ZyXEL Communications EMG3415-B10A Dual-Band Wireless AC/N Gigabit Ethernet Gateway User Manual Book

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User’s Guide
EMG3415-B10A
Dual-Band Wireless AC/N Gigabit Ethernet Gateway
Default Login Details
LAN IP Address
Login
Password
Version 5.12 Edition 1, 02/2017
http://192.168.200.1
Login account and
password are not needed.
Simply click I Agree to go
to the Web Configurator.
Copyright © 2017 Zyxel Communications Corporation
IMPORTANT!
READ CAREFULLY BEFORE USE.
KEEP THIS GUIDE FOR FUTURE REFERENCE.
This is a User’s Guide for a system managing a series of products. Not all products support all features.
Menushots and graphics in this book may differ slightly from what you see due to differences in release
versions or your computer operating system. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information
in this manual is accurate.
Related Documentation
• Quick Start Guide
The Quick Start Guide shows how to connect the managed device, such as the Nebula AP, gateway
or security gateway.
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
Contents Overview
Contents Overview
User’s Guide ......................................................................................................................................12
Introducing the EMG ............................................................................................................................ 13
The Web Configurator ......................................................................................................................... 20
Tutorials .................................................................................................................................................. 27
Technical Reference ........................................................................................................................44
Network Map and Status Screens ...................................................................................................... 45
Broadband ............................................................................................................................................ 50
Wireless ................................................................................................................................................... 64
Home Networking ................................................................................................................................. 88
Routing ................................................................................................................................................. 102
Quality of Service (QoS) .................................................................................................................... 109
Network Address Translation (NAT) ................................................................................................... 127
DNS ....................................................................................................................................................... 143
VLAN Group ........................................................................................................................................ 147
Interface Grouping ............................................................................................................................ 149
Firewall ................................................................................................................................................. 153
MAC Filter ............................................................................................................................................ 160
Parental Control ................................................................................................................................. 162
Scheduler Rule .................................................................................................................................... 167
Certificates .......................................................................................................................................... 169
Log ....................................................................................................................................................... 175
Traffic Status ....................................................................................................................................... 178
ARP Table ............................................................................................................................................ 181
Routing Table ...................................................................................................................................... 183
Multicast Status .................................................................................................................................. 185
System .................................................................................................................................................. 187
User Account ...................................................................................................................................... 188
Remote Management ....................................................................................................................... 191
SNMP .................................................................................................................................................... 194
Time Settings ........................................................................................................................................ 196
E-mail Notification .............................................................................................................................. 198
Log Setting .......................................................................................................................................... 200
Firmware Upgrade .............................................................................................................................. 203
Backup/Restore .................................................................................................................................. 205
Diagnostic ........................................................................................................................................... 208
Troubleshooting .................................................................................................................................. 210
Appendices .....................................................................................................................................215
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Contents Overview .............................................................................................................................3
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................4
Part I: User’s Guide.......................................................................................... 12
Chapter 1
Introducing the EMG..........................................................................................................................13
1.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 13
1.2 Ways to Manage the EMG ............................................................................................................ 13
1.3 Good Habits for Managing the EMG ........................................................................................... 13
1.4 Applications for the EMG ............................................................................................................. 13
1.4.1 Internet Access ...................................................................................................................... 13
1.4.2 Dual-Band .............................................................................................................................. 14
1.4.3 Triple Play ............................................................................................................................... 15
1.5 LEDs (Lights) ..................................................................................................................................... 15
1.6 The RESET Button ............................................................................................................................. 17
1.7 Wireless Access ............................................................................................................................... 17
1.7.1 Using the WPS Button ............................................................................................................ 18
1.8 Wall Mounting ................................................................................................................................. 18
Chapter 2
The Web Configurator........................................................................................................................20
2.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 20
2.1.1 Accessing the Web Configurator ....................................................................................... 20
2.2 Web Configurator Layout .............................................................................................................. 22
2.2.1 Title Bar ................................................................................................................................... 22
2.2.2 Navigation Panel .................................................................................................................. 23
Chapter 3
Tutorials ...............................................................................................................................................27
3.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 27
3.2 Setting Up a New WAN Connection ............................................................................................ 27
3.3 Setting Up a Secure Wireless Network ......................................................................................... 30
3.3.1 Configuring the Wireless Network Settings ......................................................................... 30
3.3.2 Using WPS ............................................................................................................................... 32
3.3.3 Without WPS ........................................................................................................................... 35
3.4 Configuring Static Route for Routing to Another Network ........................................................ 36
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Table of Contents
3.5 Configuring QoS Queue and Class Setup ................................................................................... 38
3.6 Access the EMG Using DDNS ........................................................................................................ 41
3.6.1 Registering a DDNS Account on www.dyndns.org ........................................................... 41
3.6.2 Configuring DDNS on Your EMG ......................................................................................... 41
3.6.3 Testing the DDNS Setting ...................................................................................................... 42
3.7 Configuring the MAC Address Filter ............................................................................................. 42
Part II: Technical Reference........................................................................... 44
Chapter 4
Network Map and Status Screens ....................................................................................................45
4.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 45
4.2 The Network Map Screen .............................................................................................................. 45
4.3 The Status Screen ........................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 5
Broadband..........................................................................................................................................50
5.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 50
5.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ....................................................................................... 50
5.1.2 What You Need to Know ..................................................................................................... 50
5.1.3 Before You Begin ................................................................................................................... 53
5.2 The Broadband Screen .................................................................................................................. 53
5.2.1 Add/Edit Internet Connection ............................................................................................. 54
5.3 Technical Reference ...................................................................................................................... 59
Chapter 6
Wireless ...............................................................................................................................................64
6.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 64
6.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ....................................................................................... 64
6.1.2 What You Need to Know ..................................................................................................... 64
6.2 The General Screen ...................................................................................................................... 65
6.2.1 No Security ............................................................................................................................. 67
6.2.2 Basic (WEP Encryption) ......................................................................................................... 67
6.2.3 More Secure (WPA(2)-PSK) .................................................................................................. 68
6.3 MAC Authentication ...................................................................................................................... 69
6.4 The WPS Screen .............................................................................................................................. 70
6.5 The WMM Screen ............................................................................................................................ 72
6.6 The Others Screen .......................................................................................................................... 73
6.7 The Channel Status Screen ........................................................................................................... 74
6.8 Technical Reference ...................................................................................................................... 75
6.8.1 Wireless Network Overview .................................................................................................. 75
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Table of Contents
6.8.2 Additional Wireless Terms ..................................................................................................... 77
6.8.3 Wireless Security Overview ................................................................................................... 77
6.8.4 Signal Problems ..................................................................................................................... 79
6.8.5 BSS ........................................................................................................................................... 80
6.8.6 Preamble Type ...................................................................................................................... 80
6.8.7 WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) ................................................................................................. 81
Chapter 7
Home Networking ..............................................................................................................................88
7.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 88
7.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ....................................................................................... 88
7.1.2 What You Need To Know ..................................................................................................... 89
7.1.3 Before You Begin ................................................................................................................... 90
7.2 The LAN Setup Screen .................................................................................................................... 90
7.3 The Static DHCP Screen ................................................................................................................. 94
7.4 The UPnP Screen ............................................................................................................................. 95
7.4.1 Turning On UPnP in Windows 7 Example ............................................................................ 96
7.5 The Additional Subnet Screen ....................................................................................................... 98
7.6 The STB Vendor ID Screen .............................................................................................................. 99
7.7 The Wake on LAN Screen .............................................................................................................. 99
7.8 The TFTP Server Name Screen ..................................................................................................... 100
7.9 Technical Reference .................................................................................................................... 100
7.9.1 LANs, WANs and the EMG .................................................................................................. 100
7.9.2 DHCP Setup ......................................................................................................................... 101
7.9.3 DNS Server Addresses ......................................................................................................... 101
Chapter 8
Routing ..............................................................................................................................................102
8.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 102
8.2 The Routing Screen ...................................................................................................................... 102
8.2.1 Add/Edit Static Route ......................................................................................................... 103
8.3 The DNS Route Screen ................................................................................................................. 104
8.3.1 The DNS Route Add Screen ............................................................................................... 105
8.4 The Policy Route Screen .............................................................................................................. 105
8.4.1 Add/Edit Policy Route ........................................................................................................ 107
8.5 RIP
............................................................................................................................................... 107
8.5.1 The RIP Screen ..................................................................................................................... 108
Chapter 9
Quality of Service (QoS)..................................................................................................................109
9.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 109
9.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ..................................................................................... 109
9.2 What You Need to Know ............................................................................................................. 110
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
Table of Contents
9.3 The Quality of Service General Screen ..................................................................................... 111
9.4 The Queue Setup Screen ............................................................................................................. 112
9.4.1 Adding a QoS Queue ........................................................................................................ 114
9.5 The Classification Setup Screen .................................................................................................. 115
9.5.1 Add/Edit QoS Class ............................................................................................................ 115
9.6 The QoS Shaper Setup Screen .................................................................................................... 119
9.6.1 Add/Edit a QoS Shaper ..................................................................................................... 120
9.7 The QoS Policer Setup Screen ..................................................................................................... 120
9.7.1 Add/Edit a QoS Policer ..................................................................................................... 121
9.8 Technical Reference .................................................................................................................... 122
Chapter 10
Network Address Translation (NAT) ................................................................................................127
10.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 127
10.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ................................................................................... 127
10.1.2 What You Need To Know ................................................................................................. 127
10.2 The Port Forwarding Screen ..................................................................................................... 128
10.2.1 Add/Edit Port Forwarding ................................................................................................ 130
10.3 The Applications Screen ............................................................................................................ 131
10.3.1 Add New Application ....................................................................................................... 132
10.4 The Port Triggering Screen ......................................................................................................... 133
10.4.1 Add/Edit Port Triggering Rule .......................................................................................... 134
10.5 The DMZ Screen .......................................................................................................................... 135
10.6 The ALG Screen .......................................................................................................................... 136
10.7 The Address Mapping Screen ................................................................................................... 137
10.7.1 Add/Edit Address Mapping Rule ..................................................................................... 138
10.8 The Sessions Screen .................................................................................................................... 139
10.9 Technical Reference .................................................................................................................. 139
10.9.1 NAT Definitions ................................................................................................................... 139
10.9.2 What NAT Does ................................................................................................................. 140
10.9.3 How NAT Works .................................................................................................................. 140
10.9.4 NAT Application ................................................................................................................ 141
Chapter 11
DNS ....................................................................................................................................................143
11.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 143
11.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ................................................................................... 143
11.1.2 What You Need To Know ................................................................................................. 143
11.2 The DNS Entry Screen ................................................................................................................. 144
11.2.1 Add/Edit DNS Entry ........................................................................................................... 144
11.3 The Dynamic DNS Screen .......................................................................................................... 145
Chapter 12
VLAN Group......................................................................................................................................147
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
Table of Contents
12.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 147
12.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ................................................................................... 147
12.2 The VLAN Group Screen ............................................................................................................ 147
12.2.1 Add/Edit a VLAN Group ................................................................................................... 148
Chapter 13
Interface Grouping ..........................................................................................................................149
13.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 149
13.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ................................................................................... 149
13.2 The Interface Grouping Screen ................................................................................................ 149
13.2.1 Interface Group Configuration ....................................................................................... 150
13.2.2 Interface Grouping Criteria ............................................................................................ 151
Chapter 14
Firewall ..............................................................................................................................................153
14.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 153
14.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ................................................................................... 153
14.1.2 What You Need to Know ................................................................................................. 154
14.2 The Firewall Screen ..................................................................................................................... 154
14.3 The Protocol Screen .................................................................................................................. 155
14.3.1 Add/Edit a Service ........................................................................................................... 156
14.4 The Access Control Screen ....................................................................................................... 157
14.4.1 Add/Edit an ACL Rule ..................................................................................................... 157
14.5 The DoS Screen ........................................................................................................................... 159
Chapter 15
MAC Filter .........................................................................................................................................160
15.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 160
15.2 The MAC Filter Screen ................................................................................................................ 160
Chapter 16
Parental Control ...............................................................................................................................162
16.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 162
16.2 The Parental Control Screen ..................................................................................................... 162
16.2.1 Add/Edit a Parental Control Profile ................................................................................ 163
Chapter 17
Scheduler Rule .................................................................................................................................167
17.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 167
17.2 The Scheduler Rule Screen ........................................................................................................ 167
17.2.1 Add/Edit a Schedule ........................................................................................................ 167
Chapter 18
Certificates .......................................................................................................................................169
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
Table of Contents
18.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 169
18.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ................................................................................... 169
18.2 What You Need to Know ........................................................................................................... 169
18.3 The Local Certificates Screen ................................................................................................... 169
18.3.1 Create Certificate Request ............................................................................................ 170
18.3.2 Load Signed Certificate .................................................................................................. 171
18.4 The Trusted CA Screen ............................................................................................................... 172
18.4.1 View Trusted CA Certificate ............................................................................................ 173
18.4.2 Import Trusted CA Certificate .......................................................................................... 174
Chapter 19
Log ....................................................................................................................................................175
19.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 175
19.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ................................................................................... 175
19.1.2 What You Need To Know ................................................................................................. 175
19.2 The System Log Screen .............................................................................................................. 176
19.3 The Security Log Screen ............................................................................................................. 176
Chapter 20
Traffic Status .....................................................................................................................................178
20.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 178
20.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ................................................................................... 178
20.2 The WAN Status Screen .............................................................................................................. 178
20.3 The LAN Status Screen ............................................................................................................... 179
20.4 The NAT Status Screen ................................................................................................................ 180
Chapter 21
ARP Table ..........................................................................................................................................181
21.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 181
21.1.1 How ARP Works .................................................................................................................. 181
21.2 ARP Table Screen ....................................................................................................................... 181
Chapter 22
Routing Table....................................................................................................................................183
22.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 183
22.2 The Routing Table Screen .......................................................................................................... 183
Chapter 23
Multicast Status ...............................................................................................................................185
23.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 185
23.2 The IGMP Status Screen ............................................................................................................. 185
23.3 The MLD Status Screen ............................................................................................................... 185
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
Table of Contents
Chapter 24
System...............................................................................................................................................187
24.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 187
24.2 The System Screen ...................................................................................................................... 187
Chapter 25
User Account....................................................................................................................................188
25.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 188
25.2 The User Account Screen .......................................................................................................... 188
25.2.1 The User Account Add/Edit Screen ................................................................................ 189
Chapter 26
Remote Management .....................................................................................................................191
26.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 191
26.2 The MGMT Services Screen ....................................................................................................... 191
26.3 The Trust Domain Screen ............................................................................................................ 192
26.3.1 The Add Trust Domain Screen ......................................................................................... 193
Chapter 27
SNMP .................................................................................................................................................194
27.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 194
27.2 The SNMP Screen ........................................................................................................................ 194
Chapter 28
Time Settings.....................................................................................................................................196
28.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 196
28.2 The Time Screen ......................................................................................................................... 196
Chapter 29
E-mail Notification ...........................................................................................................................198
29.1 Overview
.................................................................................................................................. 198
29.2 The E-mail Notification Screen .................................................................................................. 198
29.2.1 E-mail Notification Edit .................................................................................................... 198
Chapter 30
Log Setting .......................................................................................................................................200
30.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 200
30.2 The Log Settings Screen ............................................................................................................. 200
30.2.1 Example E-mail Log ........................................................................................................... 201
Chapter 31
Firmware Upgrade ...........................................................................................................................203
31.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 203
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Table of Contents
31.2 The Firmware Screen .................................................................................................................. 203
Chapter 32
Backup/Restore ...............................................................................................................................205
32.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 205
32.2 The Backup/Restore Screen ...................................................................................................... 205
32.3 The ROM-D Screen ..................................................................................................................... 207
32.4 The Reboot Screen ..................................................................................................................... 207
Chapter 33
Diagnostic.........................................................................................................................................208
33.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 208
33.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ................................................................................... 208
33.2 What You Need to Know ........................................................................................................... 208
33.3 Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookup ................................................................................................ 209
Chapter 34
Troubleshooting................................................................................................................................210
34.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs ............................................................................... 210
34.2 EMG Access and Login .............................................................................................................. 211
34.3 Internet Access ........................................................................................................................... 212
34.4 Wireless Internet Access ............................................................................................................. 213
34.5 UPnP ............................................................................................................................................. 214
Part III: Appendices ...................................................................................... 215
Appendix A Customer Support ..................................................................................................... 216
Appendix B Wireless LANs............................................................................................................... 222
Appendix C IPv6.............................................................................................................................. 234
Appendix D Services ....................................................................................................................... 242
Appendix E Legal Information ....................................................................................................... 246
Index .................................................................................................................................................254
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
11
P ART I
User’s Guide
12
CHAPTER 1
Introducing the EMG
1.1 Overview
The EMG is an Ethernet gateway providing triple-play services and optimized HD IPTV services at home
or office. This model offers a Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) WAN with interfaces of Ethernet and WAN ports. The
EMG offers 2.4G and 5G Wi-Fi networks that operate simultaneously, providing a simple and unified
network management.
Only use firmware for your EMG’s specific model.
1.2 Ways to Manage the EMG
Use any of the following methods to manage the EMG.
• Web Configurator. This is recommended for everyday management of the EMG using a (supported)
web browser.
1.3 Good Habits for Managing the EMG
Do the following regularly to make the EMG more secure and to manage the EMG more effectively.
• Back up the configuration (and make sure you know how to restore it). Restoring an earlier working
configuration may be useful if the device becomes unstable or even crashes. If you backed up an
earlier configuration file, you would not have to totally re-configure the EMG. You could simply restore
your last configuration.
1.4 Applications for the EMG
Here are some example uses for which the EMG is well suited.
1.4.1 Internet Access
Computers can connect to the EMG’s LAN ports (or wirelessly).
You can also configure IP filtering on the EMG for secure Internet access. When the IP filter is on, all
incoming traffic from the Internet to your network is blocked by default unless it is initiated from your
network. This means that probes from the outside to your network are not allowed, but you can safely
browse the Internet and download files.
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
13
Chapter 1 Introducing the EMG
1.4.1.1 Ethernet WAN
If you have another broadband modem or router available, you can connect the WAN port to the
broadband modem or router. This way, you can access the Internet via an Ethernet connection and still
use the QoS, Firewall and parental control functions on the EMG.
Figure 1 EMG’s Internet Access Application: Ethernet WAN
1.4.2 Dual-Band
The EMG is a dual-band gateway and able to function both 2.4G and 5G networks at the same time.
You could use the 2.4 GHz band for regular Internet surfing and downloading while using the 5 GHz
band for time sensitive traffic like high-definition video, music, and gaming.
Figure 2 Dual-Band Application
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
14
Chapter 1 Introducing the EMG
1.4.3 Triple Play
The ISP may provide “triple play” service to the EMG. This allows you to take advantage of such
features as broadband Internet access, and streaming video/audio media, all at the same time with
no noticeable loss in bandwidth.
Figure 3 Triple Play Example
1.5 LEDs (Lights)
The following graphic displays the labels of the LEDs.
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
15
Chapter 1 Introducing the EMG
Figure 4 LEDs on the EMG
None of the LEDs are on if the EMG is not receiving power.
Table 1 LED Descriptions
LED
COLOR
STATUS
DESCRIPTION
Green
On
The EMG is receiving power and ready for use.
Blinking
The EMG is self-testing.
On
The EMG detected an error while self-testing, or there is a device
malfunction.
Blinking
The EMG is upgrading its firmware.
Off
The EMG is not receiving power.
On
The EMG has an IP connection but no traffic.
Blinking
The EMG is sending or receiving IP traffic.
Off
There is no Internet connection or the gateway is in bridged mode.
Red
On
The EMG attempted to make an IP connection but failed. Possible causes
are no response from a DHCP server, no PPPoE response, PPPoE
authentication failed.
Green
On
The EMG has a successful 10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet connection on the
WAN.
Blinking
The EMG is sending or receiving data to/from the WAN at 10/100/1000
Mbps.
Off
There is no Ethernet connection on the WAN.
Power
Red
Green
Internet
WAN
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
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Chapter 1 Introducing the EMG
Table 1 LED Descriptions (continued)
LED
COLOR
STATUS
DESCRIPTION
Green
On
The EMG has a successful 1000 Mbps Ethernet connection with a device on
the Local Area Network (LAN).
Blinking
The EMG is sending or receiving data to/from the LAN at 1000 Mbps.
Off
The EMG does not have an Ethernet connection with the LAN.
On
The 2.4 GHz wireless network is activated.
Blinking
The EMG is communicating with 2.4 GHz wireless clients.
On
The EMG is setting up a WPS connection with a 2.4 GHz wireless client via
WPS method 3.
Ethernet 1~4
Green
WiFi 2.4G
Amber
See Section 6.4 on page 70 to learn each method.
Blinking
The EMG is setting up a WPS connection with a 2.4 GHz wireless client via
WPS method 1 or 2.
See Section 6.4 on page 70 to learn each method.
Off
Green
WiFi 5G
Amber
The 2.4 GHz wireless network is not activated.
On
The 5 GHz wireless network is activated.
Blinking
The EMG is communicating with 5 GHz wireless clients.
On
The EMG is setting up a WPS connection with a 5 GHz wireless client via WPS
method 3.
See Section 6.4 on page 70 to learn each method.
Blinking
The EMG is setting up a WPS connection with a 5 GHz wireless client via WPS
method 1 or 2.
See Section 6.4 on page 70 to learn each method.
Amber
Off
The 5 GHz wireless network is not activated.
On
The 2.4 Ghz or 5 GHz wireless network and WPS are enabled.
Off
Both 2.4 Ghz or 5 GHz wireless network and WPS are disabled.
WPS
1.6 The RESET Button
You will need to use the RESET button at the back of the device to reload the factory-default
configuration file. This means that you will lose all configurations that you had previously.
Make sure the POWER LED is on (not blinking).
To set the device back to the factory default settings, press the RESET button for five seconds or until the
POWER LED begins to blink and then release it. When the POWER LED begins to blink, the defaults have
been restored and the device restarts.
1.7 Wireless Access
You can configure your wireless network in either the built-in Web Configurator, or using the WPS button.
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
17
Chapter 1 Introducing the EMG
Figure 5 Wireless Access Example
1.7.1 Using the WPS Button
Once the WiFi LED turns green, the wireless network is active. If the wireless network is turned off, see
Section 6.2 on page 65 for how to enable the wireless network on the EMG.
You can also use the WPS button to quickly set up a secure wireless connection between the EMG and
a WPS-compatible client by adding one device at a time.
To activate WPS:
Make sure the POWER LED is on and not blinking.
Press the WPS button for five seconds and release it.
Press the WPS button on another WPS-enabled device within range of the EMG. The WiFi LED flashes
amber while the EMG sets up a WPS connection with the other wireless device.
Once the connection is successfully made, the WPS LED shines amber.
The WPS LED turns off when the wireless network is off.
1.8 Wall Mounting
You may need screw anchors if mounting on a concrete or brick wall.
Table 2 Wall Mounting Information
Distance between holes
90 mm
M4 Screws
Two
Screw anchors (optional)
Two
Select a position free of obstructions on a wall strong enough to hold the weight of the device.
Mark two holes on the wall at the appropriate distance apart for the screws.
Be careful to avoid damaging pipes or cables located inside the wall
when drilling holes for the screws.
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
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Chapter 1 Introducing the EMG
If using screw anchors, drill two holes for the screw anchors into the wall. Push the anchors into the full
depth of the holes, then insert the screws into the anchors. Do not insert the screws all the way in - leave
a small gap of about 0.5 cm.
If not using screw anchors, use a screwdriver to insert the screws into the wall. Do not insert the screws all
the way in - leave a gap of about 0.5 cm.
Make sure the screws are fastened well enough to hold the weight of the EMG with the connection
cables.
Align the holes on the back of the EMG with the screws on the wall. Hang the EMG on the screws.
Figure 6 Wall Mounting Example
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
19
CHAPTER 2
The Web Configurator
2.1 Overview
The web configurator is an HTML-based management interface that allows easy EMG setup and
management via Internet browser. Use Internet Explorer 8.0 and later versions or Mozilla Firefox 3 and
later versions or Safari 2.0 and later versions.* The recommended screen resolution is 1024 by 768 pixels.
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your EMG. Web pop-up blocking is enabled by default in
Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2.
• JavaScript (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
2.1.1 Accessing the Web Configurator
Make sure your EMG hardware is properly connected (refer to the Quick Start Guide).
Launch your web browser. If the EMG does not automatically re-direct you to the login screen, go to
http://192.168.200.1.
The Terms and Conditions screen displays. To access the administrative Web Configurator and manage
the EMG, click on the I Agree button as shown below.
Figure 7 The Terms and Conditions Screen
The Network Map page appears.
EMG3415-B10A User’s Guide
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Chapter 2 The Web Configurator
Figure 8 The Network Map Screen
Click Status to display the Status screen, where you can view the EMG’s interface and system
information.
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Chapter 2 The Web Configurator
2.2 Web Configurator Layout
Figure 9
As illustrated above, the main screen is divided into these parts:
• A - title bar
• B - main window
• C - navigation panel
2.2.1 Title Bar
The title bar provides some icons in the upper right corner.
The icons provide the following functions.
Table 3 Web Configurator Icons in the Title Bar
ICON
DESCRIPTION
Language: Select the language you prefer.
Logout: Click this icon to log out of the web configurator.
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2.2.2 Navigation Panel
Use the menu items on the navigation panel to open screens to configure EMG features. The following
tables describe each menu item.
Table 4 Navigation Panel Summary
LINK
TAB
FUNCTION
Connection Status
This screen shows the network status of the EMG and computers/devices
connected to it.
Network Setting
Broadband
Broadband
Use this screen to view and configure ISP parameters, WAN IP address
assignment, and other advanced properties. You can also add new
WAN connections.
Wireless
General
Use this screen to configure the wireless LAN settings and WLAN
authentication/security settings.
MAC
Authentication
Use this screen to block or allow wireless traffic from wireless devices of
certain SSIDs and MAC addresses to the EMG.
WPS
Use this screen to configure and view your WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup)
settings.
WMM
Use this screen to enable or disable Wi-Fi MultiMedia (WMM).
Others
Use this screen to configure advanced wireless settings.
Home
Networking
Routing
QoS
Channel Status
Use this screen to scan wireless LAN channel noises and view the results.
LAN Setup
Use this screen to configure LAN TCP/IP settings, and other advanced
properties.
Static DHCP
Use this screen to assign specific IP addresses to individual MAC
addresses.
UPnP
Use this screen to turn UPnP and UPnP NAT-T on or off.
Additional
Subnet
Use this screen to configure IP alias and public static IP.
STB Vendor ID
Use this screen to configure the Vendor IDs of the connected Set Top Box
(STB) devices, which have the EMG automatically create static DHCP
entries for the STB devices when they request IP addresses.
Wake on LAN
Use this screen to remotely turn on a device on the local network.
TFTP Server Name
Configure a TFTP server name which is sent to clients using DHCP option
66.
Static Route
Use this screen to view and set up static routes on the EMG.
DNS Route
Use this screen to forward DNS queries for certain domain names through
a specific WAN interface to its DNS server(s).
Policy Route
Use this screen to configure policy routing on the EMG.
RIP
Use this screen to configure Routing Information Protocol to exchange
routing information with other routers.
General
Use this screen to enable QoS and traffic prioritizing. You can also
configure the QoS rules and actions.
Queue Setup
Use this screen to configure QoS queues.
Classification
Setup
Use this screen to define a classifier.
Shaper Setup
Use this screen to limit outgoing traffic rate on the selected interface.
Policer Setup
Use this screen to configure QoS policers.
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Table 4 Navigation Panel Summary (continued)
LINK
NAT
DNS
TAB
FUNCTION
Port Forwarding
Use this screen to make your local servers visible to the outside world.
Applications
Use this screen to configure servers behind the EMG.
Port Triggering
Use this screen to change your EMG’s port triggering settings.
DMZ
Use this screen to configure a default server which receives packets from
ports that are not specified in the Port Forwarding screen.
ALG
Use this screen to enable or disable SIP ALG.
Address Mapping
Use this screen to change your EMG’s address mapping settings.
Sessions
Use this screen to configure the maximum number of NAT sessions each
client host is allowed to have through the EMG.
DNS Entry
Use this screen to view and configure DNS routes.
Dynamic DNS
Use this screen to allow a static hostname alias for a dynamic IP address.
Vlan Group
Vlan Group
Use this screen to group and tag VLAN IDs to outgoing traffic from the
specified interface.
Interface
Grouping
Interface
Grouping
Use this screen to map a port to a PVC or bridge group.
General
Use this screen to configure the security level of your firewall.
Protocol
Use this screen to add Internet services and configure firewall rules.
Access Control
Use this screen to enable specific traffic directions for network services.
DoS
Use this screen to activate protection against Denial of Service (DoS)
attacks.
MAC Filter
MAC Filter
Use this screen to block or allow traffic from devices of certain MAC
addresses to the EMG.
Parental
Control
Parental Control
Use this screen to block web sites with the specific URL.
Scheduler Rules
Scheduler Rules
Use this screen to configure the days and times when a configured
restriction (such as parental control) is enforced.
Certificates
Local Certificates
Use this screen to view a summary list of certificates and manage
certificates and certification requests.
Trusted CA
Use this screen to view and manage the list of the trusted CAs.
Security
Firewall
System Monitor
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Table 4 Navigation Panel Summary (continued)
LINK
Log
TAB
FUNCTION
System Log
Use this screen to view the status of events that occurred to the EMG.
You can export or e-mail the logs.
Security Log
Use this screen to view all security related events. You can select level
and category of the security events in their proper drop-down list
window.
Levels include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Emergency
Alert
Critical
Error
Warning
Notice
Informational
Debugging
Categories include:
•
•
•
•
Traffic Status
Account
Attack
Firewall
MAC Filter
WAN
Use this screen to view the status of all network traffic going through the
WAN port of the EMG.
LAN
Use this screen to view the status of all network traffic going through the
LAN ports of the EMG.
NAT
Use this screen to view NAT statistics for connected hosts.
ARP table
ARP table
Use this screen to view the ARP table. It displays the IP and MAC address
of each DHCP connection.
Routing Table
Routing Table
Use this screen to view the routing table on the EMG.
Multicast Status
IGMP Status
Use this screen to view the status of all IGMP settings on the EMG.
MLD Status
Use this screen to view the status of all MLD settings on the EMG.
System
System
Use this screen to set Device name and Domain name.
User Account
User Account
Use this screen to change user password on the EMG.
Remote
Management
MGMT Services
Use this screen to enable specific traffic directions for network services.
Trust Domain
Use this screen to view a list of public IP addresses which are allowed to
access the EMG through the services configured in the Maintenance >
Remote Management screen.
SNMP
SNMP
Use this screen to configure SNMP (Simple Network Management
Protocol) settings.
Time
Time
Use this screen to change your EMG’s time and date.
E-mail
Notification
E-mail
Notification
Use this screen to configure up to two mail servers and sender addresses
on the EMG.
Log Setting
Log Setting
Use this screen to change your EMG’s log settings.
Firmware
Upgrade
Firmware
Upgrade
Use this screen to upload firmware to your EMG.
Maintenance
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Table 4 Navigation Panel Summary (continued)
LINK
TAB
FUNCTION
Backup/Restore
Use this screen to backup and restore your EMG’s configuration (settings)
or reset the factory default settings.
ROM-D
Use this screen to save and/or clean the configuration to/from the ROMD file which can store customized default settings.
Reboot
Reboot
Use this screen to reboot the EMG without turning the power off.
Diagnostic
Ping&Traceroute
&Nslookup
Use this screen to identify problems with the Ethernet WAN connection.
You can use Ping, TraceRoute, or Nslookup to help you identify problems.
Backup/Restore
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CHAPTER 3
Tutorials
3.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to use the EMG’s various features.
• Setting Up a New WAN Connection, see page 27
• Setting Up a Secure Wireless Network, see page 30
• Configuring Static Route for Routing to Another Network, see page 36
• Configuring QoS Queue and Class Setup, see page 38
• Access the EMG Using DDNS, see page 41
• Configuring the MAC Address Filter, see page 42
3.2 Setting Up a New WAN Connection
This tutorial shows you how to set up a new WAN Internet connection using the Web Configurator.
If you have another broadband modem or router available, you can connect the WAN port to the
router and access the Internet via an Ethernet connection.
Click Network Setting > Broadband to open the following screen. Click Add New WAN Interface.
In this example, the Ethernet WAN connection has the following information.
General
Name
MyWANConnection
Type
Ethernet
Connection Mode
Routing
Encapsulation
PPPoE
IPv6/IPv4 Mode
IPv4
Account Information
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PPP User Name
1234@WAN-Ex.com
PPP Password
ABCDEF!
PPPoE Service Name
MyWAN
Static IP Address
192.168.1.32
Others
Authentication Method: AUTO
PPPoE Passthrough: Disabled
NAT: Enabled
IGMP Multicast Proxy: Enabled
Apply as Default Gateway: Enabled
VLAN: Enabled
Select the Active check box. Enter the General and Account Information settings as provided above.
Set the Type to Ethernet.
Choose the Encapsulation specified by your service provider. For this example, the service provider
requires a username and password to establish Internet connection. Therefore, select PPPoE as the WAN
encapsulation type.
Set the IPv6/IPv4 Mode to IPv4 Only.
Enter the account information provided to you by your service provider.
Configure this rule as your default Internet connection by selecting the Apply as Default Gateway check
box. Then select DNS as Static and enter the DNS server addresses provided to you, such as 192.168.5.2
(DNS server1)/192.168.5.1 (DNS server2).
Leave the rest of the fields to the default settings.
Click Apply to save your settings.
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You should see a summary of your new WAN connection setup in the Broadband screen as follows.
Try to connect to a website to see if you have correctly set up your Internet connection.
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3.3 Setting Up a Secure Wireless Network
Thomas wants to set up a wireless network so that he can use his notebook to access the Internet. In this
wireless network, the EMG serves as an access point (AP), and the notebook is the wireless client. The
wireless client can access the Internet through the AP.
Thomas has to configure the wireless network settings on the EMG. Then he can set up a wireless network
using WPS (Section 3.3.2 on page 32) or manual configuration (Section 3.3.3 on page 35).
3.3.1 Configuring the Wireless Network Settings
This example uses the following parameters to set up a wireless network.
SSID
Example
Security Mode
WPA2-PSK
Pre-Shared Key
DoNotStealMyWirelessNetwork
802.11 Mode
802.11b/g/n Mixed
Click Network Setting > Wireless to open the General screen. Select More Secure as the security level
and WPA2-PSK as the security mode. Configure the screen using the provided parameters (see
page 30). Click Apply.
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Go to the Wireless > Others screen and select 802.11b/g/n Mixed in the 802.11 Mode field. Click Apply.
Thomas can now use the WPS feature to establish a wireless connection between his notebook and the
EMG (see Section 3.3.2 on page 32). He can also use the notebook’s wireless client to search for the
EMG (see Section 3.3.3 on page 35).
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3.3.2 Using WPS
This section shows you how to set up a wireless network using WPS. It uses the EMG as the AP and Zyxel
NWD210N as the wireless client which connects to the notebook.
Note: The wireless client must be a WPS-aware device (for example, a WPS USB adapter or
PCMCIA card).
There are two WPS methods to set up the wireless client settings:
• Push Button Configuration (PBC) - simply press a button. This is the easier of the two methods.
• PIN Configuration - configure a Personal Identification Number (PIN) on the EMG. A wireless client
must also use the same PIN in order to download the wireless network settings from the EMG.
Push Button Configuration (PBC)
Make sure that your EMG is turned on and your notebook is within the cover range of the wireless signal.
Make sure that you have installed the wireless client driver and utility in your notebook.
In the wireless client utility, go to the WPS setting page. Enable WPS and press the WPS button for more
than five seconds (Start or WPS button).
Push and hold the WPS button located on the EMG’s front panel for more than 5 seconds. Alternatively,
you may log into EMG’s web configurator and go to the Network Setting > Wireless > WPS screen.
Enable the WPS function for method 1 and click Apply. Then click the WPS button.
Note: Your EMG has a WPS button located on its front panel as well as a WPS button in its
configuration utility. Both buttons have exactly the same function: you can use one or
the other.
Note: It doesn’t matter which button is pressed first. You must press the second button within
two minutes of pressing the first one.
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The EMG sends the proper configuration settings to the wireless client. This may take up to two minutes.
The wireless client is then able to communicate with the EMG securely.
The following figure shows you an example of how to set up a wireless network and its security by
pressing a button on both EMG and wireless client.
Example WPS Process: PBC MethodZyxel
PIN Configuration
When you use the PIN configuration method, you need to use both the EMG’s web configurator and the
wireless client’s utility.
Launch your wireless client’s configuration utility. Go to the WPS settings and select the PIN method to
get a PIN number.
Log into EMG’s web configurator and go to the Network Setting > Wireless > WPS screen. Enable the WPS
function and click Apply.
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Enter the PIN number of the wireless client and click the Register button. Activate WPS function on the
wireless client utility screen within two minutes.
The EMG authenticates the wireless client and sends the proper configuration settings to the wireless
client. This may take up to two minutes. The wireless client is then able to communicate with the EMG
securely.
The following figure shows you how to set up a wireless network and its security on a EMG and a wireless
client by using PIN method.
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Example WPS Process: PIN Method
3.3.3 Without WPS
Use the wireless adapter’s utility installed on the notebook to search for the “Example” SSID. Then enter
the “DoNotStealMyWirelessNetwork” pre-shared key to establish an wireless Internet connection.
Note: The EMG supports IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g wireless clients. Make sure that your
notebook or computer’s wireless adapter supports one of these standards.
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3.4 Configuring Static Route for Routing to Another
Network
In order to extend your Intranet and control traffic flowing directions, you may connect a router to the
EMG’s LAN. The router may be used to separate two department networks. This tutorial shows how to
configure a static routing rule for two network routings.
In the following figure, router R is connected to the EMG’s LAN. R connects to two networks, N1
(192.168.1.x/24) and N2 (192.168.10.x/24). If you want to send traffic from computer A (in N1 network) to
computer B (in N2 network), the traffic is sent to the EMG’s WAN default gateway by default. In this
case, B will never receive the traffic.
You need to specify a static routing rule on the EMG to specify R as the router in charge of forwarding
traffic to N2. In this case, the EMG routes traffic from A to R and then R routes the traffic to B.
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This tutorial uses the following example IP settings:
Table 5 IP Settings in this Tutorial
DEVICE / COMPUTER
IP ADDRESS
The EMG’s WAN
172.16.1.1
The EMG’s LAN
192.168.200.1
IP Type
IPv4
Use Interface
ETHWAN
192.168.1.34
R’s N1
192.168.1.253
R’s N2
192.168.10.2
192.168.10.33
To configure a static route to route traffic from N1 to N2:
Log into the EMG’s Web Configurator.
Click Network Setting > Routing.
Click Add new Static Route in the Static Route screen.
Configure the Static Route Setup screen using the following settings:
4a
Select the Enable in the Active field. Enter the Route Name as R.
4b
Set IP Type to IPv4.
4c
Type 192.168.10.0 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0 for the destination, N2.
4d
4e
Select Enable in the Use Gateway IP Address field. Type 192.168.1.253 (R’s N1 address) in the
Gateway IP Address field.
Select ETHWAN as the Use Interface.
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4a
Click OK.
Now B should be able to receive traffic from A. You may need to additionally configure B’s firewall
settings to allow specific traffic to pass through.
3.5 Configuring QoS Queue and Class Setup
This section contains tutorials on how you can configure the QoS screen.
Let’s say you are a team leader of a small sales branch office. You want to prioritize e-mail traffic
because your task includes sending urgent updates to clients at least twice every hour. You also upload
data files (such as logs and e-mail archives) to the FTP server throughout the day. Your colleagues use
the Internet for research, as well as chat applications for communicating with other branch offices.
In the following figure, your Internet connection has an upstream transmission bandwidth of 10,000 kbps.
For this example, you want to configure QoS so that e-mail traffic gets the highest priority with at least
5,000 kbps. You can do the following:
• Configure a queue to assign the highest priority queue (1) to e-mail traffic going to the WAN
interface, so that e-mail traffic would not get delayed when there is network congestion.
• Note the IP address (192.168.1.23 for example) and/or MAC address (AA:FF:AA:FF:AA:FF for example)
of your computer and map it to queue 7.
Note: QoS is applied to traffic flowing out of the EMG.
Traffic that does not match this class is assigned a priority queue based on the internal QoS mapping
table on the EMG.
QoS Example
Click Network Setting > QoS > General and select Enable. Set your WAN Managed Upstream Bandwidth
to 10,000 kbps (or leave this blank to have the EMG automatically determine this figure). Click Apply.
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Tutorial: Advanced > QoS
Click Queue Setup > Add new Queue to create a new queue. In the screen that opens, select Enable in
the Active field and enter or select the following values:
• Name: E-mail
• Interface: WAN
• Priority: 1 (High)
• Weight: 8
• Rate Limit: 5,000 (kbps)
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS > Queue Setup
Click Classification Setup > Add new Classification to create a new class. Select Enable in the Active
field and follow the settings as shown in the screen below.
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Tutorial: Advanced > QoS > Class Setup
Class Name
Give a class name to this traffic, such as E-mail in this example.
From Interface
This is the interface from which the traffic will be coming from. Select LAN1 for this example.
Ether Type
Select IP to identify the traffic source by its IP address or MAC address.
IP Address
Type the IP address of your computer - 192.168.1.23. Type the IP Subnet Mask if you know it.
MAC Address
Type the MAC address of your computer - AA:FF:AA:FF:AA:FF. Type the MAC Mask if you know it.
To Queue Index
Link this to an item in the Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup screen, which is the E-mail queue
created in this example.
This maps e-mail traffic coming from port 25 to the highest priority, which you have created in the
previous screen (see the IP Protocol field). This also maps your computer’s IP address and MAC address
to the E-mail queue (see the Source fields).
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3.6 Access the EMG Using DDNS
If you connect your EMG to the Internet and it uses a dynamic WAN IP address, it is inconvenient for you
to manage the device from the Internet. The EMG’s WAN IP address changes dynamically. Dynamic
DNS (DDNS) allows you to access the EMG using a domain name.
To use this feature, you have to apply for DDNS service at www.dyndns.org.
This tutorial covers:
• Registering a DDNS Account on www.dyndns.org
• Configuring DDNS on Your EMG
• Testing the DDNS Setting
Note: If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use DDNS.
3.6.1 Registering a DDNS Account on www.dyndns.org
Open a browser and type http://www.dyndns.org.
Apply for a user account. This tutorial uses UserName1 and 12345 as the username and password.
Log into www.dyndns.org using your account.
Add a new DDNS host name. This tutorial uses the following settings as an example.
• Hostname: zyxelrouter.dyndns.org
• Service Type: Host with IP address
• IP Address: Enter the WAN IP address that your EMG is currently using. You can find the IP address on
the EMG’s Web Configurator Status page.
Then you will need to configure the same account and host name on the EMG later.
3.6.2 Configuring DDNS on Your EMG
Configure the following settings in the Network Setting > DNS > Dynamic DNS screen.
• Select Enable Dynamic DNS.
• Select www.DynDNS.com as the service provider.
• Type zyxelrouter.dyndns.org in the Host Name field.
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• Enter the user name (UserName1) and password (12345).
Click Apply.
3.6.3 Testing the DDNS Setting
Now you should be able to access the EMG from the Internet. To test this:
Open a web browser on the computer (using the IP address a.b.c.d) that is connected to the Internet.
Type http://zyxelrouter.dyndns.org and press [Enter].
The EMG’s login page should appear. You can then log into the EMG and manage it.
3.7 Configuring the MAC Address Filter
Thomas noticed that his daughter Josephine spends too much time surfing the web and downloading
media files. He decided to prevent Josephine from accessing the Internet so that she can concentrate
on preparing for her final exams.
Josephine’s computer connects wirelessly to the Internet through the EMG. Thomas decides to use the
Security > MAC Filter screen to grant wireless network access to his computer but not to Josephine’s
computer.
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Click Security > MAC Filter to open the MAC Filter screen. Select the Enable check box to activate MAC
filter function.
Select Allow. Then enter the host name and MAC address of Thomas’ computer in this screen. Click
Apply.
Thomas can also grant access to the computers of other members of his family and friends. However,
Josephine and others not listed in this screen will no longer be able to access the Internet through the
EMG.
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P ART II
Technical Reference
44
CHAPTER 4
Network Map and Status
Screens
4.1 Overview
After you log into the Web Configurator, the Network Map screen appears. This shows the network
connection status of the EMG and clients connected to it.
You can use the Status screen to look at the current status of the EMG, system resources, and interfaces
(LAN, WAN, and WLAN).
4.2 The Network Map Screen
Use this screen to view the network connection status of the device and its clients. A warning message
appears if there is a connection problem.
Figure 10 Connection Status: Icon View
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If you want to view information about a client, click the client’s name and Info. Click the IP address if
you want to change it. If you want to change the name or icon of the client, click Change name/icon.
If you prefer to view the status in a list, click List View in the Viewing mode selection box. You can
configure how often you want the EMG to update this screen in Refresh interval.
Figure 11 Connection Status: List View
4.3 The Status Screen
Use this screen to view the status of the EMG. Click Status to open this screen.
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Figure 12 System Info Screen
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 6 Status Screen
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh Interval
Select how often you want the EMG to update this screen.
Device Information
Host Name
This field displays the EMG system name. It is used for identification.
Model Number
This shows the model number of your EMG.
Serial Number
This field displays the serial number of the EMG.
Firmware
Version
This is the current version of the firmware inside the EMG.
WAN Information (These fields display when you have a WAN connection.)
Encapsulation
This field displays the current encapsulation method.
IP Address
This field displays the current IP address of the EMG in the WAN.
IP Subnet Mask
This field displays the current subnet mask in the WAN.
MAC Address
This shows the WAN Ethernet adapter MAC (Media Access Control) Address of your EMG.
Primary DNS
server
This field displays the first DNS server address assigned by the ISP.
Secondary DNS
server
This field displays the second DNS server address assigned by the ISP.
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Table 6 Status Screen (continued)
LABEL
DHCP
DESCRIPTION
This field displays whether the WAN interface is using a DHCP IP address or a static IP address.
Choices are:
Client - The WAN interface can obtain an IP address from a DHCP server.
None - The WAN interface is using a static IP address.
LAN Information
IP Address
This is the current IP address of the EMG in the LAN.
IP Subnet Mask
This is the current subnet mask in the LAN.
IPv6 Link Local
Address
This field displays the current link-local address of the EMG for the LAN interface.
DHCP
This field displays what DHCP services the EMG is providing to the LAN. The possible values
are:
Server - The EMG is a DHCP server in the LAN. It assigns IP addresses to other computers in the
LAN.
Relay - The EMG acts as a surrogate DHCP server and relays DHCP requests and responses
between the remote server and the clients.
Disable - The EMG is not providing any DHCP services to the LAN.
MAC Address
This shows the LAN Ethernet adapter MAC (Media Access Control) Address of your EMG.
WLAN 2.4GHz/5GHz Information
MAC Address
This shows the wireless adapter MAC (Media Access Control) Address of the wireless
interface.
Status
This displays whether the WLAN is activated.
SSID
This is the descriptive name used to identify the EMG in a wireless LAN.
Channel
This is the channel number used by the wireless interface now.
Security
This displays the type of security mode the wireless interface is using in the wireless LAN.
802.11 Mode
This displays the type of 802.11 mode the wireless interface is using in the wireless LAN.
WPS
This displays whether WPS is activated on the wireless interface.
Security
Firewall
This displays the firewall’s current security level.
System Status
System Up Time
This field displays how long the EMG has been running since it last started up. The EMG starts
up when you plug it in, when you restart it (Maintenance > Reboot), or when you reset it.
Current Date/
Time
This field displays the current date and time in the EMG. You can change this in
Maintenance> Time Setting.
System Resource
CPU Usage
This field displays what percentage of the EMG’s processing ability is currently used. When
this percentage is close to 100%, the EMG is running at full load, and the throughput is not
going to improve anymore. If you want some applications to have more throughput, you
should turn off other applications (for example, using QoS; see Chapter 9 on page 109).
Memory Usage
This field displays what percentage of the EMG’s memory is currently used. Usually, this
percentage should not increase much. If memory usage does get close to 100%, the EMG is
probably becoming unstable, and you should restart the device. See Section 32.2 on page
205, or turn off the device (unplug the power) for a few seconds.
NAT Session
Usage
This field displays what percentage of the EMG supported NAT sessions are currently being
used. This field also displays the number of active NAT sessions and the maximum number of
NAT sessions the EMG can support.
Interface Status
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Table 6 Status Screen (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Interface
This column displays each interface the EMG has.
Status
This field indicates the interface’s use status.
For the LAN and Ethernet WAN interfaces, this field displays Up when using the interface and
NoLink when not using the interface.
For a WLAN interface, this field displays the enabled (Up) or disabled (Disable) state of the
interface.
Rate
For the Ethernet WAN and LAN interfaces, this displays the port speed and duplex setting.
For the WLAN interface, it displays the maximum transmission rate or N/A with WLAN
disabled.
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CHAPTER 5
Broadband
5.1 Overview
This chapter discusses the EMG’s Broadband screens. Use these screens to configure your EMG for
Internet access.
A WAN (Wide Area Network) connection is an outside connection to another network or the Internet. It
connects your private networks, such as a LAN (Local Area Network) and other networks, so that a
computer in one location can communicate with computers in other locations.
Figure 13 LAN and WAN
5.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
• Use the Broadband screen to view, remove or add a WAN interface. You can also configure the WAN
settings on the EMG for Internet access (Section 5.2 on page 53).
Table 7 WAN Setup Overview
LAYER-2
INTERFACE
INTERNET CONNECTION
CONNECTION
MODE
ENCAPSULATION
CONNECTION SETTINGS
Ethernet
Routing
PPPoE
PPP user name and password, WAN
IPv4/IPv6 IP address, routing feature,
DNS server, VLAN, and MTU
IPoE
WAN IPv4/IPv6 IP address, NAT, DNS
server and routing feature
N/A
VLAN
Bridge
5.1.2 What You Need to Know
The following terms and concepts may help as you read this chapter.
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WAN IP Address
The WAN IP address is an IP address for the EMG, which makes it accessible from an outside network. It is
used by the EMG to communicate with other devices in other networks. It can be static (fixed) or
dynamically assigned by the ISP each time the EMG tries to access the Internet.
If your ISP assigns you a static WAN IP address, they should also assign you the subnet mask and DNS
server IP address(es).
IPv6 Introduction
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to enhance IP address size and features. The increase in
IPv6 address size to 128 bits (from the 32-bit IPv4 address) allows up to 3.4 x 1038 IP addresses. The EMG
can use IPv4/IPv6 dual stack to connect to IPv4 and IPv6 networks, and supports IPv6 rapid deployment
(6RD).
IPv6 Addressing
The 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal blocks separated by colons (:). This is an
example IPv6 address 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000.
IPv6 addresses can be abbreviated in two ways:
• Leading zeros in a block can be omitted. So
2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000 can be written as
2001:db8:1a2b:15:0:0:1a2f:0.
• Any number of consecutive blocks of zeros can be replaced by a double colon. A double
colon can only appear once in an IPv6 address. So
2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f:0000:0000:0015 can be written as
2001:0db8::1a2f:0000:0000:0015, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f::0015,
2001:db8::1a2f:0:0:15 or 2001:db8:0:0:1a2f::15.
IPv6 Prefix and Prefix Length
Similar to an IPv4 subnet mask, IPv6 uses an address prefix to represent the network address. An IPv6
prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (start from the left) in the address compose the
network address. The prefix length is written as “/x” where x is a number. For example,
2001:db8:1a2b:15::1a2f:0/32
means that the first 32 bits (2001:db8) is the subnet prefix.
IPv6 Subnet Masking
Both an IPv6 address and IPv6 subnet mask compose of 128-bit binary digits, which are divided into
eight 16-bit blocks and written in hexadecimal notation. Hexadecimal uses four bits for each character
(1 ~ 10, A ~ F). Each block’s 16 bits are then represented by four hexadecimal characters. For example,
FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FC00:0000:0000:0000.
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IPv6 Rapid Deployment
Use IPv6 Rapid Deployment (6rd) when the local network uses IPv6 and the ISP has an IPv4 network.
When the EMG has an IPv4 WAN address and you set IPv4/IPv6 Mode to IPv4 Only, you can enable 6rd
to encapsulate IPv6 packets in IPv4 packets to cross the ISP’s IPv4 network.
The EMG generates a global IPv6 prefix from its IPv4 WAN address and tunnels IPv6 traffic to the ISP’s
Border Relay router (BR in the figure) to connect to the native IPv6 Internet. The local network can also
use IPv4 services. The EMG uses it’s configured IPv4 WAN IP to route IPv4 traffic to the IPv4 Internet.
Figure 14 IPv6 Rapid Deployment
Dual Stack Lite
Use Dual Stack Lite when local network computers use IPv4 and the ISP has an IPv6 network. When the
EMG has an IPv6 WAN address and you set IPv4/IPv6 Mode to IPv6 Only, you can enable Dual Stack Lite
to use IPv4 computers and services.
The EMG tunnels IPv4 packets inside IPv6 encapsulation packets to the ISP’s Address Family Transition
Router (AFTR in the graphic) to connect to the IPv4 Internet. The local network can also use IPv6 services.
The EMG uses it’s configured IPv6 WAN IP to route IPv6 traffic to the IPv6 Internet.
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Chapter 5 Broadband
Figure 15 Dual Stack Lite
5.1.3 Before You Begin
You need to know your Internet access settings such as encapsulation and WAN IP address. Get this
information from your ISP.
5.2 The Broadband Screen
Use this screen to change your EMG’s Internet access settings. Click Network Setting > Broadband from
the menu. The summary table shows you the configured WAN services (connections) on the EMG.
Figure 16 Network Setting > Broadband
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 8 Network Setting > Broadband
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New WAN
Interface
Click this button to create a new connection.
This is the index number of the entry.
Name
This is the service name of the connection.
Type
This shows whether it is an ATM, Ethernet or a PTM connection.
Mode
This shows whether the connection is in routing or bridge mode.
Encapsulation
This is the method of encapsulation used by this connection.
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Table 8 Network Setting > Broadband (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
802.1p
This indicates the 802.1p priority level assigned to traffic sent through this connection. This
displays N/A when there is no priority level assigned.
802.1q
This indicates the VLAN ID number assigned to traffic sent through this connection. This displays
N/A when there is no VLAN ID number assigned.
IGMP Proxy
This shows whether the EMG act as an IGMP proxy on this connection.
NAT
This shows whether NAT is activated or not for this connection.
Default
Gateway
This shows whether the EMG use the WAN interface of this connection as the system default
gateway.
IPv6
This shows whether IPv6 is activated or not for this connection. IPv6 is not available when the
connection uses the bridging service.
MLD Proxy
This shows whether Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) is activated or not for this connection. MLD
is not available when the connection uses the bridging service.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to configure the WAN connection.
Click the Delete icon to remove the WAN connection.
5.2.1 Add/Edit Internet Connection
Click Add New WAN Interface in the Broadband screen or the Edit icon next to an existing WAN interface
to configure a WAN connection. The screen varies depending on the interface type, mode,
encapsulation, and IPv6/IPv4 mode you select.
5.2.1.1 Routing Mode
Use Routing mode if your ISP give you one IP address only and you want multiple computers to share an
Internet account.
The following example screen displays when you select the Ethernet connection type, Routing mode,
and PPPoE encapsulation. The screen varies when you select other encapsulation and IPv4/IPv6 mode.
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Figure 17 Network Setting > Broadband > Add New WAN Interface/Edit (Routing Mode)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 9 Network Setting > Broadband > Add New WAN Interface/Edit (Routing Mode)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
General
Name
Specify a descriptive name for this connection.
Type
Select an Ethernet connection.
Mode
Select Routing if your ISP give you one IP address only and you want multiple computers to share
an Internet account.
Encapsulation
Select the method of encapsulation used by your ISP from the drop-down list box. This option is
available only when you select Routing in the Mode field.
The choices are PPPoE and IPoE.
IPv4/IPv6 Mode
Select IPv4 Only if you want the EMG to run IPv4 only.
Select IPv4 IPv6 DualStack to allow the EMG to run IPv4 and IPv6 at the same time.
Select IPv6 Only if you want the EMG to run IPv6 only.
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Table 9 Network Setting > Broadband > Add New WAN Interface/Edit (Routing Mode) (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
PPP Information (This is available only when you select PPPoE in the Mode field.)
PPP User Name
Enter the user name exactly as your ISP assigned. If assigned a name in the form user@domain
where domain identifies a service name, then enter both components exactly as given.
PPP Password
Enter the password associated with the user name above. Select password unmask to show your
entered password in plain text.
PPP Connection
Trigger
Select when to have the EMG establish the PPP connection.
Auto Connect - select this to not let the connection time out.
On Demand - select this to automatically bring up the connection when the EMG receives
packets destined for the Internet.
Idle Timeout
This value specifies the time in minutes that elapses before the router automatically disconnects
from the PPPoE server.
This field is not available if you select On Demand in the PPP Connection Trigger field.
PPPoE
Passthrough
This field is available when you select PPPoE encapsulation.
In addition to the EMG’s built-in PPPoE client, you can enable PPPoE pass through to allow up to
ten hosts on the LAN to use PPPoE client software on their computers to connect to the ISP via
the EMG. Each host can have a separate account and a public WAN IP address.
PPPoE pass through is an alternative to NAT for application where NAT is not appropriate.
Disable PPPoE pass through if you do not need to allow hosts on the LAN to use PPPoE client
software on their computers to connect to the ISP.
IP Address (This is available only when you select IPv4 Only or IPv4 IPv6 DualStack in the IPv4/IPv6 Mode field.)
Obtain an IP
Address
Automatically
A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is not fixed; the ISP
assigns you a different one each time you connect to the Internet. Select this if you have a
dynamic IP address.
Static IP Address
Select this option If the ISP assigned a fixed IP address
IP Address
Enter the static IP address provided by your ISP.
Subnet Mask
Enter the subnet mask provided by your ISP.
Gateway IP
Address
Enter the gateway IP address provided by your ISP.
VLAN
Active
Select this to enable VLAN on this WAN interface.
802.1p
IEEE 802.1p defines up to 8 separate traffic types by inserting a tag into a MAC-layer frame that
contains bits to define class of service.
Select the IEEE 802.1p priority level (from 0 to 7) to add to traffic through this connection. The
greater the number, the higher the priority level.
802.1q
Type the VLAN ID number (from 1 to 4094) for traffic through this connection.
MTU
MTU
Enter the MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) size for this traffic.
Routing Feature (This is available only when you select IPv4 Only or IPv4 IPv6 DualStack in the IPv4/IPv6 Mode field.)
NAT Enable
Select this option to activate NAT on this connection.
Fullcone NAT
Enable
Select this option to enable full cone NAT on this connection. This field is available only when you
activate NAT. In full cone NAT, the EMG maps all outgoing packets from an internal IP address
and port to a single IP address and port on the external network. The EMG also maps packets
coming to that external IP address and port to the internal IP address and port.
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Table 9 Network Setting > Broadband > Add New WAN Interface/Edit (Routing Mode) (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IGMP Proxy
Enable
Internet Group Multicast Protocol (IGMP) is a network-layer protocol used to establish
membership in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data.
Select this option to have the EMG act as an IGMP proxy on this connection. This allows the EMG
to get subscribing information and maintain a joined member list for each multicast group. It can
reduce multicast traffic significantly.
Apply as Default
Gateway
Select this option to have the EMG use the WAN interface of this connection as the system
default gateway.
DNS Server (This is available only when you select IPv4 Only or IPv4 IPv6 DualStack in the IPv4/IPv6 Mode field.)
Select Obtain DNS Info Automically if you want the EMG to use the DNS server addresses
assigned by your ISP.
Select Use Following Static DNS Address if you want the EMG to use the DNS server addresses you
configure manually.
Primary DNS
Server
Enter the first DNS server address assigned by the ISP.
Secondary DNS
Server
Enter the second DNS server address assigned by the ISP.
Tunnel
The DS-Lite (Dual Stack Lite) fields display when you set the IPv4/IPv6 Mode field to IPv6 Only.
Enable Dual Stack Lite to let local computers use IPv4 through an ISP’s IPv6 network. See Dual Stack Lite on page 52
for more information.
Enable DS-Lite
This is available only when you select IPv6 Only in the IPv4/IPv6 Mode field. Select Enable to let
local computers use IPv4 through an ISP’s IPv6 network.
DS-Lite Relay
Server IP
Specify the transition router’s IPv6 address.
6RD
The 6RD (IPv6 rapid deployment) fields display when you set the IPv6/IPv4 Mode field to IPv4 Only. See IPv6 Rapid
Deployment on page 52 for more information.
6RD
Select Enable to tunnel IPv6 traffic from the local network through the ISP’s IPv4 network.
Select Manually Configured if you have the IPv4 address of the relay server. Otherwise, select
Automatically configured by DHCPC to have the EMG detect it automatically through DHCP.
The Automatically configured by DHCPC option is configurable only when you set the method of
encapsulation to IPoE.
Service Provider
IPv6 Prefix
Enter an IPv6 prefix for tunneling IPv6 traffic to the ISP’s border relay router and connecting to the
native IPv6 Internet.
IPv4 Mask
Length
Enter the subnet mask number (1~32) for the IPv4 network.
Border Relay
IPv4 Address
When you select Manually Configured, specify the relay server’s IPv4 address in this field.
DHCPC Options (This is available only when you select IPv4 Only or IPv4 IPv6 DualStack in the IPv4/IPv6 Mode field.)
Request Options
Select Option 43 to have the EMG automatically add vendor specific information in the DHCP
packets to request the vendor specific options from the DHCP server.
Select Option 121 to have the EMG push static routes to clients.
Sent Options
option 60
Select this and enter the device identity you want the EMG to add in the DHCP discovery
packets that go to the DHCP server.
Vendor ID
Enter the Vendor Class Identifier, such as the type of the hardware or firmware.
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Table 9 Network Setting > Broadband > Add New WAN Interface/Edit (Routing Mode) (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
option 61
Select this and enter any string that identifies the device.
IAID
Enter the Identity Association Identifier (IAID) of the device, for example, the WAN connection
index number.
DUID
Enter the hardware type, a time value and the MAC address of the device.
option 125
Select this to have the EMG automatically generate and add vendor specific parameters in the
DHCP discovery packets that go to the DHCP server.
IPv6 Address (This is available only when you select IPv4 IPv6 DualStack or IPv6 Only in the IPv4/IPv6 Mode field.)
Obtain an IPv6
Address
Automatically
Select Obtain an IPv6 Address Automatically if you want to have the EMG use the IPv6 prefix
from the connected router’s Router Advertisement (RA) to generate an IPv6 address.
Static IPv6
Address
Select Static IPv6 Address if you have a fixed IPv6 address assigned by your ISP. When you select
this, the following fields appear.
IPv6 Address
Enter an IPv6 IP address that your ISP gave to you for this WAN interface.
Prefix Length
Enter the address prefix length to specify how many most significant bits in an IPv6 address
compose the network address.
IPv6 Default
Gateway
Enter the IP address of the next-hop gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same
segment as your EMG's interface(s). The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.
IPv6 Routing Feature (This is available only when you select IPv4 IPv6 DualStack or IPv6 Only in the IPv4/IPv6 Mode
field. You can enable IPv6 routing features in the following section.)
MLD Proxy
Enable
Select this checkbox to have the EMG act as an MLD proxy on this connection. This allows the
EMG to get subscription information and maintain a joined member list for each multicast group.
It can reduce multicast traffic significantly.
Apply as Default
Gateway
Select this option to have the EMG use the WAN interface of this connection as the system
default gateway.
IPv6 DNS Server
This is available only when you select IPv4 IPv6 DualStack or IPv6 Only in the IPv4/IPv6 Mode field. Configure the
IPv6 DNS server in the following section.
Obtain IPv6 DNS
Info
Automatically
Select Obtain IPv6 DNS Info Automatically to have the EMG get the IPv6 DNS server addresses
from the ISP automatically.
Use Following
Static IPv6 DNS
Address
Select Use Following Static IPv6 DNS Address to have the EMG use the IPv6 DNS server addresses
you configure manually.
Primary DNS
Server
Enter the first IPv6 DNS server address assigned by the ISP.
Secondary DNS
Server
Enter the second IPv6 DNS server address assigned by the ISP.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes back to the EMG.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
5.2.1.2 Bridge Mode
Click the Add new WAN Interface in the Network Setting > Broadband screen or the Edit icon next to the
connection you want to configure. Select Bridge as the encapsulation mode. The screen varies
depending on the interface type you select.
If you select Ethernet as the interface type, the following screen appears.
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Chapter 5 Broadband
Figure 18 Network Setting > Broadband > Add New WAN Interface/Edit (Ethernet-Bridge Mode)
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 10 Network Setting > Broadband > Add New WAN Interface/Edit (Ethernet-Bridge)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
General
Name
Enter a service name of the connection.
Type
Select Ethernet as the interface that you want to configure.
Mode
Select Bridge when your ISP provides you more than one IP address and you want the connected
computers to get individual IP address from ISP’s DHCP server directly. If you select Bridge, you
cannot use routing functions, such as QoS, Firewall, DHCP server and NAT on traffic from the
selected LAN port(s).
VLAN
This section is available only when you select ADSL/VDSL over PTM in the Type field.
Active
Select Enable to enable VLAN on this WAN interface.
802.1p
IEEE 802.1p defines up to 8 separate traffic types by inserting a tag into a MAC-layer frame that
contains bits to define class of service.
Select the IEEE 802.1p priority level (from 0 to 7) to add to traffic through this connection. The greater
the number, the higher the priority level.
802.1q
Type the VLAN ID number (from 0 to 4094) for traffic through this connection.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
5.3 Technical Reference
The following section contains additional technical information about the EMG features described in this
chapter.
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Chapter 5 Broadband
Encapsulation
Be sure to use the encapsulation method required by your ISP. The EMG can work in bridge mode or
routing mode. When the EMG is in routing mode, it supports the following methods.
IP over Ethernet
IP over Ethernet (IPoE) is an alternative to PPPoE. IP packets are being delivered across an Ethernet
network, without using PPP encapsulation. They are routed between the Ethernet interface and the
WAN interface and then formatted so that they can be understood in a bridged environment. For
instance, it encapsulates routed Ethernet frames into bridged Ethernet cells.
PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) provides access control and billing functionality in a
manner similar to dial-up services using PPP. PPPoE is an IETF standard (RFC 2516) specifying how a
personal computer (PC) interacts with a broadband modem (DSL, cable, wireless, etc.) connection.
For the service provider, PPPoE offers an access and authentication method that works with existing
access control systems (for example RADIUS).
One of the benefits of PPPoE is the ability to let you access one of multiple network services, a function
known as dynamic service selection. This enables the service provider to easily create and offer new IP
services for individuals.
Operationally, PPPoE saves significant effort for both you and the ISP or carrier, as it requires no specific
configuration of the broadband modem at the customer site.
By implementing PPPoE directly on the EMG (rather than individual computers), the computers on the
LAN do not need PPPoE software installed, since the EMG does that part of the task. Furthermore, with
NAT, all of the LANs’ computers will have access.
Multiplexing
There are two conventions to identify what protocols the virtual circuit (VC) is carrying. Be sure to use the
multiplexing method required by your ISP.
VC-based Multiplexing
In this case, by prior mutual agreement, each protocol is assigned to a specific virtual circuit; for
example, VC1 carries IP, etc. VC-based multiplexing may be dominant in environments where dynamic
creation of large numbers of ATM VCs is fast and economical.
LLC-based Multiplexing
In this case one VC carries multiple protocols with protocol identifying information being contained in
each packet header. Despite the extra bandwidth and processing overhead, this method may be
advantageous if it is not practical to have a separate VC for each carried protocol, for example, if
charging heavily depends on the number of simultaneous VCs.
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Traffic Shaping
Traffic Shaping is an agreement between the carrier and the subscriber to regulate the average rate
and fluctuations of data transmission over an ATM network. This agreement helps eliminate congestion,
which is important for transmission of real time data such as audio and video connections.
Peak Cell Rate (PCR) is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. This parameter may be
lower (but not higher) than the maximum line speed. 1 ATM cell is 53 bytes (424 bits), so a maximum
speed of 832Kbps gives a maximum PCR of 1962 cells/sec. This rate is not guaranteed because it is
dependent on the line speed.
Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) is the mean cell rate of each bursty traffic source. It specifies the maximum
average rate at which cells can be sent over the virtual connection. SCR may not be greater than the
PCR.
Maximum Burst Size (MBS) is the maximum number of cells that can be sent at the PCR. After MBS is
reached, cell rates fall below SCR until cell rate averages to the SCR again. At this time, more cells (up to
the MBS) can be sent at the PCR again.
If the PCR, SCR or MBS is set to the default of "0", the system will assign a maximum value that correlates
to your upstream line rate.
The following figure illustrates the relationship between PCR, SCR and MBS.
Figure 19 Example of Traffic Shaping
IP Address Assignment
A static IP is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one
each time. The Single User Account feature can be enabled or disabled if you have either a dynamic or
static IP. However the encapsulation method assigned influences your choices for IP address and
default gateway.
Introduction to VLANs
A Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) allows a physical network to be partitioned into multiple logical
networks. Devices on a logical network belong to one group. A device can belong to more than one
group. With VLAN, a device cannot directly talk to or hear from devices that are not in the same
group(s); the traffic must first go through a router.
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In Multi-Tenant Unit (MTU) applications, VLAN is vital in providing isolation and security among the
subscribers. When properly configured, VLAN prevents one subscriber from accessing the network
resources of another on the same LAN, thus a user will not see the printers and hard disks of another user
in the same building.
VLAN also increases network performance by limiting broadcasts to a smaller and more manageable
logical broadcast domain. In traditional switched environments, all broadcast packets go to each and
every individual port. With VLAN, all broadcasts are confined to a specific broadcast domain.
Introduction to IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN
A tagged VLAN uses an explicit tag (VLAN ID) in the MAC header to identify the VLAN membership of a
frame across bridges - they are not confined to the switch on which they were created. The VLANs can
be created statically by hand or dynamically through GVRP. The VLAN ID associates a frame with a
specific VLAN and provides the information that switches need to process the frame across the network.
A tagged frame is four bytes longer than an untagged frame and contains two bytes of TPID (Tag
Protocol Identifier), residing within the type/length field of the Ethernet frame) and two bytes of TCI (Tag
Control Information), starts after the source address field of the Ethernet frame).
The CFI (Canonical Format Indicator) is a single-bit flag, always set to zero for Ethernet switches. If a
frame received at an Ethernet port has a CFI set to 1, then that frame should not be forwarded as it is to
an untagged port. The remaining twelve bits define the VLAN ID, giving a possible maximum number of
4,096 VLANs. Note that user priority and VLAN ID are independent of each other. A frame with VID
(VLAN Identifier) of null (0) is called a priority frame, meaning that only the priority level is significant and
the default VID of the ingress port is given as the VID of the frame. Of the 4096 possible VIDs, a VID of 0 is
used to identify priority frames and value 4095 (FFF) is reserved, so the maximum possible VLAN
configurations are 4,094.
TPID
User Priority
CFI
VLAN ID
2 Bytes
3 Bits
1 Bit
12 Bits
Multicast
IP packets are transmitted in either one of two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1
sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network not everybody and not just 1.
Internet Group Multicast Protocol (IGMP) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a
Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. IGMP version 2 (RFC 2236) is an improvement over
version 1 (RFC 1112) but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use. If you would like to read more detailed
information about interoperability between IGMP version 2 and version 1, please see sections 4 and 5 of
RFC 2236. The class D IP address is used to identify host groups and can be in the range 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255. The address 224.0.0.0 is not assigned to any group and is used by IP multicast
computers. The address 224.0.0.1 is used for query messages and is assigned to the permanent group of
all IP hosts (including gateways). All hosts must join the 224.0.0.1 group in order to participate in IGMP.
The address 224.0.0.2 is assigned to the multicast routers group.
At start up, the EMG queries all directly connected networks to gather group membership. After that,
the EMG periodically updates this information.
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DNS Server Address Assignment
Use Domain Name System (DNS) to map a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa,
for instance, the IP address of www.zyxel.com is 204.217.0.2. The DNS server is extremely important
because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access it.
The EMG can get the DNS server addresses in the following ways.
The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information sheet, when you sign up.
If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, manually enter them in the DNS server fields.
If your ISP dynamically assigns the DNS server IP addresses (along with the EMG’s WAN IP address), set
the DNS server fields to get the DNS server address from the ISP.
IPv6 Addressing
The 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal blocks separated by colons (:). This is an
example IPv6 address 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000.
IPv6 addresses can be abbreviated in two ways:
• Leading zeros in a block can be omitted. So 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000 can be
written as 2001:db8:1a2b:15:0:0:1a2f:0.
• Any number of consecutive blocks of zeros can be replaced by a double colon. A double colon can
only appear once in an IPv6 address. So 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f:0000:0000:0015 can be
written as 2001:0db8::1a2f:0000:0000:0015, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f::0015,
2001:db8::1a2f:0:0:15 or 2001:db8:0:0:1a2f::15.
IPv6 Prefix and Prefix Length
Similar to an IPv4 subnet mask, IPv6 uses an address prefix to represent the network address. An IPv6
prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (start from the left) in the address compose the
network address. The prefix length is written as “/x” where x is a number. For example,
2001:db8:1a2b:15::1a2f:0/32
means that the first 32 bits (2001:db8) is the subnet prefix.
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Wireless
6.1 Overview
This chapter describes the EMG’s Network Setting > Wireless screens. Use these screens to set up your
EMG’s wireless connection.
6.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
This section describes the EMG’s Wireless screens. Use these screens to set up your EMG’s wireless
connection.
• Use the General screen to enable the Wireless LAN, enter the SSID and select the wireless security
mode (Section 6.2 on page 65).
• Use the MAC Authentication screen to allow or deny wireless clients based on their MAC addresses
from connecting to the EMG (Section 6.3 on page 69).
• Use the WPS screen to enable or disable WPS, view or generate a security PIN (Personal Identification
Number) (Section 6.4 on page 70).
• Use the WMM screen to enable Wi-Fi MultiMedia (WMM) to ensure quality of service in wireless
networks for multimedia applications (Section 6.5 on page 72).
• Use the Others screen to configure wireless advanced features, such as the RTS/CTS Threshold
(Section 6.6 on page 73).
• Use the Channel Status screen to scan wireless LAN channel noises and view the results (Section 6.7 on
page 74).
6.1.2 What You Need to Know
Wireless Basics
“Wireless” is essentially radio communication. In the same way that walkie-talkie radios send and
receive information over the airwowaves, wireless networking devices exchange information with one
another. A wireless networking device is just like a radio that lets your computer exchange information
with radios attached to other computers. Like walkie-talkies, most wireless networking devices operate
at radio frequency bands that are open to the public and do not require a license to use. However,
wireless networking is different from that of most traditional radio communications in that there a
number of wireless networking standards available with different methods of data encryption.
Finding Out More
See Section 6.8 on page 75 for advanced technical information on wireless networks.
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6.2 The General Screen
Use this screen to enable the Wireless LAN, enter the SSID and select the wireless security mode.
Note: If you are configuring the EMG from a computer connected to the wireless LAN and
you change the EMG’s SSID, channel or security settings, you will lose your wireless
connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the wireless
settings of your computer to match the EMG’s new settings.
Click Network Setting > Wireless to open the General screen.
Figure 20 Network Setting > Wireless > General
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The following table describes the general wireless LAN labels in this screen.
Table 11 Network Setting > Wireless > General
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Wireless Network Setup
Band
This shows the wireless band which this radio profile is using. 2.4GHz is the frequency used by IEEE
802.11b/g/n wireless clients while 5GHz is used by IEEE 802.11a/ac wireless clients.
Wireless
You can Enable or Disable the wireless LAN in this field.
Channel
Use Auto to have the EMG automatically determine a channel to use.
Bandwidth
Select whether the EMG uses a wireless channel width of 20MHz, 40MHz or 80MHz.
A standard 20MHz channel offers transfer speeds of up to 150Mbps whereas a 40MHz channel
uses two standard channels and offers speeds of up to 300 Mbps.
40MHz (channel bonding or dual channel) bonds two adjacent radio channels to increase
throughput. The wireless clients must also support 40 MHz. It is often better to use the 20 MHz
setting in a location where the environment hinders the wireless signal.
An 80MHz channel groups adjacent 40MHz channels into pairs to increase bandwidth even
higher.
Select 20MHz if you want to lessen radio interference with other wireless devices in your
neighborhood or the wireless clients do not support channel bonding.
Control
Sideband
This is available for some regions when you select a specific channel and set the Bandwidth field
to 40MHz. Set whether the control channel (set in the Channel field) should be in the Lower or
Upper range of channel bands.
Wireless Network Settings
Wireless
Network Name
(SSID)
The SSID (Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a wireless device is associated.
Wireless devices associating to the access point (AP) must have the same SSID.
Max Clients
Specify the maximum number of clients that can connect to this network at the same time.
Hide SSID
Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station cannot obtain
the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
Multicast
Forwarding
Select this check box to allow the EMG to convert wireless multicast traffic into wireless unicast
traffic.
Max. Upstream
Bandwidth
Specify the maximum rate for upstream wireless traffic to the WAN from this WLAN in kilobits per
second (Kbps).
Max.
Downstream
Bandwidth
Specify the maximum rate for downstream wireless traffic to this WLAN from the WAN in kilobits
per second (Kbps).
BSSID
This shows the MAC address of the wireless interface on the EMG when wireless LAN is enabled.
Security Level
Select Basic (WEP) or More Secure (WPA(2)-PSK) to add security on this wireless network. The
wireless clients which want to associate to this network must have same wireless security settings
as the EMG. When you select to use a security, additional options appears in this screen.
Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 English keyboard characters) for the wireless LAN.
Or you can select No Security to allow any client to associate this network without any data
encryption or authentication.
See the following sections for more details about this field.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
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6.2.1 No Security
Select No Security to allow wireless stations to communicate with the access points without any data
encryption or authentication.
Note: If you do not enable any wireless security on your EMG, your network is accessible to
any wireless networking device that is within range.
Figure 21 Wireless > General: No Security
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 12 Wireless > General: No Security
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Security Level
Choose No Security to allow all wireless connections without data encryption or authentication.
6.2.2 Basic (WEP Encryption)
WEP encryption scrambles the data transmitted between the wireless stations and the access points
(AP) to keep network communications private. Both the wireless stations and the access points must use
the same WEP key.
Note: WEP is extremely insecure. Its encryption can be broken by an attacker, using widelyavailable software. It is strongly recommended that you use a more effective security
mechanism. Use the strongest security mechanism that all the wireless devices in your
network support. For example, use WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK if all your wireless devices
support it, or use WPA or WPA2 if your wireless devices support it and you have a RADIUS
server. If your wireless devices support nothing stronger than WEP, use the highest
encryption level available.
Your EMG allows you to configure up to four 64-bit or 128-bit WEP keys but only one key can be enabled
at any one time.
Note: WEP is not available when you set the wireless band to 5GHz.
In order to configure and enable WEP encryption, click Network Setting > Wireless to display the General
screen, then select Basic as the security level.
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Figure 22 Wireless > General: Basic (WEP)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 13 Wireless > General: Basic (WEP)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Security Level
Select Basic to enable WEP data encryption.
Security Mode
This shows WEP when you set Security Level to Basic.
Generate
password
automatically
Select this option to have the EMG automatically generate a password. The password field will
not be configurable when you select this option.
Password 1~4
The password (WEP keys) are used to encrypt data. Both the EMG and the wireless stations must
use the same password (WEP key) for data transmission.
If you chose 64-bit WEP, then enter any 5 ASCII characters or 10 hexadecimal characters ("0-9",
"A-F").
If you chose 128-bit WEP, then enter 13 ASCII characters or 26 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "AF").
You must configure at least one password, only one password can be activated at any one
time.
Select password unmask to display the entered password in plain text. Clear it to hide the
password to avoid shoulder surfing.
more.../hide
Click more... to show more fields in this section. Click hide to hide them.
WEP Encryption
Select 64-bit or 128-bit.
This dictates the length of the security key that the network is going to use.
6.2.3 More Secure (WPA(2)-PSK)
The WPA-PSK security mode provides both improved data encryption and user authentication over
WEP. Using a Pre-Shared Key (PSK), both the EMG and the connecting client share a common password
in order to validate the connection. This type of encryption, while robust, is not as strong as WPA, WPA2
or even WPA2-PSK. The WPA2-PSK security mode is a newer, more robust version of the WPA encryption
standard. It offers slightly better security, although the use of PSK makes it less robust than it could be.
Note: WPA-PSK is not available if you enable WPS before you configure them.
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Click Network Setting > Wireless to display the General screen. Select More Secure as the security level.
Then select WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK from the Security Mode list.
Figure 23 Wireless > General: More Secure: WPA(2)-PSK
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 14 Wireless > General: More Secure: WPA(2)-PSK
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Security Level
Select More Secure to enable WPA(2)-PSK data encryption.
Security Mode
Select WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK from the drop-down list box.
Generate
password
automatically
Select this option to have the EMG automatically generate a password. The password field will
not be configurable when you select this option.
Password
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference
between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific
credentials.
If you did not select Generate password automatically, you can manually type a pre-shared key
from 8 to 64 case-sensitive keyboard characters. Select password unmask to display the entered
password in plain text. Clear it to hide the password to avoid shoulder surfing.
more.../hide
Click more... to show more fields in this section. Click hide to hide them.
Encryption
Select the encryption type (TKIP, AES or TKIP+AES) for data encryption.
Select TKIP if your wireless clients can all use TKIP.
Select AES if your wireless clients can all use AES.
Select TKIP+AES to allow the wireless clients to use either TKIP or AES.
Group Key
Update Timer
The Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the RADIUS server sends a new group key out to
all clients.
6.3 MAC Authentication
This screen allows you to configure the Zyxel Device to give exclusive access to specific devices (Allow)
or exclude specific devices from accessing the Zyxel Device (Deny). Every Ethernet device has a unique
MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six
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pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. You need to know the MAC addresses
of the devices to configure this screen.
Use this screen to view your EMG’s MAC filter settings and add new MAC filter rules. Click Network
Setting > Wireless > MAC Authentication. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 24 Wireless > MAC Authentication
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 15 Wireless > MAC Authentication
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
SSID
Select the SSID for which you want to configure MAC filter settings.
MAC Restrict
Mode
Define the filter action for the list of MAC addresses in the MAC Address table.
Select Disable to turn off MAC filtering.
Select Deny to block access to the EMG. MAC addresses not listed will be allowed to access the
EMG.
Select Allow to permit access to the EMG. MAC addresses not listed will be denied access to the
EMG.
Add new MAC
address
Click this if you want to add a new MAC address entry to the MAC filter list below.
This is the index number of the entry.
MAC Address
This is the MAC addresses of the wireless devices that are allowed or denied access to the EMG.
Modify
Click the Edit icon and type the MAC address of the peer device in a valid MAC address format
(six hexadecimal character pairs, for example 12:34:56:78:9a:bc).
Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless devices that are allowed or denied access to the EMG
in these address fields. Enter the MAC addresses in a valid MAC address format, that is, six
hexadecimal character pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc.
Click the Delete icon to delete the entry.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
6.4 The WPS Screen
Use this screen to configure WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) on your EMG.
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WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to configure
security settings manually. Set up each WPS connection between two devices. Both devices must
support WPS. See Section 6.8.7.3 on page 83 for more information about WPS.
Note: The EMG applies the security settings of the SSID1 profile (see Section 6.2 on page 65). If
you want to use the WPS feature, make sure you have set the security mode of SSID1 to
WPA2-PSK or No Security.
Click Network Setting > Wireless > WPS. The following screen displays. Select Enable and click Apply to
activate the WPS function. Then you can configure the WPS settings in this screen.
Figure 25 Network Setting > Wireless > WPS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 16 Network Setting > Wireless > WPS
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
General
WPS
Select Enable to activate WPS on this EMG.
Add a new device with WPS Method
Method 1
WPS
Use this section to set up a WPS wireless network using Push Button Configuration (PBC). Select
Enable and click Apply to activate WPS method 1 on the EMG.
Click this button to add another WPS-enabled wireless device (within wireless range of the
EMG) to your wireless network. This button may either be a physical button on the outside of
device, or a menu button similar to the WPS button on this screen.
Note: You must press the other wireless device’s WPS button within two minutes of
pressing this button.
Method 2
Register
Use this section to set up a WPS wireless network by entering the PIN of the client into the EMG.
Select Enable and click Apply to activate WPS method 2 on the EMG.
Enter the PIN of the device that you are setting up a WPS connection with and click Register to
authenticate and add the wireless device to your wireless network.
You can find the PIN either on the outside of the device, or by checking the device’s settings.
Note: You must also activate WPS on that device within two minutes to have it
present its PIN to the EMG.
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Table 16 Network Setting > Wireless > WPS (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Method 3
Use this section to set up a WPS wireless network by entering the PIN of the EMG into the client.
Select Enable and click Apply to activate WPS method 3 on the EMG.
Release
Configuration
Generate
New PIN
Number
The default WPS status is configured.
Click this button to remove all configured wireless and wireless security settings for WPS
connections on the EMG.
If this method has been enabled, the PIN (Personal Identification Number) of the EMG is shown
here. Enter this PIN in the configuration utility of the device you want to connect to using WPS.
The PIN is not necessary when you use WPS push-button method.
Click the Generate New PIN button to have the EMG create a new PIN.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
6.5 The WMM Screen
Use this screen to enable Wi-Fi MultiMedia (WMM) and WMM Power Save in wireless networks for
multimedia applications.
Click Network Setting > Wireless > WMM. The following screen displays.
Figure 26 Network Setting > Wireless > WMM
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 17 Network Setting > Wireless > WMM
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
2.4GHz WMM Setup / 5GHz WMM Setup
WMM of SSID1~4 Select On to have the EMG automatically give the wireless network (SSIDx) a priority level
according to the ToS value in the IP header of packets it sends. WMM QoS (Wifi MultiMedia
Quality of Service) gives high priority to voice and video, which makes them run more smoothly.
WMM
Automatic
Power Save
Delivery(APSD)
Select this option to extend the battery life of your mobile devices (especially useful for small
devices that are running multimedia applications). The EMG goes to sleep mode to save power
when it is not transmitting data. The AP buffers the packets sent to the EMG until the EMG "wakes
up". The EMG wakes up periodically to check for incoming data.
Note: This works only if the wireless device to which the EMG is connected also
supports this feature.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
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6.6 The Others Screen
Use this screen to configure advanced wireless settings. Click Network Setting > Wireless > Others. The
screen appears as shown.
See Section 6.8.2 on page 77 for detailed definitions of the terms listed in this screen.
Figure 27 Network Setting > Wireless > Others
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 18 Network Setting > Wireless > Others
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
RTS/CTS
Threshold
Data with its frame size larger than this value will perform the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear
To Send) handshake.
Enter a value between 0 and 2347.
Fragmentation
Threshold
This is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent. Enter a value between 256 and 2346.
Output Power
Set the output power of the EMG. If there is a high density of APs in an area, decrease the
output power to reduce interference with other APs. Select one of the following: 20%, 40%,
60%, 80% or 100%.
Beacon Interval
When a wirelessly networked device sends a beacon, it includes with it a beacon interval. This
specifies the time period before the device sends the beacon again.
The interval tells receiving devices on the network how long they can wait in low power mode
before waking up to handle the beacon. This value can be set from 50ms to 1000ms. A high
value helps save current consumption of the access point.
DTIM Interval
Delivery Traffic Indication Message (DTIM) is the time period after which broadcast and
multicast packets are transmitted to mobile clients in the Power Saving mode. A high DTIM
value can cause clients to lose connectivity with the network. This value can be set from 1 to
255.
802.11 Mode
Select 802.11b Only to allow only IEEE 802.11b compliant WLAN devices to associate with the
EMG.
Select 802.11g Only to allow only IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate with the
EMG.
Select 802.11n Only to allow only IEEE 802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the
EMG.
Select 802.11b/g Mixed to allow either IEEE 802.11b or IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN devices to
associate with the EMG. The transmission rate of your EMG might be reduced.
Select 802.11b/g/n Mixed to allow IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g or IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN
devices to associate with the EMG. The transmission rate of your EMG might be reduced.
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Table 18 Network Setting > Wireless > Others (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
802.11 Protection
Enabling this feature can help prevent collisions in mixed-mode networks (networks with both
IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g traffic).
Select Auto to have the wireless devices transmit data after a RTS/CTS handshake. This helps
improve IEEE 802.11g performance.
Select Off to disable 802.11 protection. The transmission rate of your EMG might be reduced in a
mixed-mode network.
This field displays Off and is not configurable when you set 802.11 Mode to 802.11b Only.
Preamble
Select a preamble type from the drop-down list box. Choices are Long or Short. See Section
6.8.6 on page 80 for more information.
This field is configurable only when you set 802.11 Mode to 802.11b.
OBSS
Coexistence
Select Enable to allow the coexistence of 20 MHz and 40 MHz Overlapping Basic Service Sets
(OBSS) in wireless local area networks. Select Disabled to disable this feature.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
6.7 The Channel Status Screen
Use the Channel Status screen to scan wireless LAN channel noises and view the results. Click Network
Setting > Wireless > Channel Status. The screen appears as shown. Click Scan to scan the wireless LAN
channels. You can view the results in the Channel Scan Result section.
Note: The Scan button only works when the EMG uses 20MHz for the wireless channel width.
You can go to the Network Setting > Wireless > General screen, click the more link, and
then change the channel width setting in the Bandwidth field.
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Figure 28 Network Setting > Wireless > Channel Status
6.8 Technical Reference
This section discusses wireless LANs in depth. For more information, see Appendix B on page 222.
6.8.1 Wireless Network Overview
Wireless networks consist of wireless clients, access points and bridges.
• A wireless client is a radio connected to a user’s computer.
• An access point is a radio with a wired connection to a network, which can connect with numerous
wireless clients and let them access the network.
• A bridge is a radio that relays communications between access points and wireless clients, extending
a network’s range.
Traditionally, a wireless network operates in one of two ways.
• An “infrastructure” type of network has one or more access points and one or more wireless clients.
The wireless clients connect to the access points.
• An “ad-hoc” type of network is one in which there is no access point. Wireless clients connect to one
another in order to exchange information.
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The following figure provides an example of a wireless network.
Figure 29 Example of a Wireless Network
The wireless network is the part in the blue circle. In this wireless network, devices A and B use the access
point (AP) to interact with the other devices (such as the printer) or with the Internet. Your EMG is the AP.
Every wireless network must follow these basic guidelines.
• Every device in the same wireless network must use the same SSID.
The SSID is the name of the wireless network. It stands for Service Set IDentifier.
• If two wireless networks overlap, they should use a different channel.
Like radio stations or television channels, each wireless network uses a specific channel, or frequency,
to send and receive information.
• Every device in the same wireless network must use security compatible with the AP.
Security stops unauthorized devices from using the wireless network. It can also protect the
information that is sent in the wireless network.
Radio Channels
In the radio spectrum, there are certain frequency bands allocated for unlicensed, civilian use. For the
purposes of wireless networking, these bands are divided into numerous channels. This allows a variety of
networks to exist in the same place without interfering with one another. When you create a network,
you must select a channel to use.
Since the available unlicensed spectrum varies from one country to another, the number of available
channels also varies.
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6.8.2 Additional Wireless Terms
The following table describes some wireless network terms and acronyms used in the EMG’s Web
Configurator.
Table 19 Additional Wireless Terms
TERM
DESCRIPTION
RTS/CTS Threshold
In a wireless network which covers a large area, wireless devices are sometimes not
aware of each other’s presence. This may cause them to send information to the AP at
the same time and result in information colliding and not getting through.
By setting this value lower than the default value, the wireless devices must sometimes get
permission to send information to the EMG. The lower the value, the more often the
devices must get permission.
If this value is greater than the fragmentation threshold value (see below), then wireless
devices never have to get permission to send information to the EMG.
Preamble
A preamble affects the timing in your wireless network. There are two preamble modes:
long and short. If a device uses a different preamble mode than the EMG does, it cannot
communicate with the EMG.
Authentication
The process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless network.
Fragmentation
Threshold
A small fragmentation threshold is recommended for busy networks, while a larger
threshold provides faster performance if the network is not very busy.
6.8.3 Wireless Security Overview
By their nature, radio communications are simple to intercept. For wireless data networks, this means
that anyone within range of a wireless network without security can not only read the data passing over
the airwaves, but also join the network. Once an unauthorized person has access to the network, he or
she can steal information or introduce malware (malicious software) intended to compromise the
network. For these reasons, a variety of security systems have been developed to ensure that only
authorized people can use a wireless data network, or understand the data carried on it.
These security standards do two things. First, they authenticate. This means that only people presenting
the right credentials (often a username and password, or a “key” phrase) can access the network.
Second, they encrypt. This means that the information sent over the air is encoded. Only people with
the code key can understand the information, and only people who have been authenticated are
given the code key.
These security standards vary in effectiveness. Some can be broken, such as the old Wired Equivalent
Protocol (WEP). Using WEP is better than using no security at all, but it will not keep a determined
attacker out. Other security standards are secure in themselves but can be broken if a user does not use
them properly. For example, the WPA-PSK security standard is very secure if you use a long key which is
difficult for an attacker’s software to guess - for example, a twenty-letter long string of apparently
random numbers and letters - but it is not very secure if you use a short key which is very easy to guess for example, a three-letter word from the dictionary.
Because of the damage that can be done by a malicious attacker, it’s not just people who have
sensitive information on their network who should use security. Everybody who uses any wireless network
should ensure that effective security is in place.
A good way to come up with effective security keys, passwords and so on is to use obscure information
that you personally will easily remember, and to enter it in a way that appears random and does not
include real words. For example, if your mother owns a 1970 Dodge Challenger and her favorite movie is
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Vanishing Point (which you know was made in 1971) you could use “70dodchal71vanpoi” as your
security key.
The following sections introduce different types of wireless security you can set up in the wireless
network.
6.8.3.1 SSID
Normally, the EMG acts like a beacon and regularly broadcasts the SSID in the area. You can hide the
SSID instead, in which case the EMG does not broadcast the SSID. In addition, you should change the
default SSID to something that is difficult to guess.
This type of security is fairly weak, however, because there are ways for unauthorized wireless devices to
get the SSID. In addition, unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the
wireless network.
6.8.3.2 MAC Address Filter
Every device that can use a wireless network has a unique identification number, called a MAC
address.1 A MAC address is usually written using twelve hexadecimal characters2; for example,
00A0C5000002 or 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. To get the MAC address for each device in the wireless network,
see the device’s User’s Guide or other documentation.
You can use the MAC address filter to tell the EMG which devices are allowed or not allowed to use the
wireless network. If a device is allowed to use the wireless network, it still has to have the correct
information (SSID, channel, and security). If a device is not allowed to use the wireless network, it does
not matter if it has the correct information.
This type of security does not protect the information that is sent in the wireless network. Furthermore,
there are ways for unauthorized wireless devices to get the MAC address of an authorized device. Then,
they can use that MAC address to use the wireless network.
6.8.3.3 User Authentication
Authentication is the process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless
network. You can make every user log in to the wireless network before using it. However, every device
in the wireless network has to support IEEE 802.1x to do this.
For wireless networks, you can store the user names and passwords for each user in a RADIUS server. This
is a server used in businesses more than in homes. If you do not have a RADIUS server, you cannot set up
user names and passwords for your users.
Unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network, even if they
cannot use the wireless network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized wireless users to get a
valid user name and password. Then, they can use that user name and password to use the wireless
network.
1.
Some wireless devices, such as scanners, can detect wireless networks but cannot use wireless networks. These
kinds of wireless devices might not have MAC addresses.
2.
Hexadecimal characters are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
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6.8.3.4 Encryption
Wireless networks can use encryption to protect the information that is sent in the wireless network.
Encryption is like a secret code. If you do not know the secret code, you cannot understand the
message.
The types of encryption you can choose depend on the type of authentication. (See Section 6.8.3.3 on
page 78 for information about this.)
Table 20 Types of Encryption for Each Type of Authentication
Weakest
NO AUTHENTICATION
RADIUS SERVER
No Security
WPA
Static WEP
WPA-PSK
Strongest
WPA2-PSK
WPA2
For example, if the wireless network has a RADIUS server, you can choose WPA or WPA2. If users do not
log in to the wireless network, you can choose no encryption, Static WEP, WPA-PSK, or WPA2-PSK.
Usually, you should set up the strongest encryption that every device in the wireless network supports. For
example, suppose you have a wireless network with the EMG and you do not have a RADIUS server.
Therefore, there is no authentication. Suppose the wireless network has two devices. Device A only
supports WEP, and device B supports WEP and WPA. Therefore, you should set up Static WEP in the
wireless network.
Note: It is recommended that wireless networks use WPA-PSK, WPA, or stronger encryption.
The other types of encryption are better than none at all, but it is still possible for
unauthorized wireless devices to figure out the original information pretty quickly.
When you select WPA2 or WPA2-PSK in your EMG, you can also select an option (WPA compatible) to
support WPA as well. In this case, if some of the devices support WPA and some support WPA2, you
should set up WPA2-PSK or WPA2 (depending on the type of wireless network login) and select the WPA
compatible option in the EMG.
Many types of encryption use a key to protect the information in the wireless network. The longer the
key, the stronger the encryption. Every device in the wireless network must have the same key.
6.8.4 Signal Problems
Because wireless networks are radio networks, their signals are subject to limitations of distance,
interference and absorption.
Problems with distance occur when the two radios are too far apart. Problems with interference occur
when other radio waves interrupt the data signal. Interference may come from other radio
transmissions, such as military or air traffic control communications, or from machines that are
coincidental emitters such as electric motors or microwaves. Problems with absorption occur when
physical objects (such as thick walls) are between the two radios, muffling the signal.
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6.8.5 BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless stations or between a wireless
station and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless stations in the BSS. When Intra-BSS traffic blocking is disabled,
wireless station A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When IntraBSS traffic blocking is enabled, wireless station A and B can still access the wired network but cannot
communicate with each other.
Figure 30 Basic Service set
6.8.6 Preamble Type
Preamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of the
synchronization field in a packet.
Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending
data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short
preamble.
Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network
support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide more
efficient communications.
Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the network
support it, otherwise the EMG uses long preamble.
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Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate.
6.8.7 WiFi Protected Setup (WPS)
Your EMG supports WiFi Protected Setup (WPS), which is an easy way to set up a secure wireless network.
WPS is an industry standard specification, defined by the WiFi Alliance.
WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to configure
security settings manually. Each WPS connection works between two devices. Both devices must
support WPS (check each device’s documentation to make sure).
Depending on the devices you have, you can either press a button (on the device itself, or in its
configuration utility) or enter a PIN (a unique Personal Identification Number that allows one device to
authenticate the other) in each of the two devices. When WPS is activated on a device, it has two
minutes to find another device that also has WPS activated. Then, the two devices connect and set up
a secure network by themselves.
6.8.7.1 Push Button Configuration
WPS Push Button Configuration (PBC) is initiated by pressing a button on each WPS-enabled device, and
allowing them to connect automatically. You do not need to enter any information.
Not every WPS-enabled device has a physical WPS button. Some may have a WPS PBC button in their
configuration utilities instead of or in addition to the physical button.
Take the following steps to set up WPS using the button.
Ensure that the two devices you want to set up are within wireless range of one another.
Look for a WPS button on each device. If the device does not have one, log into its configuration utility
and locate the button (see the device’s User’s Guide for how to do this - for the EMG, see Section 6.5 on
page 72).
Press the button on one of the devices (it doesn’t matter which). For the EMG you must press the WPS
button for more than five seconds.
Within two minutes, press the button on the other device. The registrar sends the network name (SSID)
and security key through an secure connection to the enrollee.
If you need to make sure that WPS worked, check the list of associated wireless clients in the AP’s
configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list, WPS was successful.
6.8.7.2 PIN Configuration
Each WPS-enabled device has its own PIN (Personal Identification Number). This may either be static (it
cannot be changed) or dynamic (in some devices you can generate a new PIN by clicking on a button
in the configuration interface).
Use the PIN method instead of the push-button configuration (PBC) method if you want to ensure that
the connection is established between the devices you specify, not just the first two devices to activate
WPS in range of each other. However, you need to log into the configuration interfaces of both devices
to use the PIN method.
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When you use the PIN method, you must enter the PIN from one device (usually the wireless client) into
the second device (usually the Access Point or wireless router). Then, when WPS is activated on the first
device, it presents its PIN to the second device. If the PIN matches, one device sends the network and
security information to the other, allowing it to join the network.
Take the following steps to set up a WPS connection between an access point or wireless router
(referred to here as the AP) and a client device using the PIN method.
Ensure WPS is enabled on both devices.
Access the WPS section of the AP’s configuration interface. See the device’s User’s Guide for how to do
this.
Look for the client’s WPS PIN; it will be displayed either on the device, or in the WPS section of the client’s
configuration interface (see the device’s User’s Guide for how to find the WPS PIN - for the EMG, see
Section 6.4 on page 70).
Enter the client’s PIN in the AP’s configuration interface.
If the client device’s configuration interface has an area for entering another device’s PIN, you can
either enter the client’s PIN in the AP, or enter the AP’s PIN in the client - it does not matter which.
Start WPS on both devices within two minutes.
Use the configuration utility to activate WPS, not the push-button on the device itself.
On a computer connected to the wireless client, try to connect to the Internet. If you can connect, WPS
was successful.
If you cannot connect, check the list of associated wireless clients in the AP’s configuration utility. If you
see the wireless client in the list, WPS was successful.
The following figure shows a WPS-enabled wireless client (installed in a notebook computer) connecting
to the WPS-enabled AP via the PIN method.
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Figure 31 Example WPS Process: PIN Method
6.8.7.3 How WPS Works
When two WPS-enabled devices connect, each device must assume a specific role. One device acts
as the registrar (the device that supplies network and security settings) and the other device acts as the
enrollee (the device that receives network and security settings. The registrar creates a secure EAP
(Extensible Authentication Protocol) tunnel and sends the network name (SSID) and the WPA-PSK or
WPA2-PSK pre-shared key to the enrollee. Whether WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK is used depends on the
standards supported by the devices. If the registrar is already part of a network, it sends the existing
information. If not, it generates the SSID and WPA(2)-PSK randomly.
The following figure shows a WPS-enabled client (installed in a notebook computer) connecting to a
WPS-enabled access point.
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Figure 32 How WPS works
The roles of registrar and enrollee last only as long as the WPS setup process is active (two minutes). The
next time you use WPS, a different device can be the registrar if necessary.
The WPS connection process is like a handshake; only two devices participate in each WPS transaction.
If you want to add more devices you should repeat the process with one of the existing networked
devices and the new device.
Note that the access point (AP) is not always the registrar, and the wireless client is not always the
enrollee. All WPS-certified APs can be a registrar, and so can some WPS-enabled wireless clients.
By default, a WPS devices is “unconfigured”. This means that it is not part of an existing network and can
act as either enrollee or registrar (if it supports both functions). If the registrar is unconfigured, the security
settings it transmits to the enrollee are randomly-generated. Once a WPS-enabled device has
connected to another device using WPS, it becomes “configured”. A configured wireless client can still
act as enrollee or registrar in subsequent WPS connections, but a configured access point can no longer
act as enrollee. It will be the registrar in all subsequent WPS connections in which it is involved. If you
want a configured AP to act as an enrollee, you must reset it to its factory defaults.
6.8.7.4 Example WPS Network Setup
This section shows how security settings are distributed in an example WPS setup.
The following figure shows an example network. In step 1, both AP1 and Client 1 are unconfigured.
When WPS is activated on both, they perform the handshake. In this example, AP1 is the registrar, and
Client 1 is the enrollee. The registrar randomly generates the security information to set up the network,
since it is unconfigured and has no existing information.
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Figure 33 WPS: Example Network Step 1
In step 2, you add another wireless client to the network. You know that Client 1 supports registrar mode,
but it is better to use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new client since you must connect to the
access point anyway in order to use the network. In this case, AP1 must be the registrar, since it is
configured (it already has security information for the network). AP1 supplies the existing security
information to Client 2.
Figure 34 WPS: Example Network Step 2
In step 3, you add another access point (AP2) to your network. AP2 is out of range of AP1, so you cannot
use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new access point. However, you know that Client 2 supports
the registrar function, so you use it to perform the WPS handshake instead.
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Figure 35 WPS: Example Network Step 3
6.8.7.5 Limitations of WPS
WPS has some limitations of which you should be aware.
• WPS works in Infrastructure networks only (where an AP and a wireless client communicate). It does
not work in Ad-Hoc networks (where there is no AP).
• When you use WPS, it works between two devices only. You cannot enroll multiple devices
simultaneously, you must enroll one after the other.
For instance, if you have two enrollees and one registrar you must set up the first enrollee (by pressing
the WPS button on the registrar and the first enrollee, for example), then check that it successfully
enrolled, then set up the second device in the same way.
• WPS works only with other WPS-enabled devices. However, you can still add non-WPS devices to a
network you already set up using WPS.
WPS works by automatically issuing a randomly-generated WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK pre-shared key
from the registrar device to the enrollee devices. Whether the network uses WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK
depends on the device. You can check the configuration interface of the registrar device to discover
the key the network is using (if the device supports this feature). Then, you can enter the key into the
non-WPS device and join the network as normal (the non-WPS device must also support WPA-PSK or
WPA2-PSK).
• When you use the PBC method, there is a short period (from the moment you press the button on one
device to the moment you press the button on the other device) when any WPS-enabled device
could join the network. This is because the registrar has no way of identifying the “correct” enrollee,
and cannot differentiate between your enrollee and a rogue device. This is a possible way for a
hacker to gain access to a network.
You can easily check to see if this has happened. WPS works between only two devices
simultaneously, so if another device has enrolled your device will be unable to enroll, and will not
have access to the network. If this happens, open the access point’s configuration interface and look
at the list of associated clients (usually displayed by MAC address). It does not matter if the access
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point is the WPS registrar, the enrollee, or was not involved in the WPS handshake; a rogue device
must still associate with the access point to gain access to the network. Check the MAC addresses of
your wireless clients (usually printed on a label on the bottom of the device). If there is an unknown
MAC address you can remove it or reset the AP.
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Home Networking
7.1 Overview
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a shared communication system to which many networking devices are
connected. It is usually located in one immediate area such as a building or floor of a building.
Use the LAN screens to help you configure a LAN DHCP server and manage IP addresses.
7.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
• Use the LAN Setup screen to set the LAN IP address, subnet mask, and DHCP settings of your EMG
(Section 7.2 on page 90).
• Use the Static DHCP screen to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual computers based
on their MAC Addresses (Section 7.3 on page 94).
• Use the UPnP screen to enable UPnP and UPnP NAT traversal on the EMG (Section 7.4 on page 95).
• Use the Additional Subnet screen to configure IP alias and public static IP (Section 7.5 on page 98).
• Use the STB Vendor ID screen to configure the Vendor IDs of the connected Set Top Box (STB) devices,
which have the EMG automatically create static DHCP entries for the STB devices when they request
IP addresses (Section 7.6 on page 99).
• Use the Wake on LAN screen to remotely turn on a device on the network. (Section 7.7 on page 99).
• Use the TFTP Server Name screen to set a TFTP server address which is passed to the clients using DHCP
option 66. (Section 7.8 on page 100).
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7.1.2 What You Need To Know
7.1.2.1 About LAN
IP Address
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including computers,
servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These
networking devices are also known as hosts.
Subnet Mask
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet
masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
DHCP
A DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server can assign your EMG an IP address, subnet mask,
DNS and other routing information when it's turned on.
DNS
DNS (Domain Name System) is for mapping a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice
versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a
networking device before you can access it.
RADVD (Router Advertisement Daemon)
When an IPv6 host sends a Router Solicitation (RS) request to discover the available routers, RADVD with
Router Advertisement (RA) messages in response to the request. It specifies the minimum and maximum
intervals of RA broadcasts. RA messages containing the address prefix. IPv6 hosts can be generated
with the IPv6 prefix an IPv6 address.
7.1.2.2 About UPnP
Identifying UPnP Devices
UPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder (Windows XP). Each UPnP
compatible device installed on your network will appear as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a
UPnP device will allow you to access the information and properties of that device.
NAT Traversal
UPnP NAT traversal automates the process of allowing an application to operate through NAT. UPnP
network devices can automatically configure network addressing, announce their presence in the
network to other UPnP devices and enable exchange of simple product and service descriptions. NAT
traversal allows the following:
• Dynamic port mapping
• Learning public IP addresses
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• Assigning lease times to mappings
Windows Messenger is an example of an application that supports NAT traversal and UPnP.
See the Chapter 10 on page 127 for more information on NAT.
Cautions with UPnP
The automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own services and opening
firewall ports may present network security issues. Network information and configuration may also be
obtained and modified by users in some network environments.
When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast message. For security
reasons, the EMG allows multicast messages on the LAN only.
All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without additional configuration.
Disable UPnP if this is not your intention.
UPnP and Zyxel
Zyxel has achieved UPnP certification from the Universal Plug and Play Forum UPnP™ Implementers
Corp. (UIC). Zyxel's UPnP implementation supports Internet Gateway Device (IGD) 1.0.
See Section 7.4.1 on page 96 for examples of installing and using UPnP.
Finding Out More
See Section 7.9 on page 100 for technical background information on LANs.
7.1.3 Before You Begin
Find out the MAC addresses of your network devices if you intend to add them to the DHCP Client List
screen.
7.2 The LAN Setup Screen
Use this screen to set the Local Area Network IP address and subnet mask of your EMG. Click Network
Setting > Home Networking to open the LAN Setup screen.
Follow these steps to configure your LAN settings.
Enter an IP address into the IP Address field. The IP address must be in dotted decimal notation. This will
become the IP address of your EMG.
Enter the IP subnet mask into the Subnet Mask field. Unless instructed otherwise it is best to leave this
alone, the configurator will automatically compute a subnet mask based upon the IP address you
entered.
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Click Apply to save your settings.
Figure 36 Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN Setup
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 21 Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Interface Group
Group Name
Select the interface group name for which you want to configure LAN settings. See Chapter 13
on page 149 for how to create a new interface group.
LAN IP Setup
IP Address
Enter the LAN IPv4 address you want to assign to your EMG in dotted decimal notation, for
example, 192.168.200.1 (factory default).
Subnet Mask
Type the subnet mask of your network in dotted decimal notation, for example 255.255.255.0
(factory default). Your EMG automatically computes the subnet mask based on the IP Address
you enter, so do not change this field unless you are instructed to do so.
IGMP Snooping
Active
Select Enable to allows the EMG to passively learn multicast group.
IGMP Mode
Select Standard Mode to allow the EMG to forward traffic only to ports that want to receive it.
Select Blocking Mode to allow the EMG to block unknown muticast adresses.
DHCP Server State
DHCP
Select Enable to have the EMG act as a DHCP server or DHCP relay agent.
Select Disable to stop the DHCP server on the EMG.
Select DHCP Relay to have the EMG forward DHCP request to the DHCP server.
DHCP Relay
Server Address
This field is only available when you select DHCP Relay in the DHCP field.
IP Address
Enter the IPv4 address of the actual remote DHCP server in this field.
IP Addressing
Values
This field is only available when you select Enable in the DHCP field.
Beginning IP
Address
This field specifies the first of the contiguous addresses in the IP address pool.
Ending IP
Address
This field specifies the last of the contiguous addresses in the IP address pool.
Auto reserve IP
for the same
host
Select Enable to have the EMG record DHCP IP addresses with the MAC addresses the IP
addresses are assigned to. The EMG assigns the same IP address to the same MAC address
when the host requests an IP address again through DHCP.
DHCP Server
Lease Time
This is the period of time DHCP-assigned addresses is used. DHCP automatically assigns IP
addresses to clients when they log in. DHCP centralizes IP address management on central
computers that run the DHCP server program. DHCP leases addresses, for a period of time,
which means that past addresses are “recycled” and made available for future reassignment to
other systems.
This field is only available when you select Enable in the DHCP field.
Days/Hours/
Minutes
Enter the lease time of the DHCP server.
DNS Values
This field is only available when you select Enable in the DHCP field.
DNS
Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information.
Select DNS Proxy if you have the DNS proxy service. The EMG redirects clients’ DNS queries to a
DNS server for resolving domain names.
Select Static if you have the IP address of a DNS server.
DNS Server 1/2
This field is only available when you select Static in the DNS field. Enter the first and second DNS
(Domain Name System) server IP addresses the EMG passes to the DHCP clients.
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Table 21 Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN Setup (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
LAN IPv6 Mode Setup
IPv6 Active
Select Enable to activate the IPv6 mode and configure IPv6 settings on the EMG.
Link Local Address Type
EUI64
Select this to have the EMG generate an interface ID for the LAN interface’s link-local address
using the EUI-64 format.
Manual
Select this to manually enter an interface ID for the LAN interface’s link-local address.
Lan Global Identifier Type
EUI64
Select this to have the EMG generate an interface ID using the EUI-64 format for its global
address .
Manual
Select this to manually enter an interface ID for the LAN interface’s global IPv6 address.
LAN IPv6 Prefix Setup
Delegate prefix
from WAN
Select this option to automatically obtain an IPv6 network prefix from the service provider or an
uplink router.
Static
Select this option to configure a fixed IPv6 address for the EMG’s LAN IPv6 address.
MLD Snooping
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) allows an IPv6 switch or router to discover the presence of
MLD hosts who wish to receive multicast packets and the IP addresses of multicast groups the
hosts want to join on its network.
Active
Select Enable to activate MLD Snooping on the EMG. This allows the EMG to check MLD packets
passing through it and learn the multicast group membership. It helps reduce multicast traffic.
MLD Mode
Select Standard Mode to allow the EMG to forward MLD packets only to ports that want to
receive it.
Select MLD Mode to allow the EMG to block MLD packets for a specific multicast group.
LAN IPv6
Address Assign
Setup
Select how you want to obtain an IPv6 address:
•
•
LAN IPv6 DNS
Assign Setup
Stateless: The EMG uses IPv6 stateless autoconfiguration. RADVD (Router Advertisement
Daemon) is enabled to have the EMG send IPv6 prefix information in router advertisements
periodically and in response to router solicitations. DHCPv6 server is disabled.
Stateful: The EMG uses IPv6 stateful autoconfiguration. The DHCPv6 server is enabled to have
the EMG act as a DHCPv6 server and pass IPv6 addresses to DHCPv6 clients.
Select how the EMG provide DNS server and domain name information to the clients:
•
•
•
From Router Advertisement: The EMG provides DNS information through router
advertisements.
From DHCPv6 Server: The EMG provides DNS information through DHCPv6.
From RA & DHCPv6 Server: The EMG provides DNS information through both router
advertisements and DHCPv6.
DHCPv6 Configuration
DHCPv6 Active
This shows the status of the DHCPv6. DHCPv6 Server displays if you configured the EMG to act as
a DHCPv6 server which assigns IPv6 addresses and/or DNS information to clients.
IPv6 Router Advertisement State
RADVD Active
This shows whether RADVD is enabled or not.
IPv6 DNS Values
IPv6 DNS Server
1-3
Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns IPv6 DNS server information.
Select User-Defined if you have the IPv6 address of a DNS server. Enter the DNS server IPv6
addresses the EMG passes to the DHCP clients.
Select None if you do not want to configure IPv6 DNS servers.
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Table 21 Network Setting > Home Networking > LAN Setup (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
DNS Query
Scenario
Select how the EMG handles clients’ DNS information requests.
•
•
•
•
•
IPv4/IPv6 DNS Server: The EMG forwards the requests to both the IPv4 and IPv6 DNS servers
and sends clients the first DNS information it receives.
IPv6 DNS Server Only: The EMG forwards the requests to the IPv6 DNS server and sends clients
the DNS information it receives.
IPv4 DNS Server Only: The EMG forwards the requests to the IPv4 DNS server and sends clients
the DNS information it receives.
IPv6 DNS Server First: The EMG forwards the requests to the IPv6 DNS server first and then the
IPv4 DNS server. Then it sends clients the first DNS information it receives.
IPv4 DNS Server First: The EMG forwards the requests to the IPv4 DNS server first and then the
IPv6 DNS server. Then it sends clients the first DNS information it receives.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
7.3 The Static DHCP Screen
This table allows you to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual computers based on their
MAC Addresses.
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned
at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02.
Use this screen to change your EMG’s static DHCP settings. Click Network Setting > Home Networking >
Static DHCP to open the following screen.
Figure 37 Network Setting > Home Networking > Static DHCP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 22 Network Setting > Home Networking > Static DHCP
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Static DHCP
Configuration
Click this to add a new static DHCP entry.
This is the index number of the entry.
Status
This field displays whether the client is connected to the EMG.
MAC Address
The MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address on a LAN (Local Area Network) is
unique to your computer (six pairs of hexadecimal notation).
A network interface card such as an Ethernet adapter has a hardwired address that is
assigned at the factory. This address follows an industry standard that ensures no other
adapter has a similar address.
IP Address
This field displays the IP address relative to the # field listed above.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to have the IP address field editable and change it.
Click the Delete icon to delete a static DHCP entry. A window displays asking you to confirm
that you want to delete the selected entry.
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If you click Static DHCP Configuration in the Static DHCP screen or the Edit icon next to a static DHCP
entry, the following screen displays.
Figure 38 Static DHCP: Static DHCP Configuration/Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 23 Static DHCP: Static DHCP Configuration/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Active
Select Enable to activate the connection between the client and the EMG.
Group Name
Select the interface group name for which you want to configure static DHCP settings. See
Chapter 13 on page 149 for how to create a new interface group.
IP Type
This field displays IPv4 for the type of the DHCP IP address. At the time of writing, it is not
allowed to select other type.
Select Device Info
Select a device or computer from the drop-down list or select Manual Input to manually enter
a device’s MAC address and IP address in the following fields.
MAC Address
If you select Manual Input, enter the MAC address of a computer on your LAN.
IP Address
If you select Manual Input, enter the IP address that you want to assign to the computer on
your LAN with the MAC address that you will also specify.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
7.4 The UPnP Screen
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that uses TCP/IP for simple
peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A UPnP device can dynamically join a network,
obtain an IP address, convey its capabilities and learn about other devices on the network. In turn, a
device can leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use.
See page 89 for more information on UPnP.
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Use the following screen to configure the UPnP settings on your EMG. Click Network Setting > Home
Networking > UPnP to display the screen shown next.
Figure 39 Network Setting > Home Networking > UPnP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 24 Network Setting > Home Networking > UPnP
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
UPnP State
UPnP
Select Enable to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone could use a UPnP application to open
the web configurator's login screen without entering the EMG's IP address.
UPnP NAT-T State
UPnP NAT-T
Select Enable to allow UPnP-enabled applications to automatically configure the EMG so that
they can communicate through the EMG by using NAT traversal. UPnP applications
automatically reserve a NAT forwarding port in order to communicate with another UPnP
enabled device; this eliminates the need to manually configure port forwarding for the UPnP
enabled application.
This is the index number of the UPnP NAT-T connection.
Description
This is the description of the UPnP NAT-T connection.
Destination IP
Address
This is the IP address of the other connected UPnP-enabled device.
External Port
This is the external port number that identifies the service.
Internal Port
This is the internal port number that identifies the service.
The table below displays the NAT port forwarding rules added automatically by UPnP NAT-T.
Protocol
This is the transport layer protocol used for the service.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
7.4.1 Turning On UPnP in Windows 7 Example
This section shows you how to use the UPnP feature in Windows 7. UPnP server is installed in Windows 7.
Activate UPnP on the EMG.
Make sure the computer is connected to a LAN port of the EMG. Turn on your computer and the EMG.
Click the start icon, Control Panel and then the Network and Sharing Center.
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Click Change Advanced Sharing Settings.
Select Turn on network discovery and click Save Changes. Network discovery allows your computer to
find other computers and devices on the network and other computers on the network to find your
computer. This makes it easier to share files and printers.
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7.5 The Additional Subnet Screen
Use the Additional Subnet screen to configure IP alias and public static IP.
IP alias allows you to partition a physical network into different logical networks over the same Ethernet
interface. The EMG supports multiple logical LAN interfaces via its physical Ethernet interface with the
EMG itself as the gateway for the LAN network. When you use IP alias, you can also configure firewall
rules to control access to the LAN's logical network (subnet).
If your ISP provides the Public LAN service, the EMG may use an LAN IP address that can be accessed
from the WAN.
Click Network Setting > Home Networking > Additional Subnet to display the screen shown next.
Figure 40 Network Setting > Home Networking > Additional Subnet
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 25 Network Setting > Home Networking > Additional Subnet
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IP Alias Setup
Group Name
Select the interface group name for which you want to configure the IP alias settings. See
Chapter 13 on page 149 for how to create a new interface group.
Active
Select Enable to configure a LAN network for the EMG.
IPv4 Address
Enter the IP address of your EMG in dotted decimal notation.
Subnet Mask
Enter the subnet mask of your network in dotted decimal notation, for example 255.255.255.0
(factory default).
Public LAN
Active
Select Enable to enable the Public LAN feature. Your ISP must support Public LAN and Static IP.
IPv4 Address
Enter the public IP address provided by your ISP.
Subnet Mask
Enter the public IPv4 subnet mask provided by your ISP.
Offer Public IP
by DHCP
Select Enable to enable the EMG to provide public IP addresses by DHCP server.
Enable ARP
Proxy
Select Enable to enable the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) proxy.
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Table 25 Network Setting > Home Networking > Additional Subnet (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
7.6 The STB Vendor ID Screen
Set Top Box (STB) devices with dynamic IP addresses sometimes don’t renew their IP addresses before
the lease time expires. This could lead to IP address conflicts if the STB continues to use an IP address that
gets assigned to another device. Use this screen to configure the Vendor IDs of connected STBs, which
have the EMG automatically created static DHCP entries for them when they request IP addresses.
Click Network Setting > Home Networking > STB Vendor ID to open this screen.
Figure 41 Network Setting > Home Networking > STB Vendor ID
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 26 Network Setting > Home Networking > STB Vendor ID
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Vendor ID 1~5
These are STB’s Vendor Class Identifiers (DHCP option 60). A Vendor Class Identifier is usually
used to inform the DHCP server a DHCP client’s vendor and functionality.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
7.7 The Wake on LAN Screen
Use this screen to turn on a device on the LAN network. To use this feature, the remote device must also
support Wake On LAN.
You need to know the MAC address of the LAN device. It may be on a label on the device or in its
documentation.
Click Network Setting > Home Networking > Wake on LAN to open this screen.
Figure 42 Network Setting > Home Networking > Wake on LAN
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 27 Network Setting > Home Networking > Wake on LAN
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Wake by
Address
Select Manual and enter the IP address or MAC address of the device to turn it on remotely. The
drop-down list also lists the IP addresses that can be found in the EMG’s ARP table. Select an IP
address and it will then automatically update the IP address and MAC address in the following
fields.
IP Address
Enter the IPv4 IP address of the device to turn it on.
MAC Address
Enter the MAC address of the device to turn it on. A MAC address consists of six hexadecimal
character pairs.
Wake up
Click this to send a wake up packet to wake up the specified device.
7.8 The TFTP Server Name Screen
Use the TFTP Server Name screen to set the TFTP server address which is passed to the clients using DHCP
option 66. The DHCP clients in the EMG local network, such as STB devices that support the TFTP booting
mechanism, can then use the TFTP server address or domain name for initial system settings download.
RFC 2132 defines the option 66 open standard. DHCP option 66 carries the IP address or the domain
name of a single TFTP server.
Click Network Setting > Home Networking > TFTP Server Name to open this screen.
Figure 43 Network Setting > Home Networking > TFTP Server Name
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 28 Network Setting > Home Networking > TFTP Server Name
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
TFTP Server
Name
Enter the IP address or the domain name of a single TFTP server.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
7.9 Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.
7.9.1 LANs, WANs and the EMG
The actual physical connection determines whether the EMG ports are LAN or WAN ports. There are two
separate IP networks, one inside the LAN network and the other outside the WAN network as shown
next.
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Figure 44 LAN and WAN IP Addresses
7.9.2 DHCP Setup
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to obtain
TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the EMG as a DHCP server or disable it.
When configured as a server, the EMG provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If you turn DHCP
service off, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else the computer must be manually
configured.
IP Pool Setup
The EMG is pre-configured with a pool of IP addresses for the DHCP clients (DHCP Pool). See the product
specifications in the appendices. Do not assign static IP addresses from the DHCP pool to your LAN
computers.
7.9.3 DNS Server Addresses
DNS (Domain Name System) maps a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. The
DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer
before you can access it. The DNS server addresses you enter when you set up DHCP are passed to the
client machines along with the assigned IP address and subnet mask.
There are two ways that an ISP disseminates the DNS server addresses.
• The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information sheet, when you sign
up. If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, enter them in the DNS Server fields in the DHCP Setup
screen.
• Some ISPs choose to disseminate the DNS server addresses using the DNS server extensions of IPCP (IP
Control Protocol) after the connection is up. If your ISP did not give you explicit DNS servers, chances
are the DNS servers are conveyed through IPCP negotiation. The EMG supports the IPCP DNS server
extensions through the DNS proxy feature.
Please note that DNS proxy works only when the ISP uses the IPCP DNS server extensions. It does not
mean you can leave the DNS servers out of the DHCP setup under all circumstances. If your ISP gives
you explicit DNS servers, make sure that you enter their IP addresses in the DHCP Setup screen.
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Routing
8.1 Overview
The EMG usually uses the default gateway to route outbound traffic from computers on the LAN to the
Internet. To have the EMG send data to devices not reachable through the default gateway, use static
routes.
For example, the next figure shows a computer (A) connected to the EMG’s LAN interface. The EMG
routes most traffic from A to the Internet through the EMG’s default gateway (R1). You create one static
route to connect to services offered by your ISP behind router R2. You create another static route to
communicate with a separate network behind a router R3 connected to the LAN.
Figure 45 Example of Routing Topology
8.2 The Routing Screen
Use this screen to view and configure the static route rules on the EMG. Click Network Setting > Routing >
Static Route to open the following screen.
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Figure 46 Network Setting > Routing > Static Route
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 29 Network Setting > Routing > Static Route
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add new static
route
Click this to configure a new static route.
This is the index number of the entry.
Status
This field displays whether the static route is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this route is
active. A gray bulb signifies that this route is not active.
Name
This is the name that describes or identifies this route.
Destination IP
This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based
on network number.
Subnet Mask/
Prefix Length
This parameter specifies the IP network subnet mask of the final destination.
Gateway
This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network
segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their
destinations.
Interface
This is the WAN interface used for this static route.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to edit the static route on the EMG.
Click the Delete icon to remove a static route from the EMG. A window displays asking you to
confirm that you want to delete the route.
8.2.1 Add/Edit Static Route
Use this screen to add or edit a static route. Click Add new static route in the Routing screen or the Edit
icon next to the static route you want to edit. The screen shown next appears.
Figure 47 Routing: Add/Edit
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 30 Routing: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Active
This field allows you to activate/deactivate this static route.
Select Enable to activate the static route. Select Disable to deactivate this static route without
having to delete the entry.
Route Name
Enter a descriptive name for the static route.
IP Type
Select whether your IP type is IPv4 or IPv6.
Destination IP
Address
Enter the IPv4 or IPv6 network address of the final destination.
IP Subnet Mask
If you are using IPv4 and need to specify a route to a single host, use a subnet mask of
255.255.255.255 in the subnet mask field to force the network number to be identical to the host
ID. Enter the IP subnet mask here.
Use Gateway IP
Address
The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN
port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.
If you want to use the gateway IP address, select Enable.
Gateway IP
Address
Enter the IP address of the gateway.
Use Interface
Select the WAN interface you want to use for this static route.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
8.3 The DNS Route Screen
Use this screen to view and configure DNS routes on the EMG. Click Network Setting > Routing > DNS
Route to open the following screen.
Figure 48 Network Setting > Routing > DNS Route
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 31 Network Setting > Routing > DNS Route
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New DNS
Route
Click this to add a new DNS route.
This is the index number of a DNS route.
Status
This field displays whether the DNS route is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this DNS route
is active. A gray bulb signifies that this DNS route is not active.
Domain Name
This is the host name or domain name of the DNS route entry.
WAN Interface
This is the WAN connection through which the EMG forwards DNS requests for this domain name.
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Table 31 Network Setting > Routing > DNS Route (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Subnet Mask
This is the subnet mask of the DNS route entry.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to modify the DNS route.
Click the Delete icon to delete the DNS route.
8.3.1 The DNS Route Add Screen
You can manually add the EMG’s DNS route entry. Click Add New DNS Route in the Network Setting >
Routing > DNS Route screen. The screen shown next appears.
Figure 49 DNS Route Add
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 32 DNS Route Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Active
Select to enable or disable this DNS route.
Domain Name
Enter the domain name of the DNS route entry.
Subnet Mask
Enter the subnet mask of the DNS route entry.
WAN Interface
Select the WAN connection through which the EMG forwards DNS requests for this domain
name.
OK
Click this to save your changes.
Cancel
Click this to exit this screen without saving any changes.
8.4 The Policy Route Screen
Traditionally, routing is based on the destination address only and the EMG takes the shortest path to
forward a packet. Policy route allows the EMG to override the default routing behavior and alter the
packet forwarding based on the policy defined by the network administrator. Policy-based routing is
applied to outgoing packets, prior to the normal routing.
You can use source-based policy forwarding to direct traffic from different users through different
connections or distribute traffic among multiple paths for load sharing.
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The Policy Route screen let you view and configure routing policies on the EMG. Click Network Setting >
Routing > Policy Route to open the following screen.
Figure 50 Network Setting > Routing > Policy Route
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 33 Network Setting > Routing >Policy Route
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New Policy
Route
Click this to create a new policy forwarding rule.
This is the index number of the entry.
Status
This field displays whether the DNS route is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this DNS route
is active. A gray bulb signifies that this DNS route is not active.
Name
This is the name of the rule.
Source IP
This is the source IP address.
Source Subnet
Mask
his is the source subnet mask address.
Protocol
This is the transport layer protocol.
Source Port
This is the source port number.
Source MAC
This is the source MAC address.
Source
Interface
This is the interface from which the matched traffic is sent.
WAN Interface
This is the WAN interface through which the traffic is routed.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to edit this policy.
Click the Delete icon to remove a policy from the EMG. A window displays asking you to confirm
that you want to delete the policy.
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8.4.1 Add/Edit Policy Route
Click Add New Policy Route in the Policy Route screen or click the Edit icon next to a policy. Use this
screen to configure the required information for a policy route.
Figure 51 Policy Route: Add/Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 34 Policy Route: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Active
Select to enable or disable this policy route.
Route Name
Enter a descriptive name of up to 8 printable English keyboard characters, not including spaces.
Source IP
Address
Enter the source IP address.
Source Subnet
Mask
Enter the source subnet mask address.
Protocol
Select the transport layer protocol (TCP or UDP).
Source Port
Enter the source port number.
Source MAC
Enter the source MAC address.
Source Interface Type the name of the interface from which the matched traffic is sent.
WAN Interface
Select a WAN interface through which the traffic is sent. You must have the WAN interface(s)
already configured in the Broadband screens.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
8.5 RIP
Routing Information Protocol (RIP, RFC 1058 and RFC 1389) allows a device to exchange routing
information with other routers.
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8.5.1 The RIP Screen
Click Network Setting > Routing > RIP to open the RIP screen.
Figure 52 RIP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 35 RIP
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
This is the index of the interface in which the RIP setting is used.
Interface
This is the name of the interface in which the RIP setting is used.
Version
The RIP version controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP packets that the
EMG sends (it recognizes both formats when receiving). RIP version 1 is universally supported but
RIP version 2 carries more information. RIP version 1 is probably adequate for most networks,
unless you have an unusual network topology.
Operation
Select Passive to have the EMG update the routing table based on the RIP packets received
from neighbors but not advertise its route information to other routers in this interface.
Select Active to have the EMG advertise its route information and also listen for routing updates
from neighboring routers.
Enable
Select the check box to activate the settings.
Disable Default
Gateway
Select the check box to set the XMG to not send the route information to the default gateway.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes back to the EMG.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
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CHAPTER 9
Quality of Service (QoS)
9.1 Overview
Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a network’s ability to deliver data with minimum delay, and the
networking methods used to control the use of bandwidth. Without QoS, all traffic data is equally likely
to be dropped when the network is congested. This can cause a reduction in network performance and
make the network inadequate for time-critical application such as video-on-demand.
Configure QoS on the EMG to group and prioritize application traffic and fine-tune network
performance. Setting up QoS involves these steps:
Configure classifiers to sort traffic into different flows.
Assign priority and define actions to be performed for a classified traffic flow.
The EMG assigns each packet a priority and then queues the packet accordingly. Packets assigned a
high priority are processed more quickly than those with low priority if there is congestion, allowing timesensitive applications to flow more smoothly. Time-sensitive applications include both those that require
a low level of latency (delay) and a low level of jitter (variations in delay) such as Voice over IP (VoIP) or
Internet gaming, and those for which jitter alone is a problem such as Internet radio or streaming video.
This chapter contains information about configuring QoS and editing classifiers.
9.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
• Use the General screen to enable or disable QoS and set the upstream bandwidth (Section 9.3 on
page 111).
• Use the Queue Setup screen to configure QoS queue assignment (Section 9.4 on page 112).
• Use the Classification Setup screen to add, edit or delete QoS classifiers (Section 9.5 on page 115).
• Use the Shaper Setup screen to limit outgoing traffic transmission rate on the selected interface
(Section 9.6 on page 119).
• Use the Policer Setup screen to control incoming traffic transmission rate and bursts (Section 9.7 on
page 120).
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9.2 What You Need to Know
The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter.
QoS versus Cos
QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the same flow are given the
same priority. CoS (class of service) is a way of managing traffic in a network by grouping similar types of
traffic together and treating each type as a class. You can use CoS to give different priorities to different
packet types.
CoS technologies include IEEE 802.1p layer 2 tagging and DiffServ (Differentiated Services or DS). IEEE
802.1p tagging makes use of three bits in the packet header, while DiffServ is a new protocol and
defines a new DS field, which replaces the eight-bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header.
Tagging and Marking
In a QoS class, you can configure whether to add or change the DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) value, IEEE
802.1p priority level and VLAN ID number in a matched packet. When the packet passes through a
compatible network, the networking device, such as a backbone switch, can provide specific
treatment or service based on the tag or marker.
Traffic Shaping
Bursty traffic may cause network congestion. Traffic shaping regulates packets to be transmitted with a
pre-configured data transmission rate using buffers (or queues). Your EMG uses the Token Bucket
algorithm to allow a certain amount of large bursts while keeping a limit at the average rate.
Traffic Rate
Traffic
Traffic
Traffic Rate
Time
Time
(After Traffic Shaping)
(Before Traffic Shaping)
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Traffic Policing
Traffic policing is the limiting of the input or output transmission rate of a class of traffic on the basis of
user-defined criteria. Traffic policing methods measure traffic flows against user-defined criteria and
identify it as either conforming, exceeding or violating the criteria.
Traffic Rate
Traffic
Traffic
Traffic Rate
Time
Time
(Before Traffic Policing)
(After Traffic Policing)
The EMG supports three incoming traffic metering algorithms: Token Bucket Filter (TBF), Single Rate Two
Color Maker (srTCM), and Two Rate Two Color Marker (trTCM). You can specify actions which are
performed on the colored packets. See Section 9.8 on page 122 for more information on each metering
algorithm.
9.3 The Quality of Service General Screen
Click Network Setting > QoS > General to open the screen as shown next.
Use this screen to enable or disable QoS and set the upstream bandwidth. See Section 9.1 on page 109
for more information.
Figure 53 Network Settings > QoS > General
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 36 Network Setting > QoS > General
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
QoS
Select the Enable check box to turn on QoS to improve your network performance.
WAN Managed
Upstream
Bandwidth
Enter the amount of upstream bandwidth for the WAN interfaces that you want to allocate using
QoS.
The recommendation is to set this speed to match the interfaces’ actual transmission speed. For
example, set the WAN interfaces’ speed to 100000 kbps if your Internet connection has an
upstream transmission speed of 100 Mbps.
You can also set this number lower than the interfaces’ actual transmission speed. This will cause
the EMG to not use some of the interfaces’ available bandwidth.
If you leave this field blank, the EMG automatically sets this number to be 95% of the WAN
interfaces’ actual upstream transmission speed.
LAN Managed
Downstream
Bandwidth
Enter the amount of downstream bandwidth for the LAN interfaces (including WLAN) that you
want to allocate using QoS.
The recommendation is to set this speed to match the WAN interfaces’ actual transmission
speed. For example, set the LAN managed downstream bandwidth to 100000 kbps if you use a
100 Mbps wired Ethernet WAN connection.
You can also set this number lower than the WAN interfaces’ actual transmission speed. This will
cause the EMG to not use some of the interfaces’ available bandwidth.
If you leave this field blank, the EMG automatically sets this to the LAN interfaces’ maximum
supported connection speed.
Upstream Traffic
Priority Assigned
by
Select how the EMG assigns priorities to various upstream traffic flows.
•
•
•
•
None: Disables auto priority mapping and has the EMG put packets into the queues
according to your classification rules. Traffic which does not match any of the classification
rules is mapped into the default queue with the lowest priority.
Ethernet Priority: Automatically assign priority based on the IEEE 802.1p priority level.
IP Precedence: Automatically assign priority based on the first three bits of the TOS field in the
IP header.
Packet Length: Automatically assign priority based on the packet size. Smaller packets get
higher priority since control, signaling, VoIP, internet gaming, or other real-time packets are
usually small while larger packets are usually best effort data packets like file transfers.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
9.4 The Queue Setup Screen
Click Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup to open the screen as shown next.
Use this screen to configure QoS queue assignment.
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Figure 54 Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 37 Network Setting > QoS > Queue Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New
Queue
Click this button to create a new queue entry.
This is the index number of the entry.
Status
This field displays whether the queue is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this queue is
active. A gray bulb signifies that this queue is not active.
Name
This shows the descriptive name of this queue.
Interface
This shows the name of the EMG’s interface through which traffic in this queue passes.
Priority
This shows the priority of this queue.
Weight
This shows the weight of this queue.
Buffer
Management
This shows the queue management algorithm used for this queue.
Rate Limit
This shows the maximum transmission rate allowed for traffic on this queue.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to edit the queue.
Queue management algorithms determine how the EMG should handle packets when it
receives too many (network congestion).
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing queue. Note that subsequent rules move up by one
when you take this action.
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9.4.1 Adding a QoS Queue
Click Add New Queue or the edit icon in the Queue Setup screen to configure a queue.
Figure 55 Queue Setup: Add
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 38 Queue Setup: Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Active
Select to enable or disable this queue.
Name
Enter the descriptive name of this queue.
Interface
Select the interface to which this queue is applied.
This field is read-only if you are editing the queue.
Priority
Select the priority level (from 1 to 7) of this queue.
The smaller the number, the higher the priority level. Traffic assigned to higher priority queues
gets through faster while traffic in lower priority queues is dropped if the network is congested.
Weight
Select the weight (from 1 to 8) of this queue.
If two queues have the same priority level, the EMG divides the bandwidth across the queues
according to their weights. Queues with larger weights get more bandwidth than queues with
smaller weights.
Buffer
Management
This field displays Drop Tail (DT). Drop Tail (DT) is a simple queue management algorithm that
allows the EMG buffer to accept as many packets as it can until it is full. Once the buffer is full,
new packets that arrive are dropped until there is space in the buffer again (packets are
transmitted out of it).
Rate Limit
Specify the maximum transmission rate (in Kbps) allowed for traffic on this queue.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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9.5 The Classification Setup Screen
Use this screen to add, edit or delete QoS classifiers. A classifier groups traffic into data flows according
to specific criteria such as the source address, destination address, source port number, destination port
number or incoming interface. For example, you can configure a classifier to select traffic from the
same protocol port (such as Telnet) to form a flow.
You can give different priorities to traffic that the EMG forwards out through the WAN interface. Give
high priority to voice and video to make them run more smoothly. Similarly, give low priority to many
large file downloads so that they do not reduce the quality of other applications.
Click Network Setting > QoS > Classification Setup to open the following screen.
Figure 56 Network Setting > QoS > Classification Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 39 Network Setting > QoS > Classification Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New
Classification
Click this to create a new classifier.
Order
This is the index number of the entry. The classifiers are applied in order of their numbering.
Status
This field displays whether the classifier is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this
classifier is active. A gray bulb signifies that this classifier is not active.
Class Name
This is the name of the classifier.
Classification
Criteria
This shows criteria specified in this classifier, for example the interface from which traffic of
this class should come and the source MAC address of traffic that matches this classifier.
DSCP Mark
This is the DSCP number added to traffic of this classifier.
802.1P Mark
This is the IEEE 802.1p priority level assigned to traffic of this classifier.
VLAN ID Tag
This is the VLAN ID number assigned to traffic of this classifier.
To Queue
This is the name of the queue in which traffic of this classifier is put.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to edit the classifier.
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing classifier. Note that subsequent rules move up by
one when you take this action.
9.5.1 Add/Edit QoS Class
Click Add New Classification in the Classification Setup screen or the Edit icon next to a classifier to open
the following screen.
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Figure 57 Classification Setup: Add/Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 40 Classification Setup: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Step1: Class Configuration
Active
Select to enable or disable this classifier.
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Table 40 Classification Setup: Add/Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Class Name
Enter a descriptive name of up to 15 printable English keyboard characters, not including
spaces.
Classification
Order
Select an existing number for where you want to put this classifier to move the classifier to the
number you selected after clicking Apply.
Select Last to put this rule in the back of the classifier list.
Step2: Criteria Configuration
From Interface
If you want to classify the traffic by an ingress interface, select an interface from the From
Interface drop-down list box.
Ether Type
Select a predefined application to configure a class for the matched traffic.
If you select IP, you also need to configure source or destination MAC address, IP address, DHCP
options, DSCP value or the protocol type.
If you select 802.1Q, you can configure an 802.1p priority level.
Source
Address
Select the check box and enter the source IP address in dotted decimal notation. A blank
source IP address means any source IP address.
Subnet Mask
Enter the source subnet mask.
Port Range
If you select TCP or UDP in the IP Protocol field, select the check box and enter the port
number(s) of the source.
MAC
Select the check box and enter the source MAC address of the packet.
MAC Mask
Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packet’s MAC address
should match.
Enter “f” for each bit of the specified source MAC address that the traffic’s MAC address should
match. Enter “0” for the bit(s) of the matched traffic’s MAC address, which can be of any
hexadecimal character(s). For example, if you set the MAC address to 00:13:49:00:00:00 and the
mask to ff:ff:ff:00:00:00, a packet with a MAC address of 00:13:49:12:34:56 matches this criteria.
Exclude
Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.
Destination
Address
Select the check box and enter the destination IP address in dotted decimal notation. A blank
source IP address means any source IP address.
Subnet Mask
Enter the destination subnet mask.
Port Range
If you select TCP or UDP in the IP Protocol field, select the check box and enter the port
number(s) of the destination.
MAC
Select the check box and enter the destination MAC address of the packet.
MAC Mask
Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packet’s MAC address
should match.
Enter “f” for each bit of the specified destination MAC address that the traffic’s MAC address
should match. Enter “0” for the bit(s) of the matched traffic’s MAC address, which can be of any
hexadecimal character(s). For example, if you set the MAC address to 00:13:49:00:00:00 and the
mask to ff:ff:ff:00:00:00, a packet with a MAC address of 00:13:49:12:34:56 matches this criteria.
Exclude
Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.
Others
Service
This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.
This field simplifies classifier configuration by allowing you to select a predefined application.
When you select a predefined application, you do not configure the rest of the filter fields.
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Table 40 Classification Setup: Add/Edit (continued)
LABEL
IP Protocol
DESCRIPTION
This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.
Select this option and select the protocol (service type) from TCP, UDP, ICMP or IGMP. If you
select User defined, enter the protocol (service type) number.
DHCP
This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.
Select this option and select a DHCP option.
If you select Vendor Class ID (DHCP Option 60), enter the Vendor Class Identifier (Option 60) of
the matched traffic, such as the type of the hardware or firmware.
If you select Client ID (DHCP Option 61), enter the Identity Association IDentifier (IAD Option 61)
of the matched traffic, such as the MAC address of the device.
If you select User Class ID (DHCP Option 77), enter a string that identifies the user’s category or
application type in the matched DHCP packets.
If you select Vendor Specific Info (DHCP Option 125), enter the vendor specific information of the
matched traffic, such as the product class, model name, and serial number of the device.
IP Packet
Length
DSCP
This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.
Select this option and enter the minimum and maximum packet length (from 46 to 1500) in the
fields provided.
This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.
Select this option and specify a DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) number between 0 and 63 in the
field provided.
802.1P
This field is available only when you select 802.1Q in the Ether Type field.
Select this option and select a priority level (between 0 and 7) from the drop-down list box.
"0" is the lowest priority level and "7" is the highest.
VLAN ID
This field is available only when you select 802.1Q in the Ether Type field.
TCP ACK
This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.
Select this option and specify a VLAN ID number.
If you select this option, the matched TCP packets must contain the ACK (Acknowledge) flag.
Exclude
Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.
Step3: Packet Modification
DSCP Mark
This field is available only when you select IP in the Ether Type field.
If you select Remark, enter a DSCP value with which the EMG replaces the DSCP field in the
packets.
If you select Unchange, the EMG keep the DSCP field in the packets.
802.1P Mark
Select a priority level with which the EMG replaces the IEEE 802.1p priority field in the packets.
If you select Unchange, the EMG keep the 802.1p priority field in the packets.
VLAN ID Tag
If you select Remark, enter a VLAN ID number with which the EMG replaces the VLAN ID of the
frames.
If you select Remove, the EMG deletes the VLAN ID of the frames before forwarding them out.
If you select Add, the EMG treat all matched traffic untagged and add a second VLAN ID.
If you select Unchange, the EMG keep the VLAN ID in the packets.
Step4: Class Routing
Forward to
Interface
Select a WAN interface through which traffic of this class will be forwarded out. If you select
Unchange, the EMG forward traffic of this class according to the default routing table.
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Table 40 Classification Setup: Add/Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Step5: Outgoing Queue Selection
To Queue Index
Select a queue that applies to this class.
You should have configured a queue in the Queue Setup screen already.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
9.6 The QoS Shaper Setup Screen
This screen shows that you can use the token bucket algorithm to allow a certain amount of large bursts
while keeping a limit for processing outgoing traffic at the average rate. Click Network Setting > QoS >
Shaper Setup. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 58 Network Setting > QoS > Shaper Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 41 Network Setting > QoS > Shaper Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New
Shaper
Click this to create a new entry.
This is the index number of the entry.
Status
This field displays whether the shaper is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this policer is
active. A gray bulb signifies that this shaper is not active.
Outgoing
Interface
This shows the name of the EMG's interface through which traffic in this shaper applies.
Rate Limit (kbps)
This shows the average rate limit of traffic bursts for this shaper.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to edit the shaper.
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing shaper. Note that subsequent rules move up by one
when you take this action.
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9.6.1 Add/Edit a QoS Shaper
Click Add New Shaper in the Shaper Setup screen or the Edit icon next to a shaper to show the following
screen.
Figure 59 Shaper Setup: Add/Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 42 Shaper Setup: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Active
Select to enable or disable this shaper.
Interface
Select the EMG's interface through which traffic in this shaper applies
Rate Limit
Enter the average rate limit of traffic bursts for this shaper.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
9.7 The QoS Policer Setup Screen
Use this screen to view QoS policers that allow you to limit the transmission rate of incoming traffic and
apply actions, such as drop, pass, or modify the DSCP value for matched traffic. Click Network Setting >
QoS > Policer Setup. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 60 Network Setting > QoS > Policer Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 43 Network Setting > QoS > Policer Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add new Policer
Click this to create a new entry.
This is the index number of the entry.
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Table 43 Network Setting > QoS > Policer Setup (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Status
This field displays whether the policer is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this policer is
active. A gray bulb signifies that this policer is not active.
Name
This field displays the descriptive name of this policer.
Regulated
Classes
This field displays the name of a QoS classifier
Meter Type
This field displays the type of QoS metering algorithm used in this policer.
Rule
These are the rates and burst sizes against which the policer checks the traffic of the member
QoS classes.
Action
This shows the how the policer has the EMG treat different types of traffic belonging to the
policer’s member QoS classes.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to edit the policer.
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing policer. Note that subsequent rules move up by one
when you take this action.
9.7.1 Add/Edit a QoS Policer
Click Add New Policer in the Policer Setup screen or the Edit icon next to a policer to show the following
screen.
Figure 61 Policer Setup: Add/Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 44 Policer Setup: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Active
Select to enable or disable this policer.
Name
Enter the descriptive name of this policer.
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Table 44 Policer Setup: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Meter Type
This shows the traffic metering algorithm used in this policer.
The Simple Token Bucket algorithm uses tokens in a bucket to control when traffic can be
transmitted. Each token represents one byte. The algorithm allows bursts of up to b bytes which is
also the bucket size.
The Single Rate Three Color Marker (srTCM) is based on the token bucket filter and identifies
packets by comparing them to the Committed Information Rate (CIR), the Committed Burst Size
(CBS) and the Excess Burst Size (EBS).
The Two Rate Three Color Marker (trTCM) is based on the token bucket filter and identifies
packets by comparing them to the Committed Information Rate (CIR) and the Peak Information
Rate (PIR).
Committed
Rate
Specify the committed rate. When the incoming traffic rate of the member QoS classes is less
than the committed rate, the device applies the conforming action to the traffic.
Committed
Burst Size
Specify the committed burst size for packet bursts. This must be equal to or less than the peak
burst size (two rate three color) or excess burst size (single rate three color) if it is also configured.
This is the maximum size of the (first) token bucket in a traffic metering algorithm.
Conforming
Action
Specify what the EMG does for packets within the committed rate and burst size (green-marked
packets).
•
•
Pass: Send the packets without modification.
DSCP Mark: Change the DSCP mark value of the packets. Enter the DSCP mark value to use.
NonConforming
Action
Specify what the EMG does for packets that exceed the excess burst size or peak rate and burst
size (red-marked packets).
Available Class
Select a QoS classifier to apply this QoS policer to traffic that matches the QoS classifier.
Selected Class
Highlight a QoS classifier in the Available Class box and use the > button to move it to the
Selected Class box.
•
•
Drop: Discard the packets.
DSCP Mark: Change the DSCP mark value of the packets. Enter the DSCP mark value to use.
The packets may be dropped if there is congestion on the network.
To remove a QoS classifier from the Selected Class box, select it and use the < button.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
9.8 Technical Reference
The following section contains additional technical information about the EMG features described in this
chapter.
IEEE 802.1Q Tag
The IEEE 802.1Q standard defines an explicit VLAN tag in the MAC header to identify the VLAN
membership of a frame across bridges. A VLAN tag includes the 12-bit VLAN ID and 3-bit user priority.
The VLAN ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN and provides the information that devices need to
process the frame across the network.
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IEEE 802.1p specifies the user priority field and defines up to eight separate traffic types. The following
table describes the traffic types defined in the IEEE 802.1d standard (which incorporates the 802.1p).
Table 45 IEEE 802.1p Priority Level and Traffic Type
PRIORITY
LEVEL
TRAFFIC TYPE
Level 7
Typically used for network control traffic such as router configuration messages.
Level 6
Typically used for voice traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter is the variations in
delay).
Level 5
Typically used for video that consumes high bandwidth and is sensitive to jitter.
Level 4
Typically used for controlled load, latency-sensitive traffic such as SNA (Systems Network
Architecture) transactions.
Level 3
Typically used for “excellent effort” or better than best effort and would include important
business traffic that can tolerate some delay.
Level 2
This is for “spare bandwidth”.
Level 1
This is typically used for non-critical “background” traffic such as bulk transfers that are
allowed but that should not affect other applications and users.
Level 0
Typically used for best-effort traffic.
DiffServ
QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the flow are given the same
priority. You can use CoS (class of service) to give different priorities to different packet types.
DiffServ (Differentiated Services) is a class of service (CoS) model that marks packets so that they
receive specific per-hop treatment at DiffServ-compliant network devices along the route based on the
application types and traffic flow. Packets are marked with DiffServ Code Points (DSCPs) indicating the
level of service desired. This allows the intermediary DiffServ-compliant network devices to handle the
packets differently depending on the code points without the need to negotiate paths or remember
state information for every flow. In addition, applications do not have to request a particular service or
give advanced notice of where the traffic is going.
DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior
DiffServ defines a new Differentiated Services (DS) field to replace the Type of Service (TOS) field in the IP
header. The DS field contains a 2-bit unused field and a 6-bit DSCP field which can define up to 64
service levels. The following figure illustrates the DS field.
DSCP is backward compatible with the three precedence bits in the ToS octet so that non-DiffServ
compliant, ToS-enabled network device will not conflict with the DSCP mapping.
DSCP (6 bits)
Unused (2 bits)
The DSCP value determines the forwarding behavior, the PHB (Per-Hop Behavior), that each packet
gets across the DiffServ network. Based on the marking rule, different kinds of traffic can be marked for
different kinds of forwarding. Resources can then be allocated according to the DSCP values and the
configured policies.
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IP Precedence
Similar to IEEE 802.1p prioritization at layer-2, you can use IP precedence to prioritize packets in a layer-3
network. IP precedence uses three bits of the eight-bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header. There
are eight classes of services (ranging from zero to seven) in IP precedence. Zero is the lowest priority
level and seven is the highest.
Automatic Priority Queue Assignment
If you enable QoS on the EMG, the EMG can automatically base on the IEEE 802.1p priority level, IP
precedence and/or packet length to assign priority to traffic which does not match a class.
The following table shows you the internal layer-2 and layer-3 QoS mapping on the EMG. On the EMG,
traffic assigned to higher priority queues gets through faster while traffic in lower index queues is
dropped if the network is congested.
Table 46 Internal Layer2 and Layer3 QoS Mapping
LAYER 2
LAYER 3
PRIORITY
QUEUE
IEEE 802.1P USER
PRIORITY
(ETHERNET
PRIORITY)
TOS (IP
PRECEDENCE)
DSCP
000000
000000
>1100
001110
250~1100
IP PACKET LENGTH
(BYTE)
001100
001010
001000
010110
010100
010010
010000
011110
011100
011010
011000
100110
100100
100010
100000
101110
110000
111000
101000
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Token Bucket
The token bucket algorithm uses tokens in a bucket to control when traffic can be transmitted. The
bucket stores tokens, each of which represents one byte. The algorithm allows bursts of up to b bytes
which is also the bucket size, so the bucket can hold up to b tokens. Tokens are generated and added
into the bucket at a constant rate. The following shows how tokens work with packets:
• A packet can be transmitted if the number of tokens in the bucket is equal to or greater than the size
of the packet (in bytes).
• After a packet is transmitted, a number of tokens corresponding to the packet size is removed from
the bucket.
• If there are no tokens in the bucket, the EMG stops transmitting until enough tokens are generated.
• If not enough tokens are available, the EMG treats the packet in either one of the following ways:
In traffic shaping:
• Holds it in the queue until enough tokens are available in the bucket.
In traffic policing:
• Drops it.
• Transmits it but adds a DSCP mark. The EMG may drop these marked packets if the network is
overloaded.
Configure the bucket size to be equal to or less than the amount of the bandwidth that the interface
can support. It does not help if you set it to a bucket size over the interface’s capability. The smaller the
bucket size, the lower the data transmission rate and that may cause outgoing packets to be dropped.
A larger transmission rate requires a big bucket size. For example, use a bucket size of 10 kbytes to get
the transmission rate up to 10 Mbps.
Single Rate Three Color Marker
The Single Rate Three Color Marker (srTCM, defined in RFC 2697) is a type of traffic policing that identifies
packets by comparing them to one user-defined rate, the Committed Information Rate (CIR), and two
burst sizes: the Committed Burst Size (CBS) and Excess Burst Size (EBS).
The srTCM evaluates incoming packets and marks them with one of three colors which refer to packet
loss priority levels. High packet loss priority level is referred to as red, medium is referred to as yellow and
low is referred to as green.
The srTCM is based on the token bucket filter and has two token buckets (CBS and EBS). Tokens are
generated and added into the bucket at a constant rate, called Committed Information Rate (CIR).
When the first bucket (CBS) is full, new tokens overflow into the second bucket (EBS).
All packets are evaluated against the CBS. If a packet does not exceed the CBS it is marked green.
Otherwise it is evaluated against the EBS. If it is below the EBS then it is marked yellow. If it exceeds the
EBS then it is marked red.
The following shows how tokens work with incoming packets in srTCM:
• A packet arrives. The packet is marked green and can be transmitted if the number of tokens in the
CBS bucket is equal to or greater than the size of the packet (in bytes).
• After a packet is transmitted, a number of tokens corresponding to the packet size is removed from
the CBS bucket.
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• If there are not enough tokens in the CBS bucket, the EMG checks the EBS bucket. The packet is
marked yellow if there are sufficient tokens in the EBS bucket. Otherwise, the packet is marked red. No
tokens are removed if the packet is dropped.
Two Rate Three Color Marker
The Two Rate Three Color Marker (trTCM, defined in RFC 2698) is a type of traffic policing that identifies
packets by comparing them to two user-defined rates: the Committed Information Rate (CIR) and the
Peak Information Rate (PIR). The CIR specifies the average rate at which packets are admitted to the
network. The PIR is greater than or equal to the CIR. CIR and PIR values are based on the guaranteed
and maximum bandwidth respectively as negotiated between a service provider and client.
The trTCM evaluates incoming packets and marks them with one of three colors which refer to packet
loss priority levels. High packet loss priority level is referred to as red, medium is referred to as yellow and
low is referred to as green.
The trTCM is based on the token bucket filter and has two token buckets (Committed Burst Size (CBS)
and Peak Burst Size (PBS)). Tokens are generated and added into the two buckets at the CIR and PIR
respectively.
All packets are evaluated against the PIR. If a packet exceeds the PIR it is marked red. Otherwise it is
evaluated against the CIR. If it exceeds the CIR then it is marked yellow. Finally, if it is below the CIR then
it is marked green.
The following shows how tokens work with incoming packets in trTCM:
• A packet arrives. If the number of tokens in the PBS bucket is less than the size of the packet (in bytes),
the packet is marked red and may be dropped regardless of the CBS bucket. No tokens are removed
if the packet is dropped.
• If the PBS bucket has enough tokens, the EMG checks the CBS bucket. The packet is marked green
and can be transmitted if the number of tokens in the CBS bucket is equal to or greater than the size
of the packet (in bytes). Otherwise, the packet is marked yellow.
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C H A P T E R 10
Network Address Translation
(NAT)
10.1 Overview
This chapter discusses how to configure NAT on the EMG. NAT (Network Address Translation - NAT, RFC
1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in a packet, for example, the source address of an
outgoing packet, used within one network to a different IP address known within another network.
10.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
• Use the Port Forwarding screen to configure forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your
local network (Section 10.2 on page 128).
• Use the Applications screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local
network (Section 10.3 on page 131).
• Use the Port Triggering screen to add and configure the EMG’s trigger port settings (Section 10.4 on
page 133).
• Use the DMZ screen to configure a default server (Section 10.5 on page 135).
• Use the ALG screen to enable and disable the NAT and SIP (VoIP) ALG in the EMG (Section 10.6 on
page 136).
• Use the Address Mapping screen to configure the EMG's address mapping settings (Section 10.7 on
page 137).
• Use the Sessions screen to configure the EMG's maximum number of NAT sessions (Section 10.8 on
page 139).
10.1.2 What You Need To Know
Inside/Outside
Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the EMG, for example, the computers of your
subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the outside hosts.
Global/Local
Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for example,
the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local network, while the
global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN side.
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NAT
In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber (the
inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the WAN
side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address)
back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host.
Port Forwarding
A port forwarding set is a list of inside (behind NAT on the LAN) servers, for example, web or FTP, that you
can make visible to the outside world even though NAT makes your whole inside network appear as a
single computer to the outside world.
Finding Out More
See Section 10.9 on page 139 for advanced technical information on NAT.
10.2 The Port Forwarding Screen
Use the Port Forwarding screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local
network.
You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forwarded, and the local IP
address of the desired server. The port number identifies a service; for example, web service is on port 80
and FTP on port 21. In some cases, such as for unknown services or where one server can support more
than one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might be better to specify a range of port
numbers. You can allocate a server IP address that corresponds to a port or a range of ports.
The most often used port numbers and services are shown in Appendix D on page 242. Please refer to
RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers.
Note: Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server processes
(such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may periodically check for
servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any active services at your
location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP.
Configuring Servers Behind Port Forwarding (Example)
Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in the example), port 80 to
another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP address of 192.168.1.35 to a third (C in the
example). You assign the LAN IP addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address. The NAT network
appears as a single host on the Internet.
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Figure 62 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example
Click Network Setting > NAT > Port Forwarding to open the following screen.
See Appendix D on page 242 for port numbers commonly used for particular services.
Figure 63 Network Setting > NAT > Port Forwarding
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 47 Network Setting > NAT > Port Forwarding
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New Rule
Click this to add a new rule.
This is the index number of the entry.
Status
This field displays whether the NAT rule is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this rule is
active. A gray bulb signifies that this rule is not active.
Service Name
This shows the service’s name.
WAN Interface
This shows the WAN interface through which the service is forwarded.
Server IP
Address
This is the server’s IP address.
Start Port
This is the first external port number that identifies a service.
End Port
This is the last external port number that identifies a service.
Translation Start
Port
This is the first internal port number that identifies a service.
Translation End
Port
This is the last internal port number that identifies a service.
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Table 47 Network Setting > NAT > Port Forwarding (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Protocol
This shows the IP protocol supported by this virtual server, whether it is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to edit this rule.
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.
10.2.1 Add/Edit Port Forwarding
Click Add New Rule in the Port Forwarding screen or click the Edit icon next to an existing rule to open
the following screen.
Figure 64 Port Forwarding: Add/Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 48 Port Forwarding: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Active
Select to enable or disable the rule.
Service Name
Enter a name to identify this rule using keyboard characters (A-Z, a-z, 1-2 and so on).
WAN Interface
Select the WAN interface through which the service is forwarded.
You must have already configured a WAN connection with NAT enabled.
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Table 48 Port Forwarding: Add/Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Start Port
Enter the original destination port for the packets.
To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the End Port field.
To forward a series of ports, enter the start port number here and the end port number in the End
Port field.
End Port
Enter the last port of the original destination port range.
To forward only one port, enter the port number in the Start Port field above and then enter it
again in this field.
To forward a series of ports, enter the last port number in a series that begins with the port
number in the Start Port field above.
Translation Start
Port
This shows the port number to which you want the EMG to translate the incoming port. For a
range of ports, enter the first number of the range to which you want the incoming ports
translated.
Translation End
Port
This shows the last port of the translated port range.
Server IP
Address
Enter the inside IP address of the virtual server here.
Protocol
Select the protocol supported by this virtual server. Choices are TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP.
Wake up this
target by Wake
On Lan (WOL)
Select this to allow the EMG’s network to remotely turn on a device in the network.
MAC address of
WOL device
Enter the MAC address of the device that will be turned on by an EMG’s network message.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
A MAC address consists of six hexadecimal character pairs.
10.3 The Applications Screen
This screen provides a summary of all NAT applications and their configuration. In addition, this screen
allows you to create new applications and/or remove existing ones.
To access this screen, click Network Setting > NAT > Applications. The following screen appears.
Figure 65 Network Setting > NAT > Applications
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 49 Network Setting > NAT > Applications
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New
Application
Click this to add a new NAT application rule.
This is the index number of the entry.
Application
Forwarded
This field shows the type of application that the service forwards.
WAN Interface
This field shows the WAN interface through which the service is forwarded.
Server IP
Address
This field displays the destination IP address for the service.
Modify
Click the Delete icon to delete the rule.
10.3.1 Add New Application
This screen lets you create new NAT application rules. Click Add New Application in the Applications
screen to open the following screen.
Figure 66 Network Setting > NAT > Applications: Add
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 50 Network Setting > NAT > Applications: Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
WAN Interface
Select the WAN interface that you want to apply this NAT rule to.
Server IP
Address
Enter the inside IP address of the application here.
Application
Category
Select the category of the application from the drop-down list box.
Application
Forwarded
Select a service from the drop-down list box and the EMG automatically configures the
protocol, start, end, and map port number that define the service.
View Rules
Click this to display the configuration of the service that you have chosen in Application
Fowarded.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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10.4 The Port Triggering Screen
Some services use a dedicated range of ports on the client side and a dedicated range of ports on the
server side. With regular port forwarding you set a forwarding port in NAT to forward a service (coming in
from the server on the WAN) to the IP address of a computer on the client side (LAN). The problem is that
port forwarding only forwards a service to a single LAN IP address. In order to use the same service on a
different LAN computer, you have to manually replace the LAN computer's IP address in the forwarding
port with another LAN computer's IP address.
Trigger port forwarding solves this problem by allowing computers on the LAN to dynamically take turns
using the service. The EMG records the IP address of a LAN computer that sends traffic to the WAN to
request a service with a specific port number and protocol (a "trigger" port). When the EMG's WAN port
receives a response with a specific port number and protocol ("open" port), the EMG forwards the traffic
to the LAN IP address of the computer that sent the request. After that computer’s connection for that
service closes, another computer on the LAN can use the service in the same manner. This way you do
not need to configure a new IP address each time you want a different LAN computer to use the
application.
For example:
Figure 67 Trigger Port Forwarding Process: Example
Jane requests a file from the Real Audio server (port 7070).
Port 7070 is a “trigger” port and causes the EMG to record Jane’s computer IP address. The EMG
associates Jane's computer IP address with the "open" port range of 6970-7170.
The Real Audio server responds using a port number ranging between 6970-7170.
The EMG forwards the traffic to Jane’s computer IP address.
Only Jane can connect to the Real Audio server until the connection is closed or times out. The EMG
times out in three minutes with UDP (User Datagram Protocol) or two hours with TCP/IP (Transfer Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol).
Click Network Setting > NAT > Port Triggering to open the following screen. Use this screen to view your
EMG’s trigger port settings.
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Figure 68 Network Setting > NAT > Port Triggering
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 51 Network Setting > NAT > Port Triggering
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New Rule
Click this to create a new rule.
This is the index number of the entry.
Status
This field displays whether the port triggering rule is active or not. A yellow bulb signifies that this
rule is active. A gray bulb signifies that this rule is not active.
Service Name
This field displays the name of the service used by this rule.
WAN Interface
This field shows the WAN interface through which the service is forwarded.
Trigger Start Port
The trigger port is a port (or a range of ports) that causes (or triggers) the EMG to record the IP
address of the LAN computer that sent the traffic to a server on the WAN.
This is the first port number that identifies a service.
Trigger End Port
This is the last port number that identifies a service.
Trigger Proto.
This is the trigger transport layer protocol.
Open Start Port
The open port is a port (or a range of ports) that a server on the WAN uses when it sends out a
particular service. The EMG forwards the traffic with this port (or range of ports) to the client
computer on the LAN that requested the service.
This is the first port number that identifies a service.
Open End Port
This is the last port number that identifies a service.
Open Proto.
This is the open transport layer protocol.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to edit this rule.
Click the Delete icon to remove an existing rule.
10.4.1 Add/Edit Port Triggering Rule
This screen lets you create new port triggering rules. Click Add new rule in the Port Triggering screen or
click a rule’s Edit icon to open the following screen.
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Figure 69 Port Triggering: Add/Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 52 Port Triggering: Configuration Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Active
Select to enable or disable this rule.
Service Name
Enter a name to identify this rule using keyboard characters (A-Z, a-z, 1-2 and so on).
WAN Interface
Select a WAN interface for which you want to configure port triggering rules.
Trigger Start Port
The trigger port is a port (or a range of ports) that causes (or triggers) the EMG to record the IP
address of the LAN computer that sent the traffic to a server on the WAN.
Type a port number or the starting port number in a range of port numbers.
Trigger End Port
Type a port number or the ending port number in a range of port numbers.
Trigger Protocol
Select the transport layer protocol from TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP.
Open Start Port
The open port is a port (or a range of ports) that a server on the WAN uses when it sends out a
particular service. The EMG forwards the traffic with this port (or range of ports) to the client
computer on the LAN that requested the service.
Type a port number or the starting port number in a range of port numbers.
Open End Port
Type a port number or the ending port number in a range of port numbers.
Open Protocol
Select the transport layer protocol from TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
10.5 The DMZ Screen
In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server IP address. A default server
receives packets from ports that are not specified in the NAT Port Forwarding Setup screen.
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Figure 70 Network Setting > NAT > DMZ
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 53 Network Setting > NAT > DMZ
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Default Server
Address
Enter the IP address of the default server which receives packets from ports that are not
specified in the NAT Port Forwarding screen.
Note: If you do not assign a Default Server Address, the EMG discards all packets
received for ports that are not specified in the NAT Port Forwarding screen.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
10.6 The ALG Screen
Some NAT routers may include a SIP Application Layer Gateway (ALG). A SIP ALG allows SIP calls to pass
through NAT by examining and translating IP addresses embedded in the data stream. When the EMG
registers with the SIP register server, the SIP ALG translates the EMG’s private IP address inside the SIP
data stream to a public IP address. You do not need to use STUN or an outbound proxy if your EMG is
behind a SIP ALG.
Use this screen to enable and disable the ALGs in the EMG. To access this screen, click Network Setting >
NAT > ALG.
Figure 71 Network Setting > NAT > ALG
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 54 Network Setting > NAT > ALG
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
NAT ALG
Enable this to make sure applications such as FTP and file transfer in IM applications work
correctly with port-forwarding and address-mapping rules.
SIP ALG
Enable this to make sure SIP (VoIP) works correctly with port-forwarding and address-mapping
rules.
RTSP ALG
Enable this to have the EMG detect RTSP traffic and help build RTSP sessions through its NAT. The
Real Time Streaming (media control) Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the
Internet.
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Table 54 Network Setting > NAT > ALG (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
PPTP ALG
Enable this to turn on the PPTP ALG on the EMG to detect PPTP traffic and help build PPTP
sessions through the EMG’s NAT.
IPSEC ALG
Enable this to turn on the IPsec ALG on the EMG to detect IPsec traffic and help build IPsec
sessions through the EMG’s NAT.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
10.7 The Address Mapping Screen
Ordering your rules is important because the EMG applies the rules in the order that you specify. When a
rule matches the current packet, the EMG takes the corresponding action and the remaining rules are
ignored.
Click Network Setting > NAT > Address Mapping to display the following screen.
Figure 72 Network Setting > NAT > Address Mapping
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 55 Network Setting > NAT > Address Mapping
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add new rule
Click this to create a new rule.
Rule Name
This show the name of the rule.
Local Start IP
This is the starting Inside Local IP Address (ILA).
Local End IP
This is the ending Inside Local IP Address (ILA). If the rule is for all local IP addresses, then this field
displays 0.0.0.0 as the Local Start IP address and 255.255.255.255 as the Local End IP address. This
field is blank for One-to-One mapping types.
Global Start IP
This is the starting Inside Global IP Address (IGA). Enter 0.0.0.0 here if you have a dynamic IP
address from your ISP. You can only do this for the Many-to-One mapping type.
Global End IP
This is the ending Inside Global IP Address (IGA). This field is blank for One-to-One and Many-toOne mapping types.
Type
This is the address mapping type.
One-to-One: This mode maps one local IP address to one global IP address. Note that port
numbers do not change for the One-to-one NAT mapping type.
Many-to-One: This mode maps multiple local IP addresses to one global IP address. This is
equivalent to SUA (i.e., PAT, port address translation), the EMG's Single User Account feature that
previous routers supported only.
Many-to-Many: This mode maps multiple local IP addresses to shared global IP addresses.
Wan Interface
Name
This is the WAN interface to which the address mapping rule applies.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the address mapping rule.
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing address mapping rule. Note that subsequent address
mapping rules move up by one when you take this action.
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10.7.1 Add/Edit Address Mapping Rule
To add or edit an address mapping rule, click Add new rule or the rule’s edit icon in the Address
Mapping screen to display the screen shown next.
Figure 73 Address Mapping: Add/Edit
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 56 Address Mapping: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Rule Name
Enter a name to identify this rule using keyboard characters (A-Z, a-z, 1-2 and so on).
Type
Choose the IP/port mapping type from one of the following.
One-to-One: This mode maps one local IP address to one global IP address. Note that port
numbers do not change for the One-to-one NAT mapping type.
Many-to-One: This mode maps multiple local IP addresses to one global IP address. This is
equivalent to SUA (i.e., PAT, port address translation), the EMG's Single User Account feature
that previous routers supported only.
Many-to-Many: This mode maps multiple local IP addresses to shared global IP addresses.
Local Start IP
Enter the starting Inside Local IP Address (ILA).
Local End IP
Enter the ending Inside Local IP Address (ILA). If the rule is for all local IP addresses, then this field
displays 0.0.0.0 as the Local Start IP address and 255.255.255.255 as the Local End IP address. This
field is blank for One-to-One mapping types.
Global Start IP
Enter the starting Inside Global IP Address (IGA). Enter 0.0.0.0 here if you have a dynamic IP
address from your ISP. You can only do this for the Many-to-One mapping type.
Global End IP
Enter the ending Inside Global IP Address (IGA). This field is blank for One-to-One and Many-toOne mapping types.
WAN Interface
Select a WAN interface to which the address mapping rule applies.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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10.8 The Sessions Screen
Use this screen to limit the number of concurrent NAT sessions a client can use. Click Network Setting >
NAT > Sessions to display the following screen.
Figure 74 Network Setting > NAT > Sessions
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 57 Network Setting > NAT > Sessions
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
MAX NAT
Session Per Host
Use this field to set a limit to the number of concurrent NAT sessions each client host can have.
If only a few clients use peer to peer applications, you can raise this number to improve their
performance. With heavy peer-to-peer application use, lower this number to ensure no single
client uses too many of the available NAT sessions.
Apply
Click this to save your changes on this screen.
Cancel
Click this to exit this screen without saving any changes.
10.9 Technical Reference
This part contains more information regarding NAT.
10.9.1 NAT Definitions
Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the EMG, for example, the computers of your
subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the outside hosts.
Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for example,
the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local network, while the
global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN side.
Note that inside/outside refers to the location of a host, while global/local refers to the IP address of a
host used in a packet. Thus, an inside local address (ILA) is the IP address of an inside host in a packet
when the packet is still in the local network, while an inside global address (IGA) is the IP address of the
same inside host when the packet is on the WAN side. The following table summarizes this information.
Table 58 NAT Definitions
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
Inside
This refers to the host on the LAN.
Outside
This refers to the host on the WAN.
Local
This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the LAN.
Global
This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the WAN.
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NAT never changes the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host.
10.9.2 What NAT Does
In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber (the
inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the WAN
side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address)
back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host. Note that the IP address
(either local or global) of an outside host is never changed.
The global IP addresses for the inside hosts can be either static or dynamically assigned by the ISP. In
addition, you can designate servers, for example, a web server and a telnet server, on your local
network and make them accessible to the outside world. If you do not define any servers (for Many-toOne and Many-to-Many Overload mapping), NAT offers the additional benefit of firewall protection.
With no servers defined, your EMG filters out all incoming inquiries, thus preventing intruders from probing
your network. For more information on IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address
Translator (NAT).
10.9.3 How NAT Works
Each packet has two addresses – a source address and a destination address. For outgoing packets,
the ILA (Inside Local Address) is the source address on the LAN, and the IGA (Inside Global Address) is
the source address on the WAN. For incoming packets, the ILA is the destination address on the LAN,
and the IGA is the destination address on the WAN. NAT maps private (local) IP addresses to globally
unique ones required for communication with hosts on other networks. It replaces the original IP source
address (and TCP or UDP source port numbers for Many-to-One and Many-to-Many Overload NAT
mapping) in each packet and then forwards it to the Internet. The EMG keeps track of the original
addresses and port numbers so incoming reply packets can have their original values restored. The
following figure illustrates this.
Figure 75 How NAT Works
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10.9.4 NAT Application
The following figure illustrates a possible NAT application, where three inside LANs (logical LANs using IP
alias) behind the EMG can communicate with three distinct WAN networks.
Figure 76 NAT Application With IP Alias
Port Forwarding: Services and Port Numbers
The most often used port numbers are shown in the following table. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further
information about port numbers. Please also refer to the Supporting CD for more examples and details
on port forwarding and NAT.
Table 59 Services and Port Numbers
SERVICES
PORT NUMBER
ECHO
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
21
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
25
DNS (Domain Name System)
53
Finger
79
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer protocol or WWW, Web)
80
POP3 (Post Office Protocol)
110
NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol)
119
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
161
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Table 59 Services and Port Numbers
SERVICES
PORT NUMBER
SNMP trap
162
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)
1723
Port Forwarding Example
Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in the example), port 80 to
another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP address of 192.168.1.35 to a third (C in the
example). You assign the LAN IP addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address. The NAT network
appears as a single host on the Internet.
Figure 77 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example
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DNS
11.1 Overview
DNS
DNS (Domain Name System) is for mapping a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice
versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a
machine before you can access it.
In addition to the system DNS server(s), each WAN interface (service) is set to have its own static or
dynamic DNS server list. You can configure a DNS static route to forward DNS queries for certain domain
names through a specific WAN interface to its DNS server(s). The EMG uses a system DNS server (in the
order you specify in the Broadband screen) to resolve domain names that do not match any DNS
routing entry. After the EMG receives a DNS reply from a DNS server, it creates a new entry for the
resolved IP address in the routing table.
Dynamic DNS
Dynamic DNS allows you to update your current dynamic IP address with one or many dynamic DNS
services so that anyone can contact you (in NetMeeting, CU-SeeMe, etc.). You can also access your
FTP server or Web site on your own computer using a domain name (for instance myhost.dhs.org, where
myhost is a name of your choice) that will never change instead of using an IP address that changes
each time you reconnect. Your friends or relatives will always be able to call you even if they don't know
your IP address.
First of all, you need to have registered a dynamic DNS account with www.dyndns.org. This is for people
with a dynamic IP from their ISP or DHCP server that would still like to have a domain name. The Dynamic
DNS service provider will give you a password or key.
11.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
• Use the DNS Entry screen to view, configure, or remove DNS routes (Section 11.2 on page 144).
• Use the Dynamic DNS screen to enable DDNS and configure the DDNS settings on the EMG (Section
11.3 on page 145).
11.1.2 What You Need To Know
DYNDNS Wildcard
Enabling the wildcard feature for your host causes *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be aliased to the same IP
address as yourhost.dyndns.org. This feature is useful if you want to be able to use, for example,
www.yourhost.dyndns.org and still reach your hostname.
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If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use Dynamic DNS.
11.2 The DNS Entry Screen
Use this screen to view and configure DNS routes on the EMG. Click Network Setting > DNS to open the
DNS Entry screen.
Figure 78 Network Setting > DNS > DNS Entry
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 60 Network Setting > DNS > DNS Entry
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New DNS
Entry
Click this to create a new DNS entry.
This is the index number of the entry.
Hostname
This indicates the host name or domain name.
IP Address
This indicates the IP address assigned to this computer.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to edit the rule.
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.
11.2.1 Add/Edit DNS Entry
You can manually add or edit the EMG’s DNS name and IP address entry. Click Add New DNS Entry in
the DNS Entry screen or the Edit icon next to the entry you want to edit. The screen shown next appears.
Figure 79 DNS Entry: Add/Edit
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 61 DNS Entry: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Host Name
Enter the host name of the DNS entry.
IPv4 Address
Enter the IPv4 address of the DNS entry.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
11.3 The Dynamic DNS Screen
Use this screen to change your EMG’s DDNS. Click Network Setting > DNS > Dynamic DNS. The screen
appears as shown.
Figure 80 Network Setting > DNS > Dynamic DNS
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 62 Network Setting > DNS > > Dynamic DNS
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Dynamic DNS Setup
Dynamic DNS
Select Enable to use dynamic DNS.
Service Provider
Select your Dynamic DNS service provider from the drop-down list box.
Host Name
Type the domain name assigned to your EMG by your Dynamic DNS provider.
You can specify up to two host names in the field separated by a comma (",").
Username
Type your user name.
Password
Type the password assigned to you.
Enable Wildcard
Option
Select the check box to enable DynDNS Wildcard.
Enable Offline
Option (Only
applies to custom
DNS)
Check with your Dynamic DNS service provider to have traffic redirected to a URL (that
you can specify) while you are off line.
Dynamic DNS Status
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Table 62 Network Setting > DNS > > Dynamic DNS (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
User
Authentication
Result
This shows Success if the account is correctly set up with the Dynamic DNS provider
account.
Last Updated Time
This shows the last time the IP address the Dynamic DNS provider has associated with the
hostname was updated.
Current Dynamic
IP
This shows the IP address your Dynamic DNS provider has currently associated with the
hostname.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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VLAN Group
12.1 Overview
Virtual LAN IDs are used to identify different traffic types over the same physical link.
In the following example, the EMG (DSL) can use VLAN IDs (VID) 100 and 200 to identify Video-onDemand and IPTV traffic respectively coming from the two VoD and IPTV multicast servers. The EMG
(DSL) can also tag outgoing requests to these servers with these VLAN IDs.
Figure 81 VLAN Group Example
12.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
Use these screens to group separate VLAN groups together to be treated as one VLAN group.
12.2 The VLAN Group Screen
Click Network Setting > Vlan Group to open the following screen.
Figure 82 Network Setting > Vlan Group
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 63 Network Setting > Vlan Group
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New Vlan
Group
Click this button to create a new VLAN group.
This is the index number of the VLAN group.
Group Name
This shows the descriptive name of the VLAN group.
VLAN ID
This shows the unique ID number that identifies the VLAN group.
Interfaces
This shows the LAN ports included in the VLAN group and if traffic leaving the port will be tagged
with the VLAN ID.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to change an existing VLAN group setting or click the Delete icon to remove
the VLAN group.
12.2.1 Add/Edit a VLAN Group
Click the Add New VLAN Group button in the Vlan Group screen to open the following screen. Use this
screen to create a new VLAN group.
Figure 83 Add/Edit VLAN Group
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 64 Add/Edit VLAN Group
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
VLAN Group
Name
Enter a name to identify this group. You can enter up to 30 characters. You can use letters,
numbers, hyphens (-) and underscores (_). Spaces are not allowed.
VLAN ID
Enter a unique ID number, from 1 to 4,094, to identify this VLAN group. Outgoing traffic is tagged
with this ID if Tx Tagging is selected below.
LAN
Select Include to add the associated LAN interface to this VLAN group.
Select Tx Tagging to tag outgoing traffic from the associated LAN port with the VLAN ID number
entered above.
OK
Click OK to save your changes back to the EMG.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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Interface Grouping
13.1 Overview
By default, all LAN and WAN interfaces on the EMG are in the same group and can communicate with
each other. Create interface groups to have the EMG assign the IP addresses in different domains to
different groups. Each group acts as an independent network on the EMG. This lets devices connected
to an interface group’s LAN interfaces communicate through the interface group’s WAN or LAN
interfaces but not other WAN or LAN interfaces.
13.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
The Interface Grouping screens let you create multiple networks on the EMG (Section 13.2 on page 149).
13.2 The Interface Grouping Screen
You can manually add a LAN interface to a new group. Alternatively, you can have the EMG
automatically add the incoming traffic and the LAN interface on which traffic is received to an
interface group when its DHCP Vendor ID option information matches one listed for the interface group.
Use the LAN screen to configure the private IP addresses the DHCP server on the EMG assigns to the
clients in the default and/or user-defined groups. If you set the EMG to assign IP addresses based on the
client’s DHCP Vendor ID option information, you must enable DHCP server and configure LAN TCP/IP
settings for both the default and user-defined groups. See Chapter 7 on page 88 for more information.
In the following example, the client that sends packets with the DHCP Vendor ID option set to MSFT 5.0
(meaning it is a Windows 2000 DHCP client) is assigned the IP address 192.168.2.2 and uses the WAN
VDSL_PoE/ppp0.1 interface.
Figure 84 Interface Grouping Application
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Click Network Setting > Interface Grouping to open the following screen.
Figure 85 Network Setting > Interface Grouping
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 65 Network Setting > Interface Grouping
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New
Interface Group
Click this button to create a new interface group.
Group Name
This shows the descriptive name of the group.
WAN Interface
This shows the WAN interfaces in the group.
LAN Interfaces
This shows the LAN interfaces in the group.
Criteria
This shows the filtering criteria for the group.
Modify
Click the Delete icon to remove the group.
13.2.1 Interface Group Configuration
Click the Add New Interface Group button in the Interface Grouping screen to open the following
screen. Use this screen to create a new interface group.
Note: An interface can belong to only one group at a time.
Figure 86 Interface Group Configuration
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 66 Interface Group Configuration
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Group Name
Enter a name to identify this group. You can enter up to 30 characters. You can use letters,
numbers, hyphens (-) and underscores (_). Spaces are not allowed.
WAN Interfaces
used in the
grouping
Select the WAN interface this group uses. The group can have up to one ETH interface.
Available LAN
Interfaces
Select None to not add a WAN interface to this group.
Select one or more LAN interfaces (Ethernet LAN, HPNA or wireless LAN) on the right interface list
and use the left arrow to move them to the interface list on the left to add the interfaces to this
group.
To remove a LAN or wireless LAN interface from the interface list on the left, use the rightfacing
arrow.
Automatically
Add Clients With
the following
DHCP Vendor
IDs
Click Add to identify LAN hosts to add to the interface group by criteria such as the type of the
hardware or firmware. See Section 13.2.2 on page 151 for more information.
This shows the index number of the rule.
Filter Criteria
This shows the filtering criteria. The LAN interface on which the matched traffic is received will
belong to this group automatically.
WildCard
Support
This shows if wildcard on DHCP option 60 is enabled.
Modify
Click the Modify icon to edit this rule from the EMG.
OK
Click OK to save your changes back to the EMG.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
13.2.2 Interface Grouping Criteria
Click the Add button in the Interface Grouping Configuration screen to open the following screen.
Figure 87 Interface Grouping Criteria
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 67 Interface Grouping Criteria
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Source MAC
Address
Select this option and enter the source MAC address of the packet.
DHCP Option 60
Select this option and enter the Vendor Class Identifier (Option 60) of the matched traffic, such
as the type of the hardware or firmware.
Enable
wildcard
Select this option to be able to use wildcards in the Vendor Class Identifier configured for DHCP
option 60.
DHCP Option 61
Select this and enter the device identity of the matched traffic.
DHCP Option
125
Select this and enter vendor specific information of the matched traffic.
Enterprise
Number
Enter the vendor’s 32-bit enterprise number registered with the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority).
Manufactur
er OUI
Specify the vendor’s OUI (Organization Unique Identifier). It is usually the first three bytes of the
MAC address.
Serial
Number
Enter the serial number of the device.
Product
Class
Enter the product class of the device.
VLAN Group
Select this and the VLAN group of the matched traffic from the drop-down list box.
OK
Click OK to save your changes back to the EMG.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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C H A P T E R 14
Firewall
14.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to enable and configure the EMG’s security settings. Use the firewall to
protect your EMG and network from attacks by hackers on the Internet and control access to it. By
default the firewall:
• allows traffic that originates from your LAN computers to go to all other networks.
• blocks traffic that originates on other networks from going to the LAN.
The following figure illustrates the default firewall action. User A can initiate an IM (Instant Messaging)
session from the LAN to the WAN (1). Return traffic for this session is also allowed (2). However other traffic
initiated from the WAN is blocked (3 and 4).
Figure 88 Default Firewall Action
14.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
• Use the General screen to configure the security level of the firewall on the EMG (Section 14.2 on
page 154).
• Use the Protocol screen to add or remove predefined Internet services and configure firewall rules
(Section 14.3 on page 155).
• Use the Access Control screen to view and configure incoming/outgoing filtering rules (Section 14.4
on page 157).
• Use the DoS screen to activate protection against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks (.Section 14.5 on
page 159).
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14.1.2 What You Need to Know
SYN Attack
A SYN attack floods a targeted system with a series of SYN packets. Each packet causes the targeted
system to issue a SYN-ACK response. While the targeted system waits for the ACK that follows the SYNACK, it queues up all outstanding SYN-ACK responses on a backlog queue. SYN-ACKs are moved off the
queue only when an ACK comes back or when an internal timer terminates the three-way handshake.
Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all incoming SYN requests, making the system unavailable
for legitimate users.
DoS
Denials of Service (DoS) attacks are aimed at devices and networks with a connection to the Internet.
Their goal is not to steal information, but to disable a device or network so users no longer have access
to network resources. The EMG is pre-configured to automatically detect and thwart all known DoS
attacks.
DDoS
A DDoS attack is one in which multiple compromised systems attack a single target, thereby causing
denial of service for users of the targeted system.
LAND Attack
In a LAND attack, hackers flood SYN packets into the network with a spoofed source IP address of the
target system. This makes it appear as if the host computer sent the packets to itself, making the system
unavailable while the target system tries to respond to itself.
Ping of Death
Ping of Death uses a "ping" utility to create and send an IP packet that exceeds the maximum 65,536
bytes of data allowed by the IP specification. This may cause systems to crash, hang or reboot.
SPI
Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI) tracks each connection crossing the firewall and makes sure it is valid.
Filtering decisions are based not only on rules but also context. For example, traffic from the WAN may
only be allowed to cross the firewall in response to a request from the LAN.
14.2 The Firewall Screen
Use this screen to set the security level of the firewall on the EMG. Firewall rules are grouped based on
the direction of travel of packets to which they apply.
Click Security > Firewall to display the General screen.
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Figure 89 Security > Firewall > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 68 Security > Firewall > General
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Firewall
Select Enable to activate the firewall feature on the EMG.
Low
Select Low to allow LAN to WAN and WAN to LAN packet directions.
Medium
Select Medium to allow LAN to WAN but deny WAN to LAN packet directions.
High
Select High to deny LAN to WAN and WAN to LAN packet directions.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
14.3 The Protocol Screen
You can configure customized services and port numbers in the Protocol screen. For a comprehensive
list of port numbers and services, visit the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) website. See
Appendix D on page 242 for some examples.
Click Security > Firewall > Protocol to display the following screen.
Figure 90 Security > Firewall > Protocol
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 69 Security > Firewall > Protocol
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New
Protocol Entry
Click this to add a new service.
Name
This is the name of your customized service.
Description
This is the description of your customized service.
Ports/Protocol
Number
This shows the IP protocol (TCP, UDP, ICMP, or TCP/UDP) and the port number or range of ports
that defines your customized service. Other and the protocol number displays if the service uses
another IP protocol.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to edit the entry.
Click the Delete icon to remove this entry.
14.3.1 Add/Edit a Service
Use this screen to add a customized service rule that you can use in the firewall’s ACL rule configuration.
Click Add New Protocol Entry or the edit icon next to an existing service rule in the Protocol screen to
display the following screen.
Figure 91 Security > Firewall > Protocol: Add/Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 70 Security > Firewall > Protocol: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Service Name
Enter a unique name (up to 32 printable English keyboard characters, including spaces) for your
customized port.
Description
Enter a description for your customized port.
Protocol
Choose the IP protocol (TCP, UDP, ICMP, ICMPv6 or Other) that defines your customized port
from the drop-down list box. Select Other to be able to enter a protocol number.
Source/
Destination Port
These fields are displayed if you select TCP or UDP as the IP port.
Select Single to specify one port only or Range to specify a span of ports that define your
customized service. If you select Any, the service is applied to all ports.
Type a single port number or the range of port numbers that define your customized service.
Protocol
Number
This field is displayed if you select Other as the protocol.
Enter the protocol number of your customized port.
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Table 70 Security > Firewall > Protocol: Add/Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
ICMPv6 Type
This field is displayed if you select ICMPv6 as the protocol.
Enter the type value for the ICMPv6 messages.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
14.4 The Access Control Screen
Click Security > Firewall > Access Control to display the following screen. This screen displays a list of the
configured incoming or outgoing filtering rules.
Figure 92 Security > Firewall > Access Control
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 71 Security > Firewall > Access Control
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New ACL
Rule
Click this to go to add a filter rule for incoming or outgoing IP traffic.
This is the index number of the entry.
Name
This displays the name of the rule.
Src IP
This displays the source IP addresses to which this rule applies. Please note that a blank source
address is equivalent to Any.
Dst IP
This displays the destination IP addresses to which this rule applies. Please note that a blank
destination address is equivalent to Any.
Service
This displays the transport layer protocol that defines the service and the direction of traffic to
which this rule applies.
Action
This field displays whether the rule silently discards packets (DROP), discards packets and sends a
TCP reset packet or an ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender (REJECT) or allows
the passage of packets (ACCEPT).
Modify
Click the Edit icon to edit the rule.
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule. Note that subsequent rules move up by one
when you take this action.
Click the Move To icon to change the order of the rule. Enter the number in the # field.
14.4.1 Add/Edit an ACL Rule
Click Add new ACL rule or the Edit icon next to an existing ACL rule in the Access Control screen. The
following screen displays.
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Figure 93 Access Control: Add/Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 72 Access Control: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Filter Name
Enter a descriptive name of up to 16 alphanumeric characters, not including spaces,
underscores, and dashes.
You must enter the filter name to add an ACL rule. This field is read-only if you are editing the
ACL rule.
Order
Select the order of the ACL rule.
Select Source
Device
Select the source device to which the ACL rule applies. If you select Specific IP Address, enter
the source IP address in the field below.
Source IP
Address
Enter the source IP address.
Select
Destination
Device
Select the destination device to which the ACL rule applies. If you select Specific IP Address,
enter the destiniation IP address in the field below.
Destination IP
Address
Enter the destination IP address.
IP Type
Select whether your IP type is IPv4 or IPv6.
Select Service
Select the transport layer protocol that defines your customized port from the drop-down list
box. The specific protocol rule sets you add in the Security > Firewall > Service > Add screen
display in this list.
If you want to configure a customized protocol, select Specific Service.
Protocol
This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol.
Choose the IP port (TCP/UDP, TCP, UDP, ICMP, or ICMPv6) that defines your customized port from
the drop-down list box.
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Table 72 Access Control: Add/Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Custom Source
Port
This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol.
Custom
Destination Port
This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol.
Policy
Use the drop-down list box to select whether to discard (DROP), deny and send an ICMP
destination-unreachable message to the sender of (REJECT) or allow the passage of (ACCEPT)
packets that match this rule.
Direction
Use the drop-down list box to select the direction of traffic to which this rule applies.
Enable Rate
Limit
Select Enable to set a limit on the upstream/downstream transmission rate for the specified
protocol.
Enter a single port number or the range of port numbers of the source.
Enter a single port number or the range of port numbers of the destination.
Specify how many packets per minute or second the transmission rate is.
Scheduler Rules
Select a schedule rule for this ACL rule form the drop-down list box. You can configure a new
schedule rule by click Add New Rule. This will bring you to the Security > Scheduler Rules screen.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
14.5 The DoS Screen
DoS (Denial of Service) attacks can flood your Internet connection with invalid packets and connection
requests, using so much bandwidth and so many resources that Internet access becomes unavailable.
Use the DoS screen to activate protection against DoS attacks. Click Security > Firewall > DoS to display
the following screen.
Figure 94 Security > Firewall > DoS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 73 Security > Firewall > DoS
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
DoS Protection
Blocking
Select Enable to enable protection against DoS attacks.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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C H A P T E R 15
MAC Filter
15.1 Overview
You can configure the EMG to permit access to clients based on their MAC addresses in the MAC Filter
screen. This applies to wired and wireless connections. Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media
Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of
hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. You need to know the MAC addresses of the
devices to configure this screen.
15.2 The MAC Filter Screen
Use this screen to allow wireless and LAN clients access to the EMG. Click Security > MAC Filter. The
screen appears as shown.
Figure 95 Security > MAC Filter
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 74 Security > MAC Filter
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
MAC Address Filter
Select Enable to activate the MAC filter function.
MAC Restrict Mode
Select Allow to only permit the listed MAC addresses access to the EMG. Select Deny to
permit anyone access to the EMG except the listed MAC addresses.
Set
This is the index number of the MAC address.
Active
Select Active to enable the MAC filter rule. . The rule will not be applied if Active is not
selected.
Host Name
Enter the host name of the wireless or LAN clients that are allowed access to the EMG.
MAC Address
Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless or LAN clients that are allowed access to the EMG in
these address fields. Enter the MAC addresses in a valid MAC address format, that is, six
hexadecimal character pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
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C H A P T E R 16
Parental Control
16.1 Overview
Parental control allows you to block web sites with the specific URL. You can also define time periods
and days during which the EMG performs parental control on a specific user.
16.2 The Parental Control Screen
Use this screen to enable parental control, view the parental control rules and schedules.
Click Security > Parental Control to open the following screen.
Figure 96 Security > Parental Control
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 75 Security > Parental Control
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
General
Parental Control
Select Enable to activate parental control.
Parental Control Profile (PCP)
Add New PCP
Click this if you want to configure a new Parental Control Profile.
This shows the index number of the rule.
Status
This indicates whether the rule is active or not.
A yellow bulb signifies that this rule is active. A gray bulb signifies that this rule is not active.
PCP Name
This shows the name of the rule.
Home Network
User MAC
This shows the MAC address of the LAN user’s computer to which this rule applies.
Internet Access
Schedule
This shows the day(s) and time on which parental control is enabled.
Network Service
This shows whether the network service is configured. If not, None will be shown.
Website
Blocked
This shows whether the website block is configured. If not, None will be shown.
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Table 75 Security > Parental Control (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Modify
Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
16.2.1 Add/Edit a Parental Control Profile
Click Add New PCP in the Parental Control screen to add a new rule or click the Edit icon next to an
existing rule to edit it. Use this screen to configure a restricted access schedule and/or URL filtering
settings to block the users on your network from accessing certain web sites.
Figure 97 Parental Control Rule: Add/Edit Rule
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 76 Parental Control Rule: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
General
Active
Select to enable or disable this parental control rule.
Parental Control
Profile Name
Enter a descriptive name for the rule.
Home Network
User
Select the LAN user that you want to apply this rule to from the drop-down list box. If you select
Custom, enter the LAN user’s MAC address. If you select All, the rule applies to all LAN users.
Rule List
In Home Network User, select Custom, enter the LAN user’s MAC address, then click the Add
icon to enter a computer MAC address for this PCP. Up to five are allowed. Click the Delete icon
to remove one.
Internet Access Schedule
Day
Select check boxes for the days that you want the EMG to perform parental control.
Time
Drag the time bar to define the time that the LAN user is allowed access (Authorized access) or
denied access (No access). Click the Add icon above the time bar to add a new time bar. Up
to three are allowed.
Network Service
Network Service
Setting
If you select Block, the EMG prohibits the users from viewing the Web sites with the URLs listed
below.
If you select Allow, the EMG blocks access to all URLs except ones listed below.
Add New
Service
Click this to show a screen in which you can add a new service rule. You can configure the
Service Name, Protocol, and Name of the new rule.
This shows the index number of the rule.
Service Name
This shows the name of the rule.
Protocol:Port
This shows the protocol and the port of the rule.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.
Site/URL Keyword
Block or Allow
the Web Site
If you select Block the Web URLs, the EMG prohibits the users from viewing the Web sites with the
URLs listed below.
If you select Allow the Web URLs, the EMG blocks access to all URLs except ones listed below.
Add
Click Add to show a screen to enter the URL of web site or URL keyword to which the EMG blocks
or allows access.
This shows the index number of the rule.
WebSite
This shows the URL of web site or URL keyword to which the EMG blocks or allows access.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.
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Table 76 Parental Control Rule: Add/Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Redirect
blocked site to
Zyxel Family
Safety page
Select this to redirect users who access any blocked websites listed above to the Zyxel Family
Safety page as shown next.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to to exit this screen without saving.
Figure 98 Zyxel Family Safety Page Example
Figure 99 Parental Control Rule: Add/Edit Rule > Add Service
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 77 Parental Control Rule: Add/Edit > Add New Service
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Service Name
Select the name of the service. Otherwise, select User Define and manualy specify the protocol
and the port of the service.
If you have chosen a pre-defined service in the Service Name field, this field will not be
configurable.
Protocol
Select the transport layer protocol used for the service. Choices are TCP, UDP, or TCP & UDP.
Port
Enter the port of the service.
If you have chosen a pre-defined service in the Service Name field, this field will not be
configurable.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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Click Security > Parental Control > Add New PCP > Add to open the following screen.
Figure 100 Parental Control Rule: Add/Edit Rule > Add Keyword
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 78 Parental Control Rule: Add/Edit > Add Keyword
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Site/URL
Keyword
Enter a keyword and click OK to have the EMG block access to the website URLs that contain
the keyword.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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C H A P T E R 17
Scheduler Rule
17.1 Overview
You can define time periods and days during which the EMG performs scheduled rules of certain
features (such as Firewall Access Control) in the Scheduler Rule screen.
17.2 The Scheduler Rule Screen
Use this screen to view, add, or edit time schedule rules.
Click Security > Scheduler Rule to open the following screen.
Figure 101 Security > Scheduler Rule
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 79 Security > Scheduler Rule
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New Rule
Click this to create a new rule.
This is the index number of the entry.
Rule Name
This shows the name of the rule.
Day
This shows the day(s) on which this rule is enabled.
Time
This shows the period of time on which this rule is enabled.
Description
This shows the description of this rule.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to edit the schedule.
Click the Delete icon to delete a scheduler rule.
Note: You cannot delete a scheduler rule once it is applied to a certain feature.
17.2.1 Add/Edit a Schedule
Click the Add New Rule button in the Scheduler Rule screen or click the Edit icon next to a schedule rule
to open the following screen. Use this screen to configure a restricted access schedule.
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Figure 102 Scheduler Rule: Add/Edit
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 80 Scheduler Rule: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Rule Name
Enter a name (up to 31 printable English keyboard characters, not including spaces) for this
schedule.
Day
Select check boxes for the days that you want the EMG to perform this scheduler rule.
Time of Day
Range
Enter the time period of each day, in 24-hour format, during which the rule will be enforced.
Description
Enter a description for this scheduler rule.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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C H A P T E R 18
Certificates
18.1 Overview
The EMG can use certificates (also called digital IDs) to authenticate users. Certificates are based on
public-private key pairs. A certificate contains the certificate owner’s identity and public key.
Certificates provide a way to exchange public keys for use in authentication.
18.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
• Use the Local Certificates screen to generate certification requests and import the EMG's CA-signed
certificates (Section 18.4 on page 172).
• Use the Trusted CA screen to save the certificates of trusted CAs to the EMG (Section 18.4 on page
172).
18.2 What You Need to Know
The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter.
Certification Authority
A Certification Authority (CA) issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner.
There are commercial certification authorities like CyberTrust or VeriSign and government certification
authorities. The certification authority uses its private key to sign certificates. Anyone can then use the
certification authority's public key to verify the certificates. You can use the EMG to generate
certification requests that contain identifying information and public keys and then send the
certification requests to a certification authority.
18.3 The Local Certificates Screen
Click Security > Certificates to open the Local Certificates screen. This is the EMG’s summary list of
certificates and certification requests.
Figure 103 Security > Certificates > Local Certificates
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 81 Security > Certificates > Local Certificates
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Private Key is
protected by a
password
Select the checkbox and enter the private key into the text box to store it on the EMG. The
private key should not exceed 63 ASCII characters (not including spaces).
Choose File
Click this to find the certificate file you want to upload.
Import Certificate
Click this button to save the certificate that you have enrolled from a certification authority
from your computer to the EMG.
Create Certificate
Request
Click this button to go to the screen where you can have the EMG generate a certification
request.
Current File
This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. It is recommended that you give
each certificate a unique name.
Subject
This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s owner, such as CN (Common
Name), OU (Organizational Unit or department), O (Organization or company) and C
(Country). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information.
Issuer
This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s issuing certification authority,
such as a common name, organizational unit or department, organization or company and
country.
Valid From
This field displays the date that the certificate becomes applicable. The text displays in red
and includes a Not Yet Valid! message if the certificate has not yet become applicable.
Valid To
This field displays the date that the certificate expires. The text displays in red and includes an
Expiring! or Expired! message if the certificate is about to expire or has already expired.
Modify
Click the View icon to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the certificate
(or certification request).
For a certification request, click Load Signed to import the signed certificate.
Click the Remove icon to delete the certificate (or certification request). You cannot delete a
certificate that one or more features is configured to use.
18.3.1 Create Certificate Request
Click Security > Certificates > Local Certificates and then Create Certificate Request to open the
following screen. Use this screen to have the EMG generate a certification request.
Figure 104 Create Certificate Request
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 82 Create Certificate Request
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Certificate
Name
Type up to 63 ASCII characters (not including spaces) to identify this certificate.
Common Name
Select Auto to have the EMG configure this field automatically. Or select Customize to enter it
manually.
Type the IP address (in dotted decimal notation), domain name or e-mail address in the field
provided. The domain name or e-mail address can be up to 63 ASCII characters. The domain
name or e-mail address is for identification purposes only and can be any string.
Organization
Name
Type up to 63 characters to identify the company or group to which the certificate owner
belongs. You may use any character, including spaces, but the EMG drops trailing spaces.
State/Province
Name
Type up to 32 characters to identify the state or province where the certificate owner is located.
You may use any character, including spaces, but the EMG drops trailing spaces.
Country/Region
Name
Select a country to identify the nation where the certificate owner is located.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
After you click Apply, the following screen displays to notify you that you need to get the certificate
request signed by a Certificate Authority. If you already have, click Load_Signed to import the signed
certificate into the EMG. Otherwise click Back to return to the Local Certificates screen.
Figure 105 Certificate Request Created
18.3.2 Load Signed Certificate
After you create a certificate request and have it signed by a Certificate Authority, in the Local
Certificates screen click the certificate request’s Load Signed icon to import the signed certificate into
the EMG.
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Note: You must remove any spaces from the certificate’s filename before you can import it.
Figure 106 Load Signed Certificate
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 83 Load Signed Certificate
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Certificate
Name
This is the name of the signed certificate.
Certificate
Copy and paste the signed certificate into the text box to store it on the EMG.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
18.4 The Trusted CA Screen
Click Security > Certificates > Trusted CA to open the following screen. This screen displays a summary list
of certificates of the certification authorities that you have set the EMG to accept as trusted. The EMG
accepts any valid certificate signed by a certification authority on this list as being trustworthy; thus you
do not need to import any certificate that is signed by one of these certification authorities.
Figure 107 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 84 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Import
Certificate
Click this button to open a screen where you can save the certificate of a certification authority
that you trust to the EMG.
This is the index number of the entry.
Name
This field displays the name used to identify this certificate.
Subject
This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name
(CN), OU (Organizational Unit or department), Organization (O), State (ST) and Country (C). It is
recommended that each certificate have unique subject information.
Type
This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification
Authority signed the certificate.
Modify
Click the View icon to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the certificate (or
certification request).
Click the Remove button to delete the certificate (or certification request). You cannot delete a
certificate that one or more features is configured to use.
18.4.1 View Trusted CA Certificate
Click the View icon in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. Use this screen to view indepth information about the certification authority’s certificate.
Figure 108 Trusted CA: View
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 85 Trusted CA: View
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Name
This field displays the identifying name of this certificate.
Type
This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification
Authority signed the certificate.
Subject
This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name
(CN), Organizational Unit (OU), Organization (O) and Country (C).
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Table 85 Trusted CA: View (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Certificate
This read-only text box displays the certificate in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format. PEM uses
base 64 to convert the binary certificate into a printable form.
You can copy and paste the certificate into an e-mail to send to friends or colleagues or you
can copy and paste the certificate into a text editor and save the file on a management
computer for later distribution (via floppy disk for example).
Back
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
18.4.2 Import Trusted CA Certificate
Click the Import Certificate button in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. The EMG trusts
any valid certificate signed by any of the imported trusted CA certificates.
Figure 109 Trusted CA: Import Certificate
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 86 Trusted CA: Import Certificate
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Certificate File
Path
Type in the location of the certificate you want to upload in this field or click Choose File to find
it.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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C H A P T E R 19
Log
19.1 Overview
The web configurator allows you to choose which categories of events and/or alerts to have the EMG
log and then display the logs or have the EMG send them to an administrator (as e-mail) or to a syslog
server.
19.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
• Use the System Log screen to see the system logs (Section 19.2 on page 176).
• Use the Security Log screen to see the security-related logs for the categories that you select (Section
19.3 on page 176).
19.1.2 What You Need To Know
The following terms and concepts may help as you read this chapter.
Alerts and Logs
An alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. They include system errors, attacks (access
control) and attempted access to blocked web sites. Some categories such as System Errors consist of
both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts display in
red and logs display in black.
Syslog Overview
The syslog protocol allows devices to send event notification messages across an IP network to syslog
servers that collect the event messages. A syslog-enabled device can generate a syslog message and
send it to a syslog server.
Syslog is defined in RFC 3164. The RFC defines the packet format, content and system log related
information of syslog messages. Each syslog message has a facility and severity level. The syslog facility
identifies a file in the syslog server. Refer to the documentation of your syslog program for details. The
following table describes the syslog severity levels.
Table 87 Syslog Severity Levels
CODE
SEVERITY
Emergency: The system is unusable.
Alert: Action must be taken immediately.
Critical: The system condition is critical.
Error: There is an error condition on the system.
Warning: There is a warning condition on the system.
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Chapter 19 Log
Table 87 Syslog Severity Levels
CODE
SEVERITY
Notice: There is a normal but significant condition on the system.
Informational: The syslog contains an informational message.
Debug: The message is intended for debug-level purposes.
19.2 The System Log Screen
Use the System Log screen to see the system logs. Click System Monitor > Log to open the System Log
screen.
Figure 110 System Monitor > Log > System Log
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 88 System Monitor > Log > System Log
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Level
Select a severity level from the drop-down list box. This filters search results according to the
severity level you have selected. When you select a severity, the EMG searches through all logs
of that severity or higher.
Category
Select the type of logs to display.
Clear Log
Click this to delete all the logs.
Refresh
Click this to renew the log screen.
Export Log
Click this to export the selected log(s).
Email Log Now
Click this to send the log file(s) to the E-mail address you specify in the Maintenance > Logs
Setting screen.
This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry.
Time
This field displays the time the log was recorded.
Facility
The log facility allows you to send logs to different files in the syslog server. Refer to the
documentation of your syslog program for more details.
Level
This field displays the severity level of the log that the device is to send to this syslog server.
Category
This field displays the type of the log.
Messages
This field states the reason for the log.
19.3 The Security Log Screen
Use the Security Log screen to see the security-related logs for the categories that you select. Click
System Monitor > Log > Security Log to open the following screen.
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Chapter 19 Log
Figure 111 System Monitor > Log > Security Log
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 89 System Monitor > Log > Security Log
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Level
Select a severity level from the drop-down list box. This filters search results according to the
severity level you have selected. When you select a severity, the EMG searches through all logs
of that severity or higher.
Category
Select the type of logs to display.
Clear Log
Click this to delete all the logs.
Refresh
Click this to renew the log screen.
Export Log
Click this to export the selected log(s).
E-mail Log Now
Click this to send the log file(s) to the E-mail address you specify in the Maintenance > Logs
Setting screen.
This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry.
Time
This field displays the time the log was recorded.
Facility
The log facility allows you to send logs to different files in the syslog server. Refer to the
documentation of your syslog program for more details.
Level
This field displays the severity level of the log that the device is to send to this syslog server.
Category
This field displays the type of the log.
Messages
This field states the reason for the log.
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C H A P T E R 20
Traffic Status
20.1 Overview
Use the Traffic Status screens to look at network traffic status and statistics of the WAN, LAN interfaces
and NAT.
20.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
• Use the WAN screen to view the WAN traffic statistics (Section 20.2 on page 178).
• Use the LAN screen to view the LAN traffic statistics (Section 20.3 on page 179).
• Use the NAT screen to view the NAT status of the EMG’s client(s) (Section 20.4 on page 180)
20.2 The WAN Status Screen
Click System Monitor > Traffic Status to open the WAN screen. The figure in this screen shows the number
of bytes received and sent on the EMG.
Figure 112 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WAN
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 90 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WAN
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh Interval
Select how often you want the EMG to update this screen.
Connected
Interface
This shows the name of the WAN interface that is currently connected.
Packets Sent
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Table 90 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WAN (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Data
This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface.
Error
This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface.
Drop
This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface.
Packets Received
Data
This indicates the number of received packets on this interface.
Error
This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface.
Drop
This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface.
Disabled
Interface
This shows the name of the WAN interface that is currently disconnected.
Packets Sent
Data
This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface.
Error
This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface.
Drop
This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface.
Packets Received
Data
This indicates the number of received packets on this interface.
Error
This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface.
Drop
This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface.
20.3 The LAN Status Screen
Click System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN to open the following screen. The figure in this screen shows
the interface that is currently connected on the EMG.
Figure 113 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 91 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh Interval
Select how often you want the EMG to update this screen.
Interface
This shows the LAN or WLAN interface.
Bytes Sent
This indicates the number of bytes transmitted on this interface.
Bytes Received
This indicates the number of bytes received on this interface.
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Table 91 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Interface
This shows the LAN or WLAN interfaces.
Sent (Packets)
Data
This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface.
Error
This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface.
Drop
This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface.
Received (Packets)
Data
This indicates the number of received packets on this interface.
Error
This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface.
Drop
This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface.
20.4 The NAT Status Screen
Click System Monitor > Traffic Status > NAT to open the following screen. The figure in this screen shows
the NAT session statistics for hosts currently connected on the EMG.
Figure 114 System Monitor > Traffic Status > NAT
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 92 System Monitor > Traffic Status > NAT
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh Interval
Select how often you want the EMG to update this screen.
Device Name
This displays the name of the connected host.
IPv4 Address
This displays the IP address of the connected host.
MAC Address
This displays the MAC address of the connected host.
No. of Open
Session
This displays the number of NAT sessions currently opened for the connected host.
Total
This displays what percentage of NAT sessions the EMG can support is currently being used by
all connected hosts. You can also see the number of active NAT sessions and the maximum
number of NAT sessions the EMG can support.
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C H A P T E R 21
ARP Table
21.1 Overview
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to
a physical machine address, also known as a Media Access Control or MAC address, on the local area
network.
An IP (version 4) address is 32 bits long. In an Ethernet LAN, MAC addresses are 48 bits long. The ARP
Table maintains an association between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address.
21.1.1 How ARP Works
When an incoming packet destined for a host device on a local area network arrives at the device, the
device's ARP program looks in the ARP Table and, if it finds the address, sends it to the device.
If no entry is found for the IP address, ARP broadcasts the request to all the devices on the LAN. The
device fills in its own MAC and IP address in the sender address fields, and puts the known IP address of
the target in the target IP address field. In addition, the device puts all ones in the target MAC field
(FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF is the Ethernet broadcast address). The replying device (which is either the IP address of
the device being sought or the router that knows the way) replaces the broadcast address with the
target's MAC address, swaps the sender and target pairs, and unicasts the answer directly back to the
requesting machine. ARP updates the ARP Table for future reference and then sends the packet to the
MAC address that replied.
21.2 ARP Table Screen
Use the ARP table to view IP-to-MAC address mapping(s). To open this screen, click System Monitor >
ARP Table.
Figure 115 System Monitor > ARP Table
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 93 System Monitor > ARP Table
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
This is the ARP table entry number.
IPv4/IPv6
Address
This is the learned IPv4 or IPv6 address of a device connected to a port.
MAC Address
This is the MAC address of the device with the listed IP address.
Device
This is the type of interface used by the device.
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C H A P T E R 22
Routing Table
22.1 Overview
Routing is based on the destination address only and the EMG takes the shortest path to forward a
packet.
22.2 The Routing Table Screen
Click System Monitor > Routing Table to open the following screen.
Figure 116 System Monitor > Routing Table
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 94 System Monitor > Routing Table
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IPv4/IPv6 Routing Table
Destination
This indicates the destination IPv4 address or IPv6 address and prefix of this route.
Gateway
This indicates the IPv4 address or IPv6 address of the gateway that helps forward this route’s
traffic.
Subnet Mask
This indicates the destination subnet mask of the IPv4 route.
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Table 94 System Monitor > Routing Table (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Flag
This indicates the route status.
U-Up: The route is up.
!-Reject: The route is blocked and will force a route lookup to fail.
G-Gateway: The route uses a gateway to forward traffic.
H-Host: The target of the route is a host.
R-Reinstate: The route is reinstated for dynamic routing.
D-Dynamic (redirect): The route is dynamically installed by a routing daemon or redirect.
M-Modified (redirect): The route is modified from a routing daemon or redirect.
Metric
The metric represents the "cost of transmission". A router determines the best route for
transmission by choosing a path with the lowest "cost". The smaller the number, the lower the
"cost".
Interface
This indicates the name of the interface through which the route is forwarded.
brx indicates a LAN interface where x can be 0~3 to represent LAN1 to LAN4 respectively.
ptm0 indicates a DSL WAN interface using IPoE, IPoA or in bridge mode.
ethx indicates an Ethernet WAN interface using IPoE or in bridge mode.
ppp0 indicates a WAN interface using PPPoE or PPPoA.
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C H A P T E R 23
Multicast Status
23.1 Overview
Use the Multicast Status screens to look at IGMP/MLD group status and traffic statistics.
23.2 The IGMP Status Screen
Use this screen to look at the current list of multicast groups the EMG has joined and which ports have
joined it. To open this screen, click System Monitor > Multicast Status > IGMP Status.
Figure 117 System Monitor > Multicast Status > IGMP Status
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 95 System Monitor > Multicast Status > IGMP Status
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh
Click this button to update the information on this screen.
Interface
This field displays the name of an interface on the EMG that belongs to an IGMP multicast group.
Multicast Group
This field displays the name of the IGMP multicast group to which the interface belongs.
Filter Mode
INCLUDE means that only the IP addresses in the Source List get to receive the multicast group’s
traffic.
EXCLUDE means that the IP addresses in the Source List are not allowed to receive the multicast
group’s traffic but other IP addresses can.
Source List
This is the list of IP addresses that are allowed or not allowed to receive the multicast group’s
traffic depending on the filter mode.
Member
This is the list of the members of the multicast group.
23.3 The MLD Status Screen
Use this screen to look at the current list of multicast groups the EMG has joined and which ports have
joined it. To open this screen, click System Monitor > Multicast Status > MLD Status.
Figure 118 System Monitor > Multicast Status > MLD Status
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 96 System Monitor > Multicast Status > MLD Status
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh
Click this button to update the status on this screen.
Interface
This field displays the name of an interface on the EMG that belongs to an MLD multicast group.
Multicast Group
This field displays the name of the MLD multicast group to which the interface belongs.
Filter Mode
INCLUDE means that only the IP addresses in the Source List get to receive the multicast group’s
traffic.
EXCLUDE means that the IP addresses in the Source List are not allowed to receive the multicast
group’s traffic but other IP addresses can.
Source List
This is the list of IP addresses that are allowed or not allowed to receive the multicast group’s
traffic depending on the filter mode.
Member
This is the list of members in the multicast group.
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C H A P T E R 24
System
24.1 Overview
In the System screen, you can name your EMG (Host) and give it an associated domain name for
identification purposes.
24.2 The System Screen
Click Maintenance > System to open the following screen.
Figure 119 Maintenance > System
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 97 Maintenance > System
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Host Name
Type a hostname for your EMG. Enter a descriptive name of up to 16 alphanumeric characters,
not including spaces, underscores, and dashes.
Domain Name
Type a Domain name for your host EMG.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to abandon this screen without saving.
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C H A P T E R 25
User Account
25.1 Overview
In the User Account screen, you can view the settings of the “admin” and other user accounts that you
used to log in the EMG.
The “admin” account is a default account in the EMG. You can create other user accounts for
temporary visits. Once a new user account is created, you’ll be logged out by the EMG. Afterwards, you
need to log in with the new user account you created. Also, you need to pay attention to the following
details regarding the other user accounts.
The other user accounts that you created will be deleted, and the configured timeout value will be reset
to its default value by the EMG when one of the following scenarios happens:
• WAN remote access is disabled in Maintenance > Remote Management > MGMT Services screen;
• The EMG times out. To configure the timeout value, go to Maintenance > Remote Management >
MGMT Services screen;
• You reboot the system. To reboot the EMG, go to Maintenance > Reboot screen.
25.2 The User Account Screen
Click Maintenance > User Account to open the following screen.
Figure 120 Maintenance > User Account
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 98 Maintenance > User Account
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New
Account
Click this button to add a new user account.
This is the index number
Active
Select or deselect the check box to activate or deactivate the user name.
User Name
This field displays the name of the account used to log into the EMG web configurator.
Retry Times
This field displays the number of times consecutive wrong passwords can be entered for this
account. 0 means there is no limit.
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Table 98 Maintenance > User Account (continued) (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Idle Timeout
This field displays the the length of inactive time before the EMG will automatically log the user
out of the web configurator.
Lock Period
This field displays the length of time a user must wait before attempting to log in again after a
number of consecutive wrong passwords have been entered as defined in Retry Times.
Group
This field displays whether this user has Administrator or User privleges.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to configure the entry.
Click the Delete icon to remove the entry.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes back to the EMG.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit the screen without saving.
25.2.1 The User Account Add/Edit Screen
Click Add New Account or the Edit icon of an existing account in the Maintenance > User Account to
open the following screen. Once you create a new account, you’ll be logged out automatically by the
EMG. This time, your username and password are required to log in the EMG.
Figure 121 Maintenance > User Account > Add/Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 99 Maintenance > User Account > Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Active
Select Enable or Disable to activate or deactivate the user name.
User Name
Enter a new name for the account. This field displays the name of an existing account.
Old Password
Type the default password or the existing password used to access the EMG web configurator.
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Table 99 Maintenance > User Account > Add/Edit (continued) (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Password/New
Password
Type your new system password (up to 256 characters). Note that as you type a password, the
screen displays a (*) for each character you type. After you change the password, use the new
password to access the EMG.
Verify Password/
Verify New
Password
Type the new password again for confirmation.
Retry Times
Enter the number of times consecutive wrong passwords can be entered for this account. 0
means there is no limit.
Idle Timeout
Enter the length of inactive time before the EMG will automatically log the user out of the web
configurator.
Lock Period
Enter the length of time a user must wait before attempting to log in again after a number if
consecutive wrong passwords have been entered as defined in Retry Times.
Group
Specify whether this user will have Administrator or User privleges.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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C H A P T E R 26
Remote Management
26.1 Overview
Remote management controls through which interface(s), which services can access the EMG.
Note: The EMG is managed using the Web Configurator.
26.2 The MGMT Services Screen
Use this screen to configure through which interface(s), which services can access the EMG. You can
also specify the port numbers the services must use to connect to the EMG. Click Maintenance >
Remote Management > MGMT Services to open the following screen.
Figure 122 Maintenance > Remote Management > MGMT Services
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 100 Maintenance > Remote Management > MGMT Services
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
WAN Interface
used for services
Select Any_WAN to have the EMG automatically activate the remote management service
when any WAN connection is up.
Select Multi_WAN and then select one or more WAN connections to have the EMG activate the
remote management service when the selected WAN connections are up.
service
This is the service you may use to access the EMG.
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Table 100 Maintenance > Remote Management > MGMT Services (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
LAN/WLAN
Select the Enable check box for the corresponding services that you want to allow access to the
EMG from the LAN/WLAN.
WAN
Select the Enable check box for the corresponding services that you want to allow access to the
EMG from all WAN connections.
Trust Domain
Select the Enable check box for the corresponding services that you want to allow access to the
EMG from the trusted hosts configured in the Maintenance > Remote MGMT > Trust Domain
screen.
If you only want certain WAN connections to have access to the EMG using the corresponding
services, then clear WAN, select Trust Domain and configure the allowed IP address(es) in the
Trust Domain screen.
Port
You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the
same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
HTTP/HTTPS Remote Access
Disable
LifeTimes
Click the check box to disable the HTTP/HTTPS WAN remote access service timeout. If this is
checked, HTTP/HTTPS WAN remote access will not be disabled after the timeout.
LifeTimes
Enter a number of minutes that HTTP/HTTPS WAN remote access service will be disabled after the
timeout.
HTTP/HTTPS
This field displays the URL with port to remote access CPE from WAN side.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes back to the EMG.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
26.3 The Trust Domain Screen
Use this screen to view a list of public IP addresses which are allowed to access the EMG through the
services configured in the Maintenance > Remote Management screen. Click Maintenance > Remote
Management > Trust Domain to open the following screen.
Note: If this list is empty, all public IP addresses can access the EMG from the WAN through the
specified services.
Figure 123 Maintenance > Remote Management > Trust Domain
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 101 Maintenance > Remote Management > Trust Domain
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add Trust
Domain
Click this to add a trusted host IP address.
IP Address
This field shows a trusted host IP address.
Delete
Click the Delete icon to remove the trust IP address.
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26.3.1 The Add Trust Domain Screen
Use this screen to configure a public IP address which is allowed to access the EMG. Click the Add Trust
Domain button in the Maintenance > Remote Management > Turst Domain screen to open the following
screen.
Figure 124 Maintenance > Remote Management > Trust Domain > Add Trust Domain
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 102 Maintenance > Remote Management > Trust Domain > Add Trust Domain
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IP Address
Enter a public IPv4 IP address which is allowed to access the service on the EMG from the WAN.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes back to the EMG.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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C H A P T E R 27
SNMP
27.1 Overview
This chapter explains how to configure the SNMP settings on the EMG.
27.2 The SNMP Screen
Simple Network Management Protocol is a protocol used for exchanging management information
between network devices. Your EMG supports SNMP agent functionality, which allows a manager
station to manage and monitor the EMG through the network. The EMG supports SNMP version one
(SNMPv1) and version two (SNMPv2c). The next figure illustrates an SNMP management operation.
Figure 125 SNMP Management Model
An SNMP managed network consists of two main types of component: agents and a manager.
An agent is a management software module that resides in a managed device (the EMG). An agent
translates the local management information from the managed device into a form compatible with
SNMP. The manager is the console through which network administrators perform network management
functions. It executes applications that control and monitor managed devices.
The managed devices contain object variables/managed objects that define each piece of
information to be collected about a device. Examples of variables include such as number of packets
received, node port status etc. A Management Information Base (MIB) is a collection of managed
objects. SNMP allows a manager and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing these
objects.
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Chapter 27 SNMP
SNMP itself is a simple request/response protocol based on the manager/agent model. The manager
issues a request and the agent returns responses using the following protocol operations:
• Get - Allows the manager to retrieve an object variable from the agent.
• GetNext - Allows the manager to retrieve the next object variable from a table or list within an agent.
In SNMPv1, when a manager wants to retrieve all elements of a table from an agent, it initiates a Get
operation, followed by a series of GetNext operations.
• Set - Allows the manager to set values for object variables within an agent.
• Trap - Used by the agent to inform the manager of some events.
Click Maintenance > SNMP to open the following screen. Use this screen to configure the EMG SNMP
settings.
Figure 126 Maintenance > SNMP
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 103 Maintenance > SNMP
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
SNMP Agent
Select Enable to let the EMG act as an SNMP agent, which allows a manager station to
manage and monitor the EMG through the network. Select Disable to turn this feature off.
Get Community
Enter the Get Community, which is the password for the incoming Get and GetNext requests
from the management station.
Set Community
Enter the Set community, which is the password for incoming Set requests from the
management station.
Trap Community
Enter the Trap Community, which is the password sent with each trap to the SNMP manager.
The default is public and allows all requests.
System Name
Enter the SNMP system name.
System Location
Enter the SNMP system location.
System Contact
Enter the SNMP system contact.
Trap Destination
Type the IP address of the station to send your SNMP traps to.
Apply
Click this to save your changes back to the EMG.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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C H A P T E R 28
Time Settings
28.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to configure system related settings, such as system time, password, name,
the domain name and the inactivity timeout interval.
28.2 The Time Screen
To change your EMG’s time and date, click Maintenance > Time. The screen appears as shown. Use this
screen to configure the EMG’s time based on your local time zone.
Figure 127 Maintenance > Time
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 104 Maintenance > Time
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Current Date/Time
Current Time
This field displays the time of your EMG.
Each time you reload this page, the EMG synchronizes the time with the time server.
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Chapter 28 Time Settings
Table 104 Maintenance > Time (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Current Date
This field displays the date of your EMG.
Each time you reload this page, the EMG synchronizes the date with the time server.
Time and Date Setup
First ~ Fifth Time
Server Address
Select an NTP time server from the drop-down list box.
Otherwise, select Other and enter the IP address or URL (up to 29 extended ASCII characters
in length) of your time server.
Select None if you don’t want to configure the time server.
Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information.
Time Zone
Time zone
Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your time
zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Daylight Savings
Daylight Saving Time is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set their
clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the evening.
Active
Select Enable if you use Daylight Saving Time.
Start Rule
Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you enabled Daylight Saving.
You can select a specific date in a particular month or a specific day of a specific week in a
particular month. The Hour field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the second Sunday of March.
Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in
the United States, set the day to Second, Sunday, the month to March and the time to 2 in the
Hour field.
Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of the time
zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M.
GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would set the day to Last, Sunday and the month
to March. The time you select depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you
would select 2 in the Hour field because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or
UTC (GMT+1).
End Rule
Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you enabled Daylight Saving.
You can select a specific date in a particular month or a specific day of a specific week in a
particular month. The Time field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the first Sunday of November. Each time
zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United
States you would set the day to First, Sunday, the month to November and the time to 2 in the
Time field.
Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of October. All of the
time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1
A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would set the day to Last, Sunday, and the
month to October. The time you select depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance,
you would select 2 in the Time field because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT
or UTC (GMT+1).
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
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C H A P T E R 29
E-mail Notification
29.1 Overview
A mail server is an application or a computer that runs such an application to receive, forward and
deliver e-mail messages.
To have the EMG send reports, logs or notifications via e-mail, you must specify an e-mail server and the
e-mail addresses of the sender and receiver.
29.2 The E-mail Notification Screen
Click Maintenance > E-mail Notification to open the E-mail Notification screen. Use this screen to view,
remove and add mail server information on the EMG.
Figure 128 Maintenance > E-mail Notification
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 105 Maintenance > E-mail Notification
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New E-mail
Click this button to create a new entry.
Mail Server
Address
This field displays the server name or the IP address of the mail server.
Username
This field displays the user name of the sender’s mail account.
Port
This field displays the port number of the mail server.
Security
This field displays the protocol used for encryption.
E-mail Address
This field displays the e-mail address that you want to be in the from/sender line of the e-mail
that the EMG sends.
Remove
Click this button to delete the selected entry(ies).
29.2.1 E-mail Notification Edit
Click the Add button in the E-mail Notification screen. Use this screen to configure the required
information for sending e-mail via a mail server.
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Chapter 29 E-mail Notification
Figure 129 Email Notification > Add
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 106 Email Notification > Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Mail Server
Address
Enter the server name or the IP address of the mail server for the e-mail address specified in the
Account Email Address field.
If this field is left blank, reports, logs or notifications will not be sent via e-mail.
Port
Enter the same port number here as is on the mail server for mail traffic.
Authentication
Username
Enter the user name (up to 32 characters). This is usually the user name of a mail account you
specified in the Account Email Address field.
Authentication
Password
Enter the password associated with the user name above.
Account E-mail
Address
Enter the e-mail address that you want to be in the from/sender line of the e-mail notification
that the EMG sends.
If you activate SSL/TLS authentication, the e-mail address must be able to be authenticated by
the mail server as well.
Connection
Security
Select SSL to use Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) if you want
encrypted communications between the mail server and the XMG.
Select STARTTLS to upgrade a plain text connection to a secure connection using SSL/TLS.
OK
Click this button to save your changes and return to the previous screen.
Cancel
Click this button to exit this screen without saving.
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C H A P T E R 30
Log Setting
30.1 Overview
You can configure where the EMG sends logs and which logs and/or immediate alerts the EMG records
in the Logs Setting screen.
30.2 The Log Settings Screen
To change your EMG’s log settings, click Maintenance > Logs Setting. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 130 Maintenance > Logs Setting
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Chapter 30 Log Setting
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 107 Maintenance > Logs Setting
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Syslog Setting
Syslog Logging
The EMG sends a log to an external syslog server. Select Enable to enable syslog logging.
Mode
Select the syslog destination from the drop-down list box.
If you select Remote, the log(s) will be sent to a remote syslog server. If you select Local File, the
log(s) will be saved in a local file. If you want to send the log(s) to a remote syslog server and
save it in a local file, select Local File and Remote.
Syslog Server
Enter the server name or IP address of the syslog server that will log the selected categories of
logs.
UDP Port
Enter the port number used by the syslog server.
E-mail Log Settings
E-mail Log
Settings
Select Enable to have the EMG send logs and alarm messages to the configured e-mail
addresses.
Mail Account
This section is available only when you select Enable in the E-mail Log Settings field.
Select a mail account from which you want to send logs. You can configure mail accounts in
the Maintenance > E-mail Notification screen.
System Log Mail
Subject
Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the system log e-mail message that the
EMG sends.
Security Log
Mail Subject
Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the security log e-mail message that the
EMG sends.
Send Log to
The EMG sends logs to the e-mail address specified in this field. If this field is left blank, the EMG
does not send logs via E-mail.
Send Alarm to
Alerts are real-time notifications that are sent as soon as an event, such as a DoS attack, system
error, or forbidden web access attempt occurs. Enter the E-mail address where the alert
messages will be sent. Alerts include system errors, attacks and attempted access to blocked
web sites. If this field is left blank, alert messages will not be sent via E-mail.
Alarm Interval
Specify how often the alarm should be updated.
Active Log
System Log
Select the categories of system logs that you want to record.
Security Log
Select the categories of security logs that you want to record.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
30.2.1 Example E-mail Log
An "End of Log" message displays for each mail in which a complete log has been sent. The following is
an example of a log sent by e-mail.
• You may edit the subject title.
• The date format here is Day-Month-Year.
• The date format here is Month-Day-Year. The time format is Hour-Minute-Second.
• "End of Log" message shows that a complete log has been sent.
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Chapter 30 Log Setting
Figure 131 E-mail Log Example
Subject:
Firewall Alert From
Date:
Fri, 07 Apr 2000 10:05:42
From:
user@zyxel.com
To:
user@zyxel.com
1|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1
To:192.168.1.255
|default policy |forward
| 09:54:03 |UDP
src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,00>
2|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.131
To:192.168.1.255
|default policy |forward
| 09:54:17 |UDP
src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,00>
3|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.6
To:10.10.10.10 |match
|forward
| 09:54:19 |UDP
src port:03516 dest port:00053 |<1,01>
……………………………..{snip}…………………………………..
……………………………..{snip}…………………………………..
126|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1
To:192.168.1.255
|match
|forward
| 10:05:00 |UDP
src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02>
127|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.131
To:192.168.1.255
|match
|forward
| 10:05:17 |UDP
src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02>
128|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1
To:192.168.1.255
|match
|forward
| 10:05:30 |UDP
src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02>
End of Firewall Log
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C H A P T E R 31
Firmware Upgrade
31.1 Overview
This chapter explains how to upload new firmware to your EMG. You can download new firmware
releases from your nearest Zyxel FTP site (or www.zyxel.com) to use to upgrade your device’s
performance.
Only use firmware for your device’s specific model. Refer to the label on
the bottom of your EMG.
31.2 The Firmware Screen
Click Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade to open the following screen. The upload process uses HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will
reboot.
Do NOT turn off the EMG while firmware upload is in progress!
Figure 132 Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade
The following table describes the labels in this screen. After you see the firmware updating screen, wait
two minutes before logging into the EMG again.
Table 108 Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Upgrade Firmware
Restore Default
Settings After
Firmware
Upgrade
Click the check box to have the EMG automatically reset itself after the new firmware is
uploaded.
Current
Firmware
Version
This is the present Firmware version and the date created.
File Path
Type in the location of the file you wasnt to upload in this field or click Choose File to find it.
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Chapter 31 Firmware Upgrade
Table 108 Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Choose File
Click this to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress
compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them.
Upload
Click this to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes.
Figure 133 Firmware Uploading
The EMG automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating
systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 134 Network Temporarily Disconnected
After two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen.
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