Fluke 88V Deluxe Users Manual
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2015-09-09
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® Model 88 V Automotive Multimeter Users Manual PN 2166623 August 2004, Rev. 1, 1/06 © 2004, 2006 Fluke Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in USA All product names are trademarks of their respective companies. LIMITED WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY Each Fluke 20, 70, 80, 170 and 180 Series DMM will be free from defects in material and workmanship for its lifetime. As used herein, “lifetime” is defined as seven years after Fluke discontinues manufacturing the product, but the warranty period shall be at least ten years from the date of purchase. This warranty does not cover fuses, disposable batteries, damage from neglect, misuse, contamination, alteration, accident or abnormal conditions of operation or handling, including failures caused by use outside of the product’s specifications, or normal wear and tear of mechanical components. This warranty covers the original purchaser only and is not transferable. For ten years from the date of purchase, this warranty also covers the LCD. Thereafter, for the lifetime of the DMM, Fluke will replace the LCD for a fee based on then current component acquisition costs. To establish original ownership and prove date of purchase, please complete and return the registration card accompanying the product, or register your product on http://www.fluke.com. Fluke will, at its option, repair at no charge, replace or refund the purchase price of a defective product purchased through a Fluke authorized sales outlet and at the applicable international price. Fluke reserves the right to charge for importation costs of repair/replacement parts if the product purchased in one country is sent for repair elsewhere. If the product is defective, contact your nearest Fluke authorized service center to obtain return authorization information, then send the product to that service center, with a description of the difficulty, postage and insurance prepaid (FOB Destination). Fluke assumes no risk for damage in transit. Fluke will pay return transportation for product repaired or replaced in-warranty. Before making any non-warranty repair, Fluke will estimate cost and obtain authorization, then invoice you for repair and return transportation. THIS WARRANTY IS YOUR ONLY REMEDY. NO OTHER WARRANTIES, SUCH AS FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. FLUKE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSSES, INCLUDING LOSS OF DATA, ARISING FROM ANY CAUSE OR THEORY. AUTHORIZED RESELLERS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED TO EXTEND ANY DIFFERENT WARRANTY ON FLUKE’S BEHALF. Since some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of an implied warranty or of incidental or consequential damages, this limitation of liability may not apply to you. If any provision of this warranty is held invalid or unenforceable by a court or other decision-maker of competent jurisdiction, such holding will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision. Fluke Corporation P.O. Box 9090 Everett, WA 98206-9090 U.S.A. 2/02 To register your product online, visit register.fluke.com Fluke Europe B.V. P.O. Box 1186 5602 BD Eindhoven The Netherlands Table of Contents Title Introduction .................................................................................................................... Contacting Fluke ............................................................................................................ Safety Information .......................................................................................................... The Meter's Features ..................................................................................................... Power-Up Options ..................................................................................................... Automatic Power-Off ................................................................................................. Input Alert Feature .................................................................................................. Making Measurements ................................................................................................... Measuring AC and DC Voltage.................................................................................. Measuring Temperature ............................................................................................ Testing for Continuity................................................................................................. Measuring Resistance ............................................................................................... Using Conductance for High Resistance or Leakage Tests ...................................... Measuring Capacitance............................................................................................. Testing Diodes........................................................................................................... Measuring DC or AC Current..................................................................................... Measuring Frequency................................................................................................ i Page 1 1 1 5 13 13 13 14 14 15 16 18 20 21 22 24 27 Model 88 V Users Manual Measuring Duty Cycle ............................................................................................... Measuring Pulse Width ............................................................................................. Bar Graph ...................................................................................................................... Zoom Mode (Power Up Option Only) ........................................................................ Uses for the Zoom Mode........................................................................................... HiRes Mode ................................................................................................................... MIN MAX Recording Mode ............................................................................................ Smooth Feature (Power Up Option Only) ...................................................................... AutoHOLD Mode ........................................................................................................... Relative Mode................................................................................................................ Using the Meter for Automotive Applications ................................................................. Measuring RPM ........................................................................................................ Testing MAP or BP/MAP Sensors with Frequency Output........................................ Measuring Internal Resistance of an Ignition Coil ..................................................... Measuring Pulse Width on a Port Fuel Injector ......................................................... Testing Ripple Voltage on an Alternator.................................................................... Measuring Voltages on a Typical Oxygen Sensor .................................................... Measuring Starter Circuit Voltage Drop..................................................................... Testing the Throttle Position Sensor Voltage ............................................................ Testing the Throttle Position Sensor Resistance ...................................................... Isolating a Circuit Causing a Current Drain ............................................................... Measuring System Voltage ....................................................................................... Testing for Continuity in a Switch .............................................................................. Maintenance .................................................................................................................. General Maintenance................................................................................................ Testing the Fuse ....................................................................................................... Replacing the Battery................................................................................................ Replacing the Fuses ................................................................................................. ii 29 30 30 30 30 31 31 32 34 34 34 35 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 50 52 54 56 58 58 58 59 60 Contents (continued) Service and Parts ........................................................................................................... Specifications ................................................................................................................. General Specifications............................................................................................... Detailed Specifications .............................................................................................. iii 60 66 66 67 Model 88 V Users Manual iv List of Tables Table Title Page 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Electrical Symbols ................................................................................................................. 88 V Automotive Multimeter Front Controls........................................................................... Input Terminals...................................................................................................................... Rotary Switch Positions......................................................................................................... Pushbuttons .......................................................................................................................... Display Features ................................................................................................................... Functions and Trigger Levels for Frequency Measurements................................................. MIN MAX Functions............................................................................................................... Battery Charge Voltages ....................................................................................................... Replacement Parts ................................................................................................................ Accessories ........................................................................................................................... AC Voltage Function Specifications....................................................................................... DC Voltage, Resistance, and Conductance Function Specifications..................................... Temperature Specifications................................................................................................... Current Function Specifications............................................................................................. Capacitance and Diode Function Specifications ................................................................... Frequency Counter Specifications......................................................................................... 4 5 6 7 8 11 28 33 54 62 65 67 68 68 69 70 71 v Model 88 V Users Manual 18. 19. 20. Frequency Counter Sensitivity and Trigger Levels................................................................ 72 Electrical Characteristics of the Terminals ............................................................................ 73 Min Max Recording Specifications ........................................................................................ 74 vi List of Figures Figure Title Page 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 88 V Automotive Multimeter Front ......................................................................................... Measuring AC and DC Voltage ............................................................................................. Testing for Continuity............................................................................................................. Measuring Resistance ........................................................................................................... Measuring Capacitance......................................................................................................... Testing a Diode ..................................................................................................................... Measuring Current................................................................................................................. Components of Duty Cycle Measurements ........................................................................... Measuring RPM with Inductive Pickup .................................................................................. Testing MAP or BP/MAP Sensors with Frequency Output .................................................... Measuring Internal Resistance on an Ignition Coil ................................................................ Measuring Pulse Width on a Port Fuel Injector ..................................................................... Testing Ripple Voltage on an Alternator ................................................................................ Measuring Voltages on a Typical Oxygen Sensor ................................................................. Measuring Starter Circuit Voltage Drop ................................................................................. Testing the Throttle Position Sensor Resistance................................................................... Isolating Circuit Causing Current Drain ................................................................................. 5 14 17 19 21 23 26 29 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 vii Model 88 V Users Manual 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Measuring the No-Load Voltage of a Battery ........................................................................ Testing for Continuity in a Switch.......................................................................................... Testing the Current Fuses..................................................................................................... Battery and Fuse Replacement............................................................................................. Replaceable Parts................................................................................................................. viii 55 57 59 61 64 Automotive Multimeter Introduction To register your product, visit register.fluke.com Introduction XWWarning Safety Information Read "Safety Information" before you use the Meter. The Meter complies with: The Model 88 V Automotive Multimeter (“the Meter”) is a hand-held, battery-operated measurement device used for voltage, continuity, resistance, current, diode, capacitance, frequency, temperature, RPM, pulse width, and duty cycle measurements. • • • • • Contacting Fluke • To contact Fluke, call one of the following telephone numbers: USA: 1-888-44-FLUKE (1-888-443-5853) Canada: 1-800-36-FLUKE (1-800-363-5853) Europe: +31 402-675-200 Japan: +81-3-3434-0181 Singapore: +65-738-5655 Anywhere in the world: +1-425-446-5500 EN61010-1:2001 ANSI/ISA S82.01-2004 CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 1010.1:2004 UL61010-1 Measurement Category III, 1000 V, Pollution Degree 2 Measurement Category IV, 600 V, Pollution Degree 2 In this manual, a Warning identifies conditions and actions that pose hazards to the user. A Caution identifies conditions and actions that may damage the Meter or the equipment under test. Electrical symbols used on the Meter and in this manual are explained in Table 1. For USA Service: 1-888-99-FLUKE (1-888-993-5853) Or, visit Fluke's Web site at www.fluke.com. 1 Model 88 V Users Manual XWWarning • To avoid possible electric shock or personal injury, follow these guidelines: • • Do not use the Meter if it is damaged. Before you use the Meter, inspect the case. Look for cracks or missing plastic. Pay particular attention to the insulation surrounding the connectors. • Make sure the battery door is closed and latched before operating the Meter. • Replace the battery as soon as the battery indicator (M) appears. • Remove test leads from the Meter before opening the battery door. • 2 Use this Meter only as specified in this manual or the protection provided by the Meter might be impaired. Inspect the test leads for damaged insulation or exposed metal. Check the test leads for continuity. Replace damaged test leads before you use the Meter. • • • • • • • • Do not apply more than the rated voltage, as marked on the Meter, between the terminals or between any terminal and earth ground. Never operate the Meter with the cover removed or the case open. Use caution when working with voltages above 30 V ac, 42 V ac peak, or 60 V dc. These voltages pose a shock hazard. Use only the replacement fuses specified by the manual. Use the proper terminals, function, and range for measurements. Avoid working alone. When measuring current, turn off circuit power before connecting the Meter in the circuit. Remember to place the Meter in series with the circuit. When making electrical connections, connect the common test lead before connecting the live test lead; when disconnecting, disconnect the live test lead before disconnecting the common test lead. Do not use the Meter if it operates abnormally. Protection may be impaired. When in doubt, have the Meter serviced. Automotive Multimeter Safety Information • • • • Do not operate the Meter around explosive gas, vapor, or dust. Use only a single 9 V battery, properly installed in the Meter case, to power the Meter. When servicing the Meter, use only specified replacement parts. When using probes, keep fingers behind the finger guards on the probes. XWCaution To avoid possible damage to the Meter or to the equipment under test, follow these guidelines: • Disconnect circuit power and discharge all high-voltage capacitors before testing resistance, continuity, diodes, or capacitance. • Use the proper terminals, function, and range for all measurements. • Before measuring current, check the Meter's fuses. (See "Testing the Fuse"). 3 Model 88 V Users Manual Table 1. Electrical Symbols B AC (Alternating Current) F DC (Direct Current) I Fuse X Hazardous voltage P Conforms to European Union directives. W Risk of Danger. Important information. See Manual. $ Conforms to relevant Canadian Standards Association directives. M Battery. Low battery when displayed. T Double insulated R Continuity test or continuity beeper tone. E Capacitance CAT III IEC Overvoltage Category III CAT III equipment is designed to protect against transients in equipment in fixedequipment installations, such as distribution panels, feeders and short branch circuits, and lighting systems in large buildings. t s 4 Underwriters Laboratories J CAT IV G Inspected and licensed by TÜV Product Services. Earth ground IEC Overvoltage Category IV CAT IV equipment is designed to protect against transients from the primary supply level, such as an electricity meter or an overhead or underground utility service. Diode Automotive Multimeter The Meter's Features Table 2. 88 V Automotive Multimeter Front Controls The Meter's Features Tables 2 through 6 briefly describe the Meter's features. 1 88 2 MIN MAX RANGE REL Number Description A Display B Pushbuttons C Rotary Switch D Input Terminals AutoHOLD Hz % 3 4 A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM 400mA FUSED ayg40f.eps Figure 1. 88 V Automotive Multimeter Front 5 Model 88 V Users Manual Table 3. Input Terminals Terminal 6 Description A Input for 0 A to 10.00 A current measurements (20 A overload for 30 seconds maximum), current frequency, duty cycle, and pulse width measurements. mA µA Input for 0 µA to 400 mA current measurements (600 mA for 18 hrs.), current frequency, duty cycle, and pulse width. COM Return terminal for all measurements. I RPM Input for voltage, continuity, resistance, diode, capacitance, frequency, temperature, duty cycle, pulse width, and RPM measurements. Automotive Multimeter The Meter's Features Table 4. Rotary Switch Positions Switch Position Any Position Function When the Meter is turned on, the Meter model number briefly appears on the display. K AC voltage measurement L DC voltage measurement Press A for RPM o, press again for RPM n. 600 mV dc voltage range M Press A for temperature (T). Press E for continuity test. N e Resistance measurement Press A for capacitance measurement. O Diode test e DC current measurements from 0 mA to 10.00 A Press A for ac current measurements, from 0 mA to 10.00 A. f DC current measurements from 0 µA to 6000 µA Press A for ac current measurements from 0 µA to 6000 µA. 7 Model 88 V Users Manual Table 5. Pushbuttons Button A (Yellow) B 8 Switch Position Function N Selects capacitance M Selects temperature g K L Selects measurement of RPM o or RPM n e f Switches between dc and ac current Power-up Disables automatic power-off feature (Meter normally powers off in 30 minutes). The Meter reads “PoFF” until A is released. Any switch position Starts recording of minimum and maximum values and disables power-off feature. Steps the display through MAX, MIN, AVG (average), and present readings. Cancels MIN MAX (hold for 1 second). Power-up Enables the Meter’s calibration mode and prompts for a password. The Meter reads “CAL“ and enters calibration mode. See the 80 Series V Callibration Manual for more information. Switches between dc and ac current Automotive Multimeter The Meter's Features Table 5. Pushbuttons (cont.) Button C D Switch Position Function Any switch position Switches between the ranges available for the selected function. To return to autoranging, hold the button down for 1 second. M Switches between °C and °F when temperature is selected. Power-up Enables the Meter’s smoothing feature. The Meter reads “5___” until C is released. Any switch position AutoHOLD captures the present reading on the display. When a new, stable reading is detected, the Meter beeps and displays the new reading. MIN MAX recording Stops and starts recording without erasing recorded values. Frequency counter Stops and starts the frequency counter. Power-up Turns on all LCD segments until D, is released. Any switch position Turns the backlight on, makes it brighter, and turns it off. H Power-up Hold H down for one second to enter the HiRes digit mode. The “HiRes” icon appears on the display. To return to the 3-1/2 digit mode, hold H down for one second. HiRes=19,999 Changes the default ranging from manual to auto for the V ac and V dc functions. The Meter reads “Avto” until H is released. 9 Model 88 V Users Manual Table 5. Pushbuttons (cont.) Button E Switch Position Continuity ReE Turns the continuity beeper on and off MIN MAX recording Switches between Peak (250 µs) and Normal (100 ms) response times. Hz, Duty Cycle Toggles the meter to trigger on positive or negative slope. Power-up F (Relative mode) G Any switch position Power-up Any switch position except diode test Power-up 10 Function Disables the beeper for all functions. The Meter reads “bEEP” until E is released. Stores the present reading as a reference for subsequent readings. The display is zeroed, and the stored reading is subtracted from all subsequent readings. Enables zoom mode for the bar graph. The Meter reads “2rEL” until F is released. Press G for frequency measurements. Starts the frequency counter. Press again to enter duty cycle mode, and again to measure pulse width (ms). Enables the Meter’s high impedance mode when the mV dc function is used. The Meter reads “Hi2” until G is released. Automotive Multimeter The Meter's Features Table 6. Display Features Number Feature D a E ayg04f.eps Number Feature Y A Indication Polarity indicator for the analog bar graph. TrigY Positive or negative slope indicator for Hz/duty cycle triggering, pulse width, RPM. B X The continuity beeper is on. C W Relative (REL) mode is active. - Indication Smoothing is active. Indicates negative readings. In relative mode, this sign indicates that the present input is less than the stored reference. Indicates the presence of a high voltage input. Appears if the input voltage is 30 V or greater (ac or dc). Also appears in cal, Hz, and duty cycle modes. F Z G RS H S Display Hold is active. I p Indicates the Meter is in Peak Min Max mode and the response time is 250 µs. J m MAX MIN AVG K b AutoHOLD is active. Indicators for minimummaximum recording mode. The battery is low. XWWarning: To avoid false readings, which could lead to possible electric shock or personal injury, replace the battery as soon as the battery indicator appears. 11 Model 88 V Users Manual Number L Feature Indication A, µA, mA Amperes (amps), Microamp, Milliamp V, mV Volts, Millivolts µF, nF Microfarad, Nanofarad nS Nanosiemens % Percent. Used for duty cycle measurements. ms Milliseconds. Used for pulse width measurement. e, Me, ke Hertz, Kilohertz AC DC Alternating current, direct current M °C, °F Degrees Celsius, Degrees Fahrenheit N 610000 mV HiRes P Indication Auto The Meter is in autorange mode and automatically selects the range with the best resolution. Manual The Meter is in manual range mode. The number of segments is relative to the full-scale value of the selected range. In normal operation 0 (zero) is on the left. The polarity indicator at the left of the graph indicates the polarity of the input. The graph does not operate with the capacitance, frequency counter functions, temperature, or peak min max. For more information, see “Bar Graph” later in this manual. The bar graph also has a zoom function, as described under "Zoom Mode". Q Displays selected range The Meter is in high resolution (Hi Res) mode. HiRes=19,999 R 12 Feature Ohm, Megohm, Kilohm Hz, kHz O Number RPMon oconventional (4 cycle) Counts every other revolution. nwaste spark or 2 cycle. Counts every revolution. Automotive Multimeter The Meter's Features Number -bAtt diSC EEPr Err CAL Err Feature 0L Indication Overload condition is detected. Messages Replace the battery immediately. In the capacitance function, too much electrical charge is present on the capacitor being tested. Invalid EEPROM data. Have Meter serviced. Invalid calibration data. Calibrate Meter. LEAd WTest lead alert. Displayed when the test leads are in the A or mA/µA terminal and the selected rotary switch position does not correspond to the terminal being used. F8-Err Invalid model. Have Meter serviced. 0PEn Open thermocouple is detected. Power-Up Options Holding a button down while turning the Meter on activates a power-up option. Table 5 includes the powerup options. MAX Recording is enabled, the Meter will not power off. To disable automatic power-off, refer to Table 4. Input Alert Feature If a test lead is plugged into the mA/µA or A terminal, but the rotary switch is not set to the correct current position, the beeper warns you by making a chirping sound and the display flashes “LEAd”. This warning is intended to stop you from attempting to measure voltage, continuity, resistance, capacitance, or diode values when the leads are plugged into a current terminal. XW Caution Placing the probes across (in parallel with) a powered circuit when a lead is plugged into a current terminal can damage the circuit you are testing and blow the Meter's fuse. This can happen because the resistance through the Meter's current terminals is very low, so the Meter acts like a short circuit. Automatic Power-Off The Meter automatically turns off if you do not turn the rotary switch or press a button for 30 minutes. If MIN 13 Model 88 V Users Manual Making Measurements AC Voltage 88 The following sections describe how to take measurements with the Meter. Switch Box MIN MAX Measuring AC and DC Voltage The Meter's voltage ranges are 600.0 mV, 6.000 V, 60.00 V, 600.0 V, and 1000 V. To select the 600.0 mV dc range, turn the rotary switch to mV. To measure ac or dc voltage, refer to Figure 2. REL A mA A Hz % COM 400mA FUSED DC Voltage 88 mV MIN MAX RANGE REL For better accuracy when measuring the dc offset of an ac voltage, measure the ac voltage first. Note the ac voltage range, then manually select a dc voltage range equal to or higher than the ac range. This procedure improves the accuracy of the dc measurement by ensuring that the input protection circuits are not activated. AutoHOLD V 10A MAX FUSED When measuring voltage, the Meter acts approximately like a 10 MΩ (10,000,000 Ω) impedance in parallel with the circuit. This loading effect can cause measurement errors in high-impedance circuits. In most cases, the error is negligible (0.1% or less) if the circuit impedance is 10 kΩ (10,000 Ω) or less. RANGE AutoHOLD Hz % V A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM + 400mA FUSED aug01f.eps Figure 2. Measuring AC and DC Voltage 14 Automotive Multimeter Making Measurements Measuring Temperature To measure temperature, do the following: The Meter measures the temperature of a type-K thermocouple (included). Choose between degrees Celsius (°C) or degrees Fahrenheit (°F) by pushing C. 1. Connect a type-K thermocouple to the Meter’s COM and h terminals. 2. Turn the rotary switch to M. XW Caution 3. Press A to enter temperature mode. To avoid possible damage to the Meter or other equipment, remember that while the Meter is rated for -200.0 °C to +1090.0 °C and -328.0 °F to 1994.0 °F, the included K-Type Thermocouple is rated to 260 °C. For temperatures out of that range, use a higher rated thermocouple. 4. Push C to choose Celsius or Fahrenheit. Display ranges are -200.0 °C to +1090.0 °C and -328.0 °F to 1994.0 °F. Readings outside of these ranges show OL on the Meter display. When there is no thermocouple connected, the display shows OPEn for Meters above serial number (90710501) and OL for meters below serial number (90710501). Note To locate the serial number remove the Meter from the holster. The serial number is on the back of the holster. 15 Model 88 V Users Manual Testing for Continuity XWCaution To avoid possible damage to the Meter or to the equipment under test, disconnect circuit power and discharge all high-voltage capacitors before testing for continuity. The continuity test features a beeper that sounds as long as a circuit is complete. The beeper allows you to perform quick continuity tests without having to watch the display. To test for continuity, set up the Meter as shown in Figure 3 . Press Eto turn the continuity beeper on or off. The continuity function detects intermittent opens and shorts lasting as little as 1ms. A brief short causes the Meter to emit a short beep. 16 Automotive Multimeter Making Measurements For in-circuit tests, turn circuit power off. ON (closed) 88 88 OFF (open) Activates continuity beeper MIN MAX RANGE REL A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM 400mA FUSED MIN MAX AutoHOLD RANGE REL Hz % A mA A 10A MAX FUSED AutoHOLD Hz % COM 400mA FUSED ayg03.eps Figure 3. Testing for Continuity 17 Model 88 V Users Manual Measuring Resistance XWCaution • • To avoid possible damage to the Meter or to the equipment under test, disconnect circuit power and discharge all high-voltage capacitors before measuring resistance. Follow the manufacturers test procedures when testing air bags. See Table 19 for current levels. The Meter measures resistance by sending a small current through the circuit. Because this current flows through all possible paths between the probes, the resistance reading represents the total resistance of all paths between the probes. The Meter's resistance ranges are 600.0 Ω, 6.000 kΩ, 60.00 kΩ, 600.0 kΩ, 6.000 MΩ, and 50.00 MΩ. To measure resistance, set up the Meter as shown in Figure 4. 18 The following are some tips for measuring resistance: • The measured value of a resistor in a circuit is often different from the resistor's rated value. • The test leads can add 0.1 Ω to 0.2 Ω of error to resistance measurements. To test the leads, touch the probe tips together and read the resistance of the leads. If necessary, you can use the relative (REL) mode to automatically subtract this value. • The resistance function can produce enough voltage to forward-bias silicon diode or transistor junctions, causing them to conduct. If this is suspected, press C to apply a lower current in the next higher range. If the value is higher, use the higher value. Refer to Table 19. • For low ohms tests, use 600 Ω and press H for 1 second to enter Hi-Res mode. The display will show 0.01 Ω resolution up to 199.99 Ω. Automotive Multimeter Making Measurements In-Circuit Resistance Measurements Isolating a Potentiometer Circuit Power OFF 88 1 3 2 Disconnect MIN MAX RANGE REL AutoHOLD Hz % 2 1 3 Isolating a Resistor A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM 400mA FUSED Disconnect aug06f.eps Figure 4. Measuring Resistance 19 Model 88 V Users Manual Using Conductance for High Resistance or Leakage Tests The following are some tips for measuring conductance: • High-resistance readings are susceptible to electrical noise. To smooth out most noisy readings, enter the MIN MAX recording mode; then step to the average (AVG) reading. • There is normally a residual conductance reading with the test leads open. To ensure accurate readings, use the relative (REL) mode to subtract the residual value. Conductance, the inverse of resistance, is the ability of a circuit to pass current. The Meter's 60 nS range measures conductance in nanosiemens (1 nS = 0.000000001 Siemens). Because such small amounts of conductance correspond to extremely high resistance, the nS range lets you determine the resistance of components up to 100,000 MΩ, 1/1 nS = 1,000 MΩ. This test might be used to test DIS coil packs on a car. To measure conductance, set up the Meter as shown for measuring resistance (Figure 4); then press Cuntil the nS indicator appears on the display. 20 Automotive Multimeter Making Measurements Measuring Capacitance 88 XWCaution To avoid possible damage to the Meter or to the equipment under test, disconnect circuit power and discharge all high-voltage capacitors before measuring capacitance. Use the dc voltage function to confirm that the capacitor is discharged. The Meter's capacitance ranges are 10.00 nF, 100.0 nF, 1.000 µF, 10.00 µF, 100.0 µF, and 9999 µF. Select Capacitance MIN MAX RANGE A mA A 10A MAX FUSED AutoHOLD Hz % REL COM 400mA FUSED To measure capacitance, set up the Meter as shown in Figure 5. To improve the accuracy of measurements less than 1000 nF, use the relative (REL) mode to subtract the residual capacitance of the Meter and leads. Note If too much electrical charge is present on the capacitor being tested, the display shows “diSC”. + + + + + + + + + ayg02f.eps Figure 5. Measuring Capacitance 21 Model 88 V Users Manual Testing Diodes XWCaution To avoid possible damage to the Meter or to the equipment under test, disconnect circuit power and discharge all high-voltage capacitors before testing diodes. Use the diode test to check diodes, transistors, silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs), and other semiconductor devices. This function tests a semiconductor junction by sending a current through the junction, then measuring the junction's voltage drop. A good silicon junction drops between 0.5 V and 0.8 V. To test a diode out of a circuit, set up the Meter as shown in Figure 6. For forward-bias readings on any semiconductor component, place the red test lead on the component's positive terminal and place the black lead on the component's negative terminal. In a circuit, a good diode should still produce a forwardbias reading of 0.5 V to 0.8 V; however, the reverse-bias reading can vary depending on the resistance of other pathways between the probe tips. 22 A short beep sounds if the diode is good (<0.85 V). A continuous beep sounds if the reading is ≤0.100 V. This reading would indicate a short circuit. The display shows “OL” if the diode is open. Automotive Multimeter Making Measurements Forward Bias Reverse Bias 88 88 Typical Reading MIN MAX RANGE REL + + AutoHOLD MIN MAX Hz % RANGE REL AutoHOLD Hz % Single Beep A mA A COM A 400mA FUSED 10A MAX FUSED mA A COM 400mA FUSED 10A MAX FUSED Shorted 88 88 Bad Diode MIN MAX RANGE REL A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM 400mA FUSED Open Bad Diode AutoHOLD MIN MAX Hz % RANGE REL A mA A 10A MAX FUSED or AutoHOLD Hz % COM 400mA FUSED ayg09f.eps Figure 6. Testing a Diode 23 Model 88 V Users Manual Measuring DC or AC Current XWWarning To avoid possible electric shock or personal injury, never attempt an in-circuit current measurement where the open-circuit potential to earth is greater than 1000 V. You may damage the Meter or be injured if the fuse blows during such a measurement. The Meter's current ranges are 600.0 µA, 6000 µA, 60.00 mA, 400.0 mA, 6000 mA, and 10 A. To measure current, refer to Figure 7 and proceed as follows: 1. Turn off power to the circuit. Discharge all highvoltage capacitors. 2. Insert the black lead into the COM terminal. For currents between 6 mA and 400 mA, insert the red lead into the mA/µA terminal. For currents above 400 mA, insert the red lead into the A terminal. XWCaution To avoid possible damage to the Meter or to the equipment under test: Check the Meter's fuses before measuring current. See Testing the Fuse later in this manual. • Use the proper terminals, function, and range for all measurements. 3. Never place the probes across (in parallel with) any circuit or component when the leads are plugged into the current terminals. If you are using the A terminal, set the rotary switch to mA/A. If you are using the mA/µA terminal, set the rotary switch to µA for currents below 6000 µA (6 mA), or mA/A for currents above 6000 µA. 4. To measure ac current, press A. • To measure current, you must break the circuit under test, then place the Meter in series with the circuit. 24 Note • To avoid blowing the Meter's 400 mA fuse, use the mA/µA terminal only if you are sure the current is less than 400 mA continuously or less than 600 mA for 18 hours or less. Automotive Multimeter Making Measurements 5. Break the circuit path to be tested. Touch the black probe to the more negative side of the break; touch the red probe to the more positive side of the break. Reversing the leads will produce a negative reading, but will not damage the Meter. 6. Turn on power to the circuit; then read the display. Be sure to note the unit given at the right side of the display (µA, mA, or A). 7. Turn off power to the circuit and discharge all highvoltage capacitors. Remove the Meter and restore the circuit to normal operation. The following are some tips for measuring current: • If the current reading is 0 and you are sure the Meter is set up correctly, test the Meter's fuses as described under "Testing the Fuses". • A small voltage drop across a current meter input may effect operation of the measured circuit. You can calculate this burden voltage using the values listed in the specifications in Table 15. 25 Model 88 V Users Manual Circuit Power: OFF to connect meter. ON for measurement. OFF to disconnect meter. Total current to circuit 88 4 MIN MAX RANGE REL AutoHOLD 3 Hz % 5 2 A mA A 10A MAX FUSED Current through one component COM 400mA FUSED 5 ayg07f.eps Figure 7. Measuring Current 26 Automotive Multimeter Making Measurements Measuring Frequency The Meter measures the frequency of a voltage or current signal by counting the number of times the signal crosses a threshold level each second. Table 7 summarizes the trigger levels and applications for measuring frequency using the various ranges of the Meter's voltage and current functions. To measure frequency, connect the Meter to the signal source; then press G. Pressing Eswitches the trigger slope between + and -, as indicated by the symbol at the left side of the display (refer to Figure 8 under "Measuring Duty Cycle"). Pressing Dstops and starts the counter. The Meter autoranges to one of five frequency ranges: 199.99 Hz, 1999.9 Hz, 19.999 kHz, 199.99 kHz, and greater than 200 kHz. For frequencies below 10 Hz, the display is updated at the frequency of the input. Below 0.5 Hz, the display may be unstable. The following are some tips for measuring frequency: • If a reading shows as 0 Hz or is unstable, the input signal may be below or near the trigger level. You can usually correct these problems by selecting a lower range, which increases the sensitivity of the Meter. In the L function, the lower ranges also have lower trigger levels. • If a reading seems to be a multiple of what you expect, the input signal may be distorted. Distortion can cause multiple triggering of the frequency counter. Selecting a higher voltage range might solve this problem by decreasing the sensitivity of the Meter. You can also try selecting a dc range, which raises the trigger level. In general, the lowest frequency displayed is the correct one. 27 Model 88 V Users Manual Table 7. Functions and Trigger Levels for Frequency Measurements Typical Application Range K 6 V, 60 V, 600 V, 1000 V ± 5 % of scale Most signals. 600 mV ± 30 mV High-frequency 5 V logic signals. (The dc-coupling of the L function can attenuate high-frequency logic signals, reducing their amplitude enough to interfere with triggering.) 600 mV 40 mV Refer to the measurement tips given on page 27. L 6V 1.7 V 5 V logic signals (TTL). L 60 V 4.0 V Automotive switching signals. L 600 V 40 V Refer to the measurement tips given before on page 27. L 1000 V 100 V K mL R e E Gd \ Frequency counter characteristics are not available or specified for these functions. All ranges ± 5 % of scale AC current signals. Refer to the measurement tips given before this table. µAF 600 µA, 6000 µA 30 µA, 300 µA ^ 60 mA, 400 mA 3.0 mA, 30 mA 6 A, 10 A 0.30 A, 3.0 A AF 28 Approximate Trigger Level Function Automotive Multimeter Making Measurements frequency function, you can change the slope for the Meter's counter by pressing E. Measuring Duty Cycle Duty cycle (or duty factor) is the percentage of time a signal is above or below a trigger level during one cycle (Figure 8). The duty cycle mode is optimized for measuring the on or off time of logic and switching signals. Systems such as electronic fuel injection systems and switching power supplies are controlled by pulses of varying width, which can be checked by measuring duty cycle. For 5 V logic signals, use the 6 V dc range. For 12 V switching signals in automobiles, use the 60 V dc range. For sine waves, use the lowest range that does not result in multiple triggering. (Normally, a distortion-free signal can be up to ten times the amplitude of the selected voltage range.) If a duty cycle reading is unstable, press B; then scroll to the AVG (average) display. To measure duty cycle, set up the Meter to measure frequency; then press G a second time. As with the +Slope Trigger Point -Slope Trigger Point 30% Above +Slope 70% Below -Slope 100% ayg39f.eps Figure 8. Components of Duty Cycle Measurements 29 Model 88 V Users Manual Measuring Pulse Width For a periodic waveform (its pattern repeats at equal time intervals), you can determine the amount of time that the signal is high or low as follows: 1. Measure the signal's frequency by pressing G once. 2. Press G two more times to measure pulse width in milliseconds (ms) Press E to toggle between the signal’s positive or negative pulse. In the 60 V range, for example, the major divisions on the scale represent 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 V. An input of -30 V lights the negative sign and the segments up to the middle of the scale. The bar graph also has a zoom function, as described under "Zoom Mode". Zoom Mode (Power Up Option Only) To use the Rel Zoom Bar Graph: 1. Hold down F while turning the Meter on. The display reads “2rEL”. Bar Graph 2. Select the relative mode by pressing F again. The analog bar graph functions like the needle on an analog meter, but without the overshoot. The bar graph updates 40 times per second. Because the graph responds 10 times faster than the digital display, it is useful for observing momentary changes, for making peak and null adjustments and for observing rapidly changing inputs. The graph is not shown for capacitance, frequency counter functions, temperature, or peak min max. 3. The center of the bar graph now represents zero and the sensitivity of the bar graph increases by a factor of 10. Measured values more negative than the stored reference activate segments to the left of center; values more positive activate segments to the right of center. 3. The number of lit segments indicates the measured value and is relative to the full-scale value of the selected range. 30 Uses for the Zoom Mode The relative mode, combined with the increased sensitivity of the bar graph's zoom mode, helps you make fast and accurate zero and peak adjustments. Automotive Multimeter HiRes Mode For zero adjustments, set the Meter to the desired function, short the test leads together, press F; then connect the leads to the circuit under test. Adjust the circuit's variable component until the display reads zero. Only the center segment on the zoom bar graph is lit. For peak adjustments, set the Meter to the desired function, connect the leads to the circuit under test; then press F. The display reads zero. As you adjust for a positive or negative peak, the bar graph length increases to the right or left of zero. If an overange symbol lights (< or >), press F twice to set a new reference; then continue with the adjustment. HiRes Mode Pressing H for one second causes the Meter to enter the high-resolution (HiRes), 4-1/2 digit mode. Readings are displayed at 10 times the normal resolution with a maximum display of 19,999 counts. The HiRes mode works in all modes except capacitance, frequency counter functions, temperature, and the 250 µs (peak) MIN MAX modes. To return to the 3-1/2 digit mode, press H again for one second. MIN MAX Recording Mode The MIN MAX mode records minimum and maximum input values. When the inputs go below the recorded minimum value or above the recorded maximum value, the Meter beeps and records the new value. This mode can be used to capture intermittent readings, record maximum readings while you are away or record readings while you are operating the equipment under test and cannot watch the Meter. MIN MAX mode can also calculate an average of all readings taken since the MIN MAX mode was activated. To use MIN MAX mode, refer to the functions in Table 8. Response time is the length of time an input must stay at a new value to be recorded. A shorter response time captures shorter events, but with decreased accuracy. Changing the response time erases all recorded readings. Model 88 V has 100 millisecond, and 250 µs (peak) response times. The 250 µs response time is indicated by "p" on the display. The 100 millisecond response time is best for recording power supply surges, inrush currents, and finding intermittent failures. The true average value (AVG) displayed in the 100 ms mode is the mathematical integral of all readings taken since the start of recording (overloads are discarded). 31 Model 88 V Users Manual The average reading is useful for smoothing out unstable inputs, calculating power consumption, or estimating the percentage of time a circuit is active. Note Monitoring average while testing oxygen sensors displays fuel trim trends. Min Max records the signal extremes lasting longer than 100 ms. Peak records the signal extremes lasting longer than 250 µs. 32 Smooth Feature (Power Up Option Only) When the input signal changes rapidly, “smoothing” provides a steadier reading on the display by averaging multiple samples. To use the smooth feature: 1. Hold down C while turning the Meter on. The display will read “5___” until C is released. 2. The smooth icon (g) will appear on the left side of the display to let you know that smoothing is active. Automotive Multimeter Smooth Feature (Power Up Option Only) Table 8. MIN MAX Functions Button B B (while in MIN MAX mode) E PEAK MIN MAX D B (hold for 1 second) MIN MAX Function Enter MIN MAX recording mode. The Meter is locked in the range displayed before you entered MIN MAX mode. (Select the desired measurement function and range before entering MIN MAX.) The Meter beeps each time a new minimum or maximum value is recorded. Step through maximum (MAX), minimum (MIN), average (AVG) and present values. Select 100 ms or 250 µs response time. (The 250 µs response time is indicated by pon the display.) Stored values are erased. The present and AVG (average) values are not available when 250 µs is selected. Stop recording without erasing stored values. Press again to resume recording. Exit MIN MAX mode. Stored values are erased. The Meter stays in the selected range. 33 Model 88 V Users Manual AutoHOLD Mode XWWarning To avoid possible electric shock or personal injury, do not use AutoHOLD mode to determine that circuits are without power. The AutoHOLD mode will not capture unstable or noisy readings. The AutoHOLD mode captures the present reading on the display. When a new, stable reading is detected, the Meter beeps and displays the new reading. To enter or exit AutoHOLD mode, press D. Relative Mode Selecting relative mode ( F) causes the Meter to zero the display and store the present reading as the reference for subsequent measurements. The Meter is locked into the range selected when you pressed F. Press Fagain to exit this mode. In relative mode, the reading shown is always the difference between the present reading and the stored reference value. For example, connect to battery with engine off, press F and start the engine to see charging voltage. 34 Note The bar graph continues to display the actual voltage. Using the Meter for Automotive Applications This section uses some typical automotive testing applications. This information is intended to assist you in learning how to use the Meter. Consult your service manual for test procedures specific to your car. Automotive Multimeter Using the Meter for Automotive Applications Measuring RPM • RPM can be measured in either the dc volts or ac volts function. In dc volts, the measurement is dc-coupled, while in the ac volts position, it is ac coupled. If RPM readings appear noisy, you should use the function setting that provides the most stable reading. On some systems with non-resistor plugs, the pickup may need to be moved away from plug or use the AC function. • On DIS waste spark systems, the pickup may need to be reversed, depending on what side of the coil the plug is on. Two RPM functions are available: • RPM o is used for conventional 4-cycle engines. • RPM n is used for 2-cycle engines or waste spark DIS 4-cycle engines (1 count/revolution). Note When RPM measurements are displayed, the last digit on the display might not settle. If you want a more stable display, use the Smooth function. In Smooth mode, multiple measurements are averaged before a value is displayed. Refer to the Smooth Feature earlier in this manual. When RPM is first selected, the Meter is in the 6 V dc range. (The range is indicated by the number shown at the right end of the analog bar graph.) If the reading is unstable, move to the 60 V range by pressing C once. The Meter comes with an inductive pickup. The inductive pickup takes the magnetic field generated by the current in the spark plug wire and converts it to a pulse that triggers the Meter's RPM measurement. The Meter can also read RPM directly from appropriate signals (like the camshaft position sensor or tach signals) using test leads rather than the inductive pickup. • If the meter reading is too high or is unstable, move to the next V range by pressing C once. XWWarning To avoid personal injury, make sure that the engine is off before connecting or removing the pickup. The ignition system can create a potential shock hazard. 1. Turn engine off. 2. Connect output plug of Inductive Pickup in the input terminals shown. Make sure the (-) plug is in COM and the (+) is in RPM. See Figure 9. 35 Model 88 V Users Manual 3. Turn rotary switch to K or L. 4. For 4-cycle engines that fire once every other revolution, press A once to select RPMo. For systems that fire every revolution (2-cycle engines), and for DIS waste spark systems, press A twice to select RPMn. 5. Clamp the Inductive Pickup to a plug wire near the spark plug. (Make sure that the jaws are closed completely and the side labeled SPARK PLUG SIDE faces the spark plug). 6. Turn engine on. Read RPM on the display. Turn the engine off before removing Pickup. 36 Automotive Multimeter Using the Meter for Automotive Applications 6 88 4 MIN MAX RANGE REL E G SID K PLU SPAR AutoHOLD Hz % 3 5 2 A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM 400mA FUSED ayg21f.eps Figure 9. Measuring RPM with Inductive Pickup 37 Model 88 V Users Manual Testing MAP or BP/MAP Sensors with Frequency Output To use the Frequency function to check barometric pressure/ manifold absolute pressure (BP/MAP) sensors: 1. Insert the test leads in the input terminals as shown in Figure 10. 2. Set the rotary switch to L. 3. Connect the test lead clips to the circuit according to the manufacturer’s wiring diagrams. 4. Press G once to select frequency. Hz appears on the display. Press C repeatedly to step to the 6 V range. "6" should appear at the right side of the display. Use E to change trigger slope. 5. With the ignition KEY ON but the ENGINE OFF (KOEO), pump the vacuum up. 6. Watch the frequency change on the display. Compare the frequency at various vacuum readings with the specifications in the vehicle’s service manual. At 0 inches of mercury, the frequency should match specification for your altitude. 38 Note Frequency measurements can be made on voltage (V dc, V ac, or mV dc) or current inputs (mA/A ac or dc). In automotive applications, however, most Frequency measurements will be made using the volts ac function. Automotive Multimeter Using the Meter for Automotive Applications 6 88 4 MIN MAX RANGE REL AutoHOLD Hz % 2 1 A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM 400mA FUSED 3 ayg22f.eps Figure 10. Testing MAP or BP/MAP Sensors with Frequency Output 39 Model 88 V Users Manual Measuring Internal Resistance of an Ignition Coil When measuring resistance, be sure that the contact between the probes and the circuit is clean. Dirt, oil, paint, rust or other foreign matter seriously affect resistance. Measure resistance in the primary and secondary coils when the coil is hot and cold. 1. Insert test leads in the input terminals shown in Figure 11. 2. Turn rotary switch to N. 3. Touch the probes as shown to measure resistance in primary windings. 4. Observe display. Resistance should be less than a few ohms. 5. Touch probes as shown to measure resistance in secondary windings. 6. Observe display. Resistance should typically be about 10 k. 40 XWWarning To avoid possible electric shock or damage to the Meter turn engine off before making measurements. Automotive Multimeter Using the Meter for Automotive Applications 4 88 MIN MAX RANGE REL A mA A 3 AutoHOLD Hz % 6 88 MIN MAX 2 RANGE REL COM A mA A 5 AutoHOLD Hz % COM 1 10A MAX FUSED 400mA FUSED 10A MAX FUSED 400mA FUSED ayg11f.eps Figure 11. Measuring Internal Resistance on an Ignition Coil 41 Model 88 V Users Manual Measuring Pulse Width on a Port Fuel Injector In Pulse Width (and Duty Cycle), the meter defaults to (-) trigger slope; (time signal is low). Press E (± TRIGGER) to toggle between (±) trigger slopes. The slope is indicated by the + or - sign next to “Trig” in the lower-left corner of the display. To measure pulse width on most port fuel injectors: 1. Insert test leads in the input terminals shown in Figure 12. 2. Set the rotary switch to L. 3. Connect the test leads as shown. 4. Press G three times to select Pulse Width. The display shows ms. 5. Start the engine. Read the display. 42 Automotive Multimeter Using the Meter for Automotive Applications 5 88 3 4 MIN MAX RANGE REL AutoHOLD Hz % 2 A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM 1 400mA FUSED ayg12f.eps Figure 12. Measuring Pulse Width on a Port Fuel Injector 43 Model 88 V Users Manual Testing Ripple Voltage on an Alternator Ripple voltage or ac voltage can be measured by switching your meter to ac and connecting the black lead to a good ground and the red lead to the “BAT” terminal on the back of the alternator (not at the battery). 1. Insert the test leads as shown in Figure 13. 2. Set the rotary switch to K. 3. Touch the red probe to the “BAT” side of the alternator and the black probe to ground. 4. Read the display. A good alternator should measure less than 0.5 V ac with the engine running. A higher reading indicates damaged alternator diodes. 44 Automotive Multimeter Using the Meter for Automotive Applications 4 88 MIN MAX RANGE REL AutoHOLD Hz % 2 A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM 1 3 400mA FUSED ayg16f.eps Figure 13. Testing Ripple Voltage on an Alternator 45 Model 88 V Users Manual Measuring Voltages on a Typical Oxygen Sensor Watch the bar graph sweep as oxygen voltage changes. Depending on the driving conditions, the oxygen voltage will rise and fall, but it usually averages around 0.450 V dc. 1. Shut the engine off and insert test lead in the input terminals shown in Figure 14. 2. Set the rotary switch to L. 3. Press C three times to select the 6 V range. 4. Connect the test leads as shown. 5. Start the engine. If the oxygen sensor is unheated, fast-idle the car for a few minutes. Then press B to select MIN MAX Recording. 6. Press the B button to display maximum (MAX) oxygen voltage; press again to display minimum (MIN) voltage; press again to display average (AVG) voltage; press and hold down MIN MAX for 2 seconds to exit. 46 Automotive Multimeter Using the Meter for Automotive Applications 6 88 5 3 MIN MAX RANGE REL AutoHOLD Hz % 2 A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM 1 400mA FUSED 4 ayg14f.eps Figure 14. Measuring Voltages on a Typical Oxygen Sensor 47 Model 88 V Users Manual Measuring Starter Circuit Voltage Drop Since AutoHOLD ignores readings of 0, it will retain the voltage drop after you quit cranking. 1. Insert test leads in the input terminals shown in Figure 15. 2. Set the rotary switch to M. If you are measuring over 600 mV, “0L” will appear. Switch to L and select the 6 V range. 3. Press D, RS is displayed. 4. Touch probes across the connection to be measured. 5. Crank engine 4-5 seconds. Meter holds voltage drop between the probes on the display. 6. Press D again to exit AutoHOLD. 48 Automotive Multimeter Using the Meter for Automotive Applications 5 88 3 MIN MAX RANGE REL AutoHOLD Hz % 2 + A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM 400mA FUSED – 1 4 ayg17f.eps Figure 15. Measuring Starter Circuit Voltage Drop 49 Model 88 V Users Manual Testing the Throttle Position Sensor Voltage Testing the Throttle Position Sensor Resistance The throttle position sensor sends a signal to the computer indicating the position of the throttle. To test the throttle position sensor: 1. Insert test leads in the input terminals shown in Figure 16. 2. Set the rotary switch to N. 1. Insert test leads in the input terminals shown in Figure 16. 3. Press C to select Manual range. Press C to repeatedly to stip to the 6 kΩ range. 2. Turn the ignition KEY ON but the ENGINE OFF (KOEO). 4. Connect the test leads as shown in Figure 16. 3. Set the rotary switch to L and press C three times to step to the 6 V range. 5. Rotate the throttle position sensor by moving the throttle. 4. Press B and E to enable peak MIN MAX mode. 6. Look at the display and read the bar graph. 5. Connect the test leads as shown Figure 16. 6. Rotate the throttle plate to full open and back to the throttle stop to test the full motion of the sensor. Press B to read the minimum and maximum values. 50 As you rotate the throttle position sensor to change resistance, the display should move smoothly (not erratically). Automotive Multimeter Using the Meter for Automotive Applications 7 88 4 5 MIN MAX RANGE REL A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM AutoHOLD Hz % 3 1 400mA FUSED ayg15f.eps Figure 16. Testing the Throttle Position Sensor Resistance 51 Model 88 V Users Manual Isolating a Circuit Causing a Current Drain 1. Insert the test leads in the input terminals shown in Figure 17. 2. Turn switch to e. 3. Disconnect battery terminal and touch probes as shown. To avoid electric shock or personal injury, do not attempt this test on a lead-acid battery that has recently been recharged. XWCaution Note Use a battery isolator momentarily while connecting the meter to retain PCM memory. 4. Isolate circuit causing current drain by pulling out one fuse after another while reading the display. 5. Current reading will drop when the fuse on the bad circuit is pulled. 6. Reinstall fuse and test components (including connectors) of that circuit to find defective component(s). 52 XWWarning Do not crank the engine or operate accessories that draw more than 10 A. You could blow the fuse in the Meter. Automotive Multimeter Using the Meter for Automotive Applications 5 88 4 MIN MAX RANGE REL AutoHOLD Hz % 2 3 A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM + 1 400mA FUSED ayg18f.eps Figure 17. Isolating Circuit Causing Current Drain 53 Model 88 V Users Manual Table 9. Battery Charge Voltages Measuring System Voltage Bleed the surface charge from the battery by turning the headlights on for 1 minute. Measure the voltage across the battery terminal with the lights off. When possible, individual cell specific gravity should be checked with a hydrometer. A load test should be done to indicate battery performance under load. Voltage tests only tell the state of charge, not the battery condition. To measure system voltage: 1. Insert test leads in the input terminals shown in Figure 18. 2. Set the switch to V. 3. Turn on lights for 1 minute to bleed off surface charge. 4. Turn lights off and touch probes to circuit. 5. Read the display. A fully charged battery typically shows about 12.6 V. See other typical values in Table 9. 54 Voltage % Charge 12.60 to 12.72 V 100 12.45 V 75 12.30 V 50 12.15 V 25 Readings obtained at 80 °F (27 °C) Automotive Multimeter Using the Meter for Automotive Applications 5 88 MIN MAX RANGE REL AutoHOLD Hz % 2 + A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM 1 400mA FUSED 4 ayg19f.eps Figure 18. Measuring the No-Load Voltage of a Battery 55 Model 88 V Users Manual Testing for Continuity in a Switch A continuity test verifies that you have a closed circuit. The continuity function detects opens or shorts as fast as 1 millisecond. This can be a valuable trouble-shooting aid when looking for intermittents associated with cables, connections, switches, and relays. 1. Insert test leads in the input terminals shown in Figure 19. 2. Turn rotary switch to N. 3. Press the E button. 4. Connect probes to stoplight switch. 5. Press brake pedal and listen for tone. If tone sounds, stoplight switch is good. 56 XWCaution To avoid possible damage to the meter or to equipment under test, disconnect the power to the circuit under test and discharge all high voltage capacitors before testing resistance, continuity or diodes. Automotive Multimeter Using the Meter for Automotive Applications 5 88 3 MIN MAX RANGE REL AutoHOLD Hz % 2 A mA A 10A MAX FUSED COM 4 1 5 400mA FUSED ayg20f.eps Figure 19. Testing for Continuity in a Switch 57 Model 88 V Users Manual Testing the Fuse Maintenance XWWarning To avoid possible electric shock or personal injury, repairs or servicing not covered in this manual should be performed only by qualified personnel. General Maintenance Periodically wipe the case with a damp cloth and mild detergent. Do not use abrasives or solvents. Dirt or moisture in the terminals can affect readings and can falsely activate the Input Alert feature. Clean the terminals as follows: 1. Turn the Meter off and remove all test leads. 2. Shake out any dirt that may be in the terminals. 3. Soak a new swab with a cleaning and oiling agent (such as WD-40). Work the swab around in each terminal. The oiling agent insulates the terminals from moisture-related activation of the Input Alert feature. Note Do not spray lubricant directly on the terminals. 58 If a test lead is plugged into the mA/µA or A terminal and the rotary switch is turned to a non-current function, the Meter chirps and flashes “LEAd” if the fuse associated with that current terminal is good. If the Meter does not chirp or flash “LEAd”, the fuse is bad and must be replaced. Refer to Table 10 for the appropriate replacement fuse. To test the quality of the fuse and the current shunt: before measuring current, set rotary switch to N and test the appropriate fuse as shown in Figure 20. If the tests give readings other than those shown, have the Meter serviced. XWWarning To avoid electrical shock or personal injury, remove the test leads and any input signals before replacing the battery or fuses. To prevent damage or injury, install ONLY specified replacement fuses with the amperage, voltage, and speed ratings shown in Table 10. Automotive Multimeter Maintenance Replacing the Battery Good F2 fuse: 00.0 Ω to 00.5 Ω Replace fuse: OL 88 MIN MAX RANGE REL AutoHOLD Replace the battery with a 9 V battery (NEDA A1604, 6F22, or 006P). Hz % XWWarning Touch top half of input contacts A mA A To avoid false readings, which could lead to possible electric shock or personal injury, replace the battery as soon as the battery indicator (b) appears. If the display shows “bAtt” the Meter will not function until the battery is replaced. COM 400mA FUSED 10A MAX FUSED Replace the battery as follows, refer to Figure 21: 88 MIN MAX RANGE REL AutoHOLD A mA A 10A MAX FUSED 1. Turn the rotary switch to OFF and remove the test leads from the terminals. 2. Remove the battery door by using a standard-blade screwdriver to turn the battery door screws onequarter turn counterclockwise. 3. Replace the battery and the battery door. Secure the door by turning the screws one-quarter turn clockwise. Hz % Good F1 fuse: 0.995 kΩ to 1.005 kΩ Replace fuse: OL COM 400mA FUSED ayg05f.eps Figure 20. Testing the Current Fuses 59 Model 88 V Users Manual Replacing the Fuses 7. Referring to Figure 21, examine or replace the Meter's fuses as follows: Verify that the rotary switch and the circuit board switch are in the OFF position. 8. Replace the case top, ensuring that the gasket is properly seated and case snaps together above the LCD. 9. Reinstall the three screws and the battery door. Secure the door by turning the screws one-quarter turn clockwise. 1. Turn the rotary switch to OFF and remove the test leads from the terminals. 2. Remove the battery door by using a standard-blade screwdriver to turn the battery door screws onequarter turn counterclockwise. 3. Remove the three Phillips-head screws from the case bottom and turn the case over. 4. Service and Parts If the Meter fails, check the battery and fuses. Review this manual to verify proper use of the Meter. Gently push up the input terminal-end of the top case from inside the battery compartment to separate the two halves of the case. Replacement parts and accessories are shown in Tables 10 and 11 and Figure 22. 5. Remove the fuse by gently prying one end loose, then sliding the fuse out of its bracket. To order parts and accessories, refer to “Contacting Fluke”. 6. Install ONLY specified replacement fuses with the amperage, voltage, and speed ratings shown in Table 10. 60 Automotive Multimeter Service and Parts F1 F2 ayg33f.eps Figure 21. Battery and Fuse Replacement 61 Model 88 V Users Manual Table 10. Replacement Parts Item BT1 F1 W F2 W H2-4 H5-9 J1-2 MP10-11 MP2 MP4 MP5 MP6 MP8 MP9 MP13 MP14 MP15 Description Battery, 9 V Fuse, 0.440 A, 1000 V, FAST Fuse, 11 A, 1000 V, FAST Screw, Case Screw, Bottom Shield Elastomeric Connector Foot, Non-Skid Shield, Top Shield, Bottom Case Top (PAD XFER) with Window 88 V Case Bottom Knob, Switch (PAD XFER) Detent, Knob Shock Absorber O-Ring, Input Receptacle Holster Tilt Stand MP22 Battery Door MP27-MP30 Contact RSOB MP31 Mask, LCD (PAD XFER) 88 V MP41 Housing, RSOB WTo ensure safety, use exact replacement only. 62 Qty. 1 1 1 3 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 Fluke Part or Model Number 2139179 943121 803293 832246 448456 817460 824466 2073906 2074025 2115202 2073871 2100482 822643 828541 831933 2074033 2074040 2073938 1567683 2112410 2073945 Automotive Multimeter Service and Parts Table 10. Replacement Parts (cont.) Item MP390-391 U5 CR6 S2 TM1 TM2 TM3 Description Access Door Fastener LCD, 4.5 DIGIT,TN, Transflective, Bar Graph, OSPR80 Light pipe Keypad Model 88 V Automotive Multimeter Users Manual (this manual) Model 88 V Automotive Multimeter Quick Reference Card CD ROM, 88 Qty. 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fluke Part or Model Number 948609 2065213 2074057 2105884 2166623 2279006 2278999 63 Model 88 V Users Manual MP8 MP5 S2 Holster MP15 MP31 F2 U5 CR6 W F1 MP8 MP4 MP2 Tilt Stand MP6 H1 (4) MP10 BT1 MP11 H5, 6 MP22 ayg34f.eps Figure 22. Replaceable Parts 64 Automotive Multimeter Service and Parts Table 11. Accessories Item Description 80BK Integrated Temperature Probe (included) 80AK Thermocouple Adapter AC280 Sure Grip Clip Hook Clips (included) AC285 Sure Grip Wide-Jaw Alligator Clips AC89 Insulation Piercing Clip PV350 Pressure Vacuum Module RPM80 Inductive Clamp (included) TL224 Sure Grip Test Lead Set, Heat-Resistant Silicone (included) TL71 Silicone Insulated Test Lead Set TP220 Sure Grip Test Probe Set (included) TPAK ToolPak Magnetic Hanger (included) Fluke accessories are available from an authorized Fluke distributor. 65 Model 88 V Users Manual Specifications General Specifications Maximum Voltage between any Terminal and Earth Ground: ..................................................... 1000 V W Fuse Protection for mA or µA inputs: ................ 44/100 A, 1000 V FAST Fuse W Fuse Protection for A input:................................ 11 A, 1000 V FAST Fuse Display: .......................................................................... Digital: 6000 counts updates 4/sec; (the Meter also has 19,999 counts in high-resolution mode). Analog Bar Graph: 33 segments, updates 40/sec. Frequency: 19,999 counts, updates 3/sec at > 10 Hz. Temperature: Operating:........................................... -20 °C to +55 °C; Storage: -40 °C to +60 °C Altitude: ...................................................................... Operating: 2000 m; Storage:10,000 m Temperature Coefficient: .......................................... 0.05 x (specified accuracy)/ °C (< 18 °C or > 28 °C) Electromagnetic Compatibility: ................................ All ranges unless otherwise noted: In an RF field of 3 V/m total accuracy = specified accuracy + 20 counts Except: 600 UA dc range total accuracy = specified accuracy + 60 counts. Temperature not specified. All ac ranges = specified accuracy + 70 counts. Relative Humidity: ..................................................... 0 % to 90 % (0 °C to 35 °C); 0 % to 70 % (35 °C to 55 °C) Battery Type:.............................................................. 9 V zinc, NEDA 1604 or 6F22 or 006P Battery Life:................................................................ 400 hrs typical with alkaline (with backlight off) Vibration: .................................................................... Per MIL-PRF-28800 for a Class 2 instrument Shock:......................................................................... 1 Meter drop per IEC 61010-1:2001 Size (HxWxL):............................................................. 1.25 in x 3.41 in x 7.35 in (3.1 cm x 8.6 cm x 18.6 cm) 66 Automotive Multimeter Specifications Size with Holster and Flex-Stand:.............................2.06 in x 3.86 in x 7.93 in (5.2 cm x 9.8 cm x 20.1 cm) Weight: ........................................................................12.5 oz (355 g) Weight with Holster and Flex-Stand: ........................22.0 oz (624 g) Safety: .........................................................................Complies with ANSI/ISA S82.01-2004, CSA 22.2 No. 1010.1:2004 to 1000 V Overvoltage Category III, IEC 664 to 600 V Overvoltage Category IV. UL listed to UL61010-1. Licensed by TÜV to EN61010-1. Detailed Specifications For all detailed specifications: Accuracy is given as ± ([% of reading] + [number of least significant digits]) at 18° C to 28° C, with relative humidity up to 90 %, for a period of one year after calibration. AC conversions are ac coupled and are average responding, rms indicating. Table 12. AC Voltage Function Specifications Function K 1 1. 2. Range 600.0 mV 6.000 V 60.00 V 600.0 V 1000 V Resolution 0.1 mV 0.001 V 0.01 V 0.1 V 1V Accuracy 50 Hz - 60 Hz ± (0.5 % + 4) ± (0.5 % + 2) ± (0.5 % + 2) ± (0.5 % + 2) ± (0.5 % + 2) 30 Hz - 1 kHz ± (1.0 % + 4) ± (1.0 % + 4) ± (1.0 % + 4) ± (1.0 % + 4) ± (1.0 % + 4) 1 kHz - 5 kHz ± (2.0 % + 4) ± (2.0 % + 4) ± (2.0 % + 4) ± (2.0 % + 4)2 unspecified Below a reading of 200 counts, add 10 counts. Frequency range: 1 kHz to 2.5 kHz. 67 Model 88 V Users Manual Table 13. DC Voltage, Resistance, and Conductance Function Specifications Function L F mV e nS 1. 2. Range Resolution Accuracy 6.000 V 60.00 V 600.0 V 1000 V 0.001 V 0.01 V 0.1 V 1V ± (0.1 % + 1) ± (0.1 % + 1) ± (0.1 % + 1) ± (0.1 % + 1) 600.0 mV 0.1 mV ± (0.3 % + 1) 600.0 Ω 6.000 kΩ 60.00 kΩ 600.0 kΩ 6.000 MΩ 50.00 MΩ 60.00 nS 0.1 Ω 0.001 kΩ 0.01 kΩ 0.1 kΩ 0.001 MΩ 0.01 MΩ 0.01 nS ± (0.4 % + 2)1 ± (0.4 % + 1) ± (0.4 % + 1) ± (0.7 % + 1) ± (0.7 % + 1) ± (1.0 % + 3) 2 ± (1.0 % + 10)1 When using the REL ∆ function to compensate for offsets. Add 0.5 % of reading when measuring above 30 MΩ in the 50 MΩ range, and 20 counts below 33 nS in the 60 nS range. Table 14. Temperature Specifications Temperature - 200 °C to + 1090 °C Accuracy1,2 Resolution 0.1 °C 1 % + 10 - 328 °F to + 1994 °F 0.1 °F 1 % + 18 1. Does not include error of the thermocouple probe. 2. Accuracy specification assumes ambient temperature stable to ± 1 °C. For ambient temperature changes of ± 5 °C, rated accuracy applies after 1 hour. 68 Automotive Multimeter Specifications Table 15. Current Function Specifications Function Range Resolution Accuracy1 Burden Voltage (typical) mA \ 60.00 mA 0.01 mA ± (1.2 % + 2) 3 1.8 mV/mA 400.0 mA4 0.1 mA ± (1.2 % + 2) 3 1.8 mV/mA (45 Hz to 2 kHz) 6.000 A 0.001 A ± (1.2 % + 2) 3 0.03 V/A 10.00 A2 0.01 A ± (1.2 % + 2) 3 0.03 V/A 60.00 mA 0.01 mA ± (0.4 % + 4) 1.8 mV/mA 400.0 mA4 0.1 mA ± (0.4 % + 2) 1.8 mV/mA 6.000 A 0.001 A ± (0.4 % + 4) 0.03 V/A 10.00 A2 0.01 A ± (0.4 % + 2) 0.03 V/A µA B 600.0 µA 0.1 µA ± (1.2 % + 2)3 100 µV/µA (45 Hz to 2 kHz) 6000 µA 1 µA ± (1.2 % + 2)3 100 µV/µA µAF 600.0 µA 0.1 µA ± (0.4 % + 4) 100 µV/µA 6000 µA 1 µA ± (0.4 % + 2) 100 µV/µA mA [ 1. 2. 3. 4. AC conversion is ac coupled and calibrated to the rms value of a sine wave input. W 10 A continuous up to 35 °C; < 20 minutes on, 5 minutes off at 35 °C to 55 °C. 20 A for 30 seconds maximum; > 10 A unspecified. Below a reading of 200 counts, add 10 counts. 400 mA continuous; 600 mA for 18 hrs maximum. 69 Model 88 V Users Manual Table 16. Capacitance and Diode Function Specifications Function E G 1. 70 Range Resolution Accuracy 10.00 nF 100.0 nF 1.000 µF 10.00 µF 100.0 µF 9999 µF 0.01 nF 0. 1 nF 0.001 µF 0.01 µF 0.1 µF 1 µF ± (1 % + 2) 1 ± (1 % + 2) ± (1 % + 2) ± (1 % + 2) ± (1 % + 2) ± (1 % + 2) 3.000 V 0.001 V ± (2 % + 1) With a film capacitor or better, using Relative mode to zero residual. 1 Automotive Multimeter Specifications Table 17. Frequency Counter Specifications Function Range Resolution Accuracy ± (0.01 % + 1) ± (0.01 % + 1) ± (0.01 % + 1) ± (0.01 % + 1) unspecified Frequency2 (0.5 Hz to 200 kHz, pulse width > 2 µs) 199.99 1999.9 19.999 kHz 199.99 kHz > 200 kHz 0.01 Hz 0.1 Hz 0.001 kHz 0.01 kHz 0.1 kHz RPM n 30 to 9,0004 1 RPM ± 2 RPM RPM o 60 to 12,0004 1 RPM ± 2 RPM % Duty Cycle3 0.0 to 99.9% (0.5 Hz to 200 kHz, Pulse Width >2 µs) Pulse Width3 0.002 to 1999.9 ms (4 Hz to 200 kHz, Pulse Width >2 µs) Pulse Width Range Resolution (ms)1 (ms) 1999.9 5.00 0.500 0.0500 1. Pulse Width range is determined by the frequency of the signal. 2. Frequency measurements can be made on voltage or current inputs. The current inputs are always dc coupled. 3. For rise times <1 µs. Duty Cycle Accuracy: ±(0.2 % per kHz + 0.1%). Pulse Width Accuracy: ±(0.002 ms + 3). 4. Using the RPM80 probe. 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 71 Model 88 V Users Manual Table 18. Frequency Counter Sensitivity and Trigger Levels 5 Hz - 20 kHz 1. 72 Approximate Trigger Level Minimum Sensitivity Input Range1 (DC Voltage Function) 0.5 Hz - 200 kHz 600 mV dc 70 mV (to 400 Hz) 70 mV (to 400 Hz) 40 mV 600 mV ac 150 mV 150 mV 6V 0.3 V 0.7 V 1.7 V 60 V 3V 7 V (≤140 kHz) 4V 600 V 30 V 70 V (≤14.0 kHz) 40 V 1000 V 100 V 200 V (≤1.4 kHz) 100 V Maximum input for specified accuracy = 10X range or 1000 V. Automotive Multimeter Specifications Table 19. Electrical Characteristics of the Terminals Function L Overload Input Impedance Protection1 (nominal) 1000 V 10 MΩ < 100 pF Common Mode Rejection Ratio Normal Mode Rejection (1 kΩ unbalance) > 120 dB at dc, > 60 dB at 50 Hz or 60 Hz 50 Hz or 60 Hz F mV 1000 V K 1000 V 10 MΩ < 100 pF > 120 dB at dc, > 60 dB at 50 Hz or 60 Hz 50 Hz or 60 Hz 10 MΩ < 100 pF > 60 dB, dc to 60 Hz (ac-coupled) Open Circuit Test Voltage Full Scale Voltage To 6.0 MΩ 50 MΩ or Typical Short Circuit Current 600 Ω 6k 60 k 600 k 6M 50 M 1 mA 100 µA 10 µA 1µA 1 µA 0.5 µA 60 nS e 1000 V G 1. 1000 V < 7.5 V dc < 3.9 V dc < 4.1 < 4.5 V dc V dc 3.000 V dc 0.6 mA typical 106 V Hz max 73 Model 88 V Users Manual Table 20. Min Max Recording Specifications Nominal Response 100 ms to 80 % Accuracy Specified accuracy ± 12 counts for changes > 200 ms in duration (dc functions) 120 ms to 80 % Specified accuracy ± 40 counts for changes > 350 ms and inputs > 25 % of range (ac functions) 250 µs (peak) 1 Specified accuracy ± 100 counts for changes > 250 µs in duration (add ± 100 counts for readings over 6000 counts) 1. 74 For repetitive peaks: 1 ms for single events.
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