Raytheon Anschuetz High Seas GEMRM-10U X-Band Radar Transceiver User Manual Dokument

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Document Description	Users Manual Part 2
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Document Type	User Manual
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Date Submitted	2005-07-01 00:00:00
Date Available	2005-07-01 00:00:00
Creation Date	2005-06-08 15:07:33
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RADAR
Operator Manual
2.4
Raytheon Marine GmbH
Germany
ARPA FUNCTION
This chapter describes the operation of the automatic radar plotting aid (ARPA).
NOTE
The NSC ARPA information is considered to assist decision making
in the current situation.
The resulting assessment with regard to avoiding collisions must be made
independently in accordance with the valid regulations!
2.4.1
General Information
• Requirements for optimum ARPA support
The following requirements must be met on the NSC Radar to achieve optimum
ARPA functionality.
− The sensitivity controls are optimally adjusted for the current
weather conditions
−
− Before you start to use this function you need to select a RANGE
higher than 6 NM for the ZONE settings.
The zone might not be visible at lower ranges.
− Heading e.g. gyro and Speed (log, course over water (W) or course
over ground (B))
• Target acquisition
can be used to manually or automatically acquire up to 70 targets.
The tracking data for selected targets is displayed in the ARPA information
window.
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• ARPA alarms
ARPA displays alarm messages (see also chapter 2.3.6.4) and artificial symbols
(see ARPA SYMBOLS) visually and acoustically.
− “Dangerous Targets Alarm”
This alarm is triggered as soon as a tracked target exceeds the
set limits for CPA or TCPA (see chapter 2.4.2).
− “Guard Zone Alarm”
This alarm is triggered as soon as an untracked target enters an
acquisition / guard zone.
− “Target Lost”
This alarm indicates that the tracked target has been lost.
− “Target Overflow”
This alarm is triggered if more than 70 targets have been acquired. This
situation can be resolved by deleting acquired targets that are of no interest.
• ARPA symbols
When using the ARPA function, the radar video displays various artificial
symbols that describe the following situations.
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SHOW
Indicates that target data is displayed in the ARPA INFO window.
TEMP
After acquisition, the target is observed for a set period of time.
SHOW
This state is indicated if the current CPA/TCPA collision conditions are met.
The target vector flashes.
CONTACT
This state describes a target which has entered the warning/acquisition zone.
The symbol flashes.
LOST
This state is indicated if a target has been lost for a short time.
The target has passed the warning and acquisition zones.
TRIAL
This state is indicated if the trial maneuver is activated.
The symbol flashes.
TRAIL
SITUATION
This state is indicated if the current CPA/TCPA collision conditions are met in
the trial maneuver. The symbol flashes.
TEST
This state is indicated if the test function has been called up.
The symbol flashes.
GROUND
Ground referencing.
Figure: 2−34 ARPA display symbols
• ARPA colors
The NSC Radar ARPA function includes the following color assignments.
− Ship heading marker, SHM
Vector (TRUE)
− WHITE
− PURPLE
− Tracked target
Vector
Past Pos
Trails
− RED −
− RED −
− RED −
−GRAY−
−
−
−
−
− RED −
− YELLOW −
− RED −
− GREEN −
CPA/TCPA zone
Acquisition zone
Guard zone
Exclusion zone
− Artificial ARPA symbols
(PCP/CPA)
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2.4.2
MANUAL PLOTTING − ACQ TGT −
Targets can be manually acquired using the trackball and the cursor.
The target information (ARPA INFO softkey) can include slight tolerances
caused by possible influencing parameters such as weather conditions, heading
sensor tolerance or log sensor tolerance.
Left
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D Click the softkey
Position the cursor on the object identified as the target; press the Left
button.
The target is acquired by the computer and given its synthetic symbol,
corresponding to the tracking status (TRACKED, MISSED, LOST,..).
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2.4.3
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AUTOMATIC PLOTTING − ARPA MENU −
Automatic plotting means that the radar can acquire and track targets
automatically.
The operator can define acquisition zones.
As soon as a target enters such a zone, it is plotted and tracked by the radar.
ARPA acquisition zones
•
•
•
•
CPA/TCPA limits
Acquisition zone
Guard zone
Exclusion zone
NOTE
Despite all the advantages of automatic target acquisition, it may be the
case that:
Certain targets cannot be acquired due to the current weather conditions.
Targets cannot be acquired due to the set acquisition zone.
Targets cannot be acquired due to their size and material.
The target information (ARPA INFO softkey) can include slight tolerances
caused by possible influencing parameters such as weather conditions, heading
sensor tolerance or log sensor tolerance.
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2.4.4
CPA/TCPA
ARPA constantly evaluates the closest point of approach (CPA) and the time to
closest point of approach (TCPA) status of each tracked target.
This CPA/TCPA zone is available with predefined values.
The CPA/TCPA values are generally ship−specific and must be adapted to the
profile of the ship.
The ship’s profile includes features such as stopping distance, sea area and
visibility.
Acquired targets that move inside the radius (CPA) or the time threshold (TCPA)
generate a “CPA/TCPA Alarm” in the message display and the relevant target is
simultaneously assigned a flashing symbol.
The CPA/TCPA zone can be shown or hidden in the radar video as required.
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2.4.4.1
Raytheon Marine GmbH
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Determining the CPA/TCPA radius
The CPA/TCPA radius can quickly be adjusted to the desired situation as shown
in Figure: 2−35.
Procedure:
Step 1 Open the ARPA menu
Step 2 Show or hide the radius in the radar video
Step 3 Edit and apply individual values for CPA and TCPA
Step 4 Complete the input
ARPA
symbols
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Collision
conditions
Left
Step 4
Sequence of actions
Figure: 2−35 CPA/TCPA ZONE
Result:
If a tracked target moves inside the set limits, a “Dangerous Target Alarm”
is triggered.
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2.4.5
CREATE ZONE form
Create zone provides 3 different ARPA zones.
Within these zones, various zone forms are available (sector, polygon or circle).
You can choose to edit each of these zone forms using the cursor (drag and
drop) or a text slider.
The desired zone form is initially shown in the radar video with preset values.
The zone form can be modified in editing mode.
Editing mode can be identified by the editing marks (see Figure: 2−38).
Once acknowledged, the zone becomes effective, the editing marks are hidden
and the lines are continuous.
Procedure:
Step 1 Open the ARPA menu
Step 2 Open the CREATE ZONE menu
Step 3 Select the zone form
Step 1
Step 3
Step 2
Figure: 2−36 CREATE ZONE
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Acquisition zone
D The ACQUISITION ZONE is used for automatic target acquisition and
subsequent target tracking.
If a ship enters the ACQUISITION ZONE the radar outputs a “Guard Zone Alarm”.
The target is automatically acquired and tracked.
NOTE
The ACQUISITION ZONE is considered to be an essential aid and
information source for assessing the situation.
The decision as to whether a short−range situation will develop from this
information must be made by the navigator himself!
Guard zone
D If an acquired target enters this GUARD ZONE, the radar outputs a “Guard
Zone Alarm” but the target is not acquired and tracked.
NOTE
The GUARD ZONE and related target acquisition are only intended to
draw the radar observer’s attention to a target.
The decision as to whether a short−range situation will develop from this
information must be made by the navigator himself!
Exclusion zone
D If the user wants to exclude certain areas from automatic acquisition, he can
create an EXCLUSION ZONE. In this zone, all possible targets will be
ignored.
NOTE
Within the exclusion zone, no targets are acquired and displayed in the
radar video.
The master and navigator are responsible for assessing and considering
any possible collision situations that could result from this.
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2.4.5.1
Select ACQUISITION zone form
The sequence of operations below can be used to select the acquisition zone
form SECTOR (see Figure: 2−37).
The NSC menu provides 3 possible acquisition forms.
• ACQUISITION ZONE SECTOR
Procedure:
Step 1 Open the ARPA menu
Step 2 Open the CREATE ZONE menu
Step 3 Open the ACQUISITION ZONE menu
with the options SECTOR, POLYGON, RING
Step 4 Open the ACQUISITION ZONE SECTOR menu
Step 1
Step 3
Step 2
Step 4
Figure: 2−37 ACQUISITION ZONE FORM
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Result:
A sector with preset values appears in the direction of travel in the radar video
(see Figure: 2−38).
The sector can be changed immediately using the sector editing marks (1...4).
These changes can be made directly using the cursor (drag and drop (see
chapter 2.2.4.5)) or using the text lines with slider functions for BEARING and
RANGE located in the ACQUISITION ZONE SECTOR display field.
Using CURSOR function
Drag and drop
SHM
3NM
Editing markers
Sequence of actions
Pick up and drag
270_
1NM
Set up
90_
Using SLIDER function
Apply values. Pressing the COMMIT button
activates the ACQUISITION ZONE SECTOR
(continuous line).
Figure: 2−38 ACQUISITION FORM SECTOR
Subsequent changes can be introduced at any time.
Several SECTORS can be displayed in the radar video.
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• ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON
This function allows the user to create a zone with any shape.
Procedure:
Step 1 Open the ARPA menu
Step 2 Open the CREATE ZONE menu
Step 3 Open the ACQUISITION ZONE menu containing the options
SECTOR, POLYGON, RING
Step 4 Open the ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON menu
Step 1
Step 3
Step 2
Step 4
Figure: 2−39 ACQUISITION FORM POLYGON
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Result:
A polygon with preset BEARING and RANGE values appears in the radar video
(see Figure: 2−40).
The polygon can be individually adapted using the editing marks (1....10).
The polygon method can be edited to any shape. The default shape is shown in
Figure: 2−40. It must be ensured that the ACQUISITION ZONE AREA includes
the ship for the special polygon shape ACQUISITION ZONE.
These changes can be made directly using the cursor (drag and drop (see
chapter 2.2.4.5)) or using the text lines with slider functions for BEARING and
RANGE located in the ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON display field.
Using CURSOR function
− drag and drop −
Editing markers
Sequence of actions
Pick up and drag
Set up
Using SLIDER function
Apply values. Pressing the COMMIT button
activates the ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON
(continuous line).
Figure: 2−40 ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON
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• ACQUISITION ZONE RING
Procedure:
Step 1 Open the ARPA menu
Step 2 Open the CREATE ZONE menu
Step 3 Open the ACQUISITION ZONE menu containing the options
SECTOR, POLYGON, RING
Step 4 Open the ACQUISITION ZONE RING menu
Step 1
Step 3
Step 2
Step 4
Figure: 2−41 ACQUISITION FORM RING
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Result:
A range area with preset values for range START, range END and own position
appears in the radar video (see Figure: 2−42).
The range area is made up of two rings that can be individually adjusted using
editing marks.
There is an inner ring, which can be edited using drag and drop or the text line
(START) and an outer ring, which can likewise be edited using drag and drop or
the text line (END).
The default ring is small, as a suggestion for the anchor watch.
Using CURSOR function
− drag and drop −
Editing
markers
Sequence of actions
Pick up and drag
Set up
Using SLIDER function or
NUMERICAL softkeys
Apply values. Pressing the COMMIT button
activates the ACQUISITION ZONE RING
(continuous line).
Figure: 2−42 ACQUISITION FORM RING
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2.4.5.2
Select GUARD zone form
The sequence of operations below can be used to select the GUARD FORM
(step 4). The NSC menu provides 2 possible GUARD zone forms.
The GUARD zone detects tracked ARPA targets that penetrate the pre−selected
area. This situation is indicated by an alarm (visual and acoustic).
• GUARD ZONE SECTOR
Procedure:
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Open the ARPA menu
Open the CREATE ZONE menu
Open the GUARD ZONE menu containing the options SECTOR and RING
Open the GUARD ZONE SECTOR menu
Step 1
Step 3
Step 2
Step 4
Figure: 2−43 GUARD ZONE SECTOR
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Result:
A sector with preset values appears in the direction of travel in the radar video
(see Figure: 2−44).
The sector can be changed using the sector editing marks (1...4).
These changes can be made directly using the cursor (drag and drop (see
chapter 2.2.4.5)) or using the text lines with slider functions for BEARING and
RANGE located in the GUARD ZONE SECTOR display field.
Using CURSOR function
Drag and drop
SHM
3NM
Editing markers
Sequence of actions
270_
1NM
Pick up and drag
90_
Set up
Using SLIDER function
Apply values. Pressing the COMMIT button
activates the GUARD ZONE SECTOR
(continuous line).
Figure: 2−44 GUARD FORM SECTOR
Subsequent changes can be introduced at any time.
Several SECTORS can be displayed in the radar video.
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• GUARD ZONE RANGE
Procedure:
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Open the ARPA menu
Open the CREATE ZONE menu
Open the GUARD ZONE menu containing the options SECTOR and RING
Open the GUARD ZONE RING menu
Step 1
Step 3
Step 2
Step 4
Figure: 2−45 GUARD ZONE RING
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Result:
A range area with preset values for range START, range END and own position
appears in the radar video (see Figure: 2−46).
The range area is made up of two rings that can be individually adjusted using
editing marks.
There is an inner ring, which can be edited using drag and drop or the text line
(START) and an outer ring, which can likewise be edited using drag and drop or
the text line (END).
Using CURSOR function
− drag and drop −
Editing
markers
Sequence of actions
Pick up and drag
Set up
Using SLIDER function or
NUMERICAL softkeys
Apply values. Pressing the COMMIT button
activates the GUARD ZONE RING (continuous
line).
Figure: 2−46 GUARD ZONE RING
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2.4.5.3
Select EXCLUSION zone form
The sequence of operations below can be used to select the EXCLUSION ZONE.
Exclusion zones can be relative (moving with the ship) or true (fixed to a position)
• EXCLUSION ZONE RELATIVE
Procedure:
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Open the ARPA menu
Open the CREATE ZONE menu
Open the EXCLUSION ZONE menu RELATIVE
Open the EXCLUSION ZONE RELATIVE menu
Step 1
Step 3
Step 2
Step 4
Figure: 2−47 EXCLUSION FORM
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Result:
NOTE
The relative exclusion zone is predominantly shown for sea clutter at close
range (approx. 3 nm).
However, as well as the sea clutter some targets will also be ignored. The
master must be aware of this situation.
This example (see Figure: 2−48) shows a ring centered on your own ship, which
may be useful when the sea conditions or observation of buoys near own ship
produces numerous false alarm echoes from waves. The exclusion zone will
inhibit the auto acquisition function. This function can be used temporarily or left
on to eliminate acquisition of false echo effects from the ship structure. The
alternative for preventing false echoes is sector blanking, which must be
commissioned by a service engineer with shipyard approval.
The range area can be individually adjusted using the editing marks.
Using CURSOR function
− drag and drop −
Editing
markers
Sequence of actions
Pick up and drag
Set up
Using SLIDER function or
NUMERICAL softkeys
Apply values. Pressing the COMMIT button
activates the RELATIVE EXCLUSION ZONE
(continuous line).
Figure: 2−48 EXCLUSION ZONE RELATIVE
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2.4.6
EDIT ZONE
EDIT ZONE allows later editing of an active zone.
In the example below, the ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON is to be changed.
Procedure:
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Open the ARPA menu
Open the EDIT ZONE menu
Select polygon using Right button (polygon points visible)
Pick up desired point using Right button, change polygon (dotted lines).
Drop polygon using Left button, pick up next point. Or complete the
editing procedure with step 6.
Step 6 Select COMMIT softkey in menu using cursor and Left button.
The changed ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON is activated.
Step 2
Step 1
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Figure: 2−49 Editing an ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON
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Step 6
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DELETE ZONE
DELETE ZONE allows you to delete a selected zone or all zones located in the
radar video.
In the example below, the ACQUISITION ZONE POLYGON is to be deleted.
Procedure:
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Open the ARPA menu
Open the DELETE ZONE menu
Select polygon using Right button (editing points visible)
Select softkey OK in menu using cursor and Left button.
The ACQUISITION ZONE is deleted.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Figure: 2−50 Delete all zones or a selected zone
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2.4.8
Potential collision points (PCP) and closest point of approach
(CPA) symbols
PCP and CPA symbols are a useful tool that assists the user in identifying
possible collision danger.
RELative
or
REL TRUe
The function allows the potential collision point (PCP) or the closest point of
approach (CPA) for acquired targets to be indicated by a circular symbol in the
radar video.
The relevant function, PCP (potential collision points) or CPA (closest points of
approach), is determined by the setting of TRUE or RELATIVE.
TRUE allows the PCPs for all acquired targets to be displayed in the radar video.
RELATIVE allows the CPAs for all acquired targets to be displayed in the radar video.
Both types of display support prompt assessment of close range situations.
TRUE − Potential Collision Points (PCP) −
Potential collision points (PCP) provide a rapid overview of current and potential
collision danger (see Figure: 2−51).
Assessment:
− There is a current collision danger if a PCP lies on your own
ship’s head up line.
− There is a potential collision danger if your own ship changes
its current course such that a PCP that did not previously lie on the ship’s
head up line will now lie on that line.
Potential collision points are calculated by target acquisition.
Every target is normally marked with a PCP, which appears as a small circle.
Under certain circumstances, it is possible that a target is marked by 2 PCPs.
In such a situation, both PCPs are applicable and must be taken into account
when viewing the radar image.
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Procedure:
Target acquisition must first be carried out.
Step 1 Select TRUE
Step 2 Open the ARPA menu
Step 3 Select PCP/CPA SYMBOLS mode
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Figure: 2−51 Potential Collision Points −VECTOR mode TRUE−
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Result:
Switching to TRUE VECTORS shows potential collision points (PCP). These are
places on the chart where your own vessel could collide or choose to
rendezvous with any target. It is similar to half a trial maneuver, in that it shows
where your own vessel could meet the other track, at the present speed PCPs
move. This is because a choice has no longer been made to meet the vessel.
After some time, meeting the vessel becomes more difficult, and can finally be
impossible, for example, when following another ship that is faster.
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VECTOR mode REL − Closest Point of Approach (CPA) −
In this function, the closest point of approach (CPA) for acquired targets with
relative vectors is indicated by a small circle (see Figure: 2−52)
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Figure: 2−52 Closest Point of Approach −VECTOR mode REL−
Result:
Adding CPA symbols shows where the approach will be closest, on which
quarter of your own vessel. The CPA readout shows when this will occur.
Adding CPA warning circles shows the criteria for dangerous TRACK Alarms.
This display is optional, but the alarm system is still operational.
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2.4.9
Closest point of approach (CPA) warning on PCPs
This function softkey displays the CPA warning ring (see chapter 2.4.4.1)
centrally over the potential collision point (PCP) and displays it simultaneously.
This type of display supports prompt assessment of close range situations.
It is preparation for TRIAL MANEUVER. If does NOT substitute for TRAIL
MANEUVER.
Procedure:
Step 1 Select the VECTOR mode TRUE
Step 2 Open the ARPA menu
Step 3 Select CPA WRN on PCPs
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Figure: 2−53 CPA warning on PCPs
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Result:
The CPA warning limit and the circle defined by the ship’s master can be added
to the potential collision points, and thus to the “no go areas”. It is an aid to
navigation that indicates how your own ship could avoid CPA alarms.
It does NOT indicate the safe maneuver because it does NOT indicate the actual
closest point of approach (use Relative Vectors or TRIAL MANEUVER).
It is a local range marker only − for planing assistance.
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2.4.10
Closest point of approach CPA warning
This softkey function allows the CPA warning ring to be shown or
hidden in the radar video (see chapter 2.4.4.1).
Step 1
Step 2
Figure: 2−54 CPA warning ring ON/OFF
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Delete all targets
Pressing this softkey deletes all acquired targets in the radar video.
Step 1
Step 2
Figure: 2−55 Delete all targets
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2.4.12
Reference target ON/OFF
The reference target feature tracks a fixed target (zero speed) to correct your
own ship’s course and speed errors caused by set, drift, speed log, gyro errors,
or other factors.
The NSC Radar can support this by accepting one echo that the user knows is
geostationary. Radar, after 2 minutes, accurately calculates own ship ground
velocity until the track is lost or a new echo chosen. ARPA is best with water
velocity, so this feature was mostly used to stabilize maps and work up the best
Dead Reckoning (DR) position possible.
Use of Reference Target is not necessary when GPS is available.
If Reference Target work is preferred, GPS must be deselected.
The sequence:
The desired target must be acquired at first.
step 1
step 2
step 3
step 4
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opens the ARPA INFO
selects the desired target (must be a fixed target),
the SHOW symbol indicates the target
opens the ARPA MENU
select REF TGT OFF/ON
the SHOW symbol changes to the REFERENCE TARGET
symbol.
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step 3.
step 1.
step 4.
step 2.
Symbol
Figure: 2−56 Reference target ON/OFF
SHOW
REFERENCE
TARGET(GROUND)
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2.4.13
ARPA INFO
The ARPA INFO display can simultaneously show up to 3 items of target information.
ID
Identifier no. (1...70)
STAT Status )*
TCSE
TSPD
DIST
TBRG
CPA
True course / can be changed to relative course RCSE
True speed / can be changed to relative speed RSPD
Distance
True bearing
Closest point of approach
TCPA Time of closest point of approach
BCR Bow crossing range
BCT Bow crossing time
)*
TCPA
TI
Dangerous situation
Target initial, after approx. 10 scans
TN
GUARD
REF
Target normal
Target acquired using a GUARD zone
Info about a reference target
Figure: 2−57 ARPA INFO
Procedure:
Initial target selection is carried out using the cursor. The target information is
then shown in order from left to right in the ARPA INFO display.
Step 1 Open the ARPA INFO display
Step 2 Select the relevant targets
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Step 1.
Step 2
Sequence of actions
Figure: 2−58 Select ARPA targets for ARPA INFO
INFO
Targets that the ARPA function classifies as dangerous trigger an alarm (visual
and acoustic). At the same time the target information for that target is shown in
the 1st position in the ARPA INFO display.
The previous target information entries are moved to the right.
Acknowledging the alarm removes the relevant target information. The other
target information entries move back to the left.
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2.4.14
AIS INFO (option)
The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is designed for automatic and
autonomous data communication between ships. The communication data
consist of information such as identification, position, speed, course over ground
(detailed information see AIS Manual).
AIS targets can be displayed on the Radar Video, detailed information on AIS
Targets can be shown on request and alarms for LOST and DANGEROUS AIS
Targets will be generated automatically.
The Radar AIS INFO allows to change the following settings:
TARGETS:
SHOW
enables the AIS symbols on the Radar Video
HIDE
disables the AIS symbols on the Radar Video
SLEEPING
the target symbols indicates the presence and
orientation of the vessels equipped with AIS in a
certain location. No additional information is
NORMAL
present until activated thus avoiding information
overload.
the target symbols indicate the presence and
orientation of the vessels equipped with AIS in a
certain location. All additional information are
present in the AIS information. The AIS symbols
display the total information (see chapter
2.4.14.2)
RN G ...
LOST ...
a range at which the AIS Targets shall be displayed
can be set from 10 to 55 nm.
a range can be defined, above which no LOST
Target Alarms will be generated. All Targets which
go lost outside this range will disappear
immediately without an indication.
NOTE
Setting AIS LOSTRN = 0 nm will present multiple AIS Alarms and make
important standard Radar alarms more visible.
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The Radar AIS INFO gives the following presentation information:
Indication field for 3 items of AIS target informations.
The current AIS information is shown in order from
ID
STAT
CSE
SPD
left to right.
AIS Identifier no. from the ship of interest
Status )*
Course
Speed
DIST
TBRG
CPA
TCPA
Distance
True bearing
Closest point of approach
Time of closest point of approach
)*
Danger
Dangerous situation
Figure: 2−59 AIS INFO
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2.4.14.1
AIS Symbols in the Radar Video
Figure: 2−60 shows a possible Radar Video with AIS Targets and information.
step 1.
step 3.
step 2.
Sequence of actions
step 2.
Figure: 2−60 AIS symbols
Procedure:
After pressing the ARPA INFO softkey, the AIS INFO function is activated. The
AIS symbols appear in the Radar Video. The area for receiving the AIS
information depends on the used range area RNG .....
ln addition to the position information, the ship specific information can be shown
in a second AIS INFO display.
Step 1 Open the AIS INFO display
Step 2 Select the AIS symbol of interest, three symbols are marked with a
square and accordingly no. 1....3
Step 3 Open the second AIS display (showing the ship specifics information)
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AIS symbols
The AIS symbols are assigned 5 different pieces of target information.
Depending on the situation, each symbol has a different meaning (see following
table).
AIS Target
Symbol
Description of symbol
AIS targets
An isosceles, acute−angled triangle should be
used with its centriod representing the target’s
reference position. The most acuteapex of the
triangle is aligned with the heading of the target,
or with its COG, if heading information is not
available. The symbol of the sleeping target is
smaller than that of the activated target.
Targets
SLEEPING
Activated AIS
targets
An isosceles, acute−angled triangle should be
used with its centriod representing the target’s
reference position. The most acute apex of the
triangle should be aligned with the heading of
the target, or with its COG, if heading information is not available.
The COG/SOG vector is displayed as dashed
line starting at the centriod of the triangle.
The heading is be displayed as solid line of
fixed length starting at the apex of the triangle.
A flag on the heading indicates a turn and its
direction in order to detect a target manoeuvre
without delay.
Targets
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Selected target
A square indicated by its corner is drawn
around the target symbol.
Dangerous
target
A bold line clearly distinguishable from the standard lines is used to draw the symbol may be
increased. The target displayed with: vector,
heading, and rate of turn indication. The symbol
flashes until the Dangerous Target Alarm is acknowledged.
Lost target
A prominent solid line across the symbol, perpendicular to the last orientation of the symbol
is used. The line flashes until the Lost Target
Alarm is acknowledged. The target is displayed
without vector, heading and rate of turn indication.
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2.5
FUNCTION MENU
This menu provides additional functions.
2.5.1
Select MAP MENU
The MAPS function allows the operator to create and permanently store maps.
MAPS are normally produced for the current radar video. For example, they can
be saved under the name of a sea area corresponding to the radar video. If the
ship enters this sea area again, the associated map can be loaded.
A map is formed by adding true mark symbols, nav lines and index lines to the
radar video at points selected by the operator or at areas of interest. The
symbols can be used to mark navigation channels, exclusion or safety zones,
buoys or other pertinent points.
NOTE
Valid position information is required to create maps. Position information
is transferred from a position receiver (e.g. GPS) to the NSC in the form
of data telegrams.
The MAP MENU cannot be called up without valid position information.
A map can be made up of any combination of 100 TRUE MARKS, 50 NAV
LINES and 50 INDEX LINES.
As a map is created, it is placed in temporary storage. It is then saved
(if desired) and placed in permanent storage. The maps may be placed in
permanent storage. Each map may be assigned a label made up of alpha
numeric characters.
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Procedure: (see Figure: 2−61)
Step 1 Open the FUNC menu
Step 2 Open the MAP menu
Step 3 Open the MAP menu function EDIT
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Figure: 2−61 Calling up the MAP menu function CREATE MAP
2.5.1.1
MAP MENU − EDIT
(1)
CREATE MAP TRUE MARK
TRUE MARK
True marks may be used to identify targets or points of interest. This function is
available in the RM (..), TM, N UP or C UP modes.
Once entered into the system, a true mark is treated as stationary object by
being true motion stabilized and fixed to the radar map. The true mark position is
changed to reflect any changes in range scale, and display offsets.
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Procedure: (see Figure: 2−62)
Step 1 Open the TRUE MARK function
Step 2 Position the cursor and press the Left button
Step 3 Shows the co−ordinates of the 1st TRUE MARK
Step 1
Step 4
Step 3
Step 5
Step 6
Step 2
Figure: 2−62 Setting up a TRUE MARK
Editing a TRUE MARK
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−62)
Step 4 Open SELECT mode for TRUE MARK
Step 5 Open EDIT mode for TRUE MARK
Step 2 Select TRUE MARK using trackball and press Right button.
The color of the symbol changes to RED.
The MARK can now be repositioned using the trackball.
Pressing the Left button drops the MARK.
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Deleting a TRUE MARK
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−62)
Step 4 Open SELECT mode for TRUE MARK
Step 6 Open DELETE mode for TRUE MARK
Step 2 Select TRUE MARK using trackball and press Right button.
The MARK is deleted immediately.
(2)
CREATE MAP NAV LINE
NAV LINE
Navigation lines are shown as absolute lines in the radar video.
The navigation lines can be plotted in the radar video using polygons. This
means that the navigation lines can be either continuous or dotted.
The co−ordinates (LAT/LON) of the polygon points can be shown in the display
(EDIT NAV LINE) using the cursor.
NOTE
Navigation Lines are stored by latitude and longitude. Ensure that correct
positioning information is available before creating a new map.
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−63)
Step 1 Open the NAV LINE function (e.g. continuous lines)
Step 2 Position the cursor and press the Left button for the start of the 1st
line. Position the cursor at the next point and press the Left button
again. Repeat this action until the desired NAV LINE is shown in the
radar video.
Pressing the Right button completes the NAV LINE
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• Cursor returns to park position
This situation occurs after a pause in input. The cursor is returned to park position.
The NAV LINE operation is canceled. The previous NAV LINE remains in the
radar video but switches to fixed status (points are hidden). If the NAV LINE is to
be extended or changed, this can be done immediately by selecting it again (see
Step 1) or later using the EDIT function.
Step 1
Step 2
Figure: 2−63 Setting up a NAV LINE
Editing a NAV LINE
Editing a NAV LINE allows you to change existing navigation lines. Either
individual polygon points or the entire MAP can be repositioned.
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−64)
Step 1 Open SELECT mode for NAV LINE
Step 2 Select NAV LINE using trackball and press Right button.
The NAV LINE display changes and all points are shown.
The EDIT function is activated.
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Step 3 Open EDIT mode for the NAV LINE
Step 4 In this status, there are two editing options:
1−Change the course of the NAV LINE by moving one of the points.
Select the desired point using the trackball and press the Right
button.
The current position is shown in the EDIT NAV LINE display.
Determine marker position and drop by pressing the Left button.
2−Move NAV LINE or entire MAP in radar video.
Position the cursor on a line in the MAP and press the Right
button. This position is shown in the EDIT NAV LINE display.
The entire MAP can now be moved as required.
Pressing the Left button drops the MAP in the radar video.
Step 4
Step 2
Step 3
Step 1
Figure: 2−64 Editing a NAV LINE
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Deleting a NAV LINE
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−65)
Step 1 Open SELECT mode for NAV LINE
Step 2 Select NAV LINE using trackball and press Right button.
The NAV LINE display changes and all points are shown.
The DELETE function is activated.
Step 3 Pressing the DELETE softkey deletes the NAV LINE from the
radar video.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Figure: 2−65 Deleting a NAV LINE
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CREATE MAP INDEX LINE
INDEX LINE
Map Index lines are shown as relative lines in the radar video. Using a paper
chart they are planned before passing obstacles to maintain stand−off range.
They are also used to prepare wheel−over points.
The index lines can be plotted in the radar video using two points.
Index lines can either be shown as continuous or dotted.
The co−ordinates of the index lines are ship−specific (relative) and are shown in
(°) for the bearing and in (NM) for the distance in the EDIT INDEX LINE display.
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−66)
Step 1 Open the INDEX LINE function (e.g. continuous line)
Step 2 Position the cursor and press the Left button for 1st point
on the index line. Position the 2nd point on the index line.
Step 2
Step 1
Figure: 2−66 Creating an INDEX LINE
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Editing an INDEX LINE
The index lines can be edited by way of their index points.
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−67)
Step 1 Open SELECT mode for INDEX LINE
Step 2 Select INDEX LINE using trackball and press Right button.
The INDEX LINE display changes and both points are shown.
The EDIT function is activated.
Step 3 Open the EDIT INDEX LINE display
Select the desired point using the trackball and press the Right button.
The current position is shown in the EDIT NAV LINE (bearing and
distance) display.
Step 4 Determine the new position and drop by pressing the Left button.
Step 2
Step 1
Step 3
Figure: 2−68 Editing an INDEX LINE
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Deleting a NAV LINE
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−68)
Step 1 Open SELECT mode for INDEX LINE
Step 2 Select INDEX LINE using trackball and press Right button.
The INDEX LINE display changes and both points are shown.
The DELETE function is activated.
Step 3 Pressing the DELETE softkey deletes the INDEX LINE from the
radar video.
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2.5.1.2
MAP MENU − CONTROL −
CONTROL
The control menu allows the operator to correct the placement of a MAP.
This function can be used to realign NAV LINES, TRUE MARKERS and INDEX
LINES in the current radar video.
NOTE
A position offset between a MAP and the current radar video
can have various causes (position, gyro, map date).
The MAP MENU function CONTROL is only activated when a MAP is
loaded (see chapter 2.5.1.6).
Procedure:
Step 1 Open the MAP menu.
Step 2 Open the MAP menu function CONTROL.
Step 3 Pressing the ADJUST softkey displays the ADJUST MAP menu
(step 3.1). Depending on the composition of the MAPs (TRUE points
or INDEX points or both) the individual operations are activated.
MOVE ALL TRUE Points allows a new positioning of TRUE MARKERS
and TRUE LINES. On pressing the soft button, the Cursor is positioned
into the PPI−center. On the Radar Video, the MAP is faded in according
to its geographical position. If the MAP is not visible, the range has to be
adjusted accordingly.
The MAP can now freely be moved on the Radar Video by means of the
cursor and adjusted via reference points or lines (buoys or coastlines).
On pressing the Left button, the MAP is placed on the Radar Video.
The new position is indicated as RADAR FIX coordinate ∆LATITUDE
and ∆LONGITUDE on the CONTROL MAP display.
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Simultaneously, the alarm message FIX ACTIVE: MAP LAT/LON is
indicated on the display for ALARM MESSAGES
Pressing the CANCEL FIX softkey shows the original position of the
MAP in the radar video.
MOVE ALL INDEX Points (Relative) allows realignment of INDEX
LINES, if the passage plan spontaneously changes.
On pressing the soft buttons, the cursor is positioned into the
PPI−center. In parallel, the MAP is faded in on the Radar Video.
Now the MAP can freely be moved on the Radar Video. The current
distance is indicated on the ADJUST MAP display. On pressing the
Left button, the MAP is fixed on the desired position on the Radar
Video.
ROTATE INDEX Points (Relative) allows realignment of the INDEX
LINES, if a gyro error is detected.
As Index Lines are stabilized in true azimuth but are fixed to own ship in
range, own ship changes course, the index lines on a map do not
change in True Bearing, but will change in Relative Bearing.
On pressing the soft buttons, the MAP can be rotated/turned in any
direction.
On pressing the Left button, the MAP is fixed on the desired position in
the Radar Video.
Step 4 TRUE MARKERS, NAV LINES or INDEX LINES can be shown or hidden
as required.
Step 5 The current MAP is hidden in the radar video.
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As required
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3.1
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Figure: 2−69 Calling up the MAP menu function CONTROL MAP
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The RADAR FIX effect:
If a MAP has been created and does not fit the current radar video when
subsequently loaded, a RADAR FIX can be used. This is done by using TRUE
POINTS or TRUE LINES.
If a saved MAP does not fit the real radar video one or more of the following can
be true:
a)
The TRUE MAP was created using points or lat/long information from a
paper chart not in WGS 84 datum.
b)
The TRUE or INDEX MAP was created “live” from a radar image on a
previous voyage while the gyro was inaccurate (North speed errors not
compensated, for example).
c)
The TRUE or INDEX MAP was created “live” from a radar image using
different gyros (for ships equipped with two gyros).
d)
The gyro currently in use has a new error and requires service.
Latitude North speed correction!
e)
The position sensor has an “error of the day”. For example Loran C errors.
f)
The position sensor currently in use is set to different data than the TRUE
MAP data used, has incorrect data for where the ship is now or is set
to data that is suitable for paper chart work but is not compatible with radar
work.
INFO
Before using RADAR FIX, consider how the MAP was created and check the
position sensor DATA/GYRO. It is better to organize these consistently than to
apply the RADAR FIX option. Radar fix can provide temporary assistance
(particularly in case e and f).
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2.5.1.3
MAP MENU − EXCHANGE −
EXCHANGE
This function allows MAPs created on the NSC Radar to be read in and out.
A USB stick can be used as an external storage medium.
The USB port is located on the front of the unit.
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−70)
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Open the FUNC menu
Open the MAP menu
Open the MAP menu function EXCHANGE
Insert the USB stick into USB port
Press the REFRESH softkey; the NSC processor automatically detects
the USB stick.
Step 6/7 Select the desired operation.
EXPORT – All MAPs located in the NSC MAP memory are
transferred onto the USB stick.
IMPORT – All MAPs located on the USB stick are transferred to the
NSC memory.
Step 8 Press the EJECT DEVICE softkey; the NSC processor automatically
completes the operation.
NOTE
To counteract possible data loss, before removing the USB stick ensure
that the EJECT DEVICE softkey is pressed!
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NSC back side
Step 1
Step 2
USB port
Step 3
Step 4
(Example)
Step 5
Step 8
Step 6
Step 7
Figure: 2−70 Calling up the MAP menu function EXCHANGE MAPS
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2.5.1.4
MAP MENU − SAVE −
SAVE
MAPS are created in the current radar video and can then be saved, for example
under the name of the sea area.
MAPS are saved based on the fixed LATITUDE and LONGITUDE co−ordinates.
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−71)
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Open the FUNC menu
Open the MAP menu
Open the MAP menu function SAVE
Enter the desired MAP name using the cursor and the softkey keyboard.
Pressing the SAVE softkey completes the operation.
To check this, call up the MAP MENU LOAD (see chapter 2.5.1.6).
The name of the saved MAP appears when you call up LOCAL MAP.
Step 2
Step 1
Step 3
Step 4
Figure: 2−71 Calling up the MAP menu function SAVE
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MAP MENU − DELETE −
DELETE
Delete allows you to delete MAPS, which can be LOCAL or DISTANT MAPS.
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−72)
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Open the FUNC menu
Open the MAP menu
Open the MAP menu function DELETE.
Select LOCAL or DISTANT.
Select the desired MAP.
Pressing the DELETE softkey deletes the MAP.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Figure: 2−72 Calling up the MAP menu function DELETE
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2.5.1.6
MAP MENU − LOAD −
LOAD
Load allows you to load a saved MAP. This function provides various MAP categories.
The NSC system uses the saved LATITUDE / LONGITUDE co−ordinates to
identify the correlation between the MAP and the sea area currently displayed in
the radar video.
The subsequent MAP lists are then automatically adapted to the changing radar
video view.
LOCAL MAP
Local MAPS are MAPS whose saved co−ordinates match the current sea area.
DISTANT MAP
Distant MAPS are MAPS created for a different sea area.
The MAP names are shown in a list. Toggle fields allow you to scroll through this list.
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−73)
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
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Open the MAP menu
Open the MAP menu function LOAD.
Select LOCAL or DISTANT.
Select the desired MAP.
Pressing the LOAD softkey shows the MAP in the radar video. If
necessary, select another range scale to find the LOCAL MAP in the
Radar Video. Possible corrections can be made using the MAP MENU
function CONTROL (see chapter 2.5.1.2).
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Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
If necessary, select another range scale
Figure: 2−73 Calling up the MAP menu function LOAD MAPS
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2.5.2
Select TRIAL MANEUVER
The trial maneuver feature allows the operator to see the results of possible
changes in their own speed and/or course, without actually committing their own
ship to those changes.
When the trial maneuver function is on, a large letter T flashes at the bottom of
video display. This is to remind the operator that the current radar video and
plotting data is not the true navigational situation. The user can return to normal
radar operation by clicking on Trial again.
When changing course or testing a proposed course, the trial heading is
indicated in white and by a dashed line originating from own ship.
NOTE
If True vectors are selected, your own ship’s vector will reflect any set
and drift inputs (course made good).
Target data (SPD, CSE, ID, CPA, TCPA) that is being plotted is still
shown in the actual TRIAL MANEUVER readout.
During a trial maneuver, there are no restrictions on operation within the NSC
user interface.
Alarms and warnings during the trial maneuver;
Real alarms
The ARPA tracking system continues running in the background.
If there is a real close range situation (target enters the CPA/TCPA zone limits),
an automatic alarm is generated. The target symbol flashes and a corresponding
text message appears in the alarm display.
Temporary alarms
If a close range situation occurs during the trial maneuver, the target symbols
flash.
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Procedure: (see Figure: 2−74)
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
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Open the FUNCTION menu
Open the TRIAL function
Switch the vector display into TRUE mode (possible example)
Execute the TRIAL maneuver.
The trial heading marker and the SHM are shown congruently in the
radar video.
Move the Course slider, CSE, to start the TRIAL
maneuver. The trial heading marker is moved using the CSE slider. As
well as the course, the speed SPD can also be adapted to the maneuvered.
The readouts show relevant targets (ID no.) with their CPA/TCPA values,
which could result in a possible close range situation during the TRIAL
maneuvered.
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Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Trial heading marker
Trial maneuver symbol
Settings for this example:
(ARPA MENU)
Figure: 2−74 Trial maneuver (example)
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− PCP/CPA SYMBOLS ON
− CPA WRN on PCP ON
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Result:
When a trial maneuver is added, the trial course (CSE) identifies the new
heading but cannot affect potential collision points because these depend on the
speed of approach towards other vessels (where your own ship could potentially
meet another).
Trial speed (SPD) changes the potential collision points and the higher the
selected speed the more PCPs there will be in the vicinity of the tracked ships.
A trial maneuver and PCPs are a way to view the advantages of a change in
speed.
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2.5.3
Select ROUTE (option)
This function allows the transfer of routes, e.g. between an electronic sea chart
NSC ECDIS and the NSC radar.
The route planning is effected via NSC ECDIS (see NSC ECDIS manual).
If the route position (NSC ECDIS) matches with the radar position, the route can
be displayed in the current radar video.
Parallel to the route display, the active cursor of the NSC ECDIS appears in the
radar video, and the active cursor from NSC radar on the display of the NSC
ECDIS.
Precondition:
− route planning via NSC ECDIS
− position alignment of NSC ECDIS and NSC radar
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−75)
Step 1 Open the FUNCTION menu
Step 2 Open the ROUTE function
Step 3 Select the ROUTE view of interest
− HIDE ROUTE,
for fading out the complete Route
− HIDE XTD LIMITS, for fading out the XTD LIMITS only
− HIDE WPT LABELS for fading out the WPT LABELS only
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Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
NSC ECDIS cursor
Figure: 2−75 ROUTE (example)
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2.5.4
Select T−SCE (ON/OFF)
This function allows you to call up a TEST SCENARIO.
The test scenario is described by an independent radar video, in which the test
targets are displayed.
The radar video is identified by two flashing XX characters and is shown in the PPI.
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−76)
Step 1 Open the FUNCTION menu
Step 2 Set T−SCE ON
After several cycles, the test scenario appears in the PPI.
These targets can be acquired manually or using the ARPA zones. The
corresponding target information can be read out using the ARPA INFO.
T−SCE OFF hides the test scenario.
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Step 1
Step 2
Figure: 2−76 Test scenario
Result:
This test allows the ARPA tracker to be tested.
The test is normally carried out in open waters.
Activating T−SCE displays an artificial radar video containing several targets.
These targets can be acquired manually or using acquisition zones.
Each target acquired can be identified by the ARPA INFORMATION.
The VECTORS, TRAILS and PAST POSITIONS for the targets can also be
shown.
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2.5.5
Select PERFORMANCE MONITOR
The performance monitor PMU provides a transmitter power check and a receiver
sensitivity check. When targets are not available, the PMU can also be used for
manual tuning of the radar to ensure maximum radar performance at all times.
2.5.5.1
Performance monitor
Brief description
This is a passive performance monitor system.
This means:
The performance monitor is a device capable of signaling any degradation in the
performance of the radar in the display. In particular, indicates the efficiency of
the transmitter and the receiver.
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−77)
Step 1 Switch on the performance monitor by turning switch S1 on the external
performance monitor switch to ON.
Step 2 Select the 24 NM range.
Wait at least 30 minutes in order to allow the temperature of the
two systems to stabilize.
Step 3 Change the TUNE mode from Auto to Manual by selecting the upper
AUTO toggle field.
Slowly adjust (TUNE slider) the tuning command for Radar Up to the 4
markers produced by the performance monitor and visualized in the
NSC display (inability to synthesize the marker on the display unit may
be due to a degradation above 10 dB on the transmitter and receiver
or to a failure of the performance monitor).
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Step 3
Raytheon Marine GmbH
Germany
Step 2
F1
Step 1
PMU
transmission check
Info
The dotted lines are only
used to explain the
PMU check.
Normal operation
of transmitter power
Degradation of 4 dB in
transmitter power
Figure: 2−77 PMU display for 6 feet X−band
Result:
By visualizing 4 markers on the radar video in the shape of an arc of a circle, the
performance monitor simultaneously performs the following checks:
− Monitoring efficiency of radar transmission system
− Monitoring efficiency of radar reception system
Monitoring efficiency of radar transmission system
During normal operation of the transmission system, the 4 markers, set to 14,
16, 18 and 20 NM (see Figure: 2−77) must be visible in the radar video.
Degradation of the transmitter power is indicated by a shift of the 4 markers
towards the center of the radar video;
in particular a shift of 4 markers of 2 NM towards the center of Radar Video is
obtained by each degradation of the transmitted power corresponding to 2 dB.
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Monitoring efficiency of radar reception system
Adjust the radar GAIN to obtain a floor noise that is just visible. If the radar is
working correctly, the 4 arcs must be recognizable; in particular the furthest
must be hardly recognizable by floor noise.
The 4 markers are visualized with decreasing intensity starting from the nearest
marker to the one furthest from the center of the radar video.
Each jump in intensity indicates a decrement of 3 dB in reception.
If the sensitivity of the receiver decreases by 10 dB, the marker nearest to the
center of the radar video will only just be recognizable above the noise.
In the extreme condition corresponding to a degradation in power equal to or
greater than 10 dB for the transmitter and receiver, only one marker will appear
on the radar video at a distance of 4 NM.
PMU
receiver/transmitter check
Degradation of 10 dB for
receiver
Info
The dotted lines are only
used to explain the
PMU check.
Degradation of 10 dB in
transmitter and receiver
power
Figure: 2−78 PMU receiver and transmitter check
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Select SECTOR BLANKING (ON/OFF)
SECTOR BLANKING is one of the ship−specific settings to be made at
commissioning.
The setting normally depends on the ship’s superstructure (e.g. cranes,
chimneys etc.), from which strong reflection effects can be expected.
These effects have a negative impact on the quality of the radar video.
To counteract this, the relevant sectors can be blanked out in the radar video.
Procedure: (see Figure: 2−79)
Step 1 Open the FUNC menu
Step 2 The default setting for SECTOR BLANKING is ON.
Pressing the softkey restores the blanked sector to the
radar video.
Pressing the softkey again blanks the sector again.
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Step 1
Step 2
Figure: 2−79 Sector blanking
Result:
The radar video quality within the sector depends on the reflection influences.
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Theory of Operation
This chapter gives additional information about radar operation and functions.
It explains terminology and and describes a number of effects which have influence on radar performance and have to be considered by the operator.
A radar uses a very high frequency radio wave (microwave) which has similar
properties to those of light regarding straightness and uniform velocity. The radar
antenna radiates the fan shape fine microwave (fan beam) to the target just as a
search light throws the light beam to the target, and the reflected microwave
from the target returns to the antenna.
The radar does not use a continuous wave but radiates the wave for a very short
period (approx. 10−6 to 10−8 second .... called pulse) to measure the time from
when the wave is radiated till the reflected wave returns to the antenna. In addition, with rotation of the antenna at a constant speed, the fan shape radio wave
radiated from the antenna scans around 360_ − with the antenna at its center −
in order to detect the object.
3.1
Radar Plotting Terminology
• Bearing (AZIMUTH)
The horizontal direction of one point from another point, expressed as the
angle in the horizontal plane between a reference line and the horizontal projection of the line joining the two points.
− TRUE Bearing > Reference is true north
− RELATIVE Bearing > Reference is own ship’s heading
•
Target Speed
− TRUE > Actual Speed made good by target.
− RELATIVE > In relation to own ship’s movement
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•
Target Course
− TRUE > Direction of target movement referenced to true north.
− RELATIVE > Direction of target movement referenced to own ship bow.
•
Closest Point of Approach (CPA)
The point at which a target will be closest to own ship
•
Time to Closest Point of Approach (TCPA)
The time remaining to CPA, based on current own ship speed.
•
Potential Collision Point (PCP)
The point at which a collision would take place if the target vessel maintains
present course and speed, and own ship maintains present speed and if own
ship were to choose to steer a collision course now.
•
Radar Video presentation
Relative Motion (RM)
In this mode, the radar shows the motion of a target relative to the motion of
own ship, own ship is fixed on the screen. Targets move on the screen.
Relative Motion can be with True Trails RM (T) with Relative Trails RM (R)
True Motion (TM)
In this mode, the actual or true motion of a target and own ship, i.e. land
masses or non−moving targets are fixed on the screen while targets with
actual motion and own ship move on the screen (similar to plotting chart).
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Figure: 3−1 Relative Motion (R) / Relative Motion (T)
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•
Vectors
Relative Vector
Line drawn on screen to indicate calculated relative course and speed of
targets.
True Vector
Line drawn on screen to indicate calculated true course and speed
of targets.
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3.2
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Germany
Radar Pattern Interpretation
The radar displays a chart−like picture (PPI) on TFT under normal conditions.
Under certain conditions, however, various false echoes are generated, and
small targets are hidden by rain, snow or sea waves. To correctly interpret targets and patterns which appears on the TFT requires considerable experience.
Compare patterns that appear on the radar image to the actual topography to
acquire experience as far as possible.
3.2.1
Range
The detectable range depends on the antenna height and height of targets.
Sometimes, however, the radar detectable range is longer due to refraction of
the wave beam according to weather conditions.
The radio wave is obstructed by mountains and hills, forming a shadow behind
these objects.
H1
H2
D = 2 (√ H1 + √ H2)
Figure: 3−2 Detectable Range
D[NM]
H[m]
Examples:
A big ship with 25 m antenna high can detect a 4 m high small ship in up to
14 NM distance.
A big ship with 25 m antenna high can detect a 25 m high ship in up to 20 NM.
A big ship with 25 m antenna height can detect a 100 m high coast in up to 30
NM.
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3.2.1.1
Radar Interference
When a radar is used on another ship nearby, a radial pattern of dots may appear on the display. There are various patterns caused by the radar interference
which can be eliminated by reducing the range scale.
This radar provides a radar interference rejection device, and the radar interference from the radars of other ships can be cancelled (see Figure: 3−3).
Without Interference rejection
With Interference rejection
Figure: 3−3 Interference rejection
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3.2.1.2
Raytheon Marine GmbH
Germany
Sea Clutter, Rain Clutter
The radar wave is reflected by waves, clouds, rain and snow. This is then displayed as a bright noise which clutters the Radar Video and may hide targets
When this happens, adjust GAIN, SEA (sea clutter), RAIN (rain and snow clutter)
controls to assist in the detection of targets easily.
Then adjust FTC.
Take note that ordinary visible targets cannot be seen in heavy rain and
snow (see Figure: 3−4).
Without Rain, Snow
Clutter Control
With Rain, Snow
Clutter Control
Figure: 3−4 Pattern interpretation
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3.2.1.3
Side Lobe Effect
In short ranges, not only the main lobe of the radar is reflected by ships nearby
but in some cases also the side lobes are reflected.
This leads to false echoes, which are all at same distance, but different bearings.
Multiple reception effect
If a strong echo reflected from a large object at short range is
reflected several times between the object and own ship, false echoes are displayed at positions of 1, 2, 3 or more times the distance of the actual position. A
is the actual echo, B and C are false echoes, and D and E are side lobe echoes
(see Figure: 3−5). These echoes can easily be identified because these echoes
can be reduced by adjustment of GAIN, SEA controls.
side lobe effects
multiple reception
main lobe
side
lobe
side
lobe
Figure: 3−5 Side Lobe and Multiple Reception False
Echo
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3.2.1.4
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Germany
Second trace false echo
The second trace false echo appears when the signal is received at the next
pulse repetition period after it was reflected by a high mountain or similar object
in long distance. Therefore, the position in which it appears is identified by subtracting distance corresponding to the pulse repetition interval from the actual
distance. Assuming the pulse period is 1000 µs and the range scale is adjusted
tor 12 NM, the pulse reflected from a target 80 NM away returns after 1000 µs.
Targets lying at a distance of beyond (80 NM + 12 NM=) 92 NM, therefore, can
generate second trace false echoes.
A target in 83 NM distance may generates an echo on the radar display at 3NM
(see Figure: 3−6).
Second trace false echo
Transmit pulse
Transmit pulse
Range
scale 12 NM
Pulse period
1/pulse repetition frequency
Range
scale 3NM
with 1000/s approx. 80 NM
Echo from
transmit pulse 1
Figure: 3−6 Second Trace False Echo Effect
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It often appears that the radio wave propagation is abnormal (duct effect), when
the object is a very large mountain. If the signal reception level, however, is
small and the transmitted pulse intervals are slightly changed, then a long
cloudy form echo appears as shown in the figure, and can easily be identified.
If it is difficult to identify, reduce the receiver gain (GAIN) slightly. In rare cases,
the guard ring alarm goes off. In this case, check and observe the video echoes,
and reduce the receiver gain, and in case of medium range scale (3, 6, 12 NM)
switch to LONG PULSE or to 24 NM range scale (see Figure: 3−7).
Second trace false echo
Radar Range
Out of Range
Second trace false echo
Atmosphere
Second trace false echo
Figure: 3−7 Second Trace False Echo, Duct Effect
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3.2.1.5
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Germany
Abnormal Atmospheric Conditions
Under certain abnormal atmospheric conditions, the radar wave can be reflected
at higher layers in the atmosphere. This leads to wrong measurements in long
distances.
invisible Range
visible Range
Atmosphere
Figure: 3−8 Atmospheric Condition
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3.3
Vector Presentation
3.3.1
True Vector Mode
(see Figure: 3−9)
True vector mode displays the true movement of all targets with true course and
true speed.
The actual speed and course of own ship and and two targets are such that target 1 will eventually collide with own ship, and the target 2 will pass well behind
own ship. In TRUE vector mode, tracked targets which are standing still (such as
target 3) do not display a vector.
Ship’s heading marker
OWN Vector
Figure: 3−9 True Vector Mode
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3.3.2
Raytheon Marine GmbH
Germany
Relative Vector Mode
(see Figure: Figure: 3−10)
Relative vector mode shows how targets move in relation to own.
All ships that have relative vectors pointing to my own ship are dangerous
targets.
Ship’s heading marker
Figure: 3−10 Relative Vector Mode
When the same situation is displayed in RELATIVE vector mode, target 1 gradually closing with own ship and it is apparent that target 2 indicates no threat as
long as neither own ship nor target changed their headings.
The stationary target 3 does not move at all. Its relative vector is exactly opposite to own ship’s vector.
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3.4
Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA)
The purpose of an Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA) is to interpret radar
information continuously and to display the results so that watch officers may
quickly assess and react to potential danger. The performance specfication of
the International Maritim Organization (IMO) requires the ARPA plotting reliability
to be as good as manual plotting techniques. The NSC meets and exceeds
these minimum requirements to provide a greater margin of safetey.
The first requirement of safetey is to maintan surveillance of traffic and
navigation harzards. The ARPA will plot up to 70 manually acquired (Plot)
targets.
For any targets being plotted, the ARPA continuously displays vectors indicating
speed and course. Based on preset conditions the ARPA determines if the
possibility for collision exists.
When a potentially dangerous target is detected, warnings are given and
information detailed on the target is displayed.
If the watch officer determines that an avoidance maneuver is required, the
ARPA trial maneuver mode can assist in the planning. When a maneuver is
actually made, the ARPA continuously displays the effect on all plotted targets
during and after the course change.
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3.4.1
Raytheon Marine GmbH
Germany
Sensor Errors
The performance of ARPA depends on the quality of the sensor information
which is processed. The radar is the sensor which measures target range and
bearing relative to own ship. The gyro compass measures the heading of the
own ship ship relative to north. The speed log measures the motion of ship own
relative to the water or bottom.
3.4.1.1
Gyro Compass
A precise Gyro Compass heading is an important condition for accurate target
tracking and ARPA information. The radar user should be aware that Gyro
Compasses may have errors (speed error and acceleration error). These errors
can degrade the accuracy of target results (ARPA INFO).
Raytheon Gyro Compasses have automatic error correction and supply true
heading to radars.
This may not be the case for other Gyro Compass models.
If Gyro Compass heading input is interrupted, the radar will give alarm.
3.4.1.2
Speed Log
A precise speed input from the log is an important condition for accurate target
tracking and ARPA INFO. The radar user should be aware that speed outputs of
logs may be temporarily unstable for various reasons. This may degrade the
accuray tracking results (ARPA INFO).
If speed input is interrupted, the radar will release alarm.
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3.4.1.3
Plotting
Plotting is started by positioning the trackball cursor over the desired target
echo. When the softbutton is pressed the radar aquires the target.
When a target becomes too weak or too large and is identified by the ARPA as a
LOST TARGET, two options are available:
(1)
CANCEL Option: As a warning, a flashing symbol marks the last position of
the target. The ARPA attempts the target by increasing the window size.
It coasts for five scans (antenna rotations) and if the target is not located in
the enlarged window, the plot is cancelled.
(2)
COAST Option: The lost target data is not automatically cancelled but
rather is “coasted “ and the flashing LOST TARGET symbol marks the last
position of the target. To delete the LOST TARGET symbol, track, and target data, a manual cancel operation must be done.
CAUTION
IF A TARGET GETS CLOSE TO ANOTHER TARGET, THE TWO TARGETS CANNOT BE DISCRIMINAT AND TRACKING MAY RESUME ON
THESE SIGNALS.
THE OPERATOR SHOULD INVESTIGATE ALL ARPA ALARMS.
Occasionally, when a vessel changes course while coasting or other targets are
in the vicinity, a plot may be lost or transferred to another target. The flashing
alerts the operator to verify the condition after coasting.
NOTE
If a plot acquisition is attempted on a target close to another plot,
the new plot will be refused.
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To determine accurate ARPA results, a number of past positions have to be
recorded. After acquiring a close target, the processor takes about a minute to
record enough position data to get a good, accurate speed.
More time could be required for targets more than eight miles away.
NOTE
For accurate target data, accurate own ship’s course and speed
are required, particularly during course changes. Sensor errors in
own ships course and speed will cause equal errors in target
data. Manual speed entries can be used, but for best performance an accurate speed log is recommended.
A Ground Reference mode is provided to improve speed measurements. A small, fixed, stable target is plotted to give a zero
speed reference. Target positions and own ship’s position may be
referred to the Reference Target. The use of a suitable reference
target will improve motion stabilization and target data.
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3.4.2
Collision Assessment (Surveillance)
Once the true velocities of own ship and targets are established (within one
minute of acquisition), it is valid to interpret displayed information for collision
assessment. TRUE and RELATIVE VECTORS are available to present target
velocities.
The NSC provides two additional surveillance features to aid in rapid
assessment of collisions potential in congested situations. When displaying
TRUE VECTORS, the operator may choose to display Potential Collision Point
(PCPs). The appearance of one or more of these symbols, on or near own ship’s
heading line, immediately signals collision potential. When displaying RELATIVE
VECTORS, the operator may choose to display all CPAs within the set CPA limit,
plus one mile of own ship whose TCPA is less than 30 minutes. The appearance
of one or more of these symbols near own ship’s current position immediately
signals collisions potential.
3.4.2.1
Accuracy of Collision Assessment
The position of PCP and CPA are the key parameters in collision assessment
and of vital importance. Both are calculated from knowledge of present position
and velocities of targets and own ship.
3.4.2.2
Displaying of CPAs
CPA is the Closest Point of Approach for any target vessel if both the target
vessel and own ship maintain course and speed. The calculated CPA will match
the actual CPA only if the present course and speed of the target vessel has
been maintained long enough for the target velocity filters to settle. The ARPA
specification allows up to three minutes for this purpose. The NSC accomplishes
this in one minute .
Furthermore, if own ship’s speed−log has no smoothing or delay in its readings,
the NSC will produce an accurate CPA even as own ship comes to a new course
and/or speed (target not maneuvering). CPA and TCPA are calculated for all
targets; once for each revolution of the radar antenna (approximately two
seconds for Raytheon radars).
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CPA symbols will be displayed if:
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(1)
the operator selects the CPA/PCP display button on the collisions assessment menu page and
(2)
RELATIVE vector mode is selected and
(3)
the CPA symbols are located within the bearing scale and
(4)
display is stabilized and
(5)
symbol display state is ON and
(6)
“ARPA DATA” display state is ON
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3.5
Keep the following points in mind when operating the NSC:
• Radar Video
The radar video display area is updated from a memory. The memory is
updated as the antenna scans. The radar picture is signal processed from
previous scan of the antenna. This process is called scan−to−scan integration. Three scans are required to integrete a target to full brightness. It should
be noted that while in head up, the scan integration process is removed and
all targets including clutter are displayed at full brightness.
• Sensitiveity Controls
When the sensitivity controls are used, the operator must wait for three scans
to see final result. The radar picture will “build” until targets are displayed at a
bright level. Receiver noise and in most cases, clutter, will not be integrated
and will appear dim when the controls are properly set. Adjust the controls in
small increments.
• Radar Detectability
The processing of three scans of radar data results in greater radar detectability. Targets which otherwise would be in noise now stand out clearly.
Greater radar detectability could occasionally cause reflections and other
undesired echos to appear as strong returns. Use the sensitivity controls to
achieve a suitable presentation.
• Best Clutter/Interference Rejection
The best clutter/interference rejection will occur when accurate speed (log)
and gyro information is used to stabilize the radar display. Use the Sea, FTC
and Rain controls to suppress clutter and leave targets at a bright level.
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SHM
see chapter 2.3.2.1
Raytheon Marine GmbH
Germany
Radar video
displays,
Radar video
settings,
INFORMATION
PANEL,
see chapter 2.3.2
see chapter 2.3.3
see chapter 2.3.6
Antenna
sensitivity controls,
see chapter 2.3.1.
MENU
bar,
see
chapter
2.3.6.6
North Marker
PPI
Radar
compass rose
Radar video
Cursor information
in radar video range,
see chapter
2.3.5
Navigation
Electronic bearing lines (EBL) and variable range
Park position
automatic cursor
markers (VRM), see chapter 2.3.4
position
Radar operator panel,
see chapter 2.2.3
Power
ON/OFF
button
see chapter
2.2.1
Trackball
see
chapter 2.2.2
Reset
Dip switch
see chapter
2.2.5
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Annex 1
3749DOC020102
Subject to alteration due to technical
developments without notice.
All rights reserved · Printed in Germany
3748DOC020102 Edition 14.JAN.2005
Raytheon Marine GmbH
High Seas Products
D - 24100 Kiel, Germany
Tel +49(0)4 31-30 19-0
Fax +49(0)4 31-30 19-291
Email Service@ raykiel.com
www.raytheon-marine.de

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