Lotek Wireless BIOTRACKER Telemetry Receiver User Manual BC03 Biotracker Manual Rev B

Lotek Wireless, Inc Telemetry Receiver BC03 Biotracker Manual Rev B

user manual

Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual Page 1BIOTRACKERRADIO RECEIVERUser's Manual
Page 2 Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s ManualContentsQuick Start Guide................................................................................................. 4Description of receiver operation ......................................................................... 4Basic Functions ................................................................................................. 4Frequency Mode................................................................................................ 4Channel Mode................................................................................................... 4Storing Frequencies in Channels .......................................................................... 5Scanning Mode ................................................................................................. 5Top Panel Controls ............................................................................................... 6Power ........................................................................................................... 6LCD Backlight ................................................................................................ 6Up/Down Arrows ............................................................................................ 6Mode Selection............................................................................................... 6Tuning Resolution ........................................................................................... 6Digital Gain/Volume Control Keys...................................................................... 6Scanning ....................................................................................................... 7Store in Memory............................................................................................. 7Change MHz .................................................................................................. 8Delete........................................................................................................... 8Numeric Keys................................................................................................. 8Accept .......................................................................................................... 8Cancel .......................................................................................................... 8Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)................................................................................ 9Signal Strength Display ................................................................................... 9Battery State Indicator.................................................................................... 9Front Panel Connectors and Controls..................................................................... 10Gain Control Knob ........................................................................................ 10Battery Charger and External Power Socket...................................................... 10Charging LED............................................................................................... 10Antenna input .............................................................................................. 11Headphones Socket ...................................................................................... 11Serial Port (RS232)....................................................................................... 11Step-by-step instructions .................................................................................... 12Changing frequency......................................................................................... 12Storing frequencies to memory (channels) .......................................................... 13Scanning........................................................................................................ 15Receiver Use ..................................................................................................... 17Tracking in wet weather ................................................................................... 17Batteries ........................................................................................................ 17Trouble-shooting................................................................................................ 18Charging Problems .......................................................................................... 18Battery cover bolts .......................................................................................... 18Using the serial port ........................................................................................... 19Glossary ........................................................................................................... 20Biotracker Specifications ..................................................................................... 22Summary Specifications Table........................................................................... 22Full Specifications Table ................................................................................... 23Specification ................................................................................................ 23Frequency Bands .......................................................................................... 23Sensitivity ................................................................................................... 23Selectivity ................................................................................................... 23Gain Control Range....................................................................................... 23Channels ..................................................................................................... 23Scanning ..................................................................................................... 24Weight ........................................................................................................ 24Waterproofing .............................................................................................. 24Frequency Stability ....................................................................................... 24Tuning ........................................................................................................ 25
Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual Page 3Battery life................................................................................................... 25External power supplies ................................................................................. 25Back-light on LCD ......................................................................................... 25Regulatory Compliance........................................................................................ 25Location of Inputs, Outputs and Controls ............................................................... 26APPENDIX A: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.............................................................. 27
Page 4 Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s ManualQuick Start GuideBefore first use, we recommend you put the Biotracker on charge. The battery is fully-charged when the receiver is manufactured, but rechargeable batteries self-dischargeslowly over time and after any period of storage will not be at full capacity.Description of receiver operationThe receiver has three modes: Frequency, Channel and Scan.Frequency Mode: Frequency is set directly via the numeric keypad or arrow keys.Channel Mode: Channels holding stored frequencies are selected via the numerickeypad or arrow keys. There are 256 channels.Scan Mode: The receiver steps in numerical sequence through all channels orselected channels only.Basic Functions• To turn the receiver on and off hold [ON/OFF] down for at least a second.• To toggle between Frequency and Channel Mode (shown by ‘F’ or ‘C’ in bottom rightcorner of display) press [F/C].• [X] cancels the current operation.• [] enters the current number (channel, frequency etc) or completes the currentoperation.• [DEL] deletes the character at current cursor position. To delete the contents of achannel in Channel Mode hold the button down for more than a second.• The key with the light bulb symbol toggles the display back-light on and off. The lightswitches off automatically after about 4 minutes.• To adjust receiver gain, use the keys with loudspeaker symbols. The gain level (00 to99) is displayed next to the mode indicator on the bottom row of the LCD. Gain canalso be adjusted (up to the limit shown in the display) using the gain knob. The knobdoes not change the gain level displayed on the LCD.• Signal strength is displayed on the top line of the LCD as a horizontal bar graph, andthe peak signal value is displayed on the top right. The peak value is held on thedisplay for 1 second or updated if another signal is received sooner.Frequency Mode• In Frequency Mode ‘F’ is displayed in the bottom right corner of the display.• Typing a number enters the kHz frequency units (numbers after the decimal point).Press [] to set the frequency or [X] to cancel and revert back to the previousfrequency.• To change the MHz frequency (numbers before the decimal point) press [MHz].Enter the MHz frequency and press [] to set or [X] to cancel.• The up/down arrows tune the frequency one step at a time, at the current tuningresolution (1 kHz or 0.1 kHz).• The tuning resolution is toggled between 1 kHz and 0.1 kHz by the keymarked [.000 / .0000].Channel Mode• In Channel Mode ‘C’ is displayed in bottom right corner of display.• The up/down arrows step through stored channels in the receiver’s memory.• Channels can also be recalled by entering a channel number. Press [] to setor [X] to cancel.• To delete the contents of a channel, press [DEL] for a second or more.
Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual Page 5Storing Frequencies in Channels• Start in Frequency mode and tune to the frequency to be stored• Press [Store] to display the last used channel on the top line of the display• Choose a channel using the up/down arrow keys, or enter a channel numberfollowed by [].• Press [Store] to save the frequency to the channel displayed on the top line. Thereceiver will then be in Channel Mode on the chosen channel.Scanning Mode• Press [SCAN] to enter Scanning Mode. Two opposing curved arrows are shown onthe bottom right of the display. The top line shows the scan interval in seconds.• Choose a scan interval by using the arrow keys or typing a number (up to 999).Press [] to accept.• Press [] again to display channels on top line of the display. Channels that areselected for scanning show ‘SC’ in the top right of display.• Toggle channel selection status (‘SC’) on/off by pressing []. Scroll through channelsusing the arrow keys or type a channel number followed by [] to see otherchannels.• To select all channels for scanning, press [DEL]. Pressing [DEL] again deselects allchannels without affecting individual channel selection status (‘SC’). When allchannels are selected for scanning, ‘AC’ is displayed.• To start scanning press [SCAN].• To stop scanning and return to the mode and frequency settings prior to scanningpress [X].• To stop scanning and return to Channel Mode with last channel scanned press[SCAN].
Page 6 Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s ManualTop Panel ControlsThis section explains in detail the function of individual keys.PowerHold this key down for one second or more to switch the receiver on or off.When the receiver is switched on it returns to the state it was in when it waslast switched off. It remembers mode, digital gain level, step size andfrequency or channel. All memory contents are also retained.LCD BacklightThis key switches the LCD back-light on and off. The back-light increasesreceiver power consumption (and reduces battery life) by around 50%. Toconserve power if the light is accidentally switched on, the light switches offautomatically after about 4 minutes.Up/Down ArrowsThese keys are used to change frequency or channel, depending on which modethe receiver is in.When in Frequency Mode (‘F’ displayed in bottom right of LCD), the frequencydisplayed on the bottom row of the LCD is changed in either 0.1 kHz or 1kHzsteps. Pressing the key marked [.000/.0000] toggles between the step sizes(tuning resolution).In Channel Mode (‘C’ displayed in bottom right of LCD), the arrow keys step throughoccupied channels displayed on the bottom row of the LCD. Empty channels are notdisplayed. After pressing [STORE], the up/down keys step through all channelsdisplayed in the top row of the LCD, including empty ones.In Scan Mode (two opposing curved arrows displayed in bottom right of LCD), and whenscan interval is displayed in the top row of the LCD, the up/down keys change the scaninterval. After setting the scan interval, the up/down keys step through occupiedchannels. Empty channels are not displayed.Mode SelectionThis toggles between Frequency Mode and Channel Mode. When returning fromChannel Mode to Frequency Mode the frequency displayed is that of the lastchannel selected. The default tuning resolution (step size) is set to 0.1 kHz.Tuning ResolutionThis key toggles between displaying the frequency to the nearest 0.1 kHz (fourdecimal places) or to the nearest 1 kHz (three decimal places). It operates onlyin Frequency Mode.Digital Gain/Volume Control KeysThe keys with loudspeaker symbols control the radio frequency (RF) gain andaudio gain (volume) of the receiver. The upper key increases gain and thelower one reduces it. The gain level is indicated by the number between 0 and99 in the bottom right of the LCD, immediately before the mode symbol.These are known as ‘digital gain keys’ because they set gain in discrete steps.Gain can also be controlled using a knob on the front of the receiver. The knob controlsgain in an analogue fashion within the limits set by digital keys gain (i.e. up to the levelshown on the LCD). It does not change the number displayed in the LCD. Settingthe gain to 99 (maximum) using the digital keys enables the knob to cover the entiregain range.
Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual Page 7generally the digital keys are used for setting gain to a particular, repeatable level(displayed on the LCD). For normal tracking situations, where it is not necessary toknow the exact gain level, the knob allows both faster and finer control of gain.ScanningThis key puts the receiver into Scan Mode. The top row of the LCD displays‘INTERVAL’ and a number between 001 and 999. This is the period in secondsthe receiver dwells on each selected channel when scanning. The number canbe entered directly via the numeric key pad, or increased/decreased using the arrowkeys. When the desired interval is displayed, press [] to set it.Once the scan interval has been set, the LCD top row displays occupied channels andindicates whether they are selected for scanning. The information displayed isfrequency, channel number and, for channels that are selected, the letters ‘SC’ or ‘AC’.These indicate whether selected channels (SC) or all channels (AC) are to be scanned.If a channel is not selected for scanning, only the frequency and channel number aredisplayed. When scanning starts, these channels will be excluded. To select or deselecta channel, press [] which toggles channel selection. Do not press [] to deselect achannel, as this cancels Scan Mode. To toggle the selection/deselection of all channels(AC) press [DEL]. Use the arrow keys to step through channels for selection.When the channels to be scanned have been chosen, pressing [SCAN] starts thereceiver scanning. The bottom row of the LCD displays the frequency and number of thechannel currently being scanned, the gain level and the symbol for scan mode (curvedopposing arrows). The top line of the LCD displays signal strength and ‘AC’ or ‘SC’,depending on whether all channels (AC) or selected channels only (SC) are beingscanned.To cancel Scan Mode during scanning, press [SCAN], which returns to Channel Modewith last channel scanned, or [], which returns to the mode and frequency settingsprior scanning.Store in MemoryWhen pressed in Frequency Mode or Channel Mode this key displays the lastused channel on the top row of the LCD. The channel number can be set eitherwith the arrow keys, or by entering a number directly from the numeric keypad.If entered from the keypad, [] must be pressed to set the channel. Pressing [STORE]a second time puts the currently displayed frequency on the bottom row into the channeldisplayed on the top row. The receiver is then returned to Channel Mode with the newchannel displayed in the bottom row.The main use for [STORE] is to add new channels or change frequencies in existingchannels. Some typical sequences are shown below to illustrate this.To add a new frequency to a new channel:1. In Frequency Mode, tune to the frequency you wish to store in a channel.2. Press [STORE] to display a channel on the top row of the LCD.3. Select the channel in which you want the frequency to the stored (either using thearrow keys or by direct entry via the numeric keypad followed by []).4. Press [STORE] again to set the frequency in the chosen channel and automaticallyswitch to Channel Mode with the new channel displayed.To change the frequency of an existing channel:1. In Channel Mode select the channel to be changed.2. Press [F/C] to change to Frequency Mode.
Page 8 Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual3. Change the frequency (either using the arrow keys or by direct entry via the numerickeypad followed by [])5. Press [STORE] to display the channel on the top row of the LCD.6. Press [STORE] again to set the new frequency in the channel and automaticallyswitch back to Channel Mode with the new frequency displayed.Change MHzThis key allows the MHz frequency to be changed in Frequency Mode. Afterpressing [MHz] the first placeholder of the MHz frequency will flash and a new3-digit number can be inserted from the numeric keypad. After inserting 3digits the cursor moves to the first decimal place and the kHz frequencies can also bechanged if required. Pressing [] at any time selects the new frequency. Pressing []cancels any changes and returns to the previous state.If a number below than the lower frequency limit or above the upper frequency limit isentered, an ‘OUT OF RANGE’ message is displayed on the top row of the LCD. Enter avalid frequency or press [] to return to the previous one.DeleteThe delete key has three separate functions.The main function, in Channel Mode, is to delete the contents of a channel. To do this,display the channel to be deleted, then hold the [DEL] key down for 1 second.Alternatively, press [STORE] to display a channel on the top row of the LCD. Displaythe channel you want to delete and press [DEL] to delete it and return to Channel Mode.The second function of the delete key is to delete characters under the cursor duringfrequency or channel editing via the numeric keypad.The third, and least intuitive, function of [DEL] is to toggle the selection/deselection ofall channels for scanning in scan mode (AC). When selecting channels for scanning,[] toggles selection of individual channels (displaying either SC or blank afterfrequency and channel number in the top row of the LCD), whereas [DEL] togglesbetween AC and SC or blank. When AC is shown, all channels are selected for scanning.Pressing [DEL] returns all the channels to their previous state (SC or blank).Numeric KeysThe numeric keypad is used to enter channels or frequencies.When entering channel numbers, new digits are inserted in the right-hand place-holderand shifted left if further characters are added. This is to eliminate the need to enterleading zeros.When entering frequencies, the cursor starts under the left-hand placeholder and movesright as new number are added.AcceptThis key is equivalent to [ENTER] on a computer keyboard. It is used to acceptany changes being made via the numeric keypad.CancelThis is the ‘Cancel’ Key. Pressing it during any editing operation returns thereceiver to the state it was in before the editing operation began. Pressing []in Scan Mode cancels scanning and returns the receiver to its previous mode.19
Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual Page 9Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)The LCD has two rows with 16 character places per row. The diagrams below show theposition of information displayed in different modes.LCD Functions in Frequency Mode or Channel ModeLCD Functions in Scanning ModeSignal Strength DisplayThe Lotek Biotracker Receiver displays signal strength in two ways: using a bar graphand a number. Both indicators are displayed on the top line of the LCD. The systemresponds to pulses over 10 ms long and above a threshold, so under normalcircumstances noise is ignored. The display is held for 1 second after triggering(otherwise pulses would be too short to see). If the display is constantly being triggeredby noise, the pulses are likely to be missed.The display can be changed by adjusting the gain. If there is too much noise and it istriggering the display, turn the gain down. Similarly, reduce gain if the signal is causingthe bar graph to swing full scale (and the number displayed is 99).Battery State IndicatorThe empty battery symbol in the top right of the LCD indicates when the battery needs tobe recharged. When the battery is OK this symbol is NOT shown; it only appears whenthe battery has about 10% of its capacity remaining. There is no ‘full battery’ symbol.Selection ofchannels forscanningChannel to be scannedAll channelsSelectedchannelsChannel not selectedFrequency in MHz0.1 kHz resolution In Channel Modeonly. 001 to 256Signal Strength Bar Chart1 kHz resolutionGain(01 to 99)Signal StrengthBattery LowRelative scale(01 to 99)ModeChannel NumberChannelModeScanningModeFrequencyMode
Page 10 Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s ManualFront Panel Connectors and ControlsGain Control KnobReceiver gain is controlled by two keys (marked with loudspeaker symbols) on thekeypad and by a knob on the front of the box. The keypad controls are digital and setgain to a level shown in the LCD as a whole number between 0 and 99. The knob alsocontrols gain, but on a continuum between zero and the value shown in the LCD. Theknob does not change the gain level number displayed on the LCD.Setting gain to 99 using the keypad allows the full gain range to be controlled by theknob. Setting digital gain to a lower level prevents higher gains being accessible via theknob, and gives finer control over the available gain range. The main benefit of usingthe knob to control receiver gain is that it is quicker to move through the gain range.The potentiometer under the gain control knob is hermetically sealed, as is its hole in thereceiver box. Unlike analogue controls on most electronic equipment, it is completelywaterproof.Battery Charger and External Power SocketCharging must be done in an ambient temperature between 5 and 35°C. This is becausethere is a thermal cut-out in the charging circuit to prevent over-charging of the batterycells (over-charging cells can damage them). The thermal cut-out threshold is set to50°C, but the heat generated by the charging process can cause this threshold to bereached in ambient temperatures above 35°C.The charging state is shown by an LED next to the charging socket. It flashes red duringbattery charging and steady green when charging is complete.The receiver will not be harmed if the external power supply is left attached aftercharging is complete, but still it is good practice not to leave the power supply connectedfor longer than necessary.Only the special NiMH 4A battery pack supplied with the receiver can be charged insidethe receiver. The receiver prevents any other form of battery being connected to theinternal charging circuit. This is mainly to safeguard against charging non-rechargeable(i.e. primary) cells, because if charged they may explode!If other rechargeable cells are used (i.e. with the AA battery holder supplied), they needto be charged independently with a separate AA-size battery charger.Charging LEDThis LED flashes red during battery charging and steady green when charging iscomplete.
Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual Page 11Antenna inputThe connector is a standard BNC ‘bayonet’ socket with an impedance of 50 ohms.Headphones SocketThis is a 3.5mm stereo jack socket designed for a matching stereo jack plug. Theheadphones supplied with the receiver have 32 ohm speakers. These are standardpersonal stereo headphones. Headphones with 8 ohms speakers can also be used,though they increase the power consumption. A mono jack plug can be used, but thesound will be quieter.The internal speaker cuts out when headphones are used. However, we can supply aspecial adapter lead, if you would prefer the speaker to continue to sound.The battery will last longer when headphones are used instead of the internal speaker,and weaker signals can be heard using headphones. Therefore we recommend the useof headphones whenever possible.If required, a special lead with an ‘in-line’ volume control can be supplied to enablevolume to be controlled independently of receiver gain. This is mainly to enable signalloudness to be adjusted without affecting the signal strength indicator. It is notnecessary to use this lead to get the best performance from the receiver. However, fortracking very powerful tags at close range it may be useful to further reduce signal level.Please note that it is not necessary for the gain to be on maximum to get the bestreceiver sensitivity (i.e. to hear the weakest signals). When using headphones, set thegain to a level which is comfortable, not on maximum. Receiver sensitivity starts toreduce below a gain level of about 60; above this there is no advantage other than toovercome extraneous noise (e.g. when not using headphones).Serial Port (RS232)The serial port enables receiver gain, frequency and channel to be controlled by acomputer via a serial connection. The receiver is wired for a straight-through cable tothe PC (no cross-over of Tx and Rx lines). The use of the serial link is explained later inthis manual. USB adaptors are available for computers with no serial port.The wiring is shown below (9-way ‘D’ connector, viewed from outside the box)Pin No. Function 1 Not used 2 Tx 3 Rx 4 Not used 5 Ground 6 – 9 Not usedThe serial data protocol is as follows:1200 baud1 start bit8 data bits1 stop bitno parity checkingno handshaking126374859
Page 12 Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s ManualStep-by-step instructionsThis section of the manual explains step-by-step how to use the main functions of thereceiver. The functions covered are:• Changing frequency• Storing frequencies to memory channels• Deleting channels• ScanningChanging frequencyNormally when entering a new frequency in Frequency Mode the three places to the leftof the decimal place (the MHz value) do not need to be changed.Therefore you need only to use the up-down arrow keysOR…Enter the frequency from the numeric keypad thenIf you wish to change the entire frequency, then press before entering theMHz frequency from the numeric keypad.Press when the desired frequency is displayed.Using the arrow keys the frequency will change in steps of either 1 kHz or 0.1kHz (.001 /.0001 MHz).The step size (tuning resolution) is toggled by pressing19
Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual Page 13Storing frequencies to memory (channels)The receiver has 256 memory channels to which you can save frequencies.Initial ConditionsThe receiver needs to be in Frequency Mode, and set tothe frequency you wish to store.Step 1Press to display the last used channelon the top row.Step 2Use to select the channel in which you want tostore the frequency.OR…Enter the channel number from the numeric keypad thenStep 3Press to save the frequency in the chosen channel.The receiver will revert to Channel Mode with the storedchannel selected.Software to enable channel frequencies to be uploaded via a serial or USB port from a PCis available.19
Page 14 Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s ManualDeleting ChannelsInitial ConditionsThe receiver needs to be in Channel Mode.Step 1Use the arrow keys to select the channel which you want to delete.OR…Enter the channel number from the numeric keypad thenStep 2Press and hold for 1 second or more to delete the contents of the channel.This will set the channel frequency to ‘000.0000’, but the channel will still be displayed.When another channel is selected (e.g. via the arrow keys) the empty channel will beremoved.19
Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual Page 15ScanningThe receiver has a Scanning Mode in which selected channels are automatically steppedthrough in sequence at a user-definable time interval. There is no facility toautomatically detect signals in this mode (unlike an amateur radio ‘scanner’).Initial ConditionsThe receiver can be in either Frequency Mode or Channel Mode.The frequencies to be scanned should already be stored in memory.Step 1Press to display the scanning interval(in seconds) on the top line ofthe display.Step 2Use to select the interval (in seconds, 1 - 999).OR…Enter the interval from the numeric keypad thenStep 3Press to display channels on the top line of the display.Step through the channels using the arrowsSelect or deselect individual channels usingThis toggles the channel selection andshows the selection state in the top right ofthe display (SC = channel selected for scanning, or blank = channel not selected).Use to select or deselect all channels at once. The individual selection statusof each channel is not affected by ‘all channel’ deselection.19
Page 16 Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s ManualThe following LCD diagrams show the characters displayed for the different selectionstates:Individual channel not selectedIndividual channel selectedAll channels selectedStep 4When the channels to be scanned have been selected, press to start thescanning process.When only selected channels are beingscanned the top line of the display shows ‘SC’.When all channels are being scanned the topline of the display shows ‘AC’.Step 5Press to stop scanning and enter Channel Mode with the receiver set to thelast channel scanned.Alternatively, to stop scanning and enter Channel Mode with the receiverset to the channel used when the receiver was last in Channel Mode, press
Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual Page 17Receiver UseTracking in wet weatherYou do not need to protect this receiver from the rain. The membrane keypad on the toppanel is completely waterproof, as is the battery compartment lid. All front panelcontrols and connectors are sealed on the inside of the receiver box so that water cannot reach the receiver electronics. When they are not in use, the open sockets(headphones, serial port and charger) should have covers fitted to prevent waterentering them. Spare covers are included with the receiver, and more can be suppliedon request.If any of the open sockets get wet, please dry them out in air (or with a hair dryer) assoon as possible.BatteriesThe empty battery symbol in the top right of the LCD indicates when the battery needs tobe recharged. When the battery is OK this symbol is NOT shown. It only appears whenthe battery has about 10% of its capacity remaining. There is no ‘full battery’ symbol.The receiver has a variety of power supply options to suit the needs of any radio-trackingproject. Apart from the external power supply, there is an internal battery which cantake a number of forms. As supplied, the receiver is fitted with a battery pack that canbe recharged from any 12V 500mA DC supply via the external power socket. Thisbattery pack contains four ‘A’-size Nickel Metal-Hydride (NiMH) cells built in a singleblock with a re-settable ‘poly-switch’ and temperature-sensing thermistor to preventshort-circuit damage and over-charging. It will run the receiver for about 28 hours on asingle charge, and it takes about 10 hours to charge from a completely discharged state.When facilities for recharging are not available, the 4A battery pack can be replaced by aholder for four AA cells. The cells used in this holder can be either primary (non-rechargeable) or rechargeable NiCads or NiMH cells. If rechargeable AA cells are used,they have to be taken out of the receiver for charging. As a safety feature – to preventaccidental charging of primary cells which may explode – only the 4A battery packsupplied with the receiver can be recharged in situ. During battery pack charging theambient temperature must be between 5 and 35°C. The battery pack may not chargefully outside these temperatures.If you are using the receiver for many hours each day, and have access to a chargingpower supply (e.g. mains electricity or a car battery) we recommend that you use therechargeable 4A battery pack. If you do not have access to a charging supply, then youhave the choice of primary cells, or rechargeable cells that have to removed from thereceiver for replacement or recharging. The main factors to consider when decidingwhether to use primary or rechargeable cells are: 1) rechargeable cells do not last aslong as primary cells, and 2) rechargeable cells self-discharge at a high rate and therebylose their capacity even if not used. If the receiver is used infrequently or for only ashort period (e.g. for a few hours per week) it is better to fit primary cells. Usingrechargeable cells reduces waste.Remove the battery if the receiver is to be stored for more than 3 months, because thecircuitry draws a very small amount of current even when switched off, and it is goodpractice because of the risk of leakage from exhausted primary cells. Rechargeablebatteries that have been stored for 3 months or more should be recharged before use.This applies even if the battery was fully charged after it was last used, becauserechargeable batteries have a high self-discharge rate.The receiver memory is retained indefinitely even when the receiver has no battery.
Page 18 Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s ManualTrouble-shootingCharging ProblemsThere are some special cases where charging may be problematic. The battery in a newreceiver has been charged only once or twice and may not yet have reached its fullcapacity. As a result, for the first few charge-discharge cycles, the receiver may not runfor quite as long as expected. Similar problems may occur if the receiver has beenstored for a long time and the battery is deeply discharged. This may also result in thebattery apparently not charging properly (i.e. the green light comes on too soon,wrongly indicating that the battery is fully charged).To overcome these charging problems, charge the receiver repeatedly (three or fourtimes), with an interval of about 30 minutes between charges. There is no need todischarge the battery between each charging session. Simply unplug the charger whenthe green light comes on, wait half an hour, then plug it in again.Battery cover boltsA few users have reported loosening of the bolts retaining the battery compartment lid.We believe this may be caused by the heads of the bolts rubbing on clothing. Weprovide spare bolts with each new receiver and we will supply a limited number of furtherreplacements free of charge.To prevent the loss of bolts we recommend they are checked periodically to ensure theyremain tight. We are trying to find a long-term solution to this problem, but in themeantime, if the bolts on your receiver continue to become loose, we suggest coveringthem with insulating tape.Please do not over-tighten the bolts, nor use thread-locking compounds to keep the boltsin place.
Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual Page 19Using the serial portThe receiver should be connected to a PC via its serial port (RS232, or ‘COMM’ Port) thenswitched on and set to Frequency or Channel Mode. The PC sends messages to it via thisserial link, and the receiver replies. If the message is a command, the receiver replieswith “OK” (as an ASCII code), whereas if the message is a query, the receiver sends datacorresponding to the query type (i.e. frequency, channel number or gain). The commandand query formats are detailed below. Serial to USB converters are available (with theirown installation software) for computers with no serial port.Commandssf###.####x Set FrequencySets the receiver to Frequency Mode and to the frequency‘###.####’, which must be a number in the range 138.0000 to173.9999. The data are in ASCII format and are usually sent as astring. For example, if the frequency to be set is 150.1234 MHz,the string “sf150.1234x” would be sent to the PC serial port. Thereceiver will respond by returning ASCII “OK” to the host PC.sc##x Set ChannelSets the receiver to Channel Mode and to channel ‘##’, which mustbe a two byte hex number corresponding to the wanted channel inthe range 0000h (0) to 0100h (256). The left byte (sent first) is theleast significant byte (LSB) and the right byte is the most significantbyte (MSB). Usually the data are sent as the ASCII charactersrepresented by the numbers. For example, if the desired channel is256, the two byte number will be 0100h (the hex equivalent ofdecimal 256). The LSB (00h), should be sent first, and the MSB(01h) second. Using a BASIC programming language, such as MSVisual Basic, the message sent to the serial port would be “sc” &CHR(0) & CHR(1) & “x”. The receiver will respond by returningASCII “OK” to the host PC.sg#x Set GainSets the gain level of the receiver, where # is a 1 byte numbercorresponding to the gain level setting and can be in the range 00h(0) to 63h (99). As explained above for channel setting, the databyte is usually sent as the ASCII character represented by it. Thereceiver will respond by returning ASCII “OK” to the host PC.Queriesqfx Query FrequencyThe receiver transmits its current frequency setting via the seriallink to the host PC in the format ###.#### where # are ASCIInumeric characters representing the frequency e.g. “150.1234”qcx Query ChannelThe receiver transmits its current channel setting via the serial linkto the host PC in the format ## ,where ## is a 2 byte numbercorresponding to the channel and can be in the range 0000h (0) to0100h (256). The byte sent first is the LSB followed by the MSB.e.g. 01h 00h is channel 1.qgx Query GainThe receiver transmits its current gain level via the serial link to thehost PC in the format # ,where # is a 1 byte number correspondingto the gain level setting and can be in the range 00h (0) to 63h(99).
Page 20 Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s ManualGlossaryAnalogueVariable on a continuous scale (cf. Digital).Back-lightThe light that illuminates the display for tracking at night.Bar graphShown on the top line of the display.BatteryA power supply comprising a number of cells, usually connected in series. To get greatervoltage cells are wired together in series to make the battery.CellThe individual units comprising a battery. Can also be used alone (i.e. not as part of abattery), if their voltage is adequate for the equipment being powered. Cells have afixed output voltage depending on their chemistry (e.g. Nickel Cadmium – NiCad – cellsdevelop 1.2V). In common parlance a cell is often called a battery. See also battery.ChannelA location in memory holding a frequency and other information about the frequency(e.g. whether it is selected for scanning). Channels in Biotracker are numbered from 1to 256.dBmA measurement unit of power. In this document it refers to radio-frequency conductedor radiated signals. It is a ratio measurement on a logarithmic scale indicating thestrength of a signal relative to 1 milliWatt (1 mW):dBm = 10 log(P) where P is signal power in mWSome typical measurements: 10 dBm = 10 mW Only the largest radio tags are as powerful as this. 0 dBm = 1 mW Reference power level for dBm. -40 to 0 dBm = 0.1 uW to 1 mW Range of power levels that includes most small tags.DigitalIn discrete steps (cf. Analogue).Dwell timeThe period of time that the receiver spends on each channel while scanning, sometimescalled the ‘scan interval’.GainThe amount of amplification within the receiver. In some receivers the overall systemgain is split between radio frequency (RF) gain (or just ‘gain’) and volume. In theBiotracker, the gain control changes both RF and volume in parallel.LCDLiquid Crystal Display (referred to here as ‘the display’)
Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual Page 21MHz, kHz, HzUnits of measurement of frequency. The full frequency display on the Biotracker (e.g.150.1234) is in MHz. During tracking you rarely need to change the ‘MHz frequency’(the numbers to the left of the decimal point) so the Biotracker allows you to change the‘kHz frequency’ separately (those to the right of the decimal).Minimum Discernible Signal (MDS)This is the weakest signal that can be heard on a receiver. It is usually measured inbench tests using a calibrated signal generator. The generator output is reduced untilthe signal can only just be heard, and the level of the signal is recorded. The besttracking receivers achieve an MDS of –150 dBm. Although MDS is more comprehensiblethan other measurements of sensitivity such as Signal-to-Noise Ratio or Noise Figure, itis not as objective because it requires a judgement about when a signal can be heardand when it can not be heard.Radio Frequency (RF)Those frequencies typically used for radio-communications. Nearly all frequencies usedfor animal radio-tracking are within the Very High Frequency (VHF) Band of 30-300 MHz,and most are within 138-174 MHz.ResolutionThe smallest unit of adjustment. In the Biotracker this usually refers to frequency andthe resolution is selectable between 1kHz or 0.1 kHz.Scan intervalThe period of time that the receiver spends on each channel while scanning, sometimescalled the ‘dwell time’.ScanningIn the context of radio-tracking this means stepping from one frequency to another anddwelling on each one for a pre-set time (the dwell time or scan interval). In normalcommunications parlance, scanning has a different meaning: that of a receiver steppingquickly though a band of frequencies and stopping if a received signal exceeds athreshold signal strength.Signal strengthThe strength (loudness) of a received signal. Displayed on a bar chart and as a numberon the Biotracker display.ToggleAlternate between one state and another on the press of a button.
Page 22 Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s ManualBiotracker SpecificationsThe Summary Specifications Table below gives at-a-glance features that make theBiotracker receiver so different from the crowd.The Full Specifications Table overleaf lists specifications, their values and explainswhat they mean and why they are important in practical terms for animal radio-tracking.Sentences in bold italics are the key ways in which you should judge receiverperformance.Summary Specifications TableFrequency Band  The receiver covers a 4, 8 or 30 MHz band on frequencies between 138.000 and 174 MHz Fine tuning in 1kHz or 0.1kHz stepsFunctions andControls Direct frequency entry from the membrane keypad (no need toenter MHz part of frequency each time a frequency is set) 256 user-programmable channels Scanning of all or selected channels (scan interval 1 to 999 s, settable to 1 s resolution) Internal speaker Headphones socket (switches out internal speaker) LCD Back-light (automatic switch-off after 4 minutes) Dual gain control (keypad buttons and knob) Control of frequency, channel & gain from a PC serial port (RS232) Bar chart and numerical display of signal strengthEnvironmentalSpecification Fully water-proof (to IP65) Operating temperature range: –20 to +50°C (battery chargingtemperature range: 5 to 35°C) Temperature stability: +/- 1 kHz over –20 to + 50°CElectrical &MechanicalSpecification Minimum Discernible Signal: -150 dBm over entire frequency band Gain Control Range: 90 dB Power supply: internal battery pack, external power supply (DC,10.5-15V, >500 mA) or four internal rechargeable or primary(non-rechargeable) AA cells. Battery Life: 28 hours on internal NiMH battery pack Weight: 800g including strap and battery Size: 150 x 85 x 55 mm (6 x 3.25 x 2 inches)
Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual Page 23Full Specifications TableSpecification Value ExplanationFrequency Bands4, 8 or 30MHz bandsbetween 138-and 174 MHz.Most tracking receivers cover a 1-2 MHz bandonly. Biotracker can cover up to 30 MHz! If such awide band is not required there are versions with 4or 8 MHz bands (these cost less). Receivers withnarrower bands can be upgraded.The main benefits of the 30 MHz band version are: Biotracker can be used almost anywhere Biotracker is ‘future-proof’ againstchanges in frequency allocationSensitivityMDS -150 dBmThe more sensitive a receiver, the better thechances of you hearing very weak signals.MDS means ‘Minimum Discernible Signal’ and isthe weakest signal that can be heard on thereceiver.The more negative the MDS, the better thesensitivity (e.g. –150 is better than –145).Selectivity6 dB60 dB± 2 kHz± 4 kHzThe more selective the receiver, the lesschance you will hear ‘interference’ fromadjacent frequencies (including radio tags andsignals from other radio users).However, beware selectivity that is too narrow(e.g. < ±1 kHz at 6dB). This will make tuningmore critical and increases the risk of missing atransmitter that has shifted frequency slightly(e.g. due to a change in temperature).Gain Control RangeReceiver gain 90 dBWhen tracking powerful tags at close range youhave to be able to reduce the gain to very lowlevels, otherwise the signal will no longer appearto be directional.The greater the Gain Control Range, the lesslikely you are to encounter problems withclose range tracking. Receivers with inadequategain control range need attenuator switches.ChannelsNumber of channels(user programmable)256Having channels makes the receiver easier touse in the field and enables memory scanningfor lost animals. Two-digit numbers (up to 99animals) are easier to remember than 3, 4 or 5digit frequencies. Also, if you routinely trackanimals in a particular sequence, you can arrangethe channel order to match this. One press of thechannel ‘up’ key then selects the frequency of thenext animal.
Page 24 Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s ManualFull Specifications Table (continued)Specification Value ExplanationScanningMinimumscan intervalMaximumscan interval1 second999 secs(16 minsand 39seconds)The Scanning function steps through the channels onyour receiver and stops on each one for a predefinedinterval. You can set the scan interval and selectwhich channels are to be included in the scan.Scanning automates the process of frequencychanging when searching for a number of tags atonce. It is especially useful during searches fromvehicles (including aircraft).Weight800gThe lighter the receiver the easier it will be tocarry in the field. However, bear in mind that thebattery contributes extra weight but that heavierbatteries last longer. There is inevitably somecompromise here. Also, receivers in lighter, plasticcases may not be as robust as those in metal cases.Size150 x 85 x55 mm6 x 3.25 x2 inchesThe smaller the receiver the easier it will be tocarry in the field. However, consider carefully howthe receiver is to be used. Will you need to use it withgloves on ? Small receivers usually have small controlsthat may be difficult to use, especially with gloves, orthe controls may not be in the optimum position foroperation with one hand while holding a Yagi with theother. Biotracker was designed with these factors inmind.WaterproofingMethodRatingNeopreneand siliconeseals.IP65The waterproof rating code ‘IP65’ is from a standarddust and water resistance scale. It means the deviceis dust-tight and impenetrable to water spray from alldirections. Biotracker has a waterproof seal on box lidand battery compartment. The speaker is fullycovered by the membrane keypad and the gain controlis hermetically sealed. All connectors are sealed oninside of box and external covers are supplied forconnectors when not in use.Water-proofing to IP65 is an essential feature ofany modern radio-tracking receiver.FrequencyStabilityOver –20 to +50 COver time< 2.5 kHz< 1 kHz infirst year(slowerchangethereafter)If a receiver frequency changes with temperaturethere is a chance that you will miss tags because thereceiver is no longer tuned to the best frequency onwhich to hear them. This is more likely to beproblematic if your study area is prone to large swingsin temperature, or if you are tracking in a very coldclimate and have tuned into your tags indoors in thewarm. In practice, a change of +/- 1 kHz does notcause much of a problem, provided you are aware ofit. Remember that tags too are likely to changefrequency with temperature. The more stable thefrequency of the receiver over temperature andtime, the less the risk you will miss a tag becauseof frequency shift.
Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual Page 25Full Specifications Table (continued)Specification Value ExplanationTuning N/A The receiver can be tuned in 100 Hz (0.1 kHz) or 1kHz steps. The fine tune (0.1 kHz) is good forselecting the sound (pitch) you find most comfortableto listen to. The 1 kHz tuning resolution allows fasterfrequency stepping using the arrow keys.Battery lifeRechargeable NiMHbattery pack(4 x ‘A’ NiMH cells)Primary alkaline‘AA’ cellsNiMH ‘AA’Rechargeable cellsNiCad ‘AA’Rechargeable cells(not recommended)28 hours26 hours20 hours10 hoursLong battery life reduces both running costs andthe risk that the receiver will stop working in themiddle of fieldwork.A receiver designer’s choice of battery involves acompromise between size (weight) and battery life.Batteries that last longer will also be heavier.Primary cells are ‘ordinary’ non-rechargeable batteries(we recommend high grade alkaline cells). We suggestusing primary cells only if you have no local facility forrecharging. Rechargeable cells are more expensive tobuy, but more cost-effective in the long run. Westrongly recommend the Nickel Metal-Hydride batterypack supplied with each receiver because it containshigher capacity ‘A’-size cells, and will not suffer fromthe over-charging/memory effects of NiCads.External powersupplies 10.5 – 15 VThe receiver can be powered from an external battery(e.g. car cigarette lighter). The internal battery isrecharged via the same socket. Powering a receiverfrom an external power supply saves internalbattery life and allows the receiver to run from avehicle or for long periods with a data logger.Back-light on LCDOn-time 256 secs(4.3 mins)This is for using the receiver at night. It can beswitched on and off using a single key, and it switchesoff automatically after about 4 minutes.Regulatory ComplianceThis device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the followingtwo conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this devicemust accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesiredoperation.
Page 26 Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s ManualLocation of Inputs, Outputs and ControlsLiquid Crystal Display (LCD)Top row: signal strength and low battery symbolBottom row: frequency - channel - gain - modeOn/off SwitchLCD Back-lightTimed auto switch offFrequency/Channel mode switchCurrent mode is shown in bottom right of LCD (after gain level)Tuning StepSwitches between 0.1 and 1 kHzDigital Gain up/down keysGain level is displayed on bottom right of LCDMembrane KeypadCompletely waterproof.Keys are domed and click when pressedNumeric Key PadTick and cross keys are accept (enter) and reject (cancel)Enters Scan ModeStores a frequency in memory(channels)Delete KeyLoudspeakerFully protected under membrane keypadShoulder StrapLeather stirrups and adjustable nylon strapSets MHz frequencyFrequency/Channel up/down keysGain KnobAnalogue control sets gain from zero to an upper limit set by the digital gain keysBattery Charger and External Power SocketThe receiver comes with a mains power supply, but can be charged from any 12V source (e.g. car battery, lead supplied).Headphones SocketInternal speaker is silenced when headphones are inserted. Serial Port (RS232)For computer control of receiver functionsSilicone seal on lidFor complete water proofingAntenna Connector(standard BNC)Diecast Aluminium CaseLightweight and very robustBattery CompartmentNeoprene water proofing seal.Knurled nuts to fasten lidCharging LEDFlashes red during charging and steady green when fully-chargedEnd View Shows battery cover and shoulder strap
Lotek Biotracker Receiver User’s Manual Page 27APPENDIX A: ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONThis equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digitaldevice, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to providereasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. Thisequipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installedand used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radiocommunications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in aparticular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio ortelevision reception, which can be determine by turning the equipment off and on, theuser is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the followingmeasures:Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which thereceiver is connected.Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.WARNINGChanges or modifications not expressly approved by Lotek Wireless could void the user’sauthority to operate the equipment.Biotracker Manual BC03 Rev B.doc 10/30/07

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