Powerwave Technologies 5JS0084 Fiber-Fed Repeater/Radio Head User Manual RH300000 100 A

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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
5. IP Over Fiber
IP (Internet Protocol) network is the latest Powerwave network type with UDP/IP
protocol and many features, such as wire or fiber connection, PPP, routing capabilities
for many sub networks, etc.
IP network communication includes communication between network nodes as well as
communication between gateway nodes, for instance FON units, and an O&M software.
Communication can be initiated either by an O&M software or a network node.
When initiated by an O&M software, an operator connects to the network and logs on
to the desired node. An OMS station can also initiate scheduled communication that
automatically connects to the network and logs on to a node.
A network node initiates communication when an alarm is to be transferred, normally to
an OMS station. It also initiates communication if callback is required in a logon
session.
All operation and maintenance of repeaters and remote hubs are carried out via an O&M
software connected to a network. There are two network types that can be used for this
purpose, IP network and R2R network.
This chapter describes IP networks only and is focused on fiber networks.
IP networks over wire and R2R networks are described in the VM100 01/EN, OMOnline, User’s Manual. This manual also contains further information about IP
networks, IP address planning, and network configuration.
This chapter is divided into the following main parts:
•
•
•
•
•
•
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Terminology for IP networks, page 5-2.
Hardware and software requirements for IP networks, page 5-3.
Fiber optic network characteristics, page 5-4.
Node units in IP networks, page 5-5.
Net interfaces of the FON unit, page 5-6.
An example of a network, page 5-7.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
IP Network Terminology
In the descriptions of the IP network the terminology in the following table is used.
Network type
Protocol
Network name
Link name
Link media
Link interface
IP
IP
W-net
W-link
Wire
WLI
F-net
F-link
Fiber
FLI
Abbreviations
IP
W-net
F-net
W-link
F-link
WLI
FLI
Internet Protocol.
Wire network.
Fiber network.
Wire link.
Fiber link.
Wire Link Interface.
Fiber Link Interface.
Other abbreviations used in this manual are found in the Abbreviations section in the
beginning of this manual.
Net and Link
The following two figures show what a net means and what a link means in this manual.
Figure 5-1 shows a W-net or F-net with WLI or FLI interface respectively.
FON
FON
FON
FON
Figure 5-1. W-net or F-net
Figure 5-2 shows a W-link or F-link with WLI or FLI interface respectively.
Figure 5-2. W-link or F-link
5-2
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Requirements
To be able to use an IP network, the FON hardware and software stated below is
required. Hardware and software that does not meet the requirements below can be
upgraded.
FON hardware
FON board
K129.
FON software
FON
SA102 05/1 version R1A or higher.
O&M software versions
An OM-Online, OMT32, or OMS station intended to be used on an IP network requires
the following software versions:
OM-Online
OMT32
OMS
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
SA102 60/1 version R1A or higher.
SA102 51/3 version R2A or higher.
SA102 54/1 version R2A or higher.
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5-3
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
F-Net Characteristics
The IP communication signal in an F-net is modulated on a sub carrier below the RF
modulated signal.
The communication transfer rate is 66Kb per second.
FON
FON
FON
F-net can be built up with separate downlink and uplink fibers, multi-drop link
communication, and a dedicated master node and slave nodes (M and S respectively in
the left figure).
FO
F-net can also be built up with single fiber and full-duplex transmission, see Figure 5-3.
FON
FON
DX O
DX O
DX O
DX O
FON
FON
50
50
FON
BTS
CS
DX
50
50
50
50
RCC
PSTN
Figure 5-3. Single fiber network with five nodes
The network shown in Figure 5-3 has optical WDMs (DX O) in each node, which makes
it possible to use one downlink wavelength and four different uplink wavelengths in the
same fiber.
An F-net contains one master node (the left FON unit in Figure 5-3) and it can contain
up to approximately four slave nodes (the right FON units) due to the signal power
sharing in the optical splitters. In Figure 5-3 there are three 50/50 percent splitters that
reduce the signal power to each of the four slave nodes to 25% of the initial signal power.
In Figure 5-3, the master node is a gateway by means of an RCC. It can communicate
with an O&M software via modem.
The left FON node (CS) only shall be configured with Control Station Capability and
thus be the master unit. None of the other FON nodes are allowed to have the Control
Station Capability because it is a master/slave network. Only one node is allowed to
speak at the same time.
Control Station Capability is described in the VM100 01/EN, OM-Online, User’s
Manual.
5-4
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Node Units
This section describes an example of node units used for communication between an
O&M software and the nodes in a network.
A PC workstation loaded with the O&M software and configured with a modem can be
connected to all nodes that have an RCC (or RCU) and communicate with other units in
connected W-nets and F-nets.
Figure 5-4 shows an O&M workstation connected to an F-net, which is also connected
to two W-nets.
RF
RF
BTS
RF
BSC/CU
RF
RF
BSC/CU
BSC/CU
RF
RF
BSC/CU
BSC/CU
FON
FON
FON
FOR
PSTN
RCC
BMU
RF
RF
BSC/CU
FON
FOR
Figure 5-4. O&M workstation connected to an F/W-net
The fibers between the BMU and the FOR units are used for both RF transmission and
network communication.
An internal backbone W-net in the BMU interconnects the FON units.
The two FOR units are also included in two W-nets together with two additional
repeaters in each of these W-nets.
The O&M workstation in Figure 5-4 can communicate with any of the seven units (one
BMU and six repeaters) included in the F-nets and W-nets.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
The FON Unit Net Interfaces
This section describes the FON unit in networks, one of the most important subunits in
repeater networks. The FON unit is here described as a block with network interfaces.
The FON board contains all software and protocols required for both W-net and F-net
communication, routing included. A sole FON board can be a complete node in an F-net
or W-net.
Figure 5-5 shows the FON board with the communication interfaces pointed out. The
figure shows also some of the most important function blocks on the FON board. The
small figure is a simplified block symbol of the FON board.
Local
Remote
RX
CPU
W-net
FON
WLI
RF
SW
F-net
FLI
TX
FON
FO
FO
FO
Figure 5-5. FON with communication interfaces
The CPU unit with loaded software (SW) controls the FON unit including the network
communication. The RF block in Figure 5-5 converts electrical signals to optical signals
and vice versa.
The local port is used for cable connection between the FON unit and an O&M
workstation. PPP is used for communication via this port.
The remote port is used for remote connection between the FON unit and an O&M
workstation via modem. PPP is used for communication via this port.
WLI is the communication port for W-net.
FON
5-6
FO
FON
FO
FON
FO
FLI is the communication port for F-net. In Figure 5-5, this part of the FON board is
marked to indicate an optical part.
The W-net and F-net are interconnected in the FON board, which makes it possible to
interconnect several F-nets via a W-net, see the small figure.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Network Example
An example of a repeater network with FON units is shown in Figure 5-6.
BSC
BSC
BMU/OCM
RCC
FON
WLI
BSC
FON
CU
WLI
FON
FON
CU
BSC
WLI
FON
BSC
FLI
FO
RCC
RCU
WLI
FON
WLI
CU
RCC
WLI
FON
FON
FO
FLI
FO
FLI
WLI
FON
Figure 5-6. Repeater network example
This network has a BMU with three FON units as F-net master nodes. Two of which are
gateway units. A backbone W-net interconnects the three FON units.
The three F-subnets (FLI) are connected to slave FON nodes via optical splitters. These
slave FON nodes are connected to compact repeaters (BSC) and standard repeaters (CU)
via W-subnets (WLI).
In this network there are four gateways connected to an RCU or RCC unit.
Further information about IP networks, IP address planning, and network configuration
is found in the VM100 01/EN, OM-Online, User’s Manual.
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5-7
Fiber Optics
5-8
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Powerwave
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
6. Commissioning
Read carefully Chapter 1, Safety before commissioning the optical system. See also the
safety precautions for the current repeater or hub types.
Check all connections made during the installation. Also, ensure that both the mains
plugs for repeaters equipped with two power supply units are connected to outlets
supplied from the same fuse.
To fulfill the IP65 weather protective requirements, ensure that the cable strain relief
bushings are properly tightened. Also, ensure that the gaskets at the cable inlets on the
cabinet are properly fitted and not damaged.
When the installation is checked, commission the optical system as described in the
following sections:
Equipment required for the commissioning is listed below.
This chapter contains commissioning instructions only. If you want to read descriptions
of the various functions, see the previous chapters in this manual.
Some system configuration examples are found on page 6-6 and the following pages.
If you get problems when commissioning the system, please contact your nearest
Powerwave representative.
Equipment Required
To be able to commissioning an optical system you will need the following:
•
•
•
•
•
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Optical power meter.
Laptop with O&M software and an RS232 serial cable.
Spectrum analyzer.
Repeater tools.
Optical clenaer.
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6-1
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Commissioning the Fiber Optic System
Commission the optical transmission system as described in the following instruction.
The instruction covers the optical system only and is therefore applicable to all units
with optical transmission, for instance BMU, RMU, OCM, FOR, and RH.
Figure 6-1 shows a fiber optic system in a BMU and a FOR. These units are also used
as examples in the instruction.
TX Att.
P101
0dBm
TX
DL
DC
DPX
TX
FOR
RX
FON
FON
RX
TX
DPX
BMU
UL
BTS
Figure 6-1. Master unit downlink path
Master Unit Downlink Path
1. Make sure the BMU is switched off.
2. Measure the downlink input RF signal power (from the BTS) at the FON board
connector ’P101’ in Figure 6-1 (or at the OCM/BMU 19" rack) using a spectrum
analyzer.
The signal power should be between +10dBm and +36dBm.
Write down the measured power value.
3. Switch the BMU on and wait until it is in operational mode.
4. Connect the O&M software to the FON board.
5. Measure the optical output power from the FON board (TX) using an optical
power meter.
If there is only one slave unit on a short distance, choose the low power range.
Otherwise, keep the default high power range.
If you are in doubt, choose high power and, if needed, change to low power if the
received optical power is more than 4dBm at the slave unit.
6. Set the transmitter attenuation (TX Att.) to a value that gives the following optical
transmitter an input power of approximately 0dBm. The attenuation is set via the
O&M software (FON configuration).
PP101 – 20dB – XdB = 0dB
6-2
Meassured RF input signal level at P101 minus 20dB minus XdB attenuation
equals 0dB. X is the attenuation set via O&M software. Write down the
attenuation set.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
7. Measure the optical output power from the FON board (TX) using an optical
power meter. Write down the measured power value.
It is recommended to set date and time in the FON units, and to assign names to the units
for future tracking.
Slave Units
Continue by performing the following on each slave unit.
8. Make sure the FOR/slave unit is switched off.
9. If two fibers are used, then make sure the uplink and downlink fibers are connected
correctly in the FOR/slave unit.
The downlink fiber has to be connected to the RX port and the uplink fiber to the
TX port of the FON unit, see Figure 6-2. The FOR in the figure is a compact
repeater.
P102
P103
Beryllium
oxide
hazard
P101
LO
HI
ANT
FON
RX
TX
P115 P109
P104
P106
P110
P130
P105 P111 P112 P108
P113
P114
PSM
Fiber optic cables
Figure 6-2. Fiber connection in a slave unit
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
RX
DL
DPX
TX
FOR
RX
FON
FON
RX
TX
DPX
BMU
DC
RX Att.
UL
dBm
0dBm TX Att.
RX Att.
BTS
Figure 6-3. Slave unit downlink path, and uplink path
10. Switch the FOR on and wait until it is in operational mode.
11. Connect an O&M software to the FON board.
12. Measure the optical downlink input power (’RX’ in Figure 6-3). The receiver level
is measured via the O&M software (FON status).
Write down the measured optical power value.
13. Calculate the optical power loss from the TX port of the master FON board
(step 5) to the RX port of the FOR/slave unit (step 12).
The loss includes fibers, WDMs, splitters, and connectors used in the current
configuration.
The calculated optical loss should not exceed 15dB.
Write down the calculated optical loss value.
14. Set the receiver attenuation (RX Att.) via the O&M software (FON configuration).
An approximate receiver attenuation value can be set according to the calculated
loss over the fiber in step 13. Choose value from the table.
Optical loss over fiber
Receiver attenuation
10dB
!10dB
10dB
5dB
15. Move the O&M software from the FON board to the repeater and set the desired
repeater bandwidth and downlink gain.
16. Move the O&M software back to the FON board and set the transmitter
attenuation (TX Att.) to a calculated value that gives the following optical
transmitter an input power of approximately 0dBm.
17. Choose optical transmitter output power range via the O&M software as described
in step 6.
6-4
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
18. Move the O&M software back to the repeater and set uplink attenuation and gain.
Example of downlink and uplink settings are found in the following table.
Unit
BMU (FON)
FOR (FON)
BMU (RF)
Downlink
5dB att.
10dB att.
60dB gain
Uplink
10dB att.
5dB att.
60dB gain
The optical system is now ready for operation. A fine-tuning of the system should be
done to get the most out of the system. And, the more nodes in the system the more
reason to balance and fine-tune it.
The following section contains some system configuration examples.
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6-5
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
System Configuration Examples
Legend:
TX level
0dB
Fixed values.
DL
BTS
UL
0dB
BMU
40dBm
0dB
Total UL gain
Set values via O&M software.
5dB
0dB
Calculated or resultant values.
Set and resultant UL gain
values in red.
20dB
FON
BTS initial
noise figure
–107dBm
0dB
20dB
0dB
20dB
RX Att.
TX Att.
1.5dBm
1.5dBm
BTS initial
sensitivity
–92.8dBm
High, medium, and low values
in the example.
BTS sensitivity
with repeater
14.2dB
BTS sensitivity
degradiation
Number of
repeaters
0dB
0dB
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
1.5dBm
FOR
1.5dBm
20dB
BTS
20dB
TX Att.
RX Att.
FON
FOR
Coverage
areas
55dB
68dB
UL gain
DL gain
5dB
DPX
Repeater noise figure
–92.9dBm
BTS sensitivity at
repeater antenna
33dBm
–7dB
Total DL gain
Limited
repeater
TX level
Figure 6-4. One FOR, low optical loss, low uplink gain and attenuation
Figure 6-4 shows a FOR connected with low optical loss, low uplink gain and low
uplink attenuation. The BTS sensitivity degradation is high.
High total uplink gain and a BTS sensitivty with repeater very close to the BTS sensitivity
at the repeater antenna indicates a similar coverage area for the BTS and the FOR.
6-6
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Legend:
TX level
0dB
Fixed values.
DL
BTS
UL
0dB
BMU
40dBm
0dB
Total UL gain
Set values via O&M software.
5dB
0dB
Calculated or resultant values.
Set and resultant UL gain
values in red.
20dB
FON
BTS initial
noise figure
–107dBm
0dB
20dB
20dB
20dB
RX Att.
TX Att.
1.5dBm
1.5dBm
BTS initial
sensitivity
–103.3dBm
High, medium, and low values
in the example.
BTS sensitivity
with repeater
3.7dB
BTS sensitivity
degradiation
Number of
repeaters
0dB
0dB
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
1.5dBm
FOR
20dB
BTS
1.5dBm
20dB
TX Att.
RX Att.
FON
FOR
Coverage
areas
75dB
68dB
UL gain
DL gain
5dB
DPX
Repeater noise figure
–103.9dBm
BTS sensitivity at
repeater antenna
33dBm
–7dB
Total DL gain
Limited
repeater
TX level
Figure 6-5. One FOR, low optical loss, medium uplink gain and attenuation
Figure 6-5 shows a FOR connected with low optical loss, medium uplink gain and
medium uplink attenuation. The BTS sensitivity degradation is low.
High total uplink gain and a BTS sensitivty with repeater very close to the BTS sensitivity
at the repeater antenna indicates a similar coverage area for the BTS and the FOR.
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
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6-7
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Legend:
TX level
0dB
Fixed values.
DL
BTS
UL
0dB
BMU
40dBm
0dB
Total UL gain
Set values via O&M software.
5dB
0dB
Calculated or resultant values.
Set and resultant UL gain
values in red.
20dB
FON
BTS initial
noise figure
–107dBm
0dB
20dB
5dB
20dB
RX Att.
TX Att.
–6.5dBm
1.5dBm
BTS initial
sensitivity
–101.3dBm
High, medium, and low values
in the example.
BTS sensitivity
with repeater
5.7dB
BTS sensitivity
degradiation
Number of
repeaters
10dB
10dB
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
3.5dBm
FOR
–8.5dBm
5dB
BTS
12dB
TX Att.
RX Att.
FON
FOR
Coverage
areas
65dB
80dB
UL gain
DL gain
5dB
DPX
Repeater noise figure
–104.7dBm
BTS sensitivity at
repeater antenna
33dBm
–7dB
Total DL gain
Limited
repeater
TX level
Figure 6-6. One FOR, low optical loss, high uplink gain and attenuation
Figure 6-6 shows a FOR connected with low optical loss, high uplink gain and high
uplink attenuation. The BTS sensitivity degradation is low.
High total uplink gain and a BTS sensitivty with repeater very close to the BTS sensitivity
at the repeater antenna indicates a similar coverage area for the BTS and the FOR.
6-8
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Legend:
TX level
0dB
Fixed values.
DL
BTS
UL
0dB
BMU
40dBm
0dB
Total UL gain
Set values via O&M software.
20dB
5dB
0dB
Calculated or resultant values.
BTS initial
noise figure
–107dBm
0dB
Set and resultant UL gain
values in red.
20dB
FON
15dB
20dB
RX Att.
TX Att.
–8.5dBm
1.5dBm
BTS initial
sensitivity
–103.5dBm
High, medium, and low values
in the example.
BTS sensitivity
with repeater
3.5dB
BTS sensitivity
degradiation
Number of
repeaters
10dB
10dB
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
1.5dBm
FOR
10dB
12dB
TX Att.
BTS
–8,5dBm
RX Att.
FON
FOR
80dB
80dB
UL gain
DL gain
5dB
Coverage
areas
DPX
Repeater noise figure
–104.1dBm
33dBm
BTS sensitivity at
repeater antenna
Limited
repeater
TX level
–7dB
Total DL gain
Figure 6-7. One FOR, high optical loss, high uplink gain
Figure 6-7 shows a FOR connected with high optical loss, high uplink gain and an
uplink attenuation adapted to the optical loss. The BTS sensitivity degradation is low.
High total uplink gain and a BTS sensitivty with repeater very close to the BTS sensitivity
at the repeater antenna indicates a similar coverage area for the BTS and the FOR.
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
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6-9
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Legend:
TX level
0dB
Fixed values.
DL
BTS
UL
0dB
BMU
40dBm
0dB
Total UL gain
Set values via O&M software.
5dB
0dB
Calculated or resultant values.
Set and resultant UL gain
values in red.
20dB
FON
BTS initial
noise figure
–107dBm
0dB
20dB
10dB
20dB
RX Att.
TX Att.
1.5dBm
1.5dBm
BTS initial
sensitivity
–91.7dBm
High, medium, and low values
in the example.
BTS sensitivity
with repeater
15.3dB
BTS sensitivity
degradiation
Number of
repeaters
0dB
0dB
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
1.5dBm
FOR
1.5dBm
10dB
BTS
20dB
TX Att.
RX Att.
FON
FOR
Coverage
areas
55dB
68dB
UL gain
DL gain
5dB
DPX
Repeater noise figure
–91.8dBm
33dBm
BTS sensitivity at
repeater antenna
Limited
repeater
TX level
–7dB
Total DL gain
Figure 6-8. Nine FORs, low optical loss, high uplink gain and attenuation
Figure 6-8 shows one of nine FORs connected to one of three FON units in the BMU
with low optical loss, high uplink gain and high uplink attenuation. The BTS sensitivity
degradation is high.
High total uplink gain and a BTS sensitivty with repeater very close to the BTS sensitivity
at the repeater antenna indicates a similar coverage area for the BTS and the FOR.
6 - 10
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Legend:
TX level
0dB
Fixed values.
DL
BTS
UL
0dB
BMU
40dBm
0dB
Total UL gain
Set values via O&M software.
5dB
0dB
Calculated or resultant values.
Set and resultant UL gain
values in red.
20dB
FON
BTS initial
noise figure
–107dBm
0dB
20dB
5dB
20dB
RX Att.
TX Att.
–6dBm
1.5dBm
BTS initial
sensitivity
–93dBm
High, medium, and low values
in the example.
BTS sensitivity
with repeater
14dB
BTS sensitivity
degradiation
Number of
repeaters
10dB
10dB
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
4dBm
FOR
5dB
BTS
–8,5dBm
12dB
TX Att.
RX Att.
FON
FOR
Coverage
areas
65dB
80dB
UL gain
DL gain
5dB
DPX
Repeater noise figure
–93.1dBm
BTS sensitivity at
repeater antenna
33dBm
–7dB
Total DL gain
Limited
repeater
TX level
Figure 6-9. Nine FORs, high optical loss, high total uplink gain
Figure 6-9 shows one of nine FORs connected to one of three FON units in the BMU
with high optical loss, high uplink gain and an uplink attenuation adapted to the optical
loss. The BTS sensitivity degradation is high.
High total uplink gain and a BTS sensitivty with repeater very close to the BTS sensitivity
at the repeater antenna indicates a similar coverage area for the BTS and the FOR.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Legend:
TX level
0dB
Fixed values.
DL
BTS
UL
0dB
BMU
40dBm
–10dB
Total UL gain
Set values via O&M software.
5dB
0dB
Calculated or resultant values.
Set and resultant UL gain
values in red.
20dB
FON
BTS initial
noise figure
–107dBm
0dB
20dB
20dB
20dB
RX Att.
TX Att.
1.5dBm
1.5dBm
BTS initial
sensitivity
–99.4dBm
High, medium, and low values
in the example.
BTS sensitivity
with repeater
7.6dB
BTS sensitivity
degradiation
Number of
repeaters
0dB
0dB
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
1.5dBm
FOR
1.5dBm
20dB
BTS
20dB
TX Att.
RX Att.
FON
FOR
Coverage
areas
65dB
68dB
UL gain
DL gain
5dB
DPX
Repeater noise figure
–91.5dBm
33dBm
BTS sensitivity at
repeater antenna
Limited
repeater
TX level
–7dB
Total DL gain
Figure 6-10. Nine FORs, low optical loss, low total uplink gain
Figure 6-10 shows one of nine FORs connected to one of three FON units in the BMU
with low optical loss, medium uplink gain and high uplink attenuation. The BTS
sensitivity degradation is low.
Low total uplink gain decreases the BTS sensitivty with repeater under the BTS
sensitivity at the repeater antenna level, indicating a larger coverage area for the BTS
than for the FOR.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Legend:
TX level
0dB
Fixed values.
DL
BTS
UL
0dB
BMU
40dBm
–10dB
Total UL gain
Set values via O&M software.
5dB
0dB
Calculated or resultant values.
Set and resultant UL gain
values in red.
20dB
FON
BTS initial
noise figure
–107dBm
0dB
20dB
20dB
20dB
RX Att.
TX Att.
–6dBm
1.5dBm
BTS initial
sensitivity
–101.1dBm
High, medium, and low values
in the example.
BTS sensitivity
with repeater
5.9dB
BTS sensitivity
degradiation
Number of
repeaters
10dB
10dB
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
Fiber/WDM/
splitter loss
4dBm
FOR
20dB
BTS
–8.5dBm
12dB
TX Att.
RX Att.
FON
FOR
Coverage
areas
85dB
80dB
UL gain
DL gain
5dB
DPX
Repeater noise figure
–93.2dBm
33dBm
BTS sensitivity at
repeater antenna
Limited
repeater
TX level
–7dB
Total DL gain
Figure 6-11. Nine FORs, high optical loss, low total uplink gain
Figure 6-11 shows one of nine FORs connected to one of three FON units in the BMU
with high optical loss, and an uplink attenuation adapted to the optical loss. The BTS
sensitivity degradation is low.
Low total uplink gain decreases the BTS sensitivty with repeater under the BTS
sensitivity at the repeater antenna level, indicating a larger coverage area for the BTS
than for the FOR.
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Fiber Optics
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Powerwave
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
7. Passive Devices
This chapter describes those passive components that are used to build optical fiber
networks with two or more nodes.
These devices are:
•
•
•
•
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
OSP, Optical splitters, page 7-2.
WDM, wavelength division multiplexers, page 7-4.
Fiber optic cables, page 7-6.
Fiber optic connectors, page 7-9.
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
OSP, Optical Splitter
This section describes those types of optical splitters that are used to build repeater fiber
networks. These are variants of three port optical splitters, also called beamsplitters or
tee couplers.
After the general description, the graphic symbol for the optical splitter, and two
examples of splitter usages are found.
Figure 7-1. Three port optical splitter
The optical splitter is used to split an optical signal in a common fiber port into two or
more output fiber ports, and the other way around, that is to combine the signals from
two or more input ports into one common port.
Optical splitters have to be used to interconnect more than two units in a fiber network.
The signal power in the splitter output ports is divided, reducing the signal magnitude in
each of the ports.
The signal magnitude reduction, or power loss, for the common types of optical splitters
for repeater networks are found in the following table.
Splitter type
Loss
50/50 percent
3dB for each of the ports due to the specification.
Typical loss is between 3.2dB and 3.5dB.
5.2dB in the 30% port.
1.5dB in the 70% port.
30/70 percent
Additional loss for optical connectors is approximately 0.5dB per connector.
The table indicates that a 50/50 percent splitter divides the signal power from the
common fiber equally between the output fibers. The splitter has the same loss in the
reverse direction.
A 30/70 percent splitter divides the signal power from the common fiber in a part with
30% of the common power and another part with 70% of the common power. The
splitter has the same loss in the reverse direction.
Other types of splitters, such as 90/10, 95/5, and 99/1 percent are not used for repeater
networks.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Graphic Symbol
50
30
50
70
70
30
Figure 7-2. Optical splitter graphic symbol
Figure 7-2 shows the following three variants of an optical splitter graphic symbol
(according to the EIA/TIA-587):
A – A 50/50 percent splitter used for simplex splitting, from the common fiber to the
two output fibers.
B – A 30/70 percent splitter used for simplex combining, from the two input fibers to
the common fiber.
C – A 30/70 percent splitter used for duplex splitting/combining between the
common fiber and the two input/output fibers.
Examples
These examples illustrate two networks using optical splitters.
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Figure 7-3. Optical splitters in a simplex network
Figure 7-3 shows a simplex network using optical splitters. The common fiber is divided
into four output parts with 25% of the common power each.
30
70
50
50
Figure 7-4. Optical splitters in a duplex network
Figure 7-4 shows a duplex network using optical splitters. The common fiber is divided
into three parts with 30 – 35% of the common power each.
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Fiber Optics
Powerwave
WDM, Wavelength Division Multiplexer
This section describes those types of optical multipexers that are used to build repeater
fiber networks. These are 1310nm and 1550nm WDMs.
After the general description, the graphic symbol for the multiplexer, and an example of
WDM usage are found.
Figure 7-5. Three port WDM, Wavelength Division Multiplexer
A WDM is used to split two or more signals of different wavelengths in a common fiber
port into two or more output fiber ports, and the other way round, that is to combine
signals of different wavelengths from two or more input ports into one common port.
The WDM has a very low insertion loss, approximately 1dB. Additional loss for optical
connectors is approximately 0.5dB per port.
The WDM has two important characteristics, crosstalk and channel separation.
•
Crosstalk, also called directivity, is the WDM’s ability to separate the demultiplexed
channels. Each channel should appear only in the intended output port, not in any
other output port. The crosstalk or diversity specification is thus a measurement of the
channel isolation.
•
Channel separation is the WDM’s ability to distinguish different wavelengths. In
most WDMs, the wavelengths used has to be widely separated.
There are two different ways to use WDMs with 1310 and 1550nm wavelengths. They
can be used for single direction dual signal transmission, or for bi-directional
transmission, see the following sections.
There are WDMs with a channel separation of 2nm, which is shown in the example
further ahead in this section.
There is also a CWDM type (Coarse WDM) that has a channel separation of 20nm. This
type of CWDM with a wider channels spacing can be used for laser emitters that have
high spectral width or thermal drift. CWDM systems support transmission distances up
to 50km.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Bi-directional transmission
Bi-directional, or duplex, transmission can be used to simultaneously communicate in
both directions over the same fiber.
Figure 7-6 shows the principle of this communication type.
1310nm
TX – 1310nm
RX – 1310nm
WDM
WDM
1550nm
RX – 1550nm
TX – 1550nm
Figure 7-6. Bi-directional transmission
Graphic Symbol
DX
Figure 7-7. WDM graphic symbol
Figure 7-7 shows the graphic symbol for the optical WDM, Wavelength Division
Multiplexer (according to the EIA/TIA-587).
Example
This example illustrates a duplex transmission using WDMs and optical splitters.
1550nm
1550nm
DX
1308nm
1550nm
1310nm
DX O
DX O
30
70
50
50
1550nm
1312nm
DX O
1308nm
1310nm
1312nm
Figure 7-8. Duplex transmission with WDMs
Figure 7-8 shows a duplex fiber network with different wavelengths for downlink and
uplink. The master unit transmits 1550nm and receives 1308nm, 1310nm, and 1312nm
from the three slave units.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Fiber Optic Cables
Fiber optic 9/125µm single-mode patch cables for Powerwave repeaters are normally
delivered with the system.
Recommended backbone cables: Single-mode 9/125µm fiber optic cables.
Single-mode 9/125µm fiber optic cables have a very good bandwidth-distance product
and a low cable loss, see below.
To add cable length, permanent splices are generally used outside buildings while
connectors are generally used inside buildings. Permanent slices are described below,
connectors are described in the next section.
Bandwidth-distance product
The bandwidth-distance product (MHz km) for this cable type is higher than 20,000
for both 1310nm and 1550nm. As a comparison, a 50/125µm multi-mode cable has a
product between 300 and 1,500.
Cable loss
The cable loss is found in the following table.
Wavelength
Loss
1310nm
1550nm
0.35dB per kilometer.
0.20dB per kilometer.
Additional loss for optical connectors is approximately 0.5dB per connector.
The following diagram illustrates the attenuation differences between some copper
coaxial cables and the single-mode fiber cable.
600
RG-58
500
400
dB/km
300
RG-62
RG-11,
RG-6U
200
RG-8
100
SM
10
50
100
200
400
700 MHz
Figure 7-9. Attenuation for copper coaxial cables and fiber cable
Figure 7-9 shows the attenuation for RG-58, RG-62, RG-11, RG-8, RG-6U and singlemode fiber (SM).
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
The best of the copper coaxial cables, RG-8, has an attenuation of approximately 100dB/
km at a frequency of 300MHz. This means that only 0.00000001% of the source power
remains after a distance of 1km. In a 1550nm single-mode fiber cable of the same length,
approximately 95% of the source power remains. This example is applicable for a
splice-less cable with no other devices connected.
Miscellaneous fiber cable characteristics
Minimum bend radius for this cable type is 12mm.
The operating temperature range for the most common 9/125µm fiber cabels is –60°C
to +85°C. The lowest temperature causes more trouble than the highest temperature.
Permanent splices
When a fiber cable has to be lengthened, the lowest attenuation and backreflection is
obtained by performing a permanent fiber to fiber splice. Connectors can be used for the
same purpose, but normally they have higher attenuation and backreflection. Permanent
splices are also less expensive.
There are two main types of permanent fiber to fiber splices, fusion splice and
mechanical splice.
Fusion splice
Fusion splice implies that the two cleaved fiber ends are butted together and heated
until they fuse. To be able to perform this type of splice, a fusion splicer is required.
This device has, in addition to an alignment and welding mechanism, also camera
or microscope for supervision of the alignment and fuse procedures, and
instruments to measure the power through the fiber splice.
The attenuation through a correctly performed fusion splice can be as low as
0.05dB.
Mechanical splice
Mechanical splice implies that the two cleaved fiber ends are joined into a structure,
or fixed together with epoxy. To be able to perform this type of splice, a splicer
device is required, which is less expensive than a fusion splicer.
The easiest way to perform a mechanical splice is to use a thin capillary tube in
which the two fiber ends are inserted until they are in contact with each other. This
method is called capillary splicing.
A mechanical splice may have a slightly higher loss and backreflection than a
fusion solice. There is, however, index-matching gel to reduce this loss and
backreflection.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Powerwave Patch Cables
Powerwave can provide a number of fiber patch cables with connectors for various
applications. The following list contains some examples of these fiber cables.
Connector A
DIN/APC
DIN/APC
DIN/APC
DIN/APC
Connector B
DIN/APC
DIN/APC
DIN/APC
DIN/APC
Length
2m
5m
10m
25m
Part #
PM403 07/4
PM403 07/2
PM403 07/1
PM403 07/3
DIN/APC
DIN/APC
DIN/APC
DIN/APC
FC/APC
FC/APC
FC/APC
FC/APC
2m
5m
10m
25m
PM403 01/4
PM403 01/2
PM403 01/1
PM403 01/3
DIN/APC
DIN/APC
DIN/APC
DIN/APC
FC/PC
FC/PC
FC/PC
FC/PC
2m
5m
10m
25m
PM403 02/4
PM403 02/3
PM403 02/1
PM403 02/2
DIN/APC
SC/APC
10m
PM403 05/1
DIN/APC
SC/PC
10m
PM403 04/1
DIN/APC
DIN/APC
ST
ST
2m
10m
PM403 03/2
PM403 03/1
FC/APC
FC/APC
FC/APC
FC/APC
2m
10m
PM403 09/1
PM403 09/2
FC/PC
FC/APC
10m
PM403 06/1
As the number of cable lengths and connector combinations grow, please contact your
nearest Powerwave representative for information about currently available cables.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Fiber Optic Connectors
There are a number of fiber optic connector types that have different charactersistics,
advantages, and disadvantages. There are, however, three basic connector parts that all
of these types have in common. These are the connector body, the ferrule, and the
coupling device.
Figure 7-10 illustrates a typical fiber connector in which these three parts, and other
main parts, are pointed out.
Fiber cable
Bend relief boot
Coupling device
Alignment sleeve
Crimp ferrule
Retaining ring
Connector body
Knurled coupling nut
Ferrule
Figure 7-10. Typical fiber optic connector
Connector body
The connector body, or connector housing, holds the ferrule in a center line of the
connector. The connector body is generally made of metal or plastic and it can
consist of one or many pieces.
Ferrule
The ferrule holds and align the fiber. The ferrule is, when inserted in the coupler,
guided by an alignment sleeve to the right position to meet the connected fiber with
a minimum of misalignment.
The ferrule end and the fiber end are aligned in the same plane. The fiber face is
polished in this plane to minimize power loss. Hackles, lips, fractures, and dirt at
this face cause scattering and thus power loss.
Ferrules are typically made of metal or ceramic, but can also be made of plastic.
Coupling device
A coupling device, such as an alignment sleeve, is used instead of male and female
connectors common to electric devices.
Fiber optic transmitters and receivers, as well as splitters and WDMs, often have the
coupling devices built-in and can thus be connected with applicable cable
connectors.
Connector insertion loss
All connectors have an insertion loss of 0.5dB.
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Fiber Optics
Powerwave
Connector Types
The most common fiber optic connectors for Powerwave repeaters are briefly described
below.
DIN
These are keyed, spring-loaded connectors with floating sleeves in the couplers. They
have threaded coupling nuts.
DIN/APC, see APC connectors below.
FC
The ferrule in a FC connector has face contact (FC) with the joined connector. This type
has a threaded coupling nut.
FC/APC, see APC connectors below.
FC/PC, see PC connectors below.
SC
The subscription channel (SC) connector is a push-pull connector that gives a click
sound when pushed in or pulled out. The ferrule in this connector is decoupled from the
cable and the connector body, which means that the ferrule is not affected by cable
touches.
SC/APC, see APC connectors below.
SC/PC, see PC connectors below.
ST
The straight tip (ST) connector has a spring-loaded bayonet coupling that makes the
ferrule not rotate during connection, which means that the insertion loss is consistent.
APC connectors
All APC connector types are angle polished connectors (APC). In such a connector, the
ferrule with the fiber end face is not at straight angle to the fiber center axis (typical
deviation for the connectors used is 8° but a deviation of 5° to 15° is common). These
connectors have a low backreflection.
PC connectors
All PC connector types have the ferrule with the fiber end face polished in a certain
curve for physical contact (PC). These connectors have a low backreflection.
E2000 connectors
The E2000 connector has a ceramic ferrule and a moulded plastic body that includes a
push-pull latch mechanism. This connector has a spring loaded protective cap over the
ferrule that protects the fiber end face from dirt and dust and also protects from laser
emission.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Handling Connectors
Always have in mind that the fiber area in a fiber optic connector is very small. The
diameter of the fiber in a single-mode connector is only 9µm. Compared to a human hair,
which is between 50 and 75µm, the fiber diameter is only about a seventh of that
diameter.
This means that a very small particle on the fiber end face causes trouble. A dust particle,
1µm in size, can suspend indefinitely in the air. On the fiber end face in a connector, this
particle can cause a loss of 1dB. A 9µm dust particle can completely put an end to the
signal.
Dust particles are usually 20µm or larger in diameter.
This makes it necessary to cover and clean optical connectors as described below.
Covering
An optical connector that is not in use must always be covered.
If, for example, an unprotected connector is dropped, the fiber end face may be damaged
when it reaches the floor.
A protection boot is usually provided by the connector manufacturer. It should protect
the entire connector, but at least the ferrule.
Cleaning
Always clean optical connectors immediately before inserting them into the coupling
ports. But, wait until the cleaning liquid has get absolutely dry.
Use the following cleaning equipment:
•
•
•
•
Fiber cleaning cloths.
Denaturated alcohol.
Canned dry air.
30X microscope (for cleaning verification).
Clean as follows:
1. Ensure the laser transmitter is off.
2. Clean by using a cleaning device.
Or:
– Saturate the fiber cleaning cloth with alcohol and clean the entire connector,
especially the ferrule with the fiber end face. The cloth must not be dry.
– Verify the cleaning result by using the microscope.
– Canned air can be used to remove particles from the coupling port. Do not use
cleaning liquid in the coupling port.
– Never touch the fiber end face.
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Fiber Optics
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VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
8. Troubleshooting
This troubleshooting guide is applicable to a BMU connected to a BTS. The BMU is
also the master unit in a fiber optic network built-up with FON units, one in the BMU
and one in each of the connected repeaters.
This guide assumes that no gateway is available in the repeater network, and that alarms
are indicated via an alarm relay in the BMU.
At the BMU site
1. Inspect the BTS and BMU sites.
If a general inspection of the BTS site does not explain the cause of the error, then
open the cabinet of the BMU.
2. Check the power in the BMU.
This includes the BMU power supply and the fuse in the distribution panel.
If a replacement of the PSU does not solve the problem, then check the power
distribution cable from the PSU to the FON unit.
3. Check the red FAULT and the green FLI/F2F indicators.
If neither the red FAULT indicator in the BMU or the green FLI/F2F indicator are
blinking, then the FON unit is not communicating properly with any of the remote
repeaters.
If there are more than one repeater in the repeater network, then the problem is
most likely related to the fiber at the BMU site, or the fiber cable between the
BMU and the repeaters.
4. Measure the received uplink 1310nm optical power from the repeater at the patch
cables in the BMU.
If the measured optical power is higher than –10dBm, then proceed with step 5.
If there is no optical power, then check the signal power at the patch panel.
5. Measure the optical uplink power at the RX port of the current FON unit.
If the signal power is OK, then proceed with step 6.
If there is no power in the RX port, then clean the connectors and measure again.
If there is still no power in the RX port, then replace the FOU unit with the passive
devices (keep the FON board). The problem is very likely related to a
misfunctioning splitter or WDM.
6. Measure the optical downlink transmitting power at the TX port of the same FON
unit.
If the signal power is not OK, then replace the FON board.
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Fiber Optics
Powerwave
At the repeater site
7. Repeat from step 2 to step 6 but now in the repeater.
8. If there are further repeaters in the network, then measure the optical output power
to the next repeater.
If there is no power, then the problem most likely refers to the optic splitter.
Replace the FOU unit with the passive devices (keep the FON board).
A misfunctioning splitter can also be the cause of lost repeaters between the BMU
and the current site.
9. As soon as the optical system works, log on to the repeater and read the RF
information in the event log.
If the error is caused by the RF system, then copy all settings from the current RF
unit into a new RF unit and replace the RF unit.
The quickest way to determine if the RF level is OK in the repeater is to log on to
the repeater and check the RSSI values for the BCCH channel. This value should
be between –40dBm and –50dBm.
If the RSSI value is not between these values and the FON unit works properly,
then measure the RF level from the FOU to the repeater DC coupler using a
sitemaster, spectrum analyser, or similar.
If the loss is 20dB or more, then the LNA amplifier or the DPX filter is
misfunctioning.
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Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Index
Index
Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... v
APC connectors ............................................................................................... 7-10
BATT, green LED .............................................................................................
Beamsplitter .....................................................................................................
BOOT, red LED ................................................................................................
3-7
7-2
3-7
Capillary splicing ..............................................................................................
CHARGE, yellow LED .......................................................................................
Commissioning .................................................................................................
7-7
3-7
6-1
DATA, blue LED .............................................................................................. 3-7
DIN connectors ............................................................................................... 7-10
E2000 connectors ............................................................................................ 7-10
ESD ................................................................................................................ 1-6
FAULT, red LED .............................................................................................. 3-7
FC connectors ................................................................................................. 7-10
Fiber-Optic Node ............................................................................................... 3-1
FLI ................................................................................................................. 5-2
FLI, green LED ................................................................................................. 3-6
F-link .............................................................................................................. 5-2
F-net ............................................................................................................... 5-2
F-net characteristics ........................................................................................... 5-4
FON ................................................................................................................ 3-1
FON operational control ................................................................................... 3-11
FON unit .......................................................................................................... 5-6
Fusion splice ..................................................................................................... 7-7
Fusion splicer ................................................................................................... 7-7
Graphic symbol, optical splitter ............................................................................
Graphic symbol, WDM .......................................................................................
7-3
7-5
Introduction ......................................................................................................
IP ...................................................................................................................
IP network ........................................................................................................
IP network requirements .....................................................................................
IP terminology ..................................................................................................
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5-2
5-1
5-3
5-2
I-1
Index
Fiber Optics
Powerwave
Link
................................................................................................................ 5-2
Mechanical splice
............................................................................................... 7-7
Net and link ......................................................................................................
Node units ........................................................................................................
5-2
5-5
OPER, green LED .............................................................................................. 3-7
Operational control, FON .................................................................................. 3-11
Optical splitter ................................................................................................... 7-2
Optical splitter graphic symbol ............................................................................. 7-3
OSP ................................................................................................................. 7-2
PC connectors ................................................................................................. 7-10
Port section
LOCAL O&M .............................................................................................. 3-9
Ports
P101 RF input ............................................................................................... 3-8
P102 RF output ............................................................................................. 3-8
P103 RF low power output .............................................................................. 3-8
P104 Debug ................................................................................................. 3-9
P105 Front LED indicators .............................................................................. 3-9
P106 PC ...................................................................................................... 3-9
P108 Power .................................................................................................. 3-9
P109 Alarm .................................................................................................. 3-9
P110 W-link jumper ..................................................................................... 3-10
P111 WLI .................................................................................................. 3-10
P112 WLI .................................................................................................. 3-10
P113 Batteries ............................................................................................ 3-10
P114 Backup power output ............................................................................ 3-10
P115 Future port ......................................................................................... 3-10
P116 Power .................................................................................................. 3-9
P130 RCC .................................................................................................. 3-10
RX ............................................................................................................. 3-8
TX .............................................................................................................. 3-8
POWER, yellow LED ......................................................................................... 3-7
Questionnaire
................................................................................................... Q-1
R2R ....................................................................................................... 3-4,
R2R net ............................................................................................................
R2R terminology ...............................................................................................
5-2
5-2
5-2
Safety ..............................................................................................................
beryllium oxide .............................................................................................
electric shock ................................................................................................
hydrogen fluoride ..........................................................................................
laser transmitter ............................................................................................
I-2
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
1-1
1-1
1-1
1-1
1-2
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Index
lithium battery .............................................................................................. 1-1
polytetrafluoro ethylene ................................................................................. 1-1
PTFE .......................................................................................................... 1-1
SC connectors ................................................................................................. 7-10
Single-Mode Fiber ............................................................................................. 8-1
SLW ...................................................................................................... 3-4, 5-2
ST connectors ................................................................................................. 7-10
Static electricity ................................................................................................. 1-6
Tee coupler
Terminology
...................................................................................................... 7-2
..................................................................................................... 5-2
Wavelength Division Multiplexer .........................................................................
WDM graphic symbol ........................................................................................
WLI ....................................................................................................... 3-4,
WLI, green LED ................................................................................................
W-link .............................................................................................................
W-net ..................................................................................................... 3-4,
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
7-4
7-5
5-2
3-7
5-2
5-2
I-3
Index
Fiber Optics
I-4
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
Powerwave
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
Questionnaire
Questionnaire
The aim of this manual is to guide you when installing and operating the Powerwave
repeaters, and to answer questions that may turn up. To ensure that we provide
appropriate information for these purposes, we would appreciate your views and
suggestions on how to improve the manual in this direction. Please, fill out the following
questionnaire and send it to us.
Have you read entire sections or do you use the manual to look up specific information
when needed?
‰ Read entire sections
‰ Look up specific information
Comments: ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Do you think the information is easy to find and understand?
‰ Yes
‰ No
Comments: ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Do you find any function of the Powerwave repeater hard to understand, a function
which should be subjected to more detailed description?
‰ Yes
‰ No
If yes, which one: ______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Do you have any suggestions on how we can improve this manual?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Title (Mr/Ms/Other): ________________________________ Initial:_________________________________________________________
Surname: _________________________________________ Job title:_______________________________________________________
Company: _________________________________________ Address:_______________________________________________________
City: _____________________________________________ Country: _______________________ Phone:_________________________
Thanks for your kind help. It's very valuable to us.
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
Q-1
Questionnaire
Powerwave
Fiber Optics
POSTAGE
STAMP
Powerwave Technologies Sweden AB
Customer Care
SE-187 80 Täby
Sweden
If you prefer to send by mail, fold here and tape.
No envelope required.
If you prefer to send by fax, use this number:
Q-2
Rev. P1A9-Draft 2004-11
+46 8 540 824 85
VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual

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