Physik Instrumente . E821T0002
E821T0002_ E-821 Electronic Module for Energy Harvesting
User Manual: Physik Instrumente E-821 Electronic Module for Energy Harvesting
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Technical Note Not authorized for use in the USA and not available in the USA. BRo, 2012-05-21 E821T0002, valid for E-821.EHD E-821.EHD Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Evaluation Kit Documentation • Technical Note E821T0002 (this document) • Datasheets for E-876.A12 DuraAct patch transducers and E-821.00 modules for energy harvesting • Whitepaper “Energy Harvesting Uses The Piezo Effect” For the motivation and possible applications of energy harvesting with piezoelectric transducers see the whitepaper in the appendix of this Technical Note. To ease a first integration of DuraAct transducers PI Ceramic offers the E-821.EHD evaluation kit. With this, you may try to integrate the PI Ceramic solution in your application, and see if it may work for you. Scope of Delivery 1 2 3 4 1 Cable set: • 2 x K040B0428 for connection of P-876.A12 to E-821.00 • 1 x K040B0429 for connection of the electrical load to E-821.00 2 P-876KEHD consisting of a P-876.A12 DuraAct patch transducer glued to a plate made of carbon fiber reinforced plastic 3 E-821.00 module for energy harvesting 4 P-876.A12 DuraAct patch transducer PI Ceramic GmbH Keramische Technologien und Bauelemente, Lindenstraße, 07589 Lederhose, Germany Telefon +49 36604 882-0, Fax +49 36604 882-4109, E-mail info@piceramic.de, www.piceramic.de Page 2 / 5 2012-05-21 E821T0002, valid for E-821.EHD Mounting the DuraAct Patch Transducer The E-821.EHD kit contains two P-876 DuraAct patch transducers in different integration states to offer you greatest flexibility for mounting: • One single patch transducer for gluing on a surface (P-876.A12) • One patch transducer glued on a plate which must be clamped (P-876KEHD) Irrespective of the kind of mounting, the bending radius must not be less than 20 mm for the P-876.A12 DuraAct patch transducers. Gluing a P-876.A12 Patch Transducer on a Surface Recommended adhesive: two-component epoxy Roughen the surfaces before gluing. Make sure to glue the complete surface. Clamping the P-876KEHD Plate Chamfer the ends of the clamping bar which point to the plate to avoid a notch effect, see figure below. Clamp the plate at the short end as near as possible to the DuraAct patch transducer, see figure below. • Clamping depth: minimum 10 mm • Clamping width: 35 mm (i.e. clamping over the complete width of the plate) PI Ceramic GmbH Keramische Technologien und Bauelemente, Lindenstraße, 07589 Lederhose, Germany Telefon +49 36604 882-0, Fax +49 36604 882-4109, E-mail info@piceramic.de, www.piceramic.de Page 3 / 5 2012-05-21 E821T0002, valid for E-821.EHD Connecting DuraAct Patch Transducer and Electrical Load to the E-821.00 Module Fig. 1: E-821.00 module; location of the soldering points for output voltage selection marked by circle Input Signals of the E-821.00 Module 2-pin Molex PicoBlade connector Pins +Vin -Vin Values max. 40.0 V, internal limit 15 V Notes Input voltage from DuraAct patch transducer, both AC or DC possible Output Signals of the E-821.00 Module 4-pin Molex PicoBlade connector Pins GND Vout Values 3.3 V Notes Output voltage, regulated Can be changed to 1.8 V or 5.0 V by relocating the 0-ohm solder bridge between the corresponding soldering points. 5.0 V Ready 0 V or 9 to 12 V Vc 5.0 to 40.0 V 3.3 V (default) 1.8 V Output voltage which indicates the charge state of the capacitor of the E-821.00: • 0 V if the charge state of the capacitor is not sufficient to output Vout • 9 to 12 V if the capacitor outputs Vout Output impedance: 1 kOhm Can be used to switch the connected load on or off. Rectified output voltage of storage capacitor Fig. 2: Block diagram for E-821.00 module PI Ceramic GmbH Keramische Technologien und Bauelemente, Lindenstraße, 07589 Lederhose, Germany Telefon +49 36604 882-0, Fax +49 36604 882-4109, E-mail info@piceramic.de, www.piceramic.de Page 4 / 5 2012-05-21 E821T0002, valid for E-821.EHD Connecting the Patch Transducer to the E-821.00 Module for Energy Harvesting For each DuraAct patch transducer, a K040B0428 cable with 2-pin Molex PicoBlade socket and open wires is included in the scope of delivery. Solder the two open wires of the K040B0428 cable to the two solder points of the DuraAct patch transducer. Any assignment is possible due to the non-polarized (AC) output of the DuraAct patch transducer (is rectified by the E-821.00 module). After soldering, it is recommended to cover the solder points on the DuraAct patch transducer with electrical tape. Connect the DuraAct patch transducer to the E-821.00 module via the 2-pin Molex PicoBlade socket. Connecting the Electrical Load to the E-821.00 Module for Energy Harvesting For the connection of the electrical load (in short form: „load“; i.e. the consumer) to the E-821.00 module, the K040B0429 cable with 4-pin Molex PicoBlade socket and open wires is included in the scope of delivery. With the K040B0429 cable, the load is supplied by the Vout output voltage of the E-821.00 module. Example for a load: low-power microcontroller Solder the two open wires of the K040B0429 cable to the load. Respect the output polarity indicated by the wire color: Pin Color GND Black Vout Red Connect the load to the E-821.00 module via the 4-pin Molex PicoBlade socket. Note: If the load requires a supply voltage higher than Vout, you can use the Vc output voltage instead of Vout. In this case, make sure that the load is switched on/off using the signal provided by the Ready pin of the E-821.00 module to avoid unwanted discharge of the capacitor. You have to design a custom cable for connection to the Vc and Ready pins of the E-821.00 module. Operation To generate an input voltage for the E-821.00 module and thus charge the capacitor, the DuraAct patch transducer must be mechanically deformed by force applied with tension or pressure (“excitation”). The bending radius must not be less than 20 mm for the P-876.A12 DuraAct patch transducers. For the power output of the E-821.00 as a function of the excitation conditions see the whitepaper in the appendix of this Technical Note. Note that the measurements described in the whitepaper were made with a P876.A12 glued to a plate which was more flexible than the plate used for P-876KEHD in the scope of delivery. Perform a first test without load. For this test, use the P-876KEHD combination of DuraAct patch transducer and plate: 1. Make sure that the plate is clamped as described on p. 2. 2. Make sure that the DuraAct patch transducer is connected to the 2-pin connector of the E-821.00 module as described above. 3. Connect an oscilloscope to the Vout pin of the E-821.00 module. 4. Excite the DuraAct patch transducer by tipping the plate or picking at the plate with your fingers at least 10 times. After at least 10 excitation cycles, the oscilloscope should measure 3.3 V for at least 5 s (output duration can be influenced by the input impedance of the measurement device). Note that the Vout voltage is output by the E-821.00 module only if the charge state of the capacitor is sufficient (switching the output on/off is based on an internal threshold). PI Ceramic GmbH Keramische Technologien und Bauelemente, Lindenstraße, 07589 Lederhose, Germany Telefon +49 36604 882-0, Fax +49 36604 882-4109, E-mail info@piceramic.de, www.piceramic.de Page 5 / 5 2012-05-21 E821T0002, valid for E-821.EHD The following reasons can cause the test to fail (i.e. no voltage can be measured): o Number of excitation cycles is too low. o Force applied for mechanical deformation is too low. If the test without load was successful but supplying a load fails, the load may be too high. The E-821.00 module can be adapted to your application as follows: • Change the Vout output voltage to 1.8 V or 5.0 V as described on p. 3 • If a different input voltage range is necessary, contact your PI Ceramic sales engineer for appropriate modification of the E-821.00 module. Technical Data See the data sheets in the appendix of this Technical Note for the technical data of the P-876.A12 DuraAct patch transducers and the E-821.00 module for energy harvesting. PI Ceramic GmbH Keramische Technologien und Bauelemente, Lindenstraße, 07589 Lederhose, Germany Telefon +49 36604 882-0, Fax +49 36604 882-4109, E-mail info@piceramic.de, www.piceramic.de DuraAct Patch Transducer Bendable and Robust P-876 Use as actuator, sensor or energy generator Min. bending radii of down to 12 mm Patch transducer Functionality as actuator and sensor component. Nominal operating voltage from 100 up to 1000 V, depending on the active layer height. Power generation for self-sufficient systems possible up to the milliwatt range. Can also be applied to curved surfaces Robust, cost-effective design Laminated structure consisting of a piezoceramic plate, electrodes and polymer materials. Manufactured with bubble-free injection method. The polymer coating simultaneously serves as a mechanical preload as well as an electrical insulation, which makes the DuraAct bendable Design principle of the transducer Custom DuraAct patch transducers Flexible choice of size Flexible choice of thickness and thus bending ability Flexible choice of piezoceramic material Variable design of the electrical connections Combined actuator/sensor applications, even with several piezoceramic layers Multilayer piezo elements Arrays Fields of application Research and industry. Can also be applied to curved surfaces or used for integration in structures. For adaptive systems, energy harvesting, structural health monitoring Valid patents German Patent No. 10051784C1 US Patent No. 6,930,439 Suitable drivers E-413 DuraAct and PICA Shear Piezo Amplifier E-835 DuraAct Piezo Driver w w w.p i c e r a mi c.c o m Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. KG 2012. Subject to change without notice. Latest releases available at www.pi.ws. 12/04/030 Cost-effective Order Operating Number voltage [V] Min. lateral contraction [µm/m] Rel. lateral Blocking Dimensions contraction force [N] [mm] [µm/m/V] Min. bending radius [mm] Piezo ceramic height [µm] Electrical capacitance [nF] ±20% P-876.A11 -50 to +200 400 1.6 90 61 × 35 × 0.4 12 100 150 P-876.A12 -100 to +400 650 1.3 265 61 × 35 × 0.5 20 200 90 P-876.A15 -250 to +1000 800 0.64 775 61 × 35 × 0.8 70 500 45 P-876.SP1 -100 to +400 650 1.3 280 16 × 13 × 0.5 - 200 8 Piezo ceramic type: PIC 255 Standard connections: Solder pads Operating temperature range: -20 to 150°C Custom designs or different specifications on request. When a voltage is applied, the DuraAct patch transducer contracts laterally P-876.A (left), P-876.SP1 (right), dimensions in mm Electronic modules for sensor data processing, controlling the DuraAct actuator or harvesting energy can be connected close to the transducer When arranged in an array, DuraAct patch transducers allow, for example, the reliable monitoring of larger areas DuraAct patch transducers can be manufactured in various shapes piezotechnology Electronic Module for Energy Harvesting U S I N G P I E Z O A C T U AT O R S F O R E N E R G Y G E N E R AT I O N ꔴ Constant output voltage ꔴ Usable energy 8.7 mJ ꔴ ꔴ Uses pulsed or continuous excitation Adaptation to customer application on request OEM electronic module for energy harvesting For generating energy from vibration. Use in combination with DuraAct patch transducers. Adjustable output voltage. Processes input currents between 20 µA and 40 mA, voltage peaks are limited to 15 V. Custom version for operation with piezo stack actuators on request Fields of application Autonomous power supplies, e.g. for wireless sensor networks Related Products P-876 DuraAct Patch Transducers P-882 – P-888 PICMA® Stack Multilayer Piezo Actuators The E-821 energy harvesting electronics is designed to work best with P-876 DuraAct patch transducers L I N E A R A C T U AT O R S & M O T O R S | W W W. P I . W S © Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. KG 2012. Subject to change without notice. Latest releases available at www.pi.ws. R1 12/05/21.0 E-821 Electronic module for energy harvesting Channels 1 Min. input current 20 µA Max. input current 40 mA Max. continuous input power 500 mW Output voltage 3.3 V (adjustable from 1.8 to 5.0 V) Output power (80 ms) 100 mW Usable energy at the output (200 µF) 8.7 mJ Piezo Actuators & Components Patches, Benders, Tubes, Shear E-821.00 Function Piezo element (voltage input) 2-pin connector Voltage output 4-pin connector Nanopositioning & Piezoelectrics Interface and operation Miscellaneous Operating temperature range 0 to 50°C Dimensions 48 × 15 × 7 mm Mass 3.5 g Material SMD board Typ. current consumption 15 µA during charging Typ. power consumption 30% of the converted power To dimension an energy harvesting system correctly, all important boundary conditions must be known and taken into account. The principle itself is simple: Ambient vibrations produce a charge separation in the piezoceramic DuraAct transducer. The electronic circuitry in the E-821 module then ensures a sufficiently stable output voltage that can be adjusted to the load. Appendix Energy can only be released when the threshold voltage level VH has been reached. A constant voltage is available at the output Micropositioning Hexapod Systems Nanometrology Ask about custom designs! Not authorized for use in the USA and not available in the USA. DuraAct patch transducers, which are available in many different designs, can be adapted to the application L I N E A R A C T U AT O R S & M O T O R S | W W W. P I . W S WHITEPAPER Energy Harvesting Uses the Piezo Effect DURAACT PIEZO TRANSDUCER PLUS MATCHING ELECTRONICS DIPL.-PHYS. BIRGIT SCHULZE JULY 2011 Energy Harvesting Uses the Piezo Effect – Page 2 Introduction 3 Energy Generation with the Piezo Effect 3 A Complex System 4 Typical Applications for Piezo Energy Harvesting 4 Highly Versatile and Durable Patch Transducers 4 Power Output as a Function of Load Resistance 5 Power Output as a Function of the Excitation Conditions 6 Matching Electronics 6 Conclusion 7 Author 7 Company Profile 8 Contact 8 Energy Harvesting Uses the Piezo Effect – Page 3 Introduction with passive RFID tags, for example. Piezoelectric The term Energy Harvesting is popularly used when erate an electric voltage when force is applied in the electricity is generated from sources such as ambient form of pressure or vibrations, i.e. they use the kinetic temperature, vibrations or air flows. Since there are now energy available in their environment. crystals are also ideal for energy harvesting. They gen- electronic circuits whose power requirement is of the order of milliwatts, even though its energy yield is relatively low, energy harvesting with piezo-based solutions is always of great interest in situations where electricity Energy Generation with the Piezo Effect cannot be supplied via power cables and one wants to avoid batteries and the maintenance effort required. When a piezo crystal mechanically deforms as a result of a force applied with tension or pressure, charges are generated which can be measured as a voltage on the electrodes of the piezo element (Fig. 2), a phenomenon known as the direct piezo effect. Fig. 2 Energy generation using the piezo effect (Physik Instrumente (PI)) Fig. 1 Energy harvesting, also known as power harvest- This method of charge generation is familiar from gas ing or energy scavenging can be based on a number of ignition systems to generate the ignition voltage, for physical effects. Piezoelectric crystals are also ideal example. The charge generated (Q) can be described here, for example (Physik Instrumente (PI)) by the mathematical expression below: Energy harvesting (Fig. 1) can be based on a number of Q = d ∙ ∆F physical effects. Photovoltaic cells are one option, as are thermoelectric generators which generate electrical energy from temperature gradients. It is also possible to receive and energetically use the energy from radio waves via antennas, as is the case The charge constant d (ratio of charge generated to force applied) in this equation is a material-specific constant of the order of 10-10 C/N. Energy Harvesting Uses the Piezo Effect – Page 4 It therefore quickly becomes apparent that the quantity Although small button cells have quite long useful lives of charge generated is relatively low. This aspect places nowadays, it may make sense to avoid batteries never- high demands on mechanical systems and electronics theless, because it is too much effort to test and change in order to “harvest” the optimum amount of energy. them when the load is installed in a location which is inaccessible or difficult to reach. Energy harvesting solutions can then be the means of choice, despite their A Complex System complexity. A typical example for this is so-called health monitoring on the rotor blades of wind turbines. A universal energy harvesting solution does not exist, because the energy excitation conditions differ from application to application. Figure 3 shows the construction in principle. Further interesting fields for energy harvesting are data monitoring and transmission in heating and air conditioning technology. If vehicle vibrations are used for energy generation, products can be continuously monitored during transport without the corresponding sensors having to be connected up or equipped with batteries. This is useful if temperatures have to be recorded inside closed containers, for example. Rain sensors can Fig. 3 Design of an energy harvesting system (Physik be powered via energy harvesting in the windscreens of Instrumente (PI)) vehicles, and the energy requirements of wireless ZigBee networks can also often be covered by “harvest- To dimension such a system correctly, all important ing” energy in the environment. boundary conditions must be known and taken into account. Take the energy source, for example: One needs to distinguish between continuous and pulsed motions. The requirements of the electric load must also be taken into consideration, of course: The Highly Versatile and Durable Patch Transducers important parameters here include the voltage required, In principle, every piezoceramic component or every the power and the input impedance, i.e. capacitive or piezo actuator can be used for energy harvesting. By resistive. converting mechanical vibrations of a few kilohertz into It is then possible to use this data to design and dimen- electric voltage, a few milliwatts of power can be gener- sion the transducer including the mechanical system. ated, and this can be supplied to electrical components, Here, PI Ceramic can contribute its years of experience e.g. processors, sensors or mini-transmitters. and comprehensive know-how in the design of customengineered solutions, which benefit very different sectors of industry. Typical Applications for Piezo Energy Harvesting There are many applications where the energy generated by energy harvesting from the environment is sufficient and can be used in a worthwhile way. Fig. 4 The table shows the technical data of different piezo transducers (Physik Instrumente (PI)) Energy Harvesting Uses the Piezo Effect – Page 5 A particularly practical solution is the durable, laminated With this set-up it was thus possible to realize the re- DuraAct transducer which PI Ceramic provides in a producible fixing and excitation conditions necessary for wide range of standard designs (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5). the direct comparison of transducers (variation of frequency and displacement). Power Output as a Function of Load Resistance Moreover, it is possible to compare how the CRP bender structures and the various DuraAct transducers (P876.A11, -A12 and -A15) bonded on CRP behave at different load resistances and the same excitation conditions (frequency: 1 Hz, displacement: 5 mm). The AC Fig. 5 Highly versatile and durable patch transducers voltage from the generator was rectified by a Graetz full (Physik Instrumente (PI)) wave bridge rectifier and smoothed with a capacitor (10 A DuraAct patch transducer consists of piezoceramic plates or films which are embedded in a polymer to- µF). The power output was then determined for every type of DuraAct at different load impedances. gether with their contacts. This mechanically preloads the brittle ceramic while electrically insulating it at the same time. The mechanical preloading extends the loading limits of the ceramic so it can also be applied to curved surfaces, for example. At the same time the compact design including the insulation makes it easier for the user to handle; it is even possible to embed the patch transducer in a composite material. The patch transducers ideally have a symmetrical structure, i.e. when the transducer is bent, the same quantity of charge with opposite sign is generated on both electrode surfaces; it would not be possible to measure a potential difference. This makes it necessary to bond the transducer onto a substrate (e.g. aluminum, CRP or Fig. 6 Power output as a function of the load resistance GRP material), thus producing the conventional bender (Physik Instrumente (PI)) structure. Charges can now be generated by fixing the bender at the edge and displacing it, the charges being proportional to the stresses or strains introduced into the ceramic to a first approximation. This showed that every transducer in the test had a different electrical load range with optimum power output (Fig. 6). The bender structure with the DuraAct P876.A12 provides the greatest power output under the A test provides information on how the thickness of the boundary conditions stated. This demonstrates very ceramic affects the energy harvesting characteristics. well that optimum power output always requires an To this end, the DuraAct transducers were bonded to optimized transducer design with corresponding power CRP strips and fixed on one edge. A rotating eccentric adjustment. disk displaces the bender transducer. Energy Harvesting Uses the Piezo Effect – Page 6 Power Output as a Function of the Excitation Conditions The other results of the investigation are restricted to the bender structure with the DuraAct P 876.A12 patch transducer. Fig. 8 The relationship between power output and excitation frequency is almost linear (Physik Instrumente (PI)) Matching Electronics Fig. 7 Power output as a function of the excitation con- The test electronics available for piezo energy harvest- ditions (Physik Instrumente (PI)) ing include a rectifier with downstream storage capaci- Figure 7 shows the power output as a function of the tor and load switch. They can process alternating and displacement. The power output is crucially determined by the mechanical deformation of the bender structure. The larger the displacement, the greater the charge and continuous input voltages. The electronic circuit decouples the load (i.e. the consumer) from the generator and the energy can be collected and stored over a long power generated. It is therefore particularly important to period. analyze the energy sources available and to develop a For the charging process of the storage capacitor the mechanical design adapted to them which allows opti- open-circuit voltage of the generator must be higher mum conversion of mechanical energy into electrical. than VHigh. The frequency of the excitation also has a direct effect When the voltage level VH is reached after a charging on the power output. As Figure 8 shows, there is an time t1+t2 the discharge process (supply to a load, t3) almost linear relationship between power output and begins. If the voltage available decreases to the value excitation frequency. It is also possible to see a shift of VLow, no further power output is possible, the storage the optimum load range to smaller values at higher capacitor must be charged up again (Fig. 9). excitation frequency. Energy Harvesting Uses the Piezo Effect – Page 7 Conclusion The results here show as an example how ambient energy can be converted to electrical energy and then be used to supply a corresponding consumer under specific conditions. There is no general energy harvesting solution that serves all purposes. The design of the piezoelectric transducer, the electronics and the kind of excitation used substantially determine the outcome and need to be matched individually for a certain task. More information on DuraAct piezoelectric patch transFig. 9 Energy is only supplied between the voltage ducers is available at: levels VH and VL (Physik instrumente (PI)) www.piceramic.com Energy can therefore only be supplied between the voltage levels VH and VL: C Wel = (VH − VL ) 2 2 Author Dipl.-Phys. Birgit Schulze, Product Manager, Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. KG. If one varies the capacitor, it is possible to match the electronics to the power requirement of the load. The output voltage of the test electronics can be flexibly adjusted between 1.8 and 5 V. Due to the repeating phases of “charging” (w), “storing”, “energy output”, “charging” this solution is particularly suitable for applications which do not have a continuous power requirement, e.g. in wireless sensor networks where the charge is generated and stored in measurement breaks and the energy is retrieved for the measurement and data transmission. If the piezo transducer, the mechanical system and the electronics are matched to each other so as to take account of the application-specific boundary conditions, piezo-based energy harvesting can be a practical way of supplying energy in many other applications as well. Energy Harvesting Uses the Piezo Effect – Page 8 Company Profile PI Ceramic from Lederhose/Germany is a subsidiary of PI (Physik Instrumente in Karlsruhe) and one of the world’s leading players in the field of actuator and sensoric piezo products. PI Ceramic currently employs over 150 staff, including no less than 30 engineers, in piezo research, development and manufacture. A broad range of expertise in the complex development and manufacturing process of functional ceramic components combined with state of the art equipment ensure high quality, flexibility and adherence to supply deadlines. The company supplies piezoceramic solutions for all important high-tech markets from industrial automation and the semiconductor industry, medical engineering, mechanical engineering and high-precision engineering through to the aeronautics industry and the automotive sector. Contact PI Ceramic GmbH Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. KG Lindenstrasse Auf der Römerstraße 1 07589 Lederhose 76228 Karlsruhe Phone +49 36 604 / 882 – 0 Phone +49 721 / 48 46 – 0 Fax +49 36 604 / 882 – 4249 Fax +49 721 / 48 46 – 1019 Mailto: info@piceramic.de Mailto: info@pi.ws http://www.piceramic.de/ http://www.pi.ws PIEZOTECHNOLOGY Headquarters GERMANY Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. KG Auf der Roemerstr. 1 76228 Karlsruhe/Palmbach Tel. +49 (721) 4846-0 Fax +49 (721) 4846-1019 info@pi.ws www.pi.ws PI miCos GmbH Eschbach info@pimicos.de www.pimicos.de PI Ceramic GmbH Lederhose info@piceramic.de www.piceramic.de Subsidiaries USA (East) & CANADA USA (West) & MEXIKO PI (Physik Instrumente) L.P. 16 Albert St. Auburn, MA 01501 Tel. +1 (508) 832 3456 Fax +1 (508) 832 0506 info@pi-usa.us www.pi-usa.us PI (Physik Instrumente) L.P. 5420 Trabuco Rd., Suite 100 Irvine, CA 92620 Tel. +1 (949) 679 9191 Fax +1 (949) 679 9292 info@pi-usa.us www.pi-usa.us JAPAN PI Japan Co., Ltd. Tachikawa Business Center Bldg. 5F 2-38-5 Akebono-cho Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-0012 Tel. +81 (42) 526 7300 Fax +81 (42) 526 7301 info@pi-japan.jp www.pi-japan.jp PI Japan Co., Ltd. Hanahara Daini Bldg. #703 4-11-27 Nishinakajima Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi Osaka 532-0011 Tel. +81 (6) 6304 5605 Fax +81 (6) 6304 5606 info@pi-japan.jp www.pi-japan.jp UK & IRELAND ITALY PI (Physik Instrumente) Ltd. Trent House, University Way, Cranfield Technology Park, Cranfield, Bedford MK43 0AN Tel. +44 (1234) 756 360 Fax +44 (1234) 756 369 uk@pi.ws www.physikinstrumente.co.uk Physik Instrumente (PI) S. r. l. Via G. Marconi, 28 20091 Bresso (MI) Tel. +39 (02) 665 011 01 Fax +39 (02) 610 396 56 info@pionline.it www.pionline.it FRANCE CHINA PI France S.A.S. 244 bis, avenue Marx Dormoy 92120 Montrouge Tel. +33 (1) 55 22 60 00 Fax +33 (1) 41 48 56 62 info.france@pi.ws www.pifrance.fr Physik Instrumente (PI Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Building No. 7-106 Longdong Avenue 3000 201203 Shanghai, China Tel. +86 (21) 518 792 98 Fax +86 (21) 687 900 98 info@pi-china.cn www.pi-china.cn SOUTH EAST ASIA KOREA PI (Physik Instrumente) Singapore LLP 20 Sin Ming Lane #05-60 Midview City Singapore 573968 Tel. +65 665 98400 Fax +65 665 98404 info-sg@pi.ws www.pi-singapore.sg For ID / MY / PH / SG / TH PI Korea Ltd. 6F Jeongu Bldg. Cheonho-Daero 1111 Gangdong-gu 138-814 Seoul Tel. +82 2475 0060 Fax +82 2475 3663 info-kr@pi.ws www.pi-korea.ws W W W. P I C E R A M I C . C O M
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