Proxim Wireless U5358-480 U-NII Radio User Manual Part 2

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Tsunami FAMiLY
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i INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL
Multiplex JULYZOOO
4.2 Changing Frequency Plans
The Tsunami RF frequency selections are listed in Section 3.5. The near-end radio and the far-
end radlo must be corresponding (eg. A1 i’ A2). The frequency of a given Tsunamiterminel is set
by the specific tiller, the physlcai orientation 0! this assembly, and a setting within the CONFIG
port (or NMS configuration instructions, Section 4.11). With respect to a given filter, the
frequencies are fixed, because tuned RF filters are required for normal operation. Changing ot the
(ore-tuned) radio frequencies may be required when installing spares or tor special situations,
such as interterence mitigation. This is accomplished by installing an alternate lilter.
A71" It is not necessary to remove the cover assembly of the Tsunami
life-7
1. Remove any cables connected to the antenna connector on the dipiexer (filter) and then
remove the two screws that mount the filter to the Tsunami chessts.
2. Slowly remove the filter trom the chassis being careful to not endanger the cables that are
connected to the rear side at the tiller.
3. Disconnect the two SMA connectors that are attached to the rear oi the filter with a 5/16”
open end wrench.
4. Select the new filter such that the trequency channel label on the filter corresponds to the
desired frequency channel (or rotate filter it applicable — see note below).
5. Connect the two SMA connectors to the new or reoriented filter with the 5/18" open end
wrench.
Slowly place the wired litter assembly so that it is flush with the rear panel.
Install the two screws that mount the filter to the rear panel.
8. Modifythe operating frequency as described in the CONFIG menus (Section 4.11)
11221! Single—band versions of this radio can be intemhanged from
“Q A1 to A2 by changing (but no! rotating) the tnstalied filter.
After filter is changed, the frequency settings within the
configuration menu (NMS) must be changed to match the
installed filler.
Dual-band versions of this radio also can change channels,
but the ofientatiun of low-side or high-side transmit must be
retained That is, an A1 radio can only be changed into a 51
radio Mm a new filter, but not into an A2 or a B2. Likewise.
the AZ radio can oniybe changed into a 52 radio with a new
filter, out not into on At or BI. The diplexer fillers can go on
any radio and must be properly oriented. After filter is
changed, the frequency setting within the configuration menu
{NMS} must be arranged to match the installed filter.
PAGE 4-2
SECTiDN 4: TROUBLESHOOTING
lNSTALLATlON AND MMNTENANCE MANUAL
Tsunami FAMlLY ,
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4.3 Using 0 Spare Terminal
For dual-band units, a spare oi each hand may be required. For single‘band unris, one spare
Tsunami terminal will service both channel orientations. See Section 4.2 for changrng lrequanciss
01a spare radial
Customers wilh several radlos, or radios in critical aperaiinns are encouraged to purchase one or
more spare radius of each model in thelr system. This will allow rapid restoration of radio service
in the unlikely event at a radio lallurel
SECTION 4: TROUBLESHOOTlNG PAGE 4-3
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4.4 Technical Support
Western Multiplex provides 24-hour telephone technical support for installed Tsunami radios.
Customers are encouraged to troubleshnpt the radio and link in accordance with the latter part of
this section in this manual before Dentacring Western Muitiplsx‘ Weslsm Multiplex also has a
limited supply of Tsunami radios that can be learned to aural-service customers tor installation
while units are being repaired. Loaner supply is limited, and is only used for critical applications on
a first-come, firstserved basis.
Customer service it: +1 408 542-5390
E—
FAGE 4-4 SECTION 4: TROUBLESHOOTING
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JULY 2000
WESTERN
lNSTALLATIGN AND MAlNTENANCE MANUAL
@ M u l i i p l e x
4.5 Repair Policy
The Tsunami terminal includes comprehensive alarm indicators designed to diagnose potential
faults. Should a fault occur, it ollen may be resolved by operator adjustment
Should a fault occur that cannot be resolved by operator adjustment and has been confirmed by
looping terminals togelher on the bench (See Section 4.9). then the equipment should be relumed
to the tactory {or repair.
The Tsunami radio is a complex system not destgneo for user repair. Do not remove the cover or
open any part at the Tsunami terminal. The complete Tsunami terminal should be sent back in its
original packing material Ior factory repair.
Please contact the factory in advance at returning the product. You will be assigned a Fletum
Material Authorization (RMA) number that authorizes your return. Units sent to the lactory Without
an HMA number may be delayed in the processing of the repair. Be sure to include the following
information:
6 RMA number
‘1' descriplion oi the problem
c.
your name and telephone number
p return shipping address
~:‘ urgency cl repair
M Please reler to the published Warranty policy for repair policy
Lia; details.
. Tsunanu’ radios should be packaged in their original packing
E boxes for shipment whenever possible Western Multiplex can
provide an empty box shipment to facilitate pmper packaging.
Regardless, proper and adequate packaging mus? be used for
shipments to protect the radlofs) lrorn damage. Weslem
Multiplex can not be held responsible for any repairs due to
inadequately packed marenais. Damage caused by improper
packing will likely result in higher repair costs and delays {refer
to me Warranty section ai the beginning of lhis manual),
——————_——_—
SECTlON 4:1'HOUBLESHOOTlNC-i PAGE 4~5
7Sllflfiml FAMILV
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4.6 Front Panel Status LEDs
There are several front panel status LEDs on the Tsunami radio. These LEDs indicate conditions
where either a hardware failure has occurred or the radio link is not optimum, in many cases, a
combination of LEDs may be illuminated The following sections describe the necessary
troubleshooting procedures should any LED(s) lndicate a problem during or after installation.
Radio Fail
FlF Link
TXD
Green = Radio hardware (1K,
Fted = Hardware failure detected
Green = Error-tree operation
Yellow = Blt errors occurring
Red = Excessive bit errors or radio link failure
Flashing = Link ID mismatched
Green = ‘lDDBaseT data nensrrut present
‘ Yellow = tDOBeseT port connected (no data present)
on = No tnoflaseT connection detected
Green = tocBaseT oata receive present
Yellow = tnosaseT port connected (no data present)
on = No 1 {mBaseT connection detected
COLL Yellow = Collisions occurring on 1OOBaseT (hall-duplex mode)
FAR END Red = Alarmls) present on the tar-end radio"
NMS (1 DBaseT)
T1 INPUT
“ Radio Fall, FtF Llnk [yellow or red), T1 input (yellow or red)
RXD
Green = Tx or Rx data present on the NMS interface
Yellow = NMS inlerlace connected (no data present)
Otl = No NMS interlace connection detected
Green = Alarm enabled and T1 connechon detected
Red = Alarm enabled and no T1 connection detected
Yellow = Alarm disabled and T1 connection detected
Otl = Alarm cisebled and no T1 connection detected
M“
PAGE be SECTION 4: TROUBLESHOOTING
Tsunami FAMILY
FAST ETHERNET WIRELESS BHiDGES
JULY 2000
WESTERN
INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL g
M u l t i p l e x
4.6.1 RF LINK Alarm
Functlon:
This LED indicates that the demodulator function is not synchronizing with the intended received
signal.
Possible Causes:
v Severe path fading due to atmospheric conditions, usually accompanied by low RSL
voltage reading
~t~ Poor transmission line connections usually accompanied by low RSL voltage reading
.;. Antenna prooiems, misalignment, or path clearance usually accompanied by low RSL
voltage reading
it improper radio settings (eg. frequency channel)
r? Received signal level iFtSL) is too strong
~.~ Interference
~t~ Far-End radio transmitter circuitry is laulty
o Near-End radio reoeivercircuitry is faulty
4: Link security tD not the same for each radio
Recommended Actlons:
Check the following at each end at the link:
e Verify that rear panel litters are opposite channel plans on each and (eg. one is A1 and
other is A2).
4- Verity that radio trequency settings match each installed filter (in NMS menus).
4' Verify that all connections between radios and antennas are secure and all devices
between radios and antennas are rated for the radio frequency band (5.3/5.8 GHz).
Measure HSL by placing a voltmeter across ESL and GND teat points. Compare this voltage to
the Factory Test Data Sheet and estimate the ESL in dBm. Compare this to the ESL that was
expected using path calculations (see Section 3.3.3) Press and hold the DISPLAY FAR END
button and measure the tar-end RSl. (while continuing to hold the button). Compare this RSL to
the Factory Test Data Sheet tor the tar-end radio and estimate the HSL in dBm. Again, compare
this RSL to the expected RSL from the link budget calculations.
It HSL from both ends of the radio are approximately the same as each other, but lower than
anticipated tor this installation, then the likely cause at the BER alarms) ls excessive losses
between the radios, Excessive loss problems could include the transmission line at either end. all
adapters. connectors. the antennas, the antenna alignment as well as the path itself (any
obstructions or clearance problems). Antenna alignment. Iine-ot-sight and path clearance should
be verified; lf this does not improve RSL, all devices between the radios and their antennas at
both ends should be checked. Make sure ail transmission line. connectors and any other devices
——-_______——_—_—
SECflON 4: TROUBLESHOOTlNG PAGE 4-7
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are properly rated tor operation at the radio‘s frequency (5.3/5.8 Git-lz).
It only one end has low RSL, this could be caused by low transmit output power from the opposite
and radio. Verify that the transmitter output power of the radio opposite to the low HSL receiver
has been set in accordance to path calculations, or ElFtP restrictions (where applicable). Power
adjustment must be performed by prolessional installation personnel only. The F’WFt test point
can be used and compared with the Factory Test Data Sheet, the hunt panel recessed
potentiometer can be turned clockwise to increase power. If an RF power meter is available, this
can be connected to the HF output of the radio for precision measurement. This test will also
verify that the radio transmitter is working properly.
It one terminal (or both) has high RSL, this could be caused by a very short path or intarlerence.
To verify the possmle presence or interference, remove DC power to the radio which is opposite to
the one that is reading high RSL. Once power is removed, measure RSL on the remaining radio.
It ESL vortage is lower than that which is listed Ior "Threshold“ in the Factory Test Data Sheet.
then an interlering signal is present. ll interteranoe ls suspecled. the easiest potential remedy is to
swap frequency channels on bond sides cl the link. See Section 42 tor details. Swap terminals at
both ends at the link so the! they are the opposite from their original installation. Alter both ends
are moved, reconnect the radios and determine it the BER alarm is still active. It the BER alarm is
still active, other [reduenoy channels can be installed, or other intederenoe countermeasures can
be tried‘ in accordance with Section 4.8.
li all path related and data input problems have been pursued and the BER alarm is still active,
the problem oould be related to a rain tailure. While radio failure is typically indicated by more
severe alarm conditions, it is possible that one oi the radios may be out of specification, and this
could be the cause of the BER alarm. A back-to-back test will verify proper radio operation. See
Section 4.9 for details. A threshold last on both radios along with a test to verify proper RF output
power would be beneficial.
the factory for repair, A back-to-beck test verifies radio operation
® Perform a back-to-back test before returning any radio ten-moat to
(See Section 4.9),
It the radios successfully pass their baok-to-beck testing, the problem is likely with the path or the
connections between the radio and the antenna or interference. Before reinstalling the radios, be
sure to set the output power to the appropriate level for the installation.
“a
PAGE 4-8 SECTION 4 TROUBLESHOOTING
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INSTALLATlON AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL 6
M u l i i p I e x
4.6.2 RADIO FAIL Alarm
Function:
The RADIO FAIL alarm indicates a known problem with the radio hardware.
Posslble Causes:
x” Internal syntheSizers are unlocked
% Inlernai digital eireuils have lailsd
Recommended Actions:
1. Remove power from the unit.
2. Check to make sure power supply voltages are wiIhin specification.
3. Even ii the voltages were wilhin specification, reapply power to the unit.
4. If RADIO FAIL alarm clears, place the radio back into service.
5. If RADIO FAlL alarm does no! clear, perform a back-m-back lest to verily radio operation, as
described in Section 4.9.
6. If FIADIO FAIL alarm ls still active in a back-Io-back liesl, relum the radio to the factory for
repair (see Section 4.5).
SECTION 4: TROUBLESHOOTING PAGE 4-9
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4.6.3 FAR END Alarm
Function:
This LED indicates thai there Is an alarm condition present on the far-end radio, When the
DISPLAY FAR END button is pressed iand held), the status LEDs indicate the aiarm conditions of
(he tar-end radio.
Possible Cause:
6- One or more alarm condifionis] exist on the far-end radio
Recommendad'Aclions:
1, Press and hoid the DISPLAY FAFI END button and observe the LED status.
2. FoIIow instructions Ior lroubIeshooIing ihe var-end radio In accordance to the appropriate
LEDs which are in aIarm, as described in Section 4.6.1 through 4.6.4.
PAGE 44 0 SECTION 4: TROUBLESHOOTING
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JULY ZUDU
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4.7 Errors in the Data Stream
When the radio is in sen/ice. errors in the data stream may occur. This is usually known to the
operator by either iautly data indications oi downstream equipment or external bit error rate
testing.
it is possible that no alarms appear on the tram panel during normal operations, but there are
errors present in the data stream Some errors will not result in no alarm (such as bipolar
violations, stow I'dribbling' errors, improperly terminated connections or incorrect settings), but will
be exhibited on downstream data processing equipment or during a BER test. in other cases.
there may be data errors due to atmospheric conditions (fading), interference or other reasons,
but not at a high enough error level to be indicated with the BER alarm LED. in the case 01 these
types of errors, the tollowing information can be helpful to troubleshoot the radio link.
Indications:
0 During extemal BER test, test equipment indicates errors
4» Downstream equipment (mux. channel bank, CDDEC, router, etc.) indicates errors
Possible Causes:
0 Path fading due to atmospheric conditions
~2' Poor transmission line connections
v Antenna problems, misalignment or path clearance
<- Flecetved signal level (ESL) is too strong
c- Far-End radio transmitter circuitry is taulty
0 Near-End radio receiver circuitry is faulty
r}
Intederence
Recommended Actions:
it Verify 1 ODBaseT wiring.
2, Follow the instructions deserted in Section 4.6.1
——m
SECTION 4‘ TROUBLESHOOTENG PAGE 4—11
Tsunami FAMILY
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4.8 Interference Countermeasures
The recommended interference countermeasures available to the Tsunami operator are as
tollows:
1. Short Paths
The single most atlsctive countermeasure against interlerence is to maintain ‘short path" length,
This may be achieved by rividing long paths into multiple small paths by cascading hops.
Intermediate repeaters may be termed using back-to-back Tsunami terminals and transmit output
power reduced, It required.
By detlnltion. “short pa " is defined as a path where fades are extremely rare and signal levels
vary by no more than 3:3 dB during lattes. This distance will vary with the RF lrequency. Typically
a "short path" is det‘rned as any path length shorter than 5 miles at 5.3/5.8 GHz
2. Narrow Beam Antennas (high gain)
This is the next most effective countermeasure. Narrow beam antennas ensure that the
transmitted power is sent in a single direction and this minimizes the possibility of causing
interterence inadvertently to other users. Nanow beam antennas also reject off-azimuth signals
being received from potential sources at interterence and have high gain which boasts desired
receive levels and improves the carrier to intenerenoe ratio. When selecting narrow beam
antennas. it is helpful to know that larger antennas generally outperform smaller antennas.
Another important antenna specification ls the tront-to-back ratio which ensures rejection ot
unwanted signals from azrmuth angles behind the antenna.
3. Frequency Selection
This is another very ellectlve countermeasure. The Tsunami radio otters several distinct non-
overlapping frequency channel plans (see Sections 3.5 and 4.2) and the radios RF filter is able to
reject interterence more than 10 MHz away from the receive frequency. Ofiset frequencies
combined with other ccuntenneasures may enable several receive channels to operate at a single
hub site. Because of the limited spreading ratio used, frequency selection is more efficient than
code selection for interference reiaction when operating multiple Tsunami terminate at a single
site. Interlerenoe can often be Overcome by exchanging frequencies of both-ends oi the radio link
(e.g. change your Al terminal to an A2 and change the other end from an A2 to an A1 ). Also,
changing channel plans (eg. from A to B) can be very eltective. (See Section 4.2).
PAGE 4-l 2 SECTiON 4: TROUBLESHOOTING
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4. Antenna Pularizaliun
Cross-polarized antennas can provide approximately 20 tn 30 dB discrimination of unwanted
signals. The actual discrimination wrll depend upon the antenna design and any rotation of
pulerizatinn along the path, for example, due to reflections. Discrimination only exists between two
orthogonal pdiarizaticns:
- vertical vs. hon'zontal or
- left-hand circular vs. right-hand circular
There is only 3 dB discrimination between circular and linear (vertical or horizontal) polarization.
lnterlerence can sometimes be overcome by changing antenna polarization at both ends of the
link.
5. Transmit Power
The maximum level into the rewiver is -30 dBm. Above this level, errors may occur in the receive
data stream. Transmit output power should be reduced on very short paths to avord overload.
E. EquipmenVAntenna Lnnatiun
Occasionally, interference is caused by the radio or the antenna being too close to another similar
transmitter. Movrng the radio, the antennas. or the interlen'ng equipment can reduce or eliminate
interlerence.
1 : Interference countermeasures rely to some extent on the .
1?“ measurement of the received interference level and frequency.
/ " Prior in turning up a new Prop, a spectrum analyzer can be used
to monitor the spectrum at each end to check for possible
rnreden’ng signals. See Section 4.8.1 ior more details.
SECTlON 4: TROUBLESHOOTING PAGE 4-13
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4.8.1 Use at a Spectrum Analyzer to Evaluate Potential lnierterence
Connecting to the antenna and using “peak hold" on a spectrum analyzer, the spectrum across
the receive lrequency range at the radio can be swept and any signals being received at levels
above the radio’s specilied threshold identified. it potenlial intertering signals are tound, then the
Tsunami trequencv plan can be changed to avoid a receive channel which may contain significant
interterence (see Section 4.2).
For example, interference may be reduced by moving tron-l the A11A2 plan to the 81/82 plan or by
swapping terminals or RF lllters so that A1 becomes A2.
Signals outside the receiver frequency range may be ignored:
@ they writ nut cause mtederencet
it a spectrum analyzer is not available, the FEEL voltage can be used to indicate the background
noise and interlerence level within the receiver RF filter band when the tar-end transmitter is
turned oft. With the tar-end radio turned oft, it an ESL voltage level below the radio‘s threshold
level is measured, there is potentially interterence in this trequency channel.
_ When using a spectrum analyzer for determining the presence
'3 " of interference, very narrow resolution bandwidth settings must
“ be used to detect signals down to the radio’s threshold
(approximately -80 dBm, depencfing on radio type).
__.___—___—_—_—_
FAG; 4." SECTlON 4; TROUBLESHOOTING
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JULY 2000
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@ 4 M u I l i p I e x
4.9 Bock-lo-chk Testing
Back-to—back testing. as shown in Figure 44, is an ideal method oi testing the Tsunami radios.
This testing eliminates Irnk problems caused by auxiliary equipment. installation, or the radio path
and isolates potential radio hardware problems. Back—to-baok testing must be periormed with both
radios at the same location. The following test equipment is required:
v DC power source capabte of supplying approximately 90 Watts (total) to the radios (or
two AC adapters}
v1~ One law-loss coaxial cable. N-lo-N male
4' One {or more) coaxial in-line calibrated fixed attenuators, 40 lo 30 dB total attenuation
The toilowing test equipment may also be uselul to perform further testing of the Tsunami radio:
-:~ BEH tester
4- Variable (60 dB range or more) RF attenuator (rated for the proper lrequency, 2.4 or 5.8
GHz)
6- RF power meter
«Wm Baolc-to-back testing must be performed to verify a radio
E problem before ratumrng any radio to the factory for repair.
When the equipment is connected as shown in Figure 4-1. both Tsunami radios should have no
alarm conditions. It these conditions have been met. then il is likely that the Tsunami radio is
operating in accordance to specifications. If errors or alarms occur during this test, verily that all
DlP switch settings are properly set. It alarms or errors are still present, the radio is likely to be
taulty.
It iunher troubleshooting is required. a variable RF attenuator can be inserted between the radios
to fade down the path to determine that the threshold specification is being met, The threshold
tests can be run in both directions to isolate the radio problem (ll any). More information testing is
provided in Section 4.10. An RF power meter can be used to individually test each radio’s output
power
———————___—__—_._
SECTION 4. TROUBLESHOOTING PAGE 44 5
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40 dB 40 dB
Coaxia! Cable 3 RF
RF
Figure 4- I: Back-fo-Back Tesi Configuralion
The Tsunami radios man be damaged if appropriate attenuation is
® not suppfied between racfios. You must provide a minflnum 0140
HE and no mure than 80 dB aflenuarfan between the two radios
PAGE A-lG SECTION 4: TROUBLESHOOTING
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4.10 LtNK Testing
Link testing is the preterned way to evaluate a radio link's performance. It can be perlormed from
end-to-end or in link test mode (which tests both directions of the radio path). Figure 4-2 illustrates
a typical test configuration (which may include the radio’s path instead oi in-Iine attenuators).
Figure 42 illustrates a typical test configuration for end-to-end testing.
When perforrning testing, make sure of the following:
- Disconnect all 100BeseT inputs and outputs to both radios.
- Verity ali configuration sailings
Link testing may be pertorrned on the bench, with two terminals back to back, or over the radio
path. Also, it may be pertormed trorn end-to-end (which requires two tooBaseT test sets over a
link, the far-end unit slaved to the near-end unit‘s clock) or in Ioopbadc mooe, as described in
Section 4.9.
lf link testing indicates an unacceptable level at errors, foliow the instructions in Section 4.6.1. or
perform a back-lo-badc test as described in Section 4.9.
Antenna Antenna
4-2—7
RF
Tsunami
Tsunami
Figure 4-2: End-to-End Test Configuration
_—______._____—___——-————_
SECTION 4' TROUBLESHOOTING PAGE 4—17
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4.1] Network Management System (NMS)
The Tsunami ioUBaseT radio platform provides multiple methods of managing the radio network:
1) SNMP
2) Browser (IE, Netscape, etc.) graphical user interface
3) Software upgrade procedure
4) TelNet (viaVT1OO session lsrng Windows?“ Hyperlink)
4.11.1 SNMP
Use your favorite SNMP access software such as HP OpenView.
4.11.2 Browser GUI
Use lnternet ExplorerWI or Netscape“ to access the radio by typing in its lP address. It you are
setting up the radios torthe first time, the default lP address is: 10.0.D.1 You will have to configure
your computer to this domain first by setting its address to 10.0.0.2 and then changing the radio’s
IP to one within the domain of your network. Atter changing one radio‘s IP address (see
Configuration tab] change the other radio’s IF address also, but not to the same address at the
previous radio. Reconfigure the 1P address oi your computer to it‘s original address and then
restart the PC so it is now in the same domain as the radios.
The browser interleoe shows a Virtual" tront panel ol the radro that is addressed. To view the front
panel of the associated far-end radio, click on the window that is located on the virtual tront panel
(see following illustrations). Illustrations on the next few pages at this manual provide details on all
browser screens and operations.
4.11.3 ln-band NMS Set-up
Use a 4-port (or larger) 10/100 switch (recommended as opposed to a hub that will also work) at
each radio to operate the NMS in-oand With the IOOBeseT traltic. The NMS port can have a
unique domain that is valid only with the PC that is being used for network management and
system-wide operational status and will not interfere with "105sz traffic as the radio's MAC
address plus its lP address are unique.
Radios are set at the tactorytc lP addr: “1.0.0.1. Temporally set your PCs domain (write down its
present IP address) to a suggested settrng of PC=10.0.0.5»the PC will force a re-boot. Fla-boot
the PC computer attached to the first radio's toBaseT NMS port and log-in to radio NMS
w/tavorite browser (IE or Netscape) after log-in (managerzmanager). Change the IP address
(Configuration) to an unused one in your domain (it you want to also duange the password at this
time, do this first). Do the same wlth other radio (may have to reboot computer attached to this
other 10.0.0.t radio as the others MAC address does not match the MACllP address the PC
knows about). Set the IP address this radio to a difierent ll= address in your normal operating
domain. Set your PC back to its original domain (will lorce reboot again). This should allow tor
typical LAN operation. Type http:ll1ll.0.D.1findex.htm Ito gain initial access.
PAGE 4-18 SECTION A: TROUBLESHOOTING
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Juuzuuo Mulrvpiex
Login Screen 1
Enter User Name and Password Musing for
the fits: Mme or the radro has been reset use:
F‘JH User Rrghts:
User Name: manager
Password manager
erited UserRrghts:
User Name: aperatar
Password‘ operator
It’s advisable to change the passward setting
on the admmislration (Admin) page to protect
radro semngs‘ configuration and rflegal entry
into the radlo system
Login Screen 2
With default Name and Password
Crick on “Log On“ to gain entry
—______________——-
SECT‘ON 4. TROUBLESHOOTING PAGE 449
@ WESTERN
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL
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Device Screen
Tsunami modei information
Cnnfig umlion 1
The radio’s characteristics can be modified
from (his page The 'Curren!' coiumn indicates
current settings and Ihe ‘New‘ ooiumn the radio
sefiing(s) that can be changed Use the pull-
down menus to select the new setting Then
click on the Set bunon la invoke the setting.
in some cases it may be necessary to “refresh"
the screen to see changes to settings
Weming the Tx/Rx Frequency can not be
changed Without eiso changing the physical
dipIEXEI’.
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6 M u I t i' p l e x
Help Screen
At any t|me. on any page clicklng on Help will
open a sepaiale help window to facilitate
operation ofthe Browser NMS.
Use the help page to provide details on the
configuration settings.
Use the Window close box to dispense with the
help screen when finished.
Configuration 3
Scroll down to see the complete list of radio
configuration settings
Here is where the radio's lP setting can be
modified from the default 10,0111
mun-Am I'iuufidfli m
Note: To return to defaults, power up the radio “is“ ima— m
while depressmg the Imklest button _ i ;
__—_____—___—_———-————
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Performance 1
Runnmg data on the operaflon oftha radio Imk,
To reset the hisiancat data‘ chck on History
Reset
Note atarm bar between front panel depiction
and performance data ' , 7 2 “mm-q
9-434th
wet-aa-
Performance 2
New screen afier resetting hxslory
_______—._._._—_————————
PAGE 4-22 SECTION 4“ TROUBLESHOOTING
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|NSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL 6
M u I 0 i p l e x
Alarms
Both near-end and Far-end information on ma
running status of the hnk are dwsptayed on tms
singte page.
f!
g.
Administration
Change the default password (manager or
operator) for subsequent entry into the browser
NMS.
Click on set after changing the passwofd,
if you forget the password, you must My reset
the radxo by heldlng in the far-end button on the
front of the radio while powering it up
—————._——_
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INSTALLATiON AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL
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Contact Information
The E-msfl and the URL links are active texi if
selected. Each wiil start your email or browser
when either is clicked on,
Linkiailure indication!
If the link is iosL the severely erroreu‘ seconds
Wiil display the smounl of time the link was not
passmg sufficient data.
In this example, the link had almost seven
seconds of corrupt data since the last time the
history had been reset [1271458 seconds or
353 hours or almost 15 days)
_____________.—__.————————
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lNSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL g
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4.11.2.1 NMS Help screen details:
LEDs
Green = Radio hardware O.K.
Radio Fa” Red = Hardware fallure detected
Green = Error-tree operation
Yeliow = Blt errors occurrlng
Red = Excessive bit errors or radio link failure
Green = 1OOBaseT data transmit present
TXD Yellow = 1OOBeseT port connected (no data present)
Off = No 100EaseT connection detected
Green = 1OUBaseT data receive present
RXD Yellow 2 1OOBaseT port connected (no data present)
Off = No 1UDBaseT connection detected
COLL Yeilow = Collisions occurring on 1OOBaseT (naIfAduplex mode)
FAR END Red = Alarm(s) present on the tar-end radio“
Green = Tx or Rx data present on the NMS interface
NMS (1 DBaseT} Yellow = NMS interface connected (no data present)
on = No NMS interface connectlon detected
Green = Alarm enabled and T1 connection detected
Red = Iarm enabled and no T1 connection detected
Yellow = Alarm dlsabled and T1 connectlon detected
Off = Alarm disabled and no T1 connection detected
T1 iNPUT
"" Radio Fall, RF Link (yellow or redL T1 Input (yellow or red)
Configuration
T1 Llne Code AMI/BBZS setting for the T1 lnterface
T1 Llne Euild Out T1 lnter'face line length setting
If selected automatic lnlection of 1's into the T1
data stream during RF Link red alarm state
T1 tnput Alan-n If selected activates alarm on loss oi T1 srgnal
SEC’TlON 4“ TROUBLESHOOTING PAGE 4-25
T1 AIS @BER=1 De-B
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Activates loopback at the T1 input port of the near-end
towards the far-end of the link
. Activates loopbaek at the T1 input purl ol the tar-end,
T1 Far end Radio LODPDECK towards the near-end of the link
OrderWire Address Ordenivire telephone address [any 2 digit number 00-99)
Security code set by user (any 6 bytes=12 characters)
Valid characters are 0-9, A-F only (2 to theAB‘” codes)
Note. Must match code on far—end radio to establish link
Example 3A45EBA27F65 or BDAF3976D2C5
Setects Tx and Rx frequencies — setting must match
TXIRX Frequency installed diplexer filter assembly — see manual for details
Ethernet Duplex Selects half or full duplex for the 100BaseT interface
Enables the ability tn acquire and store lP addresses
for efficient bridging operation (normally enabled)
MW“
Configure the ‘Set’ community string for the radio‘s
SNMP network management agent
T1 Near~end Radio Loopbeck
Link Security Code
Learning Filter
S NMP Set Community
Performance
Current BER Current estimated RF link bit error rate
Current RSL (dBrn) Current estirnalefi received signal level‘ in dBm
Number of seccnds that incurred an error Since the last reset
Errored Seconds of the "clear history“ function. Indicates errored packets,
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Number of seconds that incurred errors in excess of
Severeiy Errored Seconds BER=1Ge-6 since the last reset of the "clear hisicry" function
Usually indicates total loss ofdalalpackets, not lust errors
Minimum estimated received signal level [in dBm) measured
M‘” RSL (dBm) since the last reset of the "clear history" function
Maxrmum estimated received signal level (in dBm) measured
Max RSL (dam) since the last reset or the "clear history" function
Number of seconds since the last reset of the "clear history“
Emotion
Elapsed Seconds Since Reset
Alarms
T1 lnput is present or
T1 input aiarm is disabled
iF RED
T1 input is NOT present and
T1 input alarm is enabled
T1 Code
Violation
———
Ne T1 code violation error detected T1 code Violation error detected
SECTION 4: TROUBLESHOOTING PAGE 4-27
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4.11.4 Software Update Download Procedure
Software download procedure on Tsunami 100 (second release V20)
1) Connect the host PC lot the radio terminal through the NMS tosaseT port
2) Point the browser to the radio‘s Web page "httpllxxxxxx >o
Type ‘2 and CRIEnterto enter the Password and then the Enter key (factory detault=managerJ
Type ‘e‘ and Enter Key to accept the two entries - you should now see a menu list
Any time you wish to go back 10 a previous screen, type “o' for out (Man ‘0’ does not exit f/om the
page you working from, use ‘logout’to exit)
There are many user changeable functions that may not be present in the browser such as setting
the “Default Gateway" if the radios NMS port is connected through a router
As an example, the following steps can be used to check the radio’s Network Status:
From the NMU Mam Menu‘ type 3 and Enter.
Note the radio's IP address subnet mask MAC address and other radio parameters.
Example 2: Set 3 Default Gateway:
From the main menu latter logging in). type ‘11' to get to the VxWorks Shell prompt (—>).
Type ‘help‘ to get a list of all the aovanceo commands Use the Enter key or Q‘ to complete.
From the -> prompt type ‘netHelp' to see a list of the network help commands
(Use Enter key or ‘Q‘ to qu|tlstopl
From the -> prompt type ‘nmul—telp‘ to see a Ilst of the nrnu (Network Management Unit)
commands (Use Enter key or ‘Q‘ to outtlslcp),
From the -> prompt, type ‘staticshow’ to check to see ll there is a current Default Gateway already
set ht set you may want to write down the settings for future re-use).
Type ‘statchdd‘ to get to the Default Gateway setup commend. Note the example.
SECTION 4. TROUBLESHOOTING PAGE 4~29
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Your Notes on the Tsunami Radio
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5. Appendices
Appendix A - Digital Interface Specifications
1. General Characteristics
ioobaseT {IEEE 802.311) Fully compliant to Ethernet V2
2. Specifications
\1~,024'addresses (sultan-ratio learning and aging]
' 15‘000 pps
Up to throughput of particular radio model
2-5 firames
4000 packets (200 kbytes)
Duplex ' ‘ : Fuliorhalf
Table A4: interconnection Specification
SECTION 5 APPENDlCES PAGE 54
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Appendix B — 1ODBaseT and 1OBaseT Connections
1 “Nissan? iflanQT
NTEFEFLGE RITEHFAEE
DD
Figure 8-1: Fast Ethernet & Ethernet NMS Connectors
PAGE 5-2 SECTION 5' APPEND‘CES
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Appendix C — Networking Q8iAs
Q: What is Ethernet?
A: Ethernet is a type of network cabling and signaling spectficetions (OSI Model layers 1
[phystcal] and 2 [data link1) originally developed by Xerox in the tatte lQYOi The IEEE‘s
(lnslitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) used Ethernet Version 2 as the basis for the
802.3 CSMNCD network standard
Q: What is an 8023 network?
A That‘s IEEE—ish for Ethernet
Q: What is CSMA/CD?
A: CSMAICD is the media access control mechanism used by Ethernet and 8023 netwurks;
in other words it determines how a packet of data is placed on the wire, CSMA/CD
stands tor "Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection" Before an Ethernet
deVice puts a packet "on the wrre'fl it listens to find it another dew/ice is already
transmitting Once the devrce finds the Wire is clear‘ it starts sending the packet while also
listening to hear if another device started sending at the same time (which is called a
collisronli Refer to the GM on collisions for more into about this phenomena
Q“ What is an 081 Model?
A: The Open Systems lnterconnect (OSl) relerenw model is the ISO (lntemational
Standards Organization) structure for the "ideal" network architecture This Model outlines
seven areas, or layers. for the network These layers are (rrom highest to lowest)‘
LAYER
7) Applications: Where the user applications software "as Such issues as file access
and transfer (FTP), virtual terminal emulation, internet connections (HTTP), inter-
process communication and the like are handled here
6) Presentation Differences in data representation are dealt With at this level. For
example UNIX-style line endings (CR only) mighl be converted to MS-DOS style
(CRLF), or EBClDlC to ASCII character sets
5) Session: Communications between applications across a net— work is controlled at
the session layeri Testing for out—of-sequence packets and handling two—way
communication are handled here.
4) Transport: Makes sure the lower three layers are doing their job correctly, and
provides a transparent logical data stream between the end user and the network
service slhe is using. This isthe lower layer that prcvtdes local user services
3l Network: This layer makes certain that a packet sent from one device to another
actually gets there in a reasonable period of time. Routing and flow control are
performed here. This lS the lowest layer of the 085 model that can remain ignorant of
—___—__.____—___———_
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the physical network
2) Data Link: This layer deals with getting data packets on and off the physmal layer
error detectron and correction and retransmission. This layer is generally broken into
two sub~layers The LLC (Logical Linl< Control) on the upper halt which does the error
checking, and the MAC (Medium Access Control) on the lower hall, which deals with
getting the data on and off the physical layer (wrrei fiber and Tsunami Wireless
Bridges).
1) Physical: The nuts and bolts layer, Here is where the cable fiber‘ radio connector
and signaling specifll-lions are defined.
0: What does an Ethernet packet look like?
A See the information below as described in the National Datebook. The Ethernet packet
preamble is normally generated by the chipset. Software is responsible for the destination
address source address, type and data. The chips normally Will append the frame check
sequence
Preamble _
I: seri s of alternatlng 1's anc D's
Ethernet rezezver to acqulre b'_: 532.
a by the
[311126721011 .
Star. 0: Frame De;i 1ter ,
Two ccnsecutlve l bsts used to ECquIe byte
I l aim-mast:
I l Destinatlon Ethernet Address —
I 6 bytes l Address of the attended recelver.
I l The brcaoaest address is a
l I Source E:
l 6 bytes l The unique
I l Statlcn.
et Address 7
hernet address of she sending
l l Length or: T5,
I Z bvtes I For IEEE BDZ
l l flatter
1 L
h;s ;s the number of oytes of
Data 7
Shozt pa:l¢ets must be padded to 45 byzes.
Frame Cheek SequenCeICRCl »
The ms is e 32 cac
the AUTODIN u p nomial.
culatec using
The shortest packet is 6 + 5 + 2 + 46 = 60 bytes The longest packet is 6 + 5 + 2 41500
= 1514 bytes
Q What is a MAC address?
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A it is the unique hexadecimal (numbering base 16) serial number assigned to each
Ethernet network device to identify it on the network With Ethernet devices (as With most
other network types), this address is permanently set at the time at manufacturer though
it can usually be changed through software (though this is generally a Very Bad Thing to
do)
Q: Why must the MAC address to be unique?
A: Each communicating and device (not bridges) has a unique MAC address. so that it will
be able to exclusively grab packets off the network meant for it. It MAC addresses are not
unique. there is no way to distinguish between two devices Devices on the network watch
network traffic and look for their own MAC address in each packet to determine whether
they should decade it or not. Special Circumstances exist for broadcasting to every
devrce.
Q: Is there a speCial numbering scheme for MAC addresses?
A: The MAC addresses are exactly 6 bytes in length, and are usually written in hexadecimal
as 12 34:55:78:90:AB (the batons may be omitted, but generally make the address more
readable) Each manufacturer of Ethernet devices applies for a certain range of MAC
addresses they can use. The first three bytes of the address determine the manufacturer,
RFC-1700 (available via FTP) lists some of the manufacturer-assigned MAC addresses
A more up-tD—date listing of vendor MAC address assignments is available on
ftp.lcs.mit edu in publmaplEthernet—codes,
Q: What does CRC mean?
A: Cyclical Redundancy Check - A method of detecting errors in a message by performing a
mathematical calculation on the bits in the message and then sending the results of the
calculation along with the message. The receiving work—station performs the same
calculation on the message data as it receives it and then checks the results against
those transmitted at the end ol the message. if the results don't match‘ the receiving end
asks the sending end to send again
Q: What do lOBaseS, mBaseT, ‘lGBaseZ. etc mean?
A These are the lEEE names for the different physical types of Ethernet. The “10" stands for
maximum signaling speed: ioME-lz. ”Base" means Baseband ioBaseT. where the T
means twisted pair. and toseseF where the F means fiber (see the following Q&A for
specifics) This actually comes from the lEEE committee number for that media.
ln actual practice:
WOBaseQ Is a maximum of ‘lOMHz Ethernet running over thin. 50 Ohm baseband coaxial
cable. tflBasez is also commonly referred to as thin»Ethernet or Cheapernet. lOBaseS is
10MHz Ethernet running over standard (thick) 50 Ohm baseband ccaXial cabling,
tosaseF is Ethernet running over fibercptic cabling, iUBaseT is Ethernet running over
unshielded. mated-pair cabling.
Q: What is UTP?
______________———-————
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A. TWisted pair cables UTP is for Unshieloed Twisted Pair, while STP is for Shielded,
TWisted Pair, UTP is what's typrcally installed by phone companies (though this is often
not of high enough quality for high- speed network use) and is what 1OBaseT Ethernet
runs over. UTP is graded according to its data carrying ability {e g, Level 3, Level 4, Level
5). 1OEaseT Ethernet requires at least Level 3 cable, Many sites now install only Level-5
UTP lCATegory 5) even though level 4 is more than sufficient for 10BaseT, because of
the greater likelihood that emerging high-speed standards Wlll require cable With better
bandwidth capabilitles.
Q Are there any restrictions on how Ethernet is cabled?
A: Yes. there are many, and they vary according to the media used First of all, there are
distance limitations 10BaseT generally accepted to have a maximum run of 100150M.
but is really based on Signal loss in dB's (11 5db maximum loss source to destination)
Then there are ltmitations on the number of repeaters and cable segments allowed
between any two stations on the network.
The rule is, any possible path between two network devices on an unbridged/unrouted
network cannot pass through more than 4 repeaters or hubs, nor more than 3 populated
cable segments ‘lDBaseT and lOEaseF are star-wired, so there is no minimum distance
requirement between devioes, since devtces cannot be connected serially You can install
up to the Ethernet maximum ol 1D24 stations per network with both 10BaseT and
tOBaseF.
Q When should l choose 1OBaseT, 108aseF (or others)?
A: The speCific environment and application must be considered when selecting your media
type. However. there are some general rules-ot-thumb that you can consider:
Avoid using copper between buildings The electrical disturbances caused by lightning, as
well as naturally downing differences in ground potential over distance, can very quickly
and easily cause answerable damage to equipment and people The use of liberoptic
cabling between buildings diminates network cabling as a salety risk. There are also
various Wireless media available for inter-building links, such as laser spread-spectrum
RF and microwave.
loBaseT is the most flexible topology lor LANs. and is generally the best choice for most
network installations. 1OBaseT hubs, or multi-hub concentrators. are typically installed in
a central location to the user community, and inexpensive UTP cabling is run to each
network device (which may be mom, or 330fl, from the hub) The signaling technology is
very reliable, even in somewhat noisy envuonments. and 10BaseT hubs will usually
detect many network error conditions and automatically shut-down the offending poms)
without affecting the rest of the network (unless, of course, the offending port was your
server, shared printer or router to the rest of the world
108aseF, and its predecessor, FOlRL, are the only recommended topologies for inter-
building links. However. they need not be limited to this role 103aseF can also be run to
the desktop, though the cost is prohibitively high in all but the most specralized
environments (generally, extremely noisy manufacturing facilities, or very security-
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COI‘lSClOLlS installations). More commonly. FOlRL (and now, 1DBaseF) lS used inside
buildings and long distance wireless connections to form backbone networks.
Q: Is there an ol‘flcial "standard" punch down scheme for 10BaseT?
A’ Get a copy of EINTIA-Ses, it covers all of that sort of stuff: horizontal vertical.
connectors, patch cords. cross-connects etc
Q: Is it safe to run Unshield TWIsted Pair next to power cable?
Ai According to ElA/TIA-SGQ. the standard wrrlng practices for running data cablmg and
companion to the above referenced EIAl’TlA-SGE. you should not run data cable parallel to
power cables. However. in reality. this should not be a problem With networks such as
toBaseT. loBaseT uses differential signaling to pick the data signals off the wire Since
any interference from nearby power lines will usually affect all pairs equally. anything that
is not canceled-out by the twists in the UTP should be ignored by the receiving network
interface.
Cl: Can l connect the WOBaseT interface at two devices directly together, Without using a hub?
A: Yes. but not more than 2 devices. and you also need a special jumper cable between the
two 1OBaseT ports
Q. What ts a “segment“?
A: A piece at network wire bounded by bridges, routers. repeaters or terminators,
Q' What is a "subnet"?
A Another overloaded term it can mean, depending on the usage. a segment. 3 set of
machines grouped together by a specific protocol feature (note that these machines do
not have to be on the same segment. out they could be} or a big nylon thing used to
capture enemy subs
Q: What ls a repeater?
A. A repeater acts on a purely electrical level to connect to segments. All it does is amplify
and reshape (and, depending on the type, possibly retime) the analog waveform to extend
network segment distances. lt does not know anything about addresses or forwarding.
thus it cannot be used to reduce traffic as a bridge can in the example above.
0: What ls a "hub"?
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A: A hub is a common Wiring point For star-topology networks, and is a common synonym tor
concentrator (though the latter generally has additional features or capabilities). 10ElaseT
and ‘lDBaseF Ethernet and many proprietary network topologies use hubs to connect
multiple cable runs in a star-Wired network topology into a single network, Hubs have
multiple ports to attach the different cable runs Some hubs (such as ‘lDBaseTi include
electronics to regenerate and retime the signal between each hub port Others (such as
toBaseF) Slmp|y act as signal splitters, similar to the mulli~tap cable-TV splitters you
might use on your home antenna coax (of course, tosaseF uses mirrors to split the
signals between cables),
0: What is a bridge?
A A bridge will connect to distinct segments and transmit traffic between them This allows
you to extend the maximum size of the network while still not breaking the maximum Wire
length attached device count, or number at repeaters for a network segment
Q: What does a "learning bridge"?
A: A learning brzdge monitors MAC (OSI layer 2) addresses on both sides of its connection
and attempts to learn which addresses are on which side it can then decide when it
receives a packet whether it should cross the bndge or stay local (some packets may not
need to cross the bridge because the source and destination addresses are both on one
side) it the bridge receives a packet that it doesn't know the addresses of. it will forward it
by default. IEEE's standard for a learning bridge is 502.1D
Q: is there a maXimum number of bridges allowed on a network7
A: Per lEEE 8021 (d), the maximum number of concatenated brides in a bridged LAN is 7
This number is rather arbitrary, however, and is based on simulations of application
performance with expected bridge delays.
In addition, the number assumes that all bridges are LOCAL (no remote WAN connections),
and that the default Hold Time ot‘i second is in place (this is the time alter which a bridge will
discard a frame it is holding), This prevents extralate trame delivery. (ie. a frame should
never be delivered more than ~7 seconds after is it sent) The rule of thumb for wireless WAN
bridged LANs is to limit the number of hops to 4
Q‘ What is a router?
A: Routers work much like bridges, but they pay attention to the upper network layer
protocols (OSI layer 3) rather than data link layer (OSl layer 2} protocols, A router will
decide Whether to forward a packet by looking at the protocol level addresses (for
instance TCPllP addresses} rather than the MAC address Because routers work at layer
3 of the OSl stack, it is possible for them to transfer packets between different media
types (i e i leased lines. Ethernet token ring, X25, Frame Relay and FDDilt Many routers
can also function as bridges,
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@ M u l l‘ i' p i e x
Q: So should l use a router or a bridge?
A There is no absolute answer to this. Your network layout, type and amount of hosts and
traffic. and other issues {both technical and non-technical) must be conSidered. Routing
would always be preferable to bridging except that routers are slower and usually more
expensrve (due to the amount of processing required to look inside the physical packet
and determine which interface that packet needs to get sent out), and that many
applications use non-roulable protocols
Rules of thumb.
Bridges are usually good choices for small networks with few. if any. slow redundant links
between destinations or [or connecting distant LANs Further. brldges may be your only
choice for certain protocols unless you have the means to encapsulate (tunnel) the un-
routable protocol inside a mutable protocol,
Routers are usually much better choices for larger networks particularly where you want
to have a relatively clean WAN backbone. Routers are better at protecting against
protocol errors (such as broadcast storms) and bandwidth utilization. Since routers look
deeper inside the data packet, they an also make forwarding deoisrons based on the
upoerJayer protocols.
Occasionally. a combination of the two devices are the best way to go Bridges can be
used to segment small networks that are geographically close to each other. between
each other and the router to the rest otthe WAN.
Q: Are there problems mixing Bridging 8. Routing?
A. Only if you plan on haying bridged links in parallel with routed links You need to be very
careful about running bridges provrding links in parallel to a router. Bridges may fonuard
broadcast requests which will confuse the router there are lots of protocols you may not
think of filtering (sg ARP, Apple ARP over 8023 etc. etc.) Also, DECnet routers have
the same MAC address on all ports. This Will probably cause the bridge to think it is
seeing an Ethernet loop.
Q: Who makes lhe fastestreasiestrrnost advanoed bridges or routers?
A“ The lETF runs bench marks on a wide selection of wired/fiber bridges and routers
Network Computing runs bench marks for Wireless routers (point-to-multipoint) and
bridges (point-to-point).
Q: What does “lPG” mean'?
A' The InterPacket Gap (more properly referred to as the InterFrarne Gap. or IFG) is an
enforced quiet time ol 9.6 us between transmitted Ethernet frames
Q What means "promiscuous mode”r
A: Promiscuous mode is a condition where the network interface controller Will pass all
Ethernet frames. regardless of destination address. up to the higher level network layers.
SECTlON 5‘ APPENDlCES PAGE 5-9
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Normally the network controller Will only pass up frames that have that devrce's
destination address, However, when put in promiscuous mode, all frames are passed on
up the network stack regardless of destination address Promiscuous mode is usually
used by network monitoring tools and transparent bridges.
Q What is a collision?
A: A condition where two devices detect that the network is idle and end up trying to send
packets at exactly the same time (Within 1 round—trip delay], Since only one dewce can
transmit at a time, both dewces must back off and attempt to retransmit again
The retransmission algorithm requires each devrce to wait a random amount of time, so
the two are very likely to retry at different times. and thus the second one will sense that
the network is busy and wait until the packet is finished ll the two devroes retry at the
same time (or almost the same time) they will collide again. and the process repeats until
either the packet finally makes it onto the network without collisions. or 16 consecutive
coltision occur and the packet is aborted.
Q What causes a collision?
A” See above Elhemat is a CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Aooessi Collision Detect)
system It is possible to not sense carrier from a prewous device and attempt to transmit
anyway, or to have two devices attempt to transmit at the same time: in either case a
collision results Ethernet is panioularly susceptible to performance loss from such
problems when people ignore the “rules“ for Wiring Ethernet.
Q‘ How many collisions are too many'7
A This depends on your application and protocol. in many cases, collision rates at 50% W"
not cause a large decrease in perceived throughput. If your network is slowing down and
you notice the percentage of collisions is on the high side, you may want try segmenting
your network wifl-i either a bridge or router to see if perlorrnance improves
Q: How do l reduce the number of collisions7
A‘ Disconnect devices lrom the network. Seriously. you need to cul- down on the number 01
devices on the network segment to affect the collision rate. This is usually accomplished
by splitting the segment into two pieces and putting a bridge or router in between them.
0: What is a late collision?
N A late collision occurs when two devices transmit at the same time, but due to cabling
errors (most commonly, excessive network segment length or repeaters between
dewoes) neither detects a collision. The reason this happens is because the time to
propagate the signal lrom one end of the network to another is longer than the time to put
the entire packet on the network, so the two devices that cause the late colliSion never
see that the other‘s sending until after it puts the entire packet on the network Late
collisions are detected by the transmitter after the first "slot time" 0164 byte times They
PAGE 5-10 SECTION 5: APPENDlCES
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are only detected during transmissions of packets longer than 64 bytes It‘s detection is
exactly the same as for a normal coIIiSion; ityust happens “too late."
Typical causes of late collisions are segment cable lengths in excess of the maximum
permitted for the cable type faulty connectors or improper cabling. excessive numbers of
repeaters between network devices. and detective Ethernet transceivers or controllers,
Another negative concerning late colEisions is that they occur Sor small packets also, but
cannot be detected by the transmitter. A network suffering a measurable rate 01 late
collisions (on large packets) is also suffering lost small packets. The higher protocols do
not cope well with such losses. Well, they cope. but at much reduced speed. A 1% packet
loss is enough to reduce the speed of NFS by son/u With the default retransmission timers.
That‘s a 10 times increase of the probleml
Finally. Ethernet controllers do not retransmit packets lost to late collisions.
Q: What is aiarn?
A When a workstation receives a collision. and it is transmitting, it puts out a ram so all other
stations will see the collision also. When a repeater detects a collision on one port, it puts
out a jam on all other ports causing a coilisron to occur on those lines that are
transmitting, and wusrng any nonAtransmitting stations to wait to transmit.
Q1 What is a broadcast storm?
A. An overloaded term that describes an overloaded protocol. Basically it describes a
condition where devices on the network are generating traffic that by its nature causes the
generation of even more tram; The inevitable result is a huge degradation of
performance or complete loss of the network as the dewces continue to generate more
and more traffic. This can be related to the physrcal transmission or to very high level
protocols
Q: How do i recognize a broadcast storm7
A: That depends on what level it is occurring. Basically you have to be aware of the potential
for it beforehand and be looking for it, because in a true broadcast storm you will probably
be unable to access the network This can change dramatically for a higher level protocol
NFS contention can resutt in a dramatic DROP in Ethernet traffic, yet no one will have
access to resources
0: How can I prevent a broadcast storm”
A Avoid protocols that are prone to it Route {With routers) or Bridge (with wired/wireless
bridges) when it is practical
Q: What is ‘high‘ traffic on an Ethemet7 5°16? 20°26? 90%7
A High traffic is when things start siowmg down to the pornt they are no longer acceptable
There is not set percentage point. in other words. Usually start paying attention when it
SECTION 5 APPENDlCES PAGE 5-11
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|NSTALLAT|ON AND MAPNTENANCE MANUAL
“ MU’HPlex Juwznuo
gets 0Vef4c-50%,
Q Why do I see different throughput speeds?
A: Bridges (such as Tsunami) are ISO Layer 2 Data Link Layer (use MAC address for
filtering) devices where they provrde their full stated throughput At level 2 (bridges) or 3
(routers) where hardware plays the major part, the most common tester is the SmartBits
200 product from Netcom Systems Al Application Layer 7, you will see less than 40%
throughput from the maximum capacrty measured w/SmanBlts due to the increased
protocolisoftware overhead at that level. Layer 7 can be tested with software such as
Ganymede‘s Chariot or Qchec'k product.
As an example testing copper CAT5 cable with SmartBlts Will test 100% throughput (lets
say you can send/rev a full toMbps), At Layer 7 you will be transferring data at the
lDMbps rate but only 4Mbps of user data will transfer (Ethernet has a high overhead of
bytes added to each data packet each trme you go up a layerlt The advantage is the more
complex overhead makes the data virtually resilient to oorruotion and minor errors (Le.
collisionst its easy to reroute and can use inexpensive pluglplay devrces like
hubs/swrtches instead of multiplexers as used in the teloo industry (Le. LYNX T1 radios)
Western Multiplex tests at Layer 2 where bridges are defined At layer 7 (Application
Layer), you will see less than mm or more dependrng on the other traffic that may be on
the LAN as this layer is more dependent on the type of data being sent (it does not matter
if it‘s wire fiber or any Elhemet bridge wired or wireless) Another way to look at it' the
model 31145 12Mbps(10Mbps 1DBaseT+T1rE1 waySlde] bridge will test the same as a
piece of CATS Ethernet cable.
Q. How can l test an Ethernet?
A‘ This depends on what level you want to test. The most basic lest (ak a.. “the fire test") is
to connect a parr of devices to the network and see it they can communrcate with each
other. It you want to test the electrical integrity of the wire (i 9” will it carry a signal
property} a TDR or cable scanner that incorporates TDR and other functions. would be
the most comprehensive tool If you need to test the performance or troubleshoot protocol
transmissron problems. you wnl need special and usually very expensive software usually
coupled with custom hardware, to capture, optionally filter‘ and analyze the network
packets Also, see the answer to the question above
0: What is a "TDR"?
A: A Time-Domain Reflectometer rs a tool used to detect cable faults This device operates
by sendan a briet signal pulse down the septa and looking for its reflection to bounce
back. By analyzrng the reflected pulse, it is possible to make judgments about the quality
of the cable segment. More advanced units can not only detect and identify the nature of
the problem, but give a reasonably accurate indication ol the problem‘s location (distance
from the point of the test) There is also a device known as an OTDR. which is an Optical
Time-Domain Reflectorneler for fiber-optic cables.
0: What is a “BERT"?
PAGE 5—12 SECTION 5, APPENDICES
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iNSTALLATION AND MAlNTENANCE MANUAL
@ M u I t l' p I e x
A‘ Bit Error Rate Tester. This equipment is used to anaiyze the amount and types of errors
that occur on a cable segment
Q: What (free) tools are there to monitor/decodeletc an Ethernet?
A There are many built into most DOS ,Unix and other operating systems. For example, the
ping command can be used to determine ifa given host is alive and will aiso tell you the
round trip transmissron time The command ‘itconfig” Will tell you the status of the network
interfaces. “netstat” will summarize statistics for network usaget
DOS commands (through Windows DOS application) are:
ARP
Displays and modifies the lP-to-Physical address translation tables used by address
resolution prctocot (ARP).
ARP -a [inet_addr1[-N ii_addr1
-a Displays current ARP entries by interrogating the current protocol data. If
inet_addr is specified, the IP and Physical addresses for only the specified
computer are displayed. If more than one network interface uses ARP entries for
each ARP table are displayed.
-g Same as -a
inet_addr Specifies an ihtemet address,
-N if_addr Displays the ARP entries for the network interlace specified by if_addr
-d Deletes the host specified by inet_addr.
-s Adds the host and associates the internet address inet_addr with the Physical
address ethfladdr. The Physical address is given as 6 hexadectmal bytes
separated by hyphens. The entry is permanent
eth_addr Specifies a physical address.
if_addr If present. this specifies the Internet address at the interlace whose
address translation table should be modified, If not present, the first
applicable interface will be used
Example:
> arp —s 157 5585212 DU-aa-OO—GZ-cG-OQ Adds a static entry,
> arp -a Displays the arp table.
FTP
Transfets files to and from a computer running an FTP server sewice (sometimes called a
daemon} FTP can he used interactively.
FTP [-v] [-d] [-i] [-n] [-g] [—s:fiiename] [-a] [-w:windowsize] [-A] Ehost]
-v Suppresses display of remote server responses.
-n Suppresses auto»login upon initial connection.
-i Turns out interactive prompting during multiple file transfers
-d Enables debuggihg
-g Disables fiiename glabbing {see GLOB command}
-s:filename Specifies a text file containing FTP commands. the commands will
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@ Multiplex Juwzooo
automatically run after FTP starts
a Use any local interface when binding data oonnection.
-A iogm as anonymous.
-w:buffersrze Overrides the default transfer buffer size of 4095.
host Specrfies the host name or IP address of the remote host to connect to
Notes
- mget and mpul commands take yin/q for yes/no/quit.
— Use Control-C to abort commands
NET CONFIG Displays your current workgroup settings
NET DIAG Runs the MICrDSDfl Network Diagnostics program to display
diagnostic inlormatlon about your network.
NET HELP Provrdes information about commands and error messages
NET INIT Loads protocol and network-adapter drivers without binding them
to Protocol Manager.
NET LOGOFF Breaks the oonneotion between your computer and the shared
resources to which |t is connected.
NET LOG-ON Identifies you as a member of a workgroup
NET PASSWORD Changes your Iogon password.
NET PRINT Displays informatlon about print queues and controls printjobs
NET START Starts services,
NET STOP Stops sen/ices
NET TIME D|splays the time on or synchronizes your computer‘s clock With
the clock on a Microsoft Windows for Workgroups. Wmdows NT,
Windows 95. or NetWare time sewer.
NET USE Connects to or disconnects from a shared resource or displays
information about connections.
N ET VER Displays the type and version number or the workgroup
redirector you are using.
NET VIEW Displays a list of computers that share resources or a list of
shared resources on a specific computer.
For more inlorrnatiori about a specific MicrOsofi NET command. type the command name
lollowed by I? (for example, NET VIEW I?)
PING
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PtNG [-t] [-a} [—n oountl [—I size] [it [-I TTL} [»y TOSI [-r count] t-s count] [H host-list] | [-k
host-listn [-w timeout] destination-fist
-t Ping the spectfled host until stopped To see statistics and continue - type
Control-Break; To stop - type ControI-C
-a Resolve addresses to hostnames.
-n count Number of echo requests to send.
-I size Send buffer SIZE.
-f Set Don't Fragment flag in packet.
-I TTL Time To Live.
-v TOS Type Of Service
-r oou nt Record route lor count hops.
-s count Timestamp for count hops.
-[ host-list Loose source route along host-Iist,
~k host-list Strict source route along host-Iist.
-w timeout Timeout in miiiiseconds to walt lor each reply,
ROUTE
Manipulates network routing tables.
ROUTE [~t] [command {destination} [MASK netmask] [gateway] [METRIC metric]]
-f Clears me routing tabies ol ail gateway entries Ifthts IS used in conjunction with
one of the commands, the tabies are cleared PIIOI‘ to running the command.
command Must be one of four
PRINT Prints a route
ADD Adds a route
DELETE Deietes a route
CHANGE Modifies an existing route
destination Specrfies the destination host
MASK Specifies that the next parameter is the 'nelmask‘ vaiue.
netrnask Specifies a subnet mask value to be associated with this route entry, If
not specified, it defaults to 255255255 255
gateway Specifies gateway.
METRIC Specifies that the next paramenter metric“ is the cost for this destination
Ail symbolic names used for destination are looked up In the network database fiie
NETWORKS The symbolic names for gateway are looked up in the host name database
file HOSTS.
It the command is PRINT or DELETE wiidcards may be used for the destination and
gateway, or the gateway argument may be omitted
Diagnostic Notes
Invahd MASK generates an error that IS when (BEST 8. MASK} i= DEST
SECTION 5‘ APPENDICES PAGE S—‘i 5
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INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL
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JULY 2000
Example> route ADD 157.0.00 MASK 1550.01) 157t55.8G,1
The route addition failed 87
Examples
> route PRINT
> route ADD 157.0 0.0 MASK 2550 0 0 “157 55.801 METRIC 3
‘destinatlon l‘rnask Agateway "metric
> route PRINT
> route DELETE 157 0.00
> route PRINT
SNMP
Starts SNMP agent
close Closes previously running instance of snmp
-nelp Displays SNMP help dialog box
TELNET
Opens telnet Window
TRACERT
TRACERT [413 Ht maximum_hops] l-J host-list]
[-w timeout] target_narne
—d Do not resolve addresses to hostnarnes
-h maximum_hops Maximum number of hops to search for target
-j hosHist Loose source route along host-list,
-w timeout Wait timeout milliseconds for each reply.
WlNlPCFG
Opens iP configuration window
lAll - Display detailed information
lBatoh - [filenarne] Write to file or .\winipcfg.out
lrenew_al| - Renew all adapters
lrelease_all - Release all adapters
[renew N - Renew adapter N
lrelease N - Release adapter N
Q What books are good about Ethernet LAN's?
A. The lEEE 8023 documents are consrdered the definitive source for information on
Ethernet However. these may not be suitable for all levels of users. Surprisingly there
are few good books specifically dealing with Ethernet LANs‘ but here are a Few that you
might find useful:
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INSTALLATlQN AND MAlNTENANCE MANUAL
@ M u I r i' p I e x
Local Area Networks, An introdumion la the technology by John E McNamara, published
by Digital Press, 1985 165 pm; whh index and glossary‘ $29 00 ISBN 0-932376-79-7,
Digital Press part number EY-OOOEi-DP
Network Troubleshooting Guide by Dignal Equipment Corporation, August 1990 Approx.
278 pps. with index and glossary. $95.00 Digilal Press part number EK—339AB—GD-002.
These books and others are recommended in the network reading list. nel-readixt from
flp.utexas.edu.
Q Where can I gel IEEEEDZ x docs online?
A Not available Dhlme. IEEE documents can be ordered directly from the IEEE themselves
You can contact them at
institute of Electrlcal and Electionlc Engineers 445 Hoes Lane PO. Box 1331 Piscaiaway‘
NJ D8855-1331 U S A (800) 675-[EEE
Q: Where can I get ElAJ’TIA docs cnline7
A: Not available onllne They can be ordered from:
Global Engineering 800-854-7179
_—————-——
SECTlON 5' RPPENDlCES PAGE 5—17
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@ MU/prex Juuzooc
Appendix D — Auxiliary Data Connectors
The followrng figures iiiustrate the pin structure for all auxmary connections Ali figures are orlented
as a customer wouid view them, facing the connector. DC power connection information is found
in Section 37 of the manuai,
VF vr
our ; —<— m
Groom”?
Figure 0-1: VF Port Connection
Out 0! Ssmce
Summary Alarm
Reiay (Form C)
FISL MON
rx MD" Summary AIarm
Relay (Form 0)
Figure D-2: Alarm Port Connections
HS-ZBZ Output Ground m
RS~232 Input
123422 In 7 -‘
ns-422 In -
PIS-422 0m +
RS-422 Ont —
(as Viewed from rear panel)
Figure D-3: Config(uration) Pom S-Pin D-Style Connector
Do NOT connect to R342? pins at any time
_____._______.__—__———
PAGE 5-18 SECTION 5. APPENDICES
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‘NSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL 6
JULY 2000
WESTERN
Multiplex
Rs-232 Outpu1 Graund m
RS-232 Input
HS—422 In —
PIS—422 In +
RS—422 Out +
RS-422 Out —
(as viewed from rear panel)
Figure 0-4: AUX DATA Port 9-Pin D-Style Connector
Do NOT conned to R542? pms a! any time.
___—___—_.___——-——————
SECTION 5: APPENDICES
PAGE 5-19
75Unaml FAM‘LY
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Your Notes on the Tsunami Radio
PAGE 5-20 SECTION 5 APPENDKCES
Index
Accessuncs.
AIS .....
Alarm conncctions
Alarms" .
Ahgnmem. amen“
AMI ,
Ammna.
Antenna connecnon
Antenna nnslaHanon.
Amcrma planning.
AR?
Aux ary connectnrs
Availability calculation. .. . .
13825
Baiun
Bu Ermr Rate. .
bridge
Buffer
Calcu‘auons
Caution
CEPT—I
Channel plan
Coaxial cable .
Collisinn
Connecnons
Contmne
CRC, _
Fade margin
Filtering
Flequmcy .
Prequmcy plan
Fresne.
From pan el
FTP. ~
Grounding...
1-2
,5—16
.2-10
13. 3343-18 3-22
Indicatols 4
Install anon
Imerfzrem
ISO..
ISO 9000
LAN
LAYER.
lzummg.
Line 0 ight
Link budget
unmask“
MAC address 4.
Mtchan ical. ..
Mountmg
NMS .
Not
Orderwire.
OSI Modcl
Output pawn .
Output power. adjust
Pam. ,.
Pam planning.
PING
PU war
Powzr cannecnnn .
Paws; connechovn. D
Pawns Suppl) plannmg
meefiionul Installation
Rear panel...
Receive signal m:
Re:mv:r......
Regulatory ..
KEN
Repmr
rcpsmtrv
RF Exposute.
ROUTE.
router
RS-ZS"
RSL.
,, ,, . 3-19
Shipping
SN MP
Spares
subn eL
Sysltm
Technical supp on
Transmission line.
Transmitter:
Trauhieshommg
Tum-up."
Update
UTP ..
Warramy”
WINIPCFG
Fer ISO Purposes -
Last Page oflhis Manual

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