General...................................................................... 56
20.7.2 Adding a separate sketch ............................................... 56
20.7.3 Adding a sketch to an infrared image ................................ 57
20.7.4 Adding a sketch to a digital photo..................................... 57
21 Programming the camera ................................................................. 58
21.1 General ................................................................................ 58
21.2 Procedure ............................................................................. 58
22 Changing settings ........................................................................... 59
22.1 Changing camera settings......................................................... 59
22.1.1 General...................................................................... 59
22.1.2 Procedure................................................................... 59
22.2 Changing preferences.............................................................. 59
22.2.1 General...................................................................... 59
22.2.2 Procedure................................................................... 59
22.3 Changing connectivity.............................................................. 59
22.3.1 General...................................................................... 59
22.3.2 Procedure................................................................... 60
22.4 Changing regional settings ........................................................ 60
22.4.1 General...................................................................... 60
22.4.2 Procedure................................................................... 60
23 Cleaning the camera ........................................................................ 61
23.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items ..................................... 61
23.1.1 Liquids....................................................................... 61
23.1.2 Equipment .................................................................. 61
23.1.3 Procedure................................................................... 61
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US viii
Table of contents
23.2 Infrared lens........................................................................... 61
23.2.1 Liquids....................................................................... 61
23.2.2 Equipment .................................................................. 61
23.2.3 Procedure................................................................... 61
24 Technical data ................................................................................. 62
25 Pin configurations ........................................................................... 63
25.1 Pin configuration for USB Mini-B connector................................... 63
25.2 Pin configuration for video connector ........................................... 63
25.3 Pin configuration for USB-A connector ......................................... 64
25.4 Pin configuration for power connector .......................................... 64
26 Dimensions.....................................................................................65
26.1 Camera ................................................................................ 65
26.1.1 Camera dimensions...................................................... 65
26.1.2 Camera dimensions, continued........................................ 65
26.1.3 Camera dimensions, continued........................................ 66
26.1.4 Camera dimensions, continued (with 30 mm/15°
lens).......................................................................... 66
26.1.5 Camera dimensions, continued (with 10 mm/45°
lens).......................................................................... 66
26.2 Battery ................................................................................. 67
26.2.1 Figure........................................................................ 67
26.3 Stand-alone battery charger ...................................................... 68
26.3.1 Figure........................................................................ 68
26.4 Stand-alone battery charger with the battery.................................. 69
26.4.1 Figure........................................................................ 69
26.5 Infrared lens (30 mm/15°).......................................................... 69
26.5.1 Figure........................................................................ 69
26.6 Infrared lens (10 mm/45°).......................................................... 70
26.6.1 Figure........................................................................ 70
27 Application examples....................................................................... 71
27.1 Moisture & water damage ......................................................... 71
27.1.1 General...................................................................... 71
27.1.2 Figure........................................................................ 71
27.2 Faulty contact in socket ............................................................ 71
27.2.1 General...................................................................... 71
27.2.2 Figure........................................................................ 71
27.3 Oxidized socket...................................................................... 72
27.3.1 General...................................................................... 72
27.3.2 Figure........................................................................ 72
27.4 Insulation deficiencies.............................................................. 73
27.4.1 General...................................................................... 73
27.4.2 Figure........................................................................ 73
27.5 Draft .................................................................................... 74
27.5.1 General...................................................................... 74
27.5.2 Figure........................................................................ 74
28 About Flir Systems........................................................................... 75
28.1 More than just an infrared camera............................................... 76
28.2 Sharing our knowledge............................................................. 76
28.3 Supporting our customers......................................................... 76
28.4 A few images from our facilities .................................................. 77
29 Glossary.........................................................................................78
30 Thermographic measurement techniques........................................... 81
30.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 81
30.2 Emissivity.............................................................................. 81
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US ix
Table of contents
30.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample .................................... 81
30.3 Reflected apparent temperature ................................................. 84
30.4 Distance ............................................................................... 84
30.5 Relative humidity..................................................................... 84
30.6 Other parameters.................................................................... 84
31 History of infrared technology ........................................................... 86
32 Theory of thermography ................................................................... 89
32.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 89
32.2 The electromagnetic spectrum ................................................... 89
32.3 Blackbody radiation................................................................. 89
32.3.1 Planck’s law ................................................................ 90
32.3.2 Wien’s displacement law ................................................ 91
32.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law.................................................. 92
32.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters ................................................. 93
32.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials ............................................. 95
33 The measurement formula ................................................................ 96
34 Emissivity tables ........................................................................... 100
34.1 References...........................................................................100
34.2 Tables .................................................................................100
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US x
Legal disclaimer
1
1.1 Legal disclaimer
All products manufactured by Flir Systems are warranted against defective materials and
workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the delivery date of the original purchase,
provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accord-
ance with Flir Systems instruction.
Uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by Flir Systems are warranted
against defective materials and workmanship for a period of two (2) years from the deliv-
ery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal stor-
age, use and service, and in accordance with Flir Systems instruction, and provided that
the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase.
Detectors for uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by Flir Systems are war-
ranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of ten (10) years from
the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under nor-
mal storage, use and service, and in accordance with Flir Systems instruction, and pro-
vided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase.
Products which are not manufactured by Flir Systems but included in systems delivered
by Flir Systems to the original purchaser, carry the warranty, if any, of the particular suppli-
er only. Flir Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.
The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable. It is not appli-
cable to any product which has been subjected to misuse, neglect, accident or abnormal
conditions of operation. Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty.
In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be fur-
ther used in order to prevent additional damage. The purchaser shall promptly report any
defect to Flir Systems or this warranty will not apply.
Flir Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge
if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that
it is returned to Flir Systems within the said one-year period.
Flir Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above.
No other warranty is expressed or implied. Flir Systems specifically disclaims the implied
warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
Flir Systems shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential
loss or damage, whether based on contract, tort or any other legal theory.
This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law.
Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this warranty, shall
be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of
the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce. The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm. The
language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English.
1.2 U.S. Government Regulations
The products described in the user documentation may require government authorization
for export/re-export, or transfer. Contact Flir Systems for details.
1.3 Copyright
© 2012, Flir Systems. All rights reserved worldwide. No parts of the software including
source code may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed or translated into any language
or computer language in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, optical, manual
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Flir Systems.
This documentation must not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced,
translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior
consent, in writing, from Flir Systems.
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 1
Legal disclaimer1
Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or
trademarks of Flir Systems and/or its subsidiaries. All other trademarks, trade names or
company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of
their respective owners.
1.4 Quality assurance
The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manu-
factured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard.
Flir Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development; therefore we reserve
the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this
manual without prior notice.
1.5 Patents
One or several of the following patents or design patents apply to the products and/or fea-
tures described in this manual:
0002258-2; 000279476-0001; 000439161; 000499579-0001; 000653423; 000726344;
000859020; 001106306-0001; 001707738; 001707746; 001707787; 001776519;
0101577-5; 0102150-0; 1144833; 1182246; 1182620; 1285345; 1299699; 1325808;
1336775; 1391114; 1402918; 1404291; 1411581; 1415075; 1421497; 1678485;
1732314; 2106017; 3006596; 3006597; 466540; 483782; 484155; 4889913;
60122153.2; 602004011681.5-08; 6707044; 68657; 7034300; 7110035; 7154093;
7157705; 7237946; 7312822; 7332716; 7336823; 7544944; 75530; 7667198; 7809258;
7826736; 8,018,649 B2; 8,153,971; 8212210 B2; D540838; D549758; D579475;
D584755; D599,392; DI6702302-9; DI6803572-1; DI6903617-9; DI7002221-6;
DI7005799-0; DM/057692; DM/061609; ZL01823221.3; ZL01823226.4; ZL02331553.9;
ZL02331554.7; ZL200480034894.0; ZL200530120994.2; ZL200610088759.5;
ZL200630130114.4; ZL200730151141.4; ZL200730339504.7; ZL200820105768.8;
ZL200830128581.2; ZL200880105769.2; ZL200930190061.9; ZL201030176127.1;
ZL201030176130.3; ZL201030176157.2; ZL201030595931.3
1.6 EULA Terms
• You have acquired a device (“INFRARED CAMERA”) that includes software licensed
by Flir Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing, GP or its affiliates (“MS”). Those installed
software products of MS origin, as well as associated media, printed materials, and
“online” or electronic documentation (“SOFTWARE”) are protected by international in-
tellectual property laws and treaties. The SOFTWARE is licensed, not sold. All rights
reserved.
• IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT (“EULA”), DO
NOT USE THE DEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE. INSTEAD, PROMPTLY CON-
TACT Flir Systems AB FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DE-
VICE(S) FOR A REFUND. ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE, WILL CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT TO
THIS EULA (OR RATIFICATION OF ANY PREVIOUS CONSENT).
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 2
Legal disclaimer1
•GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE. This EULA grants you the following license:
• You may use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE.
•NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT. Flir Sys-
tems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE
IN THE DEVICE, AND MS HAS RELIED UPON Flir Systems AB TO CONDUCT
SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE
FOR SUCH USE.
•NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE is provided “AS IS”
and with all faults. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SATISFACTORY QUALITY, PER-
FORMANCE, ACCURACY, AND EFFORT (INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE)
IS WITH YOU. ALSO, THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE
WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.
IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES REGARDING THE DEVICE OR
THE SOFTWARE, THOSE WARRANTIES DO NOT ORIGINATE FROM, AND
ARE NOT BINDING ON, MS.
• No Liability for Certain Damages. EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW, MS SHALL
HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE. THIS LIMITATION SHALL AP-
PLY EVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE. IN NO
EVENT SHALL MS BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF U.S. TWO
HUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS (U.S.$250.00).
•Limitations on Reverse Engineering, Decompilation, and Disassembly. You
may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the SOFTWARE, except
and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable law
notwithstanding this limitation.
•SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED BUT WITH RESTRICTIONS. You may per-
manently transfer rights under this EULA only as part of a permanent sale or trans-
fer of the Device, and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA. If the SOFTWARE
is an upgrade, any transfer must also include all prior versions of the SOFTWARE.
•EXPORT RESTRICTIONS. You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is subject to U.S.
export jurisdiction. You agree to comply with all applicable international and nation-
al laws that apply to the SOFTWARE, including the U.S. Export Administration
Regulations, as well as end-user, end-use and destination restrictions issued by
U.S. and other governments. For additional information see http://www.microsoft.
com/exporting/.
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 3
Warnings & Cautions
2
WARNING
• (Applies only to Class A digital devices.) This equipment generates, uses, and can ra-
diate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the in-
struction manual, may cause interference to radio communications. It has been tested
and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart
J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection
against such interference when operated in a commercial environment. Operation of
this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the
user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required
to correct the interference.
• (Applies only to Class B digital devices.) This equipment has been tested and found to
comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC
Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful in-
terference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate
radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruc-
tions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no
guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment
does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be deter-
mined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the
interference by one or more of the following measures:
• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the re-
ceiver is connected.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
• (Applies only to digital devices subject to 15.19/RSS-210.) NOTICE: This device com-
plies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules and with RSS-210 of Industry Canada. Operation
is subject to the following two conditions:
1. this device may not cause harmful interference, and
2. this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may
cause undesired operation.
• (Applies only to digital devices subject to 15.21.) NOTICE: Changes or modifications
made to this equipment not expressly approved by (manufacturer name) may void the
FCC authorization to operate this equipment.
• (Applies only to digital devices subject to 2.1091/2.1093/OET Bulletin 65.) Radiofre-
quency radiation exposure Information: The radiated output power of the device is
far below the FCC radio frequency exposure limits. Nevertheless, the device shall be
used in such a manner that the potential for human contact during normal operation is
minimized.
• (Applies only to cameras featuring Wi-Fi.) Radiofrequency radiation exposure In-
formation: For body worn operation, this camera has been tested and meets the FCC
RF exposure guidelines when used with the Flir Systems accessories supplied or des-
ignated for this product. Use of other accessories may not ensure compliance with
FCC RF exposure guidelines.
• (Applies only to cameras with laser pointer:) Do not look directly into the laser beam.
The laser beam can cause eye irritation.
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 4
Warnings & Cautions
2
• Applies only to cameras with battery:
• Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery. The battery contains safety
and protection devices which, if they become damaged, can cause the battery to
become hot, or cause an explosion or an ignition.
• If there is a leak from the battery and the fluid gets into your eyes, do not rub your
eyes. Flush well with water and immediately get medical care. The battery fluid
can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this.
• Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the speci-
fied charging time. If you continue to charge the battery, it can become hot and
cause an explosion or ignition.
• Only use the correct equipment to discharge the battery. If you do not use the cor-
rect equipment, you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery.
If you do not use the correct equipment, an incorrect flow of current to the battery
can occur. This can cause the battery to become hot, or cause an explosion and
injury to persons.
• Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warn-
ing labels on containers before you use a liquid: the liquids can be dangerous.
• If mounting the A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera on a pole, tower or any elevated location,
use industry standard safe practices to avoid injuries.
CAUTION
• Do not point the infrared camera (with or without the lens cover) at intensive energy
sources, for example devices that emit laser radiation, or the sun. This can have an un-
wanted effect on the accuracy of the camera. It can also cause damage to the detector
in the camera.
• Do not use the camera in a temperature higher than +50°C (+122°F), unless specified
otherwise in the user documentation. High temperatures can cause damage to the
camera.
• (Applies only to cameras with laser pointer:) Protect the laser pointer with the protec-
tive cap when you do not operate the laser pointer.
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 5
Warnings & Cautions
2
• Applies only to cameras with battery:
• Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a spe-
cific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by
Flir Systems.
• Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to
each other with a metal object (such as wire).
• Do not get water or salt water on the battery, or permit the battery to get wet.
• Do not make holes in the battery with objects. Do not hit the battery with a ham-
mer. Do not step on the battery, or apply strong impacts or shocks to it.
• Do not put the batteries in or near a fire, or into direct sunlight. When the battery
becomes hot, the built-in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the
battery charging process. If the battery becomes hot, damage can occur to the
safety equipment and this can cause more heat, damage or ignition of the battery.
• Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with
heat.
• Do not put the battery on or near fires, stoves, or other high-temperature locations.
• Do not solder directly onto the battery.
• Do not use the battery if, when you use, charge, or store the battery, there is an un-
usual smell from the battery, the battery feels hot, changes color, changes shape,
or is in an unusual condition. Contact your sales office if one or more of these
problems occurs.
• Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery.
• The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is ±0°C to +45°
C (+32°F to +113°F), unless specified otherwise in the user documentation. If you
charge the battery at temperatures out of this range, it can cause the battery to be-
come hot or to break. It can also decrease the performance or the life cycle of the
battery.
• The temperature range through which you can discharge the battery is −15°C to
+50°C (+5°F to +122°F), unless specified otherwise in the user documentation.
Use of the battery out of this temperature range can decrease the performance or
the life cycle of the battery.
• When the battery is worn, apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape or
similar materials before you discard it.
• Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it.
• Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. This
can cause damage.
• Be careful when you clean the infrared lens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective
coating.
• Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective
coating.
• In furnace and other high-temperature applications, you must mount a heatshield on
the camera. Using the camera in furnace and other high-temperature applications with-
out a heatshield can cause damage to the camera.
• (Applies only to cameras with an automatic shutter that can be disabled.) Do not dis-
able the automatic shutter in the camera for a prolonged time period (typically max. 30
minutes). Disabling the shutter for a longer time period may harm, or irreparably dam-
age, the detector.
• The encapsulation rating is valid only when all openings on the camera are sealed with
their designated covers, hatches, or caps. This includes, but is not limited to, compart-
ments for data storage, batteries, and connectors.
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Warnings & Cautions
2
• (Applies only to Flir A3xx f/A3xx pt series cameras.)
• Except as described in this manual, do not open the Flir A3xx pt/A3xx f series
camera for any reason. Disassembly of the camera (including removal of the cov-
er) can cause permanent damage and will void the warranty.
• Do not to leave fingerprints on the Flir A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera’s infrared
optics.
• The Flir A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera requires a power supply of 24 VDC. Operat-
ing the camera outside of the specified input voltage range or the specified operat-
ing temperature range can cause permanent damage.
• When lifting the Flir A3xx pt series camera use the camera body and base, not the
tubes.
• (Applies only to Flir GF309 cameras.) CAUTION: The exceptionally wide temperature
range of the Flir GF309 infrared camera is designed for performing highly accurate
electrical and mechanical inspections and can also “see through flames” for inspecting
gas-fired furnaces, chemical heaters and coal-fired boilers. IN ORDER TO DERIVE
ACCURATE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN THESE ENVIRONMENTS THE
GF309 OPERATOR MUST HAVE A STRONG UNDERSTANDING OF RADIOMETRIC
FUNDAMENTALS AS WELL AS THE PRODUCTS AND CONDITIONS OF COMBUS-
TION THAT IMPACT REMOTE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT. The Infrared Train-
ing Center (itc) offers a wide range of world class infrared training for thermography
professionals including GF309 operators. For more information about obtaining the
training and certification you require, contact your Flir sales representative or itc at
www.infraredtraining.com.
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Notice to user
3
3.1 User-to-user forums
Exchange ideas, problems, and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the
world in our user-to-user forums. To go to the forums, visit:
http://www.infraredtraining.com/community/boards/
3.2 Calibration
We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year. Contact your lo-
cal sales office for instructions on where to send the camera.
3.3 Accuracy
For very accurate results, we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have started
the camera before measuring a temperature.
3.4 Disposal of electronic waste
As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environmen-
tally friendly way, and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste.
Please contact your Flir Systems representative for more details.
3.5 Training
To read about infrared training, visit:
• http://www.infraredtraining.com
• http://www.irtraining.com
• http://www.irtraining.eu
3.6 Documentation updates
Our manuals are updated several times per year, and we also issue product-critical notifi-
cations of changes on a regular basis.
To access the latest manuals and notifications, go to the Download tab at:
http://support.flir.com
It only takes a few minutes to register online. In the download area you will also find the
latest releases of manuals for our other products, as well as manuals for our historical
and obsolete products.
3.7 Important note about this manual
Flir Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line.
This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply
to your particular camera model.
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Customer help
4
4.1 General
For customer help, visit:
http://support.flir.com
4.2 Submitting a question
To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only
takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledgebase for
existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.
When you want to submit a question, make sure that you have the following information to
hand:
• The camera model
• The camera serial number
• The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for ex-
ample, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire)
• Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.)
• Version of any programs from Flir Systems
• Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual
4.3 Downloads
On the customer help site you can also download the following:
• Firmware updates for your infrared camera.
• Program updates for your PC/Mac software.
• Freeware and evaluation versions of PC/Mac software.
• User documentation for current, obsolete, and historical products.
• Mechanical drawings (in *.dxf and *.pdf format).
• Cad data models (in *.stp format).
• Application stories.
• Technical datasheets.
• Product catalogs.
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Quick Start Guide
5
5.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Charge the battery for four hours.
2. Insert the battery into the camera.
3. Insert an SD Memory Card into the card slot at the bottom of the camera.
4. Push the On/Off button to turn on the camera. Allow 45 seconds for the startup
sequence.
5. Aim the camera toward your target of interest.
6. Push the Preview/Save button halfway down to autofocus the camera.
7. Push the Preview/Save button fully down to save an image.
8. Do one of the following:
• Remove the SD Memory Card and insert it into a card reader connected to a
computer.
• Connect a computer to the camera using a USB Mini-B cable.
9. Move the image from the card or camera using a drag-and-drop operation.
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Parts lists
6
6.1 Contents of the transport case
• Infrared camera with lens
• Battery (2 ea.)
• Battery charger
• Bluetooth headset*
• Calibration certificate
• Camera lens cap
• Downloads brochure
• Flir ResearchIR scratchcard*
• Flir Tools download card
• Flir apps card
• Getting started guide
• Hard transport case
• Important information guide
• Memory card
• Neckstrap
• Optics brochure
• Power supply, incl. multi-plugs
• Service & training brochure
• Sunshield
• Thank you card
• USB cable
• User documentation CD-ROM
• Video cable
• Warranty extension card
* The inclusion of this item is dependent on model.
Note
Flir Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to
change specifications at any time without prior notice.
6.2 List of accessories and services
Part No Product name
1123970 Sun shield
1124544 Neck strap
1196398 Battery
1196895 Hard transport case for Flir T/B2xx-4xx
1196960 IR lens, f = 10 mm, 45° incl. case
1196961 IR lens, f = 30 mm, 15° incl. case
1910423 USB cable Std A <-> Mini-B
1910475 Adapter, SD memory card to USB
1910490 Cigarette lighter adapter kit, 12 VDC, 1.2 m/3.9 ft.
1910582 Video cable
19250-100 IR Window 2 in
19251-100 IR Window 3 in.
19252-100 IR Window 4 in.
APP-10002 Flir Tools Mobile (Android Application)
APP-10003 Flir Tools Mobile (iPad/iPhone Application)
DSW-10000 Flir IR Camera Player
ITC-ADV-3021 ITC Advanced General Thermography Course - attendance, 1 pers.
ITC-ADV-3029 ITC Advanced General Thermography Course- group of 10 pers.
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 11
Parts lists6
Part No Product name
ITC-CER-5101 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course - attendance, 1 pers.
ITC-CER-5105 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course - additional student to on site class, 1 pers
ITC-CER-5109 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course – group of 10 pers.
ITC-CER-5201 ITC Level 2 Thermography Course - attendance, 1 pers.
ITC-CER-5205 ITC Level 2 Thermography Course - additional student to on site class, 1 pers
ITC-CER-5209 ITC Level 2 Thermography Course – group of 10 pers.
ITC-CER-6101 EN473 IT Certification course Category 1, excl. Certification, 1 pers.
ITC-CER-6109 EN473 IT Certification course Category 1, excl. Certification, group up to 10 pers.
ITC-CON-1001 ITC conference fee
ITC-EXP-0511 ITC Getting Started with Thermography - attendance, 1 pers.
ITC-EXP-0521 ITC Getting Started with Thermography (evening or weekend) - attendance, 1
pers.
ITC-EXP-1001 ITC Training 1 day - attendance 1 pers.
ITC-EXP-1009 ITC Training 1 day - group up to 10 pers.
ITC-EXP-1011 ITC Short course Introduction to thermography -attendance 1 pers. (1 day)
ITC-EXP-1019 ITC Short course Introduction to thermography - inclusive 10 pers. (1 day)
ITC-EXP-1021 ITC In-house training - additional attendance 1 pers. (per day)
ITC-EXP-1029 ITC In-house training - group up to 10 pers. (per day)
ITC-EXP-2001 ITC Training 2 days - attendance 1 pers.
ITC-EXP-2009 ITC Training 2 days - group up to 10 pers.
ITC-EXP-2041 ITC Short course electrical thermography - attendance 1 pers. (2 days)
ITC-EXP-2049 ITC Short course electrical thermography - inclusive 10 pers. (2 days)
ITC-EXP-3001 ITC Training 3 days - attendance 1 pers.
ITC-EXP-3009 ITC Training 3 days - group up to 10 pers.
ITC-FEE-0120 Certification EN473 IT Category 1
ITC-FEE-0130 Repeat Certification EN473 IT Category 1
ITC-PRA-2011 ITC Practical Course - Solar panel inspection - attendance, 1 pers (2 days)
ITC-PRA-2019 ITC Practical Course - Solar panel inspection - group up to 10 pers (2 days)
ITC-SOW-0001 ITC Software course - attendance 1 pers. (per day)
ITC-SOW-0009 ITC Software course - group up to 10 pers. (per day)
ITC-SOW-1001 ITC Training Flir Software - attendance 1 pers. (1 day)
ITC-SOW-2001 ITC Training Flir Software - attendance 1 pers. (2 days)
ITC-TFT-0100 ITC travel time for instructor
ITC-TOL-1001 Travel and lodging expenses instructor (Europe, Balcans, Turkey, Cyprus)
ITC-TOL-1002 Travel and lodging expenses instructor (Russia/GUS, Middle East, North Africa)
ITC-TOL-1003 Travel and lodging expenses instructor (Center and South Africa)
ITC-TOL-1004 Travel and lodging expenses instructor (various)
ITC-TOL-1005 Travel and lodging expenses instructor (other)
T127451 Flir Reporter Professional (license only)
T127597 Flir ResearchIR 3 (license only)
T127597L10 Flir ResearchIR 3 (license only), 10 user licenses
T127597L5 Flir ResearchIR 3 (license only), 5 user licenses
T127598 Flir ResearchIR 3 Max (license only)
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Parts lists6
Part No Product name
T127598L10 Flir ResearchIR 3 Max (license only), 10 user licenses
T127598L5 Flir ResearchIR 3 Max (license only), 5 user licenses
T127648 Flir Tools+ (license only)
T197000 High temp. option +1200°C/+2192°F for Flir T/B2xx to T/B4xx and A3xx, A3xxf,
A3xxpt, A3xxsc series
T197214 Close-up 2× (50 µm) incl. case
T197215 Close-up 4× (100 µm) incl. case
T197408 IR lens, 76 mm (6°) with case and mounting support for T/B-200/400
T197412 IR lens, 4 mm (90°) with case and mounting support for T/B2xx-4xx
T197650 2-bay battery charger, incl. power supply with multi plugs
T197667 Battery package
T197717 Flir Reporter Professional (DVD)
T197771 Bluetooth Headset
T197965 Flir Tools
T198206 Flir ResearchIR 3 (CD)
T198209 Flir ResearchIR 3 Max (CD)
T198290 Upgrade Flir ResearchIR 3 to Flir ResearchIR 3 Max
T198291 Upgrade previous version to Flir ResearchIR 3 Max
T198292 Upgrade previous version to Flir ResearchIR 3
T199802 Calibration including General maintenance T2xx-T4xx series
T199815 One year extended warranty for T2xx-4xx series
T910737 Memory card micro-SD with adapters
T910750 Power supply, incl. multi plugs
T910972 EX845: Clamp meter + IR therm TRMS 1000A AC/DC
T910973 MO297: Moisture meter, pinless with memory
T911048 Pouch for Flir T6xx and T4xx series
T911093 Tool belt
Note
Flir Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to
change specifications at any time without prior notice.
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A note about ergonomics
7
7.1 General
To prevent strain injuries, it is important that you hold the camera ergonomically correct.
This section gives advice and examples on how to hold the camera.
Note
Please note the following:
• Always adjust the angle of the lens to suit your work position.
• When you hold the camera, make sure that you support the camera housing with your left hand too.
This decreases the strain on your right hand.
7.2 Figure
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Camera parts
8
8.1 Rear view
8.1.1 Figure
8.1.2 Explanation
1. Touch screen LCD.
2. Antenna for wireless communication.
3. Digital zoom button.
4. Programmable button.
5. Joystick: Move up/down or left/right to navigate on menus, in dialog boxes, and in the
image archive. Push to confirm choices.
6. Menu/Back button: Push to display the menu on the screen, and to go back in dialog
boxes.
7. Mode button: Push to display the mode selector and select a camera mode. The
modes that can be selected are:
•Thermal camera: Using this mode, the camera captures infrared images.
•Digital camera: Using this mode, the camera captures visual images.
•Thermal fusion: Using this mode, the camera captures an image where some
parts are displayed as an infrared image and some parts as a visual image, de-
pending on the temperature.
•Picture in Picture: Using this mode, the camera captures an image where the mid-
dle part is displayed as an infrared image and the outer frame as a visual image.
•MSX (Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging): Using this mode, the camera captures in-
frared images where the edges of the objects are enhanced.
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 15
Camera parts
8
8. A/M button: This button has two main functions:
1. Push to switch between automatic and manual adjustment modes. The manual
adjustment modes that can be selected are the following:
•Manual: Using this mode, the top and bottom temperature levels in the scale
can be changed simultaneously, by pushing the joystick up/down. The tem-
perature span can be changed by pushing the joystick left/right.
•Manual min.: Using this mode, the bottom temperature level in the scale can
be changed by pushing the joystick up/down, while the top temperature level
remains fixed.
•Manual max.: Using this mode, the top temperature level in the scale can be
changed by pushing the joystick up/down, while the bottom temperature level
remains fixed.
2. Push and hold the button until you hear a clicking sound to autoadjust the image.
9. Archive button: Push to open/close the image gallery.
10. On/Off button: Push to turn on/turn off the camera. Allow 45 seconds for the startup
sequence.
11. Hand strap.
8.2 Front view
8.2.1 Figure
8.2.2 Explanation
1. Laser pointer button: Push to activate the laser pointer.
2. This button has two main functions:
1. Preview/Save: Push the button fully down to save an infrared image and a digital
photo simultaneously.
Note
The behavior of this button can be changed under Settings to one of the following:
•Preview/Save.
•Save directly (default).
•Always preview.
2. Autofocus: Push the button halfway down to autofocus the camera.
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Camera parts
8
3. Focus button: Move left/right to manually focus the camera.
4. Attachment point for the neck strap.
5. Video lamp.
6. Digital camera lens.
7. Release button for additional infrared lenses.
8. Laser pointer.
9. Infrared lens.
Note
The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.
8.3 Bottom view
8.3.1 Figure
8.3.2 Explanation
1. Tripod mount 1/4"-20
2. Release button for the cover to the connector bay
3. Cover for the connector bay
4. Release button for the battery compartment cover
5. Cover for the battery compartment
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 17
Camera parts
8
8.4 Battery condition indicator
8.4.1 Figure
8.4.2 Explanation
Type of signal Explanation
The green light flashes. The power supply or the stand-alone battery
charger is charging the battery.
The green light is continuous. The battery is fully charged.
The green light is off. The camera is using the battery (instead of the
power supply).
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 18
Camera parts
8
8.5 Laser pointer
8.5.1 Figure
Figure 8.1 This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center of
the infrared lens.
WARNING
Do not look directly into the laser beam. The laser beam can cause eye irritation.
CAUTION
Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you are not using the laser pointer.
Note
The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.
Note
The symbol is displayed on the screen when the laser pointer is on.
8.5.2 Laser warning label
A laser warning label with the following information is attached to the camera:
8.5.3 Laser rules and regulations
Wavelength: 635 nm. Maximum output power: 1 mW.
This product complies with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11 except for deviations pursuant
to Laser Notice No. 50, dated June 24, 2007.
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 19
Screen elements
9
9.1 Figure
9.2 Explanation
1. Back toolbar button.
2. Mode toolbar button.
3. Presets toolbar button.
4. Tools toolbar button.
5. Palette toolbar button.
6. Parameters toolbar button.
7. Result table.
8. Measurement box.
9. Measurement spotmeter.
10. Various status and mode icons, e.g., Bluetooth, battery, USB, and compass.
11. Measurement circle.
12. Temperature scale.
13. Measurement line.
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Navigating the menu system
10
10.1 Figure
10.2 Explanation
The figure above shows the two ways to navigate the menu system in the camera:
• Using the index finger or a stylus pen to navigate the menu system (left).
• Using the joystick to navigate the menu system (right).
You can also use a combination of the two.
In this manual it is assumed that the joystick is used, but most tasks can also be carried
out using the index finger or a stylus pen.
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 21
External devices and storage
media
11
11.1 Figure
11.2 Explanation
1. To connect an external USB device to the camera, use a USB-A cable and this
socket.
2. Indicator showing that the memory card is busy.
Note
• Do not eject the SD memory card when this LED is flashing.
• Do not connect the camera to a computer when this LED is flashing.
3. To connect a computer to the camera to move images and files to and from the cam-
era, use a USB Mini-B cable and this socket.
4. To insert an SD memory card, use this card slot.
5. To connect a video monitor to the camera, use a CVBS (composite video) cable and
this socket.
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Pairing Bluetooth devices
12
12.1 General
Before you can use a Bluetooth device with the camera, you need to pair the devices.
12.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Turn on the camera.
2. Push the Menu/Back button.
3. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
4. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
5. On the Connectivity tab, go to Bluetooth and push the joystick to enable Bluetooth
connectivity.
6. On the same tab, go to Add device and push the joystick to begin scanning for
devices.
At this stage you need to refer to the user documentation for your Bluetooth device.
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Configuring Wi-Fi
13
13.1 General
Depending on your camera configuration, you can connect the camera to a wireless local
area network (WLAN) using Wi-Fi, or let the camera provide Wi-Fi access to another
device.
You can connect the camera in two different ways:
•Most common use: Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (also called ad hoc or P2P
connection). This method is primarily used with other devices, e.g., an iPhone or iPad.
•Less common use: Connecting the camera to a WLAN.
13.2 Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (most common use)
Follow this procedure:
1. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
2. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
3. Go to theConnectivity tab.
4. Under Wi-Fi, select Connect device.
5. Select Wi-Fi settings.
6. Enter values for the following parameters:
•SSID (the name of the network).
•Channel (the channel that the other device is broadcasting on).
•Encryption (the encryption algorithm, e.g., None or WEP).
•Key (the access key to the network).
•Address (the IP address for the network).
•Gateway (the gateway IP address for the network).
Note
These parameters are set for your camera's network. They will be used by the external device to
connect that device to the network.
7.
13.3 Connecting the camera to a wireless local area network (less common use)
Follow this procedure:
1. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
2. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
3. Go to theConnectivity tab.
4. Under Wi-Fi, select Connect to WLAN.
5. Select Wi-Fi settings.
6. Select one of the available networks.
Password-protected networks are indicated with a padlock icon, and for these you will
need to enter an access key.
7.
Note
Some networks do not broadcast their existence. To connect to such a network, select Add manually
and set all parameters manually according to that network.
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Fetching data from external
Extech meters
14
14.1 General
You can fetch data from an external Extech meter and merge this data into the result table
in the infrared image.
14.2 Figure
14.3 Supported Extech meters
• Extech Moisture Meter MO297
• Extech Clamp Meter EX845
14.4 Technical support for Extech meters
support@extech.com
This support is for Extech meters only. For technical support for infrared cameras, go to
http://support.flir.com.
For more information about products from Extech Instruments, go to http://www.extech.
com/instruments/.
14.5 Procedure
Note
This procedure assumes that you have paired the Bluetooth devices and set the functionality of the Save
button to Preview/Save.
Follow this procedure:
1. Turn on the camera.
2. Turn on the Extech meter.
3. On the meter, enable Bluetooth mode. Refer to the user documentation for the meter
for information on how to do this.
4. On the meter, choose the quantity that you want to use (voltage, current, resistance,
etc.). Refer to the user documentation for the meter for information on how to do this.
Results from the meter will now automatically be displayed in the result table in the
top left corner of the infrared camera screen.
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Fetching data from external Extech meters14
5. Do one of the following:
• To preview an image, push the Preview/Save button. At this stage, you can add
additional values. To do so, take a new measurement with the meter and select
Add on the infrared camera screen.
• To save an image without previewing, push and hold down the Preview/Save
button.
• (Dependent on camera model) To add a value to a recalled image, turn on the me-
ter after you have recalled the image, then select Add on the infrared camera
screen. A maximum of eight values can be added, but note that some values are
broken into two lines.
6. Click Close or Save (depending on camera model).
14.6 Typical moisture measurement and documentation procedure
14.6.1 General
The following procedure can form the basis for other procedures using Extech meters
and infrared cameras.
14.6.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Use the infrared camera to identify any potential damp areas behind walls and
ceilings.
2. Use the moisture meter to measure the moisture levels at various suspect locations
that may have been found.
3. When a spot of particular interest is located, store the moisture reading in the moisture
meter’s memory and identify the measurement spot with a handprint or other thermal
identifying marker.
4. Recall the reading from the meter memory. The moisture meter will now continuously
transmit this reading to the infrared camera.
5. Use the camera to take a thermal image of the area with the identifying marker. The
stored data from the moisture meter will also be saved on the image.
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Handling the camera
15
15.1 Charging the battery
Note
You must charge the battery for four hours before you start using the camera for the first time.
15.1.1 General
You must charge the battery when a low battery voltage warning is displayed on the
screen.
Follow one of these procedures to charge the battery:
• Use the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is in-
side the camera.
• Use the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is
outside the camera.
• Use the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery
15.1.2 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the
battery when it is inside the camera
Note
For brevity, the ‘combined power supply and battery charger’ is called the ‘power supply’ below.
15.1.2.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Open the battery compartment lid.
2. Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the battery.
3. Connect the power supply mains-electricity plug to a mains socket.
4. Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery condition
indicator is continuous.
See also:
For information about the battery condition indicator, see 8.4 Battery condition indicator,
page 18.
15.1.3 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the
battery when it is outside the camera
Note
For brevity, the ‘combined power supply and battery charger’ is called the ‘power supply’ below.
15.1.3.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Put the battery on a flat surface.
2. Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the battery.
3. Connect the power supply mains-electricity plug to a mains socket.
4. Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery condition
indicator is continuous.
See also:
For information about the battery condition indicator, see 8.4 Battery condition indicator,
page 18.
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Handling the camera15
15.1.4 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery
15.1.4.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Put the battery in the stand-alone battery charger.
2. Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the stand-alone battery
charger.
3. Connect the power supply mains-electricity plug to a mains socket.
4. Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery condition
indicator is continuous.
See also:
For information about the battery condition indicator, see 8.4 Battery condition indicator,
page 18.
15.2 Inserting the battery
Note
Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you insert it.
15.2.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it.
2. Open the cover to the battery compartment.
3. Push the battery into the battery compartment until the battery locking mechanism
engages.
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4. Close the cover to the battery compartment.
15.3 Removing the battery
15.3.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it.
2. Open the cover to the battery compartment.
3. Push the red release button in the direction of the arrow to unlock the battery.
4. Pull out the battery from the battery compartment.
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15.4 Turning on and turning off the camera
• To turn on the camera, push and release the On/Off button.
• To turn off the camera, push and release the On/Off button.
15.5 Adjusting the angle of lens
15.5.1 Figure
15.5.2 Procedure
To adjust the angle, tilt the lens up or down.
15.6 Mounting an additional lens
Note
Do not touch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens according
to the instructions in 23.2 Infrared lens, page 61
15.6.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the lens release button to unlock the lens cap.
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2. Rotate the lens cap 30° counter-clockwise (looking at the front of the lens).
3. Carefully pull out the lens cap from the bayonet ring.
4. Correctly position the lens in front of the bayonet ring.
5. Carefully push the lens into position.
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6. Rotate the lens 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens).
15.7 Removing an additional infrared lens
Note
Do not touch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens according
to the instructions in 23.2 Infrared lens, page 61
When you have removed the lens, put the lens caps on the lens immediately, to protect it from dust and
fingerprints.
15.7.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the lens release button to unlock the lens.
2. Rotate the lens counter-clockwise 30° (looking at the front of the lens).
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3. Carefully pull out the lens from the bayonet ring.
4. Correctly position the lens cap in front of the bayonet ring.
5. Carefully push the lens cap into position.
6. Rotate the lens cap 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens).
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15.8 Attaching the sunshield
15.8.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Align the two front tabs of the sunshield with the corresponding two notches at the top
of the screen.
2. Push the front part of the sunshield into position. Make sure that the two tabs mate
with the corresponding notches.
3. Carefully hold together the two rear wings of the sunshield.
4. Push the rear part of the sunshield toward the screen, and then release your grip.
Make sure that the two tabs mate with the corresponding notches.
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15.9 Using the laser pointer
15.9.1 Figure
15.9.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. To turn on the laser pointer, push and hold the laser pointer button.
2. To turn off the laser pointer, release the laser pointer button.
Note
The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.
Note
The symbol is displayed on the screen when the laser pointer is on.
15.10 Calibrating the compass
15.10.1 Figure
15.10.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
4. Go to the Camera tab.
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5. On the Camera tab, select Calibrate compass and push the joystick.
6. Click Start.
7. Calibrate the compass by rotating the camera vertically one revolution and horiston-
tally one revolution.
15.11 Calibrating the touchscreen LCD
15.11.1 Figure
15.11.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
4. Go to the Camera tab.
5. On the Camera tab, select Calibrate touchscreen and push the joystick.
6. Click Start.
7. Calibrate the touchscreen by tapping the five crosshairs that appear on the screen us-
ing a pencil.
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Working with images and folders
16
16.1 Adjusting the infrared camera focus
16.1.1 Procedure
To adjust the infrared camera focus, do one of the following:
• Push the focus button left for far focus.
• Push the focus button right for near focus.
• Push the Preview/Save button halfway down to autofocus the camera.
Note
It is important that you hold the camera steady while autofocusing.
16.2 Previewing an image
16.3 General
In preview mode, you can add various types of annotations to the image before you save
it, such as a text, a table with textual information, a voice comment, a sketch, etc. You do
this by selecting the type of annotation on the toolbar that is automatically displayed when
you preview an image.
In preview mode you can also check that the image contains the required information be-
fore you save it to the SD Memory Card.
16.3.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. When the camera leaves the factory, it is configured to save an image directly, without
previewing. To enable previewing, do the following:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
4. On the Preferences tab, go to Save button and select Always preview.
2. To preview an image, push the Preview/Save button fully down.
16.4 Saving an image
16.4.1 General
You can save one or more images to the SD Memory Card.
16.4.2 Formatting memory cards
For best performance, memory cards should be formatted to the FAT (FAT16) file system.
Using FAT32-formatted memory cards may result in inferior performance. To format a
memory card to FAT (FAT16), follow this procedure:
1. Insert the memory card into a card reader that is connected to your computer.
2. In Windows Explorer, select My Computer and right-click the memory card.
3. Select Format.
4. Under File system, select FAT.
5. Click Start.
16.4.3 Image capacity
This table gives information on the approximate number of images that can be saved on
SD Memory Cards:
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Card size No voice annotation
Incl. 30 seconds voice
annotation
256 MB 500 250
512 MB 1000 500
1 GB 2000 1000
16.4.4 Procedure
To save an image without previewing, push the Preview/Save button fully down.
Note
The behavior of the Preview/Save button can be changed on the Preferences tab (Mode >Settings >
Preferences).
16.5 Periodically saving an image
16.5.1 General
You can periodically save images to the SD Memory card.
16.5.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Program and push the joystick.
4. Use the joystick to set the desired parameters. These include the following:
• Duration between images.
• Stop conditions:
•Manually.
•Number of images.
•Total time duration.
5. Push the Menu/Back button.
6. • To start the periodic saving, push the Preview/Save button fully down.
• To stop the periodic saving, push the Preview/Save button fully down.
16.6 Opening an image
16.6.1 General
When you save an image, it is stored on the SD Memory Card. To display the image
again, you can recall it from the SD Memory Card.
Note
To leave archive mode, push the Archive button.
16.6.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Archive button to display a thumbnail view of recently saved images.
2. Move the joystick left/right or up/down to select a specific image.
3. Push the joystick to display the image.
16.7 Adjusting an image manually
16.7.1 General
An image can be adjusted automatically or manually.
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You use the A/M button to switch between these two modes.
16.7.2 Example 1
This figure shows two infrared images of cable connection points. In the left image a cor-
rect analysis of the circled cable is difficult if you only auto-adjust the image. You can ana-
lyze this cable in more detail if you
• change the temperature scale level
• change the temperature scale span.
In the left image, the image is auto-adjusted. In the right image the maximum and mini-
mum temperature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the object. On
the temperature scale to the right of each image you can see how the temperature levels
were changed.
16.7.3 Example 2
This figure shows two infrared images of an isolator in a power line.
In the left image, the cold sky and the power line structure are recorded at a minimum
temperature of –26.0°C (–14.8°F). In the right image the maximum and minimum temper-
ature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the isolator. This makes it eas-
ier to analyze the temperature variations in the isolator.
16.7.4 Changing the temperature scale level
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the A/M button repeatedly to select one of the following manual modes:
•Manual .
•Manual max. .
•Manual min. .
2. To change the temperature scale level (-s), move the joystick up/down.
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16.7.5 Changing the temperature scale span
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the A/M button repeatedly to select Manual .
2. To change the temperature span, move the joystick left/right.
16.8 Hiding overlay graphics
16.8.1 General
Overlay graphics provide information about an image. You can choose to hide some or all
overlay graphics.
16.8.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
4. On the Preferences tab, go to View and disable the overlay graphics that you do not
want to display.
16.9 Deleting images
16.9.1 General
You can delete one or more images from the SD Memory Card.
16.9.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Archive button.
2. Select the image you want to delete by using the joystick.
3. Push the joystick to open the image.
4. Push the joystick to display a menu.
5. On the menu, select one of the following:
•Delete.
•Delete all.
6. Push the joystick to confirm.
16.10 Creating an Adobe PDF report
16.10.1 General
You can create an Adobe PDF report about any image on the SD Memory Card. The re-
port may include the following:
• The infrared image, including any associated visual image.
• A list of text annotations.
• A list of measurement results.
• A list of object parameters.
• A sketch.
• An image description.
16.10.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Insert an SD memory card into the card slot.
2. Push the Archive button.
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3. Select the image for which you want to create a report.
4. Push the joystick to open the image.
5. Push the joystick to display a menu.
6. On the menu, select Create report page by using the joystick. At this stage you can al-
so add information to the report header and footer.
Note
To view the report on the PC, you need Adobe Reader. This software can be downloaded for free from:
http://get.adobe.com/reader/
Note
To add your own logotype to your report, put a small *.jpg file in a folder named \reportlogo on the SD
memory card.
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Working with fusion
17
17.1 What is picture-in-picture?
Picture-in-picture is similar to thermal fusion in that it lets you display part of a digital photo
as an infrared image.
However, picture-in-picture displays an infrared image frame on top of a digital photo.
17.2 What is thermal fusion?
Thermal fusion is a function that lets you display part of a digital photo as an infrared
image.
For example, you can set the camera to display all areas of an image that have a certain
temperature in infrared, with all other areas displayed as a digital photo.
17.3 Types
The number of image modes is subject to camera models. These include:
•Above: All areas in the digital photo with a temperature above the specified tempera-
ture level are displayed in infrared.
•Below: All areas in the digital photo with a temperature below the specified tempera-
ture level are displayed in infrared.
•Interval: All areas in the digital photo with a temperature between two specified temper-
ature levels are displayed in infrared.
•Picture-in-Picture: An infrared image frame is displayed on top of the digital photo.
Note
Picture-in-Picture only works for calibrated lenses. The lens that ships with the camera is factory-
calibrated. To have a new lens calibrated, your must send in the camera and the lens to your local
service department.
•MSX (Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging): Using this mode, the camera captures infrared
images where the edges of the objects are enhanced.
Note
MSX only works for calibrated lenses. The lens that ships with the camera is factory-calibrated. To
have a new lens calibrated, your must send in the camera and the lens to your local service
department.
17.4 Image examples
This table explains the different types:
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Fusion type Image
Above
Below
Interval
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Fusion type Image
Picture-in-Picture
MSX
17.5 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Mode button to select one of the following:
•Thermal fusion .
•Picture in Picture .
2. Push the A/M button to select one of the following:
•Above .
•Below .
•Interval .
3. (This step applies to Thermal fusion.)
Do one or more of the following:
• If you chose Above or Below, move the joystick up or down to adjust the tempera-
ture level. The temperature level that you set will be the level beyond which the in-
frared image will be displayed as a visual photo.
• If you chose Interval, do one or more of the following:
• Push the joystick up/down to move the interval up/down.
• Push the joystick left/right to increase/decrease the interval.
The temperature levels that you set will be the level beyond which the infrared im-
age will be displayed as a visual photo.
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4. (This step applies to Picture in Picture.)
Do one or more of the following:
• If you chose Above or Below, move the joystick up or down to adjust the tempera-
ture level in the infrared portion of the image.
• If you chose Interval, do one or more of the following:
• Push the joystick up/down to move the temperature interval up/down in the in-
frared portion of the image.
• Push the joystick left/right to increase/decrease the temperature interval in
the infrared portion of the image.
5. To deactivate Fusion, push the Mode button to select Thermal camera.
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Working with video
18
18.1 Recording video clips
18.1.1 General
You can record non-radiometric infrared or visual video clips. In this mode, the camera
can be regarded as an ordinary digital video camera.
The video clips can be played back in Windows Media Player, but it will not be possible to
retrieve radiometric information from the video clips.
18.1.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Video and push the Preview/Save button. This will display
a notification indicating that the recording has started.
4. To stop the video recording, push the Preview/Save button again.
When you stop the video recording you can play back the recording in the camera, us-
ing the tools on the video recording toolbar.
Note
• You can only view the most recently recorded video clips in this mode. To view another video clip, go
to the archive mode.
• To be able to view the clips with Windows Media Player for Windows XP, you need a decoder that
supports MPEG-4 video. Such a decoder can be downloaded from http://www.cole2k.net/ (retrieved
July 11, 2012).
• Other video players may also work, for example ffdshow from http://sourceforge.net/projects/
ffdshow.
• Flir Systems does not take any responsibility for the functionality of third-party video players and
codecs.
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Working with measurement tools
and isotherms
19
19.1 Setting up measurement tools
19.1.1 General
To measure the temperature, you use one or more measurement tools. This section gives
you examples how you set up a spotmeter or an area.
19.1.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.
3. On the Tools menu, select one of the following:
•Add spot .
•Add box .
•Add circle .
Note
• The area inside the center of the spotmeter must be covered by the object of interest, to display a
correct temperature.
• For accurate measurements, you must set the object parameters. See 19.8 Changing object param-
eters, page 50.
19.2 Setting up a difference calculation
19.2.1 General
You can let the camera calculate the temperature difference between, for example, a
spotmeter and an area. This assumes that you have previously set up at least two meas-
urement tools.
19.2.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.
3. On the Tools menu, select Add difference . This will display a dialog box where
you can select the two measurement tools from which you want to calculate the
difference.
4. Push the joystick to confirm the choice.
19.3 Setting up isotherms
19.3.1 General
You can make the camera display an isotherm color when certain measurement condi-
tions are met. The following isotherms can be set up:
• An isotherm color that is displayed when a temperature rises above a preset value.
• An isotherm color that is displayed when a temperature falls below a preset value.
• An isotherm color that is displayed when a temperature is between two values.
• An isotherm color that is displayed when the camera detects an area where there may
be a risk of humidity in a building structure.
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• An isotherm color that is displayed when the camera detects what may be an insulation
deficiency in a wall.
19.3.2 Setting up a high-temperature isotherm
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.
3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm and push the joystick.
4. Select Above.
5. Move the joystick up/down to set the temperature at which you want the isotherm color
to be displayed. The screen will now display the isotherm color when the temperature
exceeds the set temperature level.
19.3.3 Setting up a low-temperature isotherm
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.
3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm and push the joystick.
4. Select Below.
5. Move the joystick up/down to set the temperature at which you want the isotherm color
to be displayed. The screen will now display the isotherm color when the temperature
falls below the set temperature level.
19.3.4 Setting up an interval isotherm
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.
3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm and push the joystick.
4. Select Interval.
5. Do one of the following:
• Move the joystick up/down to set the temperature levels between which you want
the isotherm color to be displayed.
• Move the joystick left/right to set the temperature span within which you want the
isotherm color to be displayed.
The screen will now display the isotherm color when the temperature is between the
set temperature levels.
19.3.5 Setting up a humidity isotherm
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.
3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm and push the joystick.
4. Select Humidity.
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5. Use the joystick to set the following parameters:
•Rel. humidity limit: The critical limit of relative humidity that you want to detect in a
building structure. For example, mold will grow in areas where the relative humid-
ity is less than 100%, and you may want to find such areas.
•Rel. hum. %: The current relative humidity at the inspection site.
•Atm. temp.: The current atmospheric temperature at the inspection site.
19.3.6 Setting up an insulation isotherm
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.
3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm and push the joystick.
4. Select Insulation.
5. Use the joystick to set the following parameters:
•Inside temp.: The temperature inside the building you are inspecting.
•Outside temp.: The temperature outside the building you are inspecting.
•Thermal index: The accepted energy loss through the wall. Different building co-
des recommend different values, but typical values are 60–80 for new buildings.
Refer to your national building code for recommendations.
19.4 Working with presets
19.4.1 General
Apreset is a measurement tool, or a group of measurement tools, with predefined char-
acteristics. By selecting a preset you save time compared to creating each individual
measurement tool, one at a time.
19.4.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. Use the joystick to go to .
3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.
4. Use the joystick to go to a preset.
5. Push the joystick. This will display the preset on the screen.
19.5 Removing measurement tools
19.5.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.
3. On the Tools menu, select Adjust tools and push the joystick.
4. Select the measurement tool that you wish to remove. This will display a submenu.
5. On the submenu, select Remove and push the joystick.
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19.6 Moving measurement tools
19.6.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.
3. On the Tools menu, select Adjust tools and push the joystick.
4. Select the measurement tool that you wish to move. This will display a submenu.
5. On the submenu, select Move and push the joystick. This will make the center of the
measurement tool turn blue. You can now move the measurement tool using the
joystick.
19.7 Resizing areas
19.7.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick.
3. On the Tools menu, select Adjust tools and push the joystick.
4. Select the measurement tool that you wish to resize. This will display a submenu.
5. On the submenu, select Resize and push the joystick. This will create resizing han-
dles for the area. You can now resize the area using the joystick.
19.8 Changing object parameters
19.8.1 General
For accurate measurements, you must set the object parameters. This procedure de-
scribes how to change the parameters.
19.8.2 Types of parameters
The camera can use these object parameters:
•Emissivity, which determines how much of the radiation originates from the object as
opposed to being reflected by it.
•Reflected apparent temperature, which is used when compensating for the radiation
from the surroundings reflected by the object into the camera. This property of the ob-
ject is called reflectivity.
•Object distance, i.e. the distance between the camera and the object of interest.
•Atmospheric temperature, i.e. the temperature of the air between the camera and the
object of interest.
•Relative humidity, i.e. the relative humidity of the air between the camera and the object
of interest.
•External optics temperature, i.e., the temperature of any protective windows etc. that
are set up between the camera and the object of interest. If no protective window or
protective shield is used, this value is irrelevant.
•External optics transmission, i.e., the optical transmission of any protective windows,
etc. that are set up between the camera and the object of interest.
19.8.3 Recommended values
If you are unsure about the values, the following are recommended:
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Emissivity 0.95
Reflected apparent temperature +20°C (+69°F)
Object distance 1.0 m (3.3 ft.)
Atmospheric temperature +20°C (+69°F)
Relative humidity 50%
19.8.4 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Parameters button and push the joystick.
3. On the Parameters menu, select the parameter that you want to change and push the
joystick.
4. Move the joystick up/down to change the value.
5. Push the joystick to confirm.
Note
Of the five parameters above, emissivity and reflected apparent temperature are the two most important
to set correctly in the camera.
See also:
For more information about parameters, and how to correctly set emissivity and reflected
apparent temperature, see 30 Thermographic measurement techniques, page 81.
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Annotating images
20
20.1 General
This section describes how to save additional information to an infrared image by using
annotations.
The reason for using annotations is to make reporting and post-processing more efficient
by providing essential information about the image, such as conditions, photos, sketches,
where it was taken, and so on.
Note
Many of the procedures in this section assume that the camera is set to preview images before saving
them. If it is not, use the joystick to go to (Mode) > Settings > (Preferences) > Save button.
20.2 Adding a digital photo automatically
20.2.1 General
When you save an infrared image you can automatically add a digital photo of the object
of interest. This digital photo will be associated with the infrared image, which will simplify
post-processing and reporting in, for example, Flir Reporter.
20.2.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Make sure that the camera is configured to save a digital photo simultaneously:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
4. On the Preferences tab, enable Simultaneously save photo.
2. To automatically add a digital photo, push the Preview/Save button fully down.
20.3 Adding a digital photo manually
20.3.1 General
When you save an infrared image you can manually add a digital photo of the object of in-
terest. This digital photo will be associated with the infrared image, which will simplify
post-processing and reporting in, for example, Flir Reporter.
20.3.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Preview/Save button fully down.
2. On the toolbar at the bottom of the screen, select .
3. On the menu that is displayed, select Digital camera photo and push the joystick.
4. Push the Preview/Save button to save the digital photo.
20.4 Creating a voice annotation
20.4.1 General
A voice annotation is an audio recording that is stored in an infrared image file.
The voice annotation is recorded using a Bluetooth headset. The recording can be played
back in the camera, and in image analysis and reporting software from Flir Systems.
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Annotating images20
20.4.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. To preview an image, push and release the Autofocus/Save button fully down.
2. Use the joystick to select .
3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.
4. On the submenu, select Voice. This will display a voice recording toolbar.
5. Do one or more of the following, and push the joystick to confirm each choice. Some
buttons have more than one function.
• To start a recording, select .
• To pause/resume a recording, select .
• To stop a recording, select .
• To listen to a recording, select .
• To pause a voice annotation that you are listening to, select .
• To go to the beginning of a recording, select .
• To delete a recording, move the joystick left/right or up/down and select .
• To save a recording, select Save.
20.5 Creating a text
20.5.1 General
A text is grouped with an image file. Using this feature, you can annotate images by enter-
ing free-form text. This text can be revised later.
20.5.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.
2. Use the joystick to select .
3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.
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Annotating images20
4. On the submenu, select Text. This will display a soft keyboard where you can enter
the text you want to save.
Note
To select special characters, press and hold down the corresponding key on the soft keyboard.
5. Click OK.
20.6 Creating a table
20.6.1 General
A table with textual information can be saved in an infrared image.
This feature is a very efficient way of recording information when you are inspecting a
large number of similar objects. The idea behind using a table with textual information is
to avoid filling out forms or inspection protocols manually.
20.6.2 Definition of field and value
Atable is based on two important concepts—field and value. See below.
Field (examples) Value (examples)
Company Company A
Company B
Company C
Building Workshop 1
Workshop 2
Workshop 3
Section Room 1
Room 2
Room 3
Equipment Tool 1
Tool 2
Tool 3
Recommendation Recommendation 1
Recommendation 2
Recommendation 3
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Annotating images20
Figure 20.1 The table as it appears in the camera software.
20.6.3 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.
2. Use the joystick to select .
3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.
4. On the submenu, select Table. This will display the following dialog box.
This is the default table annotations template that ships with the camera.
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Annotating images20
5. Do one of the following:
• To edit a field, click . This will display the following dialog box.
•Insert field: Select this option to insert a new field.
•Duplicate field: Select this option to duplicate the currently selected field.
•Rename field: Select this option to rename the currently selected field.
•Keep as default value: Enable this option to keep the current value as a de-
fault value. The default value will be displayed for this field the next time you
create a table.
•Store added values: Enable this option to store added values in a glossary,
which make them easier to find the next time you create a table.
• To edit a value, click the value. This will display the following dialog box where you
can create new values, edit existing values or delete values:
6. Click OK. The table will now be added to to what is called a group, and will be grouped
together with the infrared image in the image archive, and also when moving files from
the camera to reporting software on the computer.
20.7 Adding a sketch
20.7.1 General
A sketch is freehand drawing that you create in a sketch work area separate from the in-
frared image using a stylus pen or your index finger. You can use the sketch feature to
create a simple drawing, write down comments, add dimensions, etc.
Sketches can be added to any of the following:
• A separate sketch.
• A sketch on an infrared image.
• A sketch on a digital photo.
20.7.2 Adding a separate sketch
Follow this procedure:
1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.
2. Use the joystick to select .
3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.
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Annotating images20
4. Use the joystick to select Sketch.
5. Push the joystick to display a sketchboard.
6. On this sketchboard you can:
• Draw a sketch, using the stylus pen.
• Change the color of the lines.
• Erase lines and start again.
• Erase the entire sketch.
The sketch will now be added to what is called a group, and will be grouped together
with the infrared image in the image archive, and also when moving files from the
camera to reporting software on the computer.
20.7.3 Adding a sketch to an infrared image
Follow this procedure:
1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.
2. On the bottom toolbar, select the infrared image and push the joystick.
3. On the left toolbar, select the Sketch toolbar button and push the joystick.
4. Do one or more of the following:
• Draw a sketch, using the stylus pen.
• Change the color of the lines.
• Erase lines and start again.
• Erase the entire sketch.
20.7.4 Adding a sketch to a digital photo
Follow this procedure:
1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.
2. On the bottom toolbar, select the digital photo and push the joystick.
3. On the left toolbar, select the Sketch toolbar button and push the joystick.
4. Do one or more of the following:
• Draw a sketch, using the stylus pen.
• Change the color of the lines.
• Erase lines and start again.
• Erase the entire sketch.
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Programming the camera
21
21.1 General
You can program the camera to save images periodically.
21.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button or tap the screen to display the menu system.
2. Use the joystick to go to (Mode). This will display the Mode submenu.
3. One the Mode submenu, select Program and push the joystick. This will display the
Program dialog box.
4. Select Duration between images and push the joystick. This will display a dialog box
where you can set the time interval between each saved image.
5. Set the stop condition. You can choose between three different stop conditions:
•Manually: Select this option to manually stop the periodic saving by pushing the
Preview/Save button.
•Number of images: Select this option to stop the periodic saving after a set num-
ber of images has been saved. When you select this option a dialog box appears.
•Total time duration: Select this option to stop the periodic saving after a defined
period of time. When you select this option a dialog box appears.
6. When you are finished, push the Menu/Back button.
7. Start the periodic saving by pushing the Autofocus/Save button.
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Changing settings
22
22.1 Changing camera settings
22.1.1 General
On this tab you can change the following:
• Temperature range, i.e. the temperature range used for measuring objects. You must
change the temperature range according to the expected temperature of the object
you are inspecting.
• Add-on lens.
• Display intensity.
• Auto power off.
• Digital camera lamp.
• Calibrate touchscreen.
• Calibrate compass.
• Reset to default settings.
22.1.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
4. On the Camera tab, go to the setting that you want to change.
5. Push the joystick.
6. Move the joystick up/down to select a new value.
7. Push the joystick to confirm.
22.2 Changing preferences
22.2.1 General
On this tab you can change the following:
• Save button.
• Simultaneously save photo.
• Same field of view.
• Programmable button.
• Visibility of overlay graphics.
22.2.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
4. On the Preferences tab, go to the setting that you want to change.
5. Push the joystick.
6. Move the joystick up/down to select a new value.
7. Push the joystick to confirm.
22.3 Changing connectivity
22.3.1 General
On this tab you can change the following:
• Wi-Fi.
• Bluetooth.
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Changing settings
22
22.3.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
4. On the Connectivity tab, go to the setting that you want to change.
5. Push the joystick.
6. Move the joystick up/down to select a new value.
7. Push the joystick to confirm.
22.4 Changing regional settings
22.4.1 General
On this tab you can change the following:
• Language.
• Time zone.
• Set date and time.
• Date format.
• Time format.
• Temperature unit.
• Distance unit.
• Video format.
22.4.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
4. On the Regional tab, go to the setting that you want to change.
5. Push the joystick.
6. Move the joystick up/down to select a new value.
7. Push the joystick to confirm.
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Cleaning the camera
23
23.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items
23.1.1 Liquids
Use one of these liquids:
• Warm water
• A weak detergent solution
23.1.2 Equipment
A soft cloth
23.1.3 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Soak the cloth in the liquid.
2. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid.
3. Clean the part with the cloth.
CAUTION
Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. This can cause
damage.
23.2 Infrared lens
23.2.1 Liquids
Use one of these liquids:
• A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30% isopropyl alcohol.
• 96% ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH).
• DEE (= ‘ether’ = diethylether, C4H10O).
• 50% acetone (= dimethylketone, (CH3)2CO)) + 50% ethyl alcohol (by volume). This
liquid prevents drying marks on the lens.
23.2.2 Equipment
Cotton wool
23.2.3 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Soak the cotton wool in the liquid.
2. Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid.
3. Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool.
WARNING
Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warning labels on con-
tainers before you use a liquid: the liquids can be dangerous.
CAUTION
• Be careful when you clean the infrared lens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective coating.
• Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective coating.
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Technical data
24
For technical data on this product, refer to the product catalog and/or technical data-
sheets on the User Documentation CD-ROM that comes with the product.
The product catalog and the datasheets are also available at http://support.flir.com.
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Pin configurations
25
25.1 Pin configuration for USB Mini-B connector
1. +5 V (out)
2. USB –
3. USB +
4. N/C
5. Ground
25.2 Pin configuration for video connector
1. Audio right
2. Ground
3. Video out
4. Audio left
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Pin configurations25
25.3 Pin configuration for USB-A connector
1. +5 V (in)
2. USB –
3. USB +
4. Ground
25.4 Pin configuration for power connector
1. +12 V
2. GND
3. GND
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Dimensions
26
26.1 Camera
26.1.1 Camera dimensions
26.1.1.1 Figure
26.1.2 Camera dimensions, continued
26.1.2.1 Figure
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Dimensions26
26.1.3 Camera dimensions, continued
26.1.3.1 Figure
26.1.4 Camera dimensions, continued (with 30 mm/15° lens)
26.1.4.1 Figure
26.1.5 Camera dimensions, continued (with 10 mm/45° lens)
26.1.5.1 Figure
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Dimensions26
26.2 Battery
26.2.1 Figure
Note
Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it.
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Dimensions26
26.3 Stand-alone battery charger
26.3.1 Figure
Note
Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it.
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Dimensions26
26.4 Stand-alone battery charger with the battery
26.4.1 Figure
Note
Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it.
26.5 Infrared lens (30 mm/15°)
26.5.1 Figure
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Dimensions26
26.6 Infrared lens (10 mm/45°)
26.6.1 Figure
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Application examples
27
27.1 Moisture & water damage
27.1.1 General
It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared
camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction prop-
erty and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surround-
ing material.
Note
Many factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image.
For example, heating and cooling of these parts takes place at different rates depending on the material
and the time of day. For this reason, it is important that other methods are used as well to check for
moisture or water damage.
27.1.2 Figure
The image below shows extensive water damage on an external wall where the water has
penetrated the outer facing because of an incorrectly installed window ledge.
27.2 Faulty contact in socket
27.2.1 General
Depending on the type of connection a socket has, an improperly connected wire can re-
sult in local temperature increase. This temperature increase is caused by the reduced
contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the socket , and can
result in an electrical fire.
Note
A socket’s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another. For this reason, differ-
ent faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image.
Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between wire and socket, or from dif-
ference in load.
27.2.2 Figure
The image below shows a connection of a cable to a socket where improper contact in
the connection has resulted in local temperature increase.
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Application examples27
27.3 Oxidized socket
27.3.1 General
Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, ox-
ides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally in-
creased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as
local temperature increase.
Note
A socket’s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another. For this reason, differ-
ent faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image.
Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between a wire and socket, or from
difference in load.
27.3.2 Figure
The image below shows a series of fuses where one fuse has a raised temperature on
the contact surfaces against the fuse holder. Because of the fuse holder’s blank metal,
the temperature increase is not visible there, while it is visible on the fuse’s ceramic
material.
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Application examples27
27.4 Insulation deficiencies
27.4.1 General
Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time
and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall.
An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either
have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation,
and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.
Note
When you are inspecting a building, the temperature difference between the inside and outside should
be at least 10°C (18°F). Studs, water pipes, concrete columns, and similar components may resemble
an insulation deficiency in an infrared image. Minor differences may also occur naturally.
27.4.2 Figure
In the image below, insulation in the roof framing is lacking. Due to the absence of insula-
tion, air has forced its way into the roof structure, which thus takes on a different charac-
teristic appearance in the infrared image.
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Application examples27
27.5 Draft
27.5.1 General
Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceil-
ing trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler air-
stream cools down the surrounding surface.
Note
When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house.
Close all doors, windows, and ventilation ducts, and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before you
take the infrared images.
An infrared image of draft often shows a typical stream pattern. You can see this stream pattern clearly
in the picture below.
Also keep in mind that drafts can be concealed by heat from floor heating circuits.
27.5.2 Figure
The image below shows a ceiling hatch where faulty installation has resulted in a strong
draft.
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About Flir Systems
28
Flir Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high-performance in-
frared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and market-
ing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and
government applications. Today, Flir Systems embraces five major companies with out-
standing achievements in infrared technology since 1958—the Swedish AGEMA Infrared
Systems (formerly AGA Infrared Systems), the three United States companies Indigo Sys-
tems, FSI, and Inframetrics, and the French company Cedip. In November 2007, Extech
Instruments was acquired by Flir Systems.
Figure 28.1 Patent documents from the early 1960s
The company has sold more than 221,000 infrared cameras worldwide for applications
such as predictive maintenance, R & D, non-destructive testing, process control and auto-
mation, and machine vision, among many others.
Flir Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States (Portland, OR, Boston,
MA, Santa Barbara, CA) and one in Sweden (Stockholm). Since 2007 there is also a man-
ufacturing plant in Tallinn, Estonia. Direct sales offices in Belgium, Brazil, China, France,
Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Korea, Sweden, and the USA—together
with a worldwide network of agents and distributors—support our international customer
base.
Flir Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We anticipate
market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones.
The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the intro-
duction of the first battery-operated portable camera for industrial inspections, and the
first uncooled infrared camera, to mention just two innovations.
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About Flir Systems
28
Figure 28.2 LEFT: Thermovision Model 661 from 1969. The camera weighed approximately 25 kg (55 lb.),
the oscilloscope 20 kg (44 lb.), and the tripod 15 kg (33 lb.). The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator
set, and a 10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment
(6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: Flir i7 from 2012. Weight: 0.34 kg (0.75 lb.), including the battery.
Flir Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera
systems itself. From detector design and manufacturing, to lenses and system elec-
tronics, to final testing and calibration, all production steps are carried out and supervised
by our own engineers. The in-depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the ac-
curacy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera.
28.1 More than just an infrared camera
At Flir Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared
camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems
to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera–software
combination. Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance, R & D, and process
monitoring is developed in-house. Most software is available in a wide variety of
languages.
We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your
equipment to the most demanding infrared applications.
28.2 Sharing our knowledge
Although our cameras are designed to be very user-friendly, there is a lot more to ther-
mography than just knowing how to handle a camera. Therefore, Flir Systems has
founded the Infrared Training Center (ITC), a separate business unit, that provides certi-
fied training courses. Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands-on
learning experience.
The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may
need in putting infrared theory into practice.
28.3 Supporting our customers
Flir Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all
times. If you discover a problem with your camera, local service centers have all the
equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time. Therefore, there is
no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who
does not speak your language.
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About Flir Systems
28
28.4 A few images from our facilities
Figure 28.3 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector
Figure 28.4 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing
Figure 28.5 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for camera
testing and calibration
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Glossary
29
absorption (ab-
sorption factor)
The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the re-
ceived radiation. A number between 0 and 1.
atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, nor-
mally air.
autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction.
autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors, displaying
cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time.
blackbody Totally non-reflective object. All its radiation is due to its own
temperature.
blackbody
radiator
An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to cali-
brate IR cameras.
calculated at-
mospheric
transmission
A transmission value computed from the temperature, the relative hu-
midity of air and the distance to the object.
cavity radiator A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside, viewed through
the bottleneck.
color
temperature
The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specif-
ic color.
conduction The process that makes heat diffuse into a material.
continuous
adjust
A function that adjusts the image. The function works all the time,
continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the im-
age content.
convection Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into mo-
tion, either by gravity or another force, thereby transferring heat from
one place to another.
dual isotherm An isotherm with two color bands, instead of one.
emissivity
(emissivity
factor)
The amount of radiation coming from an object, compared to that of
a blackbody. A number between 0 and 1.
emittance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area
(W/m2)
environment Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being
measured.
estimated at-
mospheric
transmission
A transmission value, supplied by a user, replacing a calculated one
external optics Extra lenses, filters, heat shields etc. that can be put between the
camera and the object being measured.
filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths.
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Glossary
29
FOV Field of view: The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR
lens.
FPA Focal plane array: A type of IR detector.
graybody An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a
blackbody for each wavelength.
IFOV Instantaneous field of view: A measure of the geometrical resolution
of an IR camera.
image correc-
tion (internal or
external)
A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of
live images and also of stabilizing the camera.
infrared Non-visible radiation, having a wavelength from about 2–13 μm.
IR infrared
isotherm A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above, below
or between one or more temperature intervals.
isothermal
cavity
A bottle-shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through
the bottleneck.
Laser LocatIR An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser
radiation in a thin, concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the
object in front of the camera.
laser pointer An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser
radiation in a thin, concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the
object in front of the camera.
level The center value of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a
signal value.
manual adjust A way to adjust the image by manually changing certain parameters.
NETD Noise equivalent temperature difference. A measure of the image
noise level of an IR camera.
noise Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image
object
parameters
A set of values describing the circumstances under which the meas-
urement of an object was made, and the object itself (such as emis-
sivity, reflected apparent temperature, distance etc.)
object signal A non-calibrated value related to the amount of radiation received by
the camera from the object.
palette The set of colors used to display an IR image.
pixel Stands for picture element. One single spot in an image.
radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and
angle (W/m2/sr)
radiant power Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time (W)
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Glossary
29
radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy, is emitted by an ob-
ject or a gas.
radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment.
range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR
camera. Cameras can have several ranges. Expressed as two black-
body temperatures that limit the current calibration.
reference
temperature
A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be com-
pared with.
reflection The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received
radiation. A number between 0 and 1.
relative
humidity
Relative humidity represents the ratio between the current water va-
pour mass in the air and the maximum it may contain in saturation
conditions.
saturation
color
The areas that contain temperatures outside the present level/span
settings are colored with the saturation colors. The saturation colors
contain an ‘overflow’ color and an ‘underflow’ color. There is also a
third red saturation color that marks everything saturated by the de-
tector indicating that the range should probably be changed.
span The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal
value.
spectral (radi-
ant) emittance
Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and
wavelength (W/m2/μm)
temperature
difference, or
difference of
temperature.
A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature
values.
temperature
range
The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR
camera. Cameras can have several ranges. Expressed as two black-
body temperatures that limit the current calibration.
temperature
scale
The way in which an IR image currently is displayed. Expressed as
two temperature values limiting the colors.
thermogram infrared image
transmission
(or transmit-
tance) factor
Gases and materials can be more or less transparent. Transmission
is the amount of IR radiation passing through them. A number be-
tween 0 and 1.
transparent
isotherm
An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors, instead of covering
the highlighted parts of the image.
visual Refers to the video mode of a IR camera, as opposed to the normal,
thermographic mode. When a camera is in video mode it captures or-
dinary video images, while thermographic images are captured when
the camera is in IR mode.
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Thermographic measurement
techniques
30
30.1 Introduction
An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object.
The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the
camera to calculate and display this temperature.
However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tempera-
ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity. Radiation also originates from the
surroundings and is reflected in the object. The radiation from the object and the reflected
radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere.
To measure temperature accurately, it is therefore necessary to compensate for the ef-
fects of a number of different radiation sources. This is done on-line automatically by the
camera. The following object parameters must, however, be supplied for the camera:
• The emissivity of the object
• The reflected apparent temperature
• The distance between the object and the camera
• The relative humidity
• Temperature of the atmosphere
30.2 Emissivity
The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which, in short, is a
measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object, compared to that from a per-
fect blackbody of the same temperature.
Normally, object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approxi-
mately 0.1 to 0.95. A highly polished (mirror) surface falls below 0.1, while an oxidized or
painted surface has a higher emissivity. Oil-based paint, regardless of color in the visible
spectrum, has an emissivity over 0.9 in the infrared. Human skin exhibits an emissivity
0.97 to 0.98.
Non-oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity,
which does not vary greatly with wavelength. Consequently, the emissivity of metals is low
– only increasing with temperature. For non-metals, emissivity tends to be high, and de-
creases with temperature.
30.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample
30.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature
Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature:
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30.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method
Follow this procedure:
1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection
angle (a = b).
1 = Reflection source
2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a
piece if cardboard.
1 = Reflection source
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Thermographic measurement techniques30
3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source
using the following settings:
• Emissivity: 1.0
• Dobj: 0
You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods:
1 = Reflection source
Note
Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two impor-
tant reasons:
• A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity
• A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface, usually by gluing and covering
the sensor by a thermal isolator.
30.2.1.1.2 Method 2: Reflector method
Follow this procedure:
1. Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil.
2. Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size.
3. Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure. Make sure that
the side with aluminum foil points to the camera.
4. Set the emissivity to 1.0.
5. Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down.
Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil.
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30.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity
Follow this procedure:
1. Select a place to put the sample.
2. Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous
procedure.
3. Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample.
4. Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature. Heating must be reasonably
even.
5. Focus and auto-adjust the camera, and freeze the image.
6. Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast.
7. Set emissivity to that of the tape (usually 0.97).
8. Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement
functions:
•Isotherm (helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have
heated the sample)
•Spot (simpler)
•Box Avg (good for surfaces with varying emissivity).
9. Write down the temperature.
10. Move your measurement function to the sample surface.
11. Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous
measurement.
12. Write down the emissivity.
Note
• Avoid forced convection
• Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections
• Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent, and has a high emissivity you are certain of
• This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same. If they
are not, your emissivity measurement will be wrong.
30.3 Reflected apparent temperature
This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object. If the emis-
sivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be im-
portant to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly.
30.4 Distance
The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera. This pa-
rameter is used to compensate for the following two facts:
• That radiation from the target is absorbed by the atmosphere between the object and
the camera.
• That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera.
30.5 Relative humidity
The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on
the relative humidity of the atmosphere. To do this set the relative humidity to the correct
value. For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can normally be left
at a default value of 50%.
30.6 Other parameters
In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from Flir Systems allow you to com-
pensate for the following parameters:
• Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the cam-
era and the target
• External optics temperature – i.e. the temperature of any external lenses or windows
used in front of the camera
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• External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or windows
used in front of the camera
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History of infrared technology
31
Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spec-
trum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply
‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today
than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
Figure 31.1 Sir William Herschel (1738–1822)
The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material. Sir Wil-
liam Herschel – Royal Astronomer to King George III of England, and already famous for
his discovery of the planet Uranus – was searching for an optical filter material to reduce
the brightness of the sun’s image in telescopes during solar observations. While testing
different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was in-
trigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun’s heat, while others
passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds’ observation.
Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment, with
the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in bright-
ness as well as the maximum reduction in heat. He began the experiment by actually re-
peating Newton’s prism experiment, but looking for the heating effect rather than the
visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum. He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive
mercury-in-glass thermometer with ink, and with this as his radiation detector he pro-
ceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top
of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism. Other thermometers, placed outside
the sun’s rays, served as controls.
As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum, the
temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end. This
was not entirely unexpected, since the Italian researcher, Landriani, in a similar experi-
ment in 1777 had observed much the same effect. It was Herschel, however, who was the
first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum,
and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this
point.
Figure 31.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815)
Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum, Her-
schel confirmed that the heating continued to increase. The maximum point, when he
found it, lay well beyond the red end – in what is known today as the ‘infrared
wavelengths’.
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History of infrared technology31
When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromag-
netic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes re-
ferred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular
opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’. The word only began to ap-
pear in print around 75 years later, and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the
originator.
Herschel’s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controver-
sies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths. Dif-
ferent investigators, in attempting to confirm his work, used various types of glass
indiscriminately, having different transparencies in the infrared. Through his later experi-
ments, Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly-discovered
thermal radiation, and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would prob-
ably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively (i.e. plane and curved mir-
rors). Fortunately, this proved to be true only until 1830, when the Italian investigator,
Melloni, made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt (NaCl) – which was
available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms – is remark-
ably transparent to the infrared. The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared
optical material, and remained so for the next hundred years, until the art of synthetic
crystal growing was mastered in the 1930’s.
Figure 31.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854)
Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili
invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2 °C
(0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then a break-
through occurred; Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first
thermopile. The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of
the day for detecting heat radiation – capable of detecting the heat from a person standing
three meters away.
The first so-called ‘heat-picture’ became possible in 1840, the result of work by Sir John
Herschel, son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right.
Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern
focused upon it, the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference
effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye. Sir John also managed to obtain a
primitive record of the thermal image on paper, which he called a ‘thermograph’.
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History of infrared technology31
Figure 31.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906)
The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major break-
through, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a
thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon
which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re-
sponded. This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a dis-
tance of 400 meters.
An English scientist, Sir James Dewar, first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cool-
ing agents (such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of -196 °C (-320.8 °F)) in low tem-
perature research. In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is
possible to store liquefied gases for entire days. The common ‘thermos bottle’, used for
storing hot and cold drinks, is based upon his invention.
Between the years 1900 and 1920, the inventors of the world ‘discovered’ the infrared.
Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel, artillery, aircraft, ships – and
even icebergs. The first operating systems, in the modern sense, began to be developed
during the 1914–18 war, when both sides had research programs devoted to the military
exploitation of the infrared. These programs included experimental systems for enemy in-
trusion/detection, remote temperature sensing, secure communications, and ‘flying torpe-
do’ guidance. An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an
approaching airplane at a distance of 1.5 km (0.94 miles), or a person more than 300 me-
ters (984 ft.) away.
The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolome-
ter idea, but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary
new infrared detectors: the image converter and the photon detector. At first, the image
converter received the greatest attention by the military, because it enabled an observer
for the first time in history to literally ‘see in the dark’. However, the sensitivity of the image
converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths, and the most interesting military
targets (i.e. enemy soldiers) had to be illuminated by infrared search beams. Since this in-
volved the risk of giving away the observer’s position to a similarly-equipped enemy ob-
server, it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded.
The tactical military disadvantages of so-called 'active’ (i.e. search beam-equipped) ther-
mal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939–45 war for extensive secret
military infrared-research programs into the possibilities of developing ‘passive’ (no
search beam) systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector. During this peri-
od, military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared-
imaging technology. This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950’s, and
from that time adequate thermal-imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian
science and industry.
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Theory of thermography
32
32.1 Introduction
The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new
to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography
will be given.
32.2 The electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions,
called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.
There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electro-
magnetic spectrum. They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are
those due to differences in wavelength.
Figure 32.1 The electromagnetic spectrum. 1: X-ray; 2: UV; 3: Visible; 4: IR; 5: Microwaves; 6:
Radiowaves.
Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band. At the short-wavelength end the
boundary lies at the limit of visual perception, in the deep red. At the long-wavelength end
it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths, in the millimeter range.
The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands, the boundaries of
which are also arbitrarily chosen. They include: the near infrared (0.75–3 μm), the middle
infrared (3–6 μm), the far infrared (6–15 μm) and the extreme infrared (15–100 μm).
Although the wavelengths are given in μm (micrometers), other units are often still used to
measure wavelength in this spectral region, e.g. nanometer (nm) and Ångström (Å).
The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is:
32.3 Blackbody radiation
A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any
wavelength. The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radiation is ex-
plained by Kirchhoff’s Law (after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, 1824–1887), which states that
a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the
emission of radiation.
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Figure 32.2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887)
The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation charac-
teristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material repre-
sents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical application of the principle
to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight ex-
cept for an aperture in one of the sides. Any radiation which then enters the hole is scat-
tered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinitesimal fraction can possibly
escape. The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody
and almost perfect for all wavelengths.
By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a
cavity radiator. An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature generates blackbody
radiation, the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the
cavity. Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature
reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a
Flir Systems camera for example.
If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the
source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipi-
ent red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the
temperature increases further. In fact, the definition of the so-called color temperature of
an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the
same appearance.
Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody.
32.3.1 Planck’s law
Figure 32.3 Max Planck (1858–1947)
Max Planck (1858–1947) was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation
from a blackbody by means of the following formula:
where:
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Theory of thermography32
Wλb Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ.
cVelocity of light = 3 × 108m/s
h Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10-34 Joule sec.
k Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10-23 Joule/K.
T Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody.
λ Wavelength (μm).
Note
The factor 10-6 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m2, μm.
Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of
curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ = 0, then
increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength λmax and after passing it approaches
zero again at very long wavelengths. The higher the temperature, the shorter the wave-
length at which maximum occurs.
Figure 32.4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck’s law, plotted for various absolute
temperatures. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2× 103(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm)
32.3.2 Wien’s displacement law
By differentiating Planck’s formula with respect to λ, and finding the maximum, we have:
This is Wien’s formula (after Wilhelm Wien, 1864–1928), which expresses mathematically
the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature
of a thermal radiator increases. The wavelength of the color is the same as the wave-
length calculated for λmax. A good approximation of the value of λmax for a given blackbody
temperature is obtained by applying the rule-of-thumb 3 000/T μm. Thus, a very hot star
such as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates with the peak of spectral ra-
diant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum, at wavelength 0.27 μm.
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Theory of thermography32
Figure 32.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928)
The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the
visible light spectrum.
At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infra-
red, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignifi-
cant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.
Figure 32.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100 K to 1000 K. The dotted line represents
the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law. 1:
Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm).
32.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law
By integrating Planck’s formula from λ = 0 to λ = ∞, we obtain the total radiant emittance
(Wb) of a blackbody:
This is the Stefan-Boltzmann formula (after Josef Stefan, 1835–1893, and Ludwig Boltz-
mann, 1844–1906), which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is propor-
tional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Graphically, Wbrepresents the area
below the Planck curve for a particular temperature. It can be shown that the radiant emit-
tance in the interval λ = 0 to λmax is only 25% of the total, which represents about the
amount of the sun’s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum.
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Figure 32.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906)
Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body,
at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m2, we obtain 1 kW.
This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of
radiation from surrounding surfaces, at room temperatures which do not vary too drasti-
cally from the temperature of the body – or, of course, the addition of clothing.
32.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters
So far, only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed. However,
real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wavelength region –
although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals. For ex-
ample, a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spec-
trum, but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 μm, and beyond 3 μm it is almost black.
There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a
blackbody: a fraction of the incident radiation α may be absorbed, a fraction ρ may be re-
flected, and a fraction τ may be transmitted. Since all of these factors are more or less
wavelength dependent, the subscript λ is used to imply the spectral dependence of their
definitions. Thus:
• The spectral absorptance αλ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an
object to that incident upon it.
• The spectral reflectance ρλ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an ob-
ject to that incident upon it.
• The spectral transmittance τλ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted
through an object to that incident upon it.
The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength, so we
have the relation:
For opaque materials τλ= 0 and the relation simplifies to:
Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiant
emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we have
the definition:
The spectral emissivity ελ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that
from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength.
Expressed mathematically, this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the
object to that of a blackbody as follows:
Generally speaking, there are three types of radiation source, distinguished by the ways
in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength.
• A blackbody, for which ελ= ε = 1
• A graybody, for which ελ= ε = constant less than 1
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Theory of thermography32
• A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength
According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp-
tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is:
From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since αλ+ ρλ= 1):
For highly polished materials ελapproaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting material
(i.e. a perfect mirror) we have:
For a graybody radiator, the Stefan-Boltzmann formula becomes:
This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the
same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε from the graybody.
Figure 32.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wave-
length; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody.
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Theory of thermography32
Figure 32.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Black-
body; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator.
32.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials
Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat
plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume
must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially ab-
sorbed. Moreover, when it arrives at the surface, some of it is reflected back into the interi-
or. The back-reflected radiation is again partially absorbed, but some of it arrives at the
other surface, through which most of it escapes; part of it is reflected back again.
Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added
up when the total emittance of the plate is sought. When the resulting geometrical series
is summed, the effective emissivity of a semi-transparent plate is obtained as:
When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula:
This last relation is a particularly convenient one, because it is often easier to measure re-
flectance than to measure emissivity directly.
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The measurement formula
33
As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only
from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob-
ject surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the
atmosphere in the measurement path. To this comes a third radiation contribution from
the atmosphere itself.
This description of the measurement situation, as illustrated in the figure below, is so far a
fairly true description of the real conditions. What has been neglected could for instance
be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense radiation sources
outside the field of view. Such disturbances are difficult to quantify, however, in most
cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected. In case they are not negligible,
the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious,
at least to a trained operator. It is then his responsibility to modify the measurement situa-
tion to avoid the disturbance e.g. by changing the viewing direction, shielding off intense
radiation sources etc.
Accepting the description above, we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the
calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output.
Figure 33.1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation.1: Surround-
ings; 2: Object; 3: Atmosphere; 4: Camera
Assume that the received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature
Tsource on short distance generates a camera output signal Usource that is proportional to
the power input (power linear camera). We can then write (Equation 1):
or, with simplified notation:
where C is a constant.
Should the source be a graybody with emittance ε, the received radiation would conse-
quently be εWsource.
We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms:
1. Emission from the object = ετWobj, where ε is the emittance of the object and τ is the
transmittance of the atmosphere. The object temperature is Tobj.
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2. Reflected emission from ambient sources = (1 – ε)τWrefl, where (1 – ε) is the reflec-
tance of the object. The ambient sources have the temperature Trefl.
It has here been assumed that the temperature Trefl is the same for all emitting surfa-
ces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface. This is of course
sometimes a simplification of the true situation. It is, however, a necessary simplifica-
tion in order to derive a workable formula, and Trefl can – at least theoretically – be giv-
en a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding.
Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings = 1. This is
correct in accordance with Kirchhoff’s law: All radiation impinging on the surrounding
surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces. Thus the emittance = 1.
(Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the ob-
ject to be considered.)
3. Emission from the atmosphere = (1 – τ)τWatm, where (1 – τ) is the emittance of the at-
mosphere. The temperature of the atmosphere is Tatm.
The total received radiation power can now be written (Equation 2):
We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by
the corresponding U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3):
Solve Equation 3 for Uobj (Equation 4):
This is the general measurement formula used in all the Flir Systems thermographic
equipment. The voltages of the formula are:
Table 33.1 Voltages
Uobj Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature
Tobj i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested
object temperature.
Utot Measured camera output voltage for the actual case.
Urefl Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature
Trefl according to the calibration.
Uatm Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature
Tatm according to the calibration.
The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation:
• the object emittance ε,
• the relative humidity,
• Tatm
• object distance (Dobj)
• the (effective) temperature of the object surroundings, or the reflected ambient temper-
ature Trefl, and
• the temperature of the atmosphere Tatm
This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally
no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the
actual case. The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surround-
ings do not contain large and intense radiation sources.
A natural question in this connection is: How important is it to know the right values of
these parameters? It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already
here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative
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The measurement formula33
magnitudes of the three radiation terms. This will give indications about when it is impor-
tant to use correct values of which parameters.
The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions
for three different object temperatures, two emittances, and two spectral ranges: SW and
LW. Remaining parameters have the following fixed values:
• τ = 0.88
• Trefl = +20°C (+68°F)
• Tatm = +20°C (+68°F)
It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measur-
ing high temperatures since the ‘disturbing’ radiation sources are relatively much stronger
in the first case. Should also the object emittance be low, the situation would be still more
difficult.
We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the
calibration curve above the highest calibration point, what we call extrapolation. Imagine
that we in a certain case measure Utot = 4.5 volts. The highest calibration point for the
camera was in the order of 4.1 volts, a value unknown to the operator. Thus, even if the
object happened to be a blackbody, i.e. Uobj = Utot, we are actually performing extrapola-
tion of the calibration curve when converting 4.5 volts into temperature.
Let us now assume that the object is not black, it has an emittance of 0.75, and the trans-
mittance is 0.92. We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0.5
volts together. Computation of Uobj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uobj = 4.5 / 0.75
/ 0.92 – 0.5 = 6.0. This is a rather extreme extrapolation, particularly when considering
that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts! Note, though, that the application
of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no electronic or other limitations
exist. We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera, and if it had been
calibrated far beyond 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as
our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algorithm is based
on radiation physics, like the Flir Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to
such extrapolations.
Figure 33.2 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (SW cam-
era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere
radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; Trefl = 20°C (+68°F); Tatm = 20°C (+68°F).
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 98
The measurement formula33
Figure 33.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW cam-
era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere
radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; Trefl = 20°C (+68°F); Tatm = 20°C (+68°F).
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 99
Emissivity tables
34
This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and
measurements made by Flir Systems.
34.1 References
1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press,
N.Y.
2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research,
Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
3. Madding, R. P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems. Madison, Wisconsin: Uni-
versity of Wisconsin – Extension, Department of Engineering and Applied Science.
4. William L. Wolfe: Handbook of Military Infrared Technology, Office of Naval Research,
Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
5. Jones, Smith, Probert: External thermography of buildings..., Proc. of the Society of
Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, vol.110, Industrial and Civil Applications of
Infrared Technology, June 1977 London.
6. Paljak, Pettersson: Thermography of Buildings, Swedish Building Research Institute,
Stockholm 1972.
7. Vlcek, J: Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities
at λ = 5 µm. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.
8. Kern: Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather
satellites, Defence Documentation Center, AD 617 417.
9. Öhman, Claes: Emittansmätningar med AGEMA E-Box. Teknisk rapport, AGEMA
1999. (Emittance measurements using AGEMA E-Box. Technical report, AGEMA
1999.)
10. Matteï, S., Tang-Kwor, E: Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811-21
between –36°C AND 82°C.
11. Lohrengel & Todtenhaupt (1996)
12. ITC Technical publication 32.
13. ITC Technical publication 29.
Note
The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave (SW) camera. The values
should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution.
34.2 Tables
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:
Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference
1 2 3 4 6 6
3M type 35 Vinyl electrical
tape (several
colors)
< 80 LW Ca. 0.96 13
3M type 88 Black vinyl electri-
cal tape
< 105 LW Ca. 0.96 13
3M type 88 Black vinyl electri-
cal tape
< 105 MW < 0.96 13
3M type Super 33
+
Black vinyl electri-
cal tape
< 80 LW Ca. 0.96 13
Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0.55 2
Aluminum anodized, black,
dull
70 SW 0.67 9
Aluminum anodized, black,
dull
70 LW 0.95 9
Aluminum anodized, light
gray, dull
70 SW 0.61 9
Aluminum anodized, light
gray, dull
70 LW 0.97 9
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 100
Emissivity tables34
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 6 6
Aluminum as received, plate 100 T 0.09 4
Aluminum as received,
sheet
100 T 0.09 2
Aluminum cast, blast
cleaned
70 SW 0.47 9
Aluminum cast, blast
cleaned
70 LW 0.46 9
Aluminum dipped in HNO3,
plate
100 T 0.05 4
Aluminum foil 27 10 µm 0.04 3
Aluminum foil 27 3 µm 0.09 3
Aluminum oxidized, strongly 50–500 T 0.2–0.3 1
Aluminum polished 50–100 T 0.04–0.06 1
Aluminum polished plate 100 T 0.05 4
Aluminum polished, sheet 100 T 0.05 2
Aluminum rough surface 20–50 T 0.06–0.07 1
Aluminum roughened 27 10 µm 0.18 3
Aluminum roughened 27 3 µm 0.28 3
Aluminum sheet, 4 samples
differently
scratched
70 SW 0.05–0.08 9
Aluminum sheet, 4 samples
differently
scratched
70 LW 0.03–0.06 9
Aluminum vacuum
deposited
20 T 0.04 2
Aluminum weathered,
heavily
17 SW 0.83–0.94 5
Aluminum bronze 20 T 0.60 1
Aluminum
hydroxide
powder T 0.28 1
Aluminum oxide activated, powder T 0.46 1
Aluminum oxide pure, powder
(alumina)
T 0.16 1
Asbestos board 20 T 0.96 1
Asbestos fabric T 0.78 1
Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0.94 7
Asbestos paper 40–400 T 0.93–0.95 1
Asbestos powder T 0.40–0.60 1
Asbestos slate 20 T 0.96 1
Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0.967 8
Brass dull, tarnished 20–350 T 0.22 1
Brass oxidized 100 T 0.61 2
Brass oxidized 70 SW 0.04–0.09 9
Brass oxidized 70 LW 0.03–0.07 9
Brass oxidized at 600°C 200–600 T 0.59–0.61 1
Brass polished 200 T 0.03 1
Brass polished, highly 100 T 0.03 2
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 101
Emissivity tables34
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 6 6
Brass rubbed with 80-
grit emery
20 T 0.20 2
Brass sheet, rolled 20 T 0.06 1
Brass sheet, worked
with emery
20 T 0.2 1
Brick alumina 17 SW 0.68 5
Brick common 17 SW 0.86–0.81 5
Brick Dinas silica,
glazed, rough
1100 T 0.85 1
Brick Dinas silica,
refractory
1000 T 0.66 1
Brick Dinas silica, un-
glazed, rough
1000 T 0.80 1
Brick firebrick 17 SW 0.68 5
Brick fireclay 1000 T 0.75 1
Brick fireclay 1200 T 0.59 1
Brick fireclay 20 T 0.85 1
Brick masonry 35 SW 0.94 7
Brick masonry,
plastered
20 T 0.94 1
Brick red, common 20 T 0.93 2
Brick red, rough 20 T 0.88–0.93 1
Brick refractory,
corundum
1000 T 0.46 1
Brick refractory,
magnesite
1000–1300 T 0.38 1
Brick refractory,
strongly radiating
500–1000 T 0.8–0.9 1
Brick refractory, weakly
radiating
500–1000 T 0.65–0.75 1
Brick silica, 95% SiO21230 T 0.66 1
Brick sillimanite, 33%
SiO2, 64% Al2O3
1500 T 0.29 1
Brick waterproof 17 SW 0.87 5
Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0.08 9
Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0.06 9
Bronze polished 50 T 0.1 1
Bronze porous, rough 50–150 T 0.55 1
Bronze powder T 0.76–0.80 1
Carbon candle soot 20 T 0.95 2
Carbon charcoal powder T 0.96 1
Carbon graphite powder T 0.97 1
Carbon graphite, filed
surface
20 T 0.98 2
Carbon lampblack 20–400 T 0.95–0.97 1
Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0.90 6
Chromium polished 50 T 0.10 1
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 102
Emissivity tables34
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 6 6
Chromium polished 500–1000 T 0.28–0.38 1
Clay fired 70 T 0.91 1
Cloth black 20 T 0.98 1
Concrete 20 T 0.92 2
Concrete dry 36 SW 0.95 7
Concrete rough 17 SW 0.97 5
Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0.974 8
Copper commercial,
burnished
20 T 0.07 1
Copper electrolytic, care-
fully polished
80 T 0.018 1
Copper electrolytic,
polished
–34 T 0.006 4
Copper molten 1100–1300 T 0.13–0.15 1
Copper oxidized 50 T 0.6–0.7 1
Copper oxidized to
blackness
T 0.88 1
Copper oxidized, black 27 T 0.78 4
Copper oxidized, heavily 20 T 0.78 2
Copper polished 50–100 T 0.02 1
Copper polished 100 T 0.03 2
Copper polished,
commercial
27 T 0.03 4
Copper polished,
mechanical
22 T 0.015 4
Copper pure, carefully
prepared surface
22 T 0.008 4
Copper scraped 27 T 0.07 4
Copper dioxide powder T 0.84 1
Copper oxide red, powder T 0.70 1
Ebonite T 0.89 1
Emery coarse 80 T 0.85 1
Enamel 20 T 0.9 1
Enamel lacquer 20 T 0.85–0.95 1
Fiber board hard, untreated 20 SW 0.85 6
Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0.75 9
Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0.88 9
Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0.77 9
Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0.89 9
Fiber board porous, untreated 20 SW 0.85 6
Gold polished 130 T 0.018 1
Gold polished, carefully 200–600 T 0.02–0.03 1
Gold polished, highly 100 T 0.02 2
Granite polished 20 LLW 0.849 8
Granite rough 21 LLW 0.879 8
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 103
Emissivity tables34
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 6 6
Granite rough, 4 different
samples
70 SW 0.95–0.97 9
Granite rough, 4 different
samples
70 LW 0.77–0.87 9
Gypsum 20 T 0.8–0.9 1
Ice: See Water
Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0.20 9
Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0.09 9
Iron and steel covered with red
rust
20 T 0.61–0.85 1
Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0.05 4
Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0.05 4
Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0.07 4
Iron and steel electrolytic, care-
fully polished
175–225 T 0.05–0.06 1
Iron and steel freshly worked
with emery
20 T 0.24 1
Iron and steel ground sheet 950–1100 T 0.55–0.61 1
Iron and steel heavily rusted
sheet
20 T 0.69 2
Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0.60 1
Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0.77 1
Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0.74 4
Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0.74 1
Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0.89 4
Iron and steel oxidized 125–525 T 0.78–0.82 1
Iron and steel oxidized 200 T 0.79 2
Iron and steel oxidized 200–600 T 0.80 1
Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0.88 1
Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 T 0.98 1
Iron and steel polished 100 T 0.07 2
Iron and steel polished 400–1000 T 0.14–0.38 1
Iron and steel polished sheet 750–1050 T 0.52–0.56 1
Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0.56 1
Iron and steel rolled, freshly 20 T 0.24 1
Iron and steel rough, plane
surface
50 T 0.95–0.98 1
Iron and steel rusted red, sheet 22 T 0.69 4
Iron and steel rusted, heavily 17 SW 0.96 5
Iron and steel rusty, red 20 T 0.69 1
Iron and steel shiny oxide layer,
sheet,
20 T 0.82 1
Iron and steel shiny, etched 150 T 0.16 1
Iron and steel wrought, carefully
polished
40–250 T 0.28 1
Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0.64 9
Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0.85 9
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 104
Emissivity tables34
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 6 6
Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0.07 4
Iron galvanized sheet, burnished 30 T 0.23 1
Iron galvanized sheet, oxidized 20 T 0.28 1
Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0.064 4
Iron, cast casting 50 T 0.81 1
Iron, cast ingots 1000 T 0.95 1
Iron, cast liquid 1300 T 0.28 1
Iron, cast machined 800–1000 T 0.60–0.70 1
Iron, cast oxidized 100 T 0.64 2
Iron, cast oxidized 260 T 0.66 4
Iron, cast oxidized 38 T 0.63 4
Iron, cast oxidized 538 T 0.76 4
Iron, cast oxidized at 600°C 200–600 T 0.64–0.78 1
Iron, cast polished 200 T 0.21 1
Iron, cast polished 38 T 0.21 4
Iron, cast polished 40 T 0.21 2
Iron, cast unworked 900–1100 T 0.87–0.95 1
Krylon Ultra-flat
black 1602
Flat black Room tempera-
ture up to 175
LW Ca. 0.96 12
Krylon Ultra-flat
black 1602
Flat black Room tempera-
ture up to 175
MW Ca. 0.97 12
Lacquer 3 colors sprayed
on Aluminum
70 SW 0.50–0.53 9
Lacquer 3 colors sprayed
on Aluminum
70 LW 0.92–0.94 9
Lacquer Aluminum on
rough surface
20 T 0.4 1
Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0.83 1
Lacquer black, dull 40–100 T 0.96–0.98 1
Lacquer black, matte 100 T 0.97 2
Lacquer black, shiny,
sprayed on iron
20 T 0.87 1
Lacquer heat–resistant 100 T 0.92 1
Lacquer white 100 T 0.92 2
Lacquer white 40–100 T 0.8–0.95 1
Lead oxidized at 200°C 200 T 0.63 1
Lead oxidized, gray 20 T 0.28 1
Lead oxidized, gray 22 T 0.28 4
Lead shiny 250 T 0.08 1
Lead unoxidized,
polished
100 T 0.05 4
Lead red 100 T 0.93 4
Lead red, powder 100 T 0.93 1
Leather tanned T 0.75–0.80 1
Lime T 0.3–0.4 1
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 105
Emissivity tables34
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 6 6
Magnesium 22 T 0.07 4
Magnesium 260 T 0.13 4
Magnesium 538 T 0.18 4
Magnesium polished 20 T 0.07 2
Magnesium
powder
T 0.86 1
Molybdenum 1500–2200 T 0.19–0.26 1
Molybdenum 600–1000 T 0.08–0.13 1
Molybdenum filament 700–2500 T 0.1–0.3 1
Mortar 17 SW 0.87 5
Mortar dry 36 SW 0.94 7
Nextel Velvet 811-
21 Black
Flat black –60–150 LW > 0.97 10 and
11
Nichrome rolled 700 T 0.25 1
Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0.70 1
Nichrome wire, clean 50 T 0.65 1
Nichrome wire, clean 500–1000 T 0.71–0.79 1
Nichrome wire, oxidized 50–500 T 0.95–0.98 1
Nickel bright matte 122 T 0.041 4
Nickel commercially
pure, polished
100 T 0.045 1
Nickel commercially
pure, polished
200–400 T 0.07–0.09 1
Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0.04 4
Nickel electrolytic 260 T 0.07 4
Nickel electrolytic 38 T 0.06 4
Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0.10 4
Nickel electroplated on
iron, polished
22 T 0.045 4
Nickel electroplated on
iron, unpolished
20 T 0.11–0.40 1
Nickel electroplated on
iron, unpolished
22 T 0.11 4
Nickel electroplated,
polished
20 T 0.05 2
Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0.85 4
Nickel oxidized 200 T 0.37 2
Nickel oxidized 227 T 0.37 4
Nickel oxidized at 600°C 200–600 T 0.37–0.48 1
Nickel polished 122 T 0.045 4
Nickel wire 200–1000 T 0.1–0.2 1
Nickel oxide 1000–1250 T 0.75–0.86 1
Nickel oxide 500–650 T 0.52–0.59 1
Oil, lubricating 0.025 mm film 20 T 0.27 2
Oil, lubricating 0.050 mm film 20 T 0.46 2
Oil, lubricating 0.125 mm film 20 T 0.72 2
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 106
Emissivity tables34
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 6 6
Oil, lubricating film on Ni base: Ni
base only
20 T 0.05 2
Oil, lubricating thick coating 20 T 0.82 2
Paint 8 different colors
and qualities
70 SW 0.88–0.96 9
Paint 8 different colors
and qualities
70 LW 0.92–0.94 9
Paint Aluminum, vari-
ous ages
50–100 T 0.27–0.67 1
Paint cadmium yellow T 0.28–0.33 1
Paint chrome green T 0.65–0.70 1
Paint cobalt blue T 0.7–0.8 1
Paint oil 17 SW 0.87 5
Paint oil based, average
of 16 colors
100 T 0.94 2
Paint oil, black flat 20 SW 0.94 6
Paint oil, black gloss 20 SW 0.92 6
Paint oil, gray flat 20 SW 0.97 6
Paint oil, gray gloss 20 SW 0.96 6
Paint oil, various colors 100 T 0.92–0.96 1
Paint plastic, black 20 SW 0.95 6
Paint plastic, white 20 SW 0.84 6
Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0.68–0.74 9
Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0.92–0.94 9
Paper black T 0.90 1
Paper black, dull T 0.94 1
Paper black, dull 70 SW 0.86 9
Paper black, dull 70 LW 0.89 9
Paper blue, dark T 0.84 1
Paper coated with black
lacquer
T 0.93 1
Paper green T 0.85 1
Paper red T 0.76 1
Paper white 20 T 0.7–0.9 1
Paper white bond 20 T 0.93 2
Paper white, 3 different
glosses
70 SW 0.76–0.78 9
Paper white, 3 different
glosses
70 LW 0.88–0.90 9
Paper yellow T 0.72 1
Plaster 17 SW 0.86 5
Plaster plasterboard,
untreated
20 SW 0.90 6
Plaster rough coat 20 T 0.91 2
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 107
Emissivity tables34
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 6 6
Plastic glass fibre lami-
nate (printed circ.
board)
70 SW 0.94 9
Plastic glass fibre lami-
nate (printed circ.
board)
70 LW 0.91 9
Plastic polyurethane iso-
lation board
70 LW 0.55 9
Plastic polyurethane iso-
lation board
70 SW 0.29 9
Plastic PVC, plastic floor,
dull, structured
70 SW 0.94 9
Plastic PVC, plastic floor,
dull, structured
70 LW 0.93 9
Platinum 100 T 0.05 4
Platinum 1000–1500 T 0.14–0.18 1
Platinum 1094 T 0.18 4
Platinum 17 T 0.016 4
Platinum 22 T 0.03 4
Platinum 260 T 0.06 4
Platinum 538 T 0.10 4
Platinum pure, polished 200–600 T 0.05–0.10 1
Platinum ribbon 900–1100 T 0.12–0.17 1
Platinum wire 1400 T 0.18 1
Platinum wire 500–1000 T 0.10–0.16 1
Platinum wire 50–200 T 0.06–0.07 1
Porcelain glazed 20 T 0.92 1
Porcelain white, shiny T 0.70–0.75 1
Rubber hard 20 T 0.95 1
Rubber soft, gray, rough 20 T 0.95 1
Sand T 0.60 1
Sand 20 T 0.90 2
Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0.909 8
Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0.935 8
Silver polished 100 T 0.03 2
Silver pure, polished 200–600 T 0.02–0.03 1
Skin human 32 T 0.98 2
Slag boiler 0–100 T 0.97–0.93 1
Slag boiler 1400–1800 T 0.69–0.67 1
Slag boiler 200–500 T 0.89–0.78 1
Slag boiler 600–1200 T 0.76–0.70 1
Snow: See Water
Soil dry 20 T 0.92 2
Soil saturated with
water
20 T 0.95 2
Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18%
Cr
500 T 0.35 1
Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0.45 1
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 108
Emissivity tables34
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 6 6
Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0.70 1
Stainless steel sheet, polished 70 SW 0.18 9
Stainless steel sheet, polished 70 LW 0.14 9
Stainless steel sheet, untreated,
somewhat
scratched
70 SW 0.30 9
Stainless steel sheet, untreated,
somewhat
scratched
70 LW 0.28 9
Stainless steel type 18-8, buffed 20 T 0.16 2
Stainless steel type 18-8, oxi-
dized at 800°C
60 T 0.85 2
Stucco rough, lime 10–90 T 0.91 1
Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0.60 7
Tar T 0.79–0.84 1
Tar paper 20 T 0.91–0.93 1
Tile glazed 17 SW 0.94 5
Tin burnished 20–50 T 0.04–0.06 1
Tin tin–plated sheet
iron
100 T 0.07 2
Titanium oxidized at 540°C 1000 T 0.60 1
Titanium oxidized at 540°C 200 T 0.40 1
Titanium oxidized at 540°C 500 T 0.50 1
Titanium polished 1000 T 0.36 1
Titanium polished 200 T 0.15 1
Titanium polished 500 T 0.20 1
Tungsten 1500–2200 T 0.24–0.31 1
Tungsten 200 T 0.05 1
Tungsten 600–1000 T 0.1–0.16 1
Tungsten filament 3300 T 0.39 1
Varnish flat 20 SW 0.93 6
Varnish on oak parquet
floor
70 SW 0.90 9
Varnish on oak parquet
floor
70 LW 0.90–0.93 9
Wallpaper slight pattern, light
gray
20 SW 0.85 6
Wallpaper slight pattern, red 20 SW 0.90 6
Water distilled 20 T 0.96 2
Water frost crystals –10 T 0.98 2
Water ice, covered with
heavy frost
0 T 0.98 1
Water ice, smooth 0 T 0.97 1
Water ice, smooth –10 T 0.96 2
Water layer >0.1 mm
thick
0–100 T 0.95–0.98 1
Water snow T 0.8 1
Water snow –10 T 0.85 2
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 109
Emissivity tables34
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1 2 3 4 6 6
Wood 17 SW 0.98 5
Wood 19 LLW 0.962 8
Wood ground T 0.5–0.7 1
Wood pine, 4 different
samples
70 SW 0.67–0.75 9
Wood pine, 4 different
samples
70 LW 0.81–0.89 9
Wood planed 20 T 0.8–0.9 1
Wood planed oak 20 T 0.90 2
Wood planed oak 70 SW 0.77 9
Wood planed oak 70 LW 0.88 9
Wood plywood, smooth,
dry
36 SW 0.82 7
Wood plywood,
untreated
20 SW 0.83 6
Wood white, damp 20 T 0.7–0.8 1
Zinc oxidized at 400°C 400 T 0.11 1
Zinc oxidized surface 1000–1200 T 0.50–0.60 1
Zinc polished 200–300 T 0.04–0.05 1
Zinc sheet 50 T 0.20 1
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 110
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T505389.xml.5910
T505391.xml.5864
T505661.xml.5912
T505220.xml.5861
T505470.xml.5935
T505097.xml.5929
T505412.xml.5861
T505222.xml.5861
T505012.xml.5433
T505007.xml.5936
T505004.xml.5937
T505000.xml.5938
T505005.xml.5939
T505001.xml.5940
T505006.xml.5941
T505002.xml.5942
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US 112
last page
Publ. No.: T559772
Commit: 5948
Head: 5948
Language: en-US
Modified: 2012-10-30
Formatted: 2012-10-30
Corporate Headquarters
Flir System, Inc.
27700 SW Parkway Ave.
Wilsonville, OR 97070
USA
Telephone: +1-503-498-3547
Website
http://www.flir.com
Customer support
http://support.flir.com

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