FLIR Systems FLIRT62101 Infrared Camera with WLan interface User Manual UserManual

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User’s manual
Flir T4xx series
User’s manual
Flir T4xx series
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US
iii
Table of contents
Legal disclaimer ................................................................................1
1.1
Legal disclaimer ....................................................................... 1
1.2
U.S. Government Regulations ...................................................... 1
1.3
Copyright ................................................................................ 1
1.4
Quality assurance ..................................................................... 2
1.5
Patents ................................................................................... 2
1.6
EULA Terms............................................................................. 2
Warnings & Cautions..........................................................................4
Notice to user....................................................................................8
3.1
User-to-user forums................................................................... 8
3.2
Calibration............................................................................... 8
3.3
Accuracy................................................................................. 8
3.4
Disposal of electronic waste ........................................................ 8
3.5
Training................................................................................... 8
3.6
Documentation updates.............................................................. 8
3.7
Important note about this manual .................................................. 8
Customer help...................................................................................9
4.1
General .................................................................................. 9
4.2
Submitting a question................................................................. 9
4.3
Downloads .............................................................................. 9
Quick Start Guide ............................................................................ 10
5.1
Procedure ............................................................................. 10
Parts lists ....................................................................................... 11
6.1
Contents of the transport case ................................................... 11
6.2
List of accessories and services ................................................. 11
A note about ergonomics.................................................................. 14
7.1
General ................................................................................ 14
7.2
Figure................................................................................... 14
Camera parts .................................................................................. 15
8.1
Rear view.............................................................................. 15
8.1.1 Figure ........................................................................ 15
8.1.2 Explanation................................................................. 15
8.2
Front view ............................................................................. 16
8.2.1 Figure ........................................................................ 16
8.2.2 Explanation................................................................. 16
8.3
Bottom view ........................................................................... 17
8.3.1 Figure ........................................................................ 17
8.3.2 Explanation................................................................. 17
8.4
Battery condition indicator......................................................... 18
8.4.1 Figure ........................................................................ 18
8.4.2 Explanation................................................................. 18
8.5
Laser pointer.......................................................................... 19
8.5.1 Figure ........................................................................ 19
8.5.2 Laser warning label....................................................... 19
8.5.3 Laser rules and regulations............................................. 19
Screen elements.............................................................................. 20
9.1
Figure................................................................................... 20
9.2
Explanation ........................................................................... 20
10
Navigating the menu system ............................................................. 21
10.1
Figure................................................................................... 21
10.2
Explanation ........................................................................... 21
11
External devices and storage media................................................... 22
11.1
Figure................................................................................... 22
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Table of contents
11.2
Explanation ........................................................................... 22
12
Pairing Bluetooth devices ................................................................. 23
12.1
General ................................................................................ 23
12.2
Procedure ............................................................................. 23
13
Configuring Wi-Fi............................................................................. 24
13.1
General ................................................................................ 24
13.2
Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (most common use) ................ 24
13.3
Connecting the camera to a wireless local area network (less common
use) ..................................................................................... 24
14
Fetching data from external Extech meters ......................................... 25
14.1
General ................................................................................ 25
14.2
Figure................................................................................... 25
14.3
Supported Extech meters ......................................................... 25
14.4
Technical support for Extech meters ............................................ 25
14.5
Procedure ............................................................................. 25
14.6
Typical moisture measurement and documentation
procedure ............................................................................. 26
14.6.1 General...................................................................... 26
14.6.2 Procedure................................................................... 26
15
Handling the camera ........................................................................ 27
15.1
Charging the battery ................................................................ 27
15.1.1 General...................................................................... 27
15.1.2 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge
the battery when it is inside the camera ............................. 27
15.1.3 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge
the battery when it is outside the camera............................ 27
15.1.4 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the
battery ....................................................................... 28
15.2
Inserting the battery ................................................................. 28
15.2.1 Procedure................................................................... 28
15.3
Removing the battery ............................................................... 29
15.3.1 Procedure................................................................... 29
15.4
Turning on and turning off the camera .......................................... 30
15.5
Adjusting the angle of lens ........................................................ 30
15.5.1 Figure ........................................................................ 30
15.5.2 Procedure................................................................... 30
15.6
Mounting an additional lens ....................................................... 30
15.6.1 Procedure................................................................... 30
15.7
Removing an additional infrared lens ........................................... 32
15.7.1 Procedure................................................................... 32
15.8
Attaching the sunshield ............................................................ 34
15.8.1 Procedure................................................................... 34
15.9
Using the laser pointer ............................................................. 35
15.9.1 Figure ........................................................................ 35
15.9.2 Procedure................................................................... 35
15.10 Calibrating the compass ........................................................... 35
15.10.1 Figure ........................................................................ 35
15.10.2 Procedure................................................................... 35
15.11 Calibrating the touchscreen LCD ................................................ 36
15.11.1 Figure ........................................................................ 36
15.11.2 Procedure................................................................... 36
16
Working with images and folders ....................................................... 37
16.1
Adjusting the infrared camera focus............................................. 37
16.1.1 Procedure................................................................... 37
16.2
Previewing an image................................................................ 37
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Table of contents
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10
General ................................................................................ 37
16.3.1 Procedure................................................................... 37
Saving an image ..................................................................... 37
16.4.1 General...................................................................... 37
16.4.2 Formatting memory cards............................................... 37
16.4.3 Image capacity ............................................................ 37
16.4.4 Procedure................................................................... 38
Periodically saving an image...................................................... 38
16.5.1 General...................................................................... 38
16.5.2 Procedure................................................................... 38
Opening an image................................................................... 38
16.6.1 General...................................................................... 38
16.6.2 Procedure................................................................... 38
Adjusting an image manually ..................................................... 38
16.7.1 General...................................................................... 38
16.7.2 Example 1 .................................................................. 39
16.7.3 Example 2 .................................................................. 39
16.7.4 Changing the temperature scale level................................ 39
16.7.5 Changing the temperature scale span ............................... 40
Hiding overlay graphics ............................................................ 40
16.8.1 General...................................................................... 40
16.8.2 Procedure................................................................... 40
Deleting images...................................................................... 40
16.9.1 General...................................................................... 40
16.9.2 Procedure................................................................... 40
Creating an Adobe PDF report ................................................... 40
16.10.1 General...................................................................... 40
16.10.2 Procedure................................................................... 40
17
Working with fusion ......................................................................... 42
17.1
What is picture-in-picture?......................................................... 42
17.2
What is thermal fusion? ............................................................ 42
17.3
Types ................................................................................... 42
17.4
Image examples ..................................................................... 42
17.5
Procedure ............................................................................. 44
18
Working with video .......................................................................... 46
18.1
Recording video clips............................................................... 46
18.1.1 General...................................................................... 46
18.1.2 Procedure................................................................... 46
19
Working with measurement tools and isotherms.................................. 47
19.1
Setting up measurement tools.................................................... 47
19.1.1 General...................................................................... 47
19.1.2 Procedure................................................................... 47
19.2
Setting up a difference calculation............................................... 47
19.2.1 General...................................................................... 47
19.2.2 Procedure................................................................... 47
19.3
Setting up isotherms ................................................................ 47
19.3.1 General...................................................................... 47
19.3.2 Setting up a high-temperature isotherm ............................. 48
19.3.3 Setting up a low-temperature isotherm .............................. 48
19.3.4 Setting up an interval isotherm......................................... 48
19.3.5 Setting up a humidity isotherm......................................... 48
19.3.6 Setting up an insulation isotherm...................................... 49
19.4
Working with presets................................................................ 49
19.4.1 General...................................................................... 49
19.4.2 Procedure................................................................... 49
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Table of contents
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
Removing measurement tools.................................................... 49
19.5.1 Procedure................................................................... 49
Moving measurement tools ....................................................... 50
19.6.1 Procedure................................................................... 50
Resizing areas ....................................................................... 50
19.7.1 Procedure................................................................... 50
Changing object parameters...................................................... 50
19.8.1 General...................................................................... 50
19.8.2 Types of parameters...................................................... 50
19.8.3 Recommended values................................................... 50
19.8.4 Procedure................................................................... 51
20
Annotating images........................................................................... 52
20.1
General ................................................................................ 52
20.2
Adding a digital photo automatically............................................. 52
20.2.1 General...................................................................... 52
20.2.2 Procedure................................................................... 52
20.3
Adding a digital photo manually .................................................. 52
20.3.1 General...................................................................... 52
20.3.2 Procedure................................................................... 52
20.4
Creating a voice annotation ....................................................... 52
20.4.1 General...................................................................... 52
20.4.2 Procedure................................................................... 53
20.5
Creating a text ........................................................................ 53
20.5.1 General...................................................................... 53
20.5.2 Procedure................................................................... 53
20.6
Creating a table ...................................................................... 54
20.6.1 General...................................................................... 54
20.6.2 Definition of field and value ............................................. 54
20.6.3 Procedure................................................................... 55
20.7
Adding a sketch ...................................................................... 56
20.7.1 General...................................................................... 56
20.7.2 Adding a separate sketch ............................................... 56
20.7.3 Adding a sketch to an infrared image ................................ 57
20.7.4 Adding a sketch to a digital photo ..................................... 57
21
Programming the camera ................................................................. 58
21.1
General ................................................................................ 58
21.2
Procedure ............................................................................. 58
22
Changing settings ........................................................................... 59
22.1
Changing camera settings......................................................... 59
22.1.1 General...................................................................... 59
22.1.2 Procedure................................................................... 59
22.2
Changing preferences.............................................................. 59
22.2.1 General...................................................................... 59
22.2.2 Procedure................................................................... 59
22.3
Changing connectivity .............................................................. 59
22.3.1 General...................................................................... 59
22.3.2 Procedure................................................................... 60
22.4
Changing regional settings ........................................................ 60
22.4.1 General...................................................................... 60
22.4.2 Procedure................................................................... 60
23
Cleaning the camera ........................................................................ 61
23.1
Camera housing, cables, and other items ..................................... 61
23.1.1 Liquids....................................................................... 61
23.1.2 Equipment .................................................................. 61
23.1.3 Procedure................................................................... 61
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Table of contents
23.2
Infrared lens........................................................................... 61
23.2.1 Liquids....................................................................... 61
23.2.2 Equipment .................................................................. 61
23.2.3 Procedure................................................................... 61
24
Technical data ................................................................................. 62
25
Pin configurations ........................................................................... 63
25.1
Pin configuration for USB Mini-B connector ................................... 63
25.2
Pin configuration for video connector ........................................... 63
25.3
Pin configuration for USB-A connector ......................................... 64
25.4
Pin configuration for power connector .......................................... 64
26
Dimensions..................................................................................... 65
26.1
Camera ................................................................................ 65
26.1.1 Camera dimensions ...................................................... 65
26.1.2 Camera dimensions, continued........................................ 65
26.1.3 Camera dimensions, continued........................................ 66
26.1.4 Camera dimensions, continued (with 30 mm/15°
lens).......................................................................... 66
26.1.5 Camera dimensions, continued (with 10 mm/45°
lens).......................................................................... 66
26.2
Battery ................................................................................. 67
26.2.1 Figure ........................................................................ 67
26.3
Stand-alone battery charger ...................................................... 68
26.3.1 Figure ........................................................................ 68
26.4
Stand-alone battery charger with the battery.................................. 69
26.4.1 Figure ........................................................................ 69
26.5
Infrared lens (30 mm/15°).......................................................... 69
26.5.1 Figure ........................................................................ 69
26.6
Infrared lens (10 mm/45°).......................................................... 70
26.6.1 Figure ........................................................................ 70
27
Application examples....................................................................... 71
27.1
Moisture & water damage ......................................................... 71
27.1.1 General...................................................................... 71
27.1.2 Figure ........................................................................ 71
27.2
Faulty contact in socket ............................................................ 71
27.2.1 General...................................................................... 71
27.2.2 Figure ........................................................................ 71
27.3
Oxidized socket ...................................................................... 72
27.3.1 General...................................................................... 72
27.3.2 Figure ........................................................................ 72
27.4
Insulation deficiencies .............................................................. 73
27.4.1 General...................................................................... 73
27.4.2 Figure ........................................................................ 73
27.5
Draft .................................................................................... 74
27.5.1 General...................................................................... 74
27.5.2 Figure ........................................................................ 74
28
About Flir Systems........................................................................... 75
28.1
More than just an infrared camera ............................................... 76
28.2
Sharing our knowledge............................................................. 76
28.3
Supporting our customers ......................................................... 76
28.4
A few images from our facilities .................................................. 77
29
Glossary......................................................................................... 78
30
Thermographic measurement techniques........................................... 81
30.1
Introduction ........................................................................... 81
30.2
Emissivity.............................................................................. 81
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30.3
30.4
30.5
30.6
30.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample .................................... 81
Reflected apparent temperature ................................................. 84
Distance ............................................................................... 84
Relative humidity. .................................................................... 84
Other parameters.................................................................... 84
31
History of infrared technology ........................................................... 86
32
Theory of thermography ................................................................... 89
32.1
Introduction ........................................................................... 89
32.2
The electromagnetic spectrum ................................................... 89
32.3
Blackbody radiation ................................................................. 89
32.3.1 Planck’s law ................................................................ 90
32.3.2 Wien’s displacement law ................................................ 91
32.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law.................................................. 92
32.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters ................................................. 93
32.4
Infrared semi-transparent materials ............................................. 95
33
The measurement formula ................................................................ 96
34
Emissivity tables ........................................................................... 100
34.1
References...........................................................................100
34.2
Tables .................................................................................100
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1
Legal disclaimer
1.1 Legal disclaimer
All products manufactured by Flir Systems are warranted against defective materials and
workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the delivery date of the original purchase,
provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with Flir Systems instruction.
Uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by Flir Systems are warranted
against defective materials and workmanship for a period of two (2) years from the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with Flir Systems instruction, and provided that
the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase.
Detectors for uncooled handheld infrared cameras manufactured by Flir Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of ten (10) years from
the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with Flir Systems instruction, and provided that the camera has been registered within 60 days of original purchase.
Products which are not manufactured by Flir Systems but included in systems delivered
by Flir Systems to the original purchaser, carry the warranty, if any, of the particular supplier only. Flir Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.
The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable. It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse, neglect, accident or abnormal
conditions of operation. Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty.
In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage. The purchaser shall promptly report any
defect to Flir Systems or this warranty will not apply.
Flir Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge
if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that
it is returned to Flir Systems within the said one-year period.
Flir Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above.
No other warranty is expressed or implied. Flir Systems specifically disclaims the implied
warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
Flir Systems shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential
loss or damage, whether based on contract, tort or any other legal theory.
This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law.
Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this warranty, shall
be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of
the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce. The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm. The
language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English.
1.2 U.S. Government Regulations
The products described in the user documentation may require government authorization
for export/re-export, or transfer. Contact Flir Systems for details.
1.3 Copyright
© 2012, Flir Systems. All rights reserved worldwide. No parts of the software including
source code may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed or translated into any language
or computer language in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, optical, manual
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Flir Systems.
This documentation must not, in whole or part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced,
translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior
consent, in writing, from Flir Systems.
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US
1
Legal disclaimer
Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or
trademarks of Flir Systems and/or its subsidiaries. All other trademarks, trade names or
company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of
their respective owners.
1.4 Quality assurance
The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard.
Flir Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development; therefore we reserve
the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this
manual without prior notice.
1.5 Patents
One or several of the following patents or design patents apply to the products and/or features described in this manual:
0002258-2; 000279476-0001; 000439161; 000499579-0001; 000653423; 000726344;
000859020; 001106306-0001; 001707738; 001707746; 001707787; 001776519;
0101577-5; 0102150-0; 1144833; 1182246; 1182620; 1285345; 1299699; 1325808;
1336775; 1391114; 1402918; 1404291; 1411581; 1415075; 1421497; 1678485;
1732314; 2106017; 3006596; 3006597; 466540; 483782; 484155; 4889913;
60122153.2; 602004011681.5-08; 6707044; 68657; 7034300; 7110035; 7154093;
7157705; 7237946; 7312822; 7332716; 7336823; 7544944; 75530; 7667198; 7809258;
7826736; 8,018,649 B2; 8,153,971; 8212210 B2; D540838; D549758; D579475;
D584755; D599,392; DI6702302-9; DI6803572-1; DI6903617-9; DI7002221-6;
DI7005799-0; DM/057692; DM/061609; ZL01823221.3; ZL01823226.4; ZL02331553.9;
ZL02331554.7; ZL200480034894.0; ZL200530120994.2; ZL200610088759.5;
ZL200630130114.4; ZL200730151141.4; ZL200730339504.7; ZL200820105768.8;
ZL200830128581.2; ZL200880105769.2; ZL200930190061.9; ZL201030176127.1;
ZL201030176130.3; ZL201030176157.2; ZL201030595931.3
1.6 EULA Terms
• You have acquired a device (“INFRARED CAMERA”) that includes software licensed
by Flir Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing, GP or its affiliates (“MS”). Those installed
software products of MS origin, as well as associated media, printed materials, and
“online” or electronic documentation (“SOFTWARE”) are protected by international intellectual property laws and treaties. The SOFTWARE is licensed, not sold. All rights
reserved.
• IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT (“EULA”), DO
NOT USE THE DEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE. INSTEAD, PROMPTLY CONTACT Flir Systems AB FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DEVICE(S) FOR A REFUND. ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE, WILL CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT TO
THIS EULA (OR RATIFICATION OF ANY PREVIOUS CONSENT).
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US
1
Legal disclaimer
• GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE. This EULA grants you the following license:
• You may use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE.
• NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT. Flir Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE
IN THE DEVICE, AND MS HAS RELIED UPON Flir Systems AB TO CONDUCT
SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE
FOR SUCH USE.
• NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE is provided “AS IS”
and with all faults. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SATISFACTORY QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, ACCURACY, AND EFFORT (INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE)
IS WITH YOU. ALSO, THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE
WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.
IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES REGARDING THE DEVICE OR
THE SOFTWARE, THOSE WARRANTIES DO NOT ORIGINATE FROM, AND
ARE NOT BINDING ON, MS.
• No Liability for Certain Damages. EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW, MS SHALL
HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE. THIS LIMITATION SHALL APPLY EVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE. IN NO
EVENT SHALL MS BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF U.S. TWO
HUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS (U.S.$250.00).
• Limitations on Reverse Engineering, Decompilation, and Disassembly. You
may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the SOFTWARE, except
and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable law
notwithstanding this limitation.
• SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED BUT WITH RESTRICTIONS. You may permanently transfer rights under this EULA only as part of a permanent sale or transfer of the Device, and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA. If the SOFTWARE
is an upgrade, any transfer must also include all prior versions of the SOFTWARE.
• EXPORT RESTRICTIONS. You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is subject to U.S.
export jurisdiction. You agree to comply with all applicable international and national laws that apply to the SOFTWARE, including the U.S. Export Administration
Regulations, as well as end-user, end-use and destination restrictions issued by
U.S. and other governments. For additional information see http://www.microsoft.
com/exporting/.
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US
2
Warnings & Cautions
WARNING
• (Applies only to Class A digital devices.) This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause interference to radio communications. It has been tested
and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart
J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection
against such interference when operated in a commercial environment. Operation of
this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the
user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required
to correct the interference.
• (Applies only to Class B digital devices.) This equipment has been tested and found to
comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC
Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate
radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no
guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment
does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the
interference by one or more of the following measures:
• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
• (Applies only to digital devices subject to 15.19/RSS-210.) NOTICE: This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules and with RSS-210 of Industry Canada. Operation
is subject to the following two conditions:
1. this device may not cause harmful interference, and
2. this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may
cause undesired operation.
• (Applies only to digital devices subject to 15.21.) NOTICE: Changes or modifications
made to this equipment not expressly approved by (manufacturer name) may void the
FCC authorization to operate this equipment.
• (Applies only to digital devices subject to 2.1091/2.1093/OET Bulletin 65.) Radiofrequency radiation exposure Information: The radiated output power of the device is
far below the FCC radio frequency exposure limits. Nevertheless, the device shall be
used in such a manner that the potential for human contact during normal operation is
minimized.
• (Applies only to cameras featuring Wi-Fi.) Radiofrequency radiation exposure Information: For body worn operation, this camera has been tested and meets the FCC
RF exposure guidelines when used with the Flir Systems accessories supplied or designated for this product. Use of other accessories may not ensure compliance with
FCC RF exposure guidelines.
• (Applies only to cameras with laser pointer:) Do not look directly into the laser beam.
The laser beam can cause eye irritation.
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2
Warnings & Cautions
• Applies only to cameras with battery:
• Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery. The battery contains safety
and protection devices which, if they become damaged, can cause the battery to
become hot, or cause an explosion or an ignition.
• If there is a leak from the battery and the fluid gets into your eyes, do not rub your
eyes. Flush well with water and immediately get medical care. The battery fluid
can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this.
• Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the specified charging time. If you continue to charge the battery, it can become hot and
cause an explosion or ignition.
• Only use the correct equipment to discharge the battery. If you do not use the correct equipment, you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery.
If you do not use the correct equipment, an incorrect flow of current to the battery
can occur. This can cause the battery to become hot, or cause an explosion and
injury to persons.
• Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warning labels on containers before you use a liquid: the liquids can be dangerous.
• If mounting the A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera on a pole, tower or any elevated location,
use industry standard safe practices to avoid injuries.
CAUTION
• Do not point the infrared camera (with or without the lens cover) at intensive energy
sources, for example devices that emit laser radiation, or the sun. This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera. It can also cause damage to the detector
in the camera.
• Do not use the camera in a temperature higher than +50°C (+122°F), unless specified
otherwise in the user documentation. High temperatures can cause damage to the
camera.
• (Applies only to cameras with laser pointer:) Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you do not operate the laser pointer.
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Warnings & Cautions
• Applies only to cameras with battery:
• Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a specific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by
Flir Systems.
• Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to
each other with a metal object (such as wire).
• Do not get water or salt water on the battery, or permit the battery to get wet.
• Do not make holes in the battery with objects. Do not hit the battery with a hammer. Do not step on the battery, or apply strong impacts or shocks to it.
• Do not put the batteries in or near a fire, or into direct sunlight. When the battery
becomes hot, the built-in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the
battery charging process. If the battery becomes hot, damage can occur to the
safety equipment and this can cause more heat, damage or ignition of the battery.
• Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with
heat.
• Do not put the battery on or near fires, stoves, or other high-temperature locations.
• Do not solder directly onto the battery.
• Do not use the battery if, when you use, charge, or store the battery, there is an unusual smell from the battery, the battery feels hot, changes color, changes shape,
or is in an unusual condition. Contact your sales office if one or more of these
problems occurs.
• Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery.
• The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is ±0°C to +45°
C (+32°F to +113°F), unless specified otherwise in the user documentation. If you
charge the battery at temperatures out of this range, it can cause the battery to become hot or to break. It can also decrease the performance or the life cycle of the
battery.
• The temperature range through which you can discharge the battery is −15°C to
+50°C (+5°F to +122°F), unless specified otherwise in the user documentation.
Use of the battery out of this temperature range can decrease the performance or
the life cycle of the battery.
• When the battery is worn, apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape or
similar materials before you discard it.
• Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it.
• Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. This
can cause damage.
• Be careful when you clean the infrared lens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective
coating.
• Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective
coating.
• In furnace and other high-temperature applications, you must mount a heatshield on
the camera. Using the camera in furnace and other high-temperature applications without a heatshield can cause damage to the camera.
• (Applies only to cameras with an automatic shutter that can be disabled.) Do not disable the automatic shutter in the camera for a prolonged time period (typically max. 30
minutes). Disabling the shutter for a longer time period may harm, or irreparably damage, the detector.
• The encapsulation rating is valid only when all openings on the camera are sealed with
their designated covers, hatches, or caps. This includes, but is not limited to, compartments for data storage, batteries, and connectors.
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Warnings & Cautions
• (Applies only to Flir A3xx f/A3xx pt series cameras.)
• Except as described in this manual, do not open the Flir A3xx pt/A3xx f series
camera for any reason. Disassembly of the camera (including removal of the cover) can cause permanent damage and will void the warranty.
• Do not to leave fingerprints on the Flir A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera’s infrared
optics.
• The Flir A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera requires a power supply of 24 VDC. Operating the camera outside of the specified input voltage range or the specified operating temperature range can cause permanent damage.
• When lifting the Flir A3xx pt series camera use the camera body and base, not the
tubes.
• (Applies only to Flir GF309 cameras.) CAUTION: The exceptionally wide temperature
range of the Flir GF309 infrared camera is designed for performing highly accurate
electrical and mechanical inspections and can also “see through flames” for inspecting
gas-fired furnaces, chemical heaters and coal-fired boilers. IN ORDER TO DERIVE
ACCURATE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN THESE ENVIRONMENTS THE
GF309 OPERATOR MUST HAVE A STRONG UNDERSTANDING OF RADIOMETRIC
FUNDAMENTALS AS WELL AS THE PRODUCTS AND CONDITIONS OF COMBUSTION THAT IMPACT REMOTE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT. The Infrared Training Center (itc) offers a wide range of world class infrared training for thermography
professionals including GF309 operators. For more information about obtaining the
training and certification you require, contact your Flir sales representative or itc at
www.infraredtraining.com.
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Notice to user
3.1 User-to-user forums
Exchange ideas, problems, and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the
world in our user-to-user forums. To go to the forums, visit:
http://www.infraredtraining.com/community/boards/
3.2 Calibration
We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year. Contact your local sales office for instructions on where to send the camera.
3.3 Accuracy
For very accurate results, we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have started
the camera before measuring a temperature.
3.4 Disposal of electronic waste
As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environmentally friendly way, and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste.
Please contact your Flir Systems representative for more details.
3.5 Training
To read about infrared training, visit:
• http://www.infraredtraining.com
• http://www.irtraining.com
• http://www.irtraining.eu
3.6 Documentation updates
Our manuals are updated several times per year, and we also issue product-critical notifications of changes on a regular basis.
To access the latest manuals and notifications, go to the Download tab at:
http://support.flir.com
It only takes a few minutes to register online. In the download area you will also find the
latest releases of manuals for our other products, as well as manuals for our historical
and obsolete products.
3.7 Important note about this manual
Flir Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line.
This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply
to your particular camera model.
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Customer help
4.1 General
For customer help, visit:
http://support.flir.com
4.2 Submitting a question
To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only
takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledgebase for
existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.
When you want to submit a question, make sure that you have the following information to
hand:
• The camera model
• The camera serial number
• The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for example, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire)
• Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.)
• Version of any programs from Flir Systems
• Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual
4.3 Downloads
On the customer help site you can also download the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Firmware updates for your infrared camera.
Program updates for your PC/Mac software.
Freeware and evaluation versions of PC/Mac software.
User documentation for current, obsolete, and historical products.
Mechanical drawings (in *.dxf and *.pdf format).
Cad data models (in *.stp format).
Application stories.
Technical datasheets.
Product catalogs.
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5
Quick Start Guide
5.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Charge the battery for four hours.
Insert the battery into the camera.
Insert an SD Memory Card into the card slot at the bottom of the camera.
Push the On/Off button to turn on the camera. Allow 45 seconds for the startup
sequence.
Aim the camera toward your target of interest.
Push the Preview/Save button halfway down to autofocus the camera.
Push the Preview/Save button fully down to save an image.
Do one of the following:
• Remove the SD Memory Card and insert it into a card reader connected to a
computer.
• Connect a computer to the camera using a USB Mini-B cable.
9. Move the image from the card or camera using a drag-and-drop operation.
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6
Parts lists
6.1 Contents of the transport case
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Infrared camera with lens
Battery (2 ea.)
Battery charger
Bluetooth headset*
Calibration certificate
Camera lens cap
Downloads brochure
Flir ResearchIR scratchcard*
Flir Tools download card
Flir apps card
Getting started guide
Hard transport case
Important information guide
Memory card
Neckstrap
Optics brochure
Power supply, incl. multi-plugs
Service & training brochure
Sunshield
Thank you card
USB cable
User documentation CD-ROM
Video cable
Warranty extension card
* The inclusion of this item is dependent on model.
Note
Flir Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to
change specifications at any time without prior notice.
6.2 List of accessories and services
Part No
Product name
1123970
Sun shield
1124544
Neck strap
1196398
Battery
1196895
Hard transport case for Flir T/B2xx-4xx
1196960
IR lens, f = 10 mm, 45° incl. case
1196961
IR lens, f = 30 mm, 15° incl. case
1910423
USB cable Std A <-> Mini-B
1910475
Adapter, SD memory card to USB
1910490
Cigarette lighter adapter kit, 12 VDC, 1.2 m/3.9 ft.
1910582
Video cable
19250-100
IR Window 2 in
19251-100
IR Window 3 in.
19252-100
IR Window 4 in.
APP-10002
Flir Tools Mobile (Android Application)
APP-10003
Flir Tools Mobile (iPad/iPhone Application)
DSW-10000
Flir IR Camera Player
ITC-ADV-3021
ITC Advanced General Thermography Course - attendance, 1 pers.
ITC-ADV-3029
ITC Advanced General Thermography Course- group of 10 pers.
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Parts lists
Part No
Product name
ITC-CER-5101
ITC Level 1 Thermography Course - attendance, 1 pers.
ITC-CER-5105
ITC Level 1 Thermography Course - additional student to on site class, 1 pers
ITC-CER-5109
ITC Level 1 Thermography Course – group of 10 pers.
ITC-CER-5201
ITC Level 2 Thermography Course - attendance, 1 pers.
ITC-CER-5205
ITC Level 2 Thermography Course - additional student to on site class, 1 pers
ITC-CER-5209
ITC Level 2 Thermography Course – group of 10 pers.
ITC-CER-6101
EN473 IT Certification course Category 1, excl. Certification, 1 pers.
ITC-CER-6109
EN473 IT Certification course Category 1, excl. Certification, group up to 10 pers.
ITC-CON-1001
ITC conference fee
ITC-EXP-0511
ITC Getting Started with Thermography - attendance, 1 pers.
ITC-EXP-0521
ITC Getting Started with Thermography (evening or weekend) - attendance, 1
pers.
ITC-EXP-1001
ITC Training 1 day - attendance 1 pers.
ITC-EXP-1009
ITC Training 1 day - group up to 10 pers.
ITC-EXP-1011
ITC Short course Introduction to thermography -attendance 1 pers. (1 day)
ITC-EXP-1019
ITC Short course Introduction to thermography - inclusive 10 pers. (1 day)
ITC-EXP-1021
ITC In-house training - additional attendance 1 pers. (per day)
ITC-EXP-1029
ITC In-house training - group up to 10 pers. (per day)
ITC-EXP-2001
ITC Training 2 days - attendance 1 pers.
ITC-EXP-2009
ITC Training 2 days - group up to 10 pers.
ITC-EXP-2041
ITC Short course electrical thermography - attendance 1 pers. (2 days)
ITC-EXP-2049
ITC Short course electrical thermography - inclusive 10 pers. (2 days)
ITC-EXP-3001
ITC Training 3 days - attendance 1 pers.
ITC-EXP-3009
ITC Training 3 days - group up to 10 pers.
ITC-FEE-0120
Certification EN473 IT Category 1
ITC-FEE-0130
Repeat Certification EN473 IT Category 1
ITC-PRA-2011
ITC Practical Course - Solar panel inspection - attendance, 1 pers (2 days)
ITC-PRA-2019
ITC Practical Course - Solar panel inspection - group up to 10 pers (2 days)
ITC-SOW-0001
ITC Software course - attendance 1 pers. (per day)
ITC-SOW-0009
ITC Software course - group up to 10 pers. (per day)
ITC-SOW-1001
ITC Training Flir Software - attendance 1 pers. (1 day)
ITC-SOW-2001
ITC Training Flir Software - attendance 1 pers. (2 days)
ITC-TFT-0100
ITC travel time for instructor
ITC-TOL-1001
Travel and lodging expenses instructor (Europe, Balcans, Turkey, Cyprus)
ITC-TOL-1002
Travel and lodging expenses instructor (Russia/GUS, Middle East, North Africa)
ITC-TOL-1003
Travel and lodging expenses instructor (Center and South Africa)
ITC-TOL-1004
Travel and lodging expenses instructor (various)
ITC-TOL-1005
Travel and lodging expenses instructor (other)
T127451
Flir Reporter Professional (license only)
T127597
Flir ResearchIR 3 (license only)
T127597L10
Flir ResearchIR 3 (license only), 10 user licenses
T127597L5
Flir ResearchIR 3 (license only), 5 user licenses
T127598
Flir ResearchIR 3 Max (license only)
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Parts lists
Part No
Product name
T127598L10
Flir ResearchIR 3 Max (license only), 10 user licenses
T127598L5
Flir ResearchIR 3 Max (license only), 5 user licenses
T127648
Flir Tools+ (license only)
T197000
High temp. option +1200°C/+2192°F for Flir T/B2xx to T/B4xx and A3xx, A3xxf,
A3xxpt, A3xxsc series
T197214
Close-up 2× (50 µm) incl. case
T197215
Close-up 4× (100 µm) incl. case
T197408
IR lens, 76 mm (6°) with case and mounting support for T/B-200/400
T197412
IR lens, 4 mm (90°) with case and mounting support for T/B2xx-4xx
T197650
2-bay battery charger, incl. power supply with multi plugs
T197667
Battery package
T197717
Flir Reporter Professional (DVD)
T197771
Bluetooth Headset
T197965
Flir Tools
T198206
Flir ResearchIR 3 (CD)
T198209
Flir ResearchIR 3 Max (CD)
T198290
Upgrade Flir ResearchIR 3 to Flir ResearchIR 3 Max
T198291
Upgrade previous version to Flir ResearchIR 3 Max
T198292
Upgrade previous version to Flir ResearchIR 3
T199802
Calibration including General maintenance T2xx-T4xx series
T199815
One year extended warranty for T2xx-4xx series
T910737
Memory card micro-SD with adapters
T910750
Power supply, incl. multi plugs
T910972
EX845: Clamp meter + IR therm TRMS 1000A AC/DC
T910973
MO297: Moisture meter, pinless with memory
T911048
Pouch for Flir T6xx and T4xx series
T911093
Tool belt
Note
Flir Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to
change specifications at any time without prior notice.
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7
A note about ergonomics
7.1 General
To prevent strain injuries, it is important that you hold the camera ergonomically correct.
This section gives advice and examples on how to hold the camera.
Note
Please note the following:
•
•
Always adjust the angle of the lens to suit your work position.
When you hold the camera, make sure that you support the camera housing with your left hand too.
This decreases the strain on your right hand.
7.2 Figure
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8
Camera parts
8.1 Rear view
8.1.1 Figure
8.1.2 Explanation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Touch screen LCD.
Antenna for wireless communication.
Digital zoom button.
Programmable button.
Joystick: Move up/down or left/right to navigate on menus, in dialog boxes, and in the
image archive. Push to confirm choices.
6. Menu/Back button: Push to display the menu on the screen, and to go back in dialog
boxes.
7. Mode button: Push to display the mode selector and select a camera mode. The
modes that can be selected are:
• Thermal camera: Using this mode, the camera captures infrared images.
• Digital camera: Using this mode, the camera captures visual images.
• Thermal fusion: Using this mode, the camera captures an image where some
parts are displayed as an infrared image and some parts as a visual image, depending on the temperature.
• Picture in Picture: Using this mode, the camera captures an image where the middle part is displayed as an infrared image and the outer frame as a visual image.
• MSX (Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging): Using this mode, the camera captures infrared images where the edges of the objects are enhanced.
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8
Camera parts
8. A/M button: This button has two main functions:
1. Push to switch between automatic and manual adjustment modes. The manual
adjustment modes that can be selected are the following:
• Manual: Using this mode, the top and bottom temperature levels in the scale
can be changed simultaneously, by pushing the joystick up/down. The temperature span can be changed by pushing the joystick left/right.
• Manual min.: Using this mode, the bottom temperature level in the scale can
be changed by pushing the joystick up/down, while the top temperature level
remains fixed.
• Manual max.: Using this mode, the top temperature level in the scale can be
changed by pushing the joystick up/down, while the bottom temperature level
remains fixed.
2. Push and hold the button until you hear a clicking sound to autoadjust the image.
9. Archive button: Push to open/close the image gallery.
10. On/Off button: Push to turn on/turn off the camera. Allow 45 seconds for the startup
sequence.
11. Hand strap.
8.2 Front view
8.2.1 Figure
8.2.2 Explanation
1. Laser pointer button: Push to activate the laser pointer.
2. This button has two main functions:
1. Preview/Save: Push the button fully down to save an infrared image and a digital
photo simultaneously.
Note
The behavior of this button can be changed under Settings to one of the following:
•
•
•
Preview/Save.
Save directly (default).
Always preview.
2. Autofocus: Push the button halfway down to autofocus the camera.
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8
Camera parts
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Focus button: Move left/right to manually focus the camera.
Attachment point for the neck strap.
Video lamp.
Digital camera lens.
Release button for additional infrared lenses.
Laser pointer.
Infrared lens.
Note
The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.
8.3 Bottom view
8.3.1 Figure
8.3.2 Explanation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tripod mount 1/4"-20
Release button for the cover to the connector bay
Cover for the connector bay
Release button for the battery compartment cover
Cover for the battery compartment
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Camera parts
8.4 Battery condition indicator
8.4.1 Figure
8.4.2 Explanation
Type of signal
Explanation
The green light flashes.
The power supply or the stand-alone battery
charger is charging the battery.
The green light is continuous.
The battery is fully charged.
The green light is off.
The camera is using the battery (instead of the
power supply).
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8
Camera parts
8.5 Laser pointer
8.5.1 Figure
Figure 8.1 This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center of
the infrared lens.
WARNING
Do not look directly into the laser beam. The laser beam can cause eye irritation.
CAUTION
Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you are not using the laser pointer.
Note
The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.
Note
The symbol
is displayed on the screen when the laser pointer is on.
8.5.2 Laser warning label
A laser warning label with the following information is attached to the camera:
8.5.3 Laser rules and regulations
Wavelength: 635 nm. Maximum output power: 1 mW.
This product complies with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11 except for deviations pursuant
to Laser Notice No. 50, dated June 24, 2007.
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9
Screen elements
9.1 Figure
9.2 Explanation
1. Back toolbar button.
2. Mode toolbar button.
3. Presets toolbar button.
4. Tools toolbar button.
5. Palette toolbar button.
6. Parameters toolbar button.
7. Result table.
8. Measurement box.
9. Measurement spotmeter.
10. Various status and mode icons, e.g., Bluetooth, battery, USB, and compass.
11. Measurement circle.
12. Temperature scale.
13. Measurement line.
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10
Navigating the menu system
10.1 Figure
10.2 Explanation
The figure above shows the two ways to navigate the menu system in the camera:
• Using the index finger or a stylus pen to navigate the menu system (left).
• Using the joystick to navigate the menu system (right).
You can also use a combination of the two.
In this manual it is assumed that the joystick is used, but most tasks can also be carried
out using the index finger or a stylus pen.
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11
External devices and storage
media
11.1 Figure
11.2 Explanation
1. To connect an external USB device to the camera, use a USB-A cable and this
socket.
2. Indicator showing that the memory card is busy.
Note
•
•
Do not eject the SD memory card when this LED is flashing.
Do not connect the camera to a computer when this LED is flashing.
3. To connect a computer to the camera to move images and files to and from the camera, use a USB Mini-B cable and this socket.
4. To insert an SD memory card, use this card slot.
5. To connect a video monitor to the camera, use a CVBS (composite video) cable and
this socket.
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12
Pairing Bluetooth devices
12.1 General
Before you can use a Bluetooth device with the camera, you need to pair the devices.
12.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Turn on the camera.
2. Push the Menu/Back button.
3. On the main menu, go to the Mode button
and push the joystick.
4. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
5. On the Connectivity tab, go to Bluetooth and push the joystick to enable Bluetooth
connectivity.
6. On the same tab, go to Add device and push the joystick to begin scanning for
devices.
At this stage you need to refer to the user documentation for your Bluetooth device.
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13
Configuring Wi-Fi
13.1 General
Depending on your camera configuration, you can connect the camera to a wireless local
area network (WLAN) using Wi-Fi, or let the camera provide Wi-Fi access to another
device.
You can connect the camera in two different ways:
• Most common use: Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (also called ad hoc or P2P
connection). This method is primarily used with other devices, e.g., an iPhone or iPad.
• Less common use: Connecting the camera to a WLAN.
13.2 Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (most common use)
Follow this procedure:
1. On the main menu, go to the Mode button
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
and push the joystick.
On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
Go to theConnectivity tab.
Under Wi-Fi, select Connect device.
Select Wi-Fi settings.
Enter values for the following parameters:
•
•
•
•
•
•
SSID (the name of the network).
Channel (the channel that the other device is broadcasting on).
Encryption (the encryption algorithm, e.g., None or WEP).
Key (the access key to the network).
Address (the IP address for the network).
Gateway (the gateway IP address for the network).
Note
These parameters are set for your camera's network. They will be used by the external device to
connect that device to the network.
7.
13.3 Connecting the camera to a wireless local area network (less common use)
Follow this procedure:
1. On the main menu, go to the Mode button
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
and push the joystick.
On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
Go to theConnectivity tab.
Under Wi-Fi, select Connect to WLAN.
Select Wi-Fi settings.
Select one of the available networks.
Password-protected networks are indicated with a padlock icon, and for these you will
need to enter an access key.
7.
Note
Some networks do not broadcast their existence. To connect to such a network, select Add manually
and set all parameters manually according to that network.
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14
Fetching data from external
Extech meters
14.1 General
You can fetch data from an external Extech meter and merge this data into the result table
in the infrared image.
14.2 Figure
14.3 Supported Extech meters
• Extech Moisture Meter MO297
• Extech Clamp Meter EX845
14.4 Technical support for Extech meters
support@extech.com
This support is for Extech meters only. For technical support for infrared cameras, go to
http://support.flir.com.
For more information about products from Extech Instruments, go to http://www.extech.
com/instruments/.
14.5 Procedure
Note
This procedure assumes that you have paired the Bluetooth devices and set the functionality of the Save
button to Preview/Save.
Follow this procedure:
1. Turn on the camera.
2. Turn on the Extech meter.
3. On the meter, enable Bluetooth mode. Refer to the user documentation for the meter
for information on how to do this.
4. On the meter, choose the quantity that you want to use (voltage, current, resistance,
etc.). Refer to the user documentation for the meter for information on how to do this.
Results from the meter will now automatically be displayed in the result table in the
top left corner of the infrared camera screen.
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14
Fetching data from external Extech meters
5. Do one of the following:
• To preview an image, push the Preview/Save button. At this stage, you can add
additional values. To do so, take a new measurement with the meter and select
Add on the infrared camera screen.
• To save an image without previewing, push and hold down the Preview/Save
button.
• (Dependent on camera model) To add a value to a recalled image, turn on the meter after you have recalled the image, then select Add on the infrared camera
screen. A maximum of eight values can be added, but note that some values are
broken into two lines.
6. Click Close or Save (depending on camera model).
14.6 Typical moisture measurement and documentation procedure
14.6.1 General
The following procedure can form the basis for other procedures using Extech meters
and infrared cameras.
14.6.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Use the infrared camera to identify any potential damp areas behind walls and
ceilings.
2. Use the moisture meter to measure the moisture levels at various suspect locations
that may have been found.
3. When a spot of particular interest is located, store the moisture reading in the moisture
meter’s memory and identify the measurement spot with a handprint or other thermal
identifying marker.
4. Recall the reading from the meter memory. The moisture meter will now continuously
transmit this reading to the infrared camera.
5. Use the camera to take a thermal image of the area with the identifying marker. The
stored data from the moisture meter will also be saved on the image.
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15.1 Charging the battery
Note
You must charge the battery for four hours before you start using the camera for the first time.
15.1.1 General
You must charge the battery when a low battery voltage warning is displayed on the
screen.
Follow one of these procedures to charge the battery:
• Use the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is inside the camera.
• Use the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is
outside the camera.
• Use the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery
15.1.2 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the
battery when it is inside the camera
Note
For brevity, the ‘combined power supply and battery charger’ is called the ‘power supply’ below.
15.1.2.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Open the battery compartment lid.
Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the battery.
Connect the power supply mains-electricity plug to a mains socket.
Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery condition
indicator is continuous.
See also:
For information about the battery condition indicator, see 8.4 Battery condition indicator,
page 18.
15.1.3 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the
battery when it is outside the camera
Note
For brevity, the ‘combined power supply and battery charger’ is called the ‘power supply’ below.
15.1.3.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Put the battery on a flat surface.
Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the battery.
Connect the power supply mains-electricity plug to a mains socket.
Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery condition
indicator is continuous.
See also:
For information about the battery condition indicator, see 8.4 Battery condition indicator,
page 18.
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15.1.4 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery
15.1.4.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Put the battery in the stand-alone battery charger.
2. Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the stand-alone battery
charger.
3. Connect the power supply mains-electricity plug to a mains socket.
4. Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery condition
indicator is continuous.
See also:
For information about the battery condition indicator, see 8.4 Battery condition indicator,
page 18.
15.2 Inserting the battery
Note
Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you insert it.
15.2.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it.
2. Open the cover to the battery compartment.
3. Push the battery into the battery compartment until the battery locking mechanism
engages.
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4. Close the cover to the battery compartment.
15.3 Removing the battery
15.3.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it.
2. Open the cover to the battery compartment.
3. Push the red release button in the direction of the arrow to unlock the battery.
4. Pull out the battery from the battery compartment.
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15.4 Turning on and turning off the camera
• To turn on the camera, push and release the On/Off button.
• To turn off the camera, push and release the On/Off button.
15.5 Adjusting the angle of lens
15.5.1 Figure
15.5.2 Procedure
To adjust the angle, tilt the lens up or down.
15.6 Mounting an additional lens
Note
Do not touch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens according
to the instructions in 23.2 Infrared lens, page 61
15.6.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the lens release button to unlock the lens cap.
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2. Rotate the lens cap 30° counter-clockwise (looking at the front of the lens).
3. Carefully pull out the lens cap from the bayonet ring.
4. Correctly position the lens in front of the bayonet ring.
5. Carefully push the lens into position.
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6. Rotate the lens 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens).
15.7 Removing an additional infrared lens
Note
Do not touch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens according
to the instructions in 23.2 Infrared lens, page 61
When you have removed the lens, put the lens caps on the lens immediately, to protect it from dust and
fingerprints.
15.7.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the lens release button to unlock the lens.
2. Rotate the lens counter-clockwise 30° (looking at the front of the lens).
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3. Carefully pull out the lens from the bayonet ring.
4. Correctly position the lens cap in front of the bayonet ring.
5. Carefully push the lens cap into position.
6. Rotate the lens cap 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens).
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15.8 Attaching the sunshield
15.8.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Align the two front tabs of the sunshield with the corresponding two notches at the top
of the screen.
2. Push the front part of the sunshield into position. Make sure that the two tabs mate
with the corresponding notches.
3. Carefully hold together the two rear wings of the sunshield.
4. Push the rear part of the sunshield toward the screen, and then release your grip.
Make sure that the two tabs mate with the corresponding notches.
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15.9 Using the laser pointer
15.9.1 Figure
15.9.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. To turn on the laser pointer, push and hold the laser pointer button.
2. To turn off the laser pointer, release the laser pointer button.
Note
The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.
Note
The symbol
is displayed on the screen when the laser pointer is on.
15.10 Calibrating the compass
15.10.1 Figure
15.10.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button
and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
4. Go to the Camera tab.
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5. On the Camera tab, select Calibrate compass and push the joystick.
6. Click Start.
7. Calibrate the compass by rotating the camera vertically one revolution and horistontally one revolution.
15.11 Calibrating the touchscreen LCD
15.11.1 Figure
15.11.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
and push the joystick.
On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
Go to the Camera tab.
On the Camera tab, select Calibrate touchscreen and push the joystick.
Click Start.
Calibrate the touchscreen by tapping the five crosshairs that appear on the screen using a pencil.
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Working with images and folders
16.1 Adjusting the infrared camera focus
16.1.1 Procedure
To adjust the infrared camera focus, do one of the following:
• Push the focus button left for far focus.
• Push the focus button right for near focus.
• Push the Preview/Save button halfway down to autofocus the camera.
Note
It is important that you hold the camera steady while autofocusing.
16.2 Previewing an image
16.3 General
In preview mode, you can add various types of annotations to the image before you save
it, such as a text, a table with textual information, a voice comment, a sketch, etc. You do
this by selecting the type of annotation on the toolbar that is automatically displayed when
you preview an image.
In preview mode you can also check that the image contains the required information before you save it to the SD Memory Card.
16.3.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. When the camera leaves the factory, it is configured to save an image directly, without
previewing. To enable previewing, do the following:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button
and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
4. On the Preferences tab, go to Save button and select Always preview.
2. To preview an image, push the Preview/Save button fully down.
16.4 Saving an image
16.4.1 General
You can save one or more images to the SD Memory Card.
16.4.2 Formatting memory cards
For best performance, memory cards should be formatted to the FAT (FAT16) file system.
Using FAT32-formatted memory cards may result in inferior performance. To format a
memory card to FAT (FAT16), follow this procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Insert the memory card into a card reader that is connected to your computer.
In Windows Explorer, select My Computer and right-click the memory card.
Select Format.
Under File system, select FAT.
Click Start.
16.4.3 Image capacity
This table gives information on the approximate number of images that can be saved on
SD Memory Cards:
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Card size
No voice annotation
Incl. 30 seconds voice
annotation
256 MB
500
250
512 MB
1000
500
1 GB
2000
1000
16.4.4 Procedure
To save an image without previewing, push the Preview/Save button fully down.
Note
The behavior of the Preview/Save button can be changed on the Preferences tab (Mode > Settings >
Preferences).
16.5 Periodically saving an image
16.5.1 General
You can periodically save images to the SD Memory card.
16.5.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button
and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Program and push the joystick.
4. Use the joystick to set the desired parameters. These include the following:
• Duration between images.
• Stop conditions:
• Manually.
• Number of images.
• Total time duration.
5. Push the Menu/Back button.
6. • To start the periodic saving, push the Preview/Save button fully down.
• To stop the periodic saving, push the Preview/Save button fully down.
16.6 Opening an image
16.6.1 General
When you save an image, it is stored on the SD Memory Card. To display the image
again, you can recall it from the SD Memory Card.
Note
To leave archive mode, push the Archive button.
16.6.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Archive button to display a thumbnail view of recently saved images.
2. Move the joystick left/right or up/down to select a specific image.
3. Push the joystick to display the image.
16.7 Adjusting an image manually
16.7.1 General
An image can be adjusted automatically or manually.
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You use the A/M button to switch between these two modes.
16.7.2 Example 1
This figure shows two infrared images of cable connection points. In the left image a correct analysis of the circled cable is difficult if you only auto-adjust the image. You can analyze this cable in more detail if you
• change the temperature scale level
• change the temperature scale span.
In the left image, the image is auto-adjusted. In the right image the maximum and minimum temperature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the object. On
the temperature scale to the right of each image you can see how the temperature levels
were changed.
16.7.3 Example 2
This figure shows two infrared images of an isolator in a power line.
In the left image, the cold sky and the power line structure are recorded at a minimum
temperature of –26.0°C (–14.8°F). In the right image the maximum and minimum temperature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the isolator. This makes it easier to analyze the temperature variations in the isolator.
16.7.4 Changing the temperature scale level
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the A/M button repeatedly to select one of the following manual modes:
• Manual
• Manual max.
• Manual min.
2. To change the temperature scale level (-s), move the joystick up/down.
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16.7.5 Changing the temperature scale span
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the A/M button repeatedly to select Manual
2. To change the temperature span, move the joystick left/right.
16.8 Hiding overlay graphics
16.8.1 General
Overlay graphics provide information about an image. You can choose to hide some or all
overlay graphics.
16.8.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button
and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
4. On the Preferences tab, go to View and disable the overlay graphics that you do not
want to display.
16.9 Deleting images
16.9.1 General
You can delete one or more images from the SD Memory Card.
16.9.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Push the Archive button.
Select the image you want to delete by using the joystick.
Push the joystick to open the image.
Push the joystick to display a menu.
On the menu, select one of the following:
• Delete.
• Delete all.
6. Push the joystick to confirm.
16.10 Creating an Adobe PDF report
16.10.1 General
You can create an Adobe PDF report about any image on the SD Memory Card. The report may include the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
The infrared image, including any associated visual image.
A list of text annotations.
A list of measurement results.
A list of object parameters.
A sketch.
An image description.
16.10.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Insert an SD memory card into the card slot.
2. Push the Archive button.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
Select the image for which you want to create a report.
Push the joystick to open the image.
Push the joystick to display a menu.
On the menu, select Create report page by using the joystick. At this stage you can also add information to the report header and footer.
Note
To view the report on the PC, you need Adobe Reader. This software can be downloaded for free from:
http://get.adobe.com/reader/
Note
To add your own logotype to your report, put a small *.jpg file in a folder named \reportlogo on the SD
memory card.
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Working with fusion
17.1 What is picture-in-picture?
Picture-in-picture is similar to thermal fusion in that it lets you display part of a digital photo
as an infrared image.
However, picture-in-picture displays an infrared image frame on top of a digital photo.
17.2 What is thermal fusion?
Thermal fusion is a function that lets you display part of a digital photo as an infrared
image.
For example, you can set the camera to display all areas of an image that have a certain
temperature in infrared, with all other areas displayed as a digital photo.
17.3 Types
The number of image modes is subject to camera models. These include:
• Above: All areas in the digital photo with a temperature above the specified temperature level are displayed in infrared.
• Below: All areas in the digital photo with a temperature below the specified temperature level are displayed in infrared.
• Interval: All areas in the digital photo with a temperature between two specified temperature levels are displayed in infrared.
• Picture-in-Picture: An infrared image frame is displayed on top of the digital photo.
Note
Picture-in-Picture only works for calibrated lenses. The lens that ships with the camera is factorycalibrated. To have a new lens calibrated, your must send in the camera and the lens to your local
service department.
• MSX (Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging): Using this mode, the camera captures infrared
images where the edges of the objects are enhanced.
Note
MSX only works for calibrated lenses. The lens that ships with the camera is factory-calibrated. To
have a new lens calibrated, your must send in the camera and the lens to your local service
department.
17.4 Image examples
This table explains the different types:
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Fusion type
Image
Above
Below
Interval
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Fusion type
Image
Picture-in-Picture
MSX
17.5 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Mode button to select one of the following:
• Thermal fusion
• Picture in Picture
2. Push the A/M button to select one of the following:
• Above
• Below
• Interval
3. (This step applies to Thermal fusion.)
Do one or more of the following:
• If you chose Above or Below, move the joystick up or down to adjust the temperature level. The temperature level that you set will be the level beyond which the infrared image will be displayed as a visual photo.
• If you chose Interval, do one or more of the following:
• Push the joystick up/down to move the interval up/down.
• Push the joystick left/right to increase/decrease the interval.
The temperature levels that you set will be the level beyond which the infrared image will be displayed as a visual photo.
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4. (This step applies to Picture in Picture.)
Do one or more of the following:
• If you chose Above or Below, move the joystick up or down to adjust the temperature level in the infrared portion of the image.
• If you chose Interval, do one or more of the following:
• Push the joystick up/down to move the temperature interval up/down in the infrared portion of the image.
• Push the joystick left/right to increase/decrease the temperature interval in
the infrared portion of the image.
5. To deactivate Fusion, push the Mode button to select Thermal camera.
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Working with video
18.1 Recording video clips
18.1.1 General
You can record non-radiometric infrared or visual video clips. In this mode, the camera
can be regarded as an ordinary digital video camera.
The video clips can be played back in Windows Media Player, but it will not be possible to
retrieve radiometric information from the video clips.
18.1.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button
and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Video and push the Preview/Save button. This will display
a notification indicating that the recording has started.
4. To stop the video recording, push the Preview/Save button again.
When you stop the video recording you can play back the recording in the camera, using the tools on the video recording toolbar.
Note
•
•
•
•
You can only view the most recently recorded video clips in this mode. To view another video clip, go
to the archive mode.
To be able to view the clips with Windows Media Player for Windows XP, you need a decoder that
supports MPEG-4 video. Such a decoder can be downloaded from http://www.cole2k.net/ (retrieved
July 11, 2012).
Other video players may also work, for example ffdshow from http://sourceforge.net/projects/
ffdshow.
Flir Systems does not take any responsibility for the functionality of third-party video players and
codecs.
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Working with measurement tools
and isotherms
19.1 Setting up measurement tools
19.1.1 General
To measure the temperature, you use one or more measurement tools. This section gives
you examples how you set up a spotmeter or an area.
19.1.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button
and push the joystick.
3. On the Tools menu, select one of the following:
• Add spot
• Add box
• Add circle
Note
•
•
The area inside the center of the spotmeter must be covered by the object of interest, to display a
correct temperature.
For accurate measurements, you must set the object parameters. See 19.8 Changing object parameters, page 50.
19.2 Setting up a difference calculation
19.2.1 General
You can let the camera calculate the temperature difference between, for example, a
spotmeter and an area. This assumes that you have previously set up at least two measurement tools.
19.2.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button
and push the joystick.
3. On the Tools menu, select Add difference
. This will display a dialog box where
you can select the two measurement tools from which you want to calculate the
difference.
4. Push the joystick to confirm the choice.
19.3 Setting up isotherms
19.3.1 General
You can make the camera display an isotherm color when certain measurement conditions are met. The following isotherms can be set up:
•
•
•
•
An isotherm color that is displayed when a temperature rises above a preset value.
An isotherm color that is displayed when a temperature falls below a preset value.
An isotherm color that is displayed when a temperature is between two values.
An isotherm color that is displayed when the camera detects an area where there may
be a risk of humidity in a building structure.
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• An isotherm color that is displayed when the camera detects what may be an insulation
deficiency in a wall.
19.3.2 Setting up a high-temperature isotherm
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button
3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm
and push the joystick.
and push the joystick.
4. Select Above.
5. Move the joystick up/down to set the temperature at which you want the isotherm color
to be displayed. The screen will now display the isotherm color when the temperature
exceeds the set temperature level.
19.3.3 Setting up a low-temperature isotherm
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button
3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm
and push the joystick.
and push the joystick.
4. Select Below.
5. Move the joystick up/down to set the temperature at which you want the isotherm color
to be displayed. The screen will now display the isotherm color when the temperature
falls below the set temperature level.
19.3.4 Setting up an interval isotherm
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button
3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm
and push the joystick.
and push the joystick.
4. Select Interval.
5. Do one of the following:
• Move the joystick up/down to set the temperature levels between which you want
the isotherm color to be displayed.
• Move the joystick left/right to set the temperature span within which you want the
isotherm color to be displayed.
The screen will now display the isotherm color when the temperature is between the
set temperature levels.
19.3.5 Setting up a humidity isotherm
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button
3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm
and push the joystick.
and push the joystick.
4. Select Humidity.
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5. Use the joystick to set the following parameters:
• Rel. humidity limit: The critical limit of relative humidity that you want to detect in a
building structure. For example, mold will grow in areas where the relative humidity is less than 100%, and you may want to find such areas.
• Rel. hum. %: The current relative humidity at the inspection site.
• Atm. temp.: The current atmospheric temperature at the inspection site.
19.3.6 Setting up an insulation isotherm
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button
3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm
and push the joystick.
and push the joystick.
4. Select Insulation.
5. Use the joystick to set the following parameters:
• Inside temp.: The temperature inside the building you are inspecting.
• Outside temp.: The temperature outside the building you are inspecting.
• Thermal index: The accepted energy loss through the wall. Different building codes recommend different values, but typical values are 60–80 for new buildings.
Refer to your national building code for recommendations.
19.4 Working with presets
19.4.1 General
A preset is a measurement tool, or a group of measurement tools, with predefined characteristics. By selecting a preset you save time compared to creating each individual
measurement tool, one at a time.
19.4.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. Use the joystick to go to
3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.
4. Use the joystick to go to a preset.
5. Push the joystick. This will display the preset on the screen.
19.5 Removing measurement tools
19.5.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button
3. On the Tools menu, select Adjust tools
and push the joystick.
and push the joystick.
4. Select the measurement tool that you wish to remove. This will display a submenu.
5. On the submenu, select Remove and push the joystick.
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19.6 Moving measurement tools
19.6.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button
3. On the Tools menu, select Adjust tools
and push the joystick.
and push the joystick.
4. Select the measurement tool that you wish to move. This will display a submenu.
5. On the submenu, select Move and push the joystick. This will make the center of the
measurement tool turn blue. You can now move the measurement tool using the
joystick.
19.7 Resizing areas
19.7.1 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button
3. On the Tools menu, select Adjust tools
and push the joystick.
and push the joystick.
4. Select the measurement tool that you wish to resize. This will display a submenu.
5. On the submenu, select Resize and push the joystick. This will create resizing handles for the area. You can now resize the area using the joystick.
19.8 Changing object parameters
19.8.1 General
For accurate measurements, you must set the object parameters. This procedure describes how to change the parameters.
19.8.2 Types of parameters
The camera can use these object parameters:
• Emissivity, which determines how much of the radiation originates from the object as
opposed to being reflected by it.
• Reflected apparent temperature, which is used when compensating for the radiation
from the surroundings reflected by the object into the camera. This property of the object is called reflectivity.
• Object distance, i.e. the distance between the camera and the object of interest.
• Atmospheric temperature, i.e. the temperature of the air between the camera and the
object of interest.
• Relative humidity, i.e. the relative humidity of the air between the camera and the object
of interest.
• External optics temperature, i.e., the temperature of any protective windows etc. that
are set up between the camera and the object of interest. If no protective window or
protective shield is used, this value is irrelevant.
• External optics transmission, i.e., the optical transmission of any protective windows,
etc. that are set up between the camera and the object of interest.
19.8.3 Recommended values
If you are unsure about the values, the following are recommended:
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Emissivity
0.95
Reflected apparent temperature
+20°C (+69°F)
Object distance
1.0 m (3.3 ft.)
Atmospheric temperature
+20°C (+69°F)
Relative humidity
50%
19.8.4 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Parameters button
and push the joystick.
3. On the Parameters menu, select the parameter that you want to change and push the
joystick.
4. Move the joystick up/down to change the value.
5. Push the joystick to confirm.
Note
Of the five parameters above, emissivity and reflected apparent temperature are the two most important
to set correctly in the camera.
See also:
For more information about parameters, and how to correctly set emissivity and reflected
apparent temperature, see 30 Thermographic measurement techniques, page 81.
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Annotating images
20.1 General
This section describes how to save additional information to an infrared image by using
annotations.
The reason for using annotations is to make reporting and post-processing more efficient
by providing essential information about the image, such as conditions, photos, sketches,
where it was taken, and so on.
Note
Many of the procedures in this section assume that the camera is set to preview images before saving
them. If it is not, use the joystick to go to
(Mode) > Settings >
(Preferences) > Save button.
20.2 Adding a digital photo automatically
20.2.1 General
When you save an infrared image you can automatically add a digital photo of the object
of interest. This digital photo will be associated with the infrared image, which will simplify
post-processing and reporting in, for example, Flir Reporter.
20.2.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Make sure that the camera is configured to save a digital photo simultaneously:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button
and push the joystick.
3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
4. On the Preferences tab, enable Simultaneously save photo.
2. To automatically add a digital photo, push the Preview/Save button fully down.
20.3 Adding a digital photo manually
20.3.1 General
When you save an infrared image you can manually add a digital photo of the object of interest. This digital photo will be associated with the infrared image, which will simplify
post-processing and reporting in, for example, Flir Reporter.
20.3.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Preview/Save button fully down.
2. On the toolbar at the bottom of the screen, select
3. On the menu that is displayed, select Digital camera photo and push the joystick.
4. Push the Preview/Save button to save the digital photo.
20.4 Creating a voice annotation
20.4.1 General
A voice annotation is an audio recording that is stored in an infrared image file.
The voice annotation is recorded using a Bluetooth headset. The recording can be played
back in the camera, and in image analysis and reporting software from Flir Systems.
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20.4.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. To preview an image, push and release the Autofocus/Save button fully down.
2. Use the joystick to select
3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.
4. On the submenu, select Voice. This will display a voice recording toolbar.
5. Do one or more of the following, and push the joystick to confirm each choice. Some
buttons have more than one function.
• To start a recording, select
• To pause/resume a recording, select
• To stop a recording, select
• To listen to a recording, select
• To pause a voice annotation that you are listening to, select
• To go to the beginning of a recording, select
• To delete a recording, move the joystick left/right or up/down and select
• To save a recording, select Save.
20.5 Creating a text
20.5.1 General
A text is grouped with an image file. Using this feature, you can annotate images by entering free-form text. This text can be revised later.
20.5.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.
2. Use the joystick to select
3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.
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4. On the submenu, select Text. This will display a soft keyboard where you can enter
the text you want to save.
Note
To select special characters, press and hold down the corresponding key on the soft keyboard.
5. Click OK.
20.6 Creating a table
20.6.1 General
A table with textual information can be saved in an infrared image.
This feature is a very efficient way of recording information when you are inspecting a
large number of similar objects. The idea behind using a table with textual information is
to avoid filling out forms or inspection protocols manually.
20.6.2 Definition of field and value
A table is based on two important concepts—field and value. See below.
Field (examples)
Value (examples)
Company
Company A
Company B
Company C
Building
Workshop 1
Workshop 2
Workshop 3
Section
Room 1
Room 2
Room 3
Equipment
Tool 1
Tool 2
Tool 3
Recommendation
Recommendation 1
Recommendation 2
Recommendation 3
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Figure 20.1 The table as it appears in the camera software.
20.6.3 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.
2. Use the joystick to select
3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.
4. On the submenu, select Table. This will display the following dialog box.
This is the default table annotations template that ships with the camera.
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5. Do one of the following:
• To edit a field, click
. This will display the following dialog box.
•
•
•
•
Insert field: Select this option to insert a new field.
Duplicate field: Select this option to duplicate the currently selected field.
Rename field: Select this option to rename the currently selected field.
Keep as default value: Enable this option to keep the current value as a default value. The default value will be displayed for this field the next time you
create a table.
• Store added values: Enable this option to store added values in a glossary,
which make them easier to find the next time you create a table.
• To edit a value, click the value. This will display the following dialog box where you
can create new values, edit existing values or delete values:
6. Click OK. The table will now be added to to what is called a group, and will be grouped
together with the infrared image in the image archive, and also when moving files from
the camera to reporting software on the computer.
20.7 Adding a sketch
20.7.1 General
A sketch is freehand drawing that you create in a sketch work area separate from the infrared image using a stylus pen or your index finger. You can use the sketch feature to
create a simple drawing, write down comments, add dimensions, etc.
Sketches can be added to any of the following:
• A separate sketch.
• A sketch on an infrared image.
• A sketch on a digital photo.
20.7.2 Adding a separate sketch
Follow this procedure:
1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.
2. Use the joystick to select
3. Push the joystick to display a submenu.
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4. Use the joystick to select Sketch.
5. Push the joystick to display a sketchboard.
6. On this sketchboard you can:
•
•
•
•
Draw a sketch, using the stylus pen.
Change the color of the lines.
Erase lines and start again.
Erase the entire sketch.
The sketch will now be added to what is called a group, and will be grouped together
with the infrared image in the image archive, and also when moving files from the
camera to reporting software on the computer.
20.7.3 Adding a sketch to an infrared image
Follow this procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.
On the bottom toolbar, select the infrared image and push the joystick.
On the left toolbar, select the Sketch toolbar button and push the joystick.
Do one or more of the following:
•
•
•
•
Draw a sketch, using the stylus pen.
Change the color of the lines.
Erase lines and start again.
Erase the entire sketch.
20.7.4 Adding a sketch to a digital photo
Follow this procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it.
On the bottom toolbar, select the digital photo and push the joystick.
On the left toolbar, select the Sketch toolbar button and push the joystick.
Do one or more of the following:
•
•
•
•
Draw a sketch, using the stylus pen.
Change the color of the lines.
Erase lines and start again.
Erase the entire sketch.
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Programming the camera
21.1 General
You can program the camera to save images periodically.
21.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button or tap the screen to display the menu system.
2. Use the joystick to go to
(Mode). This will display the Mode submenu.
3. One the Mode submenu, select Program and push the joystick. This will display the
Program dialog box.
4. Select Duration between images and push the joystick. This will display a dialog box
where you can set the time interval between each saved image.
5. Set the stop condition. You can choose between three different stop conditions:
• Manually: Select this option to manually stop the periodic saving by pushing the
Preview/Save button.
• Number of images: Select this option to stop the periodic saving after a set number of images has been saved. When you select this option a dialog box appears.
• Total time duration: Select this option to stop the periodic saving after a defined
period of time. When you select this option a dialog box appears.
6. When you are finished, push the Menu/Back button.
7. Start the periodic saving by pushing the Autofocus/Save button.
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Changing settings
22.1 Changing camera settings
22.1.1 General
On this tab you can change the following:
• Temperature range, i.e. the temperature range used for measuring objects. You must
change the temperature range according to the expected temperature of the object
you are inspecting.
• Add-on lens.
• Display intensity.
• Auto power off.
• Digital camera lamp.
• Calibrate touchscreen.
• Calibrate compass.
• Reset to default settings.
22.1.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
and push the joystick.
On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
On the Camera tab, go to the setting that you want to change.
Push the joystick.
Move the joystick up/down to select a new value.
Push the joystick to confirm.
22.2 Changing preferences
22.2.1 General
On this tab you can change the following:
•
•
•
•
•
Save button.
Simultaneously save photo.
Same field of view.
Programmable button.
Visibility of overlay graphics.
22.2.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
and push the joystick.
On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
On the Preferences tab, go to the setting that you want to change.
Push the joystick.
Move the joystick up/down to select a new value.
Push the joystick to confirm.
22.3 Changing connectivity
22.3.1 General
On this tab you can change the following:
• Wi-Fi.
• Bluetooth.
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Changing settings
22.3.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
and push the joystick.
On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
On the Connectivity tab, go to the setting that you want to change.
Push the joystick.
Move the joystick up/down to select a new value.
Push the joystick to confirm.
22.4 Changing regional settings
22.4.1 General
On this tab you can change the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Language.
Time zone.
Set date and time.
Date format.
Time format.
Temperature unit.
Distance unit.
Video format.
22.4.2 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Push the Menu/Back button.
2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
and push the joystick.
On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick.
On the Regional tab, go to the setting that you want to change.
Push the joystick.
Move the joystick up/down to select a new value.
Push the joystick to confirm.
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Cleaning the camera
23.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items
23.1.1 Liquids
Use one of these liquids:
• Warm water
• A weak detergent solution
23.1.2 Equipment
A soft cloth
23.1.3 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Soak the cloth in the liquid.
2. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid.
3. Clean the part with the cloth.
CAUTION
Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. This can cause
damage.
23.2 Infrared lens
23.2.1 Liquids
Use one of these liquids:
•
•
•
•
A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30% isopropyl alcohol.
96% ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH).
DEE (= ‘ether’ = diethylether, C4H10O).
50% acetone (= dimethylketone, (CH3)2CO)) + 50% ethyl alcohol (by volume). This
liquid prevents drying marks on the lens.
23.2.2 Equipment
Cotton wool
23.2.3 Procedure
Follow this procedure:
1. Soak the cotton wool in the liquid.
2. Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid.
3. Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool.
WARNING
Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) and warning labels on containers before you use a liquid: the liquids can be dangerous.
CAUTION
•
•
Be careful when you clean the infrared lens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective coating.
Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective coating.
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Technical data
For technical data on this product, refer to the product catalog and/or technical datasheets on the User Documentation CD-ROM that comes with the product.
The product catalog and the datasheets are also available at http://support.flir.com.
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Pin configurations
25.1 Pin configuration for USB Mini-B connector
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
+5 V (out)
USB –
USB +
N/C
Ground
25.2 Pin configuration for video connector
1.
2.
3.
4.
Audio right
Ground
Video out
Audio left
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Pin configurations
25.3 Pin configuration for USB-A connector
1.
2.
3.
4.
+5 V (in)
USB –
USB +
Ground
25.4 Pin configuration for power connector
1. +12 V
2. GND
3. GND
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Dimensions
26.1 Camera
26.1.1 Camera dimensions
26.1.1.1 Figure
26.1.2 Camera dimensions, continued
26.1.2.1 Figure
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Dimensions
26.1.3 Camera dimensions, continued
26.1.3.1 Figure
26.1.4 Camera dimensions, continued (with 30 mm/15° lens)
26.1.4.1 Figure
26.1.5 Camera dimensions, continued (with 10 mm/45° lens)
26.1.5.1 Figure
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Dimensions
26.2 Battery
26.2.1 Figure
Note
Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it.
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Dimensions
26.3 Stand-alone battery charger
26.3.1 Figure
Note
Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it.
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Dimensions
26.4 Stand-alone battery charger with the battery
26.4.1 Figure
Note
Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it.
26.5 Infrared lens (30 mm/15°)
26.5.1 Figure
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Dimensions
26.6 Infrared lens (10 mm/45°)
26.6.1 Figure
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Application examples
27.1 Moisture & water damage
27.1.1 General
It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared
camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material.
Note
Many factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image.
For example, heating and cooling of these parts takes place at different rates depending on the material
and the time of day. For this reason, it is important that other methods are used as well to check for
moisture or water damage.
27.1.2 Figure
The image below shows extensive water damage on an external wall where the water has
penetrated the outer facing because of an incorrectly installed window ledge.
27.2 Faulty contact in socket
27.2.1 General
Depending on the type of connection a socket has, an improperly connected wire can result in local temperature increase. This temperature increase is caused by the reduced
contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the socket , and can
result in an electrical fire.
Note
A socket’s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another. For this reason, different faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image.
Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between wire and socket, or from difference in load.
27.2.2 Figure
The image below shows a connection of a cable to a socket where improper contact in
the connection has resulted in local temperature increase.
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Application examples
27.3 Oxidized socket
27.3.1 General
Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, oxides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally increased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as
local temperature increase.
Note
A socket’s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another. For this reason, different faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image.
Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between a wire and socket, or from
difference in load.
27.3.2 Figure
The image below shows a series of fuses where one fuse has a raised temperature on
the contact surfaces against the fuse holder. Because of the fuse holder’s blank metal,
the temperature increase is not visible there, while it is visible on the fuse’s ceramic
material.
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Application examples
27.4 Insulation deficiencies
27.4.1 General
Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time
and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall.
An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either
have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation,
and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.
Note
When you are inspecting a building, the temperature difference between the inside and outside should
be at least 10°C (18°F). Studs, water pipes, concrete columns, and similar components may resemble
an insulation deficiency in an infrared image. Minor differences may also occur naturally.
27.4.2 Figure
In the image below, insulation in the roof framing is lacking. Due to the absence of insulation, air has forced its way into the roof structure, which thus takes on a different characteristic appearance in the infrared image.
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Application examples
27.5 Draft
27.5.1 General
Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceiling trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface.
Note
When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house.
Close all doors, windows, and ventilation ducts, and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before you
take the infrared images.
An infrared image of draft often shows a typical stream pattern. You can see this stream pattern clearly
in the picture below.
Also keep in mind that drafts can be concealed by heat from floor heating circuits.
27.5.2 Figure
The image below shows a ceiling hatch where faulty installation has resulted in a strong
draft.
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About Flir Systems
Flir Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high-performance infrared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and
government applications. Today, Flir Systems embraces five major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1958—the Swedish AGEMA Infrared
Systems (formerly AGA Infrared Systems), the three United States companies Indigo Systems, FSI, and Inframetrics, and the French company Cedip. In November 2007, Extech
Instruments was acquired by Flir Systems.
Figure 28.1 Patent documents from the early 1960s
The company has sold more than 221,000 infrared cameras worldwide for applications
such as predictive maintenance, R & D, non-destructive testing, process control and automation, and machine vision, among many others.
Flir Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States (Portland, OR, Boston,
MA, Santa Barbara, CA) and one in Sweden (Stockholm). Since 2007 there is also a manufacturing plant in Tallinn, Estonia. Direct sales offices in Belgium, Brazil, China, France,
Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Korea, Sweden, and the USA—together
with a worldwide network of agents and distributors—support our international customer
base.
Flir Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We anticipate
market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones.
The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery-operated portable camera for industrial inspections, and the
first uncooled infrared camera, to mention just two innovations.
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About Flir Systems
Figure 28.2 LEFT: Thermovision Model 661 from 1969. The camera weighed approximately 25 kg (55 lb.),
the oscilloscope 20 kg (44 lb.), and the tripod 15 kg (33 lb.). The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator
set, and a 10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment
(6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: Flir i7 from 2012. Weight: 0.34 kg (0.75 lb.), including the battery.
Flir Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera
systems itself. From detector design and manufacturing, to lenses and system electronics, to final testing and calibration, all production steps are carried out and supervised
by our own engineers. The in-depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera.
28.1 More than just an infrared camera
At Flir Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared
camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems
to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera–software
combination. Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance, R & D, and process
monitoring is developed in-house. Most software is available in a wide variety of
languages.
We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your
equipment to the most demanding infrared applications.
28.2 Sharing our knowledge
Although our cameras are designed to be very user-friendly, there is a lot more to thermography than just knowing how to handle a camera. Therefore, Flir Systems has
founded the Infrared Training Center (ITC), a separate business unit, that provides certified training courses. Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands-on
learning experience.
The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may
need in putting infrared theory into practice.
28.3 Supporting our customers
Flir Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all
times. If you discover a problem with your camera, local service centers have all the
equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time. Therefore, there is
no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who
does not speak your language.
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28.4 A few images from our facilities
Figure 28.3 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector
Figure 28.4 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing
Figure 28.5 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for camera
testing and calibration
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Glossary
absorption (absorption factor)
The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation. A number between 0 and 1.
atmosphere
The gases between the object being measured and the camera, normally air.
autoadjust
A function making a camera perform an internal image correction.
autopalette
The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors, displaying
cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time.
blackbody
Totally non-reflective object. All its radiation is due to its own
temperature.
blackbody
radiator
An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to calibrate IR cameras.
calculated atmospheric
transmission
A transmission value computed from the temperature, the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object.
cavity radiator
A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside, viewed through
the bottleneck.
color
temperature
The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specific color.
conduction
The process that makes heat diffuse into a material.
continuous
adjust
A function that adjusts the image. The function works all the time,
continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the image content.
convection
Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into motion, either by gravity or another force, thereby transferring heat from
one place to another.
dual isotherm
An isotherm with two color bands, instead of one.
emissivity
(emissivity
factor)
The amount of radiation coming from an object, compared to that of
a blackbody. A number between 0 and 1.
emittance
Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area
(W/m2)
environment
Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being
measured.
estimated atmospheric
transmission
A transmission value, supplied by a user, replacing a calculated one
external optics
Extra lenses, filters, heat shields etc. that can be put between the
camera and the object being measured.
filter
A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths.
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Glossary
FOV
Field of view: The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR
lens.
FPA
Focal plane array: A type of IR detector.
graybody
An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a
blackbody for each wavelength.
IFOV
Instantaneous field of view: A measure of the geometrical resolution
of an IR camera.
image correction (internal or
external)
A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of
live images and also of stabilizing the camera.
infrared
Non-visible radiation, having a wavelength from about 2–13 μm.
IR
infrared
isotherm
A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above, below
or between one or more temperature intervals.
isothermal
cavity
A bottle-shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through
the bottleneck.
Laser LocatIR
An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser
radiation in a thin, concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the
object in front of the camera.
laser pointer
An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser
radiation in a thin, concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the
object in front of the camera.
level
The center value of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a
signal value.
manual adjust
A way to adjust the image by manually changing certain parameters.
NETD
Noise equivalent temperature difference. A measure of the image
noise level of an IR camera.
noise
Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image
object
parameters
A set of values describing the circumstances under which the measurement of an object was made, and the object itself (such as emissivity, reflected apparent temperature, distance etc.)
object signal
A non-calibrated value related to the amount of radiation received by
the camera from the object.
palette
The set of colors used to display an IR image.
pixel
Stands for picture element. One single spot in an image.
radiance
Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and
angle (W/m2/sr)
radiant power
Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time (W)
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Glossary
radiation
The process by which electromagnetic energy, is emitted by an object or a gas.
radiator
A piece of IR radiating equipment.
range
The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR
camera. Cameras can have several ranges. Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration.
reference
temperature
A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be compared with.
reflection
The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received
radiation. A number between 0 and 1.
relative
humidity
Relative humidity represents the ratio between the current water vapour mass in the air and the maximum it may contain in saturation
conditions.
saturation
color
The areas that contain temperatures outside the present level/span
settings are colored with the saturation colors. The saturation colors
contain an ‘overflow’ color and an ‘underflow’ color. There is also a
third red saturation color that marks everything saturated by the detector indicating that the range should probably be changed.
span
The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal
value.
spectral (radiant) emittance
Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and
wavelength (W/m2/μm)
temperature
difference, or
difference of
temperature.
A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature
values.
temperature
range
The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR
camera. Cameras can have several ranges. Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration.
temperature
scale
The way in which an IR image currently is displayed. Expressed as
two temperature values limiting the colors.
thermogram
infrared image
transmission
(or transmittance) factor
Gases and materials can be more or less transparent. Transmission
is the amount of IR radiation passing through them. A number between 0 and 1.
transparent
isotherm
An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors, instead of covering
the highlighted parts of the image.
visual
Refers to the video mode of a IR camera, as opposed to the normal,
thermographic mode. When a camera is in video mode it captures ordinary video images, while thermographic images are captured when
the camera is in IR mode.
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Thermographic measurement
techniques
30.1 Introduction
An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object.
The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the
camera to calculate and display this temperature.
However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the temperature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity. Radiation also originates from the
surroundings and is reflected in the object. The radiation from the object and the reflected
radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere.
To measure temperature accurately, it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources. This is done on-line automatically by the
camera. The following object parameters must, however, be supplied for the camera:
•
•
•
•
•
The emissivity of the object
The reflected apparent temperature
The distance between the object and the camera
The relative humidity
Temperature of the atmosphere
30.2 Emissivity
The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which, in short, is a
measure of how much radiation is emitted from the object, compared to that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature.
Normally, object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approximately 0.1 to 0.95. A highly polished (mirror) surface falls below 0.1, while an oxidized or
painted surface has a higher emissivity. Oil-based paint, regardless of color in the visible
spectrum, has an emissivity over 0.9 in the infrared. Human skin exhibits an emissivity
0.97 to 0.98.
Non-oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity,
which does not vary greatly with wavelength. Consequently, the emissivity of metals is low
– only increasing with temperature. For non-metals, emissivity tends to be high, and decreases with temperature.
30.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample
30.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature
Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature:
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30.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method
Follow this procedure:
1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection
angle (a = b).
1 = Reflection source
2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a
piece if cardboard.
1 = Reflection source
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3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source
using the following settings:
• Emissivity: 1.0
• Dobj: 0
You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods:
1 = Reflection source
Note
Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two important reasons:
•
•
A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity
A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface, usually by gluing and covering
the sensor by a thermal isolator.
30.2.1.1.2 Method 2: Reflector method
Follow this procedure:
1. Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil.
2. Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size.
3. Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure. Make sure that
the side with aluminum foil points to the camera.
4. Set the emissivity to 1.0.
5. Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down.
Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil.
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30.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity
Follow this procedure:
1. Select a place to put the sample.
2. Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous
procedure.
3. Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample.
4. Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature. Heating must be reasonably
even.
5. Focus and auto-adjust the camera, and freeze the image.
6. Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast.
7. Set emissivity to that of the tape (usually 0.97).
8. Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement
functions:
• Isotherm (helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have
heated the sample)
• Spot (simpler)
• Box Avg (good for surfaces with varying emissivity).
9. Write down the temperature.
10. Move your measurement function to the sample surface.
11. Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous
measurement.
12. Write down the emissivity.
Note
•
•
•
•
Avoid forced convection
Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections
Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent, and has a high emissivity you are certain of
This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same. If they
are not, your emissivity measurement will be wrong.
30.3 Reflected apparent temperature
This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object. If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly.
30.4 Distance
The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera. This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts:
• That radiation from the target is absorbed by the atmosphere between the object and
the camera.
• That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera.
30.5 Relative humidity
The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on
the relative humidity of the atmosphere. To do this set the relative humidity to the correct
value. For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can normally be left
at a default value of 50%.
30.6 Other parameters
In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from Flir Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters:
• Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the camera and the target
• External optics temperature – i.e. the temperature of any external lenses or windows
used in front of the camera
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• External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or windows
used in front of the camera
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History of infrared technology
Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply
‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today
than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
Figure 31.1 Sir William Herschel (1738–1822)
The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material. Sir William Herschel – Royal Astronomer to King George III of England, and already famous for
his discovery of the planet Uranus – was searching for an optical filter material to reduce
the brightness of the sun’s image in telescopes during solar observations. While testing
different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun’s heat, while others
passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds’ observation.
Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment, with
the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat. He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton’s prism experiment, but looking for the heating effect rather than the
visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum. He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive
mercury-in-glass thermometer with ink, and with this as his radiation detector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top
of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism. Other thermometers, placed outside
the sun’s rays, served as controls.
As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum, the
temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end. This
was not entirely unexpected, since the Italian researcher, Landriani, in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect. It was Herschel, however, who was the
first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum,
and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this
point.
Figure 31.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815)
Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum, Herschel confirmed that the heating continued to increase. The maximum point, when he
found it, lay well beyond the red end – in what is known today as the ‘infrared
wavelengths’.
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History of infrared technology
When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromagnetic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular
opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’. The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later, and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the
originator.
Herschel’s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths. Different investigators, in attempting to confirm his work, used various types of glass
indiscriminately, having different transparencies in the infrared. Through his later experiments, Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly-discovered
thermal radiation, and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would probably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively (i.e. plane and curved mirrors). Fortunately, this proved to be true only until 1830, when the Italian investigator,
Melloni, made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt (NaCl) – which was
available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms – is remarkably transparent to the infrared. The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared
optical material, and remained so for the next hundred years, until the art of synthetic
crystal growing was mastered in the 1930’s.
Figure 31.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854)
Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili
invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2 °C
(0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then a breakthrough occurred; Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first
thermopile. The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of
the day for detecting heat radiation – capable of detecting the heat from a person standing
three meters away.
The first so-called ‘heat-picture’ became possible in 1840, the result of work by Sir John
Herschel, son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right.
Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern
focused upon it, the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference
effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye. Sir John also managed to obtain a
primitive record of the thermal image on paper, which he called a ‘thermograph’.
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History of infrared technology
Figure 31.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906)
The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a
thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon
which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded. This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters.
An English scientist, Sir James Dewar, first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cooling agents (such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of -196 °C (-320.8 °F)) in low temperature research. In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is
possible to store liquefied gases for entire days. The common ‘thermos bottle’, used for
storing hot and cold drinks, is based upon his invention.
Between the years 1900 and 1920, the inventors of the world ‘discovered’ the infrared.
Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel, artillery, aircraft, ships – and
even icebergs. The first operating systems, in the modern sense, began to be developed
during the 1914–18 war, when both sides had research programs devoted to the military
exploitation of the infrared. These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion/detection, remote temperature sensing, secure communications, and ‘flying torpedo’ guidance. An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an
approaching airplane at a distance of 1.5 km (0.94 miles), or a person more than 300 meters (984 ft.) away.
The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea, but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary
new infrared detectors: the image converter and the photon detector. At first, the image
converter received the greatest attention by the military, because it enabled an observer
for the first time in history to literally ‘see in the dark’. However, the sensitivity of the image
converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths, and the most interesting military
targets (i.e. enemy soldiers) had to be illuminated by infrared search beams. Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer’s position to a similarly-equipped enemy observer, it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded.
The tactical military disadvantages of so-called 'active’ (i.e. search beam-equipped) thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939–45 war for extensive secret
military infrared-research programs into the possibilities of developing ‘passive’ (no
search beam) systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector. During this period, military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infraredimaging technology. This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950’s, and
from that time adequate thermal-imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian
science and industry.
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Theory of thermography
32.1 Introduction
The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new
to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography
will be given.
32.2 The electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions,
called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.
There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are
those due to differences in wavelength.
Figure 32.1 The electromagnetic spectrum. 1: X-ray; 2: UV; 3: Visible; 4: IR; 5: Microwaves; 6:
Radiowaves.
Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band. At the short-wavelength end the
boundary lies at the limit of visual perception, in the deep red. At the long-wavelength end
it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths, in the millimeter range.
The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands, the boundaries of
which are also arbitrarily chosen. They include: the near infrared (0.75–3 μm), the middle
infrared (3–6 μm), the far infrared (6–15 μm) and the extreme infrared (15–100 μm).
Although the wavelengths are given in μm (micrometers), other units are often still used to
measure wavelength in this spectral region, e.g. nanometer (nm) and Ångström (Å).
The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is:
32.3 Blackbody radiation
A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any
wavelength. The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radiation is explained by Kirchhoff’s Law (after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, 1824–1887), which states that
a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the
emission of radiation.
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Figure 32.2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887)
The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical application of the principle
to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides. Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinitesimal fraction can possibly
escape. The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody
and almost perfect for all wavelengths.
By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a
cavity radiator. An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature generates blackbody
radiation, the characteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the
cavity. Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature
reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a
Flir Systems camera for example.
If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the
source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the
temperature increases further. In fact, the definition of the so-called color temperature of
an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the
same appearance.
Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody.
32.3.1 Planck’s law
Figure 32.3 Max Planck (1858–1947)
Max Planck (1858–1947) was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation
from a blackbody by means of the following formula:
where:
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Wλb
Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ.
Velocity of light = 3 × 108 m/s
Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10-34 Joule sec.
Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10-23 Joule/K.
Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody.
λ
Wavelength (μm).
Note
The factor 10-6 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m2, μm.
Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of
curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ = 0, then
increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength λmax and after passing it approaches
zero again at very long wavelengths. The higher the temperature, the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs.
Figure 32.4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck’s law, plotted for various absolute
temperatures. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2 × 103(μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm)
32.3.2 Wien’s displacement law
By differentiating Planck’s formula with respect to λ, and finding the maximum, we have:
This is Wien’s formula (after Wilhelm Wien, 1864–1928), which expresses mathematically
the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature
of a thermal radiator increases. The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for λmax. A good approximation of the value of λmax for a given blackbody
temperature is obtained by applying the rule-of-thumb 3 000/T μm. Thus, a very hot star
such as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum, at wavelength 0.27 μm.
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Figure 32.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928)
The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the
visible light spectrum.
At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infrared, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.
Figure 32.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100 K to 1000 K. The dotted line represents
the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law. 1:
Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2 (μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm).
32.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law
By integrating Planck’s formula from λ = 0 to λ = ∞, we obtain the total radiant emittance
(Wb) of a blackbody:
This is the Stefan-Boltzmann formula (after Josef Stefan, 1835–1893, and Ludwig Boltzmann, 1844–1906), which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Graphically, Wb represents the area
below the Planck curve for a particular temperature. It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval λ = 0 to λmax is only 25% of the total, which represents about the
amount of the sun’s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum.
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Figure 32.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906)
Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body,
at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m2, we obtain 1 kW.
This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of
radiation from surrounding surfaces, at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body – or, of course, the addition of clothing.
32.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters
So far, only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed. However,
real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wavelength region –
although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals. For example, a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum, but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 μm, and beyond 3 μm it is almost black.
There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a
blackbody: a fraction of the incident radiation α may be absorbed, a fraction ρ may be reflected, and a fraction τ may be transmitted. Since all of these factors are more or less
wavelength dependent, the subscript λ is used to imply the spectral dependence of their
definitions. Thus:
• The spectral absorptance αλ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an
object to that incident upon it.
• The spectral reflectance ρλ = the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an object to that incident upon it.
• The spectral transmittance τλ = the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted
through an object to that incident upon it.
The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength, so we
have the relation:
For opaque materials τλ = 0 and the relation simplifies to:
Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiant
emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we have
the definition:
The spectral emissivity ελ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that
from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength.
Expressed mathematically, this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the
object to that of a blackbody as follows:
Generally speaking, there are three types of radiation source, distinguished by the ways
in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength.
• A blackbody, for which ελ = ε = 1
• A graybody, for which ελ = ε = constant less than 1
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• A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength
According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is:
From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since αλ + ρλ = 1):
For highly polished materials ελ approaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting material
(i.e. a perfect mirror) we have:
For a graybody radiator, the Stefan-Boltzmann formula becomes:
This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the
same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε from the graybody.
Figure 32.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody.
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Figure 32.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator.
32.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials
Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat
plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume
must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed. Moreover, when it arrives at the surface, some of it is reflected back into the interior. The back-reflected radiation is again partially absorbed, but some of it arrives at the
other surface, through which most of it escapes; part of it is reflected back again.
Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added
up when the total emittance of the plate is sought. When the resulting geometrical series
is summed, the effective emissivity of a semi-transparent plate is obtained as:
When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula:
This last relation is a particularly convenient one, because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly.
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The measurement formula
As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only
from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the
atmosphere in the measurement path. To this comes a third radiation contribution from
the atmosphere itself.
This description of the measurement situation, as illustrated in the figure below, is so far a
fairly true description of the real conditions. What has been neglected could for instance
be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense radiation sources
outside the field of view. Such disturbances are difficult to quantify, however, in most
cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected. In case they are not negligible,
the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious,
at least to a trained operator. It is then his responsibility to modify the measurement situation to avoid the disturbance e.g. by changing the viewing direction, shielding off intense
radiation sources etc.
Accepting the description above, we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the
calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output.
Figure 33.1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation.1: Surroundings; 2: Object; 3: Atmosphere; 4: Camera
Assume that the received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature
Tsource on short distance generates a camera output signal Usource that is proportional to
the power input (power linear camera). We can then write (Equation 1):
or, with simplified notation:
where C is a constant.
Should the source be a graybody with emittance ε, the received radiation would consequently be εWsource.
We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms:
1. Emission from the object = ετWobj, where ε is the emittance of the object and τ is the
transmittance of the atmosphere. The object temperature is Tobj.
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2. Reflected emission from ambient sources = (1 – ε)τWrefl, where (1 – ε) is the reflectance of the object. The ambient sources have the temperature Trefl.
It has here been assumed that the temperature Trefl is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface. This is of course
sometimes a simplification of the true situation. It is, however, a necessary simplification in order to derive a workable formula, and Trefl can – at least theoretically – be given a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding.
Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings = 1. This is
correct in accordance with Kirchhoff’s law: All radiation impinging on the surrounding
surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces. Thus the emittance = 1.
(Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the object to be considered.)
3. Emission from the atmosphere = (1 – τ)τWatm, where (1 – τ) is the emittance of the atmosphere. The temperature of the atmosphere is Tatm.
The total received radiation power can now be written (Equation 2):
We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by
the corresponding U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3):
Solve Equation 3 for Uobj (Equation 4):
This is the general measurement formula used in all the Flir Systems thermographic
equipment. The voltages of the formula are:
Table 33.1 Voltages
Uobj
Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature
Tobj i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested
object temperature.
Utot
Measured camera output voltage for the actual case.
Urefl
Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature
Trefl according to the calibration.
Uatm
Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature
Tatm according to the calibration.
The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation:
•
•
•
•
•
the object emittance ε,
the relative humidity,
Tatm
object distance (Dobj)
the (effective) temperature of the object surroundings, or the reflected ambient temperature Trefl, and
• the temperature of the atmosphere Tatm
This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally
no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the
actual case. The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surroundings do not contain large and intense radiation sources.
A natural question in this connection is: How important is it to know the right values of
these parameters? It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already
here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative
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magnitudes of the three radiation terms. This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters.
The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions
for three different object temperatures, two emittances, and two spectral ranges: SW and
LW. Remaining parameters have the following fixed values:
• τ = 0.88
• Trefl = +20°C (+68°F)
• Tatm = +20°C (+68°F)
It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measuring high temperatures since the ‘disturbing’ radiation sources are relatively much stronger
in the first case. Should also the object emittance be low, the situation would be still more
difficult.
We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the
calibration curve above the highest calibration point, what we call extrapolation. Imagine
that we in a certain case measure Utot = 4.5 volts. The highest calibration point for the
camera was in the order of 4.1 volts, a value unknown to the operator. Thus, even if the
object happened to be a blackbody, i.e. Uobj = Utot, we are actually performing extrapolation of the calibration curve when converting 4.5 volts into temperature.
Let us now assume that the object is not black, it has an emittance of 0.75, and the transmittance is 0.92. We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0.5
volts together. Computation of Uobj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uobj = 4.5 / 0.75
/ 0.92 – 0.5 = 6.0. This is a rather extreme extrapolation, particularly when considering
that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts! Note, though, that the application
of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no electronic or other limitations
exist. We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera, and if it had been
calibrated far beyond 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as
our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algorithm is based
on radiation physics, like the Flir Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to
such extrapolations.
Figure 33.2 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (SW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere
radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; Trefl = 20°C (+68°F); Tatm = 20°C (+68°F).
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The measurement formula
Figure 33.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere
radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; Trefl = 20°C (+68°F); Tatm = 20°C (+68°F).
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Emissivity tables
This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and
measurements made by Flir Systems.
34.1 References
1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press,
N.Y.
2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research,
Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
3. Madding, R. P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin – Extension, Department of Engineering and Applied Science.
4. William L. Wolfe: Handbook of Military Infrared Technology, Office of Naval Research,
Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
5. Jones, Smith, Probert: External thermography of buildings..., Proc. of the Society of
Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, vol.110, Industrial and Civil Applications of
Infrared Technology, June 1977 London.
6. Paljak, Pettersson: Thermography of Buildings, Swedish Building Research Institute,
Stockholm 1972.
7. Vlcek, J: Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities
at λ = 5 µm. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.
8. Kern: Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather
satellites, Defence Documentation Center, AD 617 417.
9. Öhman, Claes: Emittansmätningar med AGEMA E-Box. Teknisk rapport, AGEMA
1999. (Emittance measurements using AGEMA E-Box. Technical report, AGEMA
1999.)
10. Matteï, S., Tang-Kwor, E: Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811-21
between –36°C AND 82°C.
11. Lohrengel & Todtenhaupt (1996)
12. ITC Technical publication 32.
13. ITC Technical publication 29.
Note
The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave (SW) camera. The values
should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution.
34.2 Tables
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:
Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference
3M type 35
Vinyl electrical
tape (several
colors)
< 80
LW
Ca. 0.96
13
3M type 88
Black vinyl electrical tape
< 105
LW
Ca. 0.96
13
3M type 88
Black vinyl electrical tape
< 105
MW
< 0.96
13
3M type Super 33
Black vinyl electrical tape
< 80
LW
Ca. 0.96
13
Aluminum
anodized sheet
100
0.55
Aluminum
anodized, black,
dull
70
SW
0.67
Aluminum
anodized, black,
dull
70
LW
0.95
Aluminum
anodized, light
gray, dull
70
SW
0.61
Aluminum
anodized, light
gray, dull
70
LW
0.97
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Emissivity tables
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
Aluminum
as received, plate
100
0.09
Aluminum
as received,
sheet
100
0.09
Aluminum
cast, blast
cleaned
70
SW
0.47
Aluminum
cast, blast
cleaned
70
LW
0.46
Aluminum
dipped in HNO3,
plate
100
0.05
Aluminum
foil
27
10 µm
0.04
Aluminum
foil
27
3 µm
0.09
Aluminum
oxidized, strongly
50–500
0.2–0.3
Aluminum
polished
50–100
0.04–0.06
Aluminum
polished plate
100
0.05
Aluminum
polished, sheet
100
0.05
Aluminum
rough surface
20–50
0.06–0.07
Aluminum
roughened
27
10 µm
0.18
Aluminum
roughened
27
3 µm
0.28
Aluminum
sheet, 4 samples
differently
scratched
70
SW
0.05–0.08
Aluminum
sheet, 4 samples
differently
scratched
70
LW
0.03–0.06
Aluminum
vacuum
deposited
20
0.04
Aluminum
weathered,
heavily
17
SW
0.83–0.94
20
Aluminum bronze
0.60
Aluminum
hydroxide
powder
0.28
Aluminum oxide
activated, powder
0.46
Aluminum oxide
pure, powder
(alumina)
0.16
Asbestos
board
0.96
Asbestos
fabric
0.78
Asbestos
floor tile
35
SW
0.94
Asbestos
paper
40–400
0.93–0.95
Asbestos
powder
0.40–0.60
Asbestos
slate
20
0.96
LLW
0.967
Asphalt paving
20
Brass
dull, tarnished
20–350
0.22
Brass
oxidized
100
0.61
Brass
oxidized
70
SW
0.04–0.09
Brass
oxidized
70
LW
0.03–0.07
Brass
oxidized at 600°C
200–600
0.59–0.61
Brass
polished
200
0.03
Brass
polished, highly
100
0.03
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Emissivity tables
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
Brass
rubbed with 80grit emery
20
0.20
Brass
sheet, rolled
20
0.06
Brass
sheet, worked
with emery
20
0.2
Brick
alumina
17
SW
0.68
Brick
common
17
SW
0.86–0.81
Brick
Dinas silica,
glazed, rough
1100
0.85
Brick
Dinas silica,
refractory
1000
0.66
Brick
Dinas silica, unglazed, rough
1000
0.80
Brick
firebrick
17
SW
0.68
Brick
fireclay
1000
0.75
Brick
fireclay
1200
0.59
Brick
fireclay
20
0.85
Brick
masonry
35
SW
0.94
Brick
masonry,
plastered
20
0.94
Brick
red, common
20
0.93
Brick
red, rough
20
0.88–0.93
Brick
refractory,
corundum
1000
0.46
Brick
refractory,
magnesite
1000–1300
0.38
Brick
refractory,
strongly radiating
500–1000
0.8–0.9
Brick
refractory, weakly
radiating
500–1000
0.65–0.75
Brick
silica, 95% SiO2
1230
0.66
Brick
sillimanite, 33%
SiO2, 64% Al2O3
1500
0.29
Brick
waterproof
17
SW
0.87
Bronze
phosphor bronze
70
SW
0.08
Bronze
phosphor bronze
70
LW
0.06
Bronze
polished
50
0.1
Bronze
porous, rough
50–150
0.55
Bronze
powder
0.76–0.80
Carbon
candle soot
0.95
Carbon
charcoal powder
0.96
Carbon
graphite powder
0.97
Carbon
graphite, filed
surface
20
0.98
Carbon
lampblack
20–400
0.95–0.97
Chipboard
untreated
20
SW
0.90
Chromium
polished
50
0.10
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Emissivity tables
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
Chromium
polished
500–1000
0.28–0.38
Clay
fired
70
0.91
Cloth
black
20
0.98
20
0.92
Concrete
dry
36
SW
0.95
Concrete
rough
17
SW
0.97
Concrete
walkway
LLW
0.974
Copper
commercial,
burnished
20
0.07
Copper
electrolytic, carefully polished
80
0.018
Copper
electrolytic,
polished
–34
0.006
Copper
molten
1100–1300
0.13–0.15
Copper
oxidized
50
0.6–0.7
Copper
oxidized to
blackness
0.88
Copper
oxidized, black
27
0.78
Copper
oxidized, heavily
20
0.78
Copper
polished
50–100
0.02
Copper
polished
100
0.03
Copper
polished,
commercial
27
0.03
Copper
polished,
mechanical
22
0.015
Copper
pure, carefully
prepared surface
22
0.008
Copper
scraped
27
0.07
Copper dioxide
powder
0.84
Copper oxide
red, powder
0.70
Concrete
Ebonite
Emery
coarse
Enamel
0.89
80
0.85
20
0.9
Enamel
lacquer
20
0.85–0.95
Fiber board
hard, untreated
20
SW
0.85
Fiber board
masonite
70
SW
0.75
Fiber board
masonite
70
LW
0.88
Fiber board
particle board
70
SW
0.77
Fiber board
particle board
70
LW
0.89
Fiber board
porous, untreated
20
SW
0.85
Gold
polished
130
0.018
Gold
polished, carefully
200–600
0.02–0.03
Gold
polished, highly
100
0.02
Granite
polished
20
LLW
0.849
Granite
rough
21
LLW
0.879
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Emissivity tables
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
Granite
rough, 4 different
samples
70
SW
0.95–0.97
Granite
rough, 4 different
samples
70
LW
0.77–0.87
20
0.8–0.9
Gypsum
Ice: See Water
Iron and steel
cold rolled
70
SW
0.20
Iron and steel
cold rolled
70
LW
0.09
Iron and steel
covered with red
rust
20
0.61–0.85
Iron and steel
electrolytic
100
0.05
Iron and steel
electrolytic
22
0.05
Iron and steel
electrolytic
260
0.07
Iron and steel
electrolytic, carefully polished
175–225
0.05–0.06
Iron and steel
freshly worked
with emery
20
0.24
Iron and steel
ground sheet
950–1100
0.55–0.61
Iron and steel
heavily rusted
sheet
20
0.69
Iron and steel
hot rolled
130
0.60
Iron and steel
hot rolled
20
0.77
Iron and steel
oxidized
100
0.74
Iron and steel
oxidized
100
0.74
Iron and steel
oxidized
1227
0.89
Iron and steel
oxidized
125–525
0.78–0.82
Iron and steel
oxidized
200
0.79
Iron and steel
oxidized
200–600
0.80
Iron and steel
oxidized strongly
50
0.88
Iron and steel
oxidized strongly
500
0.98
Iron and steel
polished
100
0.07
Iron and steel
polished
400–1000
0.14–0.38
Iron and steel
polished sheet
750–1050
0.52–0.56
Iron and steel
rolled sheet
50
0.56
Iron and steel
rolled, freshly
20
0.24
Iron and steel
rough, plane
surface
50
0.95–0.98
Iron and steel
rusted red, sheet
22
0.69
Iron and steel
rusted, heavily
17
SW
0.96
Iron and steel
rusty, red
20
0.69
Iron and steel
shiny oxide layer,
sheet,
20
0.82
Iron and steel
shiny, etched
150
0.16
Iron and steel
wrought, carefully
polished
40–250
0.28
Iron galvanized
heavily oxidized
70
SW
0.64
Iron galvanized
heavily oxidized
70
LW
0.85
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Emissivity tables
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
Iron galvanized
sheet
92
0.07
Iron galvanized
sheet, burnished
30
0.23
Iron galvanized
sheet, oxidized
20
0.28
Iron tinned
sheet
24
0.064
Iron, cast
casting
50
0.81
Iron, cast
ingots
1000
0.95
Iron, cast
liquid
1300
0.28
Iron, cast
machined
800–1000
0.60–0.70
Iron, cast
oxidized
100
0.64
Iron, cast
oxidized
260
0.66
Iron, cast
oxidized
38
0.63
Iron, cast
oxidized
538
0.76
Iron, cast
oxidized at 600°C
200–600
0.64–0.78
Iron, cast
polished
200
0.21
Iron, cast
polished
38
0.21
Iron, cast
polished
40
0.21
Iron, cast
unworked
900–1100
0.87–0.95
Krylon Ultra-flat
black 1602
Flat black
Room temperature up to 175
LW
Ca. 0.96
12
Krylon Ultra-flat
black 1602
Flat black
Room temperature up to 175
MW
Ca. 0.97
12
Lacquer
3 colors sprayed
on Aluminum
70
SW
0.50–0.53
Lacquer
3 colors sprayed
on Aluminum
70
LW
0.92–0.94
Lacquer
Aluminum on
rough surface
20
0.4
Lacquer
bakelite
80
0.83
Lacquer
black, dull
40–100
0.96–0.98
Lacquer
black, matte
100
0.97
Lacquer
black, shiny,
sprayed on iron
20
0.87
Lacquer
heat–resistant
100
0.92
Lacquer
white
100
0.92
Lacquer
white
40–100
0.8–0.95
Lead
oxidized at 200°C
200
0.63
Lead
oxidized, gray
20
0.28
Lead
oxidized, gray
22
0.28
Lead
shiny
250
0.08
Lead
unoxidized,
polished
100
0.05
Lead red
100
0.93
Lead red, powder
100
0.93
0.75–0.80
0.3–0.4
Leather
tanned
Lime
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Emissivity tables
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
Magnesium
22
0.07
Magnesium
260
0.13
Magnesium
538
0.18
20
0.07
0.86
Magnesium
polished
Magnesium
powder
Molybdenum
1500–2200
0.19–0.26
Molybdenum
600–1000
0.08–0.13
700–2500
0.1–0.3
Molybdenum
filament
17
SW
0.87
Mortar
dry
36
SW
0.94
Nextel Velvet 81121 Black
Flat black
–60–150
LW
> 0.97
10 and
11
Nichrome
rolled
700
0.25
Nichrome
sandblasted
700
0.70
Nichrome
wire, clean
50
0.65
Nichrome
wire, clean
500–1000
0.71–0.79
Nichrome
wire, oxidized
50–500
0.95–0.98
Nickel
bright matte
122
0.041
Nickel
commercially
pure, polished
100
0.045
Nickel
commercially
pure, polished
200–400
0.07–0.09
Nickel
electrolytic
22
0.04
Nickel
electrolytic
260
0.07
Nickel
electrolytic
38
0.06
Nickel
electrolytic
538
0.10
Nickel
electroplated on
iron, polished
22
0.045
Nickel
electroplated on
iron, unpolished
20
0.11–0.40
Nickel
electroplated on
iron, unpolished
22
0.11
Nickel
electroplated,
polished
20
0.05
Nickel
oxidized
1227
0.85
Nickel
oxidized
200
0.37
Nickel
oxidized
227
0.37
Nickel
oxidized at 600°C
200–600
0.37–0.48
Nickel
polished
122
0.045
Nickel
wire
Mortar
200–1000
0.1–0.2
Nickel oxide
1000–1250
0.75–0.86
Nickel oxide
500–650
0.52–0.59
Oil, lubricating
0.025 mm film
20
0.27
Oil, lubricating
0.050 mm film
20
0.46
Oil, lubricating
0.125 mm film
20
0.72
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Emissivity tables
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
Oil, lubricating
film on Ni base: Ni
base only
20
0.05
Oil, lubricating
thick coating
20
0.82
Paint
8 different colors
and qualities
70
SW
0.88–0.96
Paint
8 different colors
and qualities
70
LW
0.92–0.94
Paint
Aluminum, various ages
50–100
0.27–0.67
Paint
cadmium yellow
0.28–0.33
Paint
chrome green
0.65–0.70
Paint
cobalt blue
0.7–0.8
Paint
oil
17
SW
0.87
Paint
oil based, average
of 16 colors
100
0.94
Paint
oil, black flat
20
SW
0.94
Paint
oil, black gloss
20
SW
0.92
Paint
oil, gray flat
20
SW
0.97
Paint
oil, gray gloss
20
SW
0.96
Paint
oil, various colors
100
0.92–0.96
Paint
plastic, black
20
SW
0.95
Paint
plastic, white
20
SW
0.84
Paper
4 different colors
70
SW
0.68–0.74
Paper
4 different colors
70
LW
0.92–0.94
Paper
black
0.90
Paper
black, dull
0.94
Paper
black, dull
70
SW
0.86
Paper
black, dull
70
LW
0.89
Paper
blue, dark
0.84
Paper
coated with black
lacquer
0.93
Paper
green
0.85
Paper
red
0.76
Paper
white
20
0.7–0.9
Paper
white bond
20
0.93
Paper
white, 3 different
glosses
70
SW
0.76–0.78
Paper
white, 3 different
glosses
70
LW
0.88–0.90
Paper
yellow
0.72
17
SW
0.86
Plaster
plasterboard,
untreated
20
SW
0.90
Plaster
rough coat
20
0.91
Plaster
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Emissivity tables
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
Plastic
glass fibre laminate (printed circ.
board)
70
SW
0.94
Plastic
glass fibre laminate (printed circ.
board)
70
LW
0.91
Plastic
polyurethane isolation board
70
LW
0.55
Plastic
polyurethane isolation board
70
SW
0.29
Plastic
PVC, plastic floor,
dull, structured
70
SW
0.94
Plastic
PVC, plastic floor,
dull, structured
70
LW
0.93
Platinum
100
0.05
Platinum
1000–1500
0.14–0.18
Platinum
1094
0.18
Platinum
17
0.016
Platinum
22
0.03
Platinum
260
0.06
Platinum
538
0.10
Platinum
pure, polished
200–600
0.05–0.10
Platinum
ribbon
900–1100
0.12–0.17
Platinum
wire
1400
0.18
Platinum
wire
500–1000
0.10–0.16
Platinum
wire
50–200
0.06–0.07
Porcelain
glazed
20
0.92
Porcelain
white, shiny
0.70–0.75
Rubber
hard
20
0.95
Rubber
soft, gray, rough
20
0.95
0.60
20
0.90
Sand
Sand
Sandstone
polished
19
LLW
0.909
Sandstone
rough
19
LLW
0.935
Silver
polished
100
0.03
Silver
pure, polished
200–600
0.02–0.03
Skin
human
32
0.98
Slag
boiler
0–100
0.97–0.93
Slag
boiler
1400–1800
0.69–0.67
Slag
boiler
200–500
0.89–0.78
Slag
boiler
600–1200
0.76–0.70
Soil
dry
20
0.92
Soil
saturated with
water
20
0.95
Stainless steel
alloy, 8% Ni, 18%
Cr
500
0.35
Stainless steel
rolled
700
0.45
Snow: See Water
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US
108
34
Emissivity tables
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
Stainless steel
sandblasted
700
0.70
Stainless steel
sheet, polished
70
SW
0.18
Stainless steel
sheet, polished
70
LW
0.14
Stainless steel
sheet, untreated,
somewhat
scratched
70
SW
0.30
Stainless steel
sheet, untreated,
somewhat
scratched
70
LW
0.28
Stainless steel
type 18-8, buffed
20
0.16
Stainless steel
type 18-8, oxidized at 800°C
60
0.85
Stucco
rough, lime
10–90
0.91
Styrofoam
insulation
37
SW
0.60
0.79–0.84
Tar
paper
20
0.91–0.93
Tile
glazed
17
SW
0.94
Tin
burnished
20–50
0.04–0.06
Tin
tin–plated sheet
iron
100
0.07
Titanium
oxidized at 540°C
1000
0.60
Titanium
oxidized at 540°C
200
0.40
Titanium
oxidized at 540°C
500
0.50
Titanium
polished
1000
0.36
Titanium
polished
200
0.15
Titanium
polished
500
0.20
Tungsten
1500–2200
0.24–0.31
Tungsten
200
0.05
Tungsten
600–1000
0.1–0.16
3300
0.39
Tar
Tungsten
filament
Varnish
flat
20
SW
0.93
Varnish
on oak parquet
floor
70
SW
0.90
Varnish
on oak parquet
floor
70
LW
0.90–0.93
Wallpaper
slight pattern, light
gray
20
SW
0.85
Wallpaper
slight pattern, red
20
SW
0.90
Water
distilled
20
0.96
Water
frost crystals
–10
0.98
Water
ice, covered with
heavy frost
0.98
Water
ice, smooth
0.97
Water
ice, smooth
–10
0.96
Water
layer >0.1 mm
thick
0–100
0.95–0.98
Water
snow
0.8
Water
snow
0.85
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US
–10
109
34
Emissivity tables
Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
Wood
17
SW
0.98
Wood
19
LLW
0.962
0.5–0.7
Wood
ground
Wood
pine, 4 different
samples
70
SW
0.67–0.75
Wood
pine, 4 different
samples
70
LW
0.81–0.89
Wood
planed
20
0.8–0.9
Wood
planed oak
20
0.90
Wood
planed oak
70
SW
0.77
Wood
planed oak
70
LW
0.88
Wood
plywood, smooth,
dry
36
SW
0.82
Wood
plywood,
untreated
20
SW
0.83
Wood
white, damp
20
0.7–0.8
Zinc
oxidized at 400°C
400
0.11
Zinc
oxidized surface
1000–1200
0.50–0.60
Zinc
polished
200–300
0.04–0.05
Zinc
sheet
50
0.20
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US
110
A note on the technical production of this publication
This publication was produced using XML — the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about
XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/
A note on the typeface used in this publication
This publication was typeset using Linotype Helvetica™ World. Helvetica™ was designed by Max
Miedinger (1910–1980).
LOEF (List Of Effective Files)
T505471.xml.5933
T505010.xml.5948
T505469.xml.5929
T505013.xml.5929
T505217.xml.5861
T505223.xml.5861
T505218.xml.5910
T505385.xml.5918
T505386.xml.5916
T505422.xml.5312
T505219.xml.5908
T505410.xml.5861
T505472.xml.5910
T505411.xml.5766
T505387.xml.5892
T505388.xml.5864
T505423.xml.5864
T505424.xml.5860
T505389.xml.5910
T505391.xml.5864
T505661.xml.5912
T505220.xml.5861
T505470.xml.5935
T505097.xml.5929
T505412.xml.5861
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T505012.xml.5433
T505007.xml.5936
T505004.xml.5937
T505000.xml.5938
T505005.xml.5939
T505001.xml.5940
T505006.xml.5941
T505002.xml.5942
#T559772; r.5948/5948; en-US
112
Corporate
last
page Headquarters
Flir System, Inc.
27700 SW Parkway Ave.
Wilsonville, OR 97070
USA
Telephone: +1-503-498-3547
Website
http://www.flir.com
Customer support
http://support.flir.com
Publ. No.:
Commit:
Head:
Language:
Modified:
Formatted:
T559772
5948
5948
en-US
2012-10-30
2012-10-30

---

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