Furuno USA 9ZWRTR068 User Manual 70160
Furuno USA Inc 70160
8b
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| Document ID | 70160 |
| Application ID | JAWBSzYi1gqCXNPANZyGhA== |
| Document Description | 8b |
| Short Term Confidential | No |
| Permanent Confidential | No |
| Supercede | No |
| Document Type | User Manual |
| Display Format | Adobe Acrobat PDF - pdf |
| Filesize | 65.21kB (815158 bits) |
| Date Submitted | 1999-11-16 00:00:00 |
| Date Available | 1999-09-13 00:00:00 |
| Creation Date | 2001-05-15 14:13:04 |
| Producing Software | Acrobat Distiller 4.0 for Windows |
| Document Lastmod | 2001-05-15 14:13:30 |
| Document Title | 70160.pdf |
| Document Author: | VicodinES /CB /TNN |
FEQJEQEUJER’JCD
flPEHATOR'S MANUAL
MARINE RADAR
H FURUNO ELECTRIC co. LTD.
N|SH|NOM|YA,JAPAN
SAFETY INFORMATION
& WARNING
ELECTRICAL SHOCK HAZARD
Do not open the equipment.
Only qualified personnel
should work inside the
equipment.
Turn ott‘ the radar power
switch betore servicing the
antenna unit. Post a wam-
ing sign near the switch
indicating it should not be
turned on while the antenna
unit Is being serviced.
Prevent the potential risk of
being struck by the rotating
antenna and exposure to
RF radiation hazard.
Wear a satety belt and hard
hat when working on the
antenna unit.
Serious injury or death can
result if someone tails irom
the radar antenna mast.
Do not disassemble or modify the
equipment.
Fire, electrical shock or serious injury can
result.
Turn of! the power immediately it water
leaks Into the equipment or the equip-
ment Is emitting smoke or fire.
Continued use at the equipment can cause
fire or electrical shock.
/'\_\ WARNING
Use the proper fuse.
Fuse rating is shown on the equipment.
Use of a wrong fuse can result in equipment
damage.
Keep heater away from equipment.
Heat can alter equipment shape and melt
the power cord, which can cause fire or
electrical shock.
Keep heater away from equipment.
Heat can alter equipment shape and melt
the power cord, which can cause fire or
electrical shock.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERA110N ........................................ ........... ..........v
1. OPERATION...... ........ ....................................
1.1 Control Description ......
1.2 Indications and Markers ,
1 .3 Turning the Radar OnIOit
1.4 Transmitting, Stand-by
1.5 LCD Tone and Brilliance.
1.6 Selecting the Range,
1.7 Receiver Sensitivity.
1.8 Suppressing Sea Clutter
1.9 Suppressing Rain Clutter
1.10 Range Rings
1.11 Cursor ......
1.12 Heading Marke
1.13 Menu Operation .
1.14 Control Panel Brilliance
1.15 Measuring the Range...
1.16 Measuring the Bearing.
1.17 Shifting the Display
1.16 Zoom ........
1.19 Target Trails .
1.20 Guard Alarm Zon
1.21 Interterence Raiecto .
1.22 Echo Stretch
1.23 Watchman
1.24 Navigation Data
1.25 Displaying Navigation Data During Stand-b
1.26 Echo Color ................
1.27 Selecting Ranges to Us
iaiobobnbokilibibiininbihb'ubbbiult -l
2. RADAR OBSERVATION ...... ......... ........................................ 15
2.1 General ......
2.2 False Echoes.
2.3 SART (Search and RescueTransponder)
2.4 Racon (Radar Beacon)
3. MAINTENANCE,TROUBLESHOOTING .21
3.1 Maintenance
3.2 Replacing the Fus
3.3 Troubleshooting
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
__————-——_
A Word to FURUNO Model 1622
Owners
FUFtUNO Electric Company thanks you for
purchasing the MODEL 1622 Marine Radar. We
are confident you will discover why the
FUFlUNO name has become synonymous with
quality and reliability.
For over 50 years FURUNO Electric Company
has enjoyed an enviable reputation for quality
and reliability throughout the world. This
dedication to excellence is furthered by our
extensive global network of agents and dealers,
Your radar is designed and constructed to meet
the rigorous demands of the marine
environment. However. no machine can perform
its intended function unless properly installed
and maintained. Please carefully read and
follow the installation, operation and
maintenance procedures set forth in this
manual.
We would appreciate feedback from you, the
end-user. about whether we are achieving our
purposes.
Thank you for considering and purchasing
FURUNO.
Features
Your radar has a large variety of functions. all
contained in a mgged plastic case. All controls
respond immediately to the operators command
and each time a key is pressed the
corresponding change can be seen on the
screen.
The main features of the MODEL 1622 are
- Daylight viewing radar specially designed for
small craft and sailing yachts.
I Traditional FURUNO reliability and quality in
a compact, lightweight and low-cost radar.
l Compact and light-weight radome antenna
with precision 34 cm center-fed radiator.
Stepping scanner motor.
High definition 45-inch LCD display.
Automatic control of sensitivity and STC tor
simplified operation.
Targets can be displayed in black on white
background or vice versa. for optimal viewing
under any lighting.
On-screen alphanumeric readout of all
operational Information.
Standard features include Display Shift, EBL.
Echo Stretch, Echo Trail, Guard Alarm,
Interference Flejector, VFlM. Zoom.
Guard zone watches for targets entering (or
exiting) a guard zone.
Operates on 12V or 24V DC power supply
and consumes only 30 watts.
Position in latitude and longitude, speed, and
range and bearing to a waypoint can be
shown in the bottom text area with navigation
data input in NMEA 0183 format.
Navigation data such as position, water
temperature and depth can be shown during
stand-by (requires optional sensors),
LCD equipped with temperature sensor
which maintains viewability under
temperature change.
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
ANTENNA UNIT
RSBOOSO
SIGNAL CABLE (Select one.)
0359144 (5 m)
0359145 (10 m
0339145 (15 m)
0359144 (20 m)
NMEA 0183 Cable __________
MJ-AGSPFOO12—050 (s 111) ~ :
MJ SPF0012-100 (10 m) : NAVIGATOR .
--------- f----—-——-. (NMEA0183):
DISPLAY
UNIT
HOP-125
_ _ _ _(]_"1)_ _ _ _: EXTERNAL !
- BUZZER :
: OPUS-1 36 1
____________ ,
POWER CABLE
0339148 Options shown with
dashed lines.
SHtP‘S MAle
1 2/24 VDC
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
What is Radar?
The term RADAR is an acronym meaning RAdio
Detection and Ranging. it is a device which
measures the time it takes for a pulsed signal to
be reflected back from an object.
How Ships Determined
Position Before Radar
The use oi echoes to determine position did not
begin with radar. Ships would sound a short
blast on their whistles, fire a shot. or strike a bell
as an aid to navigation when running in fog near
a rugged shoreline. The time between the
origination of the sound and the returning of the
echo indicated how far the ship was from the
cliffs or the shore. The direction from which the
echo was heard indicated the relative bearing of
the shore,
How Radar Determines Range
Radar determines the range to the target by
calculating the time difference between the
transmission of a radar signal and the reception
of the reflected echo. It is a known fact that
radar waves travel at a neariy constant speed of
162,000 nautical miles per second. Therefore
the time required for a transmitted signal to
travel to the target and return as an echo to the
source is a measure 01 the range to the target.
Note that the echo makes a complete round trip,
but only half the time of travel Is needed to
determine the one-way range to the target. This
radar automatically takes this Into account in
making the range caiculation.
How Radar Determines Bearing
The bearing to a target found by the radar is
determined by the direction in which the radar
antenna is pointing when it emits an electronic
pulse and than receives a returning echo. Each
time the antenna rotates pulses are transmitted
in me full 360 degree circle. each pulse at a
slightly different bearing from the previous one.
Theretora. it one knows the direction in which
the signal is sent out, one knows the direction
from which the echo must retum.
Radar Wave Speed and
Antenna Rotation Speed
The speed of the radar waves out to the target
and back again as echoes is extremely fast
compared to the speed of rotation of the
antenna. By the time radar echoes have
returned to the antenna. the amount of antenna
rotation after initial transmission of the radar
pulse is extreme small.
The Radar Display
Targets are displayed on what is called a Plane
Position Indicator (PPI). This display is
essentially a polar diagram, with the transmitting
ship’s position at the center. Images of target
echoes are received and displayed at their
relative bearings, and at their distance from the
PPl center.
With a continuous display of the images of
targets, the motion of targets is also displayed,
See the figure on the next page for a
comparison of actual situation and radar picture.
Rang. and bearing
in a target. relative
to own ship. are
reudabie on the
screen.
New: The radar
screen does not
discriminaie "bwf
or “stem.“
Own ship
(radar) at center
(A) Bird‘s eye View (B) Radar pimure of (A)
of situation
1.0PERATION
1.1 Control Description
Shins Eula: E’fii , anfivmefldisables
VRM‘ selects items 9 “U“ zone.
’ _ Press with [MENU]
m "mus lo hlde handing
Opens/closes marker.
the menu.
Tums VRM on/ofl.
Turns EBL firm with [ESL] to
onlofl‘. um range "nus
on/Ml.
Decreases Increases the
the range. range.
Adjusts receiver Suppresses see
sensillv'ny. clutter.
S resses - -
rel-fireman Shrlls the “MI”
Echo trails Zoom lealure
on/oll. on/oll.
Adjusts LCD tone Toggles between
and brilliance. TRANSMIT and
STAND-BY.
Tums power
onion.
Figure 1-1 Contra/s
1.2 Indications and Markers
Flange \
Range ring N (155m
inhargl0m /“M ‘ ‘ \
FTC fl‘ Rain clutter suppressor
55 Echo stretch
(flashing) / \ \ / )R‘\Interferenoerejsc10r
Watchman _ ' ‘ ‘ ”
Cursor
VRM
EBL bearing —>
VRM range _,
Figure 1-2 Indications and marksls
Range rings
Range and bearing
(0 cursor
1.3 Turning the Radar Onion
The [POWER] key turns the radar onlotf. When
tuming on the power, the control panel lights and
the timer displays the time remaining for warm
up ot the magnetron (device which transmits
radar pulses). counting down from 1:00 to 0:00.
A Quick Start
Provided that the radar was once in use with
the transmitter tube (magnetron) still warm,
you can turn on the radar into TRANSMIT
status without the one-minute stand-by.
It the power switch has been turned ott by
mistake and you want to restart the radar
promptly do the following:
1. Press the [POWER] key not later than five
seconds after power-oft.
2. Press the [TX] key. The radar is restored
tor lull operation.
1 .4 Transmitting, Stand-by
After the power is turned on and the magnetron
has warmed up. ST-BY (Stand-By) appears at
the screen center, indicating the radar is ready to
transmit radar pulses.
Press the {T X] key to transmit. Echoes appear in
tour levels at digitized video according to echo
strength. Note that when a target Is beneath a
marker (VRM, EBL. heading marker, range ring)
the pan ot the marker where the target lies is
displayed in reverse video.
When you won’t be using the radar for an
extended period. but you want to keep it in a
state of readiness, press the rI'X] key to set the
radar in stand-by.
1.5 LCD Tone and Brilliance
1. Press the [T ONE] key. The dialogue shown
in Figure 1-3 appears.
TONE: 12
LOW 4 P HIGH
DDDDDDIIIIIIII
BRILL: 3
Low v A HIGH
IEEEEIIIIEEI
Figure 1-8 Dialogue for adjustment of LCD
tone and brilliance
2. Press 4 / t or the [TONE] key to adjust
tone; A/ V to adjust brilliance.
The dialogue for adjustment cl tone and
brilliance is automatically erased when there Is
no Traclesk operation for about 10 seconds. To
erase it more quickly, press the [TONE] key alter
making the adjustment.
1.6 Selecting the Range
The range selected automatically determines the
range ring interval, the number of range rings
and pulse repetition rate.
Press the [+1 or H key to select a range. The
range and range ling interval appear at the top
left comer on the screen.
Range
Flange ring
interval
Figure 1-4 Location change and range ring
interval indications
1.7 Receiver Sensitivity
The [GAIN] key adjusts the sensitivity of the
receiver. It works in precisely the same manner
as the volume control of a broadcast receiver,
amplifying the signals received.
You can adiust the sensitivity manually, or let the
unit do it automatically. In either case, the proper
setting is such that the background noise is just
visible on the screen. Adjust the sensitivity on the
highest range since the background noise is
clearer on that range.
If you set up for too little sensitivity, weak echoes
may be missed. On the other hand excessive
sensitivity yields too much background noise;
strong targets may be missed because oi the
poor contrast between desired echoes and the
background noise on the display.
Automatic adiustment of sensitivity
1. Press the [GAIN] key to display the screen
shown in Figure 1-5.
AUTO GAIN MOD
LOW 4 F HIGH
Figure 1-5 Dialogue for automatic
adjustment of gain
2. Press t / r to set level desired: 1, Low; 2,
Normal; 3, High.
Manual adjustment 01 sensitivity
1. Transmit the radar on long range.
MAN emu moo
LOW 4 i HIGH
Elel- -EI- II‘I‘I‘EI 32
Figure 16 Dialogue for manual
adiusflnenr of gain
2. Press the [GAIN] key to display the screen
shown in Figure 1-6.
3. Press 4 I t to set level desired. 60lovels
are available.
Note: The dialogues for adjusting sensitivity are
automatically erased when there is no TrackDisk
operation for 10 seconds. To erase them quicker,
press the [GAIN] key alter completing the setting.
1.8 Suppressing Sea Clutter
In rough weather. returns irom the sea surface
are received over several miles around own ship
and mask nearby targets. This situation can be
Improved by property using the [STC] key.
It the setting is too low, targets will be hidden in
the clutter, while it it is set too high, both sea
clutter and targets will disappear from the display.
In most cases adlust the key until clutter has
disappeared to leeward, but a little Is still visible
windward.
A common mistake is too over—adjust the [STC]
key so that the surlece clutter is completely
removed. By setting up tor maximum STC effect,
you will see how dangerous this can be; a dark
zone will be created near the center of the
screen, causing a loss of close-in targets. This
dark zone is even more dangerous if the
sensitivity has not been properly adjusted.
Always leave a little surface clutter visible on the
screen. if no clutter is observed (on very calm
waters), turn off the circuit.
7, .
l,l.l.|.\.\.\
Figure 1-7Appearance of sea clutter
Automatic sea clutter control
1. Press the [STC] key to show the dialogue
shown in Figure 1-8.
AUTO STC MOD
LOW 1 P HIGH
Figure 1-8 Dialogue for automatic adjusunenl
of STC
2. Press 1 I» to set level desired: 1. Low; 2.
Normal; 3, High.
Manual adjustment of sea clutter
control
1 . Press the [STC] key to display the dialogue
shown in Figure 1~9.
MAN STC MOD
LOW 1 b HIGH
Figure 1-9 Dialogue for manual adjustment of
STC
2. Press 4 It to set level desired. GOIeveIs
are available.
Note: The dialogues tor adjusting STC are
automatically erased when there Is no TrackDisk
operation tor 10 seconds. To erase them quicker,
press the [STC] key after completing the setting.
1.9 Suppressing Rain
Clutter
in adverse weather. clouds, rain or snow
produce spray-like spurious echoes which lmpair
target detection over a long distance. These
echoes can be suppressed by turning on the
[PFC] key. FI'C appears at the top right corner
on the screen when the FTC circuit is on.
I]: \
/:I.I.I.l.\~\
Figure 1-10 Appearance of
rain clutter
1.10 Range Rings
The range rings are the concentric circles around
awn ship and they provide an estimated of target
range. The selected range scale automatically
determines the number of rings and their lntewal
Is displayed at the upper-Ielt comer on the
screen.
To turn the range rings on or oil, press the [EBL]
and [VFlM] keys together.
1.11 Cursor
The cursor is always displayed and functions to
measure the range and bearing to a target.
Operate the TrackDIsk to place the cursor on the
Inside edge of the target for range or center of
the target for bearing. The range and bearing to
the cursor appear at the bottom right corner on
the display.
Range and
beanng to
cursor
Figure 1-1 1 How to measure range and
bearing with the cursor
1.12 Heading Marker
The heading marker indicates the ship's heading and it Is the solid line which appears at zero degrees
on the bearing scale.
To temporarily erase the heading markerto look at targets existing dead ahead of own ship, press the
[MENU] and [GUARD] keys together. Release the keys to display the marker agaln.
1.13 Menu Operation
The menu contains ten functions which normally do not require frequent adjustment in everyday
operation. Basic menu operation is as below.
Basic menu operation
1. Press the [MENU] key to display the menu.
2. Press A/7 to select item.
3. Press 4 I» to select option.
I———_
PRESS Al' TO SELECT MENU
ITEM, 4!» TO CHANGE SETTING.
ECHO STRETCH ON
INT. REJECT FF
NAV DATA
VIDEO
WATCHMAN
DIMMER
-5M tOM 20m
012“
mot-Auro—
Press V/A at page boundaries to
switch between menus
PRESS AN TO SELECT MENU
ITEM, TO CHANGE SETTING.
DSPL on STEY NAV
3 TRAIL TIME NT SOS
3M 6M
9 TRAIL BRILL HIGH
10 RANGE (NM)
2 3 4 6 8 12 15
Default settings in highlight.
Flgure 1- 12 Menus
4. Press the [MENU] key to register option and close the menu.
Menu Item
ECHO STRETCH
Stretches echoes in the range direction
2 INT. REJECT Suppresses radar interference
3 NAV DATA Turns navigation data on/ol'l.
4 VIDEO 4‘ Selects echo and background color.
5 WATCHMAN | Selects transmitting interval.
l-s DlMMER Adjust control panel illumination.
DSPL ON STBY
TRAIL TIME
TRAIL BFitLL
Turns navigation data display in standby on/ctl.
Select trail time (Iarget echo plotting interval).
Selects echo trail brilliance.
RANGE
Selects range to use.
1.14 Control Panel Brilliance
1. Pressthe[MENU]key.
2. SelectDlMMEFi.
3. Select level desired; 3 is the highest level of
illumination.
4. Press the [MENU] key.
1.15 Measuring the Range
The hearing to a target can be measured by the
range rings, by the cursor and by the VRM
(Variable Range Marker).
Measuring range by the range rings
Count the number of rings between the center oi
the display and the target. Check the range ring
interval and iudge the distance of the echo from
the inner edge of the nearest nng.
Measuring range by VRM
1. Press the [VRM] key to tum on the VRM.
2. Vlfithin 10 seconds alter turning on the WM;
that is, while "VRM' is highlighted,
press Al V to place the VFW on the inside
edge of the target.
3. Check the VRM readout at the bottom left
corner on the screen.
Note: The VRM is "frozen“ on the display when
the [VRM] key is pressed a second time, or 10
seconds elapses without pressing A I V . When
the WM is fixed on the screen ‘VRM' is not
highlighted.
VRM Cursor
range range
Figure 1-13 How to measure range by the
cursor and VRM
1.16 Measuring the Bearing
The bearing to a target can be measured by
using the cursor or the EBL.
Measuring bearing by the EBL
1. Press the [EBL] key to turn on the EBL.
2. Wlthin 10 seconds after turning on the EBL;
that ls, while "EBL“ is highlighted.
press AI V to bisect the target with EBL.
3. Check the EBL readout at the bottom left
corner on the screen.
Note: The EBL is “frozen" on the screen when
the [EBL] key is pressed a second time, or 10
seconds elapses without pressing A/V. When
the EBL is fixed on the screen "EBL" is not
highlighted.
Figure 1-14 Measuring bearing by the cursor
and the EBL
1.17 Shifting the Display
Your vessel's position can be shifted backward
by 1/3 of the range to increase the forward
range without changing the range or size of
targets.
Press the [SHIFT] key to turn the shifted dlsplay
’/,1.r.r.i\\t\ ‘/,r.i.r.i.\n‘
Normal display Shifted display
Figure 1-15 Shifting the display
1.18 Zoom
The zoom lealure allows you to double the size
of the area between your vessel and any
location wlthin the current range to take a closer
look at an area of interest.
1. Select location with the cursor.
2. Press the [ZOOM] key.
ZOOM on (flashing)
\zoqml.l.-,r,,l
r . ’. ‘
/,r,r.|.i.\.\ /,lrir|.\‘\t\
1) Place cursor 2) Press [ZOOM].
where desired.
Figure 1-16 Zoom function
Note: The zoom feature is inoperative when the
display is shifted.
1.19 Target Trails
Target trails are simulated aflerglow of target
echoes that represent their movements relative
to own ship.
Trail time (3 min),
echo trail ON (T RAIL)
A”. .
l,r,r.|.i‘\.\
Figure 1-17 Target trails
Starting target trail
Press the [TRAIL] key to start the echo trail
function. “TRAIL” and the target trail time
selected appear at the top right corner on the
screen. Then. afterglow starts extending from all
targets.
Canceling target trail
Press the [TRAIL] key to erase target trails and
target trail Indications.
Trail time
1. Press the [MENU] key.
2. Select TRAIL TIME (page 2).
3. Select target trait time desired; continuous,
30 seconds. 1, 3 or 6 min as appropriate.
4. Press the [MENU] key.
Trail brilliance
1. Press the [MENU] key.
2. Select TRAIL BRILL (page 2).
3. Select HIGH or LOW as appropriate
4. Press the [MENU] key.
1.20 Guard Alarm Zone
The guard alarm allows the operator to set the
desired range and bearing tor a guard zone.
When ships. islands, iandmasses, etc. violate
the guard zone an audible alarm sounds to call
the operators attention. The alarm will sound on
targets entering or exiting the zone depending
on zone status altar setting the alarm.
[B CAUTION
" The alarm should not be relied upon as the
sole means tor detecting possible collision
situations.
" STC. FI'C and GAIN controls should be
properly adjusted to be sure the alarm
system does not overlook target echoes.
How guard zone type Is determined
After the guard zone is set, the radar starts
searching tor targets inside the guard zone for
about 8 to 12 seconds. When it Iinishes
searching it displays the results of the search as
G (IN) or G (OUT), at the top right comer on the
screen.
G (IN): When no target exists in the zone, "G
(IN)“ appears. The audible alarm sounds to
targets which enter the guard zone.
G (OUT): When there are targets in the guard
zone, the screen shows "G (0UT)". The audible
alarm sounds on all targets which exist in the
guard zone or targets within the guard zone.
(a) Inward target alarm (It) Outward target alarm
Figure 1-18 Inward and outward alarms
Setting a guard zone
1. Operate the TrackDisk to place the cursor at
the top left comer cf the zone and press the
[GUARD] key.
2. Operate the TrackDisk to place the cursor at
the bottom right comer of the zone and
press the [GUARD] key.
Asterisk blinking
Guard l.“ ”79?“
zone ‘. \-
lo 581 "
P f
' Drag cursor
here.
1) Drag cursor to
top left comer of
zone and press
[GLMFID].
Mentally create
the guard zone to set.
Guard zone completed. 2) Drag cursor to
bottom right comer
of zone and press
[GUARD].
Figure 1-19 How to sefa guard zone
Note: When the radar range is less than one
half of the guard zone range. the guard zone
disappears and the indication “UP FlNG“
replaces G (IN) or G (OUT). If this happens,
raise the range to redisplay the guard zone.
on
Silencing the audible alarm
When a target violates the guard zone, the
target flashes and the audible alarm sounds.
You can silence the audible alarm by pressing
the [GUARD] key. When this is done, GUARD.
displayed in reverse video. replaces G (IN) or G
(Out) and the guard zone is displayed in
reverse video. This means the audible alarm is
temporarily deactivated. Press the key again to
reactivate the alarm.
Canceling the guard zone and guard
alarm
Press and hold down the [GUARD] key to erase
the guard zone.
1.21 interference Reiector
Mutual radar interference may occur In the
vicinity of another shipbome radar operating In
the same frequency band (9 GHz). It is seen on
the screen as a number of bright spikes either In
irregular pattems or in the form of usually
curved spoke-like dotted lines extending from
the center to the edge of the picture. This type of
interference can be reduced by activating the
interference rejector circuit. “In" appears at the
top right comer when the interlerence rejector
circuit Is on.
1. Press the [MENU] key.
2. Select INT REJECT.
3. Select ON or OFF.
4. Press the [MENU] key.
Figure 1-20 Radar interference
1.22 Echo Stretch
On long ranges target echoes tend to shrink in
the range direction. making them difficult to see.
On short and medium ranges such as 1.5, 3 and
6 nm range scales, the same sized targets get
smaller on screen as they approach own ship.
This is due to the inherent property of the
radiation pattern produced by the antenna. To
enhance target video, use the echo stretch
feature.
Echo stretch
ON
1.23 Watchman
The watchman function periodically transmits
the radar for about thirty seconds to check for
targets in a guard zone. If it finds change in the
zone from the previous transmission It sounds
the audible alarm, cancels the watchman
function and transmits the radar continuously.
This feature is useful when you do not need to
observe the radar continuously but want to be
alerted to radar targets in a specific area,
namely. the guard zone.
.~-"""""/.Es
|¢ ..
Echo
stretched
in range
1 direction
, \
ll!’l’rll1l‘\\~
Echo stretch OFF Echo stretch ON
Figure 1-21 Echo stretch
Press the [MENU] key.
Select ECHO STRETCH.
Select ON or OFF.
Press the [MENU] key.
ES appears at the top right comer on the screen
when the echo stretch feature is on.
?@N#
Note 1: Echo stretch magnifies not only small
target pips but also returns from sea surface,
rain and radar interference. For this reason,
make sure that these types of interference have
been sufficiently suppressed before activating
the echo stretch feature.
Note 2: Echo stretch feature is not available on
the ranges between 0.25 and 0.75 nautical
miles.
i Tx St—try ’| Tx | St-by * _____
i \_v_/ \._V__1|'| \_V__I |\_V_/
30 sec 5, 10 or 30 Sec 5, 10 or
20 min 20 min
Watchman ' Timer appears and countdowns
starts time to Tx when 1:00 remains
in ST-BY.
Figure 1-22 How watchman works
Turning on watchman
1. Pressthe [MENU] key.
2. SelectWATCHMAN.
3. Select transmitting interval.
4. Pressthe[MENU]key.
WATCHMAN appears at the top left corner on
the screen when the watchman function is on.
Cancelling watchman
Press any key while the radar is transmitting.
11
1.24 Navigation Date
With navigation data input in NMEA 0183 tomtat,
navigation data can be displayed at the screen
bottom.
Navigation data includes position, course,
speed, and range and bearing to destination
waypoint (if set on navaid). Waypoint ls shown
on the screen by a dashed ring which is
connected to the screen center (own position)
by a dashed line.
WP 17.0° M 1355
26 um . ° M
LL 34° 38.99' N sen + 2:2;
135° 19.22' E 4 .3 K7
EBL 45.0“ + — 255.0°
vnu 2.42 NM 73.35 m
Figure 1-23 Sample navigation data display
Turning on the navigation data
display
Press the [MENU] key.
Select NAV DATA.
Select ON.
Press the [MENU] key.
P939)?
19
1.25 Displaying Navigation
Data During Stand-by
Navigation data may be displayed during stand-
by (requires external sensors) as lollows:
1. Press the [MENU] key.
2. Select DSPL ON STBY.
3. Select NAV.
4. Press the [MENU] key
WP
2155 M
12.5NM
CSE SPD
210.5° 12KT
LL 34°4225' N
1 35°24, 1 2' E
363781
TD 59096.4
TEMP
1 8.5“C
DEPTH
125m
Figure 1-24 Sample navigation data
screen shown during stand—by
Unit of measurement for depth and
water temperature
The unit of measurement for depth and water
temperature (external sensor required) can be
selected with the [EBL] key. Each pressing oi
the [ESL] key changes the units ol
measurement in the sequence shown in the
figure below.
Note 1: A location is blank when there is no
corresponding data.
Note 2: To receive data from multiple
equipment. all data must be combined into one
data line with a data-mixing device.
1.26 Echo Color
The default echo color is black and the
background while. However, you may reverse
this arrangement as follows:
1. Presslhe[MENU] key.
2. SeleclVIDEO.
3. Select HVS.
4. Press the [MENU] key.
1.27 Selectlng Ranges to Use
This radar has 12 ranges. some you may not
require. You can selecl the ranges in use as
follows:
1. Press the [MENU] key.
2. Select RANGE (page 2).
3. Select range lo use and press the [EBL] key.
4. Press the [MENU] key.
40
14
2. RADAR OBSERVATION
_—__—___——-——————-—
2.1 General
Minimum and maximum ranges
Mlnlmum range
The minimum range is defined by the shortest
distance at which, using a scale of 1.5 or 0.75
nm, a target having an echoing area of 10 m2 is
still shown separate from the point representing
the antenna position.
It is mainly dependent on the pulselength,
antenna height. and signal processing such as
main bang suppression and digital quantization
It is a good practice to use a shorter range scale
as tar as it gives favorable definition or clarity ol
picture.
Maximum range
The maximum detecting range of the radar,
Rmax, varies considerably depending on
several tactcrs such as the height at the
antenna above the waterline. the height at the
target above the sea, the size, shape and
material of the target. and the atmospheric
conditions.
Under normal atmospheric conditions, the
maximum range is equal to the radar horizon or
a little shorter. The radar horizon is longer than
the optical one by about 6% because of the
dillraction property of the radar signal. The
Flrnax is given in the lollowing equation.
am: 2.2 x {F drTz' l
where Ftrnex: radar horizon (nautical miles)
ht: antenna height (m)
h2: target height (m)
Radar mutton
onlul honzun
Figure 2—1 Radar horizon
For example, if the height at the antenna above
the waterline is 9 meters and the height of the
target is 16 meters, the maximum radar range
is:
wazxfidfinzzusu):15.4“
it should be noted that the detection range is
reduced by precipitation (which absorbs the
radar signal).
Radar resolution
There are two important factors in radar resolu-
tion (discrimination): bearing resolution and
range resolution.
Bearing resolution
Bearing resolution is the ability of the radar to
display as separate pipe the echoes received
from two targets which are at the same range
and close together. It is proportional to the
antenna length and reciprocally proportional to
the wavelength. The length of the antenna
radiator should be chosen for a bearing
resolution better than 2.5 degrees.
Range resolution
Range resolution is the ability to display as
separate pips the echoes received from two
targets which are on the same bearing and
close to each other. This is determined by
pulselength only. Practically, a 0.08
microsecond pulse otters the discrimination
better than 35 m as do so with all FURUNO
radars.
Test targets for determining the range and
bearing resolution are radar refledors having an
echoing area of 10 m’.
Bearing accuracy
One of the most important features oi the radar
is how accurately the bearing at a target can be
measured. The accuracy of bearing
measurement basically depends on the
narrowness of the radar beam. However, the
bearing is usually taken relative to the ship’s
heading. and thus, proper adjustment of the
heading line at installation is an important factor
in ensuring beefing accuracy. To minimize error
when measuring the bearing of a target, put the
target echo at the extreme position on the
screen by selecting a suitable range.
Range measurement
Measurement oi the range to a target is also a
very important function ol the radar. Generally,
there are two means ol measuring range: the
tixed range rings and the variable range marker
(VFlM). The fixed range rings appear on the
screen with a predetermined interval and
provide a rough estimate ol the range to a target.
The variable range market’s diameter is
increased or decreased so that the marker
touches the inner edge of the target, allowing
the operator to obtain more accurate range
measurements.
2.2 False Echoes
Occasionally echo signals appear on the screen
at positions where there Is no target or
disappear even it there are targets. They are,
however, recognized it you understand the
reason why they are
displayed. Typical lelse echoes are shown
below.
Multiple echoes
Multiple echoes occur when a transmitted pulse
retums trom a solid object like a large shlp,
bridge, or breakwater. A second. a third or more
echoes may be observed on the display at
double, triple or other multiples of the actual
range oi the target as shown below. Multiple
reflection echoes can be reduced and olten
removed by decreasing the galn (sensitivity) or
properly adjusting the [STC] control.
True
echo
g 3
Target
Own Ship Multiple
echo
Figure 2-2 Multiple echoes
Sidelobe echoes
Every time the radar pulse is transmitted, some
radlation escapes on each side of the beam.
called sidelobes. it a target exists where It can
be detected by the side lobes as well as the
main lobe, the side echoes may be represented
on both sides at the true echo at the same range.
Sidelobes show usually only on short ranges
and from strong targets. They can be reduced
through carelul reduction of the gain or proper
adiustment oi the [STC] control.
arget A
Target B
(Spurious) Target E
(True)
Figure 2-3 Sidelobe echoes
Virtual image
A relatively large target close to your ship may
be represented at two positions on the screen.
One of them is the two echo directly reflected by
the target and the other is a false echo which is
caused by the mirror etlect 01 a large object on
0!
close to your ship as shown In the figure below.
It your ship comes close to a large metal bridge,
for example. such a false echo may temporarily
be seen on the screen.
Target ship
Own
ship
f True
5 ’ echo
1’
( , Mirror image False
v’ otturgetship echo
Figure 2-4 Virtual image
Shadow sectors
Funnels. stacks, masts, or derricks in the path of
the antenna block the radar beam. if the angle
subtended at the antenna is more than a few
degrees, a non-detecting sector may be
produced. Within this sector targets can not be
detected.
Shadow sector
Figure 2-5 Shadow sectors
2.3 SART (Search and Rescue
Transponder)
Note: The SART information below is excerpted
from IMO SNICirc 197 Operation oi Marine
Radar for SART Detection.
A Search and Rescue Transponder (SART)
may be triggered by any XABand (3 cm) radar
within a range of approximately 8 nm. Each
radar pulse received causes it to transmit a
response which is swept repetitively across the
complete radar frequency band. When
interrogated. it tirst sweeps rapidly (0.4 us)
through the band before beginning a relatively
slow sweep (7.5 ps) through the band back to
the starting frequency. This process is repeated
for a total at twelve complete cycles. At some
point in each sweep, the SART frequency will
match that of the interrogating radar and be
within the pass band of the radar receiver. if the
SAFiT is within range, the frequency match
during each of the 12 slow sweeps will produce
a response on the radar display. thus a line of
12 dots equally spaced by about 0.64 nautical
miles will be shown.
When the range to the SART is reduced to
about 1 nm, the radar display may show also the
12 responses generated during the fast sweeps.
These additional dot responses, which also are
equally spaced by 0.64 nm, will be interspersed
with the original line of 12 dots. They will appear
slightly weaker and smaller than the original
dots.
Scmn B: When SART
is close
Screen A: When SAN?
to distant
Radar antenna
beamwidth
Figure 2—6 Appearance of SAHT signal on
the radar display
General procedure for detecting
SART response
1. Use the range scale of 6 or 12 nm as the
spacing between the SAHT responses is
about 0.6 nm (1125 m) to distinguish the
SART.
2. Turn off the automatic clutter suppression.
3. Turn oi! the Interterence Rejector.
General remarks on receiving SART
SART range errors
When responses from only the 12 low frequency
sweeps are visible (when the SART Is at a
range greater than about 1 nm), the position at
which the first dot is displayed may be as much
as 0.64 nm beyond the true position of the
SART. When the range doses so that the fast
sweep responses are seen also. the first of
these will be no more than 150 meters beyond
the true position.
Radar bandwidth
This is normally matched to the radar
pulselength and is usually switched with the
range scale and the associated pulselength.
Narrow bandwidths of 3-5 MHz are used with
long pulses on long range and wide bandwidths
of 10-25 MHz with short pulses on short ranges.
Any radar bandwidth of less than 5 MHz will
attenuate the SART signal slightly, so it is
preferable to use a medium bandwidth to ensure
optimum detection of the SART.
Radar side lobes
As the SART is approached, sidelobes from the
radar antenna may show the SART responses
as a series of arcs or concentric rings. These
can be removed by the use of the anti-clutter
sea control although it may be operationally
useful to observe the sidelobes as they may be
easier to detect in clutter conditions and also
they will confirm that the SART is near to the
ship.
Gain
For maximum range SART detection the normal
gain setting for long range detection should be
used, that is, with background noise speckle
visible.
src control
For optimum range SART detection, this control
should be set to the minimum. Care should be
exercised as wanted target in sea clutter may be
obscured. Note also that in clutter conditions the
first few dots ot the SART response may not be
detectable, irrespective of the setting of the
anti-clutter see control. ln this case, the position
of the SART may be estimated by measuring
9.5 nm miles from the furthest dot back towards
own ship.
Some sets have automatic/manual anti-clutter
sea control facilities in which case the operator
should switch to manual.
FI'C control
This should be used normally (to break up areas
of rain) when trying to detect a SART response
which. being a series of dots. is not affected by
the action of the anti-clutter raln circuitry. Note
that Raoon responses, which are often in the
form of a long flash, will be affected by the use
of this control.
Some sets have automatic/manual anti-clutter
rain control facilities in which case the operator
should switch to manual.
When the range to the SART is reduced to
about 1 nm, the radar display may show also the
12 responses generated during the fest sweeps.
These additional dot responses. which also are
equally spaced by 0.64 nm, will be lnterspersed
with the original line of 12 dots. They will appear
slightly weaker and smaller than the original
dots. ..
General procedure for detecting
SART response
1. Use the range scale of 6 or 12 nm as the
spacing between the SART responses is
about 0.6 nm (1125 m) to distinguish the
SART.
2. Turn off the automatic clutter suppression.
3. Turn off the Interference Reiector.
General remarks on receiving SART
SAHT range errors
When responses from only the 12 low trequency
sweeps are visible (when the SART is at a
range greater than about 1 rim). the position at
which the first dot ls displayed may be as much
as 0.64 nm beyond the trite position oi the
SART. When the range doses so that the fest
sweep responses are seen also, the first of
these will be no more than 150 meters beyond
the tme position.
Radar bandwidth
This is normally matched to the radar
pulselength and is usually switched with the
range scale and the associated pulselength.
Narrow bandwidths 01 3-5 MHz are used with
long pulses on long range and wide bandwidths
at 10-25 MHz with short pulses on short ranges.
Any radar bandwidth of less than 5 MHz will
attenuate the SART signal slightly. so it is
preferable to use a medium bandwidth to ensure
optimum detection of the SART.
Rad-r side lobes
As the SART is approached, sidelobes from the
radar antenna may show the SART responses
as a series of arcs or concentric rings. These
can be removed by the use of the anti-clutter
sea control although it may be operationally
useful to observe the sidelobes as they may be
easier to detect in clutter conditions and also
they will confirm that the SART is near to the
ship.
Gain
For maximum range SART detection the nomtal
gain setting for long range detection should be
used, that is, with background noise speckle
visible.
5“: control
For optimum range SART detection, this control
should be set to the minimum Care should be
exercised as wanted target in sea clutter may be
obscured. Note also that in clutter conditions the
first few dots oi the SART response may not be
detectable. irrespective of the setting at the
anti-clutter sea control. In this case, the position
of the SART may be estimated by measuring
9.5 nm miles from the turthest dot back towards
own ship.
Some sets have automatic/manual anti—clutter
sea control facilities in whlch case the operator
should switch to manual.
FI'C control
This should be used normally (to break up areas
of rain) when trying to detect a SART response
which, being a series of dots, is not affected by
the action of the anti-clutter rain circuitry. Note
that Recon responses, which are often in the
form at a long flash, will be affected by the use
of this control.
Some sets have automatic/manual anti-clutter
rain control facilities in which case the operator
should switch to manual.
2.4 Ftacon (Radar Beacon)
A racon is a radar transponder which emits a
characteristic signal when triggered by a ship's
radar (usually only the 3 centimeter band). The
signal may be emitted on the same frequency
as that ol the triggering radar, In which case it is
superimposed on the ship's radar display
automatically.
The recon slgnal appears on the PPI as a radial
line originating at a point lust beyond the
position of the radar beacon or as e Morse code
signal (figure below) displayed radially from just
beyond the beacon.
Recon
Figure 2-7Appearance of Recon signal on
the radar display
3. MAINTENANCE, TROUBLESHOOTING
3.1 Maintenance
Regular maintenance is important for good performance. A maintenance program should be
established and should at least include the items listed in Table 3-1.
BMW
—m—m_
Fixing bolts for Check for corrosion and it Replace corroded bolts. Coat new
antenna unit lightly fastened. belts with antloorrosive sealant.
Clean the antenna unit with a
ireshwater-moistened cloth.
Alcohol may be used. Do not use
commercial cleaners to clean the
antenna unit; they can remove
paint and markings.
Check for foreign material.
(Foreign material on the
antenna unit can cause a
considerable drop in
sensitivity.)
Antenna unit
cleanliness
if a crack is found. it should be
temporarily repaired by using a
small amount of sealing compound
or adhesive. The unit should then
be brought to your dealer for
permanent repairs.
Check for cracks. Permanent
damage to the unit’s circuitry
will result if water leaks inside
Antenna unit
cover
The LCD will, in time,
accumulate a coating of dust
which tends to dim the picture.
Vlfipe the LCD gently with a soft
cloth. Do not use commercial
cleaners to clean the LCD; they can
remove paint and markings.
Check for tight connection and If corroded, see your dealer about
corrosion. replacement.
Display unit
connectors
3.2 Replacing the Fuse
The fuse (5A) in the power cable protects the equipment against reverse polarity of ship's mains,
cvercurrent, and equipment fault. If the fuse blows, find the cause before replacing it. Never use a
fuse rated for more than 5A, since overfusing can cause serious damage to the equipment and void
the warranty.
3.3 Troubleshooting
Table 3-2 provides simple troubleshooting procedures which the user can tollow to restore normal
operation
ifyou pressed the [POWER] key
to turn on the radar
the radar has warmed up and
you pressed the [TX] key to
transmit
you adjusted sensitivity (with the
PFC switched OFF)
A key is pressed
the control panel does not light
Nothing appears on the display
(panel lights) or display contrast
is poor
“HD-SIG-MISSING" or ”BF-SIG-
MISSlNG" appears on the
display (panel is lit) or display
contrast is poor
neither noise or targets appear
(characters and markers do)
nelther indications or markers do
(noise and targets do)
nothing happens
- adjust DIMMEH on the menu.
- battery may have discharged.
- check it iuse has blown
- try adjusting LCD tone.
check that the signal cable is
tightly iastened.
check signal cable lor damage.
check signal cable tor damage.
key may be faulty. Contact your
dealer.
FQRQNO mom-11522
MODEL 1622
1. GENERAL
(1) Indication System PPl Daylight display, raster scan, 4 tones in monochrome
(2) Range_,Pulselength (PL) & Pulse_R_epelition Rate (PRR)
Range (rim) 0.125, 0.25 015, 0,75 11,15, 2 3, 4, 6 8,12,16
Pulse Length 0.12 ashort) lE£(medium) 0.8 ps (long)__
Pulse Metition Rate 2100 Hz nominal 1200 Hz nominal 600 Hz nominal
(3) Range Resolution Better than 50 m
(4) Bearing Discrimination Within 7.7“
(5) Minimum Range 41 m
(6) Bearing Accuracy Within 1°
(7) Range Ring Accuracy 09 % of range or 8 m, whichever is the greater
SPECIFICATIONS OF MARINE RADAR
2. SCANNER UNIT
(1)
(Z)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Radiator
Polarization
Antenna Reunion Speed
Radiator Length
Horizontal Beamiiidth
Vertical Beammdth
Sidelobe Attenuation
3. TRANSCEIVER MODULE
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4D
15)
16)
(7)
18)
(9)
Frequency
Modulation
Peak Output Power
Modulator
Intermediate Frequency
Tuning
Receiver Front End
Bandwidth
Duplexer
(10) Time of HeatRMA>RMC> GLL
RMA>RMC>VTG>VB\V
I-{DT>I~IDG">HDM'I
HDM>HDG°'>HDT°'
RMA>RMC>VTG
VTG>RMA
RMB>BWC>BWR
RMA>GLC>GTD
DPT >DBK>DBS>DBT
MTW
*I: calculate by magnetic drifl,
5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION
(I) Ambient Temperature
(2) Relative Humidity
(3) Waterproofing
Scanner Umt
Scanner Unit: -25°C to +70“C
Display Unit: —15°C to +55°C
95 % or less at +40°C
IPX6
F5! Ru NO MODEL 1622
Display Umt lPXS
(4) Bearing Vibration lEC60945
6. POWER SUPPLY
(1) Power Supply 12/24 VDC: 32/13 A, 35 W approx, (Watchman: 8 We: less)
7. DIMENSIONS AND MASS
See the Outline Drawings
3. COATING COLOR
(l) Display Unit Panel: N30
Chassis: Z,5GY5/1.5
(2) Scanner Unit Cover: N95, Bottom: 2.5PB 3.5/10
9. COMPASS SAFE DISTANCE
(1) Display Unit Standard: 0.65 m Steering 0,50 m
(2) Scanner Unit Standard: 1.25 m Steering: 095 m
INDEX
Bearing measurement .................................... 8
Control description.
Cursor .................
Depth unit“.
DlMMEFl key
EBL (Electronic Bearing Line).
EBL key....
Echo color
Echo stretc
False echoes
FI'C <<<<<<<<<<
Fuse replacemen
GAIN key..
Guard alarm
Heading marker"
Indlcations
Interference
Maintenance
Menu operation
Multiple echoes
Nav date
in stand-by...
turning on/ofl
powen key .................................................... 3
Range
measurement .........
minimum and maximun
selection .............
Flange measurement.
Range rings .
Ranges to use.
SART ...........
Shadow sector
SHIFT key .......
Sidelobe echoes.
STC key ..........
Target trail
brilliance
time....
TONE key
TFlAlL key
Troubleshootrn
TX key ..........
Virtual image ........................
VHM (Variable Range Marker)
VRM key ..
Watchman ..............................................
Water temperature unit ..........................
zoom key
Index-1
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