Tranzeo Wireless Technologies CU900NT3 900 MHz WIRELESS NETWORK ADAPTER User Manual

Tranzeo Wireless Technologies, Inc 900 MHz WIRELESS NETWORK ADAPTER Users Manual

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Users Manual

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Document No. TR0190 Rev A1
TR-900 Access Point
User’s Guide
Rev. A1
Communicate Without Boundaries
Tranzeo Wireless Technologies Inc.
19473 Fraser Way, Pitt Meadows, BC, Canada V3Y 2V4
www.tranzeo.com
technical support email: support@tranzeo.com
ER-1000 Access Point User’s Guide
Tranzeo, the Tranzeo logo and TR-900 are trademarks of Tranzeo Wireless Technologies Inc. All rights reserved.
All other company, brand, and product names are referenced for identification purposes only and may be
trademarks that are the properties of their respective owners.
Copyright © 2009, Tranzeo Wireless Technologies Inc.
TR0190 Rev. A1
ER-1000 User’s Guide
FCC Notice to Users and Operators
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two
conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) This device must
accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for Class B Digital Device,
pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable
protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates
and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the
instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no
guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does
cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning
the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or
more of the following measures.
•
•
•
•
•
Install the antenna so that there is a minimum of 32.1 cm (12.6 in) of distance
between the antenna and people.
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna
Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the
receiver is connected
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help
To reduce potential radio interference to other users, the antenna type and its gain should be
so chosen that the equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) is not more than that
required for successful communication
Any changes or modification to said product not expressly approved by Tranzeo
Wireless Technologies Inc. could void the user's authority to operate this device.
The Tranzeo TR-900 Access Point must be installed by a trained professional, value
added reseller, or systems integrator who is familiar with RF cell planning issues and
the regulatory limits defined by the FCC for RF exposure, specifically those limits
outlined in sections 1.1307.
TR0190 Rev. A1
ER-1000 User’s Guide
Table of Contents
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.4
1.4.1
Working with the TR-900 ................................................................................... 8
TR-900 Variants .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
TR-900 Capabilities...............................................................................................8
TR-900 Interfaces .................................................................................................8
Ethernet and PoE................................................................................................. 9
Antenna.............................................................................................................. 10
Deployment Considerations ................................................................................11
AP Channel Selection ........................................................................................ 11
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Connecting to the TR-900................................................................................ 13
Network Interfaces ..............................................................................................13
Connecting to an Unconfigured TR-900..............................................................14
Default Login and Password ...............................................................................15
Resetting the ‘admin’ Password ..........................................................................15
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Using the Web Interface .................................................................................. 16
Accessing the Web Interface...............................................................................16
Navigating the Web Interface ..............................................................................18
Setting Parameters .............................................................................................18
Help Information..................................................................................................19
Rebooting............................................................................................................19
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
4.5.5
4.5.6
4.5.7
4.5.8
4.5.9
Using the Command Line Interface ................................................................ 21
Accessing the CLI ...............................................................................................21
User Account.......................................................................................................21
CLI Interfaces......................................................................................................22
CLI Features .......................................................................................................22
Control of the Cursor.......................................................................................... 22
Cancel a Command ........................................................................................... 22
Searching the Command History ....................................................................... 23
Executing a Previous Command ........................................................................ 23
CLI Commands ...................................................................................................23
‘?’ command....................................................................................................... 23
‘whoami’ command ............................................................................................ 23
‘help’ command .................................................................................................. 24
‘show’ command ................................................................................................ 24
‘use’ command ................................................................................................... 25
‘set’ command .................................................................................................... 25
‘get’ command .................................................................................................... 26
‘list’ command .................................................................................................... 27
‘ping’ command .................................................................................................. 27
TR0190 Rev. A1
ER-1000 User’s Guide
4.5.10
4.5.11
4.5.12
4.5.13
4.5.14
4.5.15
4.5.16
‘ifconfig’ command ............................................................................................. 28
‘route’ command................................................................................................. 28
‘clear’ command ................................................................................................. 28
‘history’ command .............................................................................................. 29
‘!’ command........................................................................................................ 30
‘exit’ command ................................................................................................... 31
‘quit’ command ................................................................................................... 31
Initial Configuration of an TR-900................................................................... 32
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
Status Information ........................................................................................... 34
Configuration Overview Page..............................................................................34
Interface Status ...................................................................................................35
Virtual AP Interfaces .......................................................................................... 35
Wired Interface Status........................................................................................ 36
Bridging ...............................................................................................................36
Routing Table......................................................................................................37
ARP Table...........................................................................................................38
Event Log ............................................................................................................39
DHCP Event Log.................................................................................................39
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Configuration Profile Management................................................................. 41
Saving the Current Configuration ........................................................................41
Load a Configuration Profile................................................................................42
Delete a Configuration Profile .............................................................................42
Downloading a Configuration Profile from an TR-900 .........................................43
Uploading a Configuration Profile to an TR-900..................................................44
Mode of Operation ........................................................................................... 45
System Settings ............................................................................................... 47
User Password....................................................................................................47
Node ID...............................................................................................................48
DNS / Domain Settings .......................................................................................49
DNS Proxy Configuration ....................................................................................50
NetBIOS Server ..................................................................................................51
SNMP..................................................................................................................51
Location...............................................................................................................52
Certificate Information .........................................................................................54
Time Synchronization..........................................................................................54
Web GUI Console ...............................................................................................56
OnRamp Configuration Access ...........................................................................56
CLI Timeout.........................................................................................................58
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
10
10.1
10.1.1
Client Addressing Schemes............................................................................ 59
Implicit Addressing Scheme ................................................................................60
LAN Prefix.......................................................................................................... 61
TR0190 Rev. A1
ER-1000 User’s Guide
10.1.2
10.2
Client Address Space Segmentation in Implicit Addressing Mode ..................... 61
Explicit Addressing Scheme................................................................................64
11
11.1
11.2
Ethernet Interface Configuration .................................................................... 66
DHCP ..................................................................................................................66
Manual IP Configuration......................................................................................69
12
12.1
12.2
Bridge Interface Configuration ....................................................................... 71
IP Configuration ..................................................................................................71
Bridging Parameters ...........................................................................................73
13
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.6.1
13.6.2
13.7
13.8
13.8.1
13.8.2
13.8.3
13.9
13.10
13.11
13.12
13.13
Virtual Access Point (VAP) Configuration ..................................................... 74
Virtual Access Point Interfaces............................................................................75
Enabling and Disabling Virtual Access Points.....................................................75
Virtual Access Point Client Device Address Space .............................................75
Channel...............................................................................................................77
ESSID .................................................................................................................78
IP Configuration of Client Devices.......................................................................79
IP Configuration of Clients Devices via DHCP ................................................... 79
Manual IP Configuration of Client Devices ......................................................... 79
Client Devices .....................................................................................................81
Encryption and Authentication.............................................................................81
WEP Encryption ................................................................................................. 82
WPA Pre-Shared Key Mode (WPA-PSK)........................................................... 83
WPA EAP Mode................................................................................................. 84
Transmit Power Cap ...........................................................................................85
Radio Rate ..........................................................................................................86
Preamble Length.................................................................................................86
Beacon Interval ...................................................................................................87
Maximum Link Distance ......................................................................................87
14
14.1
14.2
14.2.1
14.2.2
14.2.3
Client DHCP Configuration.............................................................................. 89
Using Local DHCP Servers .................................................................................89
Using a Centralized DHCP Server ......................................................................92
Support for Clients with Static IP Addresses...................................................... 93
Configuring the TR-900s .................................................................................... 93
Configuring the Central DHCP Server................................................................ 95
15
15.1
15.1.1
15.1.2
15.2
Connecting an TR-900 to a LAN...................................................................... 97
Routed mode.......................................................................................................97
Manual Configuration ......................................................................................... 97
Network Address Translation (NAT)................................................................... 98
Bridge Mode........................................................................................................99
16
16.1
16.2
Controlling Access to the TR-900................................................................. 100
Firewall..............................................................................................................100
Gateway Firewall...............................................................................................101
TR0190 Rev. A1
ER-1000 User’s Guide
16.3
16.4
16.4.1
16.4.2
16.4.3
16.5
16.6
Blocking Client-to-Client Traffic .........................................................................102
Connection Tracking .........................................................................................103
Connection Tracking Table Size ...................................................................... 104
Connection Tracking Timeout .......................................................................... 104
Limiting Number of TCP Connections Per Client Device.................................. 105
Custom Firewall Rules ......................................................................................105
Access Control Lists (ACLs)..............................................................................107
17
17.1
17.2
17.3
Quality of Service (QoS) Configuration........................................................ 109
Priority Levels....................................................................................................109
Rate Limiting .....................................................................................................112
Rate Reservation ..............................................................................................114
18
18.1
18.2
Enabling VLAN Tagging ................................................................................ 117
Client Access Interface Configuration ...............................................................117
Ethernet Interface Configuration .......................................................................118
19
19.1
19.1.1
19.1.2
19.1.3
19.1.4
19.1.5
19.1.6
19.2
Integration with Enterprise Equipment ........................................................ 120
Configuring Splash Pages.................................................................................120
Enabling Splash Pages .................................................................................... 120
Configuring Splash URLs ................................................................................. 122
Sample HTML Code for Splash Pages............................................................. 123
Configuring the Authentication Server.............................................................. 124
Trusted MAC Addresses .................................................................................. 125
Bypass Splash Pages for Access to Specific Hosts ......................................... 126
Layer 2 Emulation .............................................................................................127
20
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
Diagnostics Tools .......................................................................................... 129
Ping...................................................................................................................129
Traceroute.........................................................................................................129
Packet Capture .................................................................................................130
Centralized DHCP Testing ................................................................................132
RADIUS Server Testing ....................................................................................133
Diagnostic Dump ...............................................................................................133
21
21.1
21.2
Firmware Management .................................................................................. 135
Displaying the Firmware Version.......................................................................135
Upgrading the Firmware....................................................................................135
Glossary....... ........................................................................................................................ 137
Abbreviations....................................................................................................................... 138
TR0190 Rev. A1
Chapter 1: Working with the ER-1000
Working with the TR-900
Thank you for choosing the Tranzeo TR-900 802.11 Access Point. The TR-900 is a fullfeatured access point in a ruggedized enclosure designed for outdoor installation. This user’s
guide presents a wide array of configuration options, but only a limited number of options have
to be configured in order to deploy an TR-900.
Throughout the manual, “TR-900” will be used to collectively refer to this family of
products. Where the functionality of the variants differs, the actual model number will
be used.
1.1
TR-900 Capabilities
Based on the IEEE 802.11b/g and 802.11a standards and complete with FCC certification, the
TR-900 family of outdoor access points are fully standards compliant. This family of outdoor
access points has been designed with a multitude of network and management features for
ease of installation and operation in any new or existing network. Features include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.2
Multiple ESSIDs per radio
High-powered +26dBm output in 802.11b/g mode
High-powered +23dBm output in 802.11a mode
Router or bridge mode operation
DHCP server
DHCP relay
Security
o WPA
o WPA2
o WEP 64/128
Web GUI
Tranzeo CLI (SSH)
Remote upgrade
Configuration management
TR-900 Interfaces
The interfaces available on the TR-900 are Ethernet and a radio port.
Expansion
port for
future use
TR0190 Rev. A1
Chapter 1: Working with the ER-1000
AP radio
port
Ethernet
Figure 1. TR-900 interfaces.
Interface
AP radio port
Ethernet
Passive PoE
Description
N-type antenna connector for access point radio
10/100 Mbit Ethernet interface
PoE power input (9-28VDC, 12W)
Not compatible with IEEE 802.3af
Table 2. TR-900 Interfaces
1.2.1
Ethernet and PoE
The TR-900 has a 10/100 Ethernet port that supports passive Power over Ethernet (PoE). The
PoE power injector should supply an input voltage between 9-28VDC and a minimum of 12W.
The pinout for the Ethernet interface on the TR-900 is provided in Table 3.
The TR-900 is equipped with an auto-sensing Ethernet port that allows both regular
and cross-over cables to be used to connect to it.
TR0190 Rev. A1
Chapter 1: Working with the ER-1000
Pin
Signal
Tx+
TxRx+
PoE V+
PoE V+
RxGnd
Gnd
Standard Wire Color
White/Orange
Orange
White/Green
Blue
White/Blue
Green
White/Brown
Brown
Table 3. Ethernet port pinout
To power the TR-900, connect an Ethernet cable from the Ethernet port of the TR-900 to the
port labeled “CPE” on the supplied PoE injector and apply power to the PoE injector using the
supplied power supply
DO NOT CONNECT ANY DEVICE OTHER THAN THE TR-900 TO THE PORT
LABELED “CPE” ON THE PoE INJECTOR. NETWORK EQUIPMENT THAT
DOES NOT SUPPORT PoE CAN BE PERMANENTLY DAMAGED BY
CONNECTING TO A PoE SOURCE. NOTE THAT MOST ETHERNET
INTERFACES ON PERSONAL COMPUTERS (PCs), LAPTOP/NOTEBOOK
COMPUTERS, AND OTHER NETWORK EQUIPMENT (E.G. ETHERNET
SWITCHES AND ROUTERS) DO NOT SUPPORT PoE.
1.2.2
Antenna
The TR-900 AP radio port is an N-type RF connector that can interface with a wide range of
Tranzeo antennas. After purchasing the desired 2.4GHz or 5.8GHz antenna (for the TR900HG or TR-900HA models respectively), attach the antenna to the access point (AP) radio
port on the TR-900. The antenna must be chosen such that its gain combined with the output
power of the radio complies with maximum radiation power regulatory requirements in the area
the TR-900 is used.
The following is a list of supported accessory antennas sold with the TR-900 family, as shown
in Table 2.
This device has been designed to operate with the antennas listed below, and having a
maximum gain of 32 dBi. Antennas not included in this list or having a gain greater than 32 dBi
are strictly prohibited for use with this device. The required antenna impedance is 50 ohms.
Tranzeo Part Number
TR-OD900-12
TR-900H-120-12
TR0190 Rev. A1
Antenna Type
Omni
Horizontal Sector
10
Chapter 1: Working with the ER-1000
TR-900V-120-13
Vertical Sector
Table 2 Supported Accessory antennas
1.3
Deployment Considerations
The TR-900’s radio operates in either the 2.4 GHz or the 5.8 GHz ISM band, depending on the
model. It is possible that there will be other devices operating in these bands that will interfere
with the TR-900’s radio. Interference from adjacent TR-900s can also degrade performance if
the TR-900s are not configured properly.
It is advisable to carry out a site survey prior to installation to determine what devices are
operating in the band that your TR-900 uses. To detect the presence of other 802.11 devices,
a tool such as Netstumbler (http://www.netstumbler.com/downloads/) can be used. A spectrum
analyzer can be used for further characterization of interference in the band.
1.3.1
AP Channel Selection
A site survey should be conducted to determine which access point channel will provide the
best performance. Some of the 802.11b/g channels that the TR-900HG’s radio can be
configured to use are overlapping. Only channels 1, 6, and 11 are non-overlapping.
TR0190 Rev. A1
11
Chapter 1: Working with the ER-1000
Figure 2. 802.11b/g channel chart, showing top, bottom, and center frequencies for each channel
TR0190 Rev. A1
12
Chapter 2: Connecting to the ER-1000
Connecting to the TR-900
The TR-900 can be configured and monitored by connecting to one of its network interfaces.
The wired Ethernet interface on the TR-900 should be used for initial configuration of the
device, but the wireless network interface can be used to connect to the device after initial
configuration has been completed.
2.1
Network Interfaces
The TR-900 has several network interfaces, as shown in Table 4.
The network interfaces listed in the table below are logical, not hardware, interfaces.
Some of the interfaces listed in the table share the same hardware interface.
Interface
Hardware
Interface
Wired
Ethernet
Bridge
N/A
Static
Configuration
Ethernet
OnRamp
Configuration
Ethernet
Primary Function
Connecting to a LAN
Access to the device when
operating in bridge mode
Configuring the device
before a unique Ethernet
IP address has been
configured
Configuring the device
before a unique Ethernet
IP address has been
configured. Unlike the
static configuration
interface, this interface’s
address can be modified,
allowing multiple
unconfigured TR-900s to
be attached to a LAN
VAP 1 – 4
AP radio
Providing connectivity to
wireless client devices
Centralized
DHCP
N/A
Provides a gateway for
client devices when using
centralized DHCP mode
Default
Address
Can be
altered by
the user?
10.253.0.1/24
No
10.253.1.1/24
No
Always
present
169.254.253.253/16
Yes
Disabled by
default
N/A
No
Only VAP1
enabled by
default
10.253.1.1/24
10.253.2.1/24
10.253.3.1/24
10.253.4.1/24
No
All disabled
by default
N/A
No
Interface
Availability
Enabled by
default
Enabled in
bridge mode
Table 4. TR-900 network interfaces
Note that the “Static Configuration” interface is the only interface that has a fixed address that
cannot be changed by the user. Since this interface is known to always be present, it can be
TR0190 Rev. A1
13
Chapter 2: Connecting to the ER-1000
used for initial configuration and for accessing devices whose configuration settings are
unknown.
2.2
Connecting to an Unconfigured TR-900
Use the Static Configuration interface with IP address 169.254.253.253 and netmask
255.255.0.0 to establish network connectivity to an unconfigured TR-900.
The Static Configuration interface functions only with the TR-900’s wired
interface. Do not try to access the TR-900 over a wireless link using the
address of this interface.
To connect to an TR-900 using its Static Configuration IP address, you must configure your
computer’s IP address to be in the 169.254.253.253/16 subnet, e.g. 169.254.253.1 and
connect the computer’s Ethernet cable to the “PC” port on the TR-900’s PoE injector.
ENSURE THAT THE DATA CONNECTION FROM THE PC OR THE LAN IS MADE
TO THE “PC” PORT. DO NOT CONNECT ANY DEVICE OTHER THAN THE TR900 TO THE PORT LABELED “CPE” ON THE PoE INJECTOR. NETWORK
EQUIPMENT THAT DOES NOT SUPPORT PoE CAN BE PERMANENTLY
DAMAGED BY CONNECTING TO A PoE SOURCE. NOTE THAT MOST
ETHERNET
INTERFACES
ON
PERSONAL
COMPUTERS
(PCs),
LAPTOP/NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS, AND OTHER NETWORK EQUIPMENT
(E.G. ETHERNET SWITCHES AND ROUTERS) DO NOT SUPPORT PoE.
Since the Static Configuration IP address is the same for all TR-900s, you
should not simultaneously connect multiple TR-900s to a common LAN and
attempt to access them using the Static Configuration IP address.
TR0190 Rev. A1
14
Chapter 2: Connecting to the ER-1000
If you are configuring multiple TR-900s with the same computer in rapid succession,
it may be necessary to clear the ARP cache since the IP addresses for the TR-900s
will all be the same, but the MAC addresses will vary. The following commands can
be used to clear the ARP cache
Windows XP (executed in a command prompt window)
arp -d *
to clear the entire cache, or
arp -d 169.254.253.253
to just clear the TR-900 entry
Linux
arp -d 169.254.253.253
2.3
Default Login and Password
The TR-900’s default login is ‘admin’ and the default password is ‘default’. The login and
password are the same for the web interface and the CLI. Changing the password using one of
the interfaces will change it for the other interface as well.
2.4
Resetting the ‘admin’ Password
The TR-900 supports a password recovery feature for the ‘admin’ account, should the
password be lost.
Completing the password recovery procedure requires that you contact
Tranzeo technical support. Please check the Tranzeo website
(www.tranzeo.com) for how to contact technical support and hours of
operation.
For security purposes, the ‘admin’ password can only be reset in the first 15
minutes of operation of the device. You will be able to power the unit on and
off to be able to reset the password.
TR0190 Rev. A1
15
Chapter 3: Using the Web Interface
Using the Web Interface
The TR-900 has a web interface accessible through a browser that can be used to configure
the device and display status parameters.
3.1
Accessing the Web Interface
You can access the web interface by entering one of the TR-900’s IP addresses in the URL
field of a web browser (see section 2.2 for a description of how to access an unconfigured TR900 using its Ethernet interface). When you enter this URL, you will be prompted for a login
and password. The default login and password used for the web interface are ‘admin’ and
‘default’, respectively.
Figure 3. Login window for web interface
Since the certificate used in establishing the secure link to the TR-900 has not been signed by
a Certification Authority (CA), your browser will most likely display one or more warnings
similar to those shown below. These warnings are expected and can be disregarded.
Figure 4. Certificate warning
TR0190 Rev. A1
16
Chapter 3: Using the Web Interface
A configuration overview page is loaded by default after the login process has been completed.
This page contains the following information
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Firmware version and list of installed patches
System uptime
System mode of operation (router or bridge)
Bridge information (if bridge mode is selected)
IP addresses, netmasks, and MAC addresses for each client access interface
Status, channel, ESSID, and encryption type for each virtual access point interface
VLAN status and ID for all interfaces
To access the status page from any other page in the web interface, click on the “Status” link
in the navigation bar that appears on the left side of the web interface.
Figure 5. Configuration overview page displayed when logging in
TR0190 Rev. A1
17
Chapter 3: Using the Web Interface
3.2
Navigating the Web Interface
The web interface uses a three-tiered navigation scheme.
1. The first tier of navigation is the navigation bar shown on the left side of the screen. This
navigation bar is displayed on all pages in the web interface and remains the same on
all pages.
2. The second tier of navigation is the primary row of tabs shown across the top of the
screen on many of the pages in the web interface. The labels in these tabs vary based
on which page is selected on the navigation bar.
3. The third tier of navigation is the second row of tabs shown below the first row. These
tabs are not present on all pages and their labels vary based on the selections made on
the navigation bar and the primary row of tabs.
Figure 6. Web interface navigation components
The time displayed at the top of the navigation bar is the current time of the PC used to log in
to the web GUI, not the time kept by the TR-900.
3.3
Setting Parameters
Many of the web interface pages allow you to set TR-900 operating parameters. Each page
that contains settable parameters has a “Save Changes” button at the bottom of the page.
When you have made your changes on a page and are ready to commit the new configuration,
TR0190 Rev. A1
18
Chapter 3: Using the Web Interface
click on the “Save Changes” button. It typically takes a few seconds to save the changes, after
which the page will be reloaded.
For the changes to take effect, the TR-900 must be rebooted. After a change has been
committed, a message reminding the user to reboot the TR-900 will be displayed at the top of
the screen.
Figure 7. Page showing "Save Changes" button and message prompting the user to reboot
3.4
Help Information
Help information is provided on most web GUI pages. The help information is shown on the
right-hand side of the page. The help information can be hidden by clicking on the ‘Hide Help’
link inside the help frame. When help is hidden, it can be displayed by clicking on the ‘Show
help’ link.
3.5
Rebooting
Click on the “Reboot” link on the left of the page and then click on the “Reboot Now” button to
reboot the TR-900. Any changes made prior to rebooting will take effect following completion
of the boot process.
It takes approximately 3 minutes for the device to reboot.
TR0190 Rev. A1
19
Chapter 3: Using the Web Interface
Figure 8. Rebooting the TR-900
TR0190 Rev. A1
20
Chapter 4: Using the Command Line Interface
Using the Command Line Interface
All configurable TR-900 parameters can be accessed with a Command Line Interface (CLI).
The CLI allows you to:
•
•
•
•
Modify and verify all configuration parameters
Save and restore device configurations
Reboot the device
Upgrade the firmware
4.1
Accessing the CLI
The TR-900’s command-line interface (CLI) is accessible through its network interfaces using
an SSH client. Any of the network interfaces can be used to establish the SSH connection to
the TR-900. However, connecting through the Ethernet port is required for devices that have
not previously been configured.
Windows XP does not include an SSH client application. You will need to
install a 3rd-party client such as SecureCRT from Van Dyke software
(http://www.vandyke.com/products/securecrt) or the free PuTTY SSH client
(http://www.putty.nl/) to connect to an TR-900 using SSH.
When you log in to the TR-900, the CLI will present a command prompt. The shell timeout is
displayed above the login prompt. The CLI will automatically log out a user if a session is
inactive for longer than the timeout period. Section 9.9 describes how to change the timeout
period.
Shell timeout: 3 minutes.
Press '?' for help..
4.2
User Account
The user login used to access the TR-900 is ‘admin’. The procedure for changing the
password for this account is described in section 9.1.
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Chapter 4: Using the Command Line Interface
4.3
CLI Interfaces
The CLI provides the user with a number of interfaces that contain related parameters and
controls. Some of these interfaces are hardware interfaces, such as Ethernet, while others are
virtual interfaces that contain a set of related parameters.
The available interfaces are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4 – controls for the virtual APs supported by the TR-900
eth0 – controls for the Ethernet interface
br0 – controls for bridge mode
firewall – controls firewall settings
qos – controls Quality of Service (QoS) settings
version – displays version information for the installed firmware
system – system settings
The currently selected interface is shown as part of the command prompt. For example, when
the wlan1 interface is selected, the command prompt will be
wlan1>
After logging in, no interface is selected by default. Before setting or retrieving any parameters,
an interface must be selected.
4.4
CLI Features
The CLI has a number of features to simplify the configuration of the TR-900. These features
are explained in the following sub-sections.
4.4.1
Control of the Cursor
The cursor can be moved to the end of the current line with Ctrl+E. Ctrl+A moves it to the
beginning of the line.
4.4.2
Cancel a Command
Ctrl+C cancels the input on the current command line and moves the cursor to a new, blank
command line.
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Chapter 4: Using the Command Line Interface
4.4.3
Searching the Command History
The command history can be searched by pressing Ctrl+R and entering a search string. The
most recently executed command that matches the string entered will be displayed. Press
‘Enter’ to execute that command.
4.4.4
Executing a Previous Command
By using the up and down arrow keys you can select previously executed commands. When
you find the command you wish to execute, you can either edit it or press ‘Return’ to execute it.
4.5
CLI Commands
The usage of all CLI commands is explained in the following subsections. The command
syntax used is
command 
command [optional argument]
4.5.1
‘?’ command
Syntax
Description
Pressing ‘?’ at any time in the CLI will display a help menu that provides an
overview of the commands that are described in this section. It is not
necessary to press ‘Enter’ after pressing ‘?’.
4.5.2
‘whoami’ command
Syntax
whoami
Description
Displays the name of the user you are logged in as.
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Chapter 4: Using the Command Line Interface
4.5.3
‘help’ command
help [command|parameter]
Syntax
where the optional argument is either one of the CLI commands
(“[command]”) or a parameter in the currently selected interface
(“[parameter]”).
Description
When no argument follows the help command, a help menu showing a list
of available commands is displayed. When a command is supplied as the
argument, a help message for that particular command is displayed. When
a parameter in the current interface is specified as the argument, help
information for it is displayed.
Example
help get
will display the help information for the ‘get’ command. With the ‘sys’
interface selected
sys> help scheme
displays help information about that ‘scheme’ parameter, as shown below
scheme : wireless node type
4.5.4
‘show’ command
Syntax
show
Description
Displays all available interfaces. An interface in this list can be selected
with the ‘use’ command.
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Chapter 4: Using the Command Line Interface
4.5.5
‘use’ command
use 
Syntax
where  is one of the TR-900’s interfaces. A complete list of
interfaces is available with the ‘show’ command.
Description
Selects an interface to use. By selecting an interface you can view and
modify the parameters associated with the interface.
Example
use wlan1
will select the wlan1 virtual AP interface and change the CLI prompt to
wlan1>
to reflect the interface selection.
4.5.6
‘set’ command
Syntax
set =
where  is the parameter being set and  is the value it
is being set to.
Description
Sets a configuration parameter. Note that is only possible to set the
parameters for the currently selected interface. If the value of the
parameter contains spaces, the value must be surrounded by double
quotes (“ “).
If a valid 'set' command is entered, it will output its result and any effects on
other parameters. If changes are made to attributes of other interfaces as a
result of changing the parameter, these attributes are preceded by a '/' to
signify that they are in another interface.
Changing certain parameters will require the TR-900 to be rebooted.
Example
With the ‘sys’ interface selected
set id.node=2
will set the node ID to 2
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Chapter 4: Using the Command Line Interface
4.5.7
‘get’ command
Syntax
get 
where  is the parameter whose value is being fetched.
Description
Gets the value of one or more configuration parameters for the currently
selected interface. The ‘*’ character can be used to specify wildcard
characters. This allows multiple values to be fetched with a single
command.
Example
With the ‘eth0’ interface selected
get ip.address
will return the Ethernet interface’s IP address, while
get ip.*
will return all parameters that begin with ‘ip.’
ip.address = 10.6.0.1
[read-only]
ip.address_force =
ip.broadcast = 10.6.0.255
[read-only]
ip.broadcast_force =
ip.gateway =
[read-only]
ip.gateway_force =
ip.implicit.size.actual = 31
[read-only]
ip.implicit.size.requested = 31
ip.implicit.start.actual = 225
[read-only]
ip.implicit.start.requested = 225
ip.netmask = 255.255.255.0
[read-only]
ip.netmask_force =
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Chapter 4: Using the Command Line Interface
4.5.8
‘list’ command
Syntax
list
Description
Lists all parameters for the selected interface
Example
With the ‘eth0’ interface selected
list
will display
acl.mode
: access control list mode
dhcp.default_lease_time : default dhcp lease expiration in…
dhcp.max_lease_time : maximum requestable dhcp lease…
dhcp.relay.enable : use dhcp relay (if sys.dhcp.relay.enable=yes)
dhcp.reserve
: ip addresses to reserve at bottom of range…
dhcp.role
: interface dhcp role (none, client, server)
enable
: interface is enabled
ip.address
: IP address
[read-only]
ip.address_force : override .ip.address (or blank)
ip.broadcast
: broadcast address
[read-only]
ip.broadcast_force : override .ip.broadcast (or blank)
ip.gateway
: gateway
[read-only]
ip.gateway_force : override .ip.gateway (or blank)
ip.implicit.size.actual : actual size of address range
ip.implicit.size.requested : requested size of address range…
ip.implicit.start.actual : actual interface fourth octet
ip.implicit.start.requested : requested interface fourth octet…
ip.netmask
: network mask
[read-only]
ip.netmask_force : override .ip.netmask (or blank)
routes.static
: static routes for this interface
vlan.enable
: use a vlan?
vlan.id
: vlan id (avoid 0 and 1 normally)
vpn.enable
: enable vpn on gateway node
vpn.keyfile
: base name of crt/key files
vpn.port
: port number for vpn
vpn.server
: hostname or ip address of the vpn server
4.5.9
‘ping’ command
Syntax
ping 
Description
Pings a remote network device. Halt pinging with Ctrl+C
Example
ping 172.29.1.1
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Chapter 4: Using the Command Line Interface
4.5.10
‘ifconfig’ command
Syntax
ifconfig 
Description
Displays information, such as IP address and MAC address, for the
specified network interface.
Example
ifconfig wlan1
will display
wlan1
4.5.11
Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:15:6D:52:01:FD
inet addr:10.2.10.1 Bcast:172.29.255.255 Mask:255.255.0.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:2434 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:233128 (227.6 Kb)
‘route’ command
Syntax
route
Description
Displays the current route table.
4.5.12
‘clear’ command
Syntax
clear
Description
Clears the screen
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Chapter 4: Using the Command Line Interface
4.5.13
‘history’ command
Syntax
history
Description
Shows the command history since the TR-900 was last rebooted
Example
After switching to the ‘wlan1’ interface, inspecting the ESSID setting, and
then changing it
history
will display
1: use wlan1
2: get essid
3: set essid=new_ap_essid
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4.5.14
‘!’ command
Syntax
!
!
!!
Description
Executes a previously-executed command based either on a command
history number or matching a string to the start of a previously-executed
command. Note that there is no space between the ‘!’ and the argument.
The ‘history’ command shows the command history, with a number
preceding each entry in the command history. Use this number as an
argument to the ‘!’ command to execute that command from the history.
When a string is provided as an argument to the ‘!’ command, the string will
be matched against the beginning of previously-executed commands and
the most recently executed command that matches will be executed.
Use ‘!!’ to execute the last command again.
Example
If the command history is as follows
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
use
get
set
use
set
wlan1
essid
essid=new_ap_essid1
wlan2
essid=new_ap_essid2
the command
!1
will execute
use wlan1
The command
!use
will execute
use wlan2
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Chapter 4: Using the Command Line Interface
4.5.15
‘exit’ command
Syntax
exit
Description
Terminates the current CLI session and logs out the user
4.5.16
‘quit’ command
Syntax
quit
Description
Terminates the current CLI session and logs out the user
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Chapter 5: Initial Configuration of an ER-1000
Initial Configuration of an TR-900
This user’s guide provides a comprehensive overview of all of the TR-900’s features and
configurable parameters. However, it is possible to deploy a network of TR-900s while only
changing a limited number of parameters. The list below will guide you through a minimal
configuration procedure that prepares a network of TR-900s for deployment.
Change the ‘admin’ password.
The default password should be
unauthorized access to the TR-900.
prevent
See section 9.1
Set the node ID
The node ID affects the client access interface IP address
spaces when the using implicit addressing scheme.
See section 9.2
Set the DNS servers
Specify DNS servers to allow hostnames to be resolved.
See section 9.3
changed
to
To simplify initial configuration, the web GUI has a page that allows the user to change all the
parameters listed in this section on a single page. This page can be accessed by clicking on
the ‘Minimal configuration’ link in the web interface navigation bar on the left side of the web
interface.
In addition to setting the parameters on the “Minimal Configuration” page,
OnRamp access should be disabled after initial programming. See section
9.11 for instructions on how to enable OnRamp access to the TR-900.
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Chapter 5: Initial Configuration of an ER-1000
Figure 9. Initial configuration web page
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Chapter 6: Status Information
Status Information
Multiple web interface pages that display status information about the TR-900 and client
devices attached to it are available. These web pages are accessible by clicking on the
“Status” link in the navigation bar and then selecting the appropriate tab shown at the top of
the page.
The status information is not accessible through the CLI.
6.1
Configuration Overview Page
The main status page, which is displayed when clicking on “Status” in the navigation bar and
when logging in, is the “Config Overview” page.
Figure 10. Partial configuration overview page
The configuration overview page shows a summary of settings for the virtual access point
interfaces and the wired interface. The firmware version, uptime of the device, and its
operating mode are also displayed.
Links labeled “(change)” are shown next to the settable parameters. These links take you to
the appropriate page to change the setting.
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Chapter 6: Status Information
6.2
Interface Status
Traffic and neighbor information for the virtual AP and wired interfaces are available on the
“Status” tab of the “Status” page. Select the appropriate interface for which you wish to view
information from the row of tabs below the primary tab row.
6.2.1
Virtual AP Interfaces
The sub-tabs display status information about the virtual AP interfaces. Data statistics
information for the interface are displayed, showing received and transmitted data in terms of
bytes and packets.
On the “wlan” sub-tabs, the client devices connected to the virtual APs are displayed. The
following information is displayed for each client device:
•
•
•
•
•
•
MAC address
IP address
Quantity of data received from the client device and transmitted to the client device
Received signal strength (RSSI) in dBm and in parentheses the associated signal level
based on a noise floor of -96dBm
Time since last reception from the device
A summary of the capabilities of the client device’s radio card
Figure 11. Status information for one of the virtual AP interfaces
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Chapter 6: Status Information
6.2.2
Wired Interface Status
The wired interface status pages is similar to the wireless interface status pages, with the
exception that it only displays summary information for the interface and does not break down
data transferred on a per-device basis.
Figure 12. Wired interface status information
6.3
Bridging
The “Bridging” tab is only present when the TR-900 is in bridge mode. This page displays
information about the current bridge configuration. A summary of the interfaces that are
bridged is provided at the top of the page. This is followed by a list of known devices, identified
by their MAC addresses.
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Chapter 6: Status Information
Figure 13. Bridging status information
6.4
Routing Table
The routing table used by the device can be displayed by selecting the “Routing” tab on the
“Status” page.
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Chapter 6: Status Information
Figure 14. Routing table
6.5
ARP Table
The device’s ARP table can be displayed by selecting the “ARP” tab on the “Status” page.
Figure 15. ARP table
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Chapter 6: Status Information
6.6
Event Log
The main system log for the device is accessible by selecting “Event Log” on the “Status”
page. The log is displayed in reverse chronological order, with the last recorded event
appearing at the top of the page.
Figure 16. Event log
The time reported in the Event Log corresponds to the time maintained by the TR900 and may not be consistent with that shown in the upper left corner of the
webpage as this is the time maintained by the computer running the web browser.
6.7
DHCP Event Log
The log of DHCP-related events for the device is accessible by selecting “DHCP Events” on
the “Status” page. The log is displayed in reverse chronological order, with the last recorded
event appearing at the top of the page. All times in the log are in UTC time. Messages related
to both local and relayed DHCP activity are displayed in the log.
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Chapter 6: Status Information
Figure 17. DHCP event log
The time reported in the DHCP Log corresponds to the time maintained by the TR900and may not be consistent with that shown in the upper left corner of the
webpage as this is the time maintained by the computer running the web browser.
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Chapter 7: Configuration Profile Management
Configuration Profile Management
Configuration profiles describe an TR-900’s configuration state and can be created to simplify
the provisioning and management of devices. The TR-900 supports the following configuration
profile-related actions:
•
•
•
•
•
Saving the current configuration as a configuration profile
Loading, or applying, a configuration profile stored on an TR-900 to the device
Downloading a configuration profile stored on the TR-900 to a computer
Uploading a configuration profile from a computer to the TR-900
Deleting a configuration profile stored on the TR-900
Currently configuration profile management is only supported via the web interface.
7.1
Saving the Current Configuration
The current configuration can be saved on the “Save” tab on the “Profile Management” page.
Enter a profile name or select an existing profile name from the list of existing configurations,
and then click on “Save Profile”. The saved profile is stored locally on the TR-900 and will
appear in the “Existing profiles” text box. Use the “Download from Node” tab to download it to a
different device.
Figure 18. Save a configuration profile
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Chapter 7: Configuration Profile Management
7.2
Load a Configuration Profile
A configuration stored on the TR-900 can be applied using the “Load” tab on the “Profile
Management” page. This profile must either have been saved earlier or uploaded to the TR900. Choose a profile name from the “Existing Profiles” box and then click on “Load Profile”. It
is necessary to reboot the TR-900 for the loaded profile settings to take effect.
A number of default configuration profiles are available on the TR-900. They are
TBD.
Figure 19. Load a configuration profile
7.3
Delete a Configuration Profile
A locally-stored configuration profile can be deleted using the “Delete” tab on the “Profile
Management” page. Choose a profile to delete from the profile drop-down box on the page and
then click on “Delete Profile”.
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Chapter 7: Configuration Profile Management
Figure 20. Deleting a configuration profile
7.4
Downloading a Configuration Profile from an TR-900
A configuration profile can be download from an TR-900 using the “Download from node” tab
on the “Profile Management“ page. The existing configuration profiles are listed on this page.
Click on the one that is to be downloaded to your computer and you will be given the option to
specify where the profile should be saved on the host computer.
Figure 21. Downloading a configuration profile from an TR-900
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Chapter 7: Configuration Profile Management
7.5
Uploading a Configuration Profile to an TR-900
A configuration profile can be uploaded to an TR-900 using the “Upload to node” tab on the
“Profile Management” page. Use the “Browse” button to select a profile file on your host
computer for upload to the TR-900. Alternatively, enter the file name by hand in the text box
adjacent to the “Browse” button. Click on the “Upload Profile” button to upload the selected file
to the TR-900.
Figure 22. Uploading a configuration profile to an TR-900
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Chapter 8: Mode of Operation
Mode of Operation
The TR-900 can be configured to operate in either routed or bridge mode. In routed mode, all
communication is managed at the IP (layer 3) level, with the TR-900 acting as a router. In
bridge mode, all communication across the TR-900 is managed at the MAC (layer 2) level, with
the TR-900 acting as a switch.
The choice of the operating mode affects the availability of many of the TR-900’s features,
which is reflected in the web GUI options available when a particular mode is chosen. Table 5
summarizes the feature differences between the two modes
Feature
Bridge Mode
DHCP
Splash pages
Firewall
Wired and virtual AP
IP addresses
QoS
DNS proxy
Routed mode
• The wired interface can be a
• The bridge interface can be
DHCP client.
a DHCP client.
• DHCP requests from client
• All DHCP requests from
devices attaching to the virtual
client devices attaching to
APs can be handled by a local
the virtual APs must be
DHCP server on the TR-900 or
handled by a separate
can be forwarded to a
device on the network
centralized server
Not available
Available
Custom firewall rules cannot be Custom firewall rules can be
added
added
The interfaces do not have IP
IP addresses must be assigned to
addresses
the interfaces
Not available
Available
Not available
Available
Table 5. Feature differences between bridge and routed mode
When switching to bridge mode, all the IP addresses for virtual access points
‘wlan1 – 4’ and the wired interface will be disabled. A bridge interface will be
created to provide IP access to the TR-900 in bridge mode. By default the
address of this interface will be set to ..1.1 It
is recommended that an IP address is explicitly set for the bridge interface
when switching to bridge mode. See section 12.1 for instructions on how to
set the bridge interface parameters.
Certain web GUI pages are only available when the device is configured for bridge mode
operation. These pages are:
•
•
“L2 Bridge” in the main navigation bar
“Bridging” tab on the “Status” page
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Chapter 8: Mode of Operation
CLI
The TR-900’s operating mode is set with the ‘scheme’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface. Valid
values are ‘aponly’ for routed mode and ‘l2bridge’ for bridge mode. For example, set the
operating mode to routed mode with:
> use sys
sys> set scheme=aponly
Web GUI
The operating mode can be set via the web interface using the “System” tab on the “System
Parameters” page.
Figure 23. Setting operating mode
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Chapter 9: System Settings
System Settings
This section describes settings that are applicable to the overall operation of the TR-900, but
are not related directly to a particular interface.
9.1
User Password
The password for the ‘admin’ user is configurable. The default password is ‘default’.
See section 2.4 for instructions on resetting the ‘admin’ password if it has been lost.
CLI
The password for the ‘admin’ user can be set using the ‘password.admin’ parameter in the
‘sys’ interface. The password will not be displayed when using the ‘get’ command with these
parameters. The example below shows how to set the ‘admin’ password using the CLI.
> use sys
sys> set password.admin=newpass
Web GUI
The ‘admin’ password can be changed via the web interface using the “Passwords” tab on the
“System Parameters” page.
Figure 24. Passwords page
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Chapter 9: System Settings
9.2
Node ID
BRIDGE
The only use of the node ID parameter when operating in bridge mode is for
setting the default IP address of the bridge interface when one has not been
explicitly set or acquired via DHCP.
The node ID assigned to an TR-900 affects the IP address spaces assigned to each of the TR900’s virtual AP client access interfaces when it uses implicit addressing in routed mode. If
multiple TR-900s are connected to the same LAN, it is recommended that they be assigned
different node IDs unless they have the NAT option enabled or use the explicit addressing
scheme.
CLI
The node ID is set with the ‘id.node’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface as shown below.
> use sys
sys> set id.node=107
Web GUI
The node ID can be set via the web interface using the “System” tab on the “System
Parameters” page as shown in Figure 25.
Figure 25. System settings page with TR-900 in routed mode
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Chapter 9: System Settings
9.3
DNS / Domain Settings
At least one DNS server, accessible from the TR-900, must be specified for the device to be
able to resolve host names. This DNS server is also provided to client devices that acquire an
IP address from the local DHCP server on an TR-900.
If an TR-900 acquires DNS server information through DHCP on its wired interface, this DNS
server information will overwrite any manually set DNS server setting.
BRIDGE
When operating in bridge mode, the DNS settings are only used locally by the
TR-900 and are not provided to any other devices on the network.
CLI
The DNS server(s) used by an TR-900 are specified with the ‘dns.servers’ parameter in the
‘sys’ interface. To specify multiple DNS servers, list them as a space-delimited string enclosed
by quotes as shown in the example below
> use sys
sys> set dns.servers =”10.5.0.5 192.168.5.5”
Web GUI
A primary and secondary DNS server can be set via the web interface using the “DNS” tab on
the “System Parameters” page.
Figure 26. Setting the DNS and Netbios server(s)
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Chapter 9: System Settings
9.4
DNS Proxy Configuration
DNS proxy entries can be added to an TR-900 to force local resolution of host names to IP
addresses for the hosts in the proxy list. Use of a DNS proxy list on the TR-900 is a two step
process, first populating the host name/IP address pairs, and then enabling DNS proxy.
BRIDGE
DNS proxy is not supported when operating in bridge mode.
CLI
A list of hostname/IP address to be resolved locally can be specified using the ‘dnsproxy.hosts’
parameter in the ‘sys’ interface. If multiple hostname/IP address entries are specified, they
must be separated by semi-colons, as shown in the example below. DNS proxy must be
explicitly enabled using the ‘dnsproxy.enable’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface after the list of
hosts has been specified.
> use sys
sys> set dnsproxy.enable=yes
sys> set dnsproxy.hosts=”server1.domain.com=10.0.0.1;server2.domain.com=10.0.0.129”
Web GUI
DNS proxy can be enabled on the “DNS Proxy” sub-tab on the “DNS” tab on the “System
Parameters” page as shown in Figure 27. Hostname/IP address pairs can be added on this
page as well.
Figure 27. Configuring DNS proxy
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Chapter 9: System Settings
9.5
NetBIOS Server
The NetBIOS server parameter is used to define a NetBIOS server’s IP address that is
provided to client devices when configured by the TR-900’s local DHCP server.
BRIDGE
The NetBIOS settings are not used when operating in bridge mode.
CLI
The NetBIOS server is set with the ‘netbios.servers’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface. To specify
multiple NetBIOS servers, list them as a space-delimited string enclosed by quotes as shown
in the example below
> use sys
sys> set netbios.servers =”10.6.0.5 192.168.6.5”
Web GUI
A primary and secondary NetBIOS server can be set via the web interface using the “DNS” tab
on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 26).
9.6
SNMP
The TR-900 supports SNMP.
The read-only and read-write passwords and the port that SNMP uses can be configured. A
contact person and device location can also be specified as part of the SNMP configuration.
CLI
The SNMP read-only and read/write passwords are set with the ‘snmp.community.ro’ and
‘snmp.community.rw’ parameters in the ‘sys’ interface. The example below shows how to set
these parameters.
> use sys
sys> set snmp.community.ro=”read-only_password”
sys> set snmp.community.rw=”read-write_password”
The SNMP port is set with the ‘snmp.port’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface as shown below. By
default this parameter is set to “161”.
> use sys
sys> set snmp.port=161
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Chapter 9: System Settings
The contact person and location of the device located via SNMP are set with the
‘snmp.contact. and ‘snmp.location’ parameters in the ‘sys’ interface as shown below.
> use sys
sys> set snmp.contact=”Joe Smith”
sys> set snmp.location=”123 Main St., Anytown, USA”
Web GUI
The SNMP-related parameters can be set on the “SNMP” tab on the “System” page (see
Figure 28).
Figure 28. SNMP configuration
9.7
Location
Two types of device location information can be stored:
•
•
Latitude/longitude/altitude
Postal address or description a device’s location
Note that these values are not automatically updated and must be entered after a device has
been installed. Altitude is in meters. Latitude and longitude must be given as geographic
coordinates in decimal degrees, with latitude ranging from -90 to 90 (with negative being south,
positive being north) and longitude ranging from -180 to 180 (with negative being west, positive
being east).
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Chapter 9: System Settings
CLI
The geographic location of the TR-900 can be stored in the following fields in the ‘sys’
interface:
•
•
•
sys.location.gps.altitude
sys.location.gps.latitude
sys.location.gps.longitude
For example, you can set the latitude value as follows.
> use sys
sys> set location.gps.latitude=”34.01”
A description of the TR-900’s location can be stored in the ‘location.postal’ field in the ‘sys’
interface. For example, you can set the location value as shown below.
> use sys
sys> set location.postal=”Light post near 123 Main St., Anytown, CA”
Web GUI
The location information can be set via the web interface using the “Location” tab on the
“System Parameters” page.
Figure 29. Setting location and certificate information
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9.8
Certificate Information
A certificate for use with splash pages and the web interface is locally generated on the TR900. The information embedded in this certificate can be defined by the user. A new certificate
is automatically generated when the parameters describing the TR-900’s location are changed.
The specific location parameters to which the certificate is tied to are listed in the sections
below.
CLI
The information used in certificate generation can be set using the ‘organization’ parameters in
the ‘sys’ interface. These parameters are:
•
•
•
•
sys.organization.name –name of organization (must be enclosed in quotes if it contains
spaces)
sys.organization.city – city name (must be enclosed in quotes if it contains spaces)
sys.organization.state – state name
sys.organization.country – two-letter country abbreviation
Web GUI
The certificate information can be set via the web interface using the “Location” tab on the
“System Parameters” page (see Figure 29). Changing any of the Organization, City,
State/Province, or Country parameters will cause the certificate information to be recalculated.
9.9
Time Synchronization
An TR-900 can be configured to synchronize its internal clock with an external RFC-868compliant time server. The time synchronization will ensure that proper time stamps are
displayed for entries in the event logs that are available on the web GUI’s “Status” page.
CLI
The time synchronization server is set with the ‘time.rfc868.server’ in the ‘sys’ interface. The
example below shows how to set the time synchronization server.
> use sys
sys> set time.rfc858.server=”your.timeserver.here”
It is not possible to manually adjust the device time through the CLI. Please use the web GUI
to adjust it.
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Web GUI
The synchronization mode and server can be set on the “Time” tab on the “System” page
(Figure 30).
Figure 30. Automatic time synchronization
When automatic synchronization is disabled, the user can set the TR-900’s UTC time (Figure
31). Enter the time using the available drop-down menus and check the “Change Time”
checkbox.
Figure 31. Setting the time manually
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9.10
Web GUI Console
The web interface allows the user to set parameters that are not otherwise settable through the
web interface using a console interface. The console is available on the “Console” tab on the
“System” page.
CLI key/value pairs can be entered through the console. The key format used is “.”. For example, “wlan1.channel” is the key to set the channel used by virtual AP
wlan1. To use the console, enter one or more key/value pairs in the large text box on the page,
either separating each pair with a space or placing each pair on its own line. Click on the
“Submit Commands” button to set the values entered in the text box.
Figure 32. Web interface console
9.11
OnRamp Configuration Access
ONRAMP IS A PC-BASED TOOL THAT WILL BECOME AVAILABLE TO
SUPPORT INITIAL CONFIGURATION OF THE TR-900. IT HAS NOT BEEN
RELEASED AT THE TIME OF THE WRITING OF THIS DOCUMENT. CHECK
WWW.TRANZEO.COM/ONRAMP FOR STATUS.
IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT ONRAMP CONFIGURATION ACCESS IS
DISABLED UNTIL THE TOOL IS MADE AVAILABLE.
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Chapter 9: System Settings
The OnRamp utility provides network detection and configuration capabilities for TR-900s. The
configuration capabilities are only intended for initial configuration and for security reasons, it is
strongly recommended that OnRamp configuration capability is disabled after initial
configuration.
You can use the CLI, the web interface, or OnRamp to determine whether a device can be
configured from OnRamp. In OnRamp, the “Prog” column displays the programming capability
from OnRamp. A ‘Y” in this column indicates that OnRamp can configure the device, an ‘N’
indicates that it cannot.
CLI
The OnRamp configuration capability is controlled by the ‘provisioning.enable’ parameter in the
‘sys’ interface. Set this parameter to ‘0’ to disable configuration through OnRamp, as shown in
the example below.
> use sys
sys> set provisioning.enable=0
Web GUI
The OnRamp configuration capability is set on the “OnRamp” tab on the “Security” page (see
Figure 33).
Figure 33. OnRamp configuration access
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9.12
CLI Timeout
The CLI will automatically log out a user if the interface has remained inactive for a certain
length of time. The time, in seconds, that a shell must remain inactive before a user is
automatically logged out is set with the ‘shell.timeout’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface, as
shown in the example below. The maximum idle time that can be set is 21600 seconds (6
hours).
> use sys
sys> set shell.timeout=300
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Chapter 10: Client Addressing Schemes
10 Client Addressing Schemes
BRIDGE
The client addressing scheme setting has no effect when the TR-900 is
operating in bridge mode.
The choice of client addressing scheme affects how TR-900 client access interface addresses
are assigned. The TR-900 can be configured to use an implicit addressing scheme for its client
access interfaces, where the address spaces assume a default size and the addresses are
affected by a number of settable parameters. Alternatively, explicit address spaces can be
defined for each client access interface. The addressing scheme choice also affects what the
addresses of client devices will be when the TR-900 is not operating in centralized DHCP
server mode.
Table 6 compares how the behavior of the TR-900 differs depending upon the addressing
scheme that is chosen.
Feature
Client access interface
addresses
Size of client address
space
Implicit addressing scheme
Derived from node ID and LAN
prefix settings. Client access
interface addresses cannot be
directly set.
Explicit addressing scheme
Can be set to arbitrary values, with
a few reserved address ranges
that cannot be used.
The address space size for each
Each of the active client access
client access interface can be set
interfaces must share a class C
independently and can be of
address space.
arbitrary size.
Table 6. Differences between explicit and implicit addressing schemes
CLI
The choice of implicit or explicit addressing scheme is controlled by the ‘implicit.enable’
parameter in the ‘mesh’ interface. Set this parameter to ‘yes’ to select implicit addressing and
to ‘no’ to select explicit addressing. The example below demonstrates how to select the implicit
addressing scheme.
> use mesh0
sys> set implicit.enable=yes
Web GUI
The addressing scheme is set with the “Implicit Addressing” drop-down menu on the “System”
tab of the “System” page. Set this to disabled to choose the explicit addressing scheme.
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Figure 34. Setting the addressing scheme
10.1
Implicit Addressing Scheme
The implicit addressing scheme requires the sharing of a class C network between all active
client access interfaces. The subnet address space is based on the node ID and the LAN
prefix as shown in Figure 35.
Figure 35. Subnet address structure
If the TR-900 is operating in centralized DHCP server mode, the addresses used for
the implicit addressing scheme have no bearing on the addresses that are assigned
to client devices through DHCP.
The default division of the class C address space is shown in Table 7. It is possible to change
this configuration, assigning larger address spaces to certain interfaces if not all interfaces are
enabled.
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Interface
wlan1
wlan2
wlan3
wlan4
Interface address
subnet.1
subnet.129
subnet.161
subnet.193
Broadcast address
subnet.127
subnet.159
subnet.191
subnet.223
Client device address range
subnet.2-126
subnet.130-158
subnet.162-190
subnet.194-222
subnet = ..
Table 7. Default subnet segmentation between interfaces
10.1.1
LAN Prefix
The LAN prefix parameter sets the first two octets of the client access interface IP address
when using the implicit addressing scheme. The suggested values for the LAN prefix are 10.x
and 192.168.
The LAN prefix parameter only has an effect on an TR-900 using the explicit addressing
scheme when explicit addresses have not been defined for the client access interfaces. See
section 10.2 for more information on use of the LAN prefix when using the explicit addressing
scheme.
CLI
The first octet of the LAN prefix is set with the ‘id.lanprefix’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface as
shown in the example below.
> use sys
sys> id.lanprefix=10
The second octet is set with the ‘id.mesh’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface as shown below.
> use sys
sys> id.mesh=12
Web GUI
The LAN prefix can be set via the web interface using the “System” tab on the “System
Parameters” page (see Figure 34).
10.1.2
Client Address Space Segmentation in Implicit Addressing Mode
As mentioned above, the client access interfaces must share a class C address space when
the TR-900 is using the implicit addressing scheme. The start address of each address
segment and its size can be set. The following restrictions are placed on the address segment
configuration:
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Each active client access interface must be assigned an address segment.
The IP address range start address (‘ip.implicit.start.requested’ in the CLI) must be one of
the following values: 1, 33, 65, 97, 129, 161, 193, 225.
The IP address range size (‘ip.implicit.size.requested’ in the CLI) must be one of the
following values: 31, 63, 127, 255.
The IP address range size and start address must be chosen such that the address
segment does not cross a netmask boundary. Table 8 lists allowed combinations.
The address spaces for enabled interfaces must start at different addresses.
The address spaces for enabled interfaces should not overlap.
Address range start
(ip.implicit.start.requested)
33
65
97
129
161
193
225
IP address range size (ip.implicit.size.requested)
31
63
127
255
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Table 8. Allowed address segment start address and size combinations
Each of the enabled interfaces’ address segments should be configured to avoid overlap with
the other interfaces’ address segments. In the case where an TR-900 is not configured such
that this requirement is met, address spaces will be automatically reduced in size to prevent
overlap.
CLI
The start and size of client address spaces are set with the ‘ip.implicit.start.requested’ and
‘ip.implicit.size.requested’ parameters in the ‘wlan1’, ‘wlan2’, ‘wlan3’, and ‘wlan4’ interfaces.
Refer to Table 8 for allowed values for these parameters.
In the first example below, the ‘wlan1’ interface is set to use the entire class C address space
(this requires that all the other client access interfaces, wlan2-4, are disabled). In the second
example, the ‘wlan1’ interface is set to use the upper half of the class C address space.
> use wlan1
eth0> set ip.implicit.start.requested=1
eth0> set ip.implicit.size.requested=255
> use wlan1
eth0> set ip.implicit.start.requested=129
eth0> set ip.implicit.size.requested=127
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The actual start address and size of a segment are accessible via the ‘ip.implicit.start.actual’
and ‘ip.implicit.size.actual’ parameters. These may values may differ from the requested
values if the rules for setting these parameters were not abided by.
Web GUI
The address space segments’ start addresses and sizes can be set via the web interface using
the “DHCP” sub-tab on the “DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 36).
Figure 36. Address space settings in implicit addressing mode
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10.2
Explicit Addressing Scheme
When using the explicit addressing scheme, the IP parameters for each interface can be
specified manually on the “Wireless Interface” page.
When specifying the IP addresses and subnet sizes for the client access interfaces, the
following rules should be followed:
•
•
•
•
Specify IP address and subnet combinations that do not lead to misalignment, e.g.
10.0.0.4/24 is not a properly aligned address/subnet size combination.
Do not specify subnets that are in the following ranges:
o 169.254.0.0/16
o 127.0.0.0/8
Each subnet specified for a client access interface must not overlap with that of any
other client access interface on the device.
Do not specify any subnets for client access interfaces that overlap with subnets outside
the device that you want client devices to be able to connect to.
Do not specify a gateway IP address for any of the client access interfaces
when operating using the explicit addressing scheme. This field should be left
blank for each interface.
If an address space is not defined for a client access interface when operating in explicit
addressing mode, a default address space will be defined with the following parameters
•
•
IP address: ...1
IP netmask: 255.255.255.0
CLI
Set the ‘implicit.enable’ parameter in the ‘mesh0’ to ‘no’ interface to select the explicit
addressing scheme. The example below demonstrates this.
> use mesh0
sys> set implicit.enable=no
See section 13.3 for instructions on how to set the IP addresses for the client access interfaces
when using the explicit addressing scheme.
Web GUI
The addressing scheme is set with the “Implicit Addressing” drop-down menu on the “System”
tab of the “System” page (see Figure 34). Set this to “disabled” to use the explicit addressing
scheme.
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See section 13.3 for instructions on how to set the IP addresses for the wired and wireless
client access interfaces when using the explicit addressing scheme.
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Chapter 11: Ethernet Interface Configuration
11 Ethernet Interface Configuration
BRIDGE
The Ethernet interface features described in this chapter are not used in
bridge mode. See section 12 for information on how to configure the bridge
interface to provide IP access to the TR-900 when operating in bridge mode.
The Ethernet interface is used to connect the TR-900 to a LAN. It is also used for initial
configuration of the device. The Ethernet interface IP address can either be acquired from a
DHCP server on the LAN or be set manually.
Figure 37. Wired interface parameters
11.1
DHCP
The TR-900 can be set to obtain an IP address for its Ethernet interface using DHCP. When
configured as a DHCP client, the TR-900 will continually attempt to contact a DHCP server
until it is successful.
If the DHCP mode is set to ‘client’, the IP configuration must be carried out manually, as
described in the next section.
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CLI
To set the DHCP mode to ‘client’ on the Ethernet interface, set the value of the ‘dhcp.role’
parameter in the ‘eth0’ interface to ‘client’, as shown in the example below.
> use eth0
eth0> set dhcp.role=client
To disable Ethernet DHCP client mode, set the DHCP mode parameter to ‘none’ as shown
below.
> use eth0
eth0> set dhcp.role=none
Web GUI
The Ethernet DHCP mode value can be set via the web interface using the “DHCP” sub-tab on
the “DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 38).
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Figure 38. Wired DHCP settings
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11.2
Manual IP Configuration
If the Ethernet DHCP mode parameter is set to ‘none’, the manually configured IP address will
be used. The default IP configuration that is assigned to the interface based on the LAN prefix
and node ID settings is available through the CLI and the web GUI.
Note that for the manually configured IP address to be used, the Ethernet DHCP mode setting
must be set to ‘none’ if the TR-900 is connected to a network which provides access to a
DHCP server.
The IP configuration settings shown in the ‘eth0’ interface in the CLI and on
the “Wired Interface” page of the web interface do not necessarily reflect the
current settings of the interface. They are the requested settings and do not
take into account whether the interface has been configured via DHCP. If the
Ethernet DHCP mode
parameter is set to ‘client’, the ‘ip.address’,
ip.broadcast’, ‘ip.gateway’, and ‘ip.netmask’ parameters will respond to a ‘get’
command with ‘’ to indicate that the parameters will be assigned by a
DHCP server instead of any values assigned via the CLI. Use the ‘ifconfig eth0’
command in the CLI or access the “Status” page in the web interface to get
current interface settings.
CLI
The Ethernet default IP configuration is available through the following read-only parameters:
•
•
•
•
ip.address – IP address
ip.broadcast – IP broadcast address
ip.gateway – default gateway
ip.netmask – netmask
These parameters cannot be set though. These default parameters can be overridden with the
parameters listed below.
•
•
•
•
ip.address_force
ip.broadcast_force
ip.gateway_force
ip.netmask_force
The example below, shows how a custom IP address can be set for the Ethernet interface
> use
eth0>
eth0>
eth0>
eth0>
eth0
set dhcp=none
set ip.address_force=192.168.1.2
set ip.broadcast_force=192.168.1.255
set ip.gateway_force=192.168.1.1
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eth0> set ip.netmask_force=255.255.255.0
Web GUI
The Ethernet IP address, gateway, netmask, and broadcast address parameters can be set via
the web interface using the “Wired Interface” page (see Figure 37). The current IP values can
be viewed on the “Status” page.
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Chapter 12: Bridge Interface Configuration
12 Bridge Interface Configuration
12.1
IP Configuration
The bridge interface has an IP address that can be set manually or acquired via DHCP. With
the exception of the fixed configuration IP address, this is the only active IP address on the
device when it is operating in bridge mode.
When not explicitly specifying an IP address or enabling DHCP client mode, the address for
the bridge interface will default to ..1.1.
CLI
The bridge IP settings are set with the ‘ip.address_force’, ‘ip.broadcast_force’,
‘ip.gateway_force’, and ‘ip.netmask_force’ parameters in the ‘br0’ interface. For these settings
to be used, the bridge interface DHCP mode must be disabled using the ‘dhcp.role’ parameter
in the ‘br0’ interface, as shown in the example below.
The example below, shows how to manually set an IP configuration for the bridge interface
> use br0
br0> set dhcp.role=none
br0> set ip.address_force=10.5.1.27
br0> set ip.broadcast_force=10.5.1.255
br0> set ip.gateway_force=10.5.1.1
br0> set ip.netmask_force=255.255.255.0
To set the DHCP mode to ‘client’ for the bridge interface, set the ‘dhcp.role’ parameter in the
‘br0’ interface to ‘client’ as shown below.
> use br0
br0> set dhcp.role=client
Web GUI
The IP address, gateway, netmask, and broadcast address parameters can be set on the “L2
Bridge” page when the DHCP mode for the bridge interface is set to ‘none’ (see Figure 13). A
link to the “L2 Bridge” page appears in the navigation bar when bridge mode is selected.
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Figure 39. Bridge configuration page with DHCP client mode disabled
The DHCP mode for the bridge interface is set on the “DHCP” tab on the “System” page.
When bridge mode is selected, the only setting available on this page is the bridge DHCP
mode, as shown in Figure 40.
Figure 40. DHCP configuration page when operating in bridge mode
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12.2
Bridging Parameters
Two parameters are available for controlling how the bridge mode operates: forwarding delay
and Spanning Tree Protocol control.
The forwarding delay sets how long, in seconds, the TR-900 will watch traffic before
participating. If there are no other bridges nearby the TR-900 this value can be set to 0. When
the DHCP mode for the bridge interface is set to ‘client’, the forwarding delay will be
automatically set to 15 to avoid DHCP requests timing out.
The TR-900 supports the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), which is used to ensure a loop-free
topology for any bridged LAN. STP support can be disabled or enabled.
CLI
The forwarding delay is set with the ‘forwarding_delay’ parameter in the ‘br0’ interface. The
delay is specified in seconds.
> use br0
br0> set forwarding_delay=5
Spanning Tree Protocol state is set with the ‘stp.enable’ parameter in the ‘br0’ interface. Set
this parameter to ‘yes’ to enable it and to ‘no’ to disable it.
> use br0
br0> set stp.enable=yes
Web GUI
The forwarding delay and Spanning Tree Protocol state can be set on the “L2 Bridge” page
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Chapter 13: Virtual Access Point (VAP) Configuration
13 Virtual Access Point (VAP) Configuration
An TR-900 has four virtual access points (VAPs) that can be configured to suit different
application needs. These VAPs share a common radio, but, with a few exceptions noted in this
chapter, can be configured independently. The availability of the four VAPs provides more
flexibility in configuration and catering to different user classes than a single AP does.
The interfaces for the VAPs will be referred to as ‘wlanN’ when it applies to any of
the four VAPs. ‘wlan1’ will be used in all examples.
Figure 41. Virtual access point interface page with TR-900 in routed mode
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13.1
Virtual Access Point Interfaces
There are four interfaces that are used to configure the VAPs: wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, and wlan4.
The VAPs have equivalent configuration capabilities and there is no inherent prioritization or
preference for one VAP. The section on quality-of-service settings (section 17) describes how
prioritization on a per-VAP basis can be configured.
13.2
Enabling and Disabling Virtual Access Points
VAPs can be individually enabled or disabled. A VAP can be configured when it is disabled
and parameter settings are retained when it is disabled.
CLI
A VAP can be enabled with the ‘enable’ parameter in the ‘wlanN’ interface as shown below.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set enable=yes
A VAP can be disabled with the following commands.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set enable=no
Web GUI
Each VAP can be enabled or disabled by setting the “State” parameter via the web interface
using the appropriate “wlanN” tab on the “Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 41).
13.3
Virtual Access Point Client Device Address Space
Each VAP interface is either assigned a segment of the TR-900’s class C client address
space, if the device is using implicit addressing mode, or an arbitrary address space can be set
for the interface when using the explicit addressing scheme . See section 10 for more
information on client addressing schemes.
The TR-900 VAPs’ interface IP configurations can be changed directly when it is using the
explicit addressing scheme. They cannot be changed directly when the device is using the
implicit addressing scheme.
When an TR-900 is configured to use the implicit addressing scheme, set the IP address to the
desired value by modifying the node ID and LAN prefix parameters (see sections 9.2 and
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10.1.1). Set the netmask by changing the client address space segments as described in
10.1.2.
CLI
You can view the IP settings for the VAP interfaces with the ‘ip.*’ parameters in the appropriate
‘wlanN’ interface as shown in the example below.
> use wlan1
wlan1> get ip.*
ip.address = 10.2.4.1
[read-only]
ip.address_force =
ip.broadcast = 10.2.4.127
[read-only]
ip.broadcast_force =
ip.gateway =
[read-only]
ip.gateway_force =
ip.netmask = 255.255.255.0
[read-only]
ip.netmask_force =
ip.implicit.size.actual =
[read-only]
ip.implicit.size.requested = 31
ip.implicit.start.actual =
[read-only]
ip.implicit.start.requested = 1
When an TR-900 is using the implicit addressing scheme, the VAP IP settings can be changed
by altering the ‘id.node’, ‘id.mesh’, and ‘id.lanprefix’ parameters in the ‘sys’ interface and the
‘ip.implicit.start.requested’ parameter in the appropriate ‘wlanN’ interface.
When an TR-900 is using the explicit addressing scheme, the IP address, netmask, gateway
address, and broadcast address can be set using the ‘ip.address_force’, ‘ip.netmask_force’,
‘ip.gateway_force’, and ‘ip.broadcast_force’ parameters in the appropriate ‘wlanN’ interface as
shown in the example below.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set ip.address_force=10.12.8.1
wlan1> ip.broadcast_force=10.12.8.255
wlan1> ip.gateway_force=
wlan1> ip.netmask_force=255.255.255.0
Web GUI
The current VAP IP settings can be viewed through the web interface on the “Config Overview”
tab on the “Status” page. When using the implicit addressing scheme, the VAP IP settings can
be changed by altering the node ID and LAN prefix settings on the “System” parameters tab on
the “System Parameters” page. In explicit addressing mode, the IP parameters can be set on
the appropriate tab on the “Wireless Interface” page.
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13.4
Channel
The TR-900HG has an 802.11b/g radio that can be set to operate in the channels listed in
Table 9.
Channel
10
11
Center Frequency (GHz)
2.412
2.417
2.422
2.427
2.432
2.437
2.442
2.447
2.452
2.457
2.462
Table 9. TR-900HG access point channels and associated center frequencies
Note that only channels 1, 6, and 11 are non-overlapping.
The TR-900HA has an 802.11a radio that can be set to operate in the channels listed in Table
10.
Channel
149
153
157
161
165
Center Frequency (GHz)
5.745
5.765
5.785
5.805
5.825
Table 10. TR-900HA access point channels and associated center frequencies
It is not possible to configure the VAPs to use different channels. If the
channel for wlan2 is changed, the channel will be changed for wlan1, wlan3,
and wlan4.
CLI
The VAP channel is set with the ‘channel’ parameter in the ‘wlanN’ interfaces. The example
below shows how to set the VAP channel to 6.
> use wlan1
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wlan1> set channel=6
Web GUI
The access point channel can be set via the web interface using the appropriate “wlanN” tab
on the “Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 41).
13.5
ESSID
The ESSID, or Extended Service Set Identifier, is used in 802.11 infrastructure networks to
identify a particular network consisting of one or more Basic Service Sets. It is used to
differentiate logical networks that operate on the same channel.
The ESSID value must be a text string that has a maximum length of 32 characters. It must
only contain alphanumeric characters, spaces, dashes (“-“), and underscores (“_”).The ESSID
setting is case sensitive.
It is possible to hide a VAP ESSID by restricting it from broadcasting advertisements for that
ESSID. Whether it is appropriate for a VAP ESSID to be hidden depends on the application.
CLI
The VAP ESSID is set as shown in the example below. When setting an ESSID that contains
spaces, the ESSID value must be enclosed by quotes – the quotes are optional otherwise.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set essid=”wlan1_ap”
The broadcast of the ESSID can be controlled with the ‘hide_essid’ parameter in the ‘wlanN’
interface. The example below shows how hiding of the ESSID can be enabled.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set hide_essid=yes
Web GUI
The VAP ESSIDs and their broadcast state can be set via the web interface using the
appropriate “wlanN” tab on the “Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 41).
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13.6
IP Configuration of Client Devices
The VAP interfaces allow client devices to connect to the TR-900. The client devices can be
assigned their IP configuration in one of three ways when the TR-900 is operating in routed
mode:
•
•
•
Via DHCP from a centralized server
Via DHCP from a local server on the TR-900 that the client device is connected to
Be manually configured
When the TR-900 is operating in bridge mode, the client device IP address requirements will
depend on the settings for the LAN that the TR-900 is connected to.
13.6.1
IP Configuration of Clients Devices via DHCP
The TR-900 can be set to serve IP addresses to client devices on the VAP interfaces using
DHCP. DHCP-provided addresses can be served either from a local server on the TR-900 or
from an external server. The two DHCP modes are described in detail in section 14.
13.6.2
Manual IP Configuration of Client Devices
In routed mode with centralized DHCP server mode disabled, client devices that use static IP
addresses must have an IP address that is within the subnet of the VAP interface that they
connect to. See section 14.2.1 for information on using static IP addresses for client devices
with centralized DHCP server mode enabled.
When operating in bridge mode, the client devices IP configuration requirements will depend
on the network settings for the LAN that the TR-900 is connected to.
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Figure 42. Virtual access point and wired interface DHCP and address space settings
If the local DHCP server is enabled for an VAP interface, IP addresses must be reserved for
statically configured devices by setting the DHCP reserve parameter. This will reserve the
specified number of IP addresses at the bottom of the IP range for the interface. For example,
if the interface has the IP address 10.2.4.1, the netmask 255.255.255.128, and the DHCP
reserve value 5, the IP addresses 10.2.4.2 through 10.2.4.6 will be available for use by
statically configured devices. The remaining IP addresses in the interface’s address space can
be assigned by the DHCP server to other client devices.
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CLI
The number of IP addresses reserved for statically-configured devices connected to the
Ethernet interface is set with the ‘dhcp.reserve’ parameter in the ‘eth0’ interface.
Web GUI
The ‘dhcp.reserve’ value can be set via the web interface using the “DHCP” sub-tab on the
“DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 42).
13.7
Client Devices
Each VAP has a status page that displays information about attached client devices and total
throughput through the VAP. The signal strength of each client device, its MAC address, its IP
address, and the time since data was last received from it are listed. The status pages can be
accessed under the ‘Status’ tab on the ‘Status’ page, as shown in Figure 43.
Figure 43. Virtual access point client device status information
13.8
Encryption and Authentication
The TR-900 supports several common encryption/authentication schemes, including WEP,
WPA, and WPA2, to provide secure wireless access for client devices. WEP keys with 40-bit
or 104-bit lengths, pre-shared WPA keys, and multiple WPA-EAP modes.
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The WEP and WPA configuration settings for each VAP are independent. A VAP can only
support one of the encryption/authentication modes at a time, but the VAPs in the TR-900 do
not all have to use the same encryption/authentication scheme.
Figure 44. Virtual access point authentication and encryption settings
13.8.1
WEP Encryption
The VAPs can be protected with a WEP-based encryption key to prevent unauthorized users
from intercepting or spoofing traffic.
CLI
To enable WEP-based encryption, set the ‘key’ parameter in the ‘wlanN’ interface. The length
of the encryption key is determined by the format used to specify the ‘key’ value. Valid key
formats and the corresponding encryption type and key length are listed in Table 11.
If WPA is enabled for an interface (‘wpa.enable’ CLI parameter in the ‘wlanN’
interfaces), the WPA settings will be used for encryption and authentication
and the ‘key’ value used to enable WEP will be ignored.
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Key format
s:<5 ASCII characters>
<10 hex values>
s:<13 ASCII characters>
<26 hex values>

Encryption format
Encryption key length
WEP
40 bits
WEP
104 bits
None
N/A
Table 11. WEP encryption key formats
For example, 104-bit WEP encryption can be enabled using an ASCII key with
> use wlan1
wlan1> set key=”s:abcdefghijklm”
or using a hexadecimal key with
> use wlan1
wlan1> set key=”0123456789abcdef0123456789”
WEP encryption can be disabled by specifying a blank value as shown below.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set key=
Web GUI
WEP encryption can be enabled and the key can be set via the web interface using the
“WPA/WEP” sub-tab under the “AAA” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 44).
Select “WEP” as the type of encryption from the drop-down menu for the VAP you wish to
configure and set the WEP key in the text box below the drop-down menu. In the example in
Figure 44, ‘wlan1’ has been configured to use WEP.
13.8.2
WPA Pre-Shared Key Mode (WPA-PSK)
In WPA pre-shared key (PSK) mode, a common passphrase is used for client devices
connecting to an TR-900 VAP. To set the WPA-PSK mode, enable WPA for the interface and
set the pre-shared key value as shown below. The passphrase must be between 8 and 63
characters in length.
The minimum number of characters required for the WPA passphrase is 8. However,
it is recommended that a longer passphrase, with at least 15 characters, is used.
This will increase the strength of the encryption used for the wireless link.
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CLI
The example below shows how to enable WPA-PSK mode for wlan1. The ‘wpa.key_mgmt’
parameter must also be set to indicate that PSK mode is being used, as shown below.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set wpa.enable=yes
wlan1> set wpa.key_mgmt=”WPA-PSK”
wlan1> set wpa.passphrase=long_passphrases_improve_encryption_effectiveness
Web GUI
WPA-PSK can be enabled and the pre-shared key can be set via the web interface using the
“WPA/WEP” sub-tab under the “AAA” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 44).
Select “WPA-PSK” as the type of encryption/authentication from the drop-down menu for the
VAP you wish to configure and enter the WPA-PSK key in the text box below the drop-down
menu. In the example in Figure 44, ‘wlan2’ has been configured to use WPA-PSK.
13.8.3
WPA EAP Mode
In WPA-EAP mode, a client device is authenticated using an 802.1x authentication server,
which is typically a RADIUS server.
The supported EAP modes are:
•
•
•
•
TLS
PEAP-TLS
TTLS
PEAP-MSCHAPv2
(X509v3 server & client certificates)
(X509v3 server & client certificates)
(X509v3 server certificate)
(X509v3 server certificate)
The following information must be provided about the RADIUS server:
•
•
•
address – the IP address of the 802.1x server that will be used for authentication
port – the port that the authentication server is listening on (UDP port 1812 by default)
secret – the shared secret for the authentication server. The secret must be a string that is
no longer than 32 characters in length.
See section 20.5 for instructions on how to test the RADIUS configuration and a specific set of
credentials.
CLI
To configure the TR-900 to support 802.1x authentication, the following parameters in a
‘wlanN’ interface must be set:
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•
•
•
•
•
wpa.enable
wpa.key_mgmt
wpa.auth.server.addr
wpa.auth.server.port
wpa.auth.server.shared_secret
The ‘wpa.key_mgmt’ parameter must be set to indicate that both PSK and EAP modes can be
supported, as shown in the example below.
The example below shows how to enable WPA EAP mode.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set wpa.enable=yes
wlan1> set wpa.key_mgmt=”WPA-PSK WPA-EAP”
wlan1> set wpa.auth.server.addr=1.2.3.4
wlan1> set wpa.auth.server.port=1812
wlan1> set wpa.auth.shared_secret=enroute1000_radius_secret
Web GUI
WPA-EAP can be enabled and the authentication server parameters can be set via the web
interface using the “WPA/WEP” sub-tab under the “AAA” tab on the “System Parameters” page
(see Figure 44). Select “WPA-EAP” as the type of encryption/authentication from the dropdown menu for the VAP you wish to configure and set the authentication server IP address,
port, and secret in the text boxes below the drop-down menu. In the example in Figure 44,
‘wlan3’ has been configured to use WPA-EAP.
13.9
Transmit Power Cap
The maximum transmit power cap of the TR-900’s radio is configurable. Increased output
power will improve communication range, but will also extend the interference range of the
radios. By default, the power cap is set to 30 dBm so as not to limit the power of the AP.
If the transmit power is set to a value in excess of what can be supported by
the AP radio, the actual radio output power will be the highest power
supported by the AP radio.
When setting the output power for an VAP, consider the output power of the client
devices that will be communicating the VAP. If these devices have output power
levels that are far lower than that of the VAP, an asymmetric link may result. Such a
link exists when the received signal strength at client devices is sufficient for a
downlink to the client device be established, but the received signal level at the VAP
is not sufficient for an uplink from the client device to be established.
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CLI
The example below shows how to set the access point radio’s maximum transmit power using
the CLI. The Tx power is specified in dBm, with a granularity of 0.5 dBm.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set txpower=20
Web GUI
The VAPs’ maximum transmit power can be set via the web interface using the appropriate
“wlanN” tab on the “Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 41). The “+” and “-“ buttons can be
used to increase or decrease the power setting in 0.5 dBm steps.
13.10 Radio Rate
The VAPs can be set to communicate at a specific rate or to automatically select the best rate
available. For most applications, choosing automatic rate selection will be the best choice.
CLI
It is not currently possible to set this through the CLI. Please use the web GUI to set this
parameter.
Web GUI
The VAPs’ communication rate can be set via the web interface using the appropriate “wlanN”
tab on the “Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 41). To limit communication to a specific
rate, use the drop-down menu to select the appropriate rate and verify that the “Auto”
checkbox is not selected. To set the device to automatically select the most appropriate rate,
click on the “Auto” checkbox to select it.
13.11 Preamble Length
The VAPs can be configured to use short preambles when there are no client devices present
that only support long preambles. Alternatively, the device can be forced to always use long
preambles. Using short preambles reduces communication overhead, but may not be
supported by older 802.11 client devices.
The preamble length setting is uniform across all VAPs. Changing it for one
will automatically change it for all others as well.
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CLI
The example below shows how to set the preamble type used by a VAP using the CLI. The
preamble type is set with the ‘iwpriv.short_preamble’ parameter in the ‘wlanN’ interfaces. To
enable short preambles, set this parameter to ‘1’. To force use of long preambles, set this
parameter to ‘0’.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set iwpriv.short_preamble=1
Web GUI
The preamble types supported by the VAPs can be set via the web interface using the
appropriate “wlanN” tab on the “Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 41). To allow support for
short preambles, set the “Use Short Preamble” drop-down menu to “Yes”. To limit preambles
to long ones, set the drop-down menu to “No”.
13.12 Beacon Interval
The VAPs’ beacon intervals are configurable. The beacon interval must fall in the range from
20 to 500 ms. The beacon interval is set to 100 ms by default.
CLI
The example below shows how to set the beacon interval for a VAP using the CLI. The beacon
interval is set with the ‘iwpriv.beacon_interval’ parameter in the ‘wlanN’ interfaces and is
specified in milliseconds.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set iwpriv.beacon_interval=100
Web GUI
The beacon interval for an VAP can be set via the web interface using the appropriate “wlanN”
tab on the “Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 41). Enter a value specified in milliseconds in
the “Beacon Interval” field.
13.13 Maximum Link Distance
The 802.11 standard defines delay values in the communication between devices that affect
the maximum communication distance that can be supported. By default, the communication
distance is limited to approximately 4 km (2.5 mi). The maximum communication distance can
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be increased by setting a custom maximum link distance value. This value can be specified in
either metric or imperial units.
The maximum link distance setting is uniform across all VAPs. Changing it for
one will automatically change it for all others as well.
CLI
The example below shows how to set the maximum link distance supported by a VAP using
the CLI. The maximum link distance is set with the ‘distance’ parameter in the ‘wlanN’
interfaces and is specified in either kilometers or miles. The ‘units’ parameter in the ‘sys’
interface determines whether the distance units are to be entered in kilometers or miles. Set
‘units’ to “metric” for kilometers, and to “imperial” for miles.
Set the ‘distance’ parameter to “DEFAULT” or leave it blank to use the default maximum link
range.
> use sys
sys> set units=”metric”
> use wlan1
wlan1> set distance=10
Web GUI
The maximum link distance supported by an VAP can be set via the web interface using the
appropriate “wlanN” tab on the “Wireless Interfaces” page (see Figure 41). Enter a value and
specify whether it is in kilometers of miles using the adjacent drop-down menu.
Set the ‘distance’ parameter to “DEFAULT” or leave it blank to use the default maximum link
range.
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14 Client DHCP Configuration
When operating in routed mode, two configuration options exist for assigning IP addresses to
client devices using DHCP:
•
•
The TR-900 hosts a local DHCP server and supplies IP addresses to devices attaching to
any of the client access interfaces
A centralized DHCP server supplies IP addresses to client devices, with the TR-900s
relaying DHCP messages between client devices and the centralized server.
The DHCP modes for client access interfaces on an TR-900 can be set individually to use a
local server, a centralized server, or be disabled. This allows a device to support client access
interfaces with a combination of centralized and localized DHCP.
BRIDGE
An TR-900 operating in bridge mode can provide access to a DHCP server
on the LAN that it is bridging to, but it will not provide any local DHCP
functionality for client devices when operating in this mode. Centralized
DHCP server mode does not need to be configured in bridge mode since the
relaying occurs implicitly by virtue of the bridging function that the TR-900
provides.
It is possible to configure the bridge interface to receive an address via DHCP
(see section 12.1)
14.1
Using Local DHCP Servers
The TR-900 can be set to serve IP addresses to client devices on enabled VAP interfaces
using DHCP.
The IP addresses provided by the local DHCP server will be in the subnet defined by the LAN
prefix and node ID and the IP address range start address and size parameters in the
appropriate client access interface. For example, for the ‘wlan1’ interface, the start and end of
the address range are:
Start address =
End address =
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< LAN prefix octet 2>.
.
 + 1
< LAN prefix octet 1>.
< LAN prefix octet 2>.
.
< wlan1 IP address range start address > < wlan1 IP address range size > - 2
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The TR-900 can be configured to set aside a number of IP addresses for client devices that
will use a static IP address. These IP addresses are taken from the pool that DHCP assigns IP
addresses from. Thus, increasing the number of IP addresses set aside for devices with static
IP addresses will reduce the size of the DHCP address pool. The DHCP reserve parameter
controls the number of IP addresses that will be reserved for static use. By default, this
parameter is set to zero, assigning the maximum possible number of IP addresses to the
DHCP pool. You may reserve the entire range of IP addresses, but the TR-900 will use at least
the highest address in the range for DHCP.
If the ‘dhcp.reserve’ value is non-zero, the DHCP range start address will be affected as shown
below
Start address =
< LAN prefix octet 1>.
< LAN prefix octet 2>.
.
 + 1 - < wlan1 DHCP reserve>
CLI
The DHCP mode parameters in the ‘wlanN’ interfaces control DHCP behavior. When the mode
is set to ‘server’, the TR-900 will respond to DHCP requests received from client devices
connected to the interface.
The examples below show how to set the DHCP server state for the ‘wlan1’ interface.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set dhcp.role=server
wlan1> set dhcp.relay.enable=no
To disable the DHCP server, set the ‘dhcp.role’ parameter to ‘none’
> use wlan1
wlan1> set dhcp.role=none
The example below shows how to set the DHCP reserve parameter
> use wlan1
wlan1> set dhcp.reserve=5
Web GUI
The VAP interfaces’ DHCP server state can be set via the web interface using the “DHCP”
sub-tab under the “DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 45). All of the
interfaces’ DHCP settings can be configured on this page. Set the “Mode” field to “Server” to
set the DHCP mode for a client access interface to be the local DHCP server.
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The DHCP reserve setting for all VAPs and the wired interface can be set via the web interface
using the “DHCP” sub-tab under the “DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see
Figure 45).
Figure 45. Virtual access point DHCP configuration
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14.2
Using a Centralized DHCP Server
Centralized DHCP server mode uses DHCP relaying to enable assignment of IP addresses to
wireless client devices from a common remote DHCP server. The remote DHCP server may
reside either on a host connected to the LAN segment that the TR-900’s Ethernet is attached
to, or on a server that is beyond one or more routers. When using a common DHCP server,
wireless client devices are assigned IP addresses from a single address pool, and are allowed
to keep their IP address while roaming seamlessly from AP to AP.
There are three classes of entities that must be configured when using this DHCP mode:
1. The TR-900
2. The central DHCP server
3. Any intermediate router(s) in the path between the DHCP server and the TR-900
When using a centralized DHCP server, a Client Address Space (CAS), from which client
device IP addresses are assigned, must be defined. The active VAP client access interfaces
on the TR-900 (there can be up to 4 per TR-900) must also have IP addresses that fall within
the CAS. This is to facilitate DHCP relay and selection of client device IP addresses from the
correct DHCP scope on servers that serve hosts connected to different subnets. The VAP
client access interface IP addresses must be configured statically and must be contiguous. It is
recommended that a contiguous range of IP addresses at either the beginning or the end of
the CAS be set aside, one for each VAPs on the TR-900.
The Client Address Space (CAS) is not equivalent to the range of addresses
served by the DHCP server. The DHCP-served address range is a subset of the
CAS. The CAS must also include the addresses for the client access interfaces
and the address of the TR-900’s Ethernet interface.
Consider the example where an TR-900 has all four of its VAPs enabled. The DHCP server
resides on a host that also acts as the WAN router and is connected to the same LAN segment
that the TR-900’s wired interface is. We will set aside 4 IP addresses for the TR-900’s VAPs.
Assuming the client address space is 192.168.5.0/24, with available addresses from
192.168.5.1 to 192.168.5.255, we will use 192.168.5.1 for the server hosting the DHCP server,
192.168.5.2 for the TR-900’s Ethernet interface, set aside 192.168.5.3 to 192.168.5.6 for the
TR-900’s VAP interfaces, and configure the remote DHCP server to serve IP addresses in the
range of 192.168.5.7 to 192.168.5.254 to wireless client devices. We will keep 192.168.5.255
as the broadcast address.
A bridged EnRoute1000 will pass DHCP traffic through its wired interface to any
client devices on its VAPs regardless of the EnRoute1000’s DHCP mode settings.
Centralized DHCP mode provides similar capability for an EnRoute1000 in routed
mode, while adding the capability to support different subnets, a firewall, and
QoS, which are not available in bridge mode.
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14.2.1
Support for Clients with Static IP Addresses
When using centralized DHCP server mode for a client access interface, client devices
connected to that interface can be assigned static addresses within the client address space.
However, for these client devices to roam successfully across TR-900s and third party access
point bridges connected to the same LAN, they must employ duplicate address detection by
sending out ARP requests for their own IP address. Windows-based devices support this
requirement. Please contact the client device manufacturer if you are unsure if your client
device meets this requirement.
14.2.2
Configuring the TR-900s
When operating in centralized DHCP server mode, each TR-900 client access interface that is
to serve DHCP addresses from the centralized server must be explicitly configured to use
centralized DHCP server mode. The TR-900s with client access interfaces in centralized
DHCP server mode must also use the same centralized DHCP server. The IP address of the
central DHCP server is set with the DHCP relay server parameter. The server must be
reachable through the TR-900’s Ethernet interface.
A gateway router IP address must be entered. This will be supplied to DHCP client devices as
their gateway. This IP address can be the same as for the DHCP server, but need not be.
Each client access interface on the TR-900 that is to support centralized DHCP server mode
must have its DHCP mode set to “server” for it to support relay of IP addresses to client
devices from a central DHCP server. It is possible to disable DHCP address assignments to
client devices on a per-interface basis and have them use static IP addresses instead.
The address space that is to be used for the wireless client devices is a subnet specified with
the Client Address Space parameter. The value must be specified in CIDR notation (a subnet
and its size separated by a ‘/’), e.g. ‘192.168.5.0/24’
The IP addresses of the TR-900’s client access interfaces (wlan1-4) need to be manually
assigned. This is done by setting the Address Base parameter, which is assigned to the first
enabled client access interface. Addresses for the remaining client access interfaces are
determined by successively incrementing the Base Address by one.
Layer 2 emulation must also be enabled when operating in centralized DHCP server mode.
This setting is located on the “System” tab of the “System” page of the web interface. See
section 19.2 for more information on layer 2 emulation mode.
CLI
Centralized DHCP mode is enabled using the ‘dhcp.relay.enable’ and ‘l2.client_mac_fwd’
parameters in the ‘sys’ interface as shown in the example below.
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> use sys
sys> set dhcp.relay.enable=yes
sys> set l2.client_mac_fwd=yes
In the example below, the central DHCP server and next WAN router reside on the same
segment to which the TR-900’s Ethernet interface is connected.
> use sys
sys> set dhcp.relay.server=192.168.5.2
sys> set dhcp.relay.gateway=192.168.5.1
The example below shows how to set the DHCP mode parameters for the wlan1 and wlan2
interfaces.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set dhcp=server
wlan1> set wlan1.dhcp.relay.enable=yes
> use wlan2
wlan2> set dhcp=server
wlan1> set wlan2.dhcp.relay.enable=yes
To disable distribution of centralized DHCP addresses on an interface, set the interface’s
‘dhcp.role’ parameter to ‘none’ as shown below.
> use wlan3
wlan3> set dhcp=none
The Client Address Space value is set with the ‘dhcp.relay.dhcp_subnet’ parameter in the ‘sys’
interface. This value should be a class A, B, or, C subnet specified using CIDR notation as
shown in the example below.
> use sys
sys> set dhcp.relay.dhcp_subnet=192.168.5.0/24
The Base Value, which sets the IP address of client access interfaces on an TR-900, is set
through the ‘dhcp.relay.base’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface.
> use sys
sys> set dhcp.relay.base=192.168.5.3
Web GUI
Centralized DHCP mode can be enabled via the web interface on the “DHCP Relay” sub-tab
under the “DHCP” tab on the “System Parameters” page (see Figure 46). The external DHCP
server IP address, the gateway router address, the Client Address Space parameter, and the
Base Value can also be set on this page. The DHCP mode parameters for all client access
interfaces can be set on the “DHCP” sub-tab under the “DHCP” tab on the “System
Parameters” page. Set the DHCP mode to “central server” for all interfaces whose client
devices should receive addresses from the central DHCP server.
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On the “System” tab of the “System” page, set the “L2 Emulation” to “enabled”.
Figure 46. Centralized DHCP server mode settings
14.2.3
Configuring the Central DHCP Server
Guidelines for configuring the central DHCP server are provided below. The full configuration
of the central DHCP server will depend on the type of DHCP server that is used and is beyond
the scope of this document.
Typically the following information must be available in order to configure the server:
1. The local interface (to the DHCP server) over which the DHCP-related messages from
the TR-900 arrive
2. The parameter(s) that define the address lease time
3. Whether DNS and domain names are to be provided by the DHCP server to client
devices
4. The range of the flat IP address that is used for assigning IP addresses to client
devices. The range must not include the IP addresses set aside for the client access
interfaces on the TR-900.
The following is a segment of the dhcpd.conf file for a Linux DHCP server (ISC DHCP server)
that illustrates the scope settings for the part of the network pertaining to the TR-900:
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subnet 192.168.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
option broadcast-address
192.168.5.255;
option subnet-mask
255.255.255.0;
option domain-name
"domain.com";
range
192.168.5.7 192.168.5.254;
Note that in this definition no “routers” option is needed. If a global “routers” option is defined,
the TR-900 will automatically change it to an appropriate value in DHCP responses to client
devices based on the centralized DHCP settings on the TR-900. In this example, two IP
addresses are set aside for the DHCP server and the TR-900’s Ethernet interface and four IP
addresses are set aside for the client access interfaces on the TR-900. Therefore the address
pool starts from 192.168.5.7.
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15 Connecting an TR-900 to a LAN
The options for connecting an TR-900 to a LAN are described below.
15.1
15.1.1
Routed mode
Manual Configuration
An TR-900 can be directly connected to a LAN without using Network Address Translation.
With this configuration and with the implicit client addressing scheme in use, the router on the
network that the TR-900 is attached to must be configured to forward the client access
interface subnets to the TR-900s Ethernet IP address. The subnet that needs to be forwarded
is:
Class C subnet:
...0
In the case where the LAN prefix is 10.12 and the node ID is 14, the subnet the router would
need to forward to the TR-900 is 10.12.14.0/255.255.255.0.
If the explicit addressing scheme is used, all the individual client access interface subnets must
be forwarded to the TR-900’s Ethernet IP address.
The sections below describe how to acquire the parameter values that determine what subnets
the router should forward to the EnRoute1000.
CLI
When using the implicit addressing scheme, the subnet information can be retrieved from the
‘sys’ interface as shown below.
> use sys
sys> get id.*
sys.id.lanprefix = 10
sys.id.mesh = 12
sys.id.node = 4
This indicates the router needs to forward traffic destined for the 10.12.4.0/255.255.255.0
subnet to the TR-900.
When using the explicit addressing scheme, the subnet information has to be retrieved from
the individual interfaces. The example below shows how to obtain the address information for
‘wlan1’. A similar approach can be used to obtain that information for the other interfaces.
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> use wlan1
sys> get ip.*_force
ip.address_force = 10.5.1.1
ip.broadcast_force = 10.5.1.255
ip.gateway_force =
ip.netmask_force = 255.255.255.0
Web GUI
The LAN prefix and node ID can be obtained by inspecting the IP addresses available on the
“Status” page. The addresses of interest are the IP addresses for each of the active VAPs.
When using the implicit addressing scheme, all of these addresses will fall within a single class
C address space, whereas when using the explicit addressing scheme they can be of arbitrary
size.
15.1.2
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Network Address Translation (NAT) shields the client access interfaces and client devices
connected to the VAPs from the LAN network that the TR-900 is connected to. The TR-900
and its client devices are able to communicate with devices connected to the external network.
However, devices on the external network cannot initiate communication with any devices
connected to the TR-900.
The advantages of using NAT are:
•
•
•
You can easily attach an TR-900 to an existing network. You do not need to modify any
settings on the router on your existing network to forward packets to the IP addresses used
for the VAP interfaces and their client devices.
The devices connected to the TR-900 are shielded from the network that the TR-900 is
attached to.
You only consume a single IP address on your existing network when connecting the TR900 to it.
The main disadvantage of using NAT is
•
You are not able to initiate connections to the client devices connected to the TR-900 from
devices connected to the LAN or points beyond that..
CLI
To set the NAT state, use the commands
> use sys
sys> set nat.enable=
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Web GUI
The NAT state can be set via the web interface on the “Wired Interface” page (Figure 47).
Figure 47. NAT and VPN settings
15.2
Bridge Mode
In bridge mode, the TR-900 can be connected to a LAN with minimal configuration. See
section 12.2 for the parameters that are available to control bridging behavior.
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16 Controlling Access to the TR-900
The TR-900 supports the following features for restricting access to it, restricting inter-client
device communication, and shielding client devices from an external network:
•
•
•
Firewall
Client-to-client communication blocking
Gateway firewall
It further supports controlled network access by client devices through MAC address black
lists.
BRIDGE
16.1
The firewalls are disabled and client-to-client blocking is not possible when
operating in bridge mode.
Firewall
The TR-900 has a firewall that blocks certain types of traffic destined for the TR-900. This
prevents client devices attached to an TR-900 and devices on the LAN which the TR-900 is
attached to from connecting to it.
The default firewall rules only affect packets destined for the TR-900, and have no
effect on packets forwarded by the device. The firewall should typically be enabled
on all TR-900s since it prevents undesired access them.
By default, the ports listed in Table 12 are set to be allowed for connection to the TR-900.
Function
SSH
DNS
DHCP
HTTP
SNMP
HTTPS
HTTP redirect (if splash pages are
enabled)
Roaming support
OnRamp
Port(s)
22
53
67, 68
80
161
443
Type
Source & destination
Source & destination
Destination
Destination
Source & destination
Destination
Protocol
TCP
UDP
UDP
TCP
UDP
TCP
3060
Destination
TCP
Destination
UDP
Source & destination
UDP
7202 – 7205,
7207
20123
Table 12. Source and destination ports allowed by default
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CLI
The firewall is enabled by selecting the ‘firewall’ interface and setting the ‘node.enable’
parameter.
> use firewall
firewall> set node.enable=yes
Lists of allowed source and destination ports for inbound TCP and UDP traffic can be
specified. These lists can be set with the following parameters in the ‘firewall’ interface:
•
•
•
•
node.tcp.allow.dest
node.tcp.allow.source
node.udp.allow.dest
node.udp.allow.source
The list of allowed ports must be a space-delimited string enclosed by quotes. The example
below shows how to set the TCP source ports parameters.
> use firewall
firewall> set node.tcp.allow.dest=”22 23 80 5280”
Web GUI
It is not possible to configure the state of the firewall and the open firewall ports via the web
interface. It is enabled by default.
16.2
Gateway Firewall
The gateway firewall blocks connections originating outside the TR-900 and its client address
spaces from entering the device, protecting VAP client devices from unwanted traffic. The
gateway firewall will permit return traffic for connections that originate from devices in the VAP
client subnets.
If you have enabled NAT (see section 15.1.2), you will have an implicit firewall that
limits the type of inbound connections that are possible.
CLI
The state of the gateway firewall is controlled with the ‘gateway’ parameter in the ‘firewall’
interface. Enable the gateway firewall with
> use firewall
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firewall> set gateway=yes
disable it with
> use firewall
firewall> set gateway=no
Web GUI
It is not possible to configure the state of the gateway firewall via the web interface.
16.3
Blocking Client-to-Client Traffic
Client-to-client traffic can be blocked or permitted on a per-interface basis. By enabling clientto-client traffic blocking for one or more of an TR-900’s client access interfaces, the client
devices that attach to that particular interface will not be able to communicate with any client
devices attached to that or any other client access interface on the TR-900. Client-to-client
traffic can be controlled for interfaces wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, and wlan4.
CLI
The parameters that control client-to-client access are all in the ‘firewall’ interface. They are:
•
•
•
•
node.allowc2c.wlan1
node.allowc2c.wlan2
node.allowc2c.wlan3
node.allowc2c.wlan4
To block client-to-client traffic, select the ‘firewall’ interface and set the parameter for the
appropriate interface to ‘no’, To allow traffic between client devices, set the parameter to ‘yes’.
The examples below illustrate how to configure these parameters.
To block client-to-client traffic for client devices attached to wlan1:
> use firewall
firewall> set node.allowc2c.wlan1=no
To allow client-to-client traffic for client devices attached to wlan2:
> use firewall
firewall> set node.allowc2c.wlan2=yes
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Web GUI
The client isolation parameters can be set via the web interface on the “Firewall” tab on the
“Security” page (see Figure 48). By setting an interface’s client isolation parameter to ‘yes’,
client devices connecting to that interface will not be able to communicate with any other client
devices connected to the TR-900.
Figure 48. Connection-related firewall settings
Note that devices connected to different interfaces can only communicate with each other if
client-to-client isolation is disabled for both interfaces.
Client-to-client isolation is only enabled
(firewall.node.enable) is enabled (section 16.1).
16.4
if
the
TR-900
firewall
Connection Tracking
The firewall keeps track of existing TCP connections. It is advisable to enable connection
tracking for public networks that can have large numbers of users. In particular, it is important
to enable connection tracking if your network is heavily loaded or if it has users running file
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sharing applications. A number of parameters are available for tuning how connection tracking
is handled.
16.4.1
Connection Tracking Table Size
The size of the connection tracking table can be set. Allowed values are in the range from
4096 to 16384. A larger connection tracking table allows more connections to be maintained
without dropping older connections. Typically, the default size of 8192 is adequate for normal
operation and the setting should only be increased on devices with high levels of traffic and
many users.
CLI
The connection tracking table size is set by selecting the ‘firewall’ interface and setting the
‘conntrack.table_size’ parameter.
> use firewall
firewall> set conntrack.table_size=16384
Web GUI
The connection tracking table size is set with the “Conntrack Size” field on the “Connections”
sub-tab on the “Firewall” tab of the “Security” page (see Figure 48). This field is located under
the “Connection Tracking” heading.
16.4.2
Connection Tracking Timeout
The connection tracking timeout parameter allows you to flush connections that have been idle
for an extended period of time from the connection tracking table. This will help limit the
maximum required size of the connection tracking table. By default, this parameter is set to
3600 seconds (1 hour).
CLI
The connection tracking timeout is set by selecting the ‘firewall’ interface and setting the
‘conntrack.tcp_timeout_established’ parameter. The timeout is specified in seconds.
> use firewall
firewall> set conntrack.tcp_timeout_established=3600
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Web GUI
The connection tracking timeout is set with the “Conntrack Connection Timeout” field on the
“Connections” sub-tab on the “Firewall” tab of the “Security” page (see Figure 48). This field is
located under the “Connection Tracking” heading. Specify the timeout limit in seconds.
16.4.3
Limiting Number of TCP Connections Per Client Device
The number of TCP connections allowed per client device can be limited. For most use cases,
setting the connection limit to 30 is sufficient.
Users running file sharing applications may have difficulties establishing connections
when TCP connection limiting is enabled since the file sharing application may be
consuming the maximum number of TCP connections allowed.
CLI
The ‘conntrack.connlimit.enable’ parameter in the ‘firewall’ interface is used to set the state of
TCP connection limiting. The ‘conntrack.connlimit.connections’ parameter is used to set the
maximum number of connections allowed per client device.
> use firewall
firewall> set conntrack.connlimit.enable=yes
firewall> set conntrack.connlimit.connections=30
Web GUI
The TCP connection limit-related settings are set on the “Connections” sub-tab on the
“Firewall” tab of the “Security” page (see Figure 48). The “Conntrack Limiting” drop-down box
sets the state of TCP connection limiting and the “Conntrack Connection Limits” sets the
maximum number of TCP connections allowed per client device.
16.5
Custom Firewall Rules
Custom firewall rules can be added that control how traffic forwarded by an TR-900 is handled.
For example, rules can be added to:
•
•
Block client traffic on certain ports
Block traffic from a given client access interface to a certain subnet
The custom firewall rules can be added on the “Custom Rules” sub-tab on the “Firewall” tab on
the “Security” page as shown in Figure 49. These rules are specified as you would specify
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rules for iptables, with the exception of the chain that they are to be added to cannot be
specified. All rules will be applied to the iptables forwarding chain.
List one rule per line in the text box on the “Custom Rules” tab and click on the “Save and
Apply Changes” button when all rules have been entered. The following examples of custom
rules illustrate how to use the custom firewall interface.
Blocking SMTP traffic 25
This rule will block all SMTP traffic, which uses port 25.
-dport 25 -j DROP
Limiting Access Based on Client Access Interface
Packets can be filtered based upon which interface they were received through. For example,
wlan1 and wlan2 can be used to provide users with access to two different, private subnets,
while wlan3 users have access to neither of these subnets. Users of all wlans would have
access to the Internet though. The following rules will:
• Drop traffic from wlan1 destined for the 192.168.2.0 subnet
• Drop traffic from wlan2 destined for the 192.168.1.0 subnet
• Drop traffic from wlan3 destined for the 192.168.1.0 and 192.168.2.0 subnets
-i
-i
-i
-i
wlan1
wlan2
wlan3
wlan3
--dst
--dst
--dst
--dst
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192.168.1.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
-j
-j
-j
-j
DROP
DROP
DROP
DROP
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Figure 49. Custom firewall settings
16.6
Access Control Lists (ACLs)
The access control lists (ACLs) for the VAP interfaces (wlan1-wlan4) block access to any
device with a MAC address matching those on the list. Individual ACLs can be defined for each
VAP.
Web GUI
The ACLs can be defined via the web interface on the appropriate “wlanN” sub-tab under the
“ACL” tab on the “Security” page as shown in Figure 50. Enter a MAC address and click on the
“Add MAC” button to add the address to the ACL for that VAP. Once an address has been
added, it will appear at the bottom of the page. To delete a MAC address in an ACL, click on
the “Delete MAC” button next to the address.
The ACL for an VAP must be enabled after it has been created. Choose “blacklist” from the
drop-down menu and click on “Change ACL Mode” to enable the list. Choose “none” from the
drop-down menu and click on “Change ACL Mode” to disable the ACL.
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Figure 50. VAP ACL configuration
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17 Quality of Service (QoS) Configuration
BRIDGE
QoS rate limiting and reservations are not supported when the TR-900 is
operating in bridge mode. Priority level settings are supported in bridge mode.
The TR-900 has extensive support for quality of service settings that allow traffic to be
prioritized based on the source interface, destination interface, and type of traffic. The TR-900
QoS scheme allows both rate limiting and rate reservation for all interfaces.
17.1
Priority Levels
The Flow Priority parameters set the relative priority of outbound traffic based on the source
interface. These parameters can be set to an integer value in the range from 0 to 99, with a
higher number indicating a higher priority. If a flow priority level parameter is set to ‘inherit’, the
associated interface will assume the default priority level set. The default flow priority is the
flow priority ‘inherited’ by each interface if another flow priority setting is not applied. The
default flow priority is configurable.
Traffic originating from an interface with a higher priority will take priority over traffic from all
interfaces with a lower priority value until the higher-priority interface has no more data to
send. If multiple interfaces have the same priority level, their traffic will be given equal access
to the outbound interface. Rate reservation and rate limiting, described in the following
sections, can be used to avoid one interface dominating the use of the Ethernet interface
bandwidth.
The absolute values of the flow priority settings do not have any weighting effect. If a
flow priority is higher for one interface than another, the former will always be
prioritized with any remaining bandwidth allocated to the other one.
The Max/Min Hardware Priority parameters can be used to limit the hardware priority queues
that traffic from a particular interface can use for outbound traffic. Valid values for these
parameters are from 1 to 4, which are the priority levels listed in Table 13.
Abbreviation
VO
VI
BE
BK
Description
Voice
Video
Best Effort
Background
Priority level
4 (highest)
1 (lowest)
Table 13. Hardware priority levels
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When sending data out through any of the wireless interfaces (wlanN), these hardware
priorities map directly to the 802.11e hardware priority output queues on the wireless card. The
default level for all traffic is Best Effort.
To increase the hardware priority of all traffic originating from a particular interface, set the
value of Min Hardware Priority to a value larger than 1. This will force all traffic from the chosen
interface to use a hardware queue equal to or greater than the Min Hardware Priority value set.
To reduce the maximum hardware priority of traffic from an interface, set the Max Hardware
Priority parameter to a value less than 4. To disable hardware prioritization, set the Min/Max
Hardware Priority parameters to ‘0’.
Setting an interface’s flow priority above that of another interface results in all traffic
originating on the higher flow priority interface blocking traffic on the lower priority
interface until all traffic from the prioritized interface has been sent. In comparison,
elevating the Min Hardware Priority associated with an interface will prioritize, but
not fully block traffic tagged with a lower hardware priority. Instead the medium
access delay will be reduced (as dictated by the IEEE 802.11e standard) for the
traffic with the elevated hardware priority. Thus, these two priority types provide
different gradations of quality control, even when applied en mass to an interface,
although further refinements can be set using the EnRoute1000 rate limiting features
discussed below.
Changing hardware priorities does not affect the rate limiting and reservation (section 17.2), it
only affects which output hardware queues that provide the required support for the 802.11e
standard.
CLI
Flow priority levels are set with the ‘in..flow_priority’ parameters in the ‘qos’ interface,
where  is one of the following: default, local, eth0, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4. ‘local’
refers to traffic originating on the device itself, not from its client devices. The example below
sets locally generated traffic to have top priority and wlan1 to have priority over all other
interfaces.
> use qos
qos> set in.default.flow_priority=10
qos> set in.local.flow_priority=90
qos> set in.wlan1.flow_priority=20
qos> set in.wlan2.flow_priority=inherit
qos> set in.wlan3.flow_priority=inherit
qos> set in.wlan4.flow_priority=inherit
qos> set in.eth0.flow_priority=inherit
Hardware priority levels are set with ‘in..hwpri{max,min}’ in the ‘qos’ interface, where
 is one of the following: default, local, eth0, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4.
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The example below shows how to configure the system such that all traffic from ‘wlan1’ with a
‘Voice’ or ‘Video’ priority will be reduced to a ‘Best Effort’ priority. Traffic with ‘Best Effort’ and
‘Background’ priorities will not be affected.
> use qos
qos> set in.wlan1.hwpri.max=2
The example below shows how to configure the system such that all traffic from ‘wlan2’ with a
‘Background’ or ‘Best Effort’ priority will be increased to a ‘Video’ priority. Traffic with ‘Video’
and ‘Voice’ priorities will not be affected.
> use qos
qos> set in.wlan2.hwpri.min=2
Web GUI
Flow priorities can be set via the web interface under the “QoS” tab on the “QoS” page (see
Figure 51). The hardware priority levels can be set for each interface under the “Advanced
QoS” tab on the “QoS” page (see Figure 52).
Figure 51. QoS settings
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Figure 52. Advanced QoS configuration (only settings for some interfaces are shown)
17.2
Rate Limiting
A rate limit can be set at each QoS Control Point shown in Figure 53. The Control Points can
be split into three groups, listed below in decreasing order of importance:
•
•
•
Interface output limit
Interface output limit of traffic from a particular interface
Interface output limit of traffic of a certain type from a particular interface
All rate limit parameter values are in kbps. If no rate limit parameter is set, rate
limiting will be disabled for that interface or interface and traffic combination.
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The maximum output data rate for interfaces can be limited with the Output Limit parameters
for each client access interface. The default output limit value is applied to interfaces that have
the Output Limit parameter set to ‘inherit’.
Figure 53. Quality of Service rate limit control points
Data rate limits can also be imposed based on traffic type through an interface. The maximum
data rate for a certain type of traffic that enters the TR-900 through a particular interface and
exits it through another interface can be limited.
There is no standalone input rate limiting. Limiting the input rate of an interface on
the TR-900 only makes sense in the context of the output for another interface(s). In
most cases you are concerned with eth0 as the output interface.
CLI
The example below shows how to limit the maximum output rate of the eth0 interface to 8
Mbps and the maximum output rates of all four wlanN interfaces to 2 Mbps each.
> use qos
qos> set out.eth0.limit=8192
qos> set out.wlan1.limit=2048
qos> set out.wlan2.limit=2048
qos> set out.wlan3.limit=2048
qos> set out.wlan4.limit=2048
The maximum data rate for traffic that enters the TR-900 through a particular interface and
exits it through another interface can be limited with the ‘out...limit’
parameters in the ‘qos’ interface, where  is one of the following: default, eth0,
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wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4; and  is one of the following: default, eth0, local, wlan1,
wlan2, wlan3, wlan4. The ‘out.default.default.limit’ value is applied to interfaces that have the
‘out...limit’ parameter set to ‘inherit’ or is left blank.
The example below shows how to limit the maximum output rate of data from wlan1, wlan2,
wlan3, and wlan4 through the eth0 interface to 2 Mbps, 1 Mbps, 512 kbps, and 256 kbps,
respectively.
> use qos
qos> set out.eth0.wlan1.limit=2048
qos> set out.eth0.wlan2.limit=1024
qos> set out.eth0.wlan3.limit=512
qos> set out.eth0.wlan4.limit=256
Traffic type limits can be set with the ‘out....limit.’
parameters in the ‘qos’ interface, where  is one of the following: default, eth0,
wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4;  is one of the following: default, eth0, local, wlan1,
wlan2, wlan3, wlan4;  is one of the following: ‘vo’, ‘vi’, ‘be’, ‘bk’ (see Table 13 for
description of traffic types).
The example below shows how to limit the maximum output rate of voice, video, best effort,
and background traffic from wlan1 through the eth0 interface to 256 kbps, 1 Mbps, 256 kbps,
and 256 kbps, respectively.
> use qos
qos> set out.eth0.wlan1.vo.limit=256
qos> set out.eth0.wlan1.vi.limit=1024
qos> set out.eth0.wlan1.be.limit=256
qos> set out.eth0.wlan1.bk.limit=256
Web GUI
The interface- and traffic-based Output Limit parameters can be set via the web interface
under the “QoS” and “Advanced QoS” tabs on the “QoS” page (see Figure 51 and Figure 52).
17.3
Rate Reservation
Rate reservation is used to guarantee bandwidth for certain types of traffic. Rate reservations
can be made for traffic based on:
•
•
The traffic input and output interfaces
The traffic type, input interface, and output interface
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For rate reservations to be enforced, a rate limit must be set for the traffic type
that the reservation is made for. Setting a rate limit for a broader traffic type, of
which the one the reservation is made for is a subset, is also acceptable. For
example, when making a rate reservation for voice traffic from wlan1 to eth0
(‘out.eth0.wlan1.vo.reserve’), a limit must be set with ‘out.eth0.limit’,
‘out.eth0.wlan1.limit’, or ‘out.eth0.wlan1.vo.limit’.
Rate reservations guarantee bandwidth for a particular traffic type, but if no such traffic is
present, the bandwidth reserved will be returned to the pool of available bandwidth for other
traffic types to use. The points at which rate reservations can be made are shown in Figure 54.
These points are similar to where rate limits can be placed, except that rate reservations
require both an input and output interface, whereas rate limits can be made without specifying
an input interface.
Figure 54. Quality of Service rate reservation control points
All rate reservation parameter values are in kbps. If no rate reservation parameter is
set, rate reservation will be disabled for that interface or interface and traffic
combination.
A rate reservation, which guarantees a certain amount of bandwidth, can be made for traffic
that enters the TR-900 through a particular interface and exits it through another interface.
Rate reservations can also be set based on traffic type through an interface. The default value
set for the TR-900 rate reservation is applied to interfaces that have their bandwidth
reservation parameters set to ‘inherit’ or are left blank.
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CLI
The parameters that are used to set these rate reservations are in the ‘qos’ interface and are
of the form ‘out...reserve’, where  is one of the following:
default, eth0, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4; and  is one of the following: default, eth0,
local, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4.
Typically, most rate reservations will involve reserving bandwidth for traffic from a particular
client access interface to the eth0 interface. The example below shows how to reserve differing
amount of bandwidth on eth0 for traffic originating from the wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, and wlan4
interfaces.
> use qos
qos> set out.eth0.wlan1.reserve=2048
qos> set out.eth0.wlan2.limit=1024
qos> set out.eth0.wlan3.limit=512
qos> set out.eth0.wlan4.limit=256
A rate reservation for a certain type of traffic that enters the TR-900 through a particular
interface and exits it through another interface can be set with the ‘out....reserve.’ parameters in the ‘qos’ interface, where  is one of the
following: default, eth0, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4;  is one of the following: default,
eth0, local, wlan1, wlan2, wlan3, wlan4;  is one of the following: ‘vo’, ‘vi’, ‘be’, ‘bk’
(see Table 13 for description of traffic types).
The ‘out.default.default.limit’ value is applied to interfaces that have the ‘out...reserve’ parameter set to ‘inherit’ or is left blank.
The example below shows how to reserve bandwidth for voice, video, best effort, and
background traffic from wlan1 through the eth0 interface to 512 kbps, 1 Mbps, 256 kbps, and
128 kbps, respectively.
> use qos
qos> set out.eth0.wlan1.vo.reserve=512
qos> set out.eth0.wlan1.vi.reserve=1024
qos> set out.eth0.wlan1.be.reserve=256
qos> set out.eth0.wlan1.bk.reserve=128
Web GUI
The rate reservation parameters can be set via the web interface under the “QoS” and
“Advanced QoS” tabs on the “QoS” page (see Figure 51 and Figure 52).
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18 Enabling VLAN Tagging
The TR-900 supports VLAN tagging, with each client access interface capable of supporting a
different VLAN tag.
18.1
Client Access Interface Configuration
VLAN tagging can be independently controlled on each client access interface (wlan1-4). The
Enable VLAN parameters for the ‘wlan1’, ‘wlan2’, ‘wlan3’, and ‘wlan4’ interfaces controls the
state of VLAN tagging.
VLAN tagging must be enabled on the Ethernet interface for VLAN tags to be
included in data frames sent to the LAN. See section 18.2 for more details.
The VLAN ID value for each client access interface is set with the VLAN ID parameter for each
interface. The VLAN ID must be in the range from 0 to 4095. Note that 0 and 4095 are
reserved values and 1 is the default VLAN ID. There are no restrictions on VLAN IDs for
different interfaces having to match or be different.
CLI
The example below shows how to enable VLAN tagging on the ‘wlan1’ interface and set the
VLAN ID to 12 using the parameters ‘vlan.enable’ and ‘vlan.id’ in the ‘wlan1’ interface.
> use wlan1
wlan1> set vlan.enable=yes
> use wlan1
wlan1> set vlan.id=12
Web GUI
The VLAN Enable and VLAN ID parameters can be set via the web interface under the
“wlanN” tabs on the “Wireless Interfaces” page and on the “Wired Interface” page (see Figure
55).
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Figure 55. Configuring VLAN for VAP interfaces
18.2
Ethernet Interface Configuration
For VLAN tags to be preserved on traffic that traverses the Ethernet interface, VLAN support
must be enabled for the Ethernet interface. The “Enable VLAN” parameter for the wired
interface controls the state of VLAN tagging. If VLAN tagging is enabled on the Ethernet
interface, all outbound traffic will have its VLAN tags preserved. If VLAN tagging is disabled for
the Ethernet interface, all VLAN tags will be stripped from frames received through the
Ethernet interface.
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When VLAN is enabled for the wired interface, data frames forwarded by the TR-900 to the
LAN will preserve their existing VLAN tag, if they have one. Frames that do not have a tag will
be tagged with the default VLAN ID for the TR-900’s Ethernet interface. The VLAN ID must be
in the range from 0 to 4095. Note that 0 and 4095 are reserved values and 1 is the default
VLAN ID.
CLI
The example below shows how to enable VLAN tagging on Ethernet interface using the
‘vlan.enable’ parameter in the ‘eth0’ interface.
> use eth0
eth0> set vlan.enable=yes
The example below shows how to set the VLAN ID for the Ethernet interface using the ‘vlan.id’
parameter in the ‘eth0’ interface.
> use eth0
eth0> set vlan.id=1
Web GUI
The Ethernet interface VLAN parameters are set on the “Wired Interface” page as shown in
Figure 56.
Figure 56. Configuring VLAN for Ethernet interface
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19 Integration with Enterprise Equipment
The TR-900 supports authentication, accounting, and monitoring services that easily integrate
with enterprise equipment. In this section the following topics are described:
•
•
Splash pages
Layer 2 client emulation
BRIDGE
19.1
Splash pages are not supported and Layer 2 emulation is unnecessary when
operating in bridge mode.
Configuring Splash Pages
The TR-900 supports splash pages, which can be used to restrict access to the 802.11
network and provide information to users that connect to the network. When a user connects
through a client access interface to an TR-900 with splash page support enabled, the splash
page for the appropriate interface will be displayed and the user will be restricted from
accessing other destinations on the Internet until they have logged in. The splash page can
require the user to enter logon credentials or simply click a button to complete the login
process.
To use splash pages, a number of URLs for login, successful login, and failed login must be
specified. A RADIUS server that provides authentication services may also need to be
specified.
19.1.1
Enabling Splash Pages
The enabling of splash pages can be controlled on a per-interface basis. Two splash page
modes are supported – one which requires client device users to login in to gain access to the
network and another which requires them to simply click on a button on the web page to
proceed.
CLI
Enable or disable splash pages with the ‘splash.enable.wlanN’ parameters in the ‘sys’
interface. For a splash page to be displayed on an interface, the appropriate parameter must
be set to ‘yes’. The example below illustrates how to set the ‘splash.enable.wlan1’ parameter
in the ‘sys’ interface to enable splash pages for the wlan1 interface.
> use sys
sys> set splash.enable.wlan1=yes
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Use the ‘splash.auth.server.wlanN.enable’ parameters in the ‘sys’ interface to select whether a
user is required to provide login credentials for a particular interface. The example below
illustrates how to set the parameter for the wlan1 interface such that a user will be required to
login to access the network.
> use sys
sys> set splash.auth.server.enable.wlan1=yes
Web GUI
Splash pages can be enabled on a per-interface basis on the “Splash Pages” sub-tab under
the “AAA” tab on the “System Parameters” page of the web interface (see Figure 57). Setting
whether client login is required can also be set on this page with the “Require Login”
parameter.
Figure 57. Splash page configuration
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19.1.2
Configuring Splash URLs
The URL that a user is redirected to for login purposes can be individually configured for each
client access interface that supports splash pages (wlan1-4). URLs for successful login, failed
login, and error conditions can also be specified for each interface.
The ‘login URL’ parameter sets the URL that a user is redirected to when they attach to the
interface and have not yet been authenticated. This parameter should not be left blank if
splash pages are enabled for the interface. No client device would be able to access the
network through the interface if splash pages are enabled and the login URL parameter does
not point to a valid URL.
The ‘success URL’ parameter sets the URL that a user is redirected to when they have
successfully logged in. If this variable is left blank, a default page that indicates login success
will be displayed.
The ‘fail URL’ parameter sets the URL that a user is redirected to when a login attempt fails. If
this variable is left blank, a default page that indicates login failure will be displayed.
The ‘error URL’ parameter sets the URL that a user is redirected to when a login error has
occurred. For example, this page would be displayed if a valid authentication server could not
be reached. If this variable is left blank, a default page that indicates an error has occurred will
be displayed.
CLI
In the examples that follow,  represents any of the client access interfaces ‘wlan1’,
‘wlan2’, ‘wlan3’, or ‘wlan4’. The ‘splash.url..login’ parameters in the ‘sys’ interface set the
login URLs. The ‘splash.url..success’ parameters in the ‘sys’ interface set the success
URLs. The ‘splash.url..fail’ parameters in the ‘sys’ interface set the fail URLs. The
‘splash.url..error’ parameters in the ‘sys’ interface set the error URLs
The example below shows how the ‘wlan1’ and ‘wlan2’ interfaces can be set to use different
URLs for the login process.
> use sys
sys> set splash.url.wlan1.login=http://server.domain.com/wlan1_login.htm
sys> set splash.url.wlan1.success=http://server.domain.com/wlan1_success.htm
sys> set splash.url.wlan1.fail=http://server.domain.com/wlan1_fail.htm
sys> set splash.url.wlan1.error=http://server.domain.com/wlan1_error.htm
sys> set splash.url.wlan2.login=http://server.domain.com/wlan2_login.htm
sys> set splash.url.wlan2.success=http://server.domain.com/wlan2_success.htm
sys> set splash.url.wlan2.fail=http://server.domain.com/wlan2_fail.htm
sys> set splash.url.wlan2.error=http://server.domain.com/wlan2_error.htm
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Web GUI
All of the splash page-related URLs can be set on the “Splash Pages” sub-tab under the “AAA”
tab on the “System Parameters” page of the web interface (see Figure 57).
19.1.3
Sample HTML Code for Splash Pages
The login HTML page must contain specific form information as shown in the sample code in
Figure 58 and Figure 59. Figure 58 contains the code required for an interface that requires a
login. Figure 59 contains code for a login page that the user just clicks through to unlock
network access.
The critical lines in Figure 58 are 6, 12, 15, and 19. The ‘action’ value in line 6 of Figure 58
must point to a server name for which there is a DNS proxy entry on the TR-900 and the last
part of it must be ‘/radius/login.cgi’. The DNS proxy entry, which will be different for each
deployed TR-900, must be mapped to one of the TR-900’s IP addresses (see section 9.4 for
more information on how to set DNS proxy configuration).
The example below shows how to configure the DNS proxy assuming the login page redirects
to the host ‘redirect.domain.com’ and the IP address of the wlan1 interface is 10.1.2.1.
> use sys
sys> set dnsproxy.enable=yes
sys> set dnsproxy.hosts=”dns.proxy.name.here=10.1.2.1”
The DNS proxy setting is used in conjunction with the splash pages to ensure that a
common login URL can be used on all TR-900. The DNS proxy entry directs the
results of the login process to the right location – that is, the TR-900 that the client
device is connected to.
The login page must also contain the ‘input’ fields on lines 12, 15, and 19. These are used to
allow a user logging in to provide their username and password, and to submit them. The
names of these input fields, ‘username’, ‘password’, and ‘login’, must not be changed.
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10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22


Test Login Page




Welcoming text or 'Terms of Service' could go here. 





 Username: 
 
 		


 Password: 
  









Figure 58. Sample HTML code for login web page with password authentication
If the splash page is not configured to require a user to provide login credentials, the
requirements for the login page are slightly different, as shown in Figure 59. The page must
still contain a form definition similar to that on line 6 in Figure 59. The ‘action’ value must be set
to point to a proxied server name, just as for the case where a user is required to provide login
credentials. The last part of the ‘action’ value must be ‘/splash/nologin.cgi’. Also, a button with
the name ‘login’ must be defined, as shown on line 8 of Figure 59.
10
11


Test Login Page




Welcoming text or 'Terms of Service' could go here.






Figure 59. Sample HTML code for web page when authentication is disabled
19.1.4
Configuring the Authentication Server
A RADIUS authentication server must be specified when the splash page is enabled for an
interface and login is required. The following parameters must be specified:
•
the server address – can be either a hostname or and IP address
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•
•
the port on the server that the RADIUS server is listening on
the shared secret – must be a string of alphanumeric characters that is 32 characters or
less in length.
CLI
The
‘splash.auth.server..host’,
‘splash.auth.server..port’,
and
‘splash.auth.server..secret’ parameters in the ‘sys’ interface, where  is either
‘wlan1’, ‘wlan2’, ‘wlan3’, or ‘wlan4’, specify the authentication server to use. The example
below shows how to configure the authentication server for interfaces ‘wlan1’ and ‘wlan2’.
> use sys
sys> set splash.auth.server.wlan1.host=auth1.yourserverhere.com
sys> set splash.auth.server.wlan1.port=1812
sys> set splash.auth.server.wlan1.secret=authsecret
sys> set splash.auth.server.wlan2.host=auth2.yourserverhere.com
sys> set splash.auth.server.wlan2.port=1812
sys> set splash.auth.server.wlan2.secret=authsecret
Web GUI
The authentication server parameters can be set on the “Splash Pages” sub-tab under the
“AAA” tab on the “System Parameters” page of the web interface (see Figure 57) using the
fields for “Login Server Address”, “Login Server Port”, and “Login Server Secret”.
19.1.5
Trusted MAC Addresses
A list of trusted MAC addresses, which do not require splash page authentication, can be
defined. When a device with one of these MAC addresses connects to an TR-900, it will
automatically have full access to the WAN.
CLI
The list of trusted MAC addresses is set with the ‘splash.trusted_macs’ parameter in the ‘sys’
interface. The MAC addresses are specified as a list of 48-bit addresses separated by
commas. An example of setting this parameter is shown below.
> use sys
sys> set splash.trusted_macs="aa:bb:cc:00:00:01,aa:bb:cc:00:00:02"
Web GUI
The authentication server parameters can be set on the “Advanced Splash Pages” sub-tab
under the “AAA” tab on the “System Parameters” page of the web interface (see Figure 60).
The list of trusted MAC addresses is displayed on this page. To delete a trusted MAC from the
list, click on the “Delete MAC” button next to the MAC address.
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Figure 60. Adding trusted MAC addresses and accessible hosts
19.1.6
Bypass Splash Pages for Access to Specific Hosts
It is possible to specify a list of IP addresses that client devices can access without the client
devices having to view a splash screen.
CLI
The list of hosts that can be accessed without having to view a splash screen is set with the
‘splash.bypass_hosts’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface. The hosts are specified by their IP
addresses and must be separated by commas. An example of setting this parameter is shown
below.
> use sys
sys> set splash.bypass_hosts="1.1.1.1,2.2.2.2"
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Web GUI
The IP addresses of hosts that can be accessed without having to view a splash screen can be
set on the “Advanced Splash Pages” sub-tab under the “AAA” tab on the “System Parameters”
page of the web interface (see Figure 60). The list of IP addresses of bypassed hosts is
displayed on this page. To delete an IP address from the list, click on the “Delete Host” button
next to the IP address.
19.2
Layer 2 Emulation
Certain back-end systems (e.g. Internet gateways) use the MAC addresses of client devices
for authentication and accounting purposes. When the TR-900 is operating in routed mode
client device MAC addresses are typically not provided to the back-end servers. A layer 2
emulation mode can be enabled on the TR-900 to provide the client device MAC address
information to back-end systems.
When layer 2 emulation is enabled, the TR-900 will send Ethernet (layer 2) frames to the LAN
using the MAC address of the device the packet originated from as the source address. The
TR-900 will also act as a proxy and forward packets with MAC destination addresses of client
devices that are connected to it.
In layer 2 emulation mode, an TR-900 will respond to ARP requests if it has a route to the
target IP address contained in the ARP request. The list of subnets that the TR-900 has
routes to includes implicit/explicit network addresses. Thus care must be taken that these
subnets are not used elsewhere in the network.
Alternatively, to reduce the amount of address space consumed by the TR-900’s subnets, the
ARP responses can be limited to certain parts of the TR-900’s address space. The TR-900 can
be configured to disregard all ARP requests except for those with IP addresses within the
client address space that it has a host or network route for.
CLI
Layer 2 emulation is enabled with the ‘l2.client_mac_fwd’ parameter in the ‘sys’ interface. The
example below shows how to enable layer 2 emulation.
> use sys
sys> set l2.client_mac_fwd=yes
To limit the range of addresses for ARP requests that the TR-900 will respond to, set the
‘l2.hide_internal.enable’
parameter
in
the
‘sys’
interface
to
‘yes’.
Set
‘l2.hide_internal.gateway.deny.all’ in the ‘sys’ interface to ‘yes’ to disregard all ARP requests
except for those with addresses within the client address subnet. The example shows how to
disregard all ARP requests except for those for addresses within the client address space.
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> use sys
sys> set l2.hide_internal.enable=yes
sys> set l2.hide_internal.gateway.deny.all=yes
Web GUI
The state of layer 2 emulation is set on the “System” tab of the “System” page (see Figure 61).
The console interface in the web GUI must be used to configure which address ranges the TR900 responds to ARP requests for. See the CLI section above for parameter names and set
these using the console interface (see section 9.10).
Figure 61. Enabling/disabling layer 2 emulation
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20 Diagnostics Tools
The TR-900 has a number of diagnostics tools to help the user diagnose and correct
configuration issues. These tools are available on the “Diagnostics” page, accessible from the
navigation bar. The individual diagnostics tools are accessible from the row of tabs shown on
the “Diagnostics” page.
20.1
Ping
The “Ping” tab on the “Diagnostics” page allows the user to check for network connectivity by
pinging a remote device (see Figure 62). Either an IP address, e.g. 10.1.2.3, or a hostname,
e.g. www.yahoo.com, can be specified. The number of pings to send can be set to 1, 10, or
100.
Click on “Ping Address” to start pinging the device. The results of the pings will appear on the
bottom half of the page shortly after clicking on the button. There may be a delay of a few
seconds to display the ping results if the ping destination is not responsive.
Figure 62. Pinging a remote device
20.2
Traceroute
The “Traceroute” tab on the “Diagnostics” page allows the user to determine the individual
intermediary devices used to route traffic from the TR-900 to a remote device (see Figure 63).
Enter the IP address, e.g. 10.1.2.3, or hostname, e.g. www.yahoo.com, of the device you wish
to find the route path to. Check the “Resolve Names” box if traceroute should show device
names, when available, instead of just IP addresses. Click on the “Trace Route” button to
begin tracing the route. The intermediary nodes will be displayed on the bottom half of the
page. Click on “Stop Trace” to stop the tracing process.
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Figure 63. Determining the route from the TR-900 to a remote device using traceroute
20.3
Packet Capture
The “Packet Capture” tab on the “Diagnostics” page allows the user to capture traffic on the
TR-900’s network interfaces (see Figure 64). The captured data can either be displayed in the
web interface or saved to a file that can be downloaded and analyzed using 3rd-party tools,
such as Wireshark (http://www.wireshark.org/). At most, 10 captured files can be saved on the
TR-900 at any given time.
The full array of options available for packet capture is described in Table 14. A number of
examples of common packet capture scenarios are also presented below.
Capturing DHCP Traffic From Clients on wlan1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Set “Interface” to “wlan1”
Set “Protocol” to “all”
Set “Packet Count” to “20”
Set “Packet length” to 500
Click on “DHCP” next to “Common Protocols”
Set “Output” to “File”
Click on “Start Capture”
Allow the capture to complete automatically when the prescribed number of packets has
been captured or click on “Stop Capture” to halt the capture
9. The captured data is accessible by clicking on the link at the bottom of the page under
the heading “Available tcpdump files”. The file name format used is “_MMDDYYY.HHMM. Click on this link to save it to your computer. The
downloaded file can be parsed by packet analyzers such as Wireshark.
10. Click the checkbox next to the filename in the “Available tcpdump list” and click on the
“Delete Selected” button. This will delete the file from the TR-900 and free up space for
other capture files.
Capturing All Traffic From a Specific Client Device
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Chapter 20: Diagnostics Tools
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Set “Interface” to the one that the client device is attached to
Set “Protocol” to “all”
Set “Packet Count” to “500”
Set “Packet Length” to 500
Set the “Optional Host” to the IP address of the client device of interest
Set “Output” to “File”
Click on “Start Capture”
Allow the capture to complete automatically when the prescribed number of packets has
been captured or click on “Stop Capture” to halt the capture
9. The captured data is accessible by clicking on the link at the bottom of the page under
the heading “Available tcpdump files”. The file name format used is “_MMDDYYY.HHMM. Click on this link to save it to your computer. The
downloaded file can be parsed by packet analyzers such as Wireshark.
10. Click the checkbox next to the filename in the “Available tcpdump list” and click on the
“Delete Selected” button. This will delete the file from the TR-900 and free up space for
other capture files.
Figure 64. Capturing network traffic
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Option
Interface
Protocol
Packet Count
Show Host Names
Show MAC
addresses
Packet Length
Optional Host
Optional Port
Common Protocols
Optional Additional
Parameters
Output
Output File Prefix
Description
Selects the interface from which packets are captured. Note that some packets may be
available on multiple interfaces. For example, data from a client device connected to
wlan1 destined for a device on the Internet will pass through wlan1 and the wired
interface.
Data can be captured for the following protocols: TCP, UDP, ICMP, and ARP. Set the
value to “all” if you do not wish to filter out packets based on protocol type.
Sets the number of packets to capture. The provided settings are 20, 50, 100, and 500.
Captured data will show resolved host names instead of IP addresses when this option is
selected.
In addition to IP address or hostnames, source and destination MAC addresses will be
displayed for each packet when this option is selected.
Sets the length of each packet that should be captured. If you are only interested in the
header contents of a packet, this value can be lowered to reduce the size of the data
capture file. If it is set to too low of a value, critical data may be not be captured though.
Sets a host name or IP address to use for filtering purposes. All packets with this host as
their source OR destination address will be captured.
Sets a port to use for filtering purposes. All packets with this port as their source OR
destination port will be captured. NOTE: this setting only has an effect on capture of TCP
or UDP packets.
Click on the protocol names listed to add filtering parameters for them in the “Additional
Parameters” text box. It is possible to select more than one protocol to filter on.
The underlying application used to capture packets is tcpdump. Use this field to specify
additional parameters to tcpdump that are not made available through the GUI.
Select whether to display the data on the webpage or to save it to a file, which can be
downloaded from the device. The file name format used is “_MMDDYYY.HHMM.
Sets an optional file prefix for saved files.
Table 14. Packet capture options
20.4
Centralized DHCP Testing
The “DHCP” tab on the “Diagnostics” page can be used to test access to an external DHCP
server when the TR-900 is in centralized DHCP server mode (see Figure 65). Click on the
“Test DHCP” button to initiate a test. The results of the test will be displayed at the bottom of
the page.
Figure 65. Testing the connection to an external DHCP server
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20.5
RADIUS Server Testing
The “RADIUS” tab on the “Diagnostics” page can be used to test authentication of credentials
by a RADIUS servers used for splash page or WPA authentication (see Figure 66). Use the
procedure below to test the validity of credentials with a RADIUS server.
1. Select the RADIUS server you want to use for the test from the drop-down menu
2. Enter the credentials you want to test in the “Username” and “Password” fields
3. Click on the “Test User” button
The results of the test will be displayed at the bottom of the page. Three outcomes are
possible:
•
•
•
The credentials were authenticated by the server
Communication was established with the server, but the credentials were not valid
It was not possible to establish communication with the server
Figure 66. Testing credentials with a RADIUS server
20.6
Diagnostic Dump
The “Diagnostic Dump” tab on the “Diagnostics” page allows the user to create a snapshot of
diagnostic data that can be downloaded to a PC and sent to Tranzeo technical support for
analysis (see Figure 67).
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Chapter 20: Diagnostics Tools
Figure 67. Generating a diagnostic dump
The list of diagnostic dumps available for download is displayed at the bottom of the page. The
diagnostic dumps can be downloaded by clicking on the filenames. To delete one or more
diagnostic dumps, select the check boxes next to the ones you wish to delete and then click on
the “Delete Selected” button.
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Chapter 21: Firmware Management
21 Firmware Management
21.1
Displaying the Firmware Version
The firmware version string contains the following information:
•
•
•
•
Build date
Major version number
Minor version number
Build number
These values are embedded in the version string as follows:
enroute1000_< Build date >_< Major version >_< Minor version >_< Build number>
CLI
Firmware version information is available in the ‘version’ interface. The example below shows
how to display the current firmware version.
> use version
version> get release
release = ENROUTE1000_20070911_03_00_0215
Web GUI
The firmware version is displayed at the top of the “Status” page accessible via the web
interface.
21.2
Upgrading the Firmware
The TR-900 supports secure remote firmware upgrade.
Prior to upgrading firmware, please contact Tranzeo technical support to find
out if there are any version-specific instructions for upgrading from the
firmware version you are currently using.
The TR-900 must have access to the Internet, and specifically the Tranzeo
upgrade server, to complete an upgrade.
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If power to the TR-900 is lost during the upgrade process, it is possible that
the device will become inoperable.
The firmware can be upgraded using the “Upgrade” page. This page displays the following
information:
•
•
•
•
Firmware currently installed on the TR-900
Firmware available on the remote upgrade server
Firmware available in the non-volatile memory of the TR-900
Space used/available in non-volatile memory for storing upgrade images
Follow the procedure below to upgrade the firmware on a device:
1. Select the firmware version you want to upgrade to from the “Firmware on Server” box
2. Click on the button with the arrow to the right of the “Firmware on Server” box. This will
begin the download process of the firmware from the Tranzeo upgrade server to the
non-volatile memory on the TR-900. While the firmware is downloading, it will be shown
in blue in the “Firmware on Node” box.
3. When the download has been completed, select the firmware you wish to upgrade to
from the “Firmware on Node” box.
4. Click on the “Install” button.
5. Wait for the install to complete. The TR-900 will reboot automatically when the upgrade
has been completed.
Figure 68. Updating firmware
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Glossary
Glossary
Client access
interface
An interface on the TR-900 used by a client device, such as an
802.11-enabled laptop, to connect to the TR-900. The client access
interfaces are the virtual APs wlan1 – wlan4.
Client device
A device that is connected to one of the TR-900’s client access
interfaces, e.g. a laptop
Client address
scheme
The method used to assign address spaces to client address
interfaces. The two supported client address schemes are implicit and
explicit.
Operating mode
The mode that sets the method for how packets forwarding is done by
the TR-900. The two supported operating modes are “bridge” and
“router”, with the former using layer 2-based traffic forwarding
mechanisms and the latter using layer 3-based mechanisms.
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Abbreviations
Abbreviations
ACL
Access Control List
AP
Access Point
CLI
Command line interface
Client access
interface
An interface on the TR-900 used by a client device, such as an
802.11-enabled laptop, to connect to the TR-900. The client access
interfaces are the virtual APs wlan1 – wlan4.
ESSID
Extended Service Set Identifier
LAN
Local-Area Network
NAT
Network Address Translation
PoE
Power over Ethernet
QoS
Quality of Service
RSSI
Received signal strength indicator
STP
Spanning Tree Protocol
VAP
Virtual Access Point. An access point that uses the same radio as
other access points in the system.
VLAN
Virtual Local-Area Network
VPN
Virtual Private Network
WAN
Wide-Area Network
WLAN
Wireless Local-Area Network
WPA
Wi-Fi Protected Access
WPA-PSK
Wi-Fi Protected Access Pre-Shared Key
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