Powerwave Technologies 5JS0084 Fiber-Fed Repeater/Radio Head User Manual RH300000 100 A

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Utfärdare/Issued by
Dattum/Date
Godkänd/Approved
Dok nr/Doc no
Rev
Product Management
2006-02-09
SYKLK
RH300000/100-201 A
Dok namn/Doc name
Fil/file
PRELIMINARY PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
RH300000_100_A.doc
Sida/Page
Wide band Radio Head
CDMA1900 MHz
Product Number: RH300000/100 (incl. Fibre Optical Node)
1. Electrical specification (typical values)
Applicable standards:
Radio Transmission and Reception
FCC
EMC
3GPP TS25.113
Environmental
ETS 300 019-2-4
Frequency band UL CDMA
Frequency band DL CDMA
Gain, maximum
Gain adjustment range
Gain step resolution
Gain variation within each relevant band
Max absolute delay (excluding fibre or
coaxial cable delay)
Noise figure including fiber optic interface at
max gain*
System Fiber optical loss
System Fiber optical link length
System input power range
Receiver input port return loss
Power supply voltage AC
Power supply voltage DC (optional)
Power consumption max
1850 – 1910 MHz
1930 – 1990 MHz
35.7 dB
> 30 dB
dB
<2
dB
<300
ns
<5
dB
< 10
20
+10 to +40 dBm
14
115 - 230
21-60
210
dB
km
*Note! If combined with other band, expect lower output power and affected noise figure
Output power* dBm/carrier
DL
4 carrier
26
8 carrier
23
Input and Output Impedance = 50 Ohms
Industry Canada: 20 dB gain bandwidth = 85.6 MHz
dB
VAC
VDC
Utfärdare/Issued by
Dattum/Date
Godkänd/Approved
Dok nr/Doc no
Rev
Product Management
2006-02-09
SYKLK
RH300000/100-201 A
Dok namn/Doc name
Fil/file
PRELIMINARY PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
RH300000_100_A.doc
Sida/Page
2. Environmental specification
Temperature range
Casing class
3. Mechanical specification
Dimensions. (W x H x D)
Weight
RF-connectors
Lock type
-13 to + 131 °F
-25 to + 55 °C
NEMA4/IP65
17.4 x 20.9 x 7.7
440 x 530 x 195
50
22.5
N-type female
ABLOY
Inches
mm
lbs
Kg
Industry Canada:
The Manufacturer's rated output power of this equipment is for single carrier operation. For situations when multiple
carrier signals are present, the rating would have to be reduced by 3.5 dB, especially where the output signal is reradiated and can cause interference to adjacent band users. This power reduction is to be by means of input power or
gain reduction and not by an attenuator at the output of the device.
FCC CFR 47, Part 15.21 Information to user:
Any changes or modifications to the equipment not expressly approved by Powerwave Technologies, Inc. could void
The user's authority to operate the equipment. Powerwave Technologies, Inc. will not be responsible for such changes.
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Preface
User’s Manual
Fiber Optics
–
English
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
Preface
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
This document contains descriptions of Powerwave fiber optic units. Most sections in the document do not contain comlete information for
building, installation, or commissioning systems and are therefore not allowed to be used as any kind of installation or commissioning guide.
Only sections specificly declared to be installation or commissioning instructions are allowed to be used for that purpose.
Hardware and software mentioned in this document are subjected to continuous development and improvement. Consequently, there may be
minor discrepancies between the information in the document and the performance or design of the products. Specifications, dimensions and
other statements mentioned in this document are subject to changes without prior notice.
Powerwave and its suppliers shall not be liable for any damages related to this product, or for any other damages whatsoever caused of the use of or inability to use any Powerwave
product. This is applicable even if Powerwave has been advised of the damage risk. Under any circumstances, Powerwave's entire liability shall be limited to replace such defective
software or hardware which was originally purchased from Powerwave.
LinDAS is a trademark of Powerwave. Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Windows, Windows 98, Windows NT and Windows 2000 are trademarks of
Microsoft Corporation. Intel and Pentium are registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. Hayes is a registered trademark of Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. Other trademarks
mentioned in this manual are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
Powerwave Technologies, Inc., 1801 East St. Andrew Place, Santa Ana, CA 92705 USA
Phone: +1 714 466 1000 – Fax: +1 714 466 5800 – Internet: www.powerwave.com
This manual or parts of it may not be reproduced without the written permission of Powerwave Technologies.
Infringements will be prosecuted. All rights reserved.
Copyright © Powerwave Technologies, Inc., CA 92705 USA, 1994 – 2004.
ii
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Preface
Contents
Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. v
1. Safety ......................................................................................................................................... 1-1
Human Exposure of RF Radiation ..................................................................................... 1-3
Repeater Antennas ........................................................................................................ 1-3
Installation and Maintenance of Antenna Systems ....................................................... 1-3
Radiation Exposure ....................................................................................................... 1-4
Radiation Safety Distances ........................................................................................... 1-4
Static Electricity ................................................................................................................. 1-6
2. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 2-1
Fiber Optics in General ...................................................................................................... 2-2
Fiber Optic Transmission Versus Electrical Transmission ........................................... 2-3
Duplex Transmission .................................................................................................... 2-4
System Building Blocks ..................................................................................................... 2-5
FON, Fiber Optic Node ................................................................................................. 2-6
FOU, Fiber Optic Unit .................................................................................................. 2-6
BMU, Base Station Master Unit ................................................................................... 2-7
RMU, Repeater Master Unit ......................................................................................... 2-7
FOR, Fiber Optic Repeater ........................................................................................... 2-7
OCM, Optical Converter Module ................................................................................. 2-8
RH, Remote Hub ........................................................................................................... 2-9
3. FON, Fiber Optic Node ............................................................................................................. 3-1
Functional Description ....................................................................................................... 3-1
Block Diagram .............................................................................................................. 3-2
R2R Communication .................................................................................................... 3-4
Gateway Node ............................................................................................................... 3-5
Alarm ............................................................................................................................ 3-5
Power ............................................................................................................................ 3-5
Backup Power ............................................................................................................... 3-5
Design ................................................................................................................................ 3-6
The FON Board ............................................................................................................. 3-6
Indicators ....................................................................................................................... 3-6
RF and Optical Ports ..................................................................................................... 3-8
Connection Ports ........................................................................................................... 3-9
Operational Control ............................................................................................................ 3-11
4. RF Over Fiber
........................................................................................................................... 4-1
The RF Modulated Signal Paths ........................................................................................ 4-2
Downlink RF Signal Path ............................................................................................. 4-3
Uplink RF Signal Path .................................................................................................. 4-8
FOU, Fiber Optic Unit .................................................................................................. 4-10
Noise, Intermodulation and Dynamic Signal Range ..................................................... 4-11
Simplex Transmission ........................................................................................................ 4-12
Duplex Transmission ......................................................................................................... 4-13
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
iii
Preface
Fiber Optics
Powerwave
5. IP Over Fiber ............................................................................................................................ 5-1
IP Network Terminology ...................................................................................................
Requirements .....................................................................................................................
F-Net Characteristics .........................................................................................................
Node Units .........................................................................................................................
The FON Unit Net Interfaces .......................................................................................
Network Example ..............................................................................................................
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
6. Commissioning ......................................................................................................................... 6-1
Equipment Required ..........................................................................................................
Commissioning the Fiber Optic System ............................................................................
Master Unit Downlink Path ..........................................................................................
Slave Units ...................................................................................................................
System Configuration Examples .......................................................................................
6-1
6-2
6-2
6-3
6-6
7. Passive Devices ........................................................................................................................ 7-1
OSP, Optical Splitter .........................................................................................................
Graphic Symbol ............................................................................................................
Examples ......................................................................................................................
WDM, Wavelength Division Multiplexer .........................................................................
Graphic Symbol ............................................................................................................
Example ........................................................................................................................
Fiber Optic Cables .............................................................................................................
Powerwave Patch Cables ..............................................................................................
Fiber Optic Connectors ......................................................................................................
Connector Types ...........................................................................................................
Handling Connectors ....................................................................................................
7-2
7-3
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-5
7-6
7-8
7-9
7-10
7-11
8. Troubleshooting ........................................................................................................................ 8-1
Index ............................................................................................................................................... I-1
Questionnaire .............................................................................................................................. Q-1
iv
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VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Preface
Abbreviations
Abbreviations used in the document, in the software and in supported hardware:
3G
AGC
ALI
ALR
ALT
AMPS
AR
BCCH
BMU
BA
BS
BSA
BSC
BSel
BTS
CDMA
CH
CHA
CMB
CSA
CSel
CU
CW
DAMPS
DAS
DC
DCS
DFB
DIA
DIF
DL
DNS
DMB
DPX
EEPROM
EGSM
ETACS
ETS
F2F
FCC
FLI
F-link
F-net
FON
FOR
FOT
FOU
GSM
GPS
HW
ICMP
IM
IP
LAN
LED
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Third Generation mobile system.
Automatic Gain Control.
Alarm Interface (board).
Powerwave low power repeater (usually called Compact repeater).
Powerwave low power train repeater.
Advanced Mobile Phone Service.
Powerwave repeater (usually called standard repeater).
Broadcast Control Channel.
Base station Master Unit.
Booster Amplifier.
Base Station.
Band Selective Amplifier (board).
Band Selective Compact repeater (board).
Band Selective repeater.
Base station Transceiver System.
Code Division Multiple Access.
Central Hub.
Channel Amplifier (board).
Combiner
CDMA/WCDMA Segment Amplifier (board).
Channel Selective repeater.
Control Unit (board).
Continuous Wave.
Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service.
Distributed Antenna System.
Directional Coupler.
Digital Communication System (same as PCN).
Distributed Feedback.
Distribution (board).
Diplex Filter.
Downlink (signal direction from base station, via repeater, to mobile station).
Domain Name Server.
Digital Multimedia Broadcasting.
Duplex filter.
Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
Extended Global System for Mobile communication.
Extended Total Access Communication System.
European Telecommunications Standards.
Fiber to Fiber link (renamed to F-link/FLI).
Federal Communications Commission.
Fiber Link Interface.
Fiber link.
Fiber network.
Fiber Optic Node.
Fiber Optic Repeater.
Fiber Optic Transceiver.
Fiber Optic Unit.
Global System for Mobile communication.
Global Position System.
Hardware
Internet Control Message Protocol.
Intermodulation.
Internet Protocol.
Local Area Network.
Light Emitting Diode.
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
Preface
Fiber Optics
LinDAS
LNA
MACID
MRX
MS
MSC
NAPT
NMT
NS
OCM
OM-Online
OMS
OMT16
OMT32
OSP
PA
PEP
PCN
PCS
PPP
PSM
PSTN
PSU
PTFE
R2R
R2R net
RAS
RCC
RCM
RCU
RF
RH
RIA
RMS
RMU
RSSI
RTC
RX
SLW
SW
TACS
TDMA
TX
UDP
UL
UPS
VAC
VDC
WAN
WBA
WCDMA
WCS
WDM
WLI
W-link
W-net
WRH
vi
Powerwave
Light Indoor Distributed Antenna System.
Low Noise Amplifier (unit).
Physical address to RIA or CU board (comparable with Ethernet card MACID).
Measurement Receiver (board).
Mobile Station.
Mobile Switching Center.
Network Address and Port Translation.
Nordic Mobile Telephone (system).
Name Server.
Optical Converter Module.
Operation and Maintenance Online.
Operation and Maintenance System.
Operation and Maintenance Terminal (replaced with OMT32).
Operation and Maintenance Terminal (replaced with OM-Online).
Optical Splitter.
Power Amplifier (board).
Peak Envelope Power.
Personal Communication Network (same as DCS).
Personal Communication System.
Point to Point Protocol.
Power Supply Module.
Public Switched Telephone Network.
Power Supply Unit.
Polytetrafluoro Ethylene (Teflon).
Repeater to Repeater (Powerwave specific network).
R2R network.
Remote Access Service.
Remote Communication Control (unit).
RF Combiner Module.
Remote Control Unit.
Radio Frequency.
Remote Hub.
Repeater Interface Adapter (board).
Root Mean Square.
Repeater Master Unit.
Received Signal Strength Indication.
Real Time Clock.
Receiver
Sliding Window (Powerwave specific protocol).
Software
Total Access Communication System.
Time Division Multiple Access.
Transmitter
User Datagram Protocol.
Uplink (signal direction from mobile station via repeater to base station).
Uninterruptible Power Supply.
Voltage Alternating Current.
Voltage Direct Current.
Wide Area Network.
Wideband Amplifier (board).
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access.
Wideband Coverage System.
Wavelength Division Multiplexer.
Wire Link Interface.
Wire link.
Wire network.
Wideband Radio Head.
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
1. Safety
In this chapter, the word ’repeater’ includes all Powerwave repeating units, such as
repeaters, hubs and radio heads.
It is necessary that any personnel involved in installation, operation or service of units
included in an Powerwave repeater system understand and follow the below points.
•
The Powerwave repeaters are designed to receive and amplify signals from one or
more base stations and retransmit the signals to one or more mobile stations. And, also
to act the other way round, that is to receive signals from one or more mobile stations,
amplify and retransmit the signals to the base stations. Powerwave repeater systems
must be used exclusively for this purpose and nothing else.
•
Units supplied from the mains must be connected to grounded outlets and in
conformity with the local prescriptions.
•
Power supply units supplied from the mains contain dangerous voltage that can cause
electric shock. Disconnect the mains prior to any work in such a unit. Local
regulations are to be followed when servicing such units.
Authorized service personnel only are allowed to service units while the mains is
connected.
•
All RF transmitting units, including repeaters, will generate radio signals and thereby
give rise to electromagnetic fields that may be hazardous to the health of any person
who is extensively exposed close to an antenna.
See the Human Exposure of RF Radiation section on page 1-3.
•
Beryllium oxide
Beryllium oxide (BeO) may be contained in power devices, for instance in dummy
loads in directional couplers (DCC), in combiner units (CMB), and in attenuators on
the FON board. Beryllium oxide is poisonous if present as dust or smoke that can be
inhaled.
Do not file, grind, machine, or treat these parts with acid.
•
Hydrogen fluoride
Coaxial cables used in many Powerwave systems have the insulation made of PTFE,
polytetrafluoro ethylene, that gives off small amounts of hydrogen fluoride when
heated. Hydrogen fluoride is poisonous. Do not use heating tools when stripping off
coaxial cable insulation.
No particular measures are to be taken in case of fire because the emitted
concentration of hydrogen fluoride is very low.
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
•
A lithium battery is permanently mounted in repeater CU units, and in FON and OCM
units. Due to the risk of explosion, this battery must only be removed from the board
by an Powerwave authorized service technician.
•
NiCd batteries are mounted on the FON unit. These batteries contain environmental
poisonous substances. If replaced, the old batteries should be taken care of as stated
in the local prescriptions.
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
1-1
Fiber Optics
•
Powerwave
The FON unit contains a class IIIb laser transmitter that emits 2 – 5mW invisible laser
radiation during operation. Avoid direct exposure from unconnected laser transmitter
or fiber cord as follows:
– Do not power up the FON unit if a fiber cable is not attached to the fiber output
UL port, neither if a fiber cable is attached to the port but unattached in the other
end.
– Never look in the end of a fiber cable. The 1310nm and 1550nm laser light is
not visible, so no signal identification can be made anyway. Use always an
instrument, such as a power meter to detect signaling.
– Never use any kind of magnifying devices that can focus the laser light to an
unprotected eye.
1-2
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Human Exposure of RF Radiation
This section contains a few words about repeater antennas and prescriptions for
installaton and maintenance of antenna systems. Also, it describes how to calculate
safety distances needed for RF radiation at different antenna power and frequencies.
Repeater Antennas
To be able to receive and transmit signals as described in the first bulleted paragraph on
page 1-1, a repeater is connected to a donor antenna directed towards the base station,
and a service antenna directed towards the coverage area. A fiber optic cable from the
base station might, however, be substituted for the donor antenna.
Installation and Maintenance of Antenna Systems
Installation and maintenance of all repeater antenna systems must be performed with
respect to the radiation exposure limits for public areas.
The antenna radiation level is affected by the repeater output power, the antenna gain,
and by transmission devices such as cables, connectors, splitters and feeders.
Have also in mind that the system minimum coupling loss, typical between 25dB and
35dB, is determined by a standard with the purpose to protect base stations from noise
and other performance dropping effects.
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
1-3
Fiber Optics
Powerwave
Radiation Exposure
WHO, World Health Organization, and ICNIRP, International Commission on NonIonising Radiation Protection, have determined recommendations for radiation
exposure.
ICNIRP recommends not to exceed the following radiation power for public exposure:
Frequency
900MHz
1800MHz
2100MHz
Radiation power
4,5W/m²
9,0W/m²
10,0W/m²
For antennas larger than 20cm the maximum radiation power can be calculated by using
the following formula:
S = -------------------2
4uSur
where
S = Radiation power in W/m².
P = Output power in W.
r = Distance between antenna and human in meter.
To tackle the worst case successfully, the calculation does not consider system power
reducing actions, such as power control and DTX.
Figure 1-1 shows the safety distance to an antenna due to the RF radiation. The distance
is depending on the antenna output power and frequency, which is illustrated with two
graphs in the figure.
One of the graphs applies to 4.5W/m2 (900MHz) and the other to 9.0W/m2 (1800MHz)
or 10.0W/m2 (2100MHz).
The safety distance range in Figure 1-1 is 0 to 1.4 meter that covers an antenna power
range of 10dBm to 50dBm (0.01W to 100W).
Radiation Safety Distances
This section illustrates the safety distances to the antennas for some typical repeater
configurations.
Outdoor GSM 900MHz
Repeater output power
Feeder loss
Antenna gain
EIRP
+33dBm
–5dB
+17dBi
+45dBm
The safety distance can be read to 0.75 meter in Figure 1-1 as the maximum radiation
power is 4.5W/m² for 900MHz.
1-4
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
100
50
9W/m2 (1800MHz)
10W/m2 (2100MHz)
31.6
4.5W/m2 (900MHz)
40
10.0
35
3.2
30
1.0
25
0.3
20
0.1
15
0.03
10
0.01
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1.0
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Safety distance to antenna in meter
1.1
1.2
1.3
Antenna output power in W
Antenna output power in dBm
45
1.4
Figure 1-1. Safety distance to active antenna
Indoor GSM 900MHz
Repeater output power
Feeder loss
Antenna gain
EIRP
+22dBm
–5dB
+1dBi
+18dBm
The safety distance can be read to 0.035 meter for 4.5W/m² (900MHz).
Outdoor UMTS Standard High Power
Repeater output power
Feeder loss
Antenna gain
EIRP
+38dBm
–5dB
+17dBi
+50dBm
The safety distance can be read to 0.9 meter for 10W/m² (2100MHz).
Indoor UMTS
Repeater output power
Feeder loss
Antenna gain
EIRP
+24dBm
–5dB
+3dBi
+22dBm
The safety distance can be read to 0.035 meter for 10W/m² (2100MHz).
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
1-5
Fiber Optics
Powerwave
Static Electricity
Static electricity means no risk of personal injury but it can severely damage essential
parts of the equipment, if not handled carefully.
Parts on the printed circuit boards as well as other parts in the equipment are sensitive
to electrostatic discharge.
Never touch the printed circuit boards or uninsulated conductor surfaces unless
absolutely necessary.
If you must handle the printed circuit boards or uninsulated conductor surfaces, use ESD
protective equipment, or first touch the chassis with your hand and then do not move
your feet on the floor.
Never let your clothes touch printed circuit boards or uninsulated conductor surfaces.
Always store printed circuit boards in ESD-safe bags.
1-6
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
2. Introduction
The first official demonstration of the fiber optics technology took place at the British
Royal Society in London, 1870. It was given by natural philosopher John Tyndall. He
used a container with a spout and water. As the water poured through the spout, the light
from the inside of the container followed the curved water path.
Figure 2-1. John Tyndall’s first guided light transmission
This demonstation was the first research into guided light transmission.
Ten years later, in 1880, William Wheeling patented a method to transfer light in tubes,
’piping light’ through plumbing. However, this never took off because Edison invented
the light bulb.
Alexander Graham Bell was, about the same time, the first ever to arrange an optical
amplitude modulated transmission over 200m. This was, however, achieved by emitting
light beams in free space. Graham Bell’s idea was not to use wire for telephone
communication.
In the decade around 1950, the first practical all-glass fibers was developed which gave
a success to the technology. It was Brian O’Brien at the American Optical Company and
Narinder Kapany at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London who
was first to practically use an image-transmitting fiber-scope. Narinder Kapany was the
man who coined the term ’fiber optics’ in 1956.
Since that time, the laser and then the semiconductor laser have been very important
inventions making the technology to grow increasingly and also become a fascinating
and mysterious industry, where much of the technology has been isolated from
outsiders.
This manual is an attempt to open the curtain for a small area of this technology – fiber
optic transmission between repeaters.
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
2-1
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Fiber Optics in General
In the beginning, when fiber optics became in practical use, a ’first window’ with a
wavelength of 850nm was used. It had a loss of approximately 3dB/km.
As the technology developed, the ’second window’ at 1300nm became more attractive
because of the lower loss, below 1dB/km.
Today, the ’third window’ at 1550nm is the most attractive wavelength with a loss of
0.2dB/km for silica-based fibers.
The ’second window’ at 1300nm can today, with silica-based fibers, achieve a loss of
only 0.35dB/km.
The following figure illustrates the three ’windows’ where the loss is low over the usable
wavelength range.
10
First
window
Rayleigh
scattering
loss
Second Third
window window
Fiber
molecule
absorption
loss
dB/km 5
Visible light
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
2000nm
Figure 2-2. The three wavelength windows
Figure 2-2 illustrates the losses for the three wavelengt windows, with silica-based
fibers.
The large absorption peaks in the diagram are caused mainly by moisture in the fiber,
and by scattering at shorter wavlengths.
Figure 2-2 also shows the visible light wavelegth band, the loss curve caused by
Rayleigh scattering at shorter wavelengths, and the loss curve caused by fiber molecule
absorption at longer wavelengths.
The wavelengts used by the FON boards in the repeaters are within the second window
(1310nm) and the third window (1550nm).
2-2
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VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Fiber Optic Transmission Versus Electrical Transmission
This section points out some differences between fiber optic transmission and electrical
transmission via copper. The most signficant differences are loss, bandwidth,
electromagnetic interference, security, signal quality, and weight.
Low loss per km
In general, optical transmission over fiber offers the lowest propagation loss but also
more complexity. It also adds conversion loss for electrical-to-optical signal conversion,
and conversion loss the other way round.
This means that there is a break-even distance due to the propagation loss, where fiber
optics starts to be more cost-effective.
For repeater usage, the following suggestion can be applicable:
For a distance shorter than 100m, use coaxial cable.
For a distance between 100m and 1000m, let the situation determine.
For a distance longer than 1000m, use fiber optics.
High bandwidth
High bandwidth is an advantage for fiber optics. It has a higher bandwidth than any other
alternative (the immense potential bandwidth of 1tHz, that is 1012Hz).
High bandwidth makes fiber optics become more and more common even on short
distances as the Internet and other types of data communication demand high
bandwidths. This makes fiber optic parts more and more common, which in the long run
decreases the break-even distance for fiber optics usage.
No electromagnetic (EM) interference
As fiber consists of a non-conductive material, it is unaffected by all EM radiation.
Security
For the same reason that fiber is immune to EM radiation, it does not emit any EM
radiation that can be detected.
High signal quality
Because of the immunity to EM radiation, high bandwidth, and low loss, the signal
quality can be considerably better for fiber optic transmission than for electric
transmission in copper.
Low weight
A copper cable usually has a weight of ten times that of a fiber cable.
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
2-3
Fiber Optics
Powerwave
Duplex Transmission
Full duplex transmission can be performed in a single fiber by transmitting one
wavelength in one direction and another wavelength in the reverse direction. A
wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) in each end separates the signals to an optical
transmitter and an optical receiver.
This is further described in Chapter 7, Passive Devices.
2-4
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VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
System Building Blocks
This section contains short descriptions of the Powerwave fiber optic building blocks
listed below.
Building modules
•
FON, Fiber Optic Node, page 2-6.
•
FOU, Fiber Optic Unit, page 2-6.
Repeater units
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
•
BMU, Base Station Master Unit, page 2-7.
•
RMU, Repeater Master Unit, page 2-7.
•
FOR, Fiber Optic Repeater, page 2-7.
•
OCM, Optical Converter Module, page 2-8.
•
RH, Remote Hub, page 2-9.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
FON, Fiber Optic Node
The FON unit is the heart of all Powerwave fiber optic repeater systems. The FON unit
contains an optical transmitter and an optical receiver. No other Powerwave repeater
building block has these facilities.
P102
P115 P109
RX
P103
P105 P111 P116 P108
P106
P104
P113
P114
Beryllium
oxide
hazard
P110
P101
TX
P130
P112
Figure 2-3. The FON unit
This unit is normally part of the FOU, Fiber Optic Unit.
The FON unit is detailed in Chapter 3, FON, Fiber Optic Node.
FOU, Fiber Optic Unit
The FOU, Fiber Optic Unit, is a complete unit for fiber optic interconnection of two or
more repeaters. It is built up on a flanged plate and can be inserted in all types of LGP
Allgon AR repeaters. In the simpliest configuration, it contains a FON board and a DPX
filter.
P102
RX
P103
P115 P109
P105 P111 P116 P108
P106
P104
Beryllium
oxide
hazard
P113
P114
P110
P101
TX
P130
P112
Figure 2-4. The FOU unit
Figure 2-4 shows an example of the FOU with a typical configuration. Both RF and
optical devices, such as DPX filters, RF combiners, optical splitters and WDMs, can be
configured on the FOU plate. The FON board is always included in the FOU.
The FOU is also described in the FOU, Fiber Optic Unit section in Chapter 4.
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Fiber Optics
BMU, Base Station Master Unit
A BMU is an RF repeater type equipped with a FOU that gives the repeater ability to
transmit and receive optical signals on the service side.
The BMU has an RF port for BTS connection and up to four fiber optic ports that can
be connected to FORs.
ALLGON
By configuring the FOU with WDMs and OSPs, up to approximately four FORs can be
fed in parallel by a BMU via double or single fiber communication. Up to approximately
eight FORs can be fed with a high cover and two FOUs.
RF
The BMU is described, with all included sub units, block diagram, and mechanical
design, in the VD203 66/EN, AR Repeaters, User’s Manual.
RMU, Repeater Master Unit
An RMU is an RF repeater type equipped with an FOU that gives the repeater ability to
transmit and receive optical signals on the service side.
The RMU has an RF port for a donor antenna and up to four fiber optic ports that can be
connected to FORs.
ALLGON
By configuring the FOU with WDMs and OSPs, up to four FORs can be fed in parallel
by a BMU via double or single fiber communication. Up to eight FORs can be fed with
a high cover and two FOUs.
RF
The RMU is described, with all included sub units, block diagram, and mechanical
design, in the VD203 66/EN, AR Repeaters, User’s Manual.
FOR, Fiber Optic Repeater
A FOR is an RF repeater type equipped with an FOU that gives the repeater ability to
transmit and receive optical signals on the donor side.
The FOR has a fiber optic donor port and an RF port for a service antenna.
ALLGON
RF
By configuring the FOU with a splitter, another FOR can be optically connected to the
same RF system.
The FOR can be connected to a BMU or RMU.
The FOR is described, with all included sub units, block diagram, and mechanical
design, in the VD203 66/EN, AR Repeaters, User’s Manual.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
OCM, Optical Converter Module
The OCM is, principally, an indoor rack mounted BMU with several channels for
different bands, systems, and operators.
The front view of the OCM is shown in Figure 2-5.
RF IN/OUT
ANT
STATUS
LOCAL O&M
OPTICAL IN/OUT
A1
B1
C1
A2
B2
C2
MAINS
REMOTE WLI
A1
A2
A3
A4
B1
B2
B3
B4
C1
C2
C3
C4
A5
A6
A7
A8
B5
B6
B7
B8
C5
C6
C7
C8
WLI
CAUTION !
MAX RF INPUT +36dBm
OPTICAL CONVERTER MODULE
Figure 2-5. OCM, Optical Converter Module
The OCM can contain up to three FON boards, and a large number of splitter
configurations.
The OCM is designed to work with an RCM, RF Combiner Module, in a DAS concept,
see Figure 2-6.
RH
RH
BTS
RF IN/OUT
ANT
STATUS
LOCAL O&M
OPTICAL IN/OUT
A1
A2
B1
C1
B2
C2
MAINS
REMOTE WLI
A1
A2
A3
A4
B1
B2
B3
B4
C1
C2
C3
C4
A5
A6
A7
A8
B5
B6
B7
B8
C5
C6
C7
C8
WLI
OCM
CAUTION !
MAX RF INPUT +36dBm
CH
RF IN/OUT
OPTICAL CONVERTER MODULE
BTS RF IN/OUT
A1
B1
C1
A1
A2
A3
A4
B1
B2
B3
B4
C1
C2
C3
C4
A2
B2
C2
A5
A6
A7
A8
B5
B6
B7
B8
C5
C6
C7
C8
RCM
CAUTION !
MAX BTS RF INPUT +40dBm
RF COMBINER MODULE
Figure 2-6. The concept of DAS
System, installation, and commissioning descriptions of the OCM are found in the
VD205 03/EN, LinDAS, Installation Guide.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
RH, Remote Hub
The RH is, principially, a FOR unit in a compact cabinet. The RH unit has, however, no
FOU but the FON board is mounted directly in the cabinet.
The RH is used in DAS systems. The front view of the RH is shown in Figure 2-7.
Figure 2-7. RH, Remote Hub
Figure 2-8 shows a Remote Hub cabinet inside with fiber optic cables from the OCM.
P102
P103
Beryllium
oxide
hazard
P101
LO
HI
ANT
FON
RX
TX
P115 P109
P104
P106
P110
P130
P105 P111 P112 P108
P113
P114
PSM
Fiber optic cables
from OCM.
Figure 2-8. Remote hub donor fiber connection
Installation and commissioning descriptions of the RH are found in the VD205 03/EN,
LinDAS, Installation Guide.
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Fiber Optics
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
3. FON, Fiber Optic Node
This chapter describes the functionality, the design, and the operational control of the
FON unit.
P102
RX
P115 P109
P103
P105 P111 P116 P108
P106
P104
Beryllium
oxide
hazard
P113
P114
P110
P101
TX
P130
P112
Figure 3-1. The FON unit
A description of RF transmission over fiber using the FON unit is found in Chapter 4,
RF Over Fiber. A description of IP network using the FON unit is found in Chapter 5,
IP Over Fiber.
Functional Description
The Fiber Optic Node, FON, is a bi-directional electrical/optical signal converter and a
node in either a wire network or a fiber network. It has also functionality for:
– Electrical and optical signal supervision.
– Internal and external alarm handling.
– RS232 interface for local PC control via an O&M software (OM-Online).
– Remote control via an O&M software (OM-Online or OMS).
– Interface for RCC.
– Interface for WLI, wire network.
– Interface for FLI, fiber optic network.
– Battery backup with charger.
The FON unit can be installed in all Powerwave repeaters, remote hubs, and radio heads.
This section contains a description of the FON unit, including block diagram, RF paths,
IP path, R2R communication, FON as gateway node, alarm handling, power, and
backup power.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Block Diagram
RF Path 1
RF IN
P101
16dB, 8W
FO TX
0 – 20dB
Control Unit
IP
RF Path 2
RF OUT
P102
16dB
0 – 20dB
FO RX
16dB
TEST P103
–15dB
Figure 3-2. FON block diagram
Figure 3-2 shows a block diagram of the FON unit. The downlink and uplink RF signal
paths are described below.
The control unit block contains circuitry and software for control of the RF paths, local
and remote communication with O&M software, protocols for IP and R2R networks,
internal and external alarm handling, power supervision, etc.
The control unit has a number of input and output ports not shown in the block diagram.
These ports are described in the Connection Ports section on page 3-9.
RF Path 1
P102
The RF IN port (P101) is usually connected to BTS/DL in a BMU (Base station Master
Unit), or to the UL amplifier in a FOR (Fiber Optic Repeater). The input frequency is
800 – 2200MHz and the input power 10 – 36dBm.
P103
Beryllium
oxide
hazard
P101
The first attenuator is a 16dB, 8W power device that is a security attenuator for the FON
unit. It consists of two attenuators located under the shield, see the figure. There is a
FON type without these input attenuators intended for specific configurations (described
in the Uplink RF Signal Path section in Chapter 4).
After the attenuator there is a software adjustable 0 – 20dB attenuator, manually set by
the operator via O&M software. This attenuator is correctly set when the input power to
the optical transmitter is 0dBm (examples are found in Chapter 6, Commissioning).
The optical transmitter converts the electrical RF modulated signal to a 1310 or 1550nm
optical RF modulated signal and injects it into a fiber for transmission to one or more
fiber optic receivers. The output signal power is 2 – 5dBm, or 0.5 – 2dBm at low power
(NF: 30 – 35dB and IP3: 30 – 35dBm).
The IP3 is:
3-2
68dBm for channel selective repeater with 2 channels.
65dBm for channel selective repeater with 4 channels.
54dBm for band selective repeater.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
RF Path 2
An optical 1310 or 1550nm input signal is received by an optical receiver. The power
range for this input is between –15dBm and 1dBm optical power. To avoid receiver
saturation, it should be less than 1dBm.
After converting the optical RF modulated signal to an electrical RF modulated signal,
it is amplified in two 16dB amplifier stages with a noise figure of 4dB each.
Between the two 16dB amplifiers there is a software adjustable 0 – 20dB attenuator,
manually set by the operator via O&M software. This attenuator is differently set
depending on the FON usage.
•
If the FON unit is part of a BMU, then it is adjusted to an uplink gain that is dependent
on the ratio of the BTS and the repeater coverage areas.
•
If the FON unit is part of a FOR, then it should be adjusted to match the repeater input
amplifier power range.
Examples of this are found in Chapter 6, Commissioning.
The RF OUT port (P102) is usually connected to BTS/UL in a BMU, or to the DL
amplifier in a FOR. The output power can be between 0dBm and 20dBm with a
minimum noise (above the thermal noise) of 22dB.
There is also an RF test output (P103) with an output level of 15dB below the RF OUT
level. This output is intended for signal measurement without disconnecting the RF
cable.
IP Path
The IP communication circuitry is located in the control unit.
The subcarrier from the control unit is fed, via a filter, to the RF path before the optical
transmitter, see Figure 3-2. In the connection point, the subcarrier is added to the RF
signal. In the following optical transmitter, the RF signal with the added subcarrier is
converted to an optical signal and transmitted to the connected optical receiver or
receivers.
A received optical RF signal with an added subcarrier is converted to an electrical signal
in the optical receiver. After the first amplifier, the subcarrier passes a filter and is then
fed to the IP circuitry input in the control unit.
The subcarrier signal takes no power from the optical RF transmission.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
R2R Communication
This section describes how to use the FON unit in R2R networks. The R2R network
itself, its configuration, and R2R statistics are further described in the VM100 01/EN,
OM-Online, User’s Manual.
The R2R (Repeater to Repeater) network is an old Powerwave specific WLI network
with SLW protocol and wire interconnection (W-net).
WLI stands for Wire Link Interface, W-net for Wire network.
SLW (Sliding Window) is an Powerwave specific protocol developed for the R2R
network.
The IP network can be used in fiber networks as well as in wire networks. However, the
IP wire network and the R2R wire network have different protocols and can, for this
reason, not communicate with each other.
R2R network characteristics
FON
FON
FON
The R2R uses a twisted pair or RS-485 bi-directional bus with a master unit and slave
units. The bus is connected to the FON boards via the WLI ports, see the Connection
Ports section on page 3-10.
An example of an R2R network with four FON nodes is shown in Figure 3-3.
FON
FON
FON
FON
RCC
PSTN
RCC
PSTN
Figure 3-3. R2R network with four FON nodes
Gateway
The R2R network can contain maximum 12 nodes. One or several of these nodes can be
gateway nodes, that is to be able to communicate remotely with an O&M software via
modem. A description of the FON unit as gateway is found in the Gateway Node section
on page 3-5.
The R2R network in Figure 3-3 contains two gateway nodes (connected to the PSTN).
Control station All
nodes in an R2R network can, and should, be configured with Control Station
Capability enabled, which means that they can be the master unit if the current master
unit ceases to work.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Gateway Node
A FON unit can be used as a network gateway node for IP networks as well as for R2R
networks by being connected to an RCC (Remote Communication Control) unit, see
Figure 3-3.
The RCC unit is connected to the FON board via the RCC port, see the Connection Ports
section on page 3-10.
Both the FON unit and the RCC unit can be installed in all Powerwave repeaters and
remote hubs.
The gateway node in various repeater types is further detailed in the VM100 01/EN,
OM-Online, User’s Manual.
Alarm
The FON unit has the same alarm and event handling as the Powerwave repeaters and
remote hubs. Consequently, the entire Alarms and Events chapter in the VM100 01/EN,
OM-Online, User’s Manual is applicable also for the FON unit.
This includes also the four external alarms that are connected to the FON board via the
Alarm port, see the Connection Ports section on page 3-9.
Power
The FON unit requires 6.0 –8.0V power supply. All Powerwave repeaters and remote
hubs have a 7V DC power supply that is used for this purpose. This power is connected
to the FON board via the Power port, see the Connection Ports section on page 3-9.
Backup Power
If a power failure occurs, a backup battery has capacity to supply the FON control unit
with the network for up to30 minutes at room temperature. This time is intended for
alarm transmission.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Design
This section describes the FON board layout, including indicators, coaxial ports, optical
ports, connectors, and jumpers.
The FON Board
The FON board is built up on a printed circuit board that also contains the battery
backup. The FON board is shown in Figure 3-4.
P102
P115 P109
RX
P103
P105 P111 P116 P108
P106
P113
P114
P104
Beryllium
oxide
hazard
P110
P101
TX
P130
P112
Figure 3-4. The FON board
Indicators
FLI
RX
P105 P111 P116 P108
P115 P109
P106
P104
P113
P114
TX
P130
FAULT
OPER
P110
BOOT
POWER
DATA
WLI/R2R
P112
CHARGE
BATT
Figure 3-5. FON indicators and ports
The FON board contains the below described LED indicators.
FLI (or F2F) fiber network
Green LED that indicates, with a flashing light, that the unit receives data over the sub
carrier. A steady light indicates that the unit does not currently receive any data, or there
is no other node in the network.
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Powerwave
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OPER
Green LED that lights up approximately 15 seconds after the mains is switched on. It
shows, with a steady light, that the unit is ready for operation.
FAULT
Red LED that flashes 15 – 20 seconds after the mains is switched on. Then, it flashes for
less serious alarms (Error) and is lit with a steady light for fatal alarms (Critical).
POWER
Yellow LED that indicates present power. It is lit with a steady light after the mains is
switched on.
BOOT
Red LED that is lit with a steady light when the control unit boots, that is for 10 –
15 seconds after the mains is switched on. Then, it flashes for the next 5 – 10 seconds.
After that, if no error is detected, the LED is off.
If an error occur, then the LED is lit.
WLI (or R2R) wire network
Green LED that indicates, with a flashing light, that the unit is receiving data over the
sub carrier. A steady light indicates one of the following three states: The unit is
currently not receiving any data. The unit is currently not a Control station. Or, there is
no other node in the network.
DATA
Blue LED that indicates data transmission in the W-net.
BATT
Green LED that indicates, with a steady light, that the battery pack currently is used as
power source.
CHARGE
Yellow LED that indicates battery charge with a steady light.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
RF and Optical Ports
P102
RX
P103
Beryllium
oxide
hazard
P101
TX
Figure 3-6. RF and optical ports
The FON board has three coaxial ports and two optical ports for the downlink and uplink
RF signal. The following table shows the port numbers, connector types, and the port
usages.
Port
Type
P101
P102
P103
RX
TX
SMA
SMA
SMA
DIN/APC
DIN/APC
Description
Electrical RF input port (to the optical TX port).
Electrical RF output port (from the optical RX port).
Electrical RF output port (15dB below the P102 port).
Optical input port (to the P102 and P103 RF ports).
Optical output port (from the P101 RF port).
Caution
There are two power attenuators at the P101 port (under the shield) on the FON board,
see Figure 3-6. These may contain beryllium oxide (BeO), which is poisonous. See
Chapter 1, Safety.
Beryllium oxide
3-8
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Connection Ports
Except for the downlink and uplink RF ports, the FON board contains the below
described connection ports.
P104 – Debug
This port is used only for development and debugging.
P105 – Front LED indicators
P105 is a 4 pole male connector used for the yellow and red LED indicators located on
the front cabinet door.
P106 – PC
P106 is a 9 pole D-sub female RS-232 port used for local PC communication.
This port has the following pinning:
Pin 1 Not used (GND).
Pin 2 Data from FON to PC.
Pin 3 Data from PC to FON.
Pin 4 DTR from PC to FON.
Pin 5 GND
Pin 6 DSR from FON to PC.
Pin 7 RTS from PC to FON.
Pin 8 CTS from FON to PC.
P108 and P116 – Power
Power and alarm ports for the FON board.
P108 and P116 are 6 pole male connectors used for providing the FON board with
power. P108 and P116 are connected in parallel for cascade connection or single use.
These ports have the following pinning:
Pin 1 +7V in.
Pin 2 +7V backup out (controlled by P114).
Pin 3 Alarm output.
Pin 4 GND
Pin 5 Not used.
Pin 6 GND.
P109 – Alarm
P109 is a 7 pole male alarm connector used for external alarm sensors.
This port has the following pinning:
Pin 1 AIC Ground.
Pin 2 AIC Ground.
Pin 3 AI1 External alarm input 1 – EAL1.
Pin 4 AI2 External alarm input 2 – EAL2.
Pin 5 AI3 External alarm input 3 – EAL3.
Pin 6 AI4 External alarm input 4 – EAL4.
Pin 7 Not used.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
P110 – W-link jumper
This jumper is used to terminate units in a W-link. It has to be set in the parking state for
all units except for the first and last units in a W-link.
Parking state is shown in the figure (the pins farest away from the battery pack
interconnected).
The opposite state terminates the W-link.
P111, P112 – WLI ports
P111 and P112 are 5 pole male connectors used for interconnecting nodes in WLI-nets
(IP or R2R networks).
P111 and P112 are identical and connected in parallel. One of the connectors are
intended to be used from the previous node, and the other connector to the next node in
the network. Either of P111 or P112 can be used for the first and the last unit in the net
chain.
P113 – Batteries
P113 is a 2 pole male connector used for the on-board backup batteries.
P114 – Backup power output
This jumper sets the backup power output state. The OFF state is shown in the figure
(the pins closest to the battery pack interconnected).
This jumper has to be in the OFF state when used in an OCM unit. Otherwise, it shall be
in the ON state (opposite to the figure).
P115 – Future port
P115 is a 3 pole male connector intended for future use (not used for the time being).
P130 – RCC port
P130 is a 34 pole 2 line male connector used for connecting an RCC, Remote
Communication Control unit.
The P130 connector contains both the modem connection and RCC power supply.
33
3 - 10
34
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Operational Control
The FON unit can be locally or remotely controlled via an O&M software (remote
control via modem).
All descriptions in this document refer to the OM-Online O&M software. Parameter
names may differ somewhat when working with OMS, but the functionality of the
parameters are the same.
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Fiber Optics
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
4. RF Over Fiber
This chapter describes the downlink RF modulated signal from the BTS to the repeater
antenna, and the other way around from the repeater antenna to the BTS. The description
is focused on the optical part of the RF transmission.
The chapter is divided into the following main parts:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
RF signal path overview for downlink and uplink signals, page 4-2.
Detailed description of the downlink signal path, page 4-3.
Detailed description of the uplink signal path, page 4-8.
Brief description of the FOU, Fiber Optic Unit, page 4-10.
Brief descriptions of noise, intermodulation, and dynamic signal range, page 4-11.
Some examples of simplex transmission, page 4-12.
Some examples of full-duplex transmission, page 4-13.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
The RF Modulated Signal Paths
Figure 4-1 illustrates the downlink RF modulated signal path from the BTS via a BMU,
optical fiber, and a FOR to the repeater antenna. And also the uplink path from the
repeater antenna back to the BTS.
DL
DC
DPX
TX
FOR
RX
FON
FON
RX
TX
DPX
BMU
UL
BTS
Figure 4-1. Downlink and uplink RF modulated signal paths
As the signal paths mainly are handled by the FON units, the signal description for this
unit, found in the RF Path 1 and RF Path 2 sections in Chapter 3, is applicable to the
downlink and uplink RF modulated signal paths. The amplifiers and duplex filter (DPX)
in the FOR are, however, not included in the FON description, but are found in the
repeater manual (VD203 66/EN, AR Repeaters, User’s Manual).
The signal paths are, however, also described below, but more in terms of radio
frequency signals in the entire chain, from the BTS to the repeater antenna, and the other
way around.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Downlink RF Signal Path
The downlink RF modulated signal path, from the BTS to the repeater antenna, is shown
in Figure 4-2. The item numbers in the figure are described below.
DL
DC
DPX
TX
FOR
RX
FON
FON
DPX
BMU
9 10
11
12
Figure 4-2. Downlink RF transmission path
1. DC coupler
BMU
20dB
DC
DL 40dBm
BTS
NF 5dB
The DC coupler on the BTS antenna path picks up the BTS downlink signal with a fixed
coupling loss of 20dB.
The left figure shows the DC coupler connected to the BTS antenna path and the BTS
downlink amplifier with a typical noise figure of 5dB.
The values in the figure are typical values that can vary from one system to another.
2. DPX duplex filter
DPX
A Powerwave duplex filter separates the downlink and uplink signal frequencies
between the BTS antenna path and the separate input/output RF ports of the FON unit.
The Powerwave DPX filter has a typical loss of 1dB.
3. Power attenuator
An input 16dB/8W power attenuator is a security attenuator for the FON unit.
16dB, 8W
4. Software adjustable attenuator
The software adjustable 0 – 20dB attenuator is set manually via an O&M software. This
is described in the FON section of the VM100 01/EN, OM-Online, User’s Manual.
0 – 20dB
The attenuator should be set to a calculated value that attenuates the signal power to
0dBm to the following optical transmitter.
Example: Presume the typical values in the figures above are used, that is:
–
–
–
–
BTS output = 40dBm
DC coupler loss = 20dB
DPX filter loss = 1dB
power attenuator = 16dB
Set the attenuator to 3dB (40dBm – 20dB – 1dB – 16dB = 3dB).
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
4-3
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
5. Optical transmitter
The optical transmitter converts the electrical RF modulated signal to a 1310 or 1550nm
optical RF modulated signal. The transmitter ends with an optical female connector.
TX
The transmitter has a laser diode for transmitting the optical signal, and a back-facet
monitor photodiode that provides a real-time monitoring of the optical output.
10
25°C
Po (mW)
0°C
50°C
20
40
60
IF (mA)
80 100
The back-facet monitor photodiode is used to control the laser treshold current that is
temperature dependent. See the treshold current bends of the optical power output
curves for some different temperatures in the left figure. The values shown in the
diagram are typical values that can vary for diffierent devices.
By using the back-facet monitor photodiode, the optical transmitter is compensated for
different operating temperatures and a temperature non-dependent electrical-to-optical
curve can be used, see Figure 4-3.
PO
PO-RF
IBIAS
IRF
Figure 4-3. Electircal to optical signal conversion
The RF modulated optical output signal PO-RF has the same shape as the RF modulated
electrical input signal IRF, see Figure 4-3. The IBIAS current is set to keep the dynamic
'IRF current range within the straight part of the curve, provided the input power is kept
on about 0dBm (or lower). If the input power is much higher, then the PO-RF will be
distored.
The output signal can be the default power range or be set to a low power range via an
O&M software. Default power range means 3.5 – 5dBm, low power range 0.5 – 2dBm.
The noise figure for the optical transmitter is 30 – 35dB.
The IP3 level is 30 – 35dBm.
4-4
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VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
6. Optical transmission
In the example shown in Figure 4-2, the optical downlink transmission (between the
optical transmitter and the optical receiver) is built-up with two optical connectors and
one single-mode fiber.
The optical connectors are of DIN/APC type. The coupling loss (gap and misalignment
losses) for this connector type is approximately 0.5dB.
The single-mode fiber loss is approximately 0.35dB/km for 1310nm and 0.20dB/km for
1550nm.
The maximum fiber attenuation should not exceed 15dB.
Example:
At a distance of three kilometers, the optical transmission loss for a 1310nm signal is
approximately 2dB (0.5dB + 3x0.35dB + 0.5dB), and for a 1550nm signal
approximately 1.6dB (0.5dB + 3x0.20dB + 0.5dB).
The optical transmission loss will increase for devices used to split the signal path to
more than one receiver or to use the same fiber for both transmission directions. This is
further described in the Simplex Transmission section on page 4-12, and in the Duplex
Transmission section on page 4-13.
Note that all optical losses, except for FOT/FOT and FON/FON conversion losses, are
to be multiplied by two when converting to electrical RF losses.
The reason why the optical loss has to be multiplied by two (in dB) is that the light
detector in the optical receiver has a square shaped input area and thus extracts the
square root of the input power.
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
4-5
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
7. Optical receiver
The optical receiver performs the opposite function to the optical transmitter. It contains
a light detector, that is a semiconductor photodiode that produces current in response to
incident 1310 or 1550nm light.
RX
The conversion from an optical signal to an electrical RF signal is shown in Figure 4-4.
PO
PO-RF
IRF
Figure 4-4. Optical receiver light detector
The optical input power to the light detector has to be between –15dBm and 1dBm. To
avoid detector saturation that will result in signal distortion, it should be less than 1dBm.
The optical output power is independent of the TX attenuation.
The light detector adds very low amounts of shot noise and thermal noise.
8. Amplifier
16dB
The converted electrical RF modulated signal is amplified in a 16dB amplifier with a
noise figure of 4dB.
9. Software adjustable attenuator
The software adjustable 0 – 20dB attenuator is set manually via an O&M software. This
is described in the FON section of the VM100 01/EN, OM-Online, User’s Manual.
0 – 20dB
Setting, see the following amplifier.
4-6
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VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
10. Amplifier
16dB
The RF modulated signal is finally amplified in the last FON stage, a 16dB amplifier
with a noise figure of 4dB.
The output signal minimum noise (above the thermal noise) is 22dB.
The output power is set with the previous adjustable attenuator to match the repeater
amplifier input level (maximum 13dBm).
To achieve maximum output power from the repeater, the input signal level to the
repeater has to be correct with respect to the gain. The signal level is adjusted with the
FON adjustable attenuator.
11. Repeater amplifier
The repeater amplifier consists of a low noise amplifier, LNA, a repeater amplifer stage,
and a power amplifier. These stages are described in the VD203 66/EN, AR Repeaters,
User’s Manual.
DPX
12. DPX duplex filter
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Separates the downlink and uplink signal frequencies between the repeater service
antenna and the separate downlink/uplink FOR amplifiers. The DPX filter is described
in the VD203 66/EN, AR Repeaters, User’s Manual.
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
4-7
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Uplink RF Signal Path
The uplink RF modulated signal path, from the repeater service antenna to the BTS, is
shown in Figure 4-5. The item numbers in the figure are described below. Item numbers
are omitted for those items that have the same function and settings as in the downlink
path.
BMU
FON
FON
RX
DC
DPX
DPX
FOR
TX
UL
Figure 4-5. Uplink RF transmission path
1. Repeater amplifier
The repeater amplifier is the same as the downlink amplifier, but in this case the output
power should be adjusted to match the FON input power range, 10 – 36dBm.
2. Power attenuator
The input 16dB/8W power attenuator is the same as the downlink amplifier, but in this
case an alternative configuration can be used.
DPX
16dB, 8W
In the alternative configuration a FON unit without this power attenuator is used. In this
case a lower output power from the FOR unit is fed directly to the following adjustable
attenuator.
The advantage of this configuration is less signal noise.
3. Software adjustable attenuator
The software adjustable 0 – 20dB attenuator is set manually via an O&M software. This
is described in the FON section of the VM100 01/EN, OM-Online, User’s Manual.
0 – 20dB
DPX
If the BTS has a larger coverage area than the repeater, then the attenuator is usually
adjusted to a total uplink gain to the BTS of –10dB (shown in the figure).
DC
BMU
–10dB
BTS
4-8
FON
If the coverage area is the same for the BTS and the repeater, then the BTS antenna input
sensitivity with connected repeater should be the same as the sensitivity at the repeater
antenna input.
The total uplink gain can, however, not be set only on the software adjustable attenuator
but has to be balanced on the three uplink set points highlighted in Figure 4-6 (see the
next section).
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Setting the total uplink gain
The three uplink set points, highlighted in Figure 4-6, have to be balanced to a total
uplink gain appropriate to the ratio of the coverage areas for the BTS and the repeater.
DC
FOR
FON
FON
RX
TX
DPX
DPX
BMU
UL
–10dB
Figure 4-6. Total uplink gain setting points
Coupling factors and power losses in the entire uplink chain, including the optic fiber,
have also to be considered when setting the total uplink gain.
A power calculator should be used when determining the uplink settings.
Some examples with various settings are found in Chapter 6, Commissioning.
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
4-9
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
FOU, Fiber Optic Unit
The FOU, Fiber Optic Unit, is a complete unit for fiber optic interconnection of two or
more repeaters. It is built up on a flanged plate and can be inserted in all types of LGP
Allgon AR repeaters. In the simpliest configuration, it contains a FON board and a DPX
filter.
Figure 4-7 shows a simple configured FOU, Fiber Optic Unit.
FOU
DPX
RX
FON
TX
Figure 4-7. The FOU, Fiber Optic Unit
An FOU inserted in the BMU and in the FOR is shown in Figure 4-8.
BMU
FOU
FOR
FOU
FON
FON
TX
RX
DPX
DPX
DC
TX
DPX
RX
BTS
Figure 4-8. FOU inserted in the BMU and FOR
The FOU can also be configured with optical splitters for more than one FOR in the
optical network, and with WDMs for optical duplex transmission.
4 - 10
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VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Noise, Intermodulation and Dynamic Signal Range
This section contains brief descriptions of noise, intermodulation, and dynamic signal
range.
Noise and intermodulation
Figure 4-9 shows noise and intermodulation values for the optical transmission.
Conversion loss 25dB
TX
FON
Gain 30dB
RX
LFO
NF = 30 – 35dB
IP3 = 30 – 35dBm
NFOUT
FON
NF = 3 – 4dB
Figure 4-9. Noise and intermodulation
If the fiber loss, LFO, is lower than 5dB, the output noise figure, NFOUT, is determined
by the optical transmitter (’1’ in Figure 4-9).
If the fiber loss, LFO, is higher than 5dB, the output noise figure, NFOUT, is determined
by the receiver amplifier (2).
Intermodulation and IP3
The third order of intermodulation is illustrated on a frequency axis in the figure.
f1
f2
2f2–f1
DPX
2f1–f2
The formula for it reads: IM3 = 3P0 – 2IP3 dB
where:
IM3 = Intermodulation level.
P0 = Carrier power.
IP3 = The IP3 point of the amplifier.
The IP3 values from the various types of repeater amplifiers are:
BSA 54dBm
CHA 68dBm for 2 channels, 65dBm for 4 channels.
ALR 48dBm (compact repeater and RH)
WRH 35dBm
Dynamic signal range
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
The dynamic range for the RF signal is determined by the noise level and the IM
requirements. The dynamic range is represented by a vertical arrow in the figure, where:
P = Power
S = Signal level.
N = Noise floor + intermodulation.
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
4 - 11
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Simplex Transmission
This section contains two examples of simplex transmission over fiber.
RMU
FOR
BTS
DL = 1310nm
UL = 1310nm
DL
UL
Figure 4-10. Simplex transmission between an RMU and a FOR unit
The first example, shown in Figure 4-10, illustrates a simple configuration. This
configuration is described in the previous sections in this chapter, but in this case an
RMU is used for radio transmission with the BTS.
The downlink and uplink wavelength is 1310nm.
FOR
BMU
FOR
FOR
FOR
BTS
UL
DL
DL = 1310nm
UL = 1310nm
50
50
50
50
UL
UL
UL
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Figure 4-11. Simplex transmission between a BMU and four FOR units
The second example, shown in Figure 4-11, illustrates a BMU and four FOR units
connected via optical splitters in a star configuration. Downlink and uplink wavelength
is 1310nm.
The optical power loss for an optical 50/50 splitter is 3dB. Additional connectors add a
loss of 0.5dB each. Due to the power sharing, up to approximately four slave nodes
(FOR) can be connected to a master FON unit (BMU). For additional slave nodes,
another FON unit has to be inserted in the BMU.
The optical splitters are usually included in the FOU located in the BMU. Figure 4-11
shows, schematically, these parts outside the BMU cabinet.
4 - 12
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VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Duplex Transmission
This section contains two examples of full-duplex transmission over fiber.
RMU
FOR
BTS
DL
DL = 1550nm
UL = 1310nm
UL
DX O
DX O
Figure 4-12. Duplex transmission between an RMU and a FOR unit
The first example, shown in Figure 4-12, illustrates the same repeater configuration as
in the previous section, but now with full-duplex over one fiber achieved by using an
optical WDM (DX O) in each repeater.
The downlink wavelength is 1550nm, the uplink wavelength is 1310nm.
The power loss for an optical WDM is 1dB. Additional connectors add the loss by 0.5dB
each.
The WDMs are included in the FOUs.
BMU
FOR
FOR
FOR
BTS
UL 1310nm
UL 1308nm
DL 1550nm
DX O
DX O
DX O
30
70
50
50
UL 1312nm
DX O
Figure 4-13. Duplex transmission between a BMU and three FOR units
The second example, shown in Figure 4-13, illustrates a BMU and three FOR units
interconnected via optical splitters in a chain configuration. Full-duplex over one fiber
is achieved by using an optical WDM (DX O) in each repeater node.
The downlink wavelength is 1550nm, the uplink wavelengths are 1308nm, 1310nm, and
1312nm from the three slave nodes (FOR).
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
4 - 13
Fiber Optics
Powerwave
The optical power loss for an optical 30/70 percent splitter is 5.2dB/1.5dB, for a 50/50
percent splitter 3dB. The power loss for an optical WDM is 1dB. Additional connectors
add the loss by 0.5dB each. Due to the power sharing, up to approximately four slave
nodes (FOR) can be connected to a master FON unit (BMU). For additional slave nodes,
another FON unit has to be inserted in the BMU.
The optical WDMs and splitters are usually included in the FOU located in the BMU.
Figure 4-13 shows, schematically, these parts outside the BMU cabinet.
4 - 14
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual

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