ZyXEL Communications P660HNT1 802.11n Wireless ADSL2+ 4-port Gateway User Manual

ZyXEL Communications Corporation 802.11n Wireless ADSL2+ 4-port Gateway

Contents

User Manual-2

Chapter 11 FiltersP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 15111.4 IPv6 FilterUse this screen to create and apply IPv6 filters. Click Security > Filter > IPv6 Filter. The screen appears as shown.Figure 69 Security > Filter > IPv6 FilterThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 47 Security > Filter > IPv6 FilterLABEL DESCRIPTIONRule TypeRule Type selection Select White List to specify traffic to allow and Black List to specify traffic to block.IPv6 Filter Rule EditingIPv6 Filter Rule Index Select the index number of the filter rule.Active Use this field to enable or disable the filter rule.Interface Select the PVC to which to apply the filter.
Chapter 11 FiltersP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide152Direction Apply the filter to Incoming or Outgoing traffic direction.Rule Type Use the IPv6 filter to block or allow traffic by IPv6 addresses.Source IPv6 Address Enter the source IPv6 address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is ignored if it is ::.Source Prefix Length Enter the prefix length for the source IPv6 addressDestination IPv6 AddressEnter the destination IPv6 address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is ignored if it is ::.Destination Prefix LengthEnter the prefix length for the destination IPv6 address.ICMPv6 Type Select the ICMPv6 message type to filter. The following message types can be selected:1 / Destination Unreachable: 0 - no route to destination; 1 - communication with destination administratively prohibited; 3 - address unreachable; 4 - port unreachable2 / Packet Too Big3 / Time Exceeded: 0 - hop limit exceeded in transit; 1 - fragment reassembly time exceeded4 / Parameter Problem: 0 - erroneous header field encountered; 1 - unrecognized Next Header type encountered; 2 - unrecognized IPv6 option encountered128 / Echo Request129 / Echo Response130 / Listener Query - Multicast listener query131 / Listener Report - Multicast listener report132 / Listener Done - Multicast listener done143 / Listener Reportv2 - Multicast listener report v2133 / Router Solicitation134 / Router Advertisement135 / Neighbor Solicitation136 / Neighbor Advertisement137 / Redirect - Redirect messageProtocol This is the (upper layer) protocol that defines the service to which this rule applies. By default it is ICMPv6.IPv6 Filter ListingIPv6 Filter Rule Index Select the index number of the filter set from the drop-down list box.#This is the index number of the rule in a filter set.Active This field shows whether the rule is activated.Interface This is the interface that the rule applies to.Table 47 Security > Filter > IPv6 FilterLABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 11 FiltersP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 153Direction The filter set applies to this traffic direction.ICMPv6 Type The ICMPv6 message type to filter.Src IP/PrefixLength This displays the source IPv6 address and prefix length.Dest IP/PrefixLength This displays the destination IPv6 address and prefix length.Protocol This is the (upper layer) protocol that defines the service to which this rule applies. By default it is ICMPv6.Apply Click this to apply your changes.Delete Click this to remove the filter rule.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 47 Security > Filter > IPv6 FilterLABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 11 FiltersP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide154
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 155CHAPTER 12 Certificate12.1 OverviewThe ZyXEL Device can use certificates (also called digital IDs) to authenticate users. Certificates are based on public-private key pairs. A certificate contains the certificate owner’s identity and public key. Certificates provide a way to exchange public keys for use in authentication. 12.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•The Trusted CA screen lets you save the certificates of trusted CAs to the ZyXEL Device (Section 12.3 on page 156).12.2 What You Need to KnowThe following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter.Certification Authority A Certification Authority (CA) issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner. There are commercial certification authorities like CyberTrust or VeriSign and government certification authorities. The certification authority uses its private key to sign certificates. Anyone can then use the certification authority's public key to verify the certificates. You can use the ZyXEL Device to generate certification requests that contain identifying information and public keys and then send the certification requests to a certification authority.Certificate File FormatThe certification authority certificate that you want to import has to be in one of these file formats:• PEM (Base-64) encoded X.509: This Privacy Enhanced Mail format uses 64 ASCII characters to convert a binary X.509 certificate into a printable form.
Chapter 12 CertificateP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide15612.3 The Trusted CA ScreenClick Security > Certificates to open the following screen. This screen displays a summary list of certificates of the certification authorities that you have set the ZyXEL Device to accept as trusted. The ZyXEL Device accepts any valid certificate signed by a certification authority on this list as being trustworthy; thus you do not need to import any certificate that is signed by one of these certification authorities. Figure 70 Trusted CA The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 48 Trusted CALABEL DESCRIPTIONName This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. Subject This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name (CN), OU (Organizational Unit or department), Organization (O), State (ST) and Country (C). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information.Type This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification Authority signed the certificate. Action Click View to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the certificate.Click Remove to delete the certificate.Import CertificateClick this button to open a screen where you can save the certificate of a certification authority that you trust to the ZyXEL Device.
Chapter 12 CertificateP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 15712.3.1 View Trusted CA CertificateClick the View button in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. Use this screen to view in-depth information about the certification authority’s certificate.Figure 71 Trusted CA: View The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 49 Trusted CA: ViewLABEL DESCRIPTIONName This field displays the identifying name of this certificate. Type This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification Authority signed the certificate. Subject This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name (CN), Organizational Unit (OU), Organization (O) and Country (C).Certificate This read-only text box displays the certificate in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format. PEM uses 64 ASCII characters to convert the binary certificate into a printable form. You can copy and paste the certificate into an e-mail to send to friends or colleagues or you can copy and paste the certificate into a text editor and save the file on a management computer for later distribution (via floppy disk for example).Back Click this button to return to the previous screen.
Chapter 12 CertificateP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide15812.3.2 Import Trusted CA CertificateClick the Import Certificate button in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. The ZyXEL Device trusts any valid certificate signed by any of the imported trusted CA certificates.Figure 72 Trusted CA: Import Certificate The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 50 Trusted CA: Import CertificateLABEL DESCRIPTIONBrowse Click this button to locate the certificate file on your computer.Back Click this button to return to the previous screen.Apply Click this button to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 159CHAPTER 13 Static Route13.1 Overview The ZyXEL Device usually uses the default gateway to route outbound traffic from computers on the LAN to the Internet. To have the ZyXEL Device send data to devices not reachable through the default gateway, use static routes.For example, the next figure shows a computer (A) connected to the ZyXEL Device’s LAN interface. The ZyXEL Device routes most traffic from A to the Internet through the ZyXEL Device’s default gateway (R1). You create one static route to connect to services offered by your ISP behind router R2. You create another static route to communicate with a separate network behind a router R3 connected to the LAN. Figure 73 Example of Static Routing TopologyWANR1R2AR3LAN
Chapter 13 Static RouteP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide16013.1.1 What You Can Do in the Static Route Screens•Use the Static Route screens (Section 13.2 on page 160) to view and configure IP static routes on the ZyXEL Device.•Use the IPv6 Static Route screens (Section 13.2.2 on page 162) to view and configure IPv6 static routes on the ZyXEL Device.13.2 The Static Route ScreenUse this screen to view the static route rules. Click Advanced > Static Route to open the Static Route screen.Figure 74 Advanced > Static RouteThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 51 Advanced > Static RouteLABEL DESCRIPTION#This is the number of an individual static route.Destination This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. Netmask This parameter specifies the IP network subnet mask of the final destination.Gateway This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can set up a static route on the ZyXEL Device.Click the Remove icon to remove a static route from the ZyXEL Device. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the route.
Chapter 13 Static RouteP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 16113.2.1 Static Route Edit Use this screen to configure the required information for a static route. Select a static route index number and click Edit. The screen shown next appears.Figure 75 Advanced > Static Route: EditThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 52 Advanced > Static Route: EditLABEL DESCRIPTIONStatic Route SetupDestination IP AddressThis parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. If you need to specify a route to a single host, use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.255 in the subnet mask field to force the network number to be identical to the host ID.IP Subnet Mask Enter the IP subnet mask here.Gateway IP AddressEnter the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 13 Static RouteP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide16213.2.2 IPv6 Static RouteUse this screen to view the IPv6 static route rules. Click Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route to open the IPv6 Static Route screen.Figure 76 Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static RouteThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 53 Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static RouteLABEL DESCRIPTION#This is the number of an individual static route.Destination This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. Prefix Length An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (starting from the left) in the address compose the network address. This field displays the bit number of the IPv6 subnet mask.Gateway This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.Device This specifies the LAN or WAN PVC.Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can set up a static route on the ZyXEL Device.Click the Remove icon to remove a static route from the ZyXEL Device. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the route.
Chapter 13 Static RouteP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 16313.2.3 IPv6 Static Route Edit Use this screen to configure the required information for an IPv6 static route. Select an IPv6 static route index number and click Edit. The screen shown next appears.Figure 77 Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route: EditThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 54 Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route: EditLABEL DESCRIPTIONStatic Route SetupDestination IPv6 AddressThis parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number. If you need to specify a route to a single host, use a prefix length of 128 in the prefix length field to force the network number to be identical to the host ID.IPv6 Prefix LengthEnter the address prefix to specify how many most significant bits compose the network address.Gateway IPv6 AddressEnter the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.PVC IPv6 AddressSelect the interface through which the traffic is routed.Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 13 Static RouteP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide164
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 165CHAPTER 14 Quality of Service (QoS)14.1 OverviewUse the QoS screen to set up your ZyXEL Device to use QoS for traffic management. Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a network’s ability to deliver data with minimum delay, and the networking methods used to control bandwidth. QoS allows the ZyXEL Device to group and prioritize application traffic and fine-tune network performance. Without QoS, all traffic data are equally likely to be dropped when the network is congested. This can cause a reduction in network performance and make the network inadequate for time-critical applications such as video-on-demand.The ZyXEL Device assigns each packet a priority and then queues the packet accordingly. Packets assigned with a high priority are processed more quickly than those with low priorities if there is congestion, allowing time-sensitive applications to flow more smoothly. Time-sensitive applications include both those that require a low level of latency (delay) and a low level of jitter (variations in delay) such as Voice over IP (VoIP) or Internet gaming, and those for which jitter alone is a problem such as Internet radio or streaming video.In the following figure, your Internet connection has an upstream transmission speed of 50 Mbps. You configure a classifier to assign the highest priority queue (6) to VoIP traffic from the LAN interface, so that voice traffic would not get delayed when there is network congestion. Traffic from the boss’s IP address (192.168.1.23 for example) is mapped to queue 5. Traffic that does not match
Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide166these two classes are assigned priority queue based on the internal QoS mapping table on the ZyXEL Device.Figure 78 QoS Example14.1.1 What You Can Do in the QoS Screens•Use the General screen (Section 14.2 on page 167) to enable QoS on the ZyXEL Device, and specify the type of scheduling.•Use the QoS Summary List screen (Section 14.2.1 on page 168) to check the summary of QoS rules and actions you configured for the ZyXEL Device.•Use the Queue Setup screen (Section 14.3 on page 168) to configure QoS settings on the ZyXEL Device.•Use the Class Setup screen (Section 14.4 on page 170) to configure QoS settings on the ZyXEL Device.14.1.2 What You Need to Know About QoS802.1pQoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the same flow are given the same priority. 802.1p is a way of managing traffic in a network by grouping similar types of traffic together and treating each type as a class. You can use 802.1p to give different priorities to different packet types. Tagging and MarkingIn a QoS class, you can configure whether to add or change the DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) value and IEEE 802.1p priority level in a matched packet. When the packet passes through a compatible network, the networking device, such as a backbone switch, can provide specific treatment or service based on the tag or marker.50 MbpsDSLVoIP: Queue 6Boss: Queue 5IP=192.168.1.23
Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 167Finding Out MoreSee Section on page 171 for advanced technical information on QoS.14.2 The General ScreenUse this screen to enable or disable QoS. Click Advanced Setup > QoS to open the screen as shown next.Figure 79 Advanced Setup > QoS The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 55 Advanced Setup > QoSLABEL DESCRIPTIONQoS Use this field to turn on QoS to improve your network performance. You can give priority to traffic that the ZyXEL Device forwards out through the WAN interface. Give high priority to voice and video to make them run more smoothly. Similarly, give low priority to many large file downloads so that they do not reduce the quality of other applications. Apply Click this to save your changes.Rule&Action SummaryClick this to display a summary of configured rules and actions.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide16814.2.1 The QoS Summary List Screen Use this screen to display a summary of rules and actions configured for the ZyXEL Device. In the Advanced > QoS screen, click the Rule&Action Summary button to open the following screen.Figure 80 Advanced Setup > QoS > QoS Summary ListThe following table describes the labels in this screen. 14.3 The Queue Setup ScreenUse this screen to configure QoS queue disciplines and priorities.Table 56 Advanced Setup > QoS > QoS Summary ListLABEL DESCRIPTION#This is the rule’s index number.Active This shows whether the rule is enabled or disabled.Physical Ports This is the physical port associated with the rule.Classification CriteriaThis shows criteria specified in this rule, for example the interface from which traffic of this class should come and the source MAC address of traffic that matches this classifier.Forward To This is the interface through which traffic that matches the rule is forwarded out.IPP/TOS (DSCP) This shows the IPP/TOS or DSCP settings.802.1p This is the 802.1p priority level.IPP/TOS (DSCP) RemarkingThe ZyXEL Device re-assigns the priority values specified in this field to matched traffic.802.1p Remarking The ZyXEL Device re-assigns the priority levels specified in this field to matched traffic.To Queue The ZyXEL Device assigns the queue level specified in this field to matched traffic.
Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 169Click Advanced Setup > QoS > Queue Setup to open the screen as shown next.Figure 81 Advanced Setup > QoS > Queue Setup The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 57 Advanced Setup > QoS > Queue SetupLABEL DESCRIPTIONQueue EditingQueue Discipline Select weighted round-robin (WRR) scheduling to allow packets of all priorities to transmit depending on their assigned relative weight. Select Strict Priority to require traffic transmit in order of priority.Queue Index Specify the queue index.Queue Enable Specify to enable or disable the queue.Queue Weight If you selected WRR, specify the WRR weight for each queue index. A higher weight indicates higher priority while a lower weight indicates lower priority. For example, 15 is higher priority than 1.Queue Priority If you selected strict priority, specify the queue priority for each queue index. Add Click this to add the queue to the list.Delete Click this to delete the specified queue index.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Queue ListQueue Index This is the specified queue index.Active This specifies if the queue is enabled or disabled.Priority This specifies the assigned priority.
Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide17014.4 The Class Setup Screen Use this screen to set up QoS class rules and have the ZyXEL Device assign priority levels to traffic according to the port range, IEEE 802.1p priority level and/or IP precedence.Click Advanced Setup > QoS > Class Setup to open the screen as shown next.Figure 82 Advanced Setup > QoS > Class Setup
Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 171The following table describes the labels in this screen. QoS Technical ReferenceTable 58 Advanced Setup > QoS > Class SetupLABEL DESCRIPTIONClass RuleRule Index Select the rule’s index number from the drop-down list box.Rule Enable Use this field to enable or disable the rule.Application Select an application from the drop-down list box. The Destination Port Range and Protocol ID fields may change depending on the type of applications you choose.Physical Ports Select Enet1 to apply the rule to the Ethernet port.Destination MACType a destination MAC address here. QoS is then applied to traffic containing this destination MAC address. Leave it blank to apply the rule to all MAC addresses.Destination IP Enter a destination IP address in dotted decimal notation. QoS is then applied to traffic containing this destination IP address. A blank destination IP address means any destination IP address.Destination SubNet MaskEnter a destination subnet mask here.Destination Port RangeEither use the default value set by the application you choose, or enter the port number to which the rule should be applied.Source MAC Type a source MAC address here. QoS is then applied to traffic containing this source MAC address. Leave it blank to apply the rule to all MAC addresses.Source IP Enter a source IP address in dotted decimal notation. QoS is then applied to traffic containing this source IP address. A blank source IP address means any source IP address.Source SubNet MaskEnter a source subnet mask here.Source Port RangeEnter the port number to which the rule should be applied. 0 means any source port number. See Appendix F on page 305 for some common services and port numbers.Protocol ID Select an IP protocol type from the drop-down list box.Vlan ID Range Enter the source VLAN ID in this field.IPP/DS Field Select IPP/TOS to specify an IP precedence range and type of services.Select DSCP to specify a DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) range.IP Precedence RangeEnter a range from 0 to 7 for IP precedence. Zero is the lowest priority and seven is the highest.Type of ServiceSelect a type of service from the drop-down list box.Available options are: Normal service, Minimize delay, Maximize throughput, Maximize reliability and Minimize monetary cost.DSCP Range Specify a DSCP number between 0 and 63 in this field.802.1p Select a priority level (0 to 7) from the drop-down list box.Action
Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide17214.5 QoS Technical ReferenceThis section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.Forward To Select the interface through which traffic that matches the rule is forwarded out. If you select Unchange, the ZyXEL Device forwards traffic of this class according to the default routing table.If traffic of this class comes from a WAN interface and is in a queue that forwards traffic through the LAN/WLAN interface, the ZyXEL Device ignores the setting here.IPP/DS Field Select IPP/TOS to specify an IP precedence range and type of services.Select DSCP to specify a DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) range.IP Precedence RemarkingEnter a range from 0 to 7 to re-assign IP precedence to matched traffic. Zero is the lowest priority and seven is the highest.Type of Service RemarkingSelect a type of service to re-assign the priority level to matched traffic.Available options are: Normal service, Minimize delay, Maximize throughput, Maximize reliability and Minimize monetary cost.DSCP RemarkingSpecify a DSCP number between 0 and 63 to re-assign the priority level to matched traffic.802.1p RemarkingSelect a priority level (0 to 7) to re-assign the priority level to matched traffic.Queue # Specify a queue tag to matched traffic. Traffic assigned to a higher queue gets through faster while traffic in lower queues is dropped when there is network congestion.Add Click this to add the rule.Delete Click this to remove the rule.Cancel Click this to restore previously saved settings.Table 58 Advanced Setup > QoS > Class SetupLABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 17314.5.1 IEEE 802.1pIEEE 802.1p specifies the user priority field and defines up to eight separate traffic types. The following table describes the traffic types defined in the IEEE 802.1d standard (which incorporates the 802.1p). 14.5.2 IP PrecedenceSimilar to IEEE 802.1p prioritization at layer-2, you can use IP precedence to prioritize packets in a layer-3 network. IP precedence uses three bits of the eight-bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header. There are eight classes of services (ranging from zero to seven) in IP precedence. Zero is the lowest priority level and seven is the highest.14.5.3 Automatic Priority Queue AssignmentIf you enable QoS on the ZyXEL Device, the ZyXEL Device can automatically base on the IEEE 802.1p priority level, IP precedence and/or packet length to assign priority to traffic which does not match a class.The following table shows you the internal layer-2 and layer-3 QoS mapping on the ZyXEL Device. On the ZyXEL Device, traffic assigned to higher priority queues Table 59 IEEE 802.1p Priority Level and Traffic TypePRIORITY LEVEL TRAFFIC TYPELevel 7 Typically used for network control traffic such as router configuration messages.Level 6 Typically used for voice traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter is the variations in delay).Level 5 Typically used for video that consumes high bandwidth and is sensitive to jitter.Level 4 Typically used for controlled load, latency-sensitive traffic such as SNA (Systems Network Architecture) transactions.Level 3 Typically used for “excellent effort” or better than best effort and would include important business traffic that can tolerate some delay.Level 2 This is for “spare bandwidth”. Level 1 This is typically used for non-critical “background” traffic such as bulk transfers that are allowed but that should not affect other applications and users. Level 0 Typically used for best-effort traffic.
Chapter 14 Quality of Service (QoS)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide174gets through faster while traffic in lower index queues is dropped if the network is congested.Table 60 Internal Layer2 and Layer3 QoS MappingPRIORITY QUEUELAYER 2 LAYER 3IEEE 802.1P USER PRIORITY (ETHERNET PRIORITY)TOS (IP PRECEDENCE) DSCP IP PACKET LENGTH (BYTE)0 1 0 000000122 0 0 000000 >11003 3 1 001110001100001010001000250~11004 4 2 0101100101000100100100005 5 3 011110011100011010011000<2506 6 4 1001101001001000101000005 1011101010007 7 6 1100001110007
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 175CHAPTER 15 Dynamic DNS Setup15.1 Overview Dynamic DNS allows you to update your current dynamic IP address with one or many dynamic DNS services so that anyone can contact you (in NetMeeting, CU-SeeMe, etc.). You can also access your FTP server or Web site on your own computer using a domain name (for instance myhost.dhs.org, where myhost is a name of your choice) that will never change instead of using an IP address that changes each time you reconnect. Your friends or relatives will always be able to call you even if they don't know your IP address.First of all, you need to have registered a dynamic DNS account with www.dyndns.org. This is for people with a dynamic IP from their ISP or DHCP server that would still like to have a domain name. The Dynamic DNS service provider will give you a password or key. 15.1.1 What You Can Do in the DDNS ScreenUse the Dynamic DNS screen (Section 15.2 on page 176) to enable DDNS and configure the DDNS settings on the ZyXEL Device.15.1.2 What You Need To Know About DDNSDYNDNS WildcardEnabling the wildcard feature for your host causes *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be aliased to the same IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org. This feature is useful if you want to be able to use, for example, www.yourhost.dyndns.org and still reach your hostname.If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use Dynamic DNS.
Chapter 15 Dynamic DNS SetupP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide17615.2 The Dynamic DNS ScreenUse this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s DDNS. Click Advanced > Dynamic DNS. The screen appears as shown.Figure 83 Advanced > Dynamic DNSThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 61 Advanced > Dynamic DNSLABEL DESCRIPTIONDynamic DNS SetupActive Dynamic DNSSelect this check box to use dynamic DNS.Service ProviderThis is the name of your Dynamic DNS service provider.Dynamic DNS TypeSelect the type of service that you are registered for from your Dynamic DNS service provider.Host Name Type the domain name assigned to your ZyXEL Device by your Dynamic DNS provider.You can specify up to two host names in the field separated by a comma (",").User Name Type your user name.Password Type the password assigned to you.Enable Wildcard OptionSelect the check box to enable DynDNS Wildcard.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 177CHAPTER 16 Remote Management16.1 OverviewRemote management allows you to determine which services/protocols can access which ZyXEL Device interface (if any) from which computers.The following figure shows remote management of the ZyXEL Device coming in from the WAN.Figure 84 Remote Management From the WANNote: When you configure remote management to allow management from the WAN, you still need to configure a IP filter rule to allow access.You may manage your ZyXEL Device from a remote location via:•Internet (WAN only)•LAN only•LAN and WAN• None (Disable)To disable remote management of a service, select Disable in the corresponding Service Access field.LAN WANHTTPTelnet
Chapter 16 Remote ManagementP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide17816.1.1 What You Can Do in the Remote Management Screens•Use the WWW screen (Section 16.2 on page 179) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the ZyXEL Device.•Use the Telnet screen (Section 16.3 on page 180) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use Telnet to manage the ZyXEL Device.•Use the FTP screen (Section 16.4 on page 180) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use FTP to access the ZyXEL Device.• Your ZyXEL Device can act as an SNMP agent, which allows a manager station to manage and monitor the ZyXEL Device through the network. Use the SNMP screen (see Section 16.5 on page 181) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use SNMP to access the ZyXEL Device.•Use the ICMP screen (Section 16.6 on page 184) to set whether or not your ZyXEL Device will respond to pings and probes for services that you have not made available.16.1.2 What You Need to Know About Remote ManagementRemote Management LimitationsRemote management does not work when:• You have not enabled that service on the interface in the corresponding remote management screen.• You have disabled that service in one of the remote management screens.• The IP address in the Secured Client IP Address field does not match the client IP address. If it does not match, the ZyXEL Device will disconnect the session immediately.• There is a firewall rule that blocks it.Remote Management and NATWhen NAT is enabled:• Use the ZyXEL Device’s WAN IP address when configuring from the WAN. • Use the ZyXEL Device’s LAN IP address when configuring from the LAN.
Chapter 16 Remote ManagementP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 17916.2 The WWW ScreenUse this screen to specify how to connect to the ZyXEL Device from a web browser, such as Internet Explorer. 16.2.1 Configuring the WWW ScreenClick Advanced > Remote MGMT to display the WWW screen.Figure 85 Advanced > Remote MGMT > WWWThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 62 Advanced > Remote Management > WWWLABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port You may change the server port number for a service, if needed. However, you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL Device using this service.Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the ZyXEL Device using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 16 Remote ManagementP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide18016.3 The Telnet ScreenYou can use Telnet to access the ZyXEL Device’s command line interface. Specify which interfaces allow Telnet access and from which IP address the access can come.Click Advanced > Remote MGMT > Telnet tab to display the screen as shown. Figure 86 Advanced > Remote MGMT > TelnetThe following table describes the labels in this screen.16.4 The FTP Screen You can use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) to upload and download the ZyXEL Device’s firmware and configuration files. Please see the User’s Guide chapter on firmware and configuration file maintenance for details. To use this feature, your computer must have an FTP client.Table 63 Advanced > Remote Management > TelnetLABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL Device using this service.Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the ZyXEL Device using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 16 Remote ManagementP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 181Use this screen to specify which interfaces allow FTP access and from which IP address the access can come. To change your ZyXEL Device’s FTP settings, click Advanced > Remote MGMT > FTP. The screen appears as shown.Figure 87 Advanced > Remote MGMT > FTPThe following table describes the labels in this screen. 16.5 The SNMP ScreenSimple Network Management Protocol is a protocol used for exchanging management information between network devices. Your ZyXEL Device supports SNMP agent functionality, which allows a manager station to manage and monitor the ZyXEL Device through the network. The ZyXEL Device supports SNMP version Table 64 Advanced > Remote MGMT > FTPLABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port You may change the server port number for a service, if needed. However, you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL Device using this service.Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the ZyXEL Device using this service. Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 16 Remote ManagementP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide182one (SNMPv1) and version two (SNMPv2c). The next figure illustrates an SNMP management operation.Figure 88 SNMP Management ModelAn SNMP managed network consists of two main types of component: agents and a manager. An agent is a management software module that resides in a managed device (the ZyXEL Device). An agent translates the local management information from the managed device into a form compatible with SNMP. The manager is the console through which network administrators perform network management functions. It executes applications that control and monitor managed devices. The managed devices contain object variables/managed objects that define each piece of information to be collected about a device. Examples of variables include such as number of packets received, node port status etc. A Management Information Base (MIB) is a collection of managed objects. SNMP allows a manager and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing these objects.
Chapter 16 Remote ManagementP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 18316.5.1 Configuring SNMP To change your ZyXEL Device’s SNMP settings, click Advanced > Remote MGMT > SNMP tab. The screen appears as shown.Figure 89 Advanced > Remote MGMT > SNMPThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 65 Advanced > Remote MGMT > SNMPLABEL DESCRIPTIONServer Port The SNMP agent listens on port 161 by default. If you change the SNMP server port to a different number on the ZyXEL Device, for example 8161, then you must notify people who need to access the ZyXEL Device SNMP agent to use the same port.Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL Device using this service.Secured Client IP AddressA secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to access the SNMP agent on the ZyXEL Device.Select All to allow any computer to access the SNMP agent.Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the SNMP agent.Get CommunityEnter the Get Community, which is the password for the incoming Get and GetNext requests from the management station. The default is public and allows all requests.Set Community Enter the Set community, which is the password for incoming Set requests from the management station. The default is public and allows all requests.Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Chapter 16 Remote ManagementP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide18416.6 The ICMP ScreenTo change your ZyXEL Device’s security settings, click Advanced > Remote MGMT > ICMP. The screen appears as shown.If an outside user attempts to probe an unsupported port on your ZyXEL Device, an ICMP response packet is automatically returned. This allows the outside user to know the ZyXEL Device exists. Your ZyXEL Device supports anti-probing, which prevents the ICMP response packet from being sent. This keeps outsiders from discovering your ZyXEL Device when unsupported ports are probed. Note: If you want your device to respond to pings and requests for unauthorized services, you will also need to configure the firewall accordingly by disabling SPI. Figure 90 Advanced > Remote Management > ICMPThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 66 Advanced > Remote Management > ICMPLABEL DESCRIPTIONICMP Internet Control Message Protocol is a message control and error-reporting protocol between a host server and a gateway to the Internet. ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams, but the messages are processed by the TCP/IP software and directly apparent to the application user. Respond to Ping onThe ZyXEL Device will not respond to any incoming Ping requests when Disable is selected. Select LAN to reply to incoming LAN Ping requests. Select WAN to reply to incoming WAN Ping requests. Otherwise select LAN & WAN to reply to both incoming LAN and WAN Ping requests. Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 185CHAPTER 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)17.1 OverviewUniversal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that uses TCP/IP for simple peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A UPnP device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address, convey its capabilities and learn about other devices on the network. In turn, a device can leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use.17.1.1 What You Can Do in the UPnP ScreenUse the UPnP screen (Section 17.2 on page 187) to enable UPnP on the ZyXEL Device and allow UPnP-enabled applications to automatically configure the ZyXEL Device.17.1.2 What You Need to Know About UPnPIdentifying UPnP DevicesUPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder (Windows XP). Each UPnP compatible device installed on your network will appear as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a UPnP device will allow you to access the information and properties of that device. NAT TraversalUPnP NAT traversal automates the process of allowing an application to operate through NAT. UPnP network devices can automatically configure network addressing, announce their presence in the network to other UPnP devices and enable exchange of simple product and service descriptions. NAT traversal allows the following:• Dynamic port mapping• Learning public IP addresses
Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide186•Assigning lease times to mappingsWindows Messenger is an example of an application that supports NAT traversal and UPnP. See the NAT chapter for more information on NAT.Cautions with UPnPThe automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own services and opening firewall ports may present network security issues. Network information and configuration may also be obtained and modified by users in some network environments. When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast message. For security reasons, the ZyXEL Device allows multicast messages on the LAN only.All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without additional configuration. Disable UPnP if this is not your intention. UPnP and ZyXELZyXEL has achieved UPnP certification from the Universal Plug and Play Forum UPnP™ Implementers Corp. (UIC). ZyXEL's UPnP implementation supports Internet Gateway Device (IGD) 1.0. See the following sections for examples of installing and using UPnP.
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 18717.2 The UPnP ScreenUse the following screen to configure the UPnP settings on your ZyXEL Device. Click Advanced > UPnP to display the screen shown next.See Section 17.1 on page 185 for more information. Figure 91 Advanced > UPnP > GeneralThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 67 Advanced > UPnP > GeneralLABEL DESCRIPTIONActive the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) FeatureSelect this check box to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone could use a UPnP application to open the web configurator's login screen without entering the ZyXEL Device's IP address (although you must still enter the password to access the web configurator).Allow users to make configuration changes through UPnPSelect this check box to allow UPnP-enabled applications to automatically configure the ZyXEL Device so that they can communicate through the ZyXEL Device, for example by using NAT traversal, UPnP applications automatically reserve a NAT forwarding port in order to communicate with another UPnP enabled device; this eliminates the need to manually configure port forwarding for the UPnP enabled application. Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide18817.3 Installing UPnP in Windows ExampleThis section shows how to install UPnP in Windows Me and Windows XP. Installing UPnP in Windows MeFollow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows Me. 1Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Add/Remove Programs.2Click on the Windows Setup tab and select Communication in the Components selection box. Click Details. Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication
Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 1893In the Communications window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box in the Components selection box. Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication: Components4Click OK to go back to the Add/Remove Programs Properties window and click Next. 5Restart the computer when prompted. Installing UPnP in Windows XPFollow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows XP.1Click Start and Control Panel. 2Double-click Network Connections.
Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide1903In the Network Connections window, click Advanced in the main menu and select Optional Networking Components …. Network Co nnections4The Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard window displays. Select Networking Service in the Components selection box and click Details. Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard
Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 1915In the Networking Services window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box. Networking Services6Click OK to go back to the Windows Optional Networking Component Wizard window and click Next. 17.4 Using UPnP in Windows XP ExampleThis section shows you how to use the UPnP feature in Windows XP. You must already have UPnP installed in Windows XP and UPnP activated on the ZyXEL Device.Make sure the computer is connected to a LAN port of the ZyXEL Device. Turn on your computer and the ZyXEL Device. Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device1Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Network Connections. An icon displays under Internet Gateway.
Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide1922Right-click the icon and select Properties. Network Co nnections3In the Internet Connection Properties window, click Settings to see the port mappings there were automatically created. Internet Connec tion Properties
Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 1934You may edit or delete the port mappings or click Add to manually add port mappings. Internet Connec tion Properties : Advanced Settin gsInternet Connec tion Properties : Advanced Settin gs: Add5When the UPnP-enabled device is disconnected from your computer, all port mappings will be deleted automatically.
Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide1946Select Show icon in notification area when connected option and click OK. An icon displays in the system tray. System Tray Icon7Double-click on the icon to display your current Internet connection status.Internet Conn ection StatusWeb Configurator Easy AccessWith UPnP, you can access the web-based configurator on the ZyXEL Device without finding out the IP address of the ZyXEL Device first. This comes helpful if you do not know the IP address of the ZyXEL Device.Follow the steps below to access the web configurator.1Click Start and then Control Panel. 2Double-click Network Connections.
Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 1953Select My Network Places under Other Places. Network Co nnections4An icon with the description for each UPnP-enabled device displays under Local Network.
Chapter 17 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide1965Right-click on the icon for your ZyXEL Device and select Invoke. The web configurator login screen displays. Network Co nnections: My Netw ork Places6Right-click on the icon for your ZyXEL Device and select Properties. A properties window displays with basic information about the ZyXEL Device. Network Co nnections: My Netw ork Places: Proper ties: Example
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 197CHAPTER 18 CWMP18.1 OverviewThe ZyXEL Device supports TR-069 Amendment 1 (CPE WAN Management Protocol Release 2.0) and TR-069 Amendment 2 (CPE WAN Management Protocol v1.1, Release 3.0).TR-069 is a protocol that defines how your ZyXEL Device (ZD) can be managed via a management server (MS) such as ZyXEL’s Vantage Access. Figure 92 LAN and WANAn administrator can use a management server to remotely set up the ZyXEL device, modify settings, perform firmware upgrades as well as monitor and diagnose the ZyXEL device. In order to use CWMP, you need to configure the following steps:1Activate CWMP2Specify the URL, username and password.3Activate periodic inform and specify an interval value.MSZD
Chapter 18 CWMPP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide19818.2 The CWMP Setup ScreenUse this screen to configure your ZyXEL Device to be managed by a management server. Click Advanced> CWMP to display the following screen.Figure 93 Advanced > CWMPThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 68 Advanced > CWMPLINK DESCRIPTIONCWMP SetupCWMP Select Activated to allow the ZyXEL Device to be managed by a management server or select Deactivated to not allow the ZyXEL Device to be managed by a management server.Login ACS Configure this part of the screen to log into the management server.URL Type the IP address or domain name of the management server. If the ZyXEL Device is behind a NAT router that assigns it a private IP address, you will have to configure a NAT port forwarding rule on the NAT router.
Chapter 18 CWMPP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 199User Name The user name is used to authenticate the ZyXEL Device when making a connection to the management server. This user name on the management server and the ZyXEL Device must be the same. Type a user name of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-language keyboard. Spaces and characters such as @#$%^&*()_+ are allowed.Password The password is used to authenticate the ZyXEL Device when making a connection to the management server. This password on the management server and the ZyXEL Device must be the same. Type a password of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-language keyboard.Connection RequestUse this part of the screen to allow the management server to connect to the ZyXEL Device after a successful login.Path Type the IP address or domain name of the ZyXEL Device. The management server uses this path to verify the ZyXEL Device.Port The default port for access to the ZyXEL Device from the management server is port 7547. If you change it, make sure it does not conflict with another port on your network and it is recommended to use a port number above 1024 (not a commonly used port). The management server should use this port to connect to the ZyXEL Device. You may need to alter your NAT port forwarding rules if they were already configured.UserName The user name is used to authenticate the management server when connecting to the ZyXEL Device. Type a user name of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-language keyboard. Spaces and characters such as @#$%^&*()_+ are allowed.Password The password is used to authenticate the management server when connecting to the ZyXEL Device. Type a password of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-language keyboard. Spaces are not allowed.Periodic InformSelect Activated to have the ZyXEL Device periodically send information to the management server (recommended if CWMP is enabled) or select Deactivated to not have the ZyXEL Device periodically send information to the management serverInterval The interval is the duration in seconds for which the ZyXEL Device must attempt to connect with the management server to send information and check for configuration updates. Enter a value between 1 and 86400 seconds.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 68 Advanced > CWMP (continued)LINK DESCRIPTION
Chapter 18 CWMPP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide200
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 201CHAPTER 19 System Settings19.1 OverviewThis chapter shows you how to configure system related settings, such as system time, password, name, the domain name and the inactivity timeout interval. 19.1.1 What You Can Do in the System Settings Screens•Use the General screen (Section 19.2 on page 201) to configure system settings.•Use the Time Setting screen (Section 19.3 on page 202) to set the system time.19.2 The General ScreenUse this screen to configure system admin password.Click Maintenance > System to open the General screen. Figure 94 Maintenance > System > General
Chapter 19 System SettingsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide202The following table describes the labels in this screen. 19.3 The Time Setting Screen Use this screen to configure the ZyXEL Device’s time based on your local time zone. To change your ZyXEL Device’s time and date, click Maintenance > System > Time Setting. The screen appears as shown.Figure 95 Maintenance > System > Time SettingTable 69 Maintenance > System > GeneralLABEL DESCRIPTIONPasswordAdmin PasswordOld Password Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the system in this field.New Password Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you type a password, the screen displays a (*) for each character you type. After you change the password, use the new password to access the ZyXEL Device.Retype to confirm Type the new password again for confirmation.Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 19 System SettingsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 203The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 70 Maintenance > System > Time SettingLABEL DESCRIPTIONCurrent Time and DateCurrent Time This field displays the time and date of your ZyXEL Device.Each time you reload this page, the ZyXEL Device synchronizes the time and date with the time server.Time and Date SetupManual Select this radio button to enter the time and date manually. If you configure a new time and date, Time Zone and Daylight Saving at the same time, the new time and date you entered has priority and the Time Zone and Daylight Saving settings do not affect it.New Time (hh:mm:ss)This field displays the last updated time from the time server or the last time configured manually.When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new time in this field and then click Apply. New Date (yyyy/mm/dd)This field displays the last updated date from the time server or the last date configured manually.When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new date in this field and then click Apply.Get from Time ServerSelect this radio button to have the ZyXEL Device get the time and date from the time server you specified below.Time Server AddressEnter the IP address or URL (up to 20 extended ASCII characters in length) of your time server. Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information.Time Zone SetupTime Zone Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Daylight SavingsDaylight saving is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set their clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the evening.Select this option if you use Daylight Saving Time.Start Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you selected Enable Daylight Saving. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the second Sunday of March. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select Second, Sunday, March and type 2 in the o'clock field.Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of the time zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, March. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
Chapter 19 System SettingsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide204End Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you selected Enable Daylight Saving. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the first Sunday of November. Each time zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select First, Sunday, November and type 2 in the o'clock field.Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of October. All of the time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, October. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1). Apply Click this to save your changes.Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.Table 70 Maintenance > System > Time Setting (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 205CHAPTER 20 Logs20.1 OverviewThis chapter contains information about viewing the ZyXEL Device’s logs.The web configurator allows you to choose which types of events and/or alerts to have the ZyXEL Device log and then display the logs. 20.1.1 What You Need To Know About LogsAlertsAn alert is a message that is enabled as soon as the event occurs. They include system errors, attacks (access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites. Some categories such as System Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts display in red and logs display in black.LogsA log is a message about an event that occurred on your ZyXEL Device. For example, when someone logs in to the ZyXEL Device, you can set a schedule for how often logs should be enabled, or sent to a syslog server.20.2 The View Log ScreenUse the View Log screen to view logs.
Chapter 20 LogsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide206To view your ZyXEL Device’s logs, click Maintenance > Logs > View Log. The screen appears as shown.Figure 96 Maintenance > System LogsThe following table describes the fields in this screen. 20.3 The Log Settings ScreenUse the Log Settings screen to configure to where the ZyXEL Device is to send logs and which logs and/or immediate alerts the ZyXEL Device is to record and display.To change your ZyXEL Device’s log settings, click Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings. The screen appears as shown.Maintenance > Logs > Log SettingsLABEL DESCRIPTIONSystem LogRefresh Click this to refresh to log display.
Chapter 20 LogsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 207Figure 97 Maintenance > System Logs > Log SettingsThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 71 Maintenance > Logs > Log SettingsLABEL DESCRIPTIONActive Select to enable or disable system logging.Mode Select Local File to record the logs and store them in the local memory of the ZyXEL Device only.Select Local File and Remote to record the logs and store them in the local memory and also send logs to the log server.Syslog Server IP AddressEnter the server name or the IP address of the log server. Syslog Server UDP Port Enter the UDP port of the log server.Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Chapter 20 LogsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide208
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 209CHAPTER 21 Tools21.1 OverviewThis chapter explains how to upload new firmware, manage configuration files and restart your ZyXEL Device.Use the instructions in this chapter to change the device’s configuration file or upgrade its firmware. After you configure your device, you can backup the configuration file to a computer. That way if you later misconfigure the device, you can upload the backed up configuration file to return to your previous settings. You can alternately upload the factory default configuration file if you want to return the device to the original default settings. The firmware determines the device’s available features and functionality. You can download new firmware releases from your nearest ZyXEL FTP site (or www.zyxel.com) to use to upgrade your device’s performance.Only use firmware for your device’s specific model. Refer to the label on the bottom of your ZyXEL Device.21.1.1 What You Can Do in the Tool Screens•Use the Firmware Upgrade screen (Section 21.2 on page 209) to upload firmware to your device.•Use the Configuration screen (Section 21.3 on page 212) to backup and restore device configurations. You can also reset your device settings back to the factory default.•Use the Restart screen (Section 21.4 on page 215) to restart your ZyXEL device.21.2 The Firmware ScreenClick Maintenance > Tools to open the Firmware screen. Follow the instructions in this screen to upload firmware to your ZyXEL Device. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot.
Chapter 21 ToolsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide210Do NOT turn off the ZyXEL Device while firmware upload is in progress!Figure 98 Maintenance > Tools > FirmwareThe following table describes the labels in this screen. After you see the Firmware Upload in Progress screen, wait two minutes before logging into the ZyXEL Device again. Figure 99 Firmware Upload In ProgressTable 72 Maintenance > Tools > FirmwareLABEL DESCRIPTIONCurrent Firmware VersionThis is the present Firmware version and the date created. File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it.Browse... Click this to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them. Upload Click this to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes.
Chapter 21 ToolsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 211The ZyXEL Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.Figure 100 Network Temporarily DisconnectedAfter two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen.If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the Firmware screen.Figure 101 Error Message
Chapter 21 ToolsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide21221.3 The Configuration Screen Click Maintenance > Tools > Configuration. Information related to factory defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration appears in this screen, as shown next.Figure 102 Maintenance > Tools > ConfigurationBackup Configuration Backup Configuration allows you to back up (save) the ZyXEL Device’s current configuration to a file on your computer. Once your ZyXEL Device is configured and functioning properly, it is highly recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings. Click Backup to save the ZyXEL Device’s current configuration to your computer.
Chapter 21 ToolsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 213Restore Configuration Restore Configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your computer to your ZyXEL Device.Do not turn off the ZyXEL Device while configuration file upload is in progress.After you see a “restore configuration successful” screen, you must then wait one minute before logging into the ZyXEL Device again. Figure 103 Configuration Upload SuccessfulThe ZyXEL Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.Figure 104 Network Temporarily DisconnectedIf you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default device IP address (192.168.1.1). See Appendix A on page 235 for details on how to set up your computer’s IP address.Table 73 Restore ConfigurationLABEL DESCRIPTIONFile Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it.Browse... Click this to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them. Upload Click this to begin the upload process.
Chapter 21 ToolsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide214If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the Configuration screen. Figure 105 Configuration Upload ErrorReset to Factory Defaults Click the Reset button to clear all user-entered configuration information and return the ZyXEL Device to its factory defaults. The following warning screen appears.Figure 106 Reset Warning MessageFigure 107 Reset In Process MessageYou can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory defaults of your ZyXEL Device. Refer to Section 1.7 on page 27 for more information on the RESET button.
Chapter 21 ToolsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 21521.4 The Restart Screen System restart allows you to reboot the ZyXEL Device remotely without turning the power off. You may need to do this if the ZyXEL Device hangs, for example.Click Maintenance > Tools > Restart. Click Restart to have the ZyXEL Device reboot. This does not affect the ZyXEL Device's configuration. Figure 108 Maintenance > Tools >Restart
Chapter 21 ToolsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide216
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 217CHAPTER 22 Diagnostic22.1 OverviewThese read-only screens display information to help you identify problems with the ZyXEL Device.22.1.1 What You Can Do in the Diagnostic Screens•Use the General screen (Section 22.2 on page 217) to ping an IP address.•Use the DSL Line screen (Section 22.3 on page 218) to view the DSL line statistics and reset the ADSL line.22.2 The General Screen Use this screen to ping an IP address. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic to open the screen shown next.Figure 109 Maintenance > Diagnostic > General
Chapter 22 DiagnosticP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide218The following table describes the fields in this screen. 22.3 The DSL Line Screen Use this screen to view the DSL line statistics and reset the ADSL line. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line to open the screen shown next.Figure 110 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL LineTable 74 Maintenance > Diagnostic > GeneralLABEL DESCRIPTIONTCP/IP AddressType the IP address of a computer that you want to ping in order to test a connection.Ping Click this to ping the IP address that you entered.PingV6 Click this to ping the IPv6 address that you entered.
Chapter 22 DiagnosticP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 219The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 75 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL LineLABEL DESCRIPTIONATM Status Click this to view your DSL connection’s Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) statistics. ATM is a networking technology that provides high-speed data transfer. ATM uses fixed-size packets of information called cells. With ATM, a high QoS (Quality of Service) can be guaranteed. The (Segmentation and Reassembly) SAR driver translates packets into ATM cells. It also receives ATM cells and reassembles them into packets.These counters are set back to zero whenever the device starts up.inPkts is the number of good ATM cells that have been received.inDiscards is the number of received ATM cells that were rejected.outPkts is the number of ATM cells that have been sent.outDiscards is the number of ATM cells sent that were rejected.inF4Pkts is the number of ATM Operations, Administration, and Management (OAM) F4 cells that have been received. See ITU recommendation I.610 for more on OAM for ATM.outF4Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F4 cells that have been sent. inF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been received.outF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been sent.openChan is the number of times that the ZyXEL Device has opened a logical DSL channel.closeChan is the number of times that the ZyXEL Device has closed a logical DSL channel.txRate is the number of bytes transmitted per second.rxRate is the number of bytes received per second.ATM Loopback TestClick this to start the ATM loopback test. Make sure you have configured at least one PVC with proper VPIs/VCIs before you begin this test. The ZyXEL Device sends an OAM F5 packet to the DSLAM/ATM switch and then returns it (loops it back) to the ZyXEL Device. The ATM loopback test is useful for troubleshooting problems with the DSLAM and ATM network.
Chapter 22 DiagnosticP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide220DSL Line StatusClick this to view statistics about the DSL connections.noise margin downstream is the signal to noise ratio for the downstream part of the connection (coming into the ZyXEL Device from the ISP). It is measured in decibels. The higher the number the more signal and less noise there is. output power upstream is the amount of power (in decibels) that the ZyXEL Device is using to transmit to the ISP.attenuation downstream is the reduction in amplitude (in decibels) of the DSL signal coming into the ZyXEL Device from the ISP.Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) modulation divides up a line’s bandwidth into sub-carriers (sub-channels) of 4.3125 KHz each called tones. The rest of the display is the line’s bit allocation. This is displayed as the number (in hexadecimal format) of bits transmitted for each tone. This can be used to determine the quality of the connection, whether a given sub-carrier loop has sufficient margins to support certain ADSL transmission rates, and possibly to determine whether particular specific types of interference or line attenuation exist. Refer to the ITU-T G.992.1 recommendation for more information on DMT. The better (or shorter) the line, the higher the number of bits transmitted for a DMT tone. The maximum number of bits that can be transmitted per DMT tone is 15. There will be some tones without any bits as there has to be space between the upstream and downstream channels. Reset ADSL LineClick this to reinitialize the ADSL line. The large text box above then displays the progress and results of this operation, for example:"Start to reset ADSLLoading ADSL modem F/W...Reset ADSL Line Successfully!"Capture All LogsClick this to display information and statistics about your ZyXEL Device’s ATM statistics, DSL connection statistics, DHCP settings, firmware version, WAN and gateway IP address, VPI/VCI and LAN IP address.Table 75 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 221CHAPTER 23 TroubleshootingThis chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential problems are divided into the following categories. •Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs•ZyXEL Device Access and Login•Internet Access23.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDsThe ZyXEL Device does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.1Make sure the ZyXEL Device is turned on. 2Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the ZyXEL Device.3Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the ZyXEL Device and plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.4Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.5If the problem continues, contact the vendor.One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.1Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.6 on page 26.
Chapter 23 TroubleshootingP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide2222Check the hardware connections.3Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.4Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.5If the problem continues, contact the vendor.23.2 ZyXEL Device Access and LoginI forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device.1The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.2If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the ZyXEL Device by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default Gateway might be the IP address of the ZyXEL Device (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address in your Internet browser.3If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.7 on page 27.I forgot the password.1The default admin user name and password can be found on the cover of this User’s Guide.2If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.7 on page 27.I cannot see or access the Login screen for the web configurator.1Make sure you are using the correct IP address.
Chapter 23 TroubleshootingP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 223•The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.•If you changed the IP address (Section 7.2 on page 91), use the new IP address.• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device.2Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide.3Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScripts and Java enabled. See Appendix C on page 269.4Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the ZyXEL Device with the default IP address. See Section 1.7 on page 27.5If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.Advanced Suggestions• Try to access the ZyXEL Device using another service, such as Telnet. If you can access the ZyXEL Device, check the remote management settings and firewall rules to find out why the ZyXEL Device does not respond to HTTP. • If your computer is connected to the WAN port or is connected wirelessly, use a computer that is connected to a ETHERNET port.I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the ZyXEL Device.1Make sure you have entered the password correctly. The default user and default admin password can be found on the cover page of this User’s Guide. The field is case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 2You cannot log in to the web configurator while someone is using Telnet to access the ZyXEL Device. Log out of the ZyXEL Device in the other session, or ask the person who is logged in to log out. 3Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on. 4If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 23.1 on page 221.I cannot Telnet to the ZyXEL Device.
Chapter 23 TroubleshootingP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide224See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen for the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.I cannot use FTP to upload / download the configuration file. / I cannot use FTP to upload new firmware.See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen for the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.23.3 Internet AccessI cannot access the Internet.1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.6 on page 26.2Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the wizard. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 3If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings in the wireless client are the same as the settings in the AP.4If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure you enabled the wireless LAN and have selected the correct country and channel in which your ZyXEL Device operates in the Wireless LAN > AP screen.5Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick Start Guide again. 6If the problem continues, contact your ISP. I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the ZyXEL Device), but my Internet connection is not available anymore.1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.6 on page 26.
Chapter 23 TroubleshootingP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 2252Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.3If the problem continues, contact your ISP. The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.1There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section 1.6 on page 26. If the ZyXEL Device is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications. 2Check the signal strength. If the signal strength is low, try moving your computer closer to the ZyXEL Device if possible, and look around to see if there are any devices that might be interfering with the wireless network (for example, microwaves, other wireless networks, and so on).3Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on. 4If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.Advanced Suggestions• Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it. If it is enabled, you might consider raising or lowering the priority for some applications.
Chapter 23 TroubleshootingP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide226
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 227CHAPTER 24 Product SpecificationsThe following tables summarize the ZyXEL Device’s hardware and firmware features.24.1 Hardware Specifications24.2 Firmware SpecificationsTable 76 Hardware SpecificationsDimensions 133 x 61 x 163 mmWeight 215gPower Specification 12V 0.5A or 12V 1ABuilt-in Switch Four auto-negotiating, auto MDI/MDI-X 10/100 Mbps RJ-45 Ethernet portsADSL Port 1 RJ-11 FXS POTS portRESET Button Restores factory defaultsAntenna 2 internal antenna, 2dBiWPS Button Press for over 5 seconds to turn on or off WLANPress for 1-5 seconds to enable WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup)Operation Temperature0º C ~ 40º CStorage Temperature -25º ~ 60º COperation Humidity 20% ~ 90% RHStorage Humidity 20% ~ 90% RHTable 77 Firmware Specifications Default IP Address 192.168.1.1Default Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 (24 bits)
Chapter 24 Product SpecificationsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide228Default user adminDefault Admin Password1234DHCP Server IP Pool 192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.64 Static DHCP Addresses10Static Routes 16Device Management Use the web configurator to easily configure the rich range of features on the ZyXEL Device.Wireless Functionality(wireless devices only)Allow the IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless clients to connect to the ZyXEL Device wirelessly. Enable wireless security (WEP, WPA(2), WPA(2)-PSK) and/or MAC filtering to protect your wireless network. Firmware Upgrade Download new firmware (when available) from the ZyXEL web site and use the web configurator to put it on the ZyXEL Device.Note: Only upload firmware for your specific model!Configuration Backup & RestorationMake a copy of the ZyXEL Device’s configuration. You can put it back on the ZyXEL Device later if you decide to revert back to an earlier configuration.Network Address Translation (NAT)Each computer on your network must have its own unique IP address. Use NAT to convert your public IP address(es) to multiple private IP addresses for the computers on your network.Port Forwarding If you have a server (mail or web server for example) on your network, you can use this feature to let people access it from the Internet.DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)Use this feature to have the ZyXEL Device assign IP addresses, an IP default gateway and DNS servers to computers on your network. Your device can also act as a surrogate DHCP server (DHCP Relay) where it relays IP address assignment from the actual real DHCP server to the clients.DHCPv6 Use this feature to have the ZyXEL Device assign IPv6 addresses, an IPv6 default gateway and IPv6 DNS servers to computers on your network. Dynamic DNS SupportWith Dynamic DNS (Domain Name System) support, you can use a fixed URL, www.zyxel.com for example, with a dynamic IP address. You must register for this service with a Dynamic DNS service provider.IP Multicast IP multicast is used to send traffic to a specific group of computers. The ZyXEL Device supports versions 1 and 2 of IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) used to join multicast groups (see RFC 2236).IPv6 Multicast IPv6 multicast is used to send traffic to a specific group of computers. The ZyXEL Device supports MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery) used to join IPv6 multicast groups (see RFC 2236).Time and Date Get the current time and date from an external server when you turn on your ZyXEL Device. You can also set the time manually. These dates and times are then used in logs.Table 77 Firmware Specifications (continued)
Chapter 24 Product SpecificationsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 229Logs Use logs for troubleshooting. You can send logs from the ZyXEL Device to an external syslog server.Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)A UPnP-enabled device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address and convey its capabilities to other devices on the network.Firewall Your device has a stateful inspection firewall with DoS (Denial of Service) protection. By default, when the firewall is activated, all incoming traffic from the WAN to the LAN is blocked unless it is initiated from the LAN. The firewall supports TCP/UDP inspection, DoS detection and prevention, real time alerts, reports and logs.URL Filtering URL filtering allows you to block access to Internet web sites of certain URL that you specify.IP and IPv6 Filtering IP/MAC and IPv6 filtering allows you to block traffic by IP addresses, MAC addresses and IPv6 addresses.QoS (Quality of Service)You can efficiently manage traffic on your network by reserving bandwidth and giving priority to certain types of traffic and/or to particular computers.Remote Management This allows you to decide whether a service (HTTP or FTP traffic for example) from a computer on a network (LAN or WAN for example) can access the ZyXEL Device.PPPoE Support (RFC2516)PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet) emulates a dial-up connection. It allows your ISP to use their existing network configuration with newer broadband technologies such as ADSL. The PPPoE driver on your device is transparent to the computers on the LAN, which see only Ethernet and are not aware of PPPoE thus saving you from having to manage PPPoE clients on individual computers.Other PPPoE Features PPPoE idle time outPPPoE dial on demandMultiple PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuits) SupportYour device supports up to 8 Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs).IP Alias IP alias allows you to partition a physical network into logical networks over the same Ethernet interface. Your device supports three logical LAN interfaces via its single physical Ethernet interface with the your device itself as the gateway for each LAN network.Packet Filters Your device’s packet filtering function allows added network security and management.Table 77 Firmware Specifications (continued)
Chapter 24 Product SpecificationsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide230ADSL Standards Support Multi-Mode standard (ANSI T1.413, Issue 2; G.dmt (G.992.1); G.lite (G992.2))EOC specified in ITU-T G.992.1ADSL2 G.dmt.bis (G.992.3)ADSL2 G.lite.bis (G.992.4)ADSL2+ (G.992.5)Reach Extended ADSL (RE ADSL)SRA (Seamless Rate Adaptation)Auto-negotiating rate adaptationADSL physical connection ATM AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer type 5)Support multi-protocol over AAL5 (RFC2684/1483)Support PPP over ATM AAL5 (RFC2364)PPP over Ethernet support for DSL connection (RFC 2516)Support VC-based and LLC-based multiplexing Support up to 8 PVCsI.610 F4/F5 OAMTR-067/TR-100 supportedTable 77 Firmware Specifications (continued)
Chapter 24 Product SpecificationsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 23124.3 Wireless Features Other Protocol SupportSIP pass-throughDNS ProxyDynamic DNS (www.dyndns.org)IP AliasDHCP client/server/relayRIP I/ RIP II supportedSupport 16 IP Static routes and 16 IPv6 Static routes by GatewayIGMP v1 and v2 IP Policy RoutingUPnP support Transparent bridging, VLAN-tagging pass-through bridge modeStatic DHCPManagement Embedded Web Configurator(remove webhelp)SNMP v1 & v2c with MIB IIRemote Management Control: Telnet, FTP, and Web.TR-069 HTTPSMTU adjustable on WebGUISMTTable 77 Firmware Specifications (continued)Table 78 Wireless FeaturesInternal Antenna The ZyXEL Device is equipped with two internal antenna to provide a clear radio signal between the wireless stations and the access points.Wireless LAN MAC Address Filtering Your device can check the MAC addresses of wireless stations against a list of allowed or denied MAC addresses.WEP Encryption WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encrypts data frames before transmitting over the wireless network to help keep network communications private.Wi-Fi Protected Access Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i security standard. Key difference between WPA-PSK and WEP is improved data encryption.WPA2-PSK WPA2-PSK is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA-PSK.
Chapter 24 Product SpecificationsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide232The following list, which is not exhaustive, illustrates the standards supported in the ZyXEL Device.WMM QoS WMM (Wi-Fi MultiMedia) QoS (Quality of Service) allows you to prioritize wireless traffic according to the delivery requirements of individual services.Other Wireless Features WDS(wireless client: G-570S v2)IEEE 802.11n ComplianceFrequency Range:2.4 GHzAdvanced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)2x2 Wireless ConfigurationData Rates:300Mbps and Auto FallbackEIRP: 22dBmWired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Data Encryption 64/128WLAN bridge to LAN16 MAC Address filterWPA-PSK, WPA2-PSKWPSIEEE 802.1x (EAP-MD5, TLS and TTLS)WMMMulti BSSID (4 BSSIDs)Table 79 Standards Supported STANDARD DESCRIPTIONRFC 867 Daytime ProtocolRFC 868 Time ProtocolRFC 1058 RIP-1 (Routing Information Protocol)RFC 1112 IGMP v1RFC 1305 Network Time Protocol (NTP version 3)RFC 1483 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5RFC 1631 IP Network Address Translator (NAT)RFC 1661 The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)RFC 1723 RIP-2 (Routing Information Protocol)RFC 1981 Path MTU Discovery for IPv6RFC 2236 IGMP v2RFC 2364 PPP over AAL5 (PPP over ATM over ADSL)RFC 2408 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)Table 78 Wireless Features
Chapter 24 Product SpecificationsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 233RFC 2460 IPv6 SpecificationRFC 2516 A Method for Transmitting PPP Over Ethernet (PPPoE)RFC 2684 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5.RFC 2766 Network Address Translation - ProtocolRFC 3484 Default Address Selection for IPv6RFC 4291 IPv6 Addressing ArchitectureRFC 4443 ICMPv6RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery for IPv6RFC 4862 IPv6 Stateless Address AutoconfigurationIEEE 802.11 Also known by the brand Wi-Fi, denotes a set of Wireless LAN/WLAN standards developed by working group 11 of the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802).IEEE 802.11b Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) bandIEEE 802.11g Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) bandIEEE 802.11n Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) bandIEEE 802.11g+ Turbo and Super G modesIEEE 802.11d Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media Access Control (MAC) BridgesIEEE 802.11x Port Based Network Access Control.IEEE 802.11e QoS IEEE 802.11 e Wireless LAN for Quality of ServiceANSI T1.413, Issue 2 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) standard.G dmt(G.992.1) G.992.1 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) TransceiversITU G.992.1 (G.DMT) ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation.ITU G.992.2 (G. Lite) ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation.ITU G.992.3 (G.dmt.bis)ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2) that extends the capability of basic ADSL in data rates.ITU G.992.4 (G.lite.bis)ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2) that extends the capability of basic ADSL in data rates.ITU G.992.5 (ADSL2+) ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2+) that extends the capability of basic ADSL by doubling the number of downstream bits.Microsoft PPTP MS PPTP (Microsoft's implementation of Point to Point Tunneling Protocol)MBM v2 Media Bandwidth Management v2RFC 2383 ST2+ over ATM Protocol Specification - UNI 3.1 VersionTR-069 TR-069 DSL Forum Standard for CPE Wan Management.1.363.5 Compliant AAL5 SAR (Segmentation And Re-assembly) Table 79 Standards Supported (continued)STANDARD DESCRIPTION
Chapter 24 Product SpecificationsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide23424.4 Power Adaptor SpecificationsTable 80 ZyXEL Device Series Power Adaptor SpecificationsAC POWER ADAPTER MODEL 12V 0.5A SWITCHING PAInput Power 100~240V-50/60HZOutput Power DC 12Volts/0.5APower Consumption 7Watt maxSafety Standards EN 60950-1:2006/A11:2009AC POWER ADAPTER MODEL 12V 1A SWITCHING PAInput Power 100~240V-50/60HZOutput Power DC 12Volts/1APower Consumption 7Watt maxSafety Standards EN 60950-1:2006/A11:2009
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 235APPENDIX A Setting up Your Computer’s IPAddressAll computers must have a 10M or 100M Ethernet adapter card and TCP/IP installed. Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP/Vista, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to install and use TCP/IP on your computer. Windows 3.1 requires the purchase of a third-party TCP/IP application package.TCP/IP should already be installed on computers using Windows NT/2000/XP, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems.After the appropriate TCP/IP components are installed, configure the TCP/IP settings in order to "communicate" with your network. If you manually assign IP information instead of using dynamic assignment, make sure that your computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device’s LAN port.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide236Windows 95/98/MeClick Start, Settings, Control Panel and double-click the Network icon to open the Network window.Figure 111 WIndows 95/98/Me: Network: ConfigurationInstalling ComponentsThe Network window Configuration tab displays a list of installed components. You need a network adapter, the TCP/IP protocol and Client for Microsoft Networks.If you need the adapter:1In the Network window, click Add.2Select Adapter and then click Add.3Select the manufacturer and model of your network adapter and then click OK.If you need TCP/IP:1In the Network window, click Add.2Select Protocol and then click Add.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 2373Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.4Select TCP/IP from the list of network protocols and then click OK.If you need Client for Microsoft Networks:1Click Add.2Select Client and then click Add.3Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.4Select Client for Microsoft Networks from the list of network clients and then click OK.5Restart your computer so the changes you made take effect.Configuring 1In the Network window Configuration tab, select your network adapter's TCP/IP entry and click Properties2Click the IP Address tab.• If your IP address is dynamic, select Obtain an IP address automatically. • If you have a static IP address, select Specify an IP address and type your information into the IP Address and Subnet Mask fields.Figure 112 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: IP Address
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide2383Click the DNS Configuration tab.• If you do not know your DNS information, select Disable DNS.• If you know your DNS information, select Enable DNS and type the information in the fields below (you may not need to fill them all in).Figure 113 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: DNS Configuration4Click the Gateway tab.• If you do not know your gateway’s IP address, remove previously installed gateways.• If you have a gateway IP address, type it in the New gateway field and click Add.5Click OK to save and close the TCP/IP Properties window.6Click OK to close the Network window. Insert the Windows CD if prompted.7Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer when prompted.Verifying Settings1Click Start and then Run.2In the Run window, type "winipcfg" and then click OK to open the IP Configuration window.3Select your network adapter. You should see your computer's IP address, subnet mask and default gateway.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 239Windows 2000/NT/XPThe following example figures use the default Windows XP GUI theme.1Click start (Start in Windows 2000/NT), Settings, Control Panel.Figure 114 Windows XP: Start Menu2In the Control Panel, double-click Network Connections (Network and Dial-up Connections in Windows 2000/NT).Figure 115 Windows XP: Control Panel
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide2403Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.Figure 116 Windows XP: Control Panel: Network Connections: Properties4Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (under the General tab in Win XP) and then click Properties.Figure 117 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties5The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens (the General tab in Windows XP).
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 241•If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically.• If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields. •Click Advanced.Figure 118 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties6 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP Settings tab and click OK.Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:•In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.•In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask, and then click Add.• Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.• Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default gateways.•In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic metric check box and type a metric in Metric.•Click Add. • Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide242•Click OK when finished.Figure 119 Windows XP: Advanced TCP/IP Properties7In the Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window (the General tab in Windows XP):•Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP address(es).• If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 243If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order them.Figure 120 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties8Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.9Click Close (OK in Windows 2000/NT) to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.10 Close the Network Connections window (Network and Dial-up Connections in Windows 2000/NT).11 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).Verifying Settings1Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab.Windows VistaThis section shows screens from Windows Vista Enterprise Version 6.0.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide2441Click the Start icon, Control Panel.Figure 121 Windows Vista: Start Menu2In the Control Panel, double-click Network and Internet.Figure 122 Windows Vista: Control Panel3Click Network and Sharing Center.Figure 123 Windows Vista: Network And Internet
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 2454Click Manage network connections.Figure 124 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center5Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue.Figure 125 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide2466Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties.Figure 126 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection Properties7The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens (the General tab).• If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically.• If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 247•Click Advanced.Figure 127 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties8 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP Settings tab and click OK.Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:•In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.•In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask, and then click Add.• Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.• Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default gateways.•In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic metric check box and type a metric in Metric.•Click Add. • Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide248•Click OK when finished.Figure 128 Windows Vista: Advanced TCP/IP Properties9In the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window, (the General tab):•Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP address(es).• If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 249If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order them.Figure 129 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties10 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window.11 Click Close to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.12 Close the Network Connections window.13 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).Verifying Settings1Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide250Macintosh OS 8/9 1Click the Apple menu, Control Panel and double-click TCP/IP to open the TCP/IP Control Panel.Figure 130 Macintosh OS 8/9: Apple Menu
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 2512Select Ethernet built-in from the Connect via list.Figure 131 Macintosh OS 8/9: TCP/IP3For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP Server from the Configure: list.4For statically assigned settings, do the following:•From the Configure box, select Manually.• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.• Type the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in the Router address box.5Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.6Click Save if prompted, to save changes to your configuration.7Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties in the TCP/IP Control Panel window.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide252Macintosh OS X1Click the Apple menu, and click System Preferences to open the System Preferences window.Figure 132 Macintosh OS X: Apple Menu2Click Network in the icon bar. • Select Automatic from the Location list.• Select Built-in Ethernet from the Show list. •Click the TCP/IP tab.3For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure list.Figure 133 Macintosh OS X: Network4For statically assigned settings, do the following:
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 253•From the Configure box, select Manually.• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.• Type the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in the Router address box.5Click Apply Now and close the window.6Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties in the Network window.Linux This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in Red Hat Linux 9.0. Procedure, screens and file location may vary depending on your Linux distribution and release version. Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator. Using the K Desktop Environment (KDE)Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address using the KDE. 1Click the Red Hat button (located on the bottom left corner), select System Setting and click Network.Figure 134 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Devices
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide2542Double-click on the profile of the network card you wish to configure. The Ethernet Device General screen displays as shown. Figure 135 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Ethernet Device: General • If you have a dynamic IP address, click Automatically obtain IP address settings with and select dhcp from the drop down list. • If you have a static IP address, click Statically set IP Addresses and fill in the Address, Subnet mask, and Default Gateway Address fields. 3Click OK to save the changes and close the Ethernet Device General screen. 4If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Configuration screen. Enter the DNS server information in the fields provided. Figure 136 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: DNS 5Click the Devices tab.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 2556Click the Activate button to apply the changes. The following screen displays. Click Yes to save the changes in all screens.Figure 137 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Activate 7After the network card restart process is complete, make sure the Status is Active in the Network Configuration screen.Using Configuration FilesFollow the steps below to edit the network configuration files and set your computer IP address. 1Assuming that you have only one network card on the computer, locate the ifconfig-eth0 configuration file (where eth0 is the name of the Ethernet card). Open the configuration file with any plain text editor.• If you have a dynamic IP address, enter dhcp in the BOOTPROTO= field. The following figure shows an example. Figure 138 Red Hat 9.0: Dynamic IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0 DEVICE=eth0ONBOOT=yesBOOTPROTO=dhcpUSERCTL=noPEERDNS=yesTYPE=Ethernet
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide256•If you have a static IP address, enter static in the BOOTPROTO= field. Type IPADDR= followed by the IP address (in dotted decimal notation) and type NETMASK= followed by the subnet mask. The following example shows an example where the static IP address is 192.168.1.10 and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. Figure 139 Red Hat 9.0: Static IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0 2If you know your DNS server IP address(es), enter the DNS server information in the resolv.conf file in the /etc directory. The following figure shows an example where two DNS server IP addresses are specified.Figure 140 Red Hat 9.0: DNS Settings in resolv.conf 3After you edit and save the configuration files, you must restart the network card. Enter ./network restart in the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory. The following figure shows an example.Figure 141 Red Hat 9.0: Restart Ethernet Card DEVICE=eth0ONBOOT=yesBOOTPROTO=staticIPADDR=192.168.1.10NETMASK=255.255.255.0USERCTL=noPEERDNS=yesTYPE=Ethernetnameserver 172.23.5.1nameserver 172.23.5.2[root@localhost init.d]# network restartShutting down interface eth0: [OK]Shutting down loopback interface: [OK]Setting network parameters: [OK]Bringing up loopback interface: [OK]Bringing up interface eth0: [OK]
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 257Verifying SettingsEnter ifconfig in a terminal screen to check your TCP/IP properties. Figure 142 Red Hat 9.0: Checking TCP/IP Properties [root@localhost]# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BA:72:5B:44 inet addr:172.23.19.129 Bcast:172.23.19.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:717 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:730412 (713.2 Kb) TX bytes:1570 (1.5 Kb) Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1000 [root@localhost]#
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide258
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 259APPENDIX B IP Addresses and SubnettingThis appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks. IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.Introduction to IP AddressesOne part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are delivered.StructureAn IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example, 192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation). Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal.
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide260The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.Figure 143 Network Number and Host IDHow much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according to the subnet mask. Subnet MasksA subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID. The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).Table 81 Subnet Masks1ST OCTET:(192)2ND OCTET:(168)3RD OCTET:(1)4TH OCTET(2)IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001Host ID 00000010
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 261By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value). For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes.Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks. Network SizeThe size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits. An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:Table 82 Subnet MasksBINARYDECIMAL1ST OCTET2ND OCTET3RD OCTET4TH OCTET8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.016-bit mask11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.024-bit mask11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.029-bit mask11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248Table 83 Maximum Host NumbersSUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 224 – 2 1677721416 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 216 – 2 6553424 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 28 – 2 25429 bits 255.255.255.2483 bits 23 – 2 6
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide262NotationSince the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/” followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address. For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128. The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations. SubnettingYou can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons.In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 28 – 2 or 254 possible hosts.Table 84 Alternative Subnet Mask NotationSUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE NOTATIONLAST OCTET (BINARY)LAST OCTET (DECIMAL)255.255.255.0 /24 0000 0000 0255.255.255.128 /25 1000 0000 128255.255.255.192 /26 1100 0000 192255.255.255.224 /27 1110 0000 224255.255.255.240 /28 1111 0000 240255.255.255.248 /29 1111 1000 248255.255.255.252 /30 1111 1100 252
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 263The following figure shows the company network before subnetting. Figure 144 Subnetting Example: Before SubnettingYou can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25. The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-networks, A and B. Figure 145 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide264In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 27 – 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126. Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.Example: Four Subnets The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192. Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address). Table 85 Subnet 1IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.0Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.63Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62Table 86 Subnet 2IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 64IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.64Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.127Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 265Example: Eight SubnetsSimilarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111). The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.Table 87 Subnet 3IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 128IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.128Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.191Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190Table 88 Subnet 4IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 192IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.192Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.255Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254Table 89 Eight SubnetsSUBNET SUBNET ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST ADDRESSBROADCAST ADDRESS1 0 1 30 31232 33 62 63364 65 94 95496 97 126 1275128 129 158 1596160 161 190 1917192 193 222 2238224 225 254 255
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide266Subnet PlanningThe following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number. Configuring IP AddressesWhere you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP Table 90 24-bit Network Number Subnet PlanningNO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET1255.255.255.128 (/25) 21262255.255.255.192 (/26) 4623255.255.255.224 (/27) 8304255.255.255.240 (/28) 16 145255.255.255.248 (/29) 32 66255.255.255.252 (/30) 64 27255.255.255.254 (/31) 128 1Table 91 16-bit Network Number Subnet PlanningNO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET1255.255.128.0 (/17) 2327662255.255.192.0 (/18) 4163823255.255.224.0 (/19) 881904255.255.240.0 (/20) 16 40945255.255.248.0 (/21) 32 20466255.255.252.0 (/22) 64 10227255.255.254.0 (/23) 128 5108255.255.255.0 (/24) 256 2549255.255.255.128 (/25) 512 12610 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 6211 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 3012 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 1413 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 614 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 215 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 1
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 267addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the ZyXEL Device. Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your ZyXEL Device that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address.The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your ZyXEL Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.Private IP AddressesEvery machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide268
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 269APPENDIX C Pop-up Windows, JavaScriptsand Java PermissionsIn order to use the web configurator you need to allow:• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.• JavaScripts (enabled by default).• Java permissions (enabled by default).Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer versions may vary.Internet Explorer Pop-up BlockersYou may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device. Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address.Disable Pop-up Blockers1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker. Figure 146 Pop-up BlockerYou can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide2701In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.2Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled. Figure 147 Internet Options: Privacy3Click Apply to save this setting.Enable Pop-up Blockers with ExceptionsAlternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 2712Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.Figure 148 Internet Options: Privacy3Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide2724Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.Figure 149 Pop-up Blocker Settings5Click Close to return to the Privacy screen. 6Click Apply to save this setting. JavaScriptsIf pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts are allowed.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 2731In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. Figure 150 Internet Options: Security 2Click the Custom Level... button. 3Scroll down to Scripting. 4Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).5Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide2746Click OK to close the window.Figure 151 Security Settings - Java ScriptingJava Permissions1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. 2Click the Custom Level... button. 3Scroll down to Microsoft VM. 4Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 2755Click OK to close the window.Figure 152 Security Settings - Java JAVA (Sun)1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab. 2Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide2763Click OK to close the window.Figure 153 Java (Sun)Mozilla FirefoxMozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary. You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the screen that appears.Figure 154 Mozilla Firefox: Tools > Options
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 277Click Content.to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.Figure 155 Mozilla Firefox Content Security
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide278
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 279APPENDIX D Wireless LANsWireless LAN TopologiesThis section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.Ad-hoc Wireless LAN ConfigurationThe simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN. Figure 156 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc NetworkBSSA Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP). Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide280with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.Figure 157 Basic Service SetESSAn Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood.
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 281An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.Figure 158 Infrastructure WLANChannelA channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading performance.Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11.RTS/CTSA hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide282hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other. Figure 159 RTS/CTSWhen station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked.When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size. Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 283Fragmentation ThresholdA Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data frames.A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.Preamble TypePreamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of the synchronization field in a packet.Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short preamble. Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks. Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide more efficient communications.Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the network support it, otherwise the ZyXEL Device uses long preamble.Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate.IEEE 802.11g Wireless LANIEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide284several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:Wireless Security OverviewWireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless clients, access points and the wired network.Wireless security methods available on the ZyXEL Device are data encryption, wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the ZyXEL Device identity.The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on your ZyXEL Device.Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the ZyXEL Device and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it. Table 92 IEEE 802.11gDATA RATE (MBPS) MODULATION1 DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)2 DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)5.5 / 11 CCK (Complementary Code Keying) 6/9/12/18/24/36/48/54OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Table 93 Wireless Security LevelsSECURITY LEVEL SECURITY TYPELeast Secure Most SecureUnique SSID (Default)Unique SSID with Hide SSID EnabledMAC Address FilteringWEP EncryptionIEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server AuthenticationWi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)WPA2
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 285IEEE 802.1xIn June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:• User based identification that allows for roaming.• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server. • Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless clients. RADIUSRADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:• Authentication Determines the identity of the users.• AuthorizationDetermines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network.•AccountingKeeps track of the client’s network activity. RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server. Types of RADIUS MessagesThe following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user authentication:• Access-RequestSent by an access point requesting authentication.• Access-RejectSent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.• Access-AcceptSent by a RADIUS server allowing access.
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide286•Access-ChallengeSent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message. The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user accounting:•Accounting-RequestSent by the access point requesting accounting.• Accounting-ResponseSent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting. In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access. Types of EAP Authentication This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types. EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE 802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform authentication. The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner.EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text.
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 287However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption. EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity. However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead. EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service) EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2. PEAP (Protected EAP) Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco.LEAPLEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x.
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide288Dynamic WEP Key ExchangeThe AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed.If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled.Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key ExchangeFor added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of authentication types.WPA and WPA2Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA. Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user authentication.If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN. Table 94 Comparison of EAP Authentication TypesEAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAPMutual Authentication No Yes Yes Yes YesCertificate – Client No Yes Optional Optional NoCertificate – Server No Yes Yes Yes NoDynamic Key Exchange No Yes Yes Yes YesCredential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong ModerateDeployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate ModerateClient Identity ProtectionNo No Yes Yes No
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 289If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2.Encryption WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism.WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice. The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background automatically.The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped. By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network. The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide290keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of WEP)User Authentication WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless devices.Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again.Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.Wireless Client WPA SupplicantsA wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client. The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it. WPA(2) with RADIUS Application ExampleTo set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.1The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.2The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies network access accordingly.3A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS server and the client.
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 2914The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients.Figure 160 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application ExampleWPA(2)-PSK Application ExampleA WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.1First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and symbols).2The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password matches.3The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide2924The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them.Figure 161 WPA(2)-PSK AuthenticationSecurity Parameters SummaryRefer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features.Table 95 Wireless Security Relational MatrixAUTHENTICATION METHOD/ KEY MANAGEMENT PROTOCOLENCRYPTION METHODENTER MANUAL KEY IEEE 802.1XOpen None No DisableEnable without Dynamic WEP KeyOpen WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP KeyYes Enable without Dynamic WEP KeyYes DisableShared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP KeyYes Enable without Dynamic WEP KeyYes DisableWPA TKIP/AES No EnableWPA-PSK TKIP/AES Yes DisableWPA2 TKIP/AES No EnableWPA2-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 293Antenna OverviewAn antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air. Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN. Antenna CharacteristicsFrequencyAn antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g) or 5GHz (IEEE 802.11a) is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LANRadiation PatternA radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage area. Antenna GainAntenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications. For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately 2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment. Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides. Types of Antennas for WLANThere are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.
Appendix D Wireless LANsP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide294•Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points. • Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.Positioning AntennasIn general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible. For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 295APPENDIX E IPv6OverviewIPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to enhance IP address size and features. The increase in IPv6 address size to 128 bits (from the 32-bit IPv4 address) allows up to 3.4 x 1038 IP addresses. IPv6 AddressingThe 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal blocks separated by colons (:). This is an example IPv6 address 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000. IPv6 addresses can be abbreviated in two ways:• Leading zeros in a block can be omitted. So 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000 can be written as 2001:db8:1a2b:15:0:0:1a2f:0. • Any number of consecutive blocks of zeros can be replaced by a double colon. A double colon can only appear once in an IPv6 address. So 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f:0000:0000:0015 can be written as 2001:0db8::1a2f:0000:0000:0015, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f::0015, 2001:db8::1a2f:0:0:15 or 2001:db8:0:0:1a2f::15.Prefix and Prefix LengthSimilar to an IPv4 subnet mask, IPv6 uses an address prefix to represent the network address. An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (start from the left) in the address compose the network address. The prefix length is written as “/x” where x is a number. For example, 2001:db8:1a2b:15::1a2f:0/32means that the first 32 bits (2001:db8) is the subnet prefix.
Appendix E IPv6P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide296Link-local AddressA link-local address uniquely identifies a device on the local network (the LAN). It is similar to a “private IP address” in IPv4. You can have the same link-local address on multiple interfaces on a device. A link-local unicast address has a predefined prefix of fe80::/10. The link-local unicast address format is as follows.Table 96 Link-local Unicast Address FormatGlobal AddressA global address uniquely identifies a device on the Internet. It is similar to a “public IP address” in IPv4. A global unicast address starts with a 2 or 3. Unspecified AddressAn unspecified address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::) is used as the source address when a device does not have its own address. It is similar to “0.0.0.0” in IPv4.Loopback AddressA loopback address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1) allows a host to send packets to itself. It is similar to “127.0.0.1” in IPv4.Multicast AddressIn IPv6, multicast addresses provide the same functionality as IPv4 broadcast addresses. Broadcasting is not supported in IPv6. A multicast address allows a host to send packets to all hosts in a multicast group. Multicast scope allows you to determine the size of the multicast group. A multicast address has a predefined prefix of ff00::/8. The following table describes some of the predefined multicast addresses. 1111 1110 10 0 Interface ID10 bits 54 bits 64 bitsTable 97 Predefined Multicast AddressMULTICAST ADDRESS DESCRIPTIONFF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 All hosts on a local node. FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local node.FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 All hosts on a local connected link.FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local connected link.FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local site. FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:3 All DHCP severs on a local site.
Appendix E IPv6P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 297The following table describes the multicast addresses which are reserved and can not be assigned to a multicast group. Subnet MaskingBoth an IPv6 address and IPv6 subnet mask compose of 128-bit binary digits, which are divided into eight 16-bit blocks and written in hexadecimal notation. Hexadecimal uses four bits for each character (1 ~ 10, A ~ F). Each block’s 16 bits are then represented by four hexadecimal characters. For example, FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FC00:0000:0000:0000.Interface IDIn IPv6, an interface ID is a 64-bit identifier. It identifies a physical interface (for example, an Ethernet port) or a virtual interface (for example, the management IP address for a VLAN). One interface should have a unique interface ID.EUI-64The EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier) defined by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is an interface ID format designed to adapt with IPv6. It is derived from the 48-bit (6-byte) Ethernet MAC address as shown next. EUI-64 inserts the hex digits fffe between the third and fourth bytes of the Table 98 Reserved Multicast AddressMULTICAST ADDRESSFF00:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF03:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF04:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF06:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF07:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF08:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF09:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0A:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0B:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0C:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0D:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0E:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0F:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
Appendix E IPv6P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide298MAC address and complements the seventh bit of the first byte of the MAC address. See the following example. Stateless AutoconfigurationWith stateless autoconfiguration in IPv6, addresses can be uniquely and automatically generated. Unlike DHCPv6 (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version six) which is used in IPv6 stateful autoconfiguration, the owner and status of addresses don’t need to be maintained by a DHCP server. Every IPv6 device is able to generate its own and unique IP address automatically when IPv6 is initiated on its interface. It combines the prefix and the interface ID (generated from its own Ethernet MAC address, see Interface ID and EUI-64) to form a complete IPv6 address.When IPv6 is enabled on a device, its interface automatically generates a link-local address (beginning with fe80).When the interface is connected to a network with a router and the ZyXEL Device is set to automatically obtain an IPv6 network prefix from the router for the interface, it generates 3another address which combines its interface ID and global and subnet information advertised from the router. This is a routable global IP address.DHCPv6The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6, RFC 3315) is a server-client protocol that allows a DHCP server to assign and pass IPv6 network addresses, prefixes and other configuration information to DHCP clients. DHCPv6 servers and clients exchange DHCP messages using UDP.Each DHCP client and server has a unique DHCP Unique IDentifier (DUID), which is used for identification when they are exchanging DHCPv6 messages. The DUID is generated from the MAC address, time, vendor assigned ID and/or the vendor's private enterprise number registered with the IANA. It should not change over time even after you reboot the device.Identity AssociationAn Identity Association (IA) is a collection of addresses assigned to a DHCP client, through which the server and client can manage a set of related IP addresses. MAC 00 : 13 : 49 :12 : 34 :56 EUI-64 02:13 :49 :FF :FE :12 : 34 :563. In IPv6, all network interfaces can be associated with several addresses.
Appendix E IPv6P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 299Each IA must be associated with exactly one interface. The DHCP client uses the IA assigned to an interface to obtain configuration from a DHCP server for that interface. Each IA consists of a unique IAID and associated IP information.The IA type is the type of address in the IA. Each IA holds one type of address. IA_NA means an identity association for non-temporary addresses and IA_TA is an identity association for temporary addresses. An IA_NA option contains the T1 and T2 fields, but an IA_TA option does not. The DHCPv6 server uses T1 and T2 to control the time at which the client contacts with the server to extend the lifetimes on any addresses in the IA_NA before the lifetimes expire. After T1, the client sends the server (S1) (from which the addresses in the IA_NA were obtained) a Renew message. If the time T2 is reached and the server does not respond, the client sends a Rebind message to any available server (S2). For an IA_TA, the client may send a Renew or Rebind message at the client's discretion. DHCP Relay AgentA DHCP relay agent is on the same network as the DHCP clients and helps forward messages between the DHCP server and clients. When a client cannot use its link-local address and a well-known multicast address to locate a DHCP server on its network, it then needs a DHCP relay agent to send a message to a DHCP server that is not attached to the same network.The DHCP relay agent can add the remote identification (remote-ID) option and the interface-ID option to the Relay-Forward DHCPv6 messages. The remote-ID option carries a user-defined string, such as the system name. The interface-ID option provides slot number, port information and the VLAN ID to the DHCPv6 server. The remote-ID option (if any) is stripped from the Relay-Reply messages before the relay agent sends the packets to the clients. The DHCP server copies the interface-ID option from the Relay-Forward message into the Relay-Reply message and sends it to the relay agent. The interface-ID should not change even after the relay agent restarts.Prefix DelegationPrefix delegation enables an IPv6 router to use the IPv6 prefix (network address) received from the ISP (or a connected uplink router) for its LAN. The ZyXEL Device uses the received IPv6 prefix (for example, 2001:db2::/48) to generate its LAN IP address. Through sending Router Advertisements (RAs) regularly by multicast, the T1T2Renew RebindRebindto S1Renewto S1Renewto S1Renewto S1Renewto S1Renewto S1to S2to S2
Appendix E IPv6P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide300ZyXEL Device passes the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts then can use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses.ICMPv6Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 (ICMPv6 or ICMP for IPv6) is defined in RFC 4443. ICMPv6 has a preceding Next Header value of 58, which is different from the value used to identify ICMP for IPv4. ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6. IPv6 nodes use ICMPv6 to report errors encountered in packet processing and perform other diagnostic functions, such as "ping".Multicast Listener DiscoveryThe Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol (defined in RFC 2710) is derived from IPv4's Internet Group Management Protocol version 2 (IGMPv2). MLD uses ICMPv6 message types, rather than IGMP message types. MLDv1 is equivalent to IGMPv2 and MLDv2 is equivalent to IGMPv3.MLD allows an IPv6 switch or router to discover the presence of MLD listeners who wish to receive multicast packets and the IP addresses of multicast groups the hosts want to join on its network. MLD snooping and MLD proxy are analogous to IGMP snooping and IGMP proxy in IPv4. MLD filtering controls which multicast groups a port can join.MLD MessagesA multicast router or switch periodically sends general queries to MLD hosts to update the multicast forwarding table. When an MLD host wants to join a multicast group, it sends an MLD Report message for that address.An MLD Done message is equivalent to an IGMP Leave message. When an MLD host wants to leave a multicast group, it can send a Done message to the router or switch. The router or switch then sends a group-specific query to the port on which the Done message is received to determine if other devices connected to this port should remain in the group.Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows XP/2003/VistaBy default, Windows XP and Windows 2003 support IPv6. This example shows you how to use the ipv6 install command on Windows XP/2003 to enable IPv6. This
Appendix E IPv6P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 301also displays how to use the ipconfig command to see auto-generated IP addresses.IPv6 is installed and enabled by default in Windows Vista. Use the ipconfig command to check your automatic configured IPv6 address as well. You should see at least one IPv6 address available for the interface on your computer.Example - Enabling DHCPv6 on Windows XPWindows XP does not support DHCPv6. If your network uses DHCPv6 for IP address assignment, you have to additionally install a DHCPv6 client software on your Windows XP. (Note: If you use static IP addresses or Router Advertisement for IPv6 address assignment in your network, ignore this section.)This example uses Dibbler as the DHCPv6 client. To enable DHCPv6 client on your computer:1Install Dibbler and select the DHCPv6 client option on your computer.2After the installation is complete, select Start > All Programs > Dibbler-DHCPv6 > Client Install as service.3Select Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Services.C:\>ipv6 installInstalling...Succeeded.C:\>ipconfigWindows IP ConfigurationEthernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 10.1.1.46 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : fe80::2d0:59ff:feb8:103c%4 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 10.1.1.254
Appendix E IPv6P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide3024Double click Dibbler - a DHCPv6 client.5Click Start and then OK.6Now your computer can obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server.Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows 7Windows 7 supports IPv6 by default. DHCPv6 is also enabled when you enable IPv6 on a Windows 7 computer.To enable IPv6 in Windows 7:
Appendix E IPv6P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 3031Select Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center > Local Area Connection.2Select the Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) checkbox to enable it.3Click OK to save the change.4Click Close to exit the Local Area Connection Status screen.5Select Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
Appendix E IPv6P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide3046Use the ipconfig command to check your dynamic IPv6 address. This example shows a global address (2001:b021:2d::1000) obtained from a DHCP server.C:\>ipconfigWindows IP ConfigurationEthernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : IPv6 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 2001:b021:2d::1000 Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::25d8:dcab:c80a:5189%11 IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 172.16.100.61 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : fe80::213:49ff:feaa:7125%11 172.16.100.254
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 305APPENDIX F ServicesThe following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port numbers.•Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a different one, if you like.•Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number.•Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol.•If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.•If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.•Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations in which this service is used.
Appendix F ServicesP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide306Table 99 Examples of ServicesNAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTIONAH (IPSEC_TUNNEL)User-Defined 51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header) tunneling protocol uses this service.AIM TCP 5190 AOL’s Internet Messenger service.AUTH TCP 113 Authentication protocol used by some servers.BGP TCP 179 Border Gateway Protocol.BOOTP_CLIENT UDP 68 DHCP Client.BOOTP_SERVER UDP 67 DHCP Server.CU-SEEME TCP/UDPTCP/UDP 764824032A popular videoconferencing solution from White Pines Software.DNS TCP/UDP 53 Domain Name Server, a service that matches web names (for instance www.zyxel.com) to IP numbers.ESP (IPSEC_TUNNEL)User-Defined 50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this service.FINGER TCP 79 Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that can be used to find out if a user is logged on.FTP TCPTCP2021File Transfer Protocol, a program to enable fast transfer of files, including large files that may not be possible by e-mail.H.323 TCP 1720 NetMeeting uses this protocol.HTTP TCP 80 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/server protocol for the world wide web.HTTPS TCP 443 HTTPS is a secured http session often used in e-commerce.ICMP User-Defined 1Internet Control Message Protocol is often used for diagnostic purposes.ICQ UDP 4000 This is a popular Internet chat program.IGMP (MULTICAST)User-Defined 2Internet Group Multicast Protocol is used when sending packets to a specific group of hosts.IKE UDP 500 The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is used for key distribution and management.IMAP4 TCP 143 The Internet Message Access Protocol is used for e-mail.IMAP4S TCP 993 This is a more secure version of IMAP4 that runs over SSL.IRC TCP/UDP 6667 This is another popular Internet chat program.
Appendix F ServicesP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 307MSN Messenger TCP 1863 Microsoft Networks’ messenger service uses this protocol. NetBIOS TCP/UDPTCP/UDPTCP/UDPTCP/UDP137138139445The Network Basic Input/Output System is used for communication between computers in a LAN.NEW-ICQ TCP 5190 An Internet chat program.NEWS TCP 144 A protocol for news groups.NFS UDP 2049 Network File System - NFS is a client/server distributed file service that provides transparent file sharing for network environments.NNTP TCP 119 Network News Transport Protocol is the delivery mechanism for the USENET newsgroup service.PING User-Defined 1Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that sends out ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote host is reachable.POP3 TCP 110 Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client computer get e-mail from a POP3 server through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or other).POP3S TCP 995 This is a more secure version of POP3 that runs over SSL.PPTP TCP 1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the control channel.PPTP_TUNNEL (GRE)User-Defined 47 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the data channel.RCMD TCP 512 Remote Command Service.REAL_AUDIO TCP 7070 A streaming audio service that enables real time sound over the web.REXEC TCP 514 Remote Execution Daemon.RLOGIN TCP 513 Remote Login.ROADRUNNER TCP/UDP 1026 This is an ISP that provides services mainly for cable modems.RTELNET TCP 107 Remote Telnet.RTSP TCP/UDP 554 The Real Time Streaming (media control) Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the Internet. Table 99 Examples of Services (continued)NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
Appendix F ServicesP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide308SFTP TCP 115 The Simple File Transfer Protocol is an old way of transferring files between computers.SMTP TCP 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the message-exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another.SMTPS TCP 465 This is a more secure version of SMTP that runs over SSL.SNMP TCP/UDP 161 Simple Network Management Program.SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 162 Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215).SQL-NET TCP 1521 Structured Query Language is an interface to access data on many different types of database systems, including mainframes, midrange systems, UNIX systems and network servers.SSDP UDP 1900 The Simple Service Discovery Protocol supports Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP).SSH TCP/UDP 22 Secure Shell Remote Login Program.STRM WORKS UDP 1558 Stream Works Protocol.SYSLOG UDP 514 Syslog allows you to send system logs to a UNIX server.TACACS UDP 49 Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System).TELNET TCP 23 Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol common on the Internet and in UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/IP networks. Its primary function is to allow users to log into remote host systems.VDOLIVE TCPUDP7000user-definedA videoconferencing solution. The UDP port number is specified in the application.Table 99 Examples of Services (continued)NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
P-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 309APPENDIX G Legal InformationCopyrightCopyright © 2011 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.DisclaimerZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.TrademarksZyNOS (ZyXEL Network Operating System) is a registered trademark of ZyXEL Communications, Inc. Other trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for identification purposes only and may be properties of their respective owners.Certifications Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference StatementThe device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:• This device may not cause harmful interference.
Appendix G Legal InformationP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide310•This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operations.This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:1Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.2Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.3Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.4Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.FCC Radiation Exposure Statement• This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. • IEEE 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11n(20MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 1 through 11. IEEE 802.11n(40MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 3 through 9. • To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation distance of at least 20 cm must be maintained between the antenna of this device and all persons. 󰙆󱮃 󰗷󰥈󲨰󴶤󲎋󴗤󱊭󱛐󴶤󲄈󳉊󲪯󴙏󲍾󳇕󰧪󰔵󱽆 󳐼󰸴󱖸󴄶󴇲󰪱󱻥󰓴󰗷󰥈󲨰󱊭󴻤󴶤󲄈󵞼󴸇󳐼󴃚󰪘󵞼󰠕󰪡󰯯󳴈󱢿󰘨󲯑󳚮󰷰󰒶󱙀󱭮󳢓󴈳󱶝󴻤󲨰󰥉󰿐󰥈󲨰󱢿󴈳󱶝󰩈󴃖󴂱󰓴󲤢󱛐󰩳󰥈󳞦󳇕󰧪󰶄󱽆 󰗷󰥈󲨰󱊭󴻤󴶤󲄈󰓴󰘨󲯑󰒶󱙀󱘚󴺨󴾄󳣓󱈲󰠑󰩳󱔛󱮧󰪱󲍾󴛃󰚊󵟋󳐼󲴥󲪧󱶲󱔛󱮧󲪧󴌊󱳫󵞼󱡲󳅴󰨜󰜅󲯑󵞼󰓏󱯢󰰭󳢜󲟊󱔛󱮧󱳫󱱢󱙀󳔥󳔵󰘨󲯑
Appendix G Legal InformationP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 311󰣶󴺮󰪱󲍾󴛃󰚊󵞼󱦰󰙆󴶤󰚊󴀸󱉃󰘅󲀖󰓴󲟊󳒃󴶤󰚊󰗷󰥈󲨰󱊭󴻤󴶤󲄈󴺱󱙶󰪀󰪱󲍾󴛃󰚊󱢿󱒎󲀖󳁺󱈡󰩳󴡔󲳫󲯑󴶤󲎋󴗤󱊭󱛐󴶤󲄈󴃖󰝂󰓴󱔛󱮧 󱷕󲄈󴳹󰷑󰒶󱔛󱮧󰪱󲍾󴶤󳢣󳢰󰒶󰪀󳽔󱔛󱮧󰚆󴵅󱽆󰖟󰒴󱱥󱉍󰠐󰘨󲯑 󲓄󱊺󴶤󲽪󲎋󱘚󴺨󵞼󴅴󱁎󴜒󰘨󲯑 Notices Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.This device has been designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz network throughout the EC region and Switzerland, with restrictions in France. This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.Viewing Certifications1Go to http://www.zyxel.com.2Select your product on the ZyXEL home page to go to that product's page.3Select the certification you wish to view from this page.ZyXEL Limited WarrantyZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions.NoteRepair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied,
Appendix G Legal InformationP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide312including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center for your Return Material Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage Prepaid. It is recommended that the unit be insured when shipped. Any returned products without proof of purchase or those with an out-dated warranty will be repaired or replaced (at the discretion of ZyXEL) and the customer will be billed for parts and labor. All repaired or replaced products will be shipped by ZyXEL to the corresponding return address, Postage Paid. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights that vary from country to country.RegistrationRegister your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for North American products.
IndexP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 313IndexNumerics802.1p 171, 173AactivationCWMP 198dynamic DNS 176DYNDNS wildcard 176firewalls 145MAC address filter 111NAT 133port forwarding 136QoS 167, 170SIP ALG 137SPI 145SSID 111UPnP 187wireless LAN 105WPS 114address mappingtypes 140administrator password 30, 202alerts 205alternative subnet mask notation 262antennadirectional 294gain 293omni-directional 294AP (access point) 281applications, NAT 140Asynchronous Transfer Mode, see ATMATM 219MBS 77, 83PCR 77, 82QoS 77, 82, 87SCR 77, 83status 219authentication 117, 119RADIUS server 119Bbackupconfiguration 212Basic Service Set, See BSS 279Basic Service Set, see BSSbroadcast 72BSS 121, 279example 122CCA 155, 287CBR 77, 82, 87Certificate AuthoritySee CA.certificates 155authentication 155CApublic key 155Certification Authority 155Certification Authority. see CAcertifications 309notices 311viewing 311channel 281interference 281channel, wireless LAN 117CLI 22client list 94Command Line Interface, see CLIconfigurationbackup 212CWMP 198DHCP 94firewalls 145
IndexP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide314IP alias 96IP precedence 171IP/MAC filter 150, 152logs 205port forwarding 134reset 214restoring 213static route 161, 163WAN 73wireless LAN 105wizard 60connectionnailed-up 81, 86on demand 81copyright 309CPE WAN Management Protocol, see CWMPCTS (Clear to Send) 282CTS threshold 109, 117CWMP 197activation 198configuration 198Ddata fragment threshold 109, 117DDoS 144default server, NAT 133, 135Denials of Service, see DoSDHCP 90, 94, 99diagnostic 217DiffServ Code Point, see DSCPdigital IDs 155disclaimer 309DNS 90, 94, 99Domain Name System, see DNSDoS 143DSCP 171DSL connections, status 220dynamic DNS 175activation 176wildcard 175activation 176Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, see DHCPdynamic WEP key exchange 288DYNDNS wildcard 175activation 176EEAP Authentication 286encapsulation 71, 74, 80ENET ENCAP 83PPPoA 84PPPoE 84RFC 1483 84encryption 106, 120, 289WEP 107key 108WPA-PSK 108pre-shared key 109ENET ENCAP 74, 80, 83ESS 280Extended Service Set, See ESS 280FFCC interference statement 309filters 147IP/MAC 149structure 147IP/MAC filterconfiguration 150, 152MAC address 110, 119activation 111URL 147, 148firewalls 143configuration 145DDoS 144DoS 143LAND attack 144Ping of Death 144status 39SYN attack 143firmware 209version 38forwarding ports 132, 133activation 136configuration 134example 134
IndexP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 315rules 136fragmentation threshold 109, 117, 283FTP 22, 180Hhidden node 281IIANA 267Internet Assigned Numbers Authoritysee IANAIBSS 279ICMP 184IEEE 802.11g 283IGA 138IGMP 72, 90, 92, 101ILA 138Independent Basic Service SetSee IBSS 279initialization vector (IV) 289Inside Global Address, see IGAInside Local Address, see ILAInternet Group Multicast Protocol, see IGMPInternet Protocol version 6, see IPv6IP address 72, 74, 80, 85, 90, 100default server 133, 135ping 217private 100IP alias 96configuration 96NAT applications 140IP precedence 172, 173configuration 171IP/MAC filter 149configuration 150, 152structure 147IPv6 295addressing 295EUI-64 297global address 296interface ID 297link-local address 296Neighbor Discovery Protocol 295ping 295prefix 295prefix length 295stateless autoconfiguration 298unspecified address 296LLAN 89client list 94DHCP 90, 94, 99DNS 90, 94, 99IGMP 90, 101IP address 90, 91, 100IP alias 96configuration 96MAC address 95multicast 90, 92, 101RIP 90, 101status 38subnet mask 90, 91, 100LAND attack 144LEDs 26limitationswireless LAN 121WPS 128Local Area Network, see LANlogin 29passwords 30logs 205alerts 205settings 205MMAC address 95, 111filter 104, 106, 110, 119MAC address filteractivation 111Management Information Base (MIB) 182mapping addresstypes 140
IndexP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide316Maximum Burst Size, see MBSMBS 77, 83, 86MBSSID 122MTU 83multicast 72, 76, 90, 92, 101IGMPInternet Group Multicast Protocol, see IGMPMultiple BSS, see MBSSIDmultiplexing 74, 80, 84LLC-based 85VC-based 85Nnailed-up connection 75, 81, 86NAT 81, 131, 132, 137, 138, 267activation 133address mappingtypes 140applications 140IP alias 140default server IP address 133, 135example 139global 138IGA 138ILA 138inside 138local 138outside 138port forwarding 132, 133activation 136configuration 134example 134rules 136remote management 178SIP ALG 137activation 137Network Address Translationsee NATNetwork Address Translation, see NATPPairwise Master Key (PMK) 289, 291passwords 30administrator 202PBC 123PCR 77, 82, 86Peak Cell Rate, see PCRPIN, WPS 115, 124example 125Ping of Death 144port forwarding 132, 133activation 136configuration 134example 134rules 136PPPoA 74, 80, 84PPPoE 74, 80, 84preamble 110, 117preamble mode 283pre-shared key 109private IP address 100product registration 312PSK 289push button 24, 115Push Button Configuration, see PBCpush button, WPS 123QQoS 165802.1p 171, 173activation 167, 170DSCP 171example 165IP precedence 172, 173priority queue 173Quality of Service, see QoSRRADIUS 285message types 285messages 285shared secret key 286RADIUS server 119registration
IndexP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 317product 312related documentation 3remote management 177FTP 180ICMP 184limitations 178NAT 178Telnet 180WWW 179reset 27, 214restart 215restoring configuration 213RFC 1483 74, 80, 84RIP 76, 90, 101Routing Information Protocol, see RIPRTS (Request To Send) 282threshold 281, 282RTS threshold 109, 117rules, port forwarding 136Ssafety warnings 7SCR 77, 83, 86securitywireless LAN 106, 118Security Parameter Index, see SPIService Set IDentifier, see SSIDsetupDHCP 94firewalls 145IP alias 96IP precedenceQoSIP precedence 171IP/MAC filter 150, 152logs 205port forwarding 134static route 161, 163WAN 73wireless LAN 105wizard 60shaping traffic 86, 87Simple Network Management Protocol, see SNMPSIP ALG 137activation 137SNMP 181agents 182Manager 182managers 182MIB 182network components 182versions 181SPI 144activation 145SSID 104, 106, 113, 118activation 111MBSSID 122static route 159configuration 161, 163example 159status 33, 37, 40ATM 219DSL connections 220firewalls 39firmware version 38LAN 38WAN 38wireless LAN 39WPS 114subnet 259subnet mask 90, 100, 260subnetting 262Sustain Cell Rate, see SCRSYN attack 143syntax conventions 5system 201firmware 209version 38LED 26passwords 30administrator 202reset 27status 33, 37firewalls 39LAN 38WAN 38wireless LAN 39time 202
IndexP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide318TTelnet 180thresholdsdata fragment 109, 117RTS/CTS 109, 117time 202TR-069 22trademarks 309traffic shaping 86example 87UUBR 77, 82, 88unicast 72Universal Plug and Play, see UPnPupgrading firmware 209UPnP 185activation 187cautions 186example 188installation 188NAT traversal 185URL 147URL filter 148URL 147VVBR 87VBR-nRT 77, 82, 88VBR-RT 77, 82, 87VCI 74, 80, 85Virtual Channel Identifier, see VCIVirtual Path Identifier, see VPIVPI 74, 80, 85WWAN 71ATM QoS 77, 82, 87encapsulation 71, 74, 80IGMP 72IP address 72, 74, 80, 85mode 73, 79MTU 83multicast 72, 76multiplexing 74, 80, 84nailed-up connection 75, 81, 86NAT 81RIP 76setup 73status 38traffic shaping 86example 87VCI 74, 80, 85VPI 74, 80, 85warranty 311note 311web configurator 22, 29login 29passwords 30WEP 107, 120key 108Wide Area Network, see WANWi-Fi Protected Access 288WiFi Protected Setup, see WPSwireless client WPA supplicants 290wireless LAN 103, 115activation 105authentication 117, 119BSS 121example 122channel 117configuration 105encryption 106, 120example 116fragmentation threshold 109, 117limitations 121MAC address filter 104, 106, 110, 111, 119MBSSID 122preamble 110, 117RADIUS server 119RTS/CTS threshold 109, 117security 118SSID 104, 106, 113, 118activation 111status 39
IndexP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 319WEP 107, 120key 108wizard 66WPA 120WPA-PSK 108, 120pre-shared key 109WPS 113, 123, 125activation 114adding stations 115example 127limitations 128PIN 115, 124push button 24, 115, 123status 114wireless security 284Wireless tutorial 43wizard 57configuration 60wireless LAN 66WLANinterference 281security parameters 292WPA 120, 288key caching 290pre-authentication 290user authentication 290vs WPA-PSK 289wireless client supplicant 290with RADIUS application example 290WPA2 288user authentication 290vs WPA2-PSK 289wireless client supplicant 290with RADIUS application example 290WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 288WPA2-PSK 288, 289application example 291WPA-PSK 108, 120, 289application example 291pre-shared key 109WPS 113, 123, 125activation 114adding stations 115example 127limitations 128PIN 115, 124example 125push button 24, 115, 123status 114
IndexP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide320
IndexP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide 321
IndexP-660HN-Tx User’s Guide322

Navigation menu