Itron NIC44 Radio module User Manual Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points

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Silver Spring Networks

555 Broadway Street

Redwood City, CA 94063

www.silverspringnet.com

Understanding Silver Spring

Networks Access Points

For NIC44

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 2

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points

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Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 3

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points Contents

Contents

1. About Access Points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

AP Product Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Battery Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Read Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Power Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Rebooting or Recycling APs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Standards Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Cellular Modem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Addressing Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

European Union Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Maintenance Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Surge Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Redundant WAN Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Mounting Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

WAN Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Throughput Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Responding to a WAN Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Multicast / Unicast Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Address Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2. FCC and Government Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

FCC Guidelines for Devices Containing a Transmitter Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Industry Canada Guidelines for Devices Containing a Transmitter Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

For All Radio Transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

For Transmitters Not Requiring Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Safety Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

General Electrical Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Fall Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Shock Accident First Aid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 1 About Access Points

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1About Access Points

Overview

TheSilverSpringAccessPoint(AP)providesthecentrallinkbetweenendpointdevicesand

networkcontrolandmonitoring.Itistheconnectivitybetweenintelligentendpointsandthe

utility’sbackoffice.Itsflexiblecommunicationfeaturesextendthereachandcoverageofthe

networktothousandsofcustomerpremises,throughscalabilitythatlowersownershipcosts.

Sinceithasabackupbattery,theAPcanreliablyroutescheduledreadandmanagement

tasks,evenduringanoutage.Figure1illustrateshowAPsconnectendpointstotheutility

backoffice(UtilityIQdatacenters).

TheAccessPointcanbemountedonpowerpolesorstreetlamps.Alloutbound

communications(requestsfordata)passthroughtheAP.Allinbounddatapackets(data,

alarms)passthroughtheAP.

TheAPcanserveasthetake‐outpointfornetworkmanagementtrafficinastand‐alone

communicationnetwork(oralsoforAdvancedMeteringInfrastructure—AMI,Distribution

Automation—DA,orHANCommunicationsManager(HCM)—HCMtrafficinajoint

AMI/DA/HCMinstallation).Incertaincases,theAPcanbethetake‐outpointfortraffic.

ItisworthnotingthattheSilverSpringarchitecturediffersfrommostothersinthattheAPis

notwhatutilitycompaniestypicallycallacollectororconcentrator—itisarouter.This

meansthatmemorylimitsanddatavulnerabilityissuestypicalof“collector”architectureare

eliminatedresultinginamorerobust,scalable,simplerandhigherperformancenetwork.

TheAccessPointcomeswitha902‐928MHz‐basedradioNeighborhoodAreaNetwork(or

NAN)interfacewhichcanbeconfiguredwithanycellulartechnology(forexample,Code

Figure 1. The AP in the network

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DivisionMultipleAccess,LongTermEvolution,HighSpeedPacketAccess,singlecarrier

Radio Transmission Technology)WideAreaNetwork(WAN)interface,orwitha10/100

Ethernetinterface.TheAccessPointprovidesamethodforimplementingthelastmileutility

informationandcontrolnetwork.

Features

ThefeaturesoftheSilverSpringAccessPointare:

•Fulltwo‐way,870‐876and902‐928MHzFHSS

•One‐watttransmitter

•Dynamicnetworkdiscoveryandselfhealing

•Robustsecurityfromtheendpointthroughtothewideareanetwork

•“Over‐the‐air”networkfirmwareupgrades

•Sophisticatedroutingfunctionsensuremultiplepathstoeachendpoint

•Automatedschedulingandnetworkmanagementtasks

•Long‐reach,multi‐hopnetworks,providinghighendpoint‐to‐AccessPointdeployment

ratios

•Weather‐resistantoutdoorenclosure,forlongerlifeandgreaterdurability

•Batterybackupoption(highlyrecommended)forfault‐tolerantoperation

AP Product Description

ThetypesofAPsavailableare:

CellularAPs,SatelliteAPs,Pad‐mountAPs,andEthernetAPs.TheEthernetAPscanbe

configuredwith10/100BaseT,andFiberinterfaces.

CellularandEthernetAccessPointsareshippedpre‐configured.ForcellularAccessPoints,

SilverSpringwillworkwiththechosencellularprovidertofacilitateAccessPointturn‐up.

ForEthernetAccessPoints,SilverSpringwillworkwiththeclientonIPaddressingtoallow

SilverSpringtopre‐configurefielddevicesforquickfieldimplementation.

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Figure2showsanEthernetAP.

Battery Backups

APscanbeconfiguredwithbatterybackups.Intheeventofapowerfailure,thebattery

backupcanprovidecontinuousoperationforatleasteighthours.

SilverSpringNetworkssuggestsasabestpractice,abatterybackupwithintheAccessPoint.

Whenoperatingonbatterybackup,AccessPointsmaintainfulloperationalfeatures.The

InfrastructureBatteryPack(IBP)usessealedlead‐acidbatterytechnology,whichwilldeliver

energyovera‐40to+85Ctemperaturerange.SilverSpringoperatestheInfrastructure

BatteryPackonafloat(thatis,theusagemodelisdefinedaslongperiodsoftopped‐off

chargestatesfollowedbysporadicdeepdischargeevents(outageevents).

UtilityIQ®,GridScape,orHCMapplicationscanactivelymonitorstatus.Eventsrangein

severityfrominformational(forexample,exportjobsucceeded)towarning(forexample,the

gapfillerhasstartedrunningbecauseanintervalgapwasdetected),toerror(forexample,

theDCDetectionflagonthemeterwasset),toemergency.Theseincludeanalarmwhenthe

backupbatteryonanAccessPointiscriticallylow.

Formoreinformationonbatterybackupdevices,refertowww.enersys.com.Thekey

documentsare:

•CyclonApplicationManual

•CyclonSelectionGuide

Figure 2. Silver Spring Networks Access Point (AP)

Cellular antenna

Power

connector

NAN antenna

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ThedesignfloatlifeofSilverSpring‐IBPproductsisuptoeight(8)toten(10)yearsatroom

temperature(25°C/77°F)andunderproperchargingconditions.Thisdesignlifehasbeen

confirmedbytheuseofacceleratedtestingmethodsthatarewidelyacceptedbyboth

manufacturersandusersofsealed‐leadbatteries.Hightemperaturesareusedtoaccelerate

theagingprocessofthebatteryundertest.

Read Storage

TheAccessPointhas8MBofRAMand8MBofFlash.NoreadsarestoredwithintheAccess

Point.

Power Requirements

TheAccessPointandRelayrequire96to250VAC(50to60Hz).

Powercanbetappeddirectlyfromthepowerlineorfromastreetlightreceptacle.

Rebooting or Recycling APs

SilverSpringNetworksAPswillrunsteadystateforanindefiniteperiodoftime.Rebootsare

notcontingentuponanyinherenttendencyfortheAPtorebootitself.Theonlyconditions

thatwouldmanifestarebootare:

•Powerfailureintheabsenceofbatterybackup

•WANdialerreachesa“highwatercount”thatinducesafirmwarereboot–thishappens

whencellularcoverageisintermittent

•Upgradeoffirmware

•Deliberaterebootinstructionissuedfromfieldtechnicianorfromback‐office

Standards Compliance

APscomplywith:

•OperatingVibrationstandardANSIC12.20,IEC60068‐2‐8

•OperatingShockstandardANSIC12.20,IEC60068‐2‐27

•HumiditystandardANSIC12.20,IEC60068‐2‐6

•OperatingTemperaturestandardANSIC12.20,IEC60068‐2‐1,IEC60068‐2‐2

•ElectromagneticSusceptibilitystandardANSIC12.20,IEC61000‐4‐3

•SurgeWithstandCapabilitystandardANSIC12.20,IEC61000‐4‐5

•ElectrostaticDischargestandardANSIC12.20,IEC61000‐4‐2

•ElectricalFastTransientsperANSIC12.20,IEC61000‐4‐4

•ConductedImmunityperIEC61000‐4‐6

•MagneticImmunityIEC61000‐4‐8

•VoltageDips&InterruptsIEC61000‐4‐11

•SafetyStandardforInformationTechnologyEquipment,IEC60950‐1,IEC60950‐22

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Cellular Modem

Currently,themodemisaSierraWirelessAirLink,RavenX,RavenXT,orRavenXE

dependingonAPmodelandcountrylocation.

Addressing Schemes

SilverSpring’saddressingschemeisbasedontheInternetProtocol(IP)suite.Eachnetwork

devicehasoneormoreIPv6addresseswithintheLAN.TheAccessPointwilltypicallyhave

anIPv4addressassignedtotheWANside.A6in4tunnelcarriesthedataoveracellular

carrierorEthernet‐basedbackhaultotheheadend,wherethetunnelisterminated,andIPv6

trafficiscarriedthroughtoUtilityIQ,GridScape,orHCM.Ahigh‐levelconceptualizationof

theNAN‐to‐WANnetworksthatAPtraffictraversesisshowninFigure3.

TheAccessPointisthecentrallinkbetweentheutility’senterprisemanagementsystemsand

theendpointdevicessuchasSilverSpring‐enabledelectricity,water,gasmeters,bridges,

ExternalCommunicationsModules,andFaultCircuitIndicators.

TheAccessPointisavitalpartofthesmartgridnetwork,whichextendssecure,real‐time

measurementandcontrolinterfaces(withfull,two‐waycommunications)throughoutthe

networkandtothecustomerpremises.

TheAccessPointprovidesahighlyreliableconnectiontoRFdevicesoveraNAN.It

communicateswithintelligentendpoints,includingmetersandBridges.TheAccessPoint

canalsopassinformationthroughmultipleSilverSpringRelaysorthroughSilverSpring‐

enabledelectricitymetersorMasterBridges.Anditoffersmultiplepathstoeachendpoint,

throughsophisticatedmeshnetworkroutingthatensuresgreaterreliabilityandredundancy.

TheAccessPointalsoprovidesWANconnectivitytoyourutility’smission‐critical

applicationsthroughdigitalcellularorEthernetconnections.

Figure 3. APs in the Silver Spring Network

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Specifications

TheAPhardwarespecificationsarelistedinTable1.

Table 1. Access Point specifications

Feature Description

900-MHz Communications:

Data rate 100 - 300 Kbps

Frequencies 902-928 MHz North America

915-928 MHz Australia

902-907.5, 915-928 MHz Brazil

870-876 MHz Luxembourg & United Kingdom

870-873 MHz Portugal

922-928 MHz New Zealand

Spread Spectrum technology FHSS

Transmitter output 30 dBm

Output impedance 50 ohms

Receiver sensitivity -97 dBm for 1% PER

WAN Cellular, Ethernet, Satellite

Physical Interfaces:

Antenna connector N Type, Female

NAN antenna Omni antenna with gain not to exceed 3.6dBi on 2.4GHz and 6.0dBi

on 900MHz

Cellular antenna Mobile Mark antenna RMM-UMB-1S-WHT-7

Protocols/Security:

Addressing Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

Security Secure Hash Algorithm 256 bit (SHA-256) RSA-1024 and /or ECC-

256

Encryption AES-128 or AES-256

Mechanical:

Cellular 24cm (9.5”) L x 25cm (10”) W x 13cm (5.2”) H, 2.38kg (5.1 lbs.)

weight, IP65, white, aluminum housing

Ethernet 23cm (9”) L x 20cm (8”) W x 10cm (4”) H, 1.8kg (4 lbs.) weight, IP65,

white, aluminum housing

Underground (cellular) 34cm (13.5”) L x 29cm (11.5”) W x 15cm (6”) H, 6.2kg (13.6 lbs.)

weight, IP67, fiberglass reinforced polyester (FRP) housing

Environmental:

Operating Temperature: -40°C to +70°C (-40°F to +158°F)

Humidity: 0% to 95%, non-condensing

Power

Voltage Range: 96 to 250 VAC, ~ 1A, 50 to 60Hz

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European Union Compliance

ThissectiondescribesSilverSpringNetworks’compliancewiththeEUR&TTEDirective.

TheAccessPoint1.5iusesaoneWattFHSSradio.Licenseshavebeenissuedasfollows:

•Luxembourg

AlicensehasbeenobtainedfromILR(InstitutLuxembourgeoisdeRegulation)tooperate

inLuxembourginthe870‐876MHzband.

•UnitedKingdom

AlicensehasbeenobtainedfromOfcomtooperateinUKinthe870‐876MHzband.

•Portugal

AlicensehasbeenobtainedfromANACOMtooperateinPortugalinthe870‐873MHz

band.

Thisdevicehasbeendesignedtooperatewithandcertifiedforantennasthathavea

maximumgainof3.0dBion900MHz.Antennasthathaveagaingreaterthanspecifiedare

strictlyprohibitedforusewiththisdevice.Therequiredantennaimpedanceis50ohms.

Installationofallantennaradiatingelementsshallhaveaminimumseparationdistanceof20

cmfromallpersonsandmustnotbeco‐locatedoroperatinginconjunctionwithanyother

transmitter.

Declaration of Conformity with regard to the R&TTE Directive 1999/5/EC

Thisdeclarationisonlyvalidforconfigurations(combinationsofsoftware,firmware,and

hardware)providedandsupportedbySilverSpringNetworksInc.Theuseofsoftwareor

firmwarenotprovidedandsupportedbySilverSpringNetworksInc.mayresultinthe

equipmentnolongerbeingcompliantwiththeregulatoryrequirements.

Power Consumption Idle Maximum

Ethernet 2.5W, 7W

Ethernet with battery 2.5W, 8W

Cellular 2.5W, 12.5W

Cellular with battery 2.5W, 13.5W

Battery Backup Option: > 8 hour operation

Receive Sensitivity Receive sensitivity is -102 dBm @ 10-6 BER.

Mounting Kit Options:

Pole Wooden, concrete, light

Other Wall, pad

Approvals:

FCC Part 15.247

Industry Canada RSS-210

Table 1. Access Point specifications (Continued)

Feature Description

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Note: The equipment is in compliance with the essential requirements and other relevant

provisions of Directive 1999/5/EC.

Thefollowingstandardswereapplied:

•EMC: EN55022(2010),EN55024(2010),EN61000‐3‐2(2006)

EN61000‐3‐3(2008),ETSIEN301489‐3v1.4.1

•Safety: EN60950‐1:2006,EN60950‐22:2006,BS‐EN62311(2008)

•Radio: ETSIEN300220‐1v2.3.1(2010‐02),ETSIEN300220‐2v2.3.1(2009‐12),

TheconformityassessmentprocedurereferredtoinArticle10anddetailedinAnnexIVof

Directive1999/5/EChasbeenfollowed.

Note: This equipment is intended to be used in Luxembourg, United Kingdom, and Portugal in

conjunction with licenses. For more details, contact Silver Spring Networks Compliance.

TheproductcarriestheCEMark:

AcopyoftheDeclarationofConformitymaybeobtainedwithformalrequestto:

SilverSpringNetworks,c/oHardwareEngineering

555BroadwayStreet

RedwoodCity,CA94063,USA

Declaration of Conformity for RF Exposure

ThissystemhasbeenevaluatedforRFexposureforHumansinreferencetoEN62311(2008)

Assessmentofelectronicandelectricalequipmentrelatedtohumanexposurerestrictionsfor

electromagneticfields(0Hz–300GHz).Theminimumseparationdistancefromtheantenna

togeneralbystanderis20cm(7.9inches).

Installation Note

SinceAPsdonothaveapoweron/offswitchfordisconnectingACpowerbeforeservicing,

ACpowerisprovidedthroughanACmainsdisconnectswitchorbreaker.Therefore,the

electricalinstallationofthisproductisunderthecontrolofthepowerutilitiesortheir

authorizedsubcontractors.Refertotheirproceduresforfurtherinstructions.

Onlycertaintypesofbatteriescanbeusedforbatteryreplacements.ContactSilverSpring

Networksforinformationaboutequivalentbatterytypesthatcanbeusedforreplacement.

Maintenance Procedures

IfanAccessPointexperiencesanoutage,allendpointdevicesandRelaysthatwere

associatedwithitwillconvergeontheirsecondaryAccessPointasfoundwithintheir

NodeQs.ThisalleviatesoutagesduetoAccessPointfailure.UtilityIQ‐NetworkElement

Manager(NEM),GridScape,orHCMisthenalertedofanAccessPointoutage,andforwards



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thismessagetotheoperator.Sparepre‐configuredAccessPointsarekeptonhand,andare

scheduledfornetworkinsertionwithintheutilitiesworkordermanagementsystem.Within

NEM,GridScape,orHCM,thefailedAccessPointisflaggedforRMA,andthedeviceis

replaced.

Surge Protection

APscomplywithupto20kVforcombinationwaveandupto6kVforringwaves(reflectsthe

currentEthernetAPandprojectedassembly.)

Redundant WAN Option

WANredundancyisinherenttotheroutedMeshbeingofferedbySilverSpringNetworks.

AccessPointshavetheabilitytoidentifyWANoutagesandforwardtraffictosecondary

AccessPointsthroughtheir902‐928FHSSinterface.Thereisnodowntimerealizedandas

routestotheWANbecomeunavailable,thoseroutesageoutoftheroutetablesofadjacent

nodesaswouldbeexpectedinafull‐meshnetworkthatcontinuouslyupdatesnodequeues

androutetables.WhenanAPbecomesunavailable,theroutedMeshdynamically

reconfigurestoavailableAPs.WhentheAPcomesbackonline,theroutedMeshdynamically

reconfigurestoincludetheAPintheMeshnetwork.

ItisthesuggestionofSilverSpringthatmultiplecellularcarriersbespreadacrossthe

territorytoreducetheimpactofawidescalecellularoutage.Inaddition,theco‐minglingof

privatebackhaulsuchasprivatenetworkfoundwithinsubstationsisalsoanoption.The

SilverSpringNetworksAccessPointcanusepublicorprivatebackhaultechnologiesto

communicatetothehostsystem(UtilityIQ,GridScape,orHCM)attheUtilityheadend.An

APcanhaveacellularmodem(suchasthoseapprovedforuseonCDMAorGeneralPacket

RadioService(GPRS)systemsfromSprint,AT&T,Telusorothercarrier)oranybroadband

technologythatisEthernet/IPcompatible(suchasWi‐Fi,fiber,privatemicrowaveor

WiMAX).CurrentSilverSpiringcustomersareusingcellularmodems,fiberbackhaul,and

privatelicensedandunlicensedwirelessbackhaultechnologies.Additionally,some

customersarecurrentlyexperimentingwithsatellitebackhaulconnectionsandwillbe

deployingthistechnologywhereneeded.

Mounting Options

TheAccessPointscanbemountedonautilitypoleorlightpole.Thecanbepadmountedas

wellaswallmounted.(Foradditionalinformation,refertotheSilverSpringNetworks

InfrastructureHardwareGuide.)SilverSpringrecommendsthattheunitsbemountedata

heightof7to9meters.

WAN Options

AnyWANbackhaulthatcaninterfacewiththeAccessPoint’sEthernetportandprovide

IPv4connectivitytotheHESwithaminimumof40kbpscanbeusedasbackhaul.

Customershaveusedthefollowingalternativebackhaultechnologies:

•DistributionSubstationBackhaul(forexample,fiber)

•WiMAX

•SatelliteRadios

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ThedesignruleforAccessPointtoRFdevicesis1to5,000.Atthisratio,themaximumdata

throughputrequiredfromaWANsolutionis40kbpsperAccessPoint.

Basedonreal‐worlddataonanetworkofthissize,theaveragewirelessspeedismeasuredat

2.6Mbpsdownstreamand700Kbpsupstream,whichiswellinexcessofrequirements.

Thebackhaulisfairlyinsensitivetolatency(thatis,inremotelocations,SilverSpringalready

provensuccessfulconnectionusingsatelliteradioswhichhavea~1.5sRTT‐orRoundTrip

Time).

SilverSpringrecommendsthatthenetworkdesignforaparticulardeploymentlimit

exposuretosinglepointsoffailureandproactivelydesignforredundancybyallowingeach

RFdevicetobereachedfrommorethanoneAccessPoint.Inallbutruraldensities,having

upto5,000RFdevicesperAPgenerallyresultsinmostRFdevicesbeingabletoreachmore

thanoneAccessPoint.

Throughput Performance

TypicaldatapacketsizesobservedinSmartGridsystemsisbetween150bytesforDAor

othersimplecommandandcontrolapplications.AnormalHCMandAMImeterreadpacket

isapproximately350bytesincludingfullmeasurementintervals,eventlogs,and

instantaneousregisterreads.At100Kbps(10bytes/ms),deliveryof150bytepacketsoccurs

at10fulltransactionspersecond.

ThelargerAMI/HCMpacketsaredeliveredat3‐5transactionspersecond.Thesearetypical

observedratesanditshouldbementionedthatforreliabilityreasonsalltransactionsare

completelyacknowledgedfour‐wayconfirmedevents.

Thoughfinaldataisnotavailable,raisingon‐airdataratesfrom100Kbpsto300Kbpswill

roughlydoublethePPSratesattheaggregationpoints(AccessPoints).Thismovesthedaily

capacityofanAccessPointfromapproximately400,000transactionsperdaytonearlya

million.

ThebandwidthbeingfedtotheWANsideoftheAccessPointisdeterminedbywhat

backhaulisbeingused.

WiththeAccessPointbeingarouterandnotacollector,dataisconstantlybeingtransmitted

throughtheWAN,eliminatingtheneedtostoredataforlatertransmission(Storeand

Forward).TheAccessPoint,using100KbpsontheNANside,aggregates3000‐5000meters,

bridges,orotherRFdevices,whileprocessingapproximately5transactionspersecondand

deliveringupwardsof500,000transactionsperdaytothebackoffice.

TherawthroughputintheRFNANintheSilverSpringsmartgridsolutionis100Kbps

node‐to‐node.Thismeansthatbetweeneachdevice,thereis100Kbpsofavailable

bandwidth.Onaverage,theamountoftrafficisrelativelylowwithrespecttotheamountof

availablebandwidth.

Figure4illustratesdatacollectedfromalivecustomernetworkoveraperiodofoneweek.

Asshown,theaveragebandwidthconsumedbyAdvancedMeteringtrafficisapproximately

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15Kbpsor15%,leaving85%forothersmartgridsolutionssuchasDAorDR(disaster

recovery).

ItisworthnotingthatthereareanumberoffactorsthatimpacteachRFMeshlinkbetween

anytwonodesincludingbutnotlimitedto:scheduledjobs(suchasmeterreads),path

selectionfromanRFdevicetoanAccessPoint,failuresoroutages,etc.Aneffectivemethod

tomonitornetworkperformance(datatransmission,bandwidthutilization,etc.)isatan

AccessPointastheAPisthetakeoutpointforallassociatedRFdevices.MeaningRFdevices

andRelaysintheSilverSpringNANareconstantlyretuningto,optimizingtheirpathsand

reportingintotheirAccessPoints.

AlltrafficflowinginandoutoftheRFMeshnetworkmusttraversetheAccessPoint.Whileit

isfairlysimpletomonitorasingleAccessPoint,itisimportanttorealizethatthereare

typicallymanyAccessPointsinacommerciallydeployedsmartgridsystem.TheSilver

SpringsolutionenablesallAccessPointstooperateindependentlyandinparallel,effectively

increasingthroughputandreducinglatency.

TheSilverSpringUtilityIQNEM,GridScape,andHCMenabletheconfigurationofpolices

forbandwidthutilizationforboththeWANandtheNAN.Onceconfigured,themonitoring

applicationsgeneratealertsforanybandwidthutilizationpolicyviolations.Thenetwork

statisticsreportprovidesdetailedinsightintopotentialnetworkloadissues.

ThemonitoringapplicationscanmeasureandreportonRFcharacteristicsintheNAN,

includingtheidentificationofdevicesassociatedwithareasofpoorcoverage.Havingsuch

dataenablesSilverSpringtoassesswhethersuchareasrequirethedeploymentofadditional

RelaysorAccessPoints.Thisisespeciallyusefulintheearlyphasesofadeployment.

Figure 4. Average bandwidth consumed by AMI traffic

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 1 About Access Points

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 15

Figure 5. AP Failure management

Alert Recieved

Alert

Cleared?

Ping the IPv6

Address of the AP

IPv6 reachable ?

Alert

Cleared?

Ping the IPv4

Address of the AP

IPv4

reachable?

B/D O

AP?

Use Wireless

ACE utility to

isolate Problem

Traceroute to the

IPv4 Address of the

11 Traceroute

terminates inside

L42?

From a remote

server ping the IPv4

address of AP

IPv4

reachable?

Identify Neighbouring

Devices

AP Seen in

neighbour

NodeQ?

Check NodeQ of

neighbours

Is reboot counter

increasing?

Attempt to reboot

Manually

Manual reboot

resolve?

Carrier Network

Stop

Problem with Event Monitoring –

Call IT

Stop

Problem with AP Hardware –

Call Field Engineer

Problem with WAN Network –

Call WAN Carrier Problem with WAN Network –

Wait for resolution

Problem with AP Hardware –

Call Field Engineer

Problem with AP Hardware –

Call Field Engineer

Problem with AP Hardware –

Call Field Engineer

Problem with 6in4 tunnel – Call

Problem with BO Network – Call

Yes

Yes Yes

6in4

Yes

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 1 About Access Points

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 16

Responding to a WAN Failure

AnAPmightnotbereachablebecausethedevicecannotdialoutontheWAN.Thedevice

continuestotrydialingoutuntilitiseitherabletoconnect,orithasdialed308times.Ifitcan

connect,thedevicenotifiestheeventmanagementprogramthatithassuccessfully

recovered.Ifitcannot,thenthemodemresetsitself.ThebehaviorofanAPrepeatedly

becomingunreachable,andthenrecoveringshortlyafter,iscalledflapping.

Asmallamountofflappingisnormal.Becauseadevicecanrecoveronitsown,waitforone

dayofdowntime,oronetotwodaysoffrequentflappingbeforeinvestigatingfurther.

Filteringandreviewingtheeventmanagementprogrammailalertsregularlycanhelpto

identifydevicesthatneedattention.Thestandardoperatingprocedureregardingcollector

failure/managementisshowninFigure5onpage15.

Multicast / Unicast Communications

Commandssentfromhead‐endmonitoringapplications(NEM,GridScape,orHCM)

throughtheAccessPoint(AP)areunicast,asthereceiptofeachpacketmustbe

acknowledged.However,insimilarfashiontomulticast,commandscanbesenttoa

staticallyordynamicallydefinedgroupofRFdevicesforeaseofmanageability.Inaddition,

theHESsends“Jobs”outinparalleltoAccessPoints,thattheninturn,sendcommandsout

toendpoints.Theresultingeffectisparallelprocessingthataccomplishesamulticast‐like

service.

Networking

EachNICinSilverSpringRFdevicesregisterswithtwoIPv6addresses–oneforeachoftwo

APs:aprimaryandsecondaryAP.Whenonedies,anotherisfound.Fromatopology

perspective,eachAPisitsownIPv6subnet.SoNICsareintwodifferentsubnets‐onefor

eachAP.

Theend‐to‐endprotocolwithintheNANisAES128/256bit,cryptoIPv6.AstheAccessPoint

understandsthefulltopologyoftheunderlyingmesh,theIPv6packetissourceroutedfrom

theAPtoeachenddevice–meaningthatthefullcommunicationpathfromtheAccessPoint

tothedeviceisspecified,hopbyhop,inthepacket.TheNANendpointtoAccessPoint

routingdecisionsaremadehop‐by‐hop(thatis,theNANendpointwillsendtheIPv6packet

toitsneighborthathastheleastcostroutetotheAccessPoint.Thenthisneighborwill

forwardthepackettoitsneighborwiththebestrouteuntilthepacketreachestheAccess

Point.(TheAccessPointacquiresitsunderstandingofthefullmeshtopologybecauseit

sendsrouteadvertisementmessagesatrandomizedintervals.)

NANsystemonewaylatencyismeasuredat50msperhopbetweenanypointsintheNAN.

TheSilverSpringnetworkdesignexpectsonaverage,nomorethan6hopstoanyendpoint

(suchasameterorDataLinkControl,DLC,device).Thiswouldtypicallyyield300msof

NANlatencytoanyRForDLCdevice.Inaddition,anAccessPointcanprocessupto10

packetspersecond.EachDLCcommandconsistsofasinglepacket,withoneassociated

ACKpacket.WithnootherAMItraffictraversinganAccessPoint,anAccessPointcould

process100DLCcommandsandACKs,inapproximately30seconds.

Thecellularmodemhasstore‐and‐forwardGPSreportingcapabilitywithaccuracynoless

than10meters.

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 1 About Access Points

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 17

Address Management

FortheLAN,aDDNS(DynamicDNS)systemisused.EachdevicehasoneormoreIPv6

addressedassignedtoit,basedonitslocationinthenetworkandrouteoutoftheLAN.

Theseaddressesarethenstoredattheheadendandusedforallcommunicationswiththe

devices(ping,trace,reads,etc.),givingthecustomeratrue,nativeend‐to‐endIPnetwork.

Administration

ThissectiondiscussesadministrativeissuesaboutAccessPoints.

TheRavenXmodemineachAPhasaTELNETportthatisusedforinternalcommunications

supportpurposes.TheRavenXmodemontheAPusesport6543forTELNET.Donotdisable

thisportasdoingsowillpreventtheSierraWirelessapplicationfromcommunicating.

Note: Silver Spring does not support end users accessing the AP’s modem TELNET port.

Justlikeameter,itispossibletopinganAccessPoint.TheSilverSpringsolutionusesIPv6,

soitissimplyamatterofinvokinganon‐demandping.Thiscanbeaccomplishedthrough

theUtilityIQ‐AMMuserinterface,throughwebservices,throughGridScape,orthrough

HCM.

YoushouldgettwopingresponsesforeachAP.OneisfromtheRavenXmodem.Theother

isfromtheNICintheAP.

Toinvokeanon‐demandpingagainstanAccessPoint,navigatetotheappropriateDevice

DetailspageandclickontheOnDemandPinglink(locationvarieswitheachmonitor

application).Figure6illustratesthepingsequenceforUtilityIQ’sAMMapplication.

Also,UtilityIQAMMexposesawebservicesAPIforinvokingon‐demandpingsagainst

AccessPoints.

Figure 6. Ping sequence

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 1 About Access Points

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 18

Configuration

Tofacilitatetheconfigurationandremovethechanceforhumanerror(forexample,typos)a

simpleshellscriptisgeneratedandrunfromaUNIX‐basedlaptopwhichhasaSilverSpring

FieldServiceUnitattachedtotheUSBport.

Note: All Silver Spring APs are configured during the manufacturing process to ensure that

the proper profile (Network ID, etc.) is included. Additionally, the software tool, net_mgr,

required to configure an AP, is not a user facing tool.

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 2 FCC and Government Guidelines

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 19

2FCC and Government Guidelines

Silver Spring Networks NIC

FCC ID: OWS-NIC44 IC: 5975A-NIC44 M/N: NIC44

TheAP/RelayNICisREQUIREDtobeprofessionallyinstalledbyaproperlytrained

technician.Improperinstallationcouldvoidtheuserʹsauthoritytooperatetheequipment.

ThedevicecomplieswithPart15oftheFCCrules.Operationissubjecttothefollowingtwo

conditions:

1. Thedevicemaynotcauseharmfulinterference.

2. Thedevicemustacceptanyinterferencereceived,includinginterferencethatmaycause

undesiredoperation.

Theantennaofthistransmittermustnotbeco‐locatedoroperatinginconjunctionwithany

otherantennaortransmitter.

Thedeviceshouldbeinstalledsothatpeoplewillnotcomewithin23cm(9in.)ofthe

antenna.

ThisequipmenthasbeentestedandfoundtocomplywithPart15oftheFCCRules.This

equipmentgenerates,uses,andcanradiateradiofrequencyenergy,andifnotinstalledand

usedinaccordancewiththeinstructions,maycauseharmfulinterferencetoradio

communications.However,thereisnoguaranteethatinterferencewillnotoccurina

particularinstallation.Ifthisequipmentdoescauseharmfulinterferencetoradioor

televisionreception(whichcanbedeterminedbyturningtheequipmentoffandon),theuser

isencouragedtotrytocorrecttheinterferencebyoneormoreofthefollowingmeasures:

•Reorientorrelocatethereceivingantenna.

•Increasetheseparationbetweentheequipmentandreceiver.

•Connecttheequipmentintoanoutletonacircuitdifferentfromthattowhichthereceiver

disconnected.

•Consultthedealeroranexperiencedradio/TVtechnicianforhelp.

Figure 7. Sample FCC ID label for NIC PCA

AP,44,ETHERNET,USA

Catalog#200‐040001

FCCID:OWS‐NIC44IC:5975A‐NIC44

ModelNo.:NIC44

ThisdevicecomplieswithPart15oftheFCCRules.

Operationissubjecttothefollowingtwoconditions:(1)this

devicemaynotcauseharmfulinterferenceand(2)thisdevice

mustacceptanyinterferencereceived,includinginterference

thatmaycauseundesiredoperation.

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 2 FCC and Government Guidelines

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 20

FCC Guidelines for Devices Containing a Transmitter Module

ThefollowingisanextractfromFCCPART15UNLICENSEDMODULARTRANSMITTER

APPROVAL,DA00‐1407,Released:June26,2000,Section6describinglabelingrequirements

fordevicescontainingamodulartransmitter.

Section6.ThemodulartransmittermustbelabeledwithitsownFCCIDnumber,and,if

theFCCIDisnotvisiblewhenthemoduleisinstalledinsideanotherdevice,thenthe

outsideofthedeviceintowhichthemoduleisinstalledmustalsodisplayalabel

referringtotheenclosedmodule.Thisexteriorlabelcanusewordingsuchasthe

following:“ContainsTransmitterModuleFCCID:XYZMODEL1”or“ContainsFCCID:

XYZMODEL1.”Anysimilarwordingthatexpressesthesamemeaningmaybeused.The

Granteemayeitherprovidesuchalabel,anexampleofwhichmustbeincludedinthe

applicationforequipmentauthorization,or,mustprovideadequateinstructionsalong

withthemodulewhichexplainthisrequirement.

Inthelattercase,acopyoftheseinstructionsmustbeincludedintheapplicationfor

equipmentauthorization.

Industry Canada Guidelines for Devices Containing a Transmitter

Module

For All Radio Transmitters

Thisradiotransmitter5975A‐NIC44hasbeenapprovedbyIndustryCanadatooperatewith

theantennatypeslistedbelowwiththemaximumpermissiblegainandrequiredantenna

impedanceforeachantennatypeindicated.Antennatypesnotincludedinthislist,havinga

gaingreaterthanthemaximumgainindicatedforthattype,arestrictlyprohibitedforuse

withthisdevice.

Antenneomnidirectionnelle,3.0dBisur900MHzet2,4GHzsur3.6dBi

Leprésentémetteurradio(identifierledispositifparsonnumérodecertificationouson

numérodemodèlesʹilfaitpartiedumatérieldecatégorieI)aétéapprouvéparIndustrie

Canadapourfonctionneraveclestypesdʹantenneénumérésci‐dessousetayantungain

CAUTION: Changes or modifications not expressly approved by Silver Spring Networks could void

the user's authority to operate the equipment.

Figure 8. Sample FCC ID label for devices containing a NIC

Contains FCC ID: WWWXXXXX IC:YYYYY-XXXX

M/N: ZZZZZ

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 2 FCC and Government Guidelines

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 21

admissiblemaximaletlʹimpédancerequisepourchaquetypedʹantenne.Lestypesdʹantenne

noninclusdanscetteliste,oudontlegainestsupérieuraugainmaximalindiqué,sont

strictementinterditspourlʹexploitationdelʹémeeur.

UnderIndustryCanadaregulations,thisradiotransmittermayonlyoperateusingan

antennaofatypeandmaximum(orlesser)gainapprovedforthetransmitterbyIndustry

Canada.Toreducepotentialradiointerferencetootherusers,theantennatypeanditsgain

shouldbesochosenthattheequivalentisotropicallyradiatedpower(e.i.r.p.)isnotmore

thanthatnecessaryforsuccessfulcommunication.

ConformémentàlaréglementationdʹIndustrieCanada,leprésentémetteurradiopeut

fonctionneravecuneantennedʹuntypeetdʹungainmaximal(ouinférieur)approuvépour

lʹémetteurparIndustrieCanada.Danslebutderéduirelesrisquesdebrouillage

radioélectriqueàlʹintentiondesautresutilisateurs,ilfautchoisirletypedʹantenneetson

gaindesortequelapuissanceisotroperayonnéeéquivalente(p.i.r.e.)nedépassepas

lʹintensiténécessaireàlʹétablissementdʹunecommunicationsatisfaisante.

For Transmitters Not Requiring Licenses

ThisdevicecomplieswithIndustryCanadalicence‐exemptRSSstandard(s).Operationis

subjecttothefollowingtwoconditions:(1)thisdevicemaynotcauseinterference,and(2)

thisdevicemustacceptanyinterference,includinginterferencethatmaycauseundesired

operationofthedevice.

LeprésentappareilestconformeauxCNRdʹIndustrieCanadaapplicablesauxappareils

radioexemptsdelicence.Lʹexploitationestautoriséeauxdeuxconditionssuivantes:(1)

lʹappareilnedoitpasproduiredebrouillage,et(2)lʹutilisateurdelʹappareildoitacceptertout

brouillageradioélectriquesubi,mêmesilebrouillageestsusceptibledʹencompromettrele

fonctionnement.

Safety Information

Carefulplanningofeveryjobisessential.Nothingshouldbetakenforgranted.Donottake

chances!

•Readandfollowallapprovedpoliciesandproceduresprovidedbyyouremployer

associatedwiththeproceduresinthismanual.

•Theproceduresinthismanualmustonlybeperformedbyqualifiedworkersin

accordancewithlocalutilitysafetypractices,utilityrequirements,andapplicableOSHA

andNFPAstandards.

WARNING: Severe shock and explosion hazard! Touching energized parts can result in

massive equipment damage, and severe injury or death. Short-circuiting energized parts will

result in blinding flash and explosion. Opening and closing electrical circuits can also produce

dangerous and explosive arc flashes. Involuntary muscular reactions associated with electrical

shock may result in other injuries. Observe the following safety guidelines.

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 2 FCC and Government Guidelines

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 22

•Theinformationcontainedinthisdocumentisintendedtoaidqualifiedpersonnel,andis

notareplacementforthepropertrainingrequiredtomakeapersonqualified.

•SilverSpringNetworksassumesnoliabilityforthecustomerʹsfailuretofollowthese

safetyguidelines.

General Electrical Safety

•Performtheproceduresinthismanualinaccordancewithapplicableworkplace

standardsestablishedbythefollowingagencies:

— OccupationalSafetyandHealthAct(OSHA).

—TheNationalElectricalCodepublishedbytheNationalFireProtectionAssociation

(NFPA‐70).

—NationalElectricalManufacturersAssociation(NEMA).

— ElectronicsIndustriesAssociation(EIA).

—InsulatedPowerCableEngineersAssociation(IPCEA).

•AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI).Wheneverpossible,de‐energizeall

circuitsorequipmentbeforeworkingonthem.

•Maintainaminimumclearanceof10feet(3meters)betweenlinepotentialandall

unqualifiedpersonsatalltimes.

•Keepunauthorizedpeopleoutoftheworkarea.Beespeciallycautiousofchildren,who

tendtobedrawntoworkactivity.

•DeterminingifacircuitisOFFcanbedifficultinsomeinstances.Checkforcircuitvoltage

withanappropriatevoltmeterbeforeworkingonequipmentpresumedtohavebeen

de‐energized.Tiebreakers,doublethrowdisconnectswitches,automatictransfer

switchesandemergencygeneratorscansupplypowerthroughanalternatecircuitor

fromanothersource.

•120Vcurrentcanbejustalethalashighervoltagesbecausecurrentflowthroughabody

dependsuponthebodyʹsresistance.

•Donottrustinsulationand/orweatherproofingonawireasprotectionfromshock.

•Useelectricallyinsulatedtools.Inspectportableelectricalequipmentortoolsfordefects

andremoveanydefectivedevicesfromserviceimmediately.Allportableelectrical

equipmentmusthaveGroundFaultCircuitInterrupter(GFCI)protection.

•Selecttherighttoolforthejob.Usetoolsproperly.Keeptoolsingoodworkingorder.

•Makesuretheworkareaisfreeofanyflammablematerial.Flammablevaporscanbe

ignitedbyanarcflash.

•Keeptheworkareacleananddry.Clutteredworkareascauseaccidentsandinjuries.

•Providegoodlightingintheworkarea.Youcannotworksafelyifyoucannotseewhat

youaredoing.

•Reportunsafeconditionsordefectiveequipmenttoyourimmediatesupervisor.

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 2 FCC and Government Guidelines

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 23

•Handlematerialcarefully.Liftandcarryproperly.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

•AlwayswearPersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE),inaccordancewithOSHAandANSI

standards.

•Weareyeprotectionandelectricallyinsulatedgloves.Testglovesinaccordancewith

ANSIstandardsbeforeuse.Donotuseglovesthatdonotpassappropriatetest

procedures.

•Wearprotectiveclothingsuchaslongsleeveshirtsandlongpantsmadeofflameresistant

materials.

•Removealljewelry.

•Donotpassanyobjectstoorfromotherpersonsnotprotectedbyinsulatingplatformsor

tested,electricallyinsulatedgloves.

Fall Protection

Whenperformingworkatanyelevation:

•Alwaysuseafallprotectionsystem,inaccordancewithOSHAstandards,whenever

performingworkatanyelevation.

•Neveruseconductors,guywires,pins,orcross‐armbraces,etc.tosupportyourweight.

•Wheneverusingaerialliftdevicessuchashoists,man‐lifts,vehicle‐mountedwork

platformsandoverheadlifts,readandfollowthemanufacturerʹsguidelinesforsafeand

properoperation.

•Useladdersandscaﬀoldingonlyinaccordancewiththemanufacturerʹsguidelines

and/oraccordingtoOSHAstandards.

•Onlyuseladdersmadeofnon‐metallic,non‐conductivematerial.Theyshouldbethe

propersizeandtypefortheworkintended.Inspectladdersforwearandbreakage.

Removeanyoil,grease,orotherslipperymaterials.

•Donotsettheladderattoosteeportooshallowofanangle.Aruleofthumbistostand

erectwithyourtoesagainstthebottomrailsoftheladder,withyourarmsextended

straightout.Ifyoucansetyourpalmsontopoftherungthatisateyelevel,theladder

shouldbeattheproperangle.Ifaladderanglelabelisprovided,followits

recommendations.

•Iftheladderistoremaininplaceforanextendedperiod,secureitatthetop.Thesupport

pointatthetopoftheladdershouldbeatleast24inches(60centimeters)wideto

maintainsupportintheeventofsidewaysmovement.Forjobsofshortduration,havea

fellowworkersupporttheladderatthebase.

•Evaluatealltaskstobeperformedfromaladderforpotentialfallhazards,suchas

complextasksorsituationsthatrequireleaningfromthesideoftheladder.

•Theuseofscaffoldingoraworkplatformshouldbeconsideredasanalternativesolution

insuchcases.

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 2 FCC and Government Guidelines

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 24

Shock Accident First Aid

•Donottouchthevictimwithyourbarehands;usesomethingnon‐conductivetoseparate

thevictimfromtheenergysource.

•Callforemergencymedicalhelpimmediately.Keepthevictimlyingdown,warm,and

comfortableuntilhelparrives.Avoidmovingthevictimincaseofinjurytoneckorback.

Positionanunconsciousvictimonasidetoletfluidsdrain.

•Checkthevictimʹsbreathingandheartbeat.Ifproperlytrained,applymouth‐to‐mouth

resuscitationand/orCPRifnecessary.

•Removeconstrictingitemsfromthevictim,suchasshoes,belts,jewelry,andtightcollars;

theycouldcutoffcirculationifthevictimexperiencesswelling.

•Applywaterorsalineforafewminutestoanyburnsuntiltheskinreturnstonormal

temperature.Donotattempttoremoveclothingthatisstucktoaburn.Ifpossible,elevate

burnedareastoreduceswelling.

•Makesurethevictimreceivesprofessionalmedicalattention,eveniftheyfeelfine.

Electricshockcancauseheartfailurehoursaftertheshockisreceived.

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points Index

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 25

Index

Access Point 5

Access Point 1.5i 10

address management 17

addressing 9

addressing scheme 8

ANACOM 10

ANSI

C37.90.2 7

ANSI C12.2 7

ANSI C12.20 7

Access Point 5

administration 17

cellular 5

configuration 18

Ethernet 5

hardware specifications 9

pinging 17

rebooting 7

recycling 7

types 5

backhaul 8

battery backup 5, 6

BS-EN 62311 11

CE Mark 11

cellular AP 5

collector 4

concentrator 4

Conducted Immunity 7

data packet size 13

DDNS (Dynamic DNS) 17

Declaration of Conformity 10

Directive 1999/5/EC 11

Distribution Substation Backhaul 12

DNS (Domain Name System) 17

EC 60950-1 7

Electrical Fast Transients 7

electromagnetic susceptibility standard 7

electrostatic discharge standard 7

EMC standards 11

300 220-1 v2.3.1 (2010-02) 11

300 220-2 v2.3.1 (2009-12) 11

55022 (2010) 11

55024(2010) 11

60950-22 2006 11

61000-3-2 (2006) 11

61000-3-3 (2008) 11

62311(2008) 11

encryption 9

Ethernet AP 5

ETSI EN 11

EU R&TTE Directive 10

FCC (Federal Communications Commission) 10

FHSS (Frequency Hopping, Spread Spectrum) 5

fiber 12

flapping 16

float 6

float life 7

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) 12

GridScape 6

HAN Communications Manager (HCM) 4

hardware specifications 9

humidity 9

humidity standard 7

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points Index

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 26

IBP (Infrastructure Battery Pack) 6

IEC

801.2 7

IEC 60068-2-1 7

IEC 60068-2-2 7

IEC 60068-2-27 7

IEC 60068-2-6 7

IEC 60068-2-8 7

IEC 60950-22 7

IEC 61000-4-11 7

IEC 61000-4-2 7

IEC 61000-4-3 7

IEC 61000-4-4 7

IEC 61000-4-5 7

IEC 61000-4-6 7

IEC 61000-4-8 7

Industry Canada 10

Infrastructure 6

Institut Luxembourgeois de Regulation 10

intelligent endpoints 4

IP (Internet Protocol) 8

IPv4 address 8

Magnetic Immunity 7

maintenance 11

microwave 12

Mobile data antenna 6

modem 8

mounting 4

mounting options 12

multicast 16

NAN

antenna 6

Neighborhood Area Network 4

NEBS 3 7

NIC 16

Ofcom 10

operating shock standard 7

operating temperature 9

Operating Temperature standard 7

operating vibration standard 7

Part 15.247 10

power connector 6

power requirements 7

R&TTE Directive 1999/5/EC 10

radio standards 11

RavenX modem 17

receive sensitivity 10

redundant WAN 12

RF devices 8

RSS-210 10

Safety Standard for Information Technology

Equipment 7

safety standards 11

Satellite radios 12

security 9

Sierra Wireless AirLink PinPoint X 8

standards compliance

ANSI

C37.90.2 7

IEC

801.2 7

NEBS3 7

surge protection 12

surge withstand capability standard 7

take-out point 4

TELNET port 17

Telus 12

tunnel 8

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points Index

Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points 4 March 2013 Silver Spring Networks 27

unicast 16

UtilityIQ 6

Voltage Dips & Interrupts 7

voltage range 9

WAN

failures 16

options 12

Wide Area Network 5

Wi-Fi 12

WiMAX 12

Itron NIC44 Radio module User Manual Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points

Silver Spring Networks Radio module Understanding Silver Spring Networks Access Points

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