ZyXEL Communications P660HNT1A 802.11n Wireless ADSL2+ 4-port Gateway User Manual 2
ZyXEL Communications Corporation 802.11n Wireless ADSL2+ 4-port Gateway 2
Contents
- 1. user manual
- 2. user manual 2
user manual 2
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 161
CHAPTER 12
Static Route
12.1 Overview
The ZyXEL Device usually uses the default gateway to route outbound traffic from
computers on the LAN to the Internet. To have the ZyXEL Device send data to
devices not reachable through the default gateway, use static routes.
For example, the next figure shows a computer (A) connected to the ZyXEL
Device’s LAN interface. The ZyXEL Device routes most traffic from A to the
Internet through the ZyXEL Device’s default gateway (R1). You create one static
route to connect to services offered by your ISP behind router R2. You create
another static route to communicate with a separate network behind a router R3
connected to the LAN.
Figure 77 Example of Static Routing Topology
WAN
R1
R2
A
R3
LAN
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12.1.1 What You Can Do in the Static Route Screens
Use the Static Route screens (Section 12.2 on page 162) to view and configure
IP static routes on the ZyXEL Device.
12.2 The Static Route Screen
Use this screen to view the static route rules. Click Advanced > Static Route to
open the Static Route screen.
Figure 78 Advanced > Static Route
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 53 Advanced > Static Route
LABEL DESCRIPTION
#This is the number of an individual static route.
Destination This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination.
Routing is always based on network number.
Netmask This parameter specifies the IP network subnet mask of the final
destination.
Gateway This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch
on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The
gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.
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12.2.1 Static Route Edit
Use this screen to configure the required information for a static route. Select a
static route index number and click Edit. The screen shown next appears.
Figure 79 Advanced > Static Route: Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can set up a static route
on the ZyXEL Device.
Click the Remove icon to remove a static route from the ZyXEL Device. A
window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the route.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 53 Advanced > Static Route
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 54 Advanced > Static Route: Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Static Route Setup
Destination IP
Address This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination.
Routing is always based on network number. If you need to specify a
route to a single host, use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.255 in the
subnet mask field to force the network number to be identical to the host
ID.
IP Subnet
Mask Enter the IP subnet mask here.
Gateway IP
Address Enter the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on
the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The
gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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CHAPTER 13
802.1Q/1P
13.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to configure the 802.1Q/1P settings.
A Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) allows a physical network to be partitioned
into multiple logical networks. A VLAN group can be treated as an individual
device. Each group can have its own rules about where and how to forward traffic.
You can assign any ports on the ZyXEL Device to a VLAN group and configure the
settings for the group. You may also set the priority level for traffic trasmitted
through the ports.
Figure 80 802.1Q/1P
13.1.1 What You Can Do in the 802.1Q/1P Screens
•Use the Group Setting screen (Section 13.2 on page 166) to activate 802.1Q/
1P, specify the management VLAN group, display the VLAN groups and
configure the settings for each VLAN group.
•Use the Port Setting screen (Section 13.3 on page 169) to configure the PVID
for each port.
13.1.2 What You Need to Know About 802.1Q/1P
IEEE 802.1P Priority
IEEE 802.1P specifies the user priority field and defines up to eight separate traffic
types by inserting a tag into a MAC-layer frame that contains bits to define class of
service.
Ports VLAN Groups Priority Levels
802.1Q 802.1P
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IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN
Tagged VLAN uses an explicit tag (VLAN ID) in the MAC header to identify the
VLAN membership of a frame across bridges - they are not confined to the device
on which they were created. The VLAN ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN
and provides the information that devices need to process the frame across the
network.
PVC
A virtual circuit is a logical point-to-point circuit between customer sites.
Permanent means that the circuit is preprogrammed by the carrier as a path
through the network. It does not need to be set up or torn down for each session.
Forwarding Tagged and Untagged Frames
Each port on the device is capable of passing tagged or untagged frames. To
forward a frame from an 802.1Q VLAN-aware device to an 802.1Q VLAN-unaware
device, the ZyXEL Device first decides where to forward the frame and then strips
off the VLAN tag. To forward a frame from an 802.1Q VLAN-unaware device to an
802.1Q VLAN-aware switch, the ZyXEL Device first decides where to forward the
frame, and then inserts a VLAN tag reflecting the ingress port's default VID. The
default PVID is VLAN 1 for all ports, but this can be changed.
Whether to tag an outgoing frame depends on the setting of the egress port on a
per-VLAN, per-port basis (recall that a port can belong to multiple VLANs). If the
tagging on the egress port is enabled for the VID of a frame, then the frame is
transmitted as a tagged frame; otherwise, it is transmitted as an untagged frame.
13.2 The 802.1Q/1P Group Setting Screen
Use this screen to activate 802.1Q/1P and display the VLAN groups. Click
Advanced > 802.1Q/1P to display the following screen.
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Note: If the WAN interface in the VLAN group is not the default router, you need to
create a static route to communicate with the WAN.
Figure 81 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 55 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting
LABEL DESCRIPTION
802.1Q/1P
Active Select this check box to activate the 802.1P/1Q feature.
Summary
# This field displays the index number of the VLAN group.
Active This field displays whether 802.1P/1Q is active for the VLAN group.
VID This field displays the ID number of the VLAN group.
Port Number These columns display the VLAN’s settings for each port. A tagged
port is marked as T, an untagged port is marked as U and ports not
participating in a VLAN are marked as “–“.
Modify Click the Edit button to configure the the ports in the VLAN group.
Click the Remove button to delete the VLAN group.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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13.2.1 Editing 802.1Q/1P Group Setting
Use this screen to configure the settings for each VLAN group.
In the 802.1Q/1P screen, click the Edit button from the Modify filed to display
the following screen.
Figure 82 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting > Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 56 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting > Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Select this check box to activate the group setting.
VLAN ID Assign a VLAN ID for the VLAN group. The valid VID range is between 1
and 4094.
Default
Gateway Select the default gateway for the VLAN group.
Ports This field displays the types of ports available to join the VLAN group.
Control Select Fixed for the port to be a permanent member of the VLAN group.
Select Forbidden if you want to prohibit the port from joining the VLAN
group.
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13.3 The 802.1Q/1P Port Setting Screen
Use this screen to configure the PVID for each port. Click Advanced > 802.1Q/
1P > Port Setting to display the following screen.
Figure 83 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Port Setting
Tx Tag Select Tx Tagging if you want the port to tag all outgoing traffic
trasmitted through this VLAN. You select this if you want to create VLANs
across different devices and not just the ZyXEL Device.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 56 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting > Edit (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 57 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Port Setting
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Ports This field displays the types of ports available to join the VLAN group.
802.1Q PVID Assign a VLAN ID for the port. The valid VID range is between 1 and
4094. The ZyXEL Device assigns the PVID to untagged frames or
priority-tagged frames received on this port.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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CHAPTER 14
Quality of Service (QoS)
14.1 Overview
Use the QoS screen to set up your ZyXEL Device to use QoS for traffic
management.
Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a network’s ability to deliver data with
minimum delay, and the networking methods used to control bandwidth. QoS
allows the ZyXEL Device to group and prioritize application traffic and fine-tune
network performance.
Without QoS, all traffic data are equally likely to be dropped when the network is
congested. This can cause a reduction in network performance and make the
network inadequate for time-critical applications such as video-on-demand.
The ZyXEL Device assigns each packet a priority and then queues the packet
accordingly. Packets assigned with a high priority are processed more quickly than
those with low priorities if there is congestion, allowing time-sensitive applications
to flow more smoothly. Time-sensitive applications include both those that require
a low level of latency (delay) and a low level of jitter (variations in delay) such as
Voice over IP (VoIP) or Internet gaming, and those for which jitter alone is a
problem such as Internet radio or streaming video.
In the following figure, your Internet connection has an upstream transmission
speed of 50 Mbps. You configure a classifier to assign the highest priority queue
(6) to VoIP traffic from the LAN interface, so that voice traffic would not get
delayed when there is network congestion. Traffic from the boss’s IP address
(192.168.1.23 for example) is mapped to queue 5. Traffic that does not match
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these two classes are assigned priority queue based on the internal QoS mapping
table on the ZyXEL Device.
Figure 84 QoS Example
14.1.1 What You Can Do in the QoS Screens
•Use the QoS screen (Section 14.2 on page 173) to configure QoS settings on
the ZyXEL Device.
•Use the QoS Settings Summary screen (Section 14.2.1 on page 175) to check
the summary of QoS rules and actions you configured for the ZyXEL Device.
14.1.2 What You Need to Know About QoS
802.1p
QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the same
flow are given the same priority. 802.1p is a way of managing traffic in a network
by grouping similar types of traffic together and treating each type as a class. You
can use 802.1p to give different priorities to different packet types.
Tagging and Marking
In a QoS class, you can configure whether to add or change the DiffServ Code
Point (DSCP) value, IEEE 802.1p priority level and VLAN ID number in a matched
packet. When the packet passes through a compatible network, the networking
device, such as a backbone switch, can provide specific treatment or service
based on the tag or marker.
Finding Out More
See Section 14.3 on page 176 for advanced technical information on QoS.
50 Mbps
DSL
VoIP: Queue 6
Boss: Queue 5
IP=192.168.1.23
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14.2 The QoS Screen
Use this screen to enable or disable QoS and have the ZyXEL Device assign
priority levels to traffic according to the port range, IEEE 802.1p priority level and/
or IP precedence.
Click Advanced Setup > QoS to open the screen as shown next.
Figure 85 Advanced Setup > QoS
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 58 Advanced Setup > QoS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Quality of Service
QoS Use this field to turn on QoS to improve your network performance.
You can give priority to traffic that the ZyXEL Device forwards out
through the WAN interface. Give high priority to voice and video to make
them run more smoothly. Similarly, give low priority to many large file
downloads so that they do not reduce the quality of other applications.
Summary Click this to open a summary table showing the QoS settings. See
Section 14.2.1 on page 175 for more details.
Rule
Rule Index Select the rule’s index number from the drop-down list box.
Active Use this field to enable or disable the rule.
Application Select an application from the drop-down list box. The Destination Port
Range and Protocol ID fields may change depending on the type of
applications you choose.
Physical Ports Select Enet1 to apply the rule to the Ethernet port.
Destination
MAC Type a destination MAC address here. QoS is then applied to traffic
containing this destination MAC address. Leave it blank to apply the rule
to all MAC addresses.
IP Enter a destination IP address in dotted decimal notation. QoS is then
applied to traffic containing this destination IP address. A blank
destination IP address means any destination IP address.
Mask Enter a destination subnet mask here.
Port Range Either use the default value set by the application you choose, or enter
the port number to which the rule should be applied.
Source MAC Type a source MAC address here. QoS is then applied to traffic containing
this source MAC address. Leave it blank to apply the rule to all MAC
addresses.
IP Enter a source IP address in dotted decimal notation. QoS is then applied
to traffic containing this source IP address. A blank source IP address
means any source IP address.
Mask Enter a source subnet mask here.
Port Range Enter the port number to which the rule should be applied. 0 means any
source port number. See Appendix E on page 307 for some common
services and port numbers.
Protocol ID Select an IP protocol type from the drop-down list box.
Vlan ID Range Enter the source VLAN ID in this field.
IPP/DS Field Select IPP/TOS to specify an IP precedence range and type of services.
Select DSCP to specify a DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) range.
IP Precedence
Range Enter a range from 0 to 7 for IP precedence. Zero is the lowest priority
and seven is the highest.
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14.2.1 The QoS Settings Summary Screen
Use this screen to display a summary of rules and actions configured for the
ZyXEL Device. In the Advanced > QoS screen, click the QoS Settings
Summary button to open the following screen.
Figure 86 Advanced Setup > QoS > QoS Settings Summary
Type of
Service Select a type of service from the drop-down list box.
Available options are: Normal service, Minimize delay, Maximize
throughput, Maximize reliability and Minimize monetary cost.
DSCP Range Specify a DSCP number between 0 and 63 in this field.
802.1p Select a priority level (0 to 7) from the drop-down list box.
Action
IPP/DS Field Select IPP/TOS to specify an IP precedence range and type of services.
Select DSCP to specify a DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) range.
IP Precedence
Remarking Enter a range from 0 to 7 to re-assign IP precedence to matched traffic.
Zero is the lowest priority and seven is the highest.
Type of
Service
Remarking
Select a type of service to re-assign the priority level to matched traffic.
Available options are: Normal service, Minimize delay, Maximize
throughput, Maximize reliability and Minimize monetary cost.
DSCP
Remarking Specify a DSCP number between 0 and 63 to re-assign the priority level
to matched traffic.
802.1p
Remarking Select a priority level (0 to 7) to re-assign the priority level to matched
traffic.
Queue # Specify a Low, Medium, High or Highest queue tag to matched traffic.
Traffic assigned to a higher queue gets through faster while traffic in
lower queues is dropped when there is network congestion.
ADD Click this to add the rule.
DELETE Click this to remove the rule.
CANCEL Click this to restore previously saved settings.
Table 58 Advanced Setup > QoS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
14.3 QoS Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics
covered in this chapter.
14.3.1 IEEE 802.1p
IEEE 802.1p specifies the user priority field and defines up to eight separate traffic
types. The following table describes the traffic types defined in the IEEE 802.1d
standard (which incorporates the 802.1p).
Table 59 Advanced Setup > QoS > QoS Settings Summary
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Rules
#This is the rule’s index number.
Active This shows whether the rule is enabled or disabled.
Physical Ports This is the physical port associated with the rule.
Destination MAC
and IP/Mask
Port Ranges
This is the port range for destination MAC address and IP address.
Source MAC and
IP/Mask Port
Ranges
This is the port range for source MAC address and IP address.
Protocol ID This is the protocol ID associated with the rule.
VLAN ID This is the VLAN ID associated with the rule.
IPP/TOS (DSCP) This shows the IPP/TOS or DSCP settings.
802.1p This is the 802.1p priority level.
Actions
IPP/TOS (DSCP)
Remarking The ZyXEL Device re-assigns the priority values specified in this field
to matched traffic.
802.1p
Remarking The ZyXEL Device re-assigns the priority levels specified in this field
to matched traffic.
Queue # The ZyXEL Device assigns the queue level specified in this field to
matched traffic.
Table 60 IEEE 802.1p Priority Level and Traffic Type
PRIORITY
LEVEL TRAFFIC TYPE
Level 7 Typically used for network control traffic such as router configuration
messages.
Level 6 Typically used for voice traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter is the
variations in delay).
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14.3.2 IP Precedence
Similar to IEEE 802.1p prioritization at layer-2, you can use IP precedence to
prioritize packets in a layer-3 network. IP precedence uses three bits of the eight-
bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header. There are eight classes of services
(ranging from zero to seven) in IP precedence. Zero is the lowest priority level and
seven is the highest.
14.3.3 Automatic Priority Queue Assignment
If you enable QoS on the ZyXEL Device, the ZyXEL Device can automatically base
on the IEEE 802.1p priority level, IP precedence and/or packet length to assign
priority to traffic which does not match a class.
The following table shows you the internal layer-2 and layer-3 QoS mapping on
the ZyXEL Device. On the ZyXEL Device, traffic assigned to higher priority queues
gets through faster while traffic in lower index queues is dropped if the network is
congested.
Level 5 Typically used for video that consumes high bandwidth and is sensitive to
jitter.
Level 4 Typically used for controlled load, latency-sensitive traffic such as SNA
(Systems Network Architecture) transactions.
Level 3 Typically used for “excellent effort” or better than best effort and would
include important business traffic that can tolerate some delay.
Level 2 This is for “spare bandwidth”.
Level 1 This is typically used for non-critical “background” traffic such as bulk
transfers that are allowed but that should not affect other applications and
users.
Level 0 Typically used for best-effort traffic.
Table 60 IEEE 802.1p Priority Level and Traffic Type
PRIORITY
LEVEL TRAFFIC TYPE
Table 61 Internal Layer2 and Layer3 QoS Mapping
PRIORITY
QUEUE
LAYER 2 LAYER 3
IEEE 802.1P
USER PRIORITY
(ETHERNET
PRIORITY)
TOS (IP
PRECEDENCE) DSCP IP PACKET
LENGTH (BYTE)
0 1 0 000000
12
2 0 0 000000 >1100
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3 3 1 001110
001100
001010
001000
250~1100
4 4 2 010110
010100
010010
010000
5 5 3 011110
011100
011010
011000
<250
6 6 4 100110
100100
100010
100000
5 101110
101000
7 7 6 110000
111000
7
Table 61 Internal Layer2 and Layer3 QoS Mapping
PRIORITY
QUEUE
LAYER 2 LAYER 3
IEEE 802.1P
USER PRIORITY
(ETHERNET
PRIORITY)
TOS (IP
PRECEDENCE) DSCP IP PACKET
LENGTH (BYTE)
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CHAPTER 15
Dynamic DNS Setup
15.1 Overview
Dynamic DNS allows you to update your current dynamic IP address with one or
many dynamic DNS services so that anyone can contact you (in NetMeeting, CU-
SeeMe, etc.). You can also access your FTP server or Web site on your own
computer using a domain name (for instance myhost.dhs.org, where myhost is a
name of your choice) that will never change instead of using an IP address that
changes each time you reconnect. Your friends or relatives will always be able to
call you even if they don't know your IP address.
First of all, you need to have registered a dynamic DNS account with
www.dyndns.org. This is for people with a dynamic IP from their ISP or DHCP
server that would still like to have a domain name. The Dynamic DNS service
provider will give you a password or key.
15.1.1 What You Can Do in the DDNS Screen
Use the Dynamic DNS screen (Section 15.2 on page 180) to enable DDNS and
configure the DDNS settings on the ZyXEL Device.
15.1.2 What You Need To Know About DDNS
DYNDNS Wildcard
Enabling the wildcard feature for your host causes *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be
aliased to the same IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org. This feature is useful if
you want to be able to use, for example, www.yourhost.dyndns.org and still reach
your hostname.
If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use Dynamic DNS.
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15.2 The Dynamic DNS Screen
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s DDNS. Click Advanced >
Dynamic DNS. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 87 Advanced > Dynamic DNS
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 62 Advanced > Dynamic DNS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Dynamic DNS Setup
Active
Dynamic DNS Select this check box to use dynamic DNS.
Service
Provider This is the name of your Dynamic DNS service provider.
Dynamic DNS
Type Select the type of service that you are registered for from your Dynamic
DNS service provider.
Host Name Type the domain name assigned to your ZyXEL Device by your Dynamic
DNS provider.
You can specify up to two host names in the field separated by a comma
(",").
User Name Type your user name.
Password Type the password assigned to you.
Enable
Wildcard
Option
Select the check box to enable DynDNS Wildcard.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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CHAPTER 16
Remote Management
16.1 Overview
Remote management allows you to determine which services/protocols can access
which ZyXEL Device interface (if any) from which computers.
The following figure shows remote management of the ZyXEL Device coming in
from the WAN.
Figure 88 Remote Management From the WAN
Note: When you configure remote management to allow management from the WAN,
you still need to configure a firewall rule to allow access.
You may manage your ZyXEL Device from a remote location via:
•Internet (WAN only)
•LAN only
•LAN and WAN
• None (Disable)
To disable remote management of a service, select Disable in the corresponding
Service Access field.
You may only have one remote management session running at a time. The ZyXEL
Device automatically disconnects a remote management session of lower priority
LAN WAN
HTTP
Telnet
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when another remote management session of higher priority starts. The priorities
for the different types of remote management sessions are as follows.
1Telnet
2HTTP
16.1.1 What You Can Do in the Remote Management Screens
•Use the WWW screen (Section 16.2 on page 183) to configure through which
interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the
ZyXEL Device.
•Use the Telnet screen (Section 16.3 on page 184) to configure through which
interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use Telnet to manage the
ZyXEL Device.
•Use the FTP screen (Section 16.4 on page 185) to configure through which
interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use FTP to access the
ZyXEL Device.
• Your ZyXEL Device can act as an SNMP agent, which allows a manager station to
manage and monitor the ZyXEL Device through the network. Use the SNMP
screen (see Section 16.5 on page 186) to configure through which interface(s)
and from which IP address(es) users can use SNMP to access the ZyXEL Device.
•Use the DNS screen (Section 16.6 on page 188) to configure through which
interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can send DNS queries to the
ZyXEL Device.
•Use the ICMP screen (Section 16.7 on page 189) to set whether or not your
ZyXEL Device will respond to pings and probes for services that you have not
made available.
16.1.2 What You Need to Know About Remote Management
Remote Management Limitations
Remote management does not work when:
• You have not enabled that service on the interface in the corresponding remote
management screen.
• You have disabled that service in one of the remote management screens.
• The IP address in the Secured Client IP Address field does not match the
client IP address. If it does not match, the ZyXEL Device will disconnect the
session immediately.
• There is already another remote management session with an equal or higher
priority running. You may only have one remote management session running
at one time.
• There is a firewall rule that blocks it.
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Remote Management and NAT
When NAT is enabled:
• Use the ZyXEL Device’s WAN IP address when configuring from the WAN.
• Use the ZyXEL Device’s LAN IP address when configuring from the LAN.
System Timeout
There is a default system management idle timeout of five minutes (three
hundred seconds). The ZyXEL Device automatically logs you out if the
management session remains idle for longer than this timeout period. The
management session does not time out when a statistics screen is polling.
16.2 The WWW Screen
Use this screen to specify how to connect to the ZyXEL Device from a web
browser, such as Internet Explorer.
Note: If you disable the WWW service in the Remote MGMT > WWW screen, then
the ZyXEL Device blocks all HTTP connection attempts.
16.2.1 Configuring the WWW Screen
Click Advanced > Remote MGMT to display the WWW screen.
Figure 89 Advanced > Remote MGMT > WWW
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
16.3 The Telnet Screen
You can use Telnet to access the ZyXEL Device’s command line interface. Specify
which interfaces allow Telnet access and from which IP address the access can
come.
Click Advanced > Remote MGMT > Telnet tab to display the screen as shown.
Figure 90 Advanced > Remote MGMT > Telnet
Table 63 Advanced > Remote Management > WWW
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Server Port You may change the server port number for a service, if needed.
However, you must use the same port number in order to use that
service for remote management.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL
Device using this service.
Secured Client
IP Address A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate
with the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this
service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that
you specify to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
16.4 The FTP Screen
You can use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) to upload and download the ZyXEL
Device’s firmware and configuration files. Please see the User’s Guide chapter on
firmware and configuration file maintenance for details. To use this feature, your
computer must have an FTP client.
Use this screen to specify which interfaces allow FTP access and from which IP
address the access can come. To change your ZyXEL Device’s FTP settings, click
Advanced > Remote MGMT > FTP. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 91 Advanced > Remote MGMT > FTP
Table 64 Advanced > Remote Management > Telnet
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Server Port You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however
you must use the same port number in order to use that service for
remote management.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL
Device using this service.
Secured Client
IP Address A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate
with the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this
service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you
specify to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
16.5 The SNMP Screen
Simple Network Management Protocol is a protocol used for exchanging
management information between network devices. Your ZyXEL Device supports
SNMP agent functionality, which allows a manager station to manage and monitor
the ZyXEL Device through the network. The ZyXEL Device supports SNMP version
one (SNMPv1) and version two (SNMPv2c). The next figure illustrates an SNMP
management operation.
Figure 92 SNMP Management Model
Table 65 Advanced > Remote MGMT > FTP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Server Port You may change the server port number for a service, if needed.
However, you must use the same port number in order to use that
service for remote management.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL
Device using this service.
Secured Client
IP Address A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate
with the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this
service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that
you specify to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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An SNMP managed network consists of two main types of component: agents and
a manager.
An agent is a management software module that resides in a managed device (the
ZyXEL Device). An agent translates the local management information from the
managed device into a form compatible with SNMP. The manager is the console
through which network administrators perform network management functions. It
executes applications that control and monitor managed devices.
The managed devices contain object variables/managed objects that define each
piece of information to be collected about a device. Examples of variables include
such as number of packets received, node port status etc. A Management
Information Base (MIB) is a collection of managed objects. SNMP allows a
manager and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing these objects.
16.5.1 Configuring SNMP
To change your ZyXEL Device’s SNMP settings, click Advanced > Remote MGMT
> SNMP tab. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 93 Advanced > Remote MGMT > SNMP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 66 Advanced > Remote MGMT > SNMP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Server Port The SNMP agent listens on port 161 by default. If you change the SNMP
server port to a different number on the ZyXEL Device, for example
8161, then you must notify people who need to access the ZyXEL Device
SNMP agent to use the same port.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL
Device using this service.
Secured Client
IP Address A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to access the
SNMP agent on the ZyXEL Device.
Select All to allow any computer to access the SNMP agent.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you
specify to access the SNMP agent.
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16.6 The DNS Screen
Use DNS (Domain Name System) to map a domain name to its corresponding IP
address and vice versa. Refer to Chapter 7 on page 89 for background
information.
Use this screen to set from which IP address the ZyXEL Device will accept DNS
queries and on which interface it can send them your ZyXEL Device’s DNS
settings. This feature is not available when the ZyXEL Device is set to bridge
mode. Click Advanced > Remote MGMT > DNS to change your ZyXEL Device’s
DNS settings.
Figure 94 Advanced > Remote Management > DNS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Table 66 Advanced > Remote MGMT > SNMP (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 67 Advanced > Remote Management > DNS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Server Port The DNS service port number is 53 and cannot be changed here.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may send DNS queries
to the ZyXEL Device.
Secured Client
IP Address A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to send DNS
queries to the ZyXEL Device.
Select All to allow any computer to send DNS queries to the ZyXEL
Device.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that
you specify to send DNS queries to the ZyXEL Device.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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16.7 The ICMP Screen
To change your ZyXEL Device’s security settings, click Advanced > Remote
MGMT > ICMP. The screen appears as shown.
If an outside user attempts to probe an unsupported port on your ZyXEL Device,
an ICMP response packet is automatically returned. This allows the outside user to
know the ZyXEL Device exists. Your ZyXEL Device supports anti-probing, which
prevents the ICMP response packet from being sent. This keeps outsiders from
discovering your ZyXEL Device when unsupported ports are probed.
Note: If you want your device to respond to pings and requests for unauthorized
services, you may also need to configure the firewall anti probing settings to
match.
Figure 95 Advanced > Remote Management > ICMP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 68 Advanced > Remote Management > ICMP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol is a message control and error-
reporting protocol between a host server and a gateway to the Internet.
ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams, but the messages are
processed by the TCP/IP software and directly apparent to the
application user.
Respond to
Ping on The ZyXEL Device will not respond to any incoming Ping requests when
Disable is selected. Select LAN to reply to incoming LAN Ping requests.
Select WAN to reply to incoming WAN Ping requests. Otherwise select
LAN & WAN to reply to both incoming LAN and WAN Ping requests.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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CHAPTER 17
Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
17.1 Overview
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that
uses TCP/IP for simple peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A
UPnP device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address, convey its
capabilities and learn about other devices on the network. In turn, a device can
leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use.
17.1.1 What You Can Do in the UPnP Screen
Use the UPnP screen (Section 17.2 on page 193) to enable UPnP on the ZyXEL
Device and allow UPnP-enabled applications to automatically configure the ZyXEL
Device.
17.1.2 What You Need to Know About UPnP
Identifying UPnP Devices
UPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder
(Windows XP). Each UPnP compatible device installed on your network will appear
as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a UPnP device will allow you to access the
information and properties of that device.
NAT Traversal
UPnP NAT traversal automates the process of allowing an application to operate
through NAT. UPnP network devices can automatically configure network
addressing, announce their presence in the network to other UPnP devices and
enable exchange of simple product and service descriptions. NAT traversal allows
the following:
• Dynamic port mapping
• Learning public IP addresses
• Assigning lease times to mappings
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Windows Messenger is an example of an application that supports NAT traversal
and UPnP.
See the NAT chapter for more information on NAT.
Cautions with UPnP
The automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own
services and opening firewall ports may present network security issues. Network
information and configuration may also be obtained and modified by users in some
network environments.
When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast
message. For security reasons, the ZyXEL Device allows multicast messages on
the LAN only.
All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without
additional configuration. Disable UPnP if this is not your intention.
UPnP and ZyXEL
ZyXEL has achieved UPnP certification from the Universal Plug and Play Forum
UPnP™ Implementers Corp. (UIC). ZyXEL's UPnP implementation supports
Internet Gateway Device (IGD) 1.0.
See the following sections for examples of installing and using UPnP.
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17.2 The UPnP Screen
Use the following screen to configure the UPnP settings on your ZyXEL Device.
Click Advanced > UPnP to display the screen shown next.
See Section 17.1 on page 191 for more information.
Figure 96 Advanced > UPnP > General
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 69 Advanced > UPnP > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active the Universal Plug
and Play (UPnP) Feature Select this check box to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone
could use a UPnP application to open the web configurator's
login screen without entering the ZyXEL Device's IP address
(although you must still enter the password to access the web
configurator).
Allow users to make
configuration changes
through UPnP
Select this check box to allow UPnP-enabled applications to
automatically configure the ZyXEL Device so that they can
communicate through the ZyXEL Device, for example by using
NAT traversal, UPnP applications automatically reserve a NAT
forwarding port in order to communicate with another UPnP
enabled device; this eliminates the need to manually configure
port forwarding for the UPnP enabled application.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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17.3 Installing UPnP in Windows Example
This section shows how to install UPnP in Windows Me and Windows XP.
Installing UPnP in Windows Me
Follow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows Me.
1Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Add/Remove Programs.
2Click on the Windows Setup tab and select Communication in the
Components selection box. Click Details.
Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication
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3In the Communications window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box
in the Components selection box.
Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication: Components
4Click OK to go back to the Add/Remove Programs Properties window and click
Next.
5Restart the computer when prompted.
Installing UPnP in Windows XP
Follow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows XP.
1Click Start and Control Panel.
2Double-click Network Connections.
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3In the Network Connections window, click Advanced in the main menu and
select Optional Networking Components ….
Network Co nnections
4The Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard window displays.
Select Networking Service in the Components selection box and click Details.
Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard
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5In the Networking Services window, select the Universal Plug and Play check
box.
Networking Services
6Click OK to go back to the Windows Optional Networking Component Wizard
window and click Next.
17.4 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example
This section shows you how to use the UPnP feature in Windows XP. You must
already have UPnP installed in Windows XP and UPnP activated on the ZyXEL
Device.
Make sure the computer is connected to a LAN port of the ZyXEL Device. Turn on
your computer and the ZyXEL Device.
Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device
1Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Network Connections. An icon
displays under Internet Gateway.
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2Right-click the icon and select Properties.
Network Co nnections
3In the Internet Connection Properties window, click Settings to see the port
mappings there were automatically created.
Internet Connection Properties
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4You may edit or delete the port mappings or click Add to manually add port
mappings.
Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings
Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings: Add
5When the UPnP-enabled device is disconnected from your computer, all port
mappings will be deleted automatically.
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6Select Show icon in notification area when connected option and click OK.
An icon displays in the system tray.
System Tray Icon
7Double-click on the icon to display your current Internet connection status.
Internet Connection Status
Web Configurator Easy Access
With UPnP, you can access the web-based configurator on the ZyXEL Device
without finding out the IP address of the ZyXEL Device first. This comes helpful if
you do not know the IP address of the ZyXEL Device.
Follow the steps below to access the web configurator.
1Click Start and then Control Panel.
2Double-click Network Connections.
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3Select My Network Places under Other Places.
Network Co nnections
4An icon with the description for each UPnP-enabled device displays under Local
Network.
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5Right-click on the icon for your ZyXEL Device and select Invoke. The web
configurator login screen displays.
Network Co nnections: My Netw ork Places
6Right-click on the icon for your ZyXEL Device and select Properties. A properties
window displays with basic information about the ZyXEL Device.
Network Co nnections: My Netw ork Places: Proper ties: Example
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CHAPTER 18
CWMP
18.1 Overview
The ZyXEL Device supports TR-069 Amendment 1 (CPE WAN Management
Protocol Release 2.0) and TR-069 Amendment 2 (CPE WAN Management Protocol
v1.1, Release 3.0).
TR-069 is a protocol that defines how your ZyXEL Device (ZD) can be managed
via a management server (MS) such as ZyXEL’s Vantage Access.
Figure 97 LAN and WAN
An administrator can use a management server to remotely set up the ZyXEL
device, modify settings, perform firmware upgrades as well as monitor and
diagnose the ZyXEL device.
In order to use CWMP, you need to configure the following steps:
1Activate CWMP
2Specify the URL, username and password.
3Activate periodic inform and specify an interval value.
MSZD
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18.2 The CWMP Setup Screen
Use this screen to configure your ZyXEL Device to be managed by a management
server. Click Advanced> CWMP to display the following screen.
Figure 98 Advanced > CWMP
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 70 Advanced > CWMP
LINK DESCRIPTION
CWMP Setup
CWMP Select Activated to allow the ZyXEL Device to be managed by a
management server or select Deactivated to not allow the ZyXEL Device
to be managed by a management server.
Login ACS Configure this part of the screen to log into the management server.
URL Type the IP address or domain name of the management server. If the
ZyXEL Device is behind a NAT router that assigns it a private IP address,
you will have to configure a NAT port forwarding rule on the NAT router.
User Name The user name is used to authenticate the ZyXEL Device when making a
connection to the management server. This user name on the management
server and the ZyXEL Device must be the same. Type a user name of up to
255 printable characters found on an English-language keyboard. Spaces
and characters such as @#$%^&*()_+ are allowed.
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Password The password is used to authenticate the ZyXEL Device when making a
connection to the management server. This password on the management
server and the ZyXEL Device must be the same. Type a password of up to
255 printable characters found on an English-language keyboard.
Connection
Request Use this part of the screen to allow the management server to connect to
the ZyXEL Device after a successful login.
Path Type the IP address or domain name of the ZyXEL Device. The
management server uses this path to verify the ZyXEL Device.
Port The default port for access to the ZyXEL Device from the management
server is the HTTP port, port 80. If you change it, make sure it does not
conflict with another port on your network and it is recommended to use a
port number above 1024 (not a commonly used port). The management
server should use this port to connect to the ZyXEL Device. You may need
to alter your NAT port forwarding rules if they were already configured.
UserName The user name is used to authenticate the management server when
connecting to the ZyXEL Device. Type a user name of up to 255 printable
characters found on an English-language keyboard. Spaces and characters
such as @#$%^&*()_+ are allowed.
Password The password is used to authenticate the management server when
connecting to the ZyXEL Device. Type a password of up to 255 printable
characters found on an English-language keyboard. Spaces are not
allowed.
Periodic
Inform Select Activated to have the ZyXEL Device periodically send information to
the management server (recommended if CWMP is enabled) or select
Deactivated to not have the ZyXEL Device periodically send information to
the management server
Interval The interval is the duration in seconds for which the ZyXEL Device must
attempt to connect with the management server to send information and
check for configuration updates. Enter a value between 1 and 86400
seconds.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 70 Advanced > CWMP (continued)
LINK DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER 19
System Settings
19.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to configure system related settings, such as system
time, password, name, the domain name and the inactivity timeout interval.
19.1.1 What You Can Do in the System Settings Screens
•Use the General screen (Section 19.2 on page 207) to configure system
settings.
•Use the Time and Date screen (Section 19.3 on page 208) to set the system
time.
19.2 The General Screen
Use this screen to configure system admin password.
Click Maintenance > System to open the General screen.
Figure 99 Maintenance > System > General
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
19.3 The Time and Date Screen
Use this screen to configure the ZyXEL Device’s time based on your local time
zone. To change your ZyXEL Device’s time and date, click Maintenance >
System > Time and Date. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 100 Maintenance > System > Time and Date
Table 71 Maintenance > System > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Password
Admin
Password
Old
Password Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the
system in this field.
New
Password Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you
type a password, the screen displays a (*) for each character you type.
After you change the password, use the new password to access the
ZyXEL Device.
Retype to
confirm Type the new password again for confirmation.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 72 Maintenance > System > Time and Date
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Current Time and Date
Current Time This field displays the time of your ZyXEL Device.
Each time you reload this page, the ZyXEL Device synchronizes the
time with the time server.
Current Date This field displays the date of your ZyXEL Device.
Each time you reload this page, the ZyXEL Device synchronizes the
date with the time server.
Time and Date Setup
Manual Select this radio button to enter the time and date manually. If you
configure a new time and date, Time Zone and Daylight Saving at the
same time, the new time and date you entered has priority and the
Time Zone and Daylight Saving settings do not affect it.
New Time
(hh:mm:ss)
This field displays the last updated time from the time server or the last
time configured manually.
When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new time in
this field and then click Apply.
New Date
(yyyy/mm/dd)
This field displays the last updated date from the time server or the last
date configured manually.
When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new date in
this field and then click Apply.
Get from Time
Server Select this radio button to have the ZyXEL Device get the time and date
from the time server you specified below.
Time Server
Address Enter the IP address or URL (up to 20 extended ASCII characters in
length) of your time server. Check with your ISP/network administrator
if you are unsure of this information.
Time Zone Setup
Time Zone Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference
between your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Daylight
Savings Daylight saving is a period from late spring to early fall when many
countries set their clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to
give more daytime light in the evening.
Select this option if you use Daylight Saving Time.
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Start Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you
selected Enable Daylight Saving. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour
format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the
second Sunday of March. Each time zone in the United States starts
using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States
you would select Second, Sunday, March and type 2 in the o'clock
field.
Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday
of March. All of the time zones in the European Union start using
Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in
the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, March. The time
you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany
for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one
hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
End Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you
selected Enable Daylight Saving. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour
format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the first Sunday of
November. Each time zone in the United States stops using Daylight
Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would
select First, Sunday, November and type 2 in the o'clock field.
Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of
October. All of the time zones in the European Union stop using
Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in
the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, October. The
time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In
Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone
is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 72 Maintenance > System > Time and Date (continued)
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CHAPTER 20
Logs
20.1 Overview
This chapter contains information about viewing the ZyXEL Device’s logs.
The web configurator allows you to choose which types of events and/or alerts to
have the ZyXEL Device log and then display the logs.
20.1.1 What You Need To Know About Logs
Alerts
An alert is a message that is enabled as soon as the event occurs. They include
system errors, attacks (access control) and attempted access to blocked web
sites. Some categories such as System Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You
may differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts display in red
and logs display in black.
Logs
A log is a message about an event that occurred on your ZyXEL Device. For
example, when someone logs in to the ZyXEL Device, you can set a schedule for
how often logs should be enabled, or sent to a syslog server.
20.2 The System Log Screen
Use the System Log screen to configure and view the logs you wish to display.
To change your ZyXEL Device’s log settings, click Maintenance > Logs > Log
Settings. The screen appears as shown.
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Alerts are e-mailed as soon as they happen. Logs may be e-mailed as soon as the
log is full. Selecting many alert and/or log categories (especially Access Control)
may result in many e-mails being sent.
Figure 101 Maintenance > System Logs
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 73 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings
LABEL DESCRIPTION
System Log
Log Type Select the types of logs that you want to display and record. Then click
Submit to display the details.
Clear Log Click this to delete all the logs.
Save Log Click this to save the logs in a text file.
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20.3 Log Descriptions
This section provides descriptions of example log messages.
Table 74 System Maintenance Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
Time calibration is
successful The router has adjusted its time based on information
from the time server.
Time calibration failed The router failed to get information from the time
server.
WAN interface gets IP: %s A WAN interface got a new IP address from the DHCP,
PPPoE, or dial-up server.
DHCP client IP expired A DHCP client's IP address has expired.
DHCP server assigns %s The DHCP server assigned an IP address to a client.
Successful WEB login Someone has logged on to the router's web
configurator interface.
WEB login failed Someone has failed to log on to the router's web
configurator interface.
Successful TELNET login Someone has logged on to the router via telnet.
TELNET login failed Someone has failed to log on to the router via telnet.
Successful FTP login Someone has logged on to the router via ftp.
FTP login failed Someone has failed to log on to the router via ftp.
NAT Session Table is Full! The maximum number of NAT session table entries
has been exceeded and the table is full.
Starting Connectivity
Monitor Starting Connectivity Monitor.
Time initialized by Daytime
Server The router got the time and date from the Daytime
server.
Time initialized by Time
server The router got the time and date from the time
server.
Time initialized by NTP
server The router got the time and date from the NTP server.
Connect to Daytime server
fail The router was not able to connect to the Daytime
server.
Connect to Time server fail The router was not able to connect to the Time server.
Connect to NTP server fail The router was not able to connect to the NTP server.
Too large ICMP packet has
been dropped The router dropped an ICMP packet that was too
large.
Configuration Change: PC =
0x%x, Task ID = 0x%x The router is saving configuration changes.
Successful SSH login Someone has logged on to the router’s SSH server.
SSH login failed Someone has failed to log on to the router’s SSH
server.
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Successful HTTPS login Someone has logged on to the router's web
configurator interface using HTTPS protocol.
HTTPS login failed Someone has failed to log on to the router's web
configurator interface using HTTPS protocol.
Table 75 System Error Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
%s exceeds the max.
number of session per
host!
This attempt to create a NAT session exceeds the
maximum number of NAT session table entries allowed to
be created per host.
setNetBIOSFilter: calloc
error The router failed to allocate memory for the NetBIOS
filter settings.
readNetBIOSFilter: calloc
error The router failed to allocate memory for the NetBIOS
filter settings.
WAN connection is down. A WAN connection is down. You cannot access the
network through this interface.
Table 76 Access Control Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
Firewall default policy: [ TCP |
UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE | OSPF ]
<Packet Direction>
Attempted TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF access
matched the default policy and was blocked or
forwarded according to the default policy’s
setting.
Firewall rule [NOT] match:[ TCP
| UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE | OSPF
] <Packet Direction>, <rule:%d>
Attempted TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF access
matched (or did not match) a configured firewall
rule (denoted by its number) and was blocked or
forwarded according to the rule.
Triangle route packet forwarded:
[ TCP | UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE |
OSPF ]
The firewall allowed a triangle route session to
pass through.
Packet without a NAT table entry
blocked: [ TCP | UDP | IGMP |
ESP | GRE | OSPF ]
The router blocked a packet that didn't have a
corresponding NAT table entry.
Router sent blocked web site
message: TCP The router sent a message to notify a user that
the router blocked access to a web site that the
user requested.
Table 74 System Maintenance Logs (continued)
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
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Table 77 TCP Reset Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
Under SYN flood attack,
sent TCP RST The router sent a TCP reset packet when a host was
under a SYN flood attack (the TCP incomplete count is per
destination host.)
Exceed TCP MAX
incomplete, sent TCP RST The router sent a TCP reset packet when the number of
TCP incomplete connections exceeded the user configured
threshold. (the TCP incomplete count is per destination
host.) Note: Refer to TCP Maximum Incomplete in the
Firewall Attack Alerts screen.
Peer TCP state out of
order, sent TCP RST The router sent a TCP reset packet when a TCP
connection state was out of order.Note: The firewall refers
to RFC793 Figure 6 to check the TCP state.
Firewall session time
out, sent TCP RST The router sent a TCP reset packet when a dynamic
firewall session timed out.Default timeout values:ICMP
idle timeout (s): 60UDP idle timeout (s): 60TCP
connection (three way handshaking) timeout (s): 30TCP
FIN-wait timeout (s): 60TCP idle (established) timeout
(s): 3600
Exceed MAX incomplete,
sent TCP RST The router sent a TCP reset packet when the number of
incomplete connections (TCP and UDP) exceeded the
user-configured threshold. (Incomplete count is for all
TCP and UDP connections through the firewall.)Note:
When the number of incomplete connections (TCP + UDP)
> “Maximum Incomplete High”, the router sends TCP RST
packets for TCP connections and destroys TOS (firewall
dynamic sessions) until incomplete connections <
“Maximum Incomplete Low”.
Access block, sent TCP
RST The router sends a TCP RST packet and generates this log
if you turn on the firewall TCP reset mechanism (via CI
command: "sys firewall tcprst").
Table 78 Packet Filter Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
[ TCP | UDP | ICMP | IGMP |
Generic ] packet filter
matched (set: %d, rule: %d)
Attempted access matched a configured filter rule
(denoted by its set and rule number) and was blocked
or forwarded according to the rule.
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For type and code details, see Table 87 on page 219.
Table 79 ICMP Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
Firewall default policy: ICMP
<Packet Direction>, <type:%d>,
<code:%d>
ICMP access matched the default policy and was
blocked or forwarded according to the user's
setting.
Firewall rule [NOT] match: ICMP
<Packet Direction>, <rule:%d>,
<type:%d>, <code:%d>
ICMP access matched (or didn’t match) a firewall
rule (denoted by its number) and was blocked or
forwarded according to the rule.
Triangle route packet forwarded:
ICMP The firewall allowed a triangle route session to
pass through.
Packet without a NAT table entry
blocked: ICMP The router blocked a packet that didn’t have a
corresponding NAT table entry.
Unsupported/out-of-order ICMP:
ICMP The firewall does not support this kind of ICMP
packets or the ICMP packets are out of order.
Router reply ICMP packet: ICMP The router sent an ICMP reply packet to the
sender.
Table 80 CDR Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
board %d line %d channel %d,
call %d, %s C01 Outgoing Call
dev=%x ch=%x %s
The router received the setup requirements for a call.
“call” is the reference (count) number of the call.
“dev” is the device type (3 is for dial-up, 6 is for
PPPoE, 10 is for PPTP) "channel" or “ch” is the call
channel ID. For example,"board 0 line 0 channel 0,
call 3, C01 Outgoing Call dev=6 ch=0 "Means the
router has dialed to the PPPoE server 3 times.
board %d line %d channel %d,
call %d, %s C02 OutCall
Connected %d %s
The PPPoE, PPTP or dial-up call is connected.
board %d line %d channel %d,
call %d, %s C02 Call
Terminated
The PPPoE, PPTP or dial-up call was disconnected.
Table 81 PPP Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
ppp:LCP Starting The PPP connection’s Link Control Protocol stage has started.
ppp:LCP Opening The PPP connection’s Link Control Protocol stage is opening.
ppp:CHAP Opening The PPP connection’s Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
stage is opening.
ppp:IPCP
Starting The PPP connection’s Internet Protocol Control Protocol stage is
starting.
ppp:IPCP Opening The PPP connection’s Internet Protocol Control Protocol stage is
opening.
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For type and code details, see Table 87 on page 219.
ppp:LCP Closing The PPP connection’s Link Control Protocol stage is closing.
ppp:IPCP Closing The PPP connection’s Internet Protocol Control Protocol stage is
closing.
Table 82 UPnP Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
UPnP pass through Firewall UPnP packets can pass through the firewall.
Table 83 Content Filtering Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
%s: block keyword The content of a requested web page matched a user defined
keyword.
%s The system forwarded web content.
Table 84 Attack Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
attack [ TCP | UDP | IGMP
| ESP | GRE | OSPF ] The firewall detected a TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF
attack.
attack ICMP (type:%d,
code:%d) The firewall detected an ICMP attack.
land [ TCP | UDP | IGMP |
ESP | GRE | OSPF ] The firewall detected a TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF
land attack.
land ICMP (type:%d,
code:%d) The firewall detected an ICMP land attack.
ip spoofing - WAN [ TCP |
UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE |
OSPF ]
The firewall detected an IP spoofing attack on the WAN
port.
ip spoofing - WAN ICMP
(type:%d, code:%d) The firewall detected an ICMP IP spoofing attack on the
WAN port.
icmp echo : ICMP
(type:%d, code:%d) The firewall detected an ICMP echo attack.
syn flood TCP The firewall detected a TCP syn flood attack.
ports scan TCP The firewall detected a TCP port scan attack.
teardrop TCP The firewall detected a TCP teardrop attack.
teardrop UDP The firewall detected an UDP teardrop attack.
teardrop ICMP (type:%d,
code:%d) The firewall detected an ICMP teardrop attack.
illegal command TCP The firewall detected a TCP illegal command attack.
Table 81 PPP Logs (continued)
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
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NetBIOS TCP The firewall detected a TCP NetBIOS attack.
ip spoofing - no routing
entry [ TCP | UDP | IGMP
| ESP | GRE | OSPF ]
The firewall classified a packet with no source routing
entry as an IP spoofing attack.
ip spoofing - no routing
entry ICMP (type:%d,
code:%d)
The firewall classified an ICMP packet with no source
routing entry as an IP spoofing attack.
vulnerability ICMP
(type:%d, code:%d) The firewall detected an ICMP vulnerability attack.
traceroute ICMP (type:%d,
code:%d) The firewall detected an ICMP traceroute attack.
Table 85 802.1X Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
RADIUS accepts user. A user was authenticated by the RADIUS Server.
RADIUS rejects user. Pls check
RADIUS Server. A user was not authenticated by the RADIUS
Server. Please check the RADIUS Server.
User logout because of session
timeout expired. The router logged out a user whose session
expired.
User logout because of user
deassociation. The router logged out a user who ended the
session.
User logout because of no
authentication response from
user.
The router logged out a user from which there
was no authentication response.
User logout because of idle
timeout expired. The router logged out a user whose idle timeout
period expired.
User logout because of user
request. A user logged out.
No response from RADIUS. Pls
check RADIUS Server. There is no response message from the RADIUS
server, please check the RADIUS server.
Use RADIUS to authenticate user. The RADIUS server is operating as the
authentication server.
No Server to authenticate user. There is no authentication server to authenticate
a user.
Table 86 ACL Setting Notes
PACKET
DIRECTION DIRECTION DESCRIPTION
(L to W) LAN to WAN ACL set for packets traveling from the LAN to the
WAN.
(W to L) WAN to LAN ACL set for packets traveling from the WAN to the
LAN.
Table 84 Attack Logs (continued)
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
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(L to L/ZyXEL
Device) LAN to LAN/
ZyXEL Device ACL set for packets traveling from the LAN to the
LAN or the ZyXEL Device.
(W to W/ZyXEL
Device) WAN to WAN/
ZyXEL Device ACL set for packets traveling from the WAN to the
WAN or the ZyXEL Device.
Table 87 ICMP Notes
TYPE CODE DESCRIPTION
0Echo Reply
0Echo reply message
3Destination Unreachable
0Net unreachable
1Host unreachable
2Protocol unreachable
3Port unreachable
4A packet that needed fragmentation was dropped because it was set
to Don't Fragment (DF)
5Source route failed
4Source Quench
0A gateway may discard internet datagrams if it does not have the
buffer space needed to queue the datagrams for output to the next
network on the route to the destination network.
5Redirect
0Redirect datagrams for the Network
1Redirect datagrams for the Host
2Redirect datagrams for the Type of Service and Network
3Redirect datagrams for the Type of Service and Host
8Echo
0Echo message
11 Time Exceeded
0Time to live exceeded in transit
1Fragment reassembly time exceeded
12 Parameter Problem
0Pointer indicates the error
13 Timestamp
0Timestamp request message
14 Timestamp Reply
0Timestamp reply message
15 Information Request
Table 86 ACL Setting Notes (continued)
PACKET
DIRECTION DIRECTION DESCRIPTION
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The following table shows RFC-2408 ISAKMP payload types that the log displays.
Please refer to RFC 2408 for detailed information on each type.
0Information request message
16 Information Reply
0Information reply message
Table 88 Syslog Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION
<Facility*8 + Severity>Mon dd
hr:mm:ss hostname
src="<srcIP:srcPort>"
dst="<dstIP:dstPort>"
msg="<msg>" note="<note>"
devID="<mac address last three
numbers>" cat="<category>
"This message is sent by the system ("RAS"
displays as the system name if you haven’t
configured one) when the router generates a
syslog. The facility is defined in the web MAIN
MENU->LOGS->Log Settings page. The severity is
the log’s syslog class. The definition of messages
and notes are defined in the various log charts
throughout this appendix. The “devID” is the last
three characters of the MAC address of the router’s
LAN port. The “cat” is the same as the category in
the router’s logs.
Table 89 RFC-2408 ISAKMP Payload Types
LOG DISPLAY PAYLOAD TYPE
SA Security Association
PROP Proposal
TRANS Transform
KE Key Exchange
ID Identification
CER Certificate
CER_REQ Certificate Request
HASH Hash
SIG Signature
NONCE Nonce
NOTFY Notification
DEL Delete
VID Vendor ID
Table 87 ICMP Notes (continued)
TYPE CODE DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER 21
Tools
21.1 Overview
This chapter explains how to upload new firmware, manage configuration files and
restart your ZyXEL Device.
Use the instructions in this chapter to change the device’s configuration file or
upgrade its firmware. After you configure your device, you can backup the
configuration file to a computer. That way if you later misconfigure the device, you
can upload the backed up configuration file to return to your previous settings.
You can alternately upload the factory default configuration file if you want to
return the device to the original default settings. The firmware determines the
device’s available features and functionality. You can download new firmware
releases from your nearest ZyXEL FTP site (or www.zyxel.com) to use to upgrade
your device’s performance.
Only use firmware for your device’s specific model. Refer to the
label on the bottom of your ZyXEL Device.
21.1.1 What You Can Do in the Tool Screens
•Use the Firmware Upgrade screen (Section 21.2 on page 221) to upload
firmware to your device.
•Use the Configuration screen (Section 21.3 on page 224) to backup and
restore device configurations. You can also reset your device settings back to
the factory default.
•Use the Restart screen (Section 21.4 on page 227) to restart your ZyXEL
device.
21.2 The Firmware Screen
Click Maintenance > Tools to open the Firmware screen. Follow the
instructions in this screen to upload firmware to your ZyXEL Device. The upload
process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes.
After a successful upload, the system will reboot.
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Do NOT turn off the ZyXEL Device while firmware upload is in
progress!
Figure 102 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
After you see the Firmware Upload in Progress screen, wait two minutes
before logging into the ZyXEL Device again.
Figure 103 Firmware Upload In Progress
Table 90 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Current
Firmware
Version
This is the present Firmware version and the date created.
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click
Browse ... to find it.
Browse... Click this to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you
must decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them.
Upload Click this to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two
minutes.
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The ZyXEL Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network
disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your
desktop.
Figure 104 Network Temporarily Disconnected
After two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the
Status screen.
If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to
go back to the Firmware screen.
Figure 105 Error Message
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21.3 The Configuration Screen
Click Maintenance > Tools > Configuration. Information related to factory
defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration appears in this screen,
as shown next.
Figure 106 Maintenance > Tools > Configuration
Backup Configuration
Backup Configuration allows you to back up (save) the ZyXEL Device’s current
configuration to a file on your computer. Once your ZyXEL Device is configured
and functioning properly, it is highly recommended that you back up your
configuration file before making configuration changes. The backup configuration
file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings.
Click Backup to save the ZyXEL Device’s current configuration to your computer.
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Restore Configuration
Restore Configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved
configuration file from your computer to your ZyXEL Device.
Do not turn off the ZyXEL Device while configuration file upload is
in progress.
After you see a “restore configuration successful” screen, you must then wait one
minute before logging into the ZyXEL Device again.
Figure 107 Configuration Upload Successful
The ZyXEL Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network
disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your
desktop.
Figure 108 Network Temporarily Disconnected
If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP
address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default device IP
address (192.168.1.1). See Appendix A on page 247 for details on how to set up
your computer’s IP address.
Table 91 Restore Configuration
LABEL DESCRIPTION
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click
Browse ... to find it.
Browse... Click this to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must
decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them.
Upload Click this to begin the upload process.
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If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to
go back to the Configuration screen.
Figure 109 Configuration Upload Error
Reset to Factory Defaults
Click the Reset button to clear all user-entered configuration information and
return the ZyXEL Device to its factory defaults. The following warning screen
appears.
Figure 110 Reset Warning Message
Figure 111 Reset In Process Message
You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory
defaults of your ZyXEL Device. Refer to Section 1.7 on page 26 for more
information on the RESET button.
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21.4 The Restart Screen
System restart allows you to reboot the ZyXEL Device remotely without turning
the power off. You may need to do this if the ZyXEL Device hangs, for example.
Click Maintenance > Tools > Restart. Click Restart to have the ZyXEL Device
reboot. This does not affect the ZyXEL Device's configuration.
Figure 112 Maintenance > Tools >Restart
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CHAPTER 22
Diagnostic
22.1 Overview
These read-only screens display information to help you identify problems with the
ZyXEL Device.
22.1.1 What You Can Do in the Diagnostic Screens
•Use the General screen (Section 22.2 on page 229) to ping an IP address.
•Use the DSL Line screen (Section 22.3 on page 230) to view the DSL line
statistics and reset the ADSL line.
22.2 The General Screen
Use this screen to ping an IP address. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic to open
the screen shown next.
Figure 113 Maintenance > Diagnostic > General
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
22.3 The DSL Line Screen
Use this screen to view the DSL line statistics and reset the ADSL line. Click
Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line to open the screen shown next.
Figure 114 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line
Table 92 Maintenance > Diagnostic > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
TCP/IP
Address Type the IP address of a computer that you want to ping in order to test a
connection.
Ping Click this to ping the IP address that you entered.
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 93 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ATM Status Click this to view your DSL connection’s Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM) statistics. ATM is a networking technology that provides high-
speed data transfer. ATM uses fixed-size packets of information called
cells. With ATM, a high QoS (Quality of Service) can be guaranteed.
The (Segmentation and Reassembly) SAR driver translates packets into
ATM cells. It also receives ATM cells and reassembles them into packets.
These counters are set back to zero whenever the device starts up.
inPkts is the number of good ATM cells that have been received.
inDiscards is the number of received ATM cells that were rejected.
outPkts is the number of ATM cells that have been sent.
outDiscards is the number of ATM cells sent that were rejected.
inF4Pkts is the number of ATM Operations, Administration, and
Management (OAM) F4 cells that have been received. See ITU
recommendation I.610 for more on OAM for ATM.
outF4Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F4 cells that have been sent.
inF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been received.
outF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been sent.
openChan is the number of times that the ZyXEL Device has opened a
logical DSL channel.
closeChan is the number of times that the ZyXEL Device has closed a
logical DSL channel.
txRate is the number of bytes transmitted per second.
rxRate is the number of bytes received per second.
ATM Loopback
Test Click this to start the ATM loopback test. Make sure you have configured
at least one PVC with proper VPIs/VCIs before you begin this test. The
ZyXEL Device sends an OAM F5 packet to the DSLAM/ATM switch and
then returns it (loops it back) to the ZyXEL Device. The ATM loopback
test is useful for troubleshooting problems with the DSLAM and ATM
network.
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DSL Line
Status Click this to view statistics about the DSL connections.
noise margin downstream is the signal to noise ratio for the
downstream part of the connection (coming into the ZyXEL Device from
the ISP). It is measured in decibels. The higher the number the more
signal and less noise there is.
output power upstream is the amount of power (in decibels) that the
ZyXEL Device is using to transmit to the ISP.
attenuation downstream is the reduction in amplitude (in decibels) of
the DSL signal coming into the ZyXEL Device from the ISP.
Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) modulation divides up a line’s bandwidth into
sub-carriers (sub-channels) of 4.3125 KHz each called tones. The rest of
the display is the line’s bit allocation. This is displayed as the number (in
hexadecimal format) of bits transmitted for each tone. This can be used
to determine the quality of the connection, whether a given sub-carrier
loop has sufficient margins to support certain ADSL transmission rates,
and possibly to determine whether particular specific types of
interference or line attenuation exist. Refer to the ITU-T G.992.1
recommendation for more information on DMT.
The better (or shorter) the line, the higher the number of bits transmitted
for a DMT tone. The maximum number of bits that can be transmitted per
DMT tone is 15. There will be some tones without any bits as there has to
be space between the upstream and downstream channels.
Reset ADSL
Line Click this to reinitialize the ADSL line. The large text box above then
displays the progress and results of this operation, for example:
"Start to reset ADSL
Loading ADSL modem F/W...
Reset ADSL Line Successfully!"
Capture All
Logs Click this to display information and statistics about your ZyXEL Device’s
ATM statistics, DSL connection statistics, DHCP settings, firmware
version, WAN and gateway IP address, VPI/VCI and LAN IP address.
Table 93 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER 23
Troubleshooting
This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The
potential problems are divided into the following categories.
•Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
•ZyXEL Device Access and Login
•Internet Access
23.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
The ZyXEL Device does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.
1Make sure the ZyXEL Device is turned on.
2Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the ZyXEL
Device.
3Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the ZyXEL Device and
plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned
on.
4Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
5If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.
1Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.6 on
page 25.
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2Check the hardware connections.
3Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged
cables.
4Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
5If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
23.2 ZyXEL Device Access and Login
I forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device.
1The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.
2If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address
of the ZyXEL Device by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your
computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd,
and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default Gateway might be the IP
address of the ZyXEL Device (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address
in your Internet browser.
3If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See
Section 1.7 on page 26.
I forgot the password.
1The default admin password is 1234.
2If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See
Section 1.7 on page 26.
I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator.
1Make sure you are using the correct IP address.
• The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.
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• If you changed the IP address (Section 7.2 on page 91), use the new IP
address.
• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting
suggestions for I forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device.
2Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as
expected. See the Quick Start Guide.
3Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has
JavaScripts and Java enabled. See Appendix C on page 281.
4Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the ZyXEL Device with
the default IP address. See Section 1.7 on page 26.
5If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one
of the advanced suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
• Try to access the ZyXEL Device using another service, such as Telnet. If you can
access the ZyXEL Device, check the remote management settings and firewall
rules to find out why the ZyXEL Device does not respond to HTTP.
• If your computer is connected to the WAN port or is connected wirelessly, use a
computer that is connected to a ETHERNET port.
I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the ZyXEL Device.
1Make sure you have entered the password correctly. The default admin password
is 1234. The field is case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
2You cannot log in to the web configurator while someone is using Telnet to access
the ZyXEL Device. Log out of the ZyXEL Device in the other session, or ask the
person who is logged in to log out.
3Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
4If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See
Section 23.1 on page 233.
I cannot Telnet to the ZyXEL Device.
See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in
the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.
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I cannot use FTP to upload / download the configuration file. / I cannot use FTP to
upload new firmware.
See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in
the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.
23.3 Internet Access
I cannot access the Internet.
1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as
expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.6 on page 25.
2Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the wizard. These
fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
3If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings
in the wireless client are the same as the settings in the AP.
4If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure you enabled the
wireless LAN and have selected the correct country and channel in which your
ZyXEL Device operates in the Wireless LAN > AP screen.
5Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick
Start Guide again.
6If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the ZyXEL
Device), but my Internet connection is not available anymore.
1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as
expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.6 on page 25.
2Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
3If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
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The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.
1There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section
1.6 on page 25. If the ZyXEL Device is sending or receiving a lot of information,
try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer
applications.
2Check the signal strength. If the signal strength is low, try moving your computer
closer to the ZyXEL Device if possible, and look around to see if there are any
devices that might be interfering with the wireless network (for example,
microwaves, other wireless networks, and so on).
3Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
4If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one
of the advanced suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
• Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it. If it
is enabled, you might consider raising or lowering the priority for some
applications.
Chapter 23 Troubleshooting
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P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 239
CHAPTER 24
Product Specifications
The following tables summarize the ZyXEL Device’s hardware and firmware
features.
24.1 Hardware Specifications
24.2 Firmware Specifications
Table 94 Hardware Specifications
Dimensions 133 x 61 x 163 mm
Weight 215g
Power Specification 12VDC 1A
Built-in Switch Four auto-negotiating, auto MDI/MDI-X 10/100 Mbps RJ-45
Ethernet ports
ADSL Port 1 RJ-11 FXS POTS port
RESET Button Restores factory defaults
Antenna 1 internal antenna, 3.5dBi
WPS Button 1 second: turn on or off WLAN
5 seconds: enable WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup)
Operation
Temperature 0º C ~ 40º C
Storage Temperature -20º ~ 60º C
Operation Humidity 20% ~ 90% RH
Storage Humidity 20% ~ 90% RH
Table 95 Firmware Specifications
Default IP Address 192.168.1.1
Default Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 (24 bits)
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Default Admin
Password 1234
DHCP Server IP Pool 192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.64
Static DHCP
Addresses 10
URL Filtering URL web page blocking
Static Routes 16
Device Management Use the web configurator to easily configure the rich range of
features on the ZyXEL Device.
Wireless
Functionality
(wireless devices
only)
Allow the IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless clients to connect to the
ZyXEL Device wirelessly. Enable wireless security (WEP, WPA(2),
WPA(2)-PSK) and/or MAC filtering to protect your wireless
network.
Firmware Upgrade Download new firmware (when available) from the ZyXEL web site
and use the web configurator to put it on the ZyXEL Device.
Note: Only upload firmware for your specific model!
Configuration Backup
& Restoration Make a copy of the ZyXEL Device’s configuration. You can put it
back on the ZyXEL Device later if you decide to revert back to an
earlier configuration.
Network Address
Translation (NAT) Each computer on your network must have its own unique IP
address. Use NAT to convert your public IP address(es) to multiple
private IP addresses for the computers on your network.
Port Forwarding If you have a server (mail or web server for example) on your
network, you can use this feature to let people access it from the
Internet.
DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration
Protocol)
Use this feature to have the ZyXEL Device assign IP addresses, an
IP default gateway and DNS servers to computers on your
network. Your device can also act as a surrogate DHCP server
(DHCP Relay) where it relays IP address assignment from the
actual real DHCP server to the clients.
Dynamic DNS
Support With Dynamic DNS (Domain Name System) support, you can use
a fixed URL, www.zyxel.com for example, with a dynamic IP
address. You must register for this service with a Dynamic DNS
service provider.
IP Multicast IP multicast is used to send traffic to a specific group of
computers. The ZyXEL Device supports versions 1 and 2 of IGMP
(Internet Group Management Protocol) used to join multicast
groups (see RFC 2236).
Time and Date Get the current time and date from an external server when you
turn on your ZyXEL Device. You can also set the time manually.
These dates and times are then used in logs.
Logs Use logs for troubleshooting. You can send logs from the ZyXEL
Device to an external syslog server.
Universal Plug and
Play (UPnP) A UPnP-enabled device can dynamically join a network, obtain an
IP address and convey its capabilities to other devices on the
network.
Table 95 Firmware Specifications (continued)
Chapter 24 Product Specifications
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Firewall Your device has a stateful inspection firewall with DoS (Denial of
Service) protection. By default, when the firewall is activated, all
incoming traffic from the WAN to the LAN is blocked unless it is
initiated from the LAN. The firewall supports TCP/UDP inspection,
DoS detection and prevention, real time alerts, reports and logs.
URL Filtering URL filtering allows you to block access to Internet web sites of
certain URL that you specify.
QoS (Quality of
Service) You can efficiently manage traffic on your network by reserving
bandwidth and giving priority to certain types of traffic and/or to
particular computers.
Remote Management This allows you to decide whether a service (HTTP or FTP traffic for
example) from a computer on a network (LAN or WAN for
example) can access the ZyXEL Device.
PPPoE Support
(RFC2516) PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet) emulates a dial-up
connection. It allows your ISP to use their existing network
configuration with newer broadband technologies such as ADSL.
The PPPoE driver on your device is transparent to the computers
on the LAN, which see only Ethernet and are not aware of PPPoE
thus saving you from having to manage PPPoE clients on individual
computers.
Other PPPoE Features PPPoE idle time out
PPPoE dial on demand
Multiple PVC
(Permanent Virtual
Circuits) Support
Your device supports up to 8 Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs).
IP Alias IP alias allows you to partition a physical network into logical
networks over the same Ethernet interface. Your device supports
three logical LAN interfaces via its single physical Ethernet
interface with the your device itself as the gateway for each LAN
network.
Packet Filters Your device’s packet filtering function allows added network
security and management.
Table 95 Firmware Specifications (continued)
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ADSL Standards Support Multi-Mode standard (ANSI T1.413, Issue 2; G.dmt
(G.992.1); G.lite (G992.2))
EOC specified in ITU-T G.992.1
ADSL2 G.dmt.bis (G.992.3)
ADSL2 G.lite.bis (G.992.4)
ADSL2+ (G.992.5)
Reach Extended ADSL (RE ADSL)
SRA (Seamless Rate Adaptation)
Auto-negotiating rate adaptation
ADSL physical connection ATM AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer type
5)
Support multi-protocol over AAL5 (RFC2684/1483)
Support PPP over ATM AAL5 (RFC2364)
PPP over Ethernet support for DSL connection (RFC 2516)
Support VC-based and LLC-based multiplexing
Support up to 8 PVCs
I.610 F4/F5 OAM
TR-067/TR-100 supported
Table 95 Firmware Specifications (continued)
Chapter 24 Product Specifications
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24.3 Wireless Features
Other Protocol
Support SIP pass-through
DNS Proxy
Dynamic DNS (www.dyndns.org)
IP Alias
DHCP client/server/relay
RIP I/ RIP II supported
Support 16 IP Static routes by Gateway
IGMP v1 and v2
IP Policy Routing
UPnP support
Transparent bridging, VLAN-tagging pass-through bridge mode
Static DHCP
Management Embedded Web Configurator(remove webhelp)
SNMP v1 & v2c with MIB II
Remote Management Control: Telnet, FTP, and Web.
TR-069 HTTPS
MTU adjustable on WebGUI
SMT
Table 95 Firmware Specifications (continued)
Table 96 Wireless Features
Internal Antenna The ZyXEL Device is equipped with one internal antenna to
provide a clear radio signal between the wireless stations and
the access points.
Wireless LAN MAC Address
Filtering Your device can check the MAC addresses of wireless stations
against a list of allowed or denied MAC addresses.
WEP Encryption WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encrypts data frames before
transmitting over the wireless network to help keep network
communications private.
Wi-Fi Protected Access Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i
security standard. Key differences between WPA and WEP
are user authentication and improved data encryption.
WPA2 WPA 2 is a wireless security standard that defines stronger
encryption, authentication and key management than WPA.
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The following list, which is not exhaustive, illustrates the standards supported in
the ZyXEL Device.
WMM QoS WMM (Wi-Fi MultiMedia) QoS (Quality of Service) allows you
to prioritize wireless traffic according to the delivery
requirements of individual services.
Other Wireless Features WDS(wireless client: G-570S v2)
IEEE 802.11n Compliance
Frequency Range:2.4 GHz
Advanced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)
Data Rates:150Mbps and Auto Fallback
EIRP: 22dBm
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Data Encryption 64/128
WLAN bridge to LAN
32 MAC Address filter
WPA, WPA-PSK, WPA2, WPA2-PSK
WPS
IEEE 802.1x (EAP-MD5, TLS and TTLS)
WMM
WDS
Multi BSSID (4 BSSIDs)
Wireless Scheduling
Table 97 Standards Supported
STANDARD DESCRIPTION
RFC 867 Daytime Protocol
RFC 868 Time Protocol.
RFC 1058 RIP-1 (Routing Information Protocol)
RFC 1112 IGMP v1
RFC 1305 Network Time Protocol (NTP version 3)
RFC 1483 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5
RFC 1631 IP Network Address Translator (NAT)
RFC 1661 The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
RFC 1723 RIP-2 (Routing Information Protocol)
RFC 2236 Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2.
RFC 2364 PPP over AAL5 (PPP over ATM over ADSL)
RFC 2408 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol
(ISAKMP)
Table 96 Wireless Features
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RFC 2516 A Method for Transmitting PPP Over Ethernet (PPPoE)
RFC 2684 Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5.
RFC 2766 Network Address Translation - Protocol
IEEE 802.11 Also known by the brand Wi-Fi, denotes a set of Wireless LAN/
WLAN standards developed by working group 11 of the IEEE
LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802).
IEEE 802.11b Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band
IEEE 802.11g Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band
IEEE 802.11n Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band
IEEE 802.11d Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media
Access Control (MAC) Bridges
IEEE 802.11x Port Based Network Access Control.
IEEE 802.11e QoS IEEE 802.11 e Wireless LAN for Quality of Service
ANSI T1.413, Issue 2 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) standard.
G dmt(G.992.1) G.992.1 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
Transceivers
ITU G.992.1 (G.DMT) ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation.
ITU G.992.2 (G. Lite) ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation.
ITU G.992.3
(G.dmt.bis) ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2) that extends the
capability of basic ADSL in data rates.
ITU G.992.4
(G.lite.bis) ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2) that extends the
capability of basic ADSL in data rates.
ITU G.992.5 (ADSL2+) ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2+) that extends the
capability of basic ADSL by doubling the number of downstream
bits.
Microsoft PPTP MS PPTP (Microsoft's implementation of Point to Point Tunneling
Protocol)
MBM v2 Media Bandwidth Management v2
RFC 2383 ST2+ over ATM Protocol Specification - UNI 3.1 Version
TR-069 TR-069 DSL Forum Standard for CPE Wan Management.
1.363.5 Compliant AAL5 SAR (Segmentation And Re-assembly)
Table 97 Standards Supported (continued)
STANDARD DESCRIPTION
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24.4 Power Adaptor Specifications
Table 98 ZyXEL Device Series Power Adaptor Specifications
NORTH AMERICAN PLUG
STANDARDS
AC Power Adapter Model 12V 1A SOCB PA
Input Power AC 120Volts/60Hz
Output Power DC 12Volts/1.0A
Power Consumption 7.7 Watt max
Safety Standards ANSI/UL 60950-1, CSA
60950-1
EUROPEAN PLUG
STANDARDS
AC Power Adapter Model
Input Power AC 230Volts/50Hz
Output Power DC 12Volts/1.0A
Power Consumption 8.3 Watt max
Safety Standards CE, GS or TUV, EN60950-1
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APPENDIX A
Setting up Your Computer’s IP
Address
All computers must have a 10M or 100M Ethernet adapter card and TCP/IP
installed.
Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP/Vista, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating
systems and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you
need to install and use TCP/IP on your computer. Windows 3.1 requires the
purchase of a third-party TCP/IP application package.
TCP/IP should already be installed on computers using Windows NT/2000/XP,
Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems.
After the appropriate TCP/IP components are installed, configure the TCP/IP
settings in order to "communicate" with your network.
If you manually assign IP information instead of using dynamic assignment, make
sure that your computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet
as the ZyXEL Device’s LAN port.
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Windows 95/98/Me
Click Start, Settings, Control Panel and double-click the Network icon to open
the Network window.
Figure 115 WIndows 95/98/Me: Network: Configuration
Installing Components
The Network window Configuration tab displays a list of installed components.
You need a network adapter, the TCP/IP protocol and Client for Microsoft
Networks.
If you need the adapter:
1In the Network window, click Add.
2Select Adapter and then click Add.
3Select the manufacturer and model of your network adapter and then click OK.
If you need TCP/IP:
1In the Network window, click Add.
2Select Protocol and then click Add.
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3Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.
4Select TCP/IP from the list of network protocols and then click OK.
If you need Client for Microsoft Networks:
1Click Add.
2Select Client and then click Add.
3Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.
4Select Client for Microsoft Networks from the list of network clients and then
click OK.
5Restart your computer so the changes you made take effect.
Configuring
1In the Network window Configuration tab, select your network adapter's TCP/IP
entry and click Properties
2Click the IP Address tab.
• If your IP address is dynamic, select Obtain an IP address automatically.
• If you have a static IP address, select Specify an IP address and type your
information into the IP Address and Subnet Mask fields.
Figure 116 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: IP Address
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3Click the DNS Configuration tab.
• If you do not know your DNS information, select Disable DNS.
• If you know your DNS information, select Enable DNS and type the
information in the fields below (you may not need to fill them all in).
Figure 117 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: DNS Configuration
4Click the Gateway tab.
• If you do not know your gateway’s IP address, remove previously installed
gateways.
• If you have a gateway IP address, type it in the New gateway field and click
Add.
5Click OK to save and close the TCP/IP Properties window.
6Click OK to close the Network window. Insert the Windows CD if prompted.
7Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer when prompted.
Verifying Settings
1Click Start and then Run.
2In the Run window, type "winipcfg" and then click OK to open the IP
Configuration window.
3Select your network adapter. You should see your computer's IP address, subnet
mask and default gateway.
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Windows 2000/NT/XP
The following example figures use the default Windows XP GUI theme.
1Click start (Start in Windows 2000/NT), Settings, Control Panel.
Figure 118 Windows XP: Start Menu
2In the Control Panel, double-click Network Connections (Network and Dial-
up Connections in Windows 2000/NT).
Figure 119 Windows XP: Control Panel
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3Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.
Figure 120 Windows XP: Control Panel: Network Connections: Properties
4Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (under the General tab in Win XP) and then
click Properties.
Figure 121 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties
5The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens (the General tab in
Windows XP).
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• If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address
automatically.
• If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP Address and fill in
the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields.
•Click Advanced.
Figure 122 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
6 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed
gateways in the IP Settings tab and click OK.
Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:
•In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.
•In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in
Subnet mask, and then click Add.
• Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.
• Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add
in Default gateways.
•In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in
Gateway. To manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission
hops), clear the Automatic metric check box and type a metric in Metric.
•Click Add.
• Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.
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•Click OK when finished.
Figure 123 Windows XP: Advanced TCP/IP Properties
7In the Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window (the General tab in
Windows XP):
•Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your
DNS server IP address(es).
• If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS
server addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and
Alternate DNS server fields.
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If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the
DNS tab to order them.
Figure 124 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
8Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
9Click Close (OK in Windows 2000/NT) to close the Local Area Connection
Properties window.
10 Close the Network Connections window (Network and Dial-up Connections
in Windows 2000/NT).
11 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
1Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.
2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You
can also open Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click
Status and then click the Support tab.
Windows Vista
This section shows screens from Windows Vista Enterprise Version 6.0.
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1Click the Start icon, Control Panel.
Figure 125 Windows Vista: Start Menu
2In the Control Panel, double-click Network and Internet.
Figure 126 Windows Vista: Control Panel
3Click Network and Sharing Center.
Figure 127 Windows Vista: Network And Internet
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4Click Manage network connections.
Figure 128 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
5Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.
Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen
saying that it needs your permission to continue.
Figure 129 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
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6Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties.
Figure 130 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection Properties
7The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens (the
General tab).
• If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address
automatically.
• If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP address and fill in
the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields.
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•Click Advanced.
Figure 131 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties
8 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed
gateways in the IP Settings tab and click OK.
Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:
•In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.
•In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in
Subnet mask, and then click Add.
• Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.
• Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add
in Default gateways.
•In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in
Gateway. To manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission
hops), clear the Automatic metric check box and type a metric in Metric.
•Click Add.
• Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.
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•Click OK when finished.
Figure 132 Windows Vista: Advanced TCP/IP Properties
9In the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window, (the
General tab):
•Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your
DNS server IP address(es).
• If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS
server addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and
Alternate DNS server fields.
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If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the
DNS tab to order them.
Figure 133 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties
10 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties
window.
11 Click Close to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
12 Close the Network Connections window.
13 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
1Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.
2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You
can also open Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click
Status and then click the Support tab.
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Macintosh OS 8/9
1Click the Apple menu, Control Panel and double-click TCP/IP to open the TCP/
IP Control Panel.
Figure 134 Macintosh OS 8/9: Apple Menu
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2Select Ethernet built-in from the Connect via list.
Figure 135 Macintosh OS 8/9: TCP/IP
3For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP Server from the
Configure: list.
4For statically assigned settings, do the following:
•From the Configure box, select Manually.
• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.
• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.
• Type the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in the Router address box.
5Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.
6Click Save if prompted, to save changes to your configuration.
7Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties in the TCP/IP Control Panel window.
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Macintosh OS X
1Click the Apple menu, and click System Preferences to open the System
Preferences window.
Figure 136 Macintosh OS X: Apple Menu
2Click Network in the icon bar.
• Select Automatic from the Location list.
• Select Built-in Ethernet from the Show list.
•Click the TCP/IP tab.
3For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure list.
Figure 137 Macintosh OS X: Network
4For statically assigned settings, do the following:
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•From the Configure box, select Manually.
• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.
• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.
• Type the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in the Router address box.
5Click Apply Now and close the window.
6Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties in the Network window.
Linux
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in Red
Hat Linux 9.0. Procedure, screens and file location may vary depending on your
Linux distribution and release version.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Using the K Desktop Environment (KDE)
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address using the KDE.
1Click the Red Hat button (located on the bottom left corner), select System
Setting and click Network.
Figure 138 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Devices
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2Double-click on the profile of the network card you wish to configure. The
Ethernet Device General screen displays as shown.
Figure 139 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Ethernet Device: General
• If you have a dynamic IP address, click Automatically obtain IP address
settings with and select dhcp from the drop down list.
• If you have a static IP address, click Statically set IP Addresses and fill in
the Address, Subnet mask, and Default Gateway Address fields.
3Click OK to save the changes and close the Ethernet Device General screen.
4If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network
Configuration screen. Enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Figure 140 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: DNS
5Click the Devices tab.
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6Click the Activate button to apply the changes. The following screen displays.
Click Yes to save the changes in all screens.
Figure 141 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Activate
7After the network card restart process is complete, make sure the Status is
Active in the Network Configuration screen.
Using Configuration Files
Follow the steps below to edit the network configuration files and set your
computer IP address.
1Assuming that you have only one network card on the computer, locate the
ifconfig-eth0 configuration file (where eth0 is the name of the Ethernet card).
Open the configuration file with any plain text editor.
• If you have a dynamic IP address, enter dhcp in the BOOTPROTO= field. The
following figure shows an example.
Figure 142 Red Hat 9.0: Dynamic IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
USERCTL=no
PEERDNS=yes
TYPE=Ethernet
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• If you have a static IP address, enter static in the BOOTPROTO= field. Type
IPADDR= followed by the IP address (in dotted decimal notation) and type
NETMASK= followed by the subnet mask. The following example shows an
example where the static IP address is 192.168.1.10 and the subnet mask is
255.255.255.0.
Figure 143 Red Hat 9.0: Static IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0
2If you know your DNS server IP address(es), enter the DNS server information in
the resolv.conf file in the /etc directory. The following figure shows an example
where two DNS server IP addresses are specified.
Figure 144 Red Hat 9.0: DNS Settings in resolv.conf
3After you edit and save the configuration files, you must restart the network card.
Enter ./network restart in the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory. The following
figure shows an example.
Figure 145 Red Hat 9.0: Restart Ethernet Card
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
IPADDR=192.168.1.10
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
USERCTL=no
PEERDNS=yes
TYPE=Ethernet
nameserver 172.23.5.1
nameserver 172.23.5.2
[root@localhost init.d]# network restart
Shutting down interface eth0: [OK]
Shutting down loopback interface: [OK]
Setting network parameters: [OK]
Bringing up loopback interface: [OK]
Bringing up interface eth0: [OK]
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Verifying Settings
Enter ifconfig in a terminal screen to check your TCP/IP properties.
Figure 146 Red Hat 9.0: Checking TCP/IP Properties
[root@localhost]# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BA:72:5B:44
inet addr:172.23.19.129 Bcast:172.23.19.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:717 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:730412 (713.2 Kb) TX bytes:1570 (1.5 Kb)
Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1000
[root@localhost]#
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APPENDIX B
IP Addresses and Subnetting
This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks.
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device
(including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to
communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as
hosts.
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network.
You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
Introduction to IP Addresses
One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host
ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the
hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house
has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique
identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets
to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network
the packets are delivered.
Structure
An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for
example, 192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is
an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal
notation).
Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or
0 to 255 in decimal.
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The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets
(192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.
Figure 147 Network Number and Host ID
How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID
varies according to the subnet mask.
Subnet Masks
A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number,
and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term
“subnet” is short for “sub-network”.
A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the
corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the
subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host
ID.
The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in
bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).
Table 99 Subnet Masks
1ST
OCTET:
(192)
2ND
OCTET:
(168)
3RD
OCTET:
(1)
4TH
OCTET
(2)
IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001
Host ID 00000010
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By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones
beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of
zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.
Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits
with a “1” value). For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the
mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes.
Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The
following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit
and 29-bit subnet masks.
Network Size
The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible
hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number
bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits.
An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network
(192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host
IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a
24-bit subnet mask, for example).
As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the
maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:
Table 100 Subnet Masks
BINARY
DECIMAL
1ST
OCTET 2ND
OCTET 3RD
OCTET 4TH
OCTET
8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0
16-bit
mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0
24-bit
mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0
29-bit
mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.24
8
Table 101 Maximum Host Numbers
SUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF
HOSTS
8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 224 – 2 16777214
16 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 216 – 2 65534
24 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 28 – 2 254
29 bits 255.255.255.2
48 3 bits 23 – 2 6
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Notation
Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left,
followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask,
you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each
octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/” followed by the number of bits in
the mask after the address.
For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask
255.255.255.128.
The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations.
Subnetting
You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the
following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a
group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons.
In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three
octets of the address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining
octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 28 – 2 or 254 possible hosts.
Table 102 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation
SUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE
NOTATION LAST OCTET
(BINARY) LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL)
255.255.255.0 /24 0000 0000 0
255.255.255.128 /25 1000 0000 128
255.255.255.192 /26 1100 0000 192
255.255.255.224 /27 1110 0000 224
255.255.255.240 /28 1111 0000 240
255.255.255.248 /29 1111 1000 248
255.255.255.252 /30 1111 1100 252
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The following figure shows the company network before subnetting.
Figure 148 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting
You can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into
two separate sub-networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or
/25).
The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two
subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25.
The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now
two sub-networks, A and B.
Figure 149 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting
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In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of
27 – 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself,
all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).
192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127
with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP
address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and
the highest is 192.168.1.126.
Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.
Example: Four Subnets
The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit
address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets,
you need to “borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01,
10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.
Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a
host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast
address).
Table 103 Subnet 1
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.0 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
Table 104 Subnet 2
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 64
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.64 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.127 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126
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Example: Eight Subnets
Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100,
101, 110 and 111).
The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.
Table 105 Subnet 3
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 128
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.191 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190
Table 106 Subnet 4
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 192
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.192 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.255 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254
Table 107 Eight Subnets
SUBNET SUBNET
ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST
ADDRESS BROADCAST
ADDRESS
1 0 1 30 31
232 33 62 63
364 65 94 95
496 97 126 127
5128 129 158 159
6160 161 190 191
7192 193 222 223
8224 225 254 255
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Subnet Planning
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit
network number.
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit
network number.
Configuring IP Addresses
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If
the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP
Table 108 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
1255.255.255.128 (/25) 2126
2255.255.255.192 (/26) 462
3255.255.255.224 (/27) 830
4255.255.255.240 (/28) 16 14
5255.255.255.248 (/29) 32 6
6255.255.255.252 (/30) 64 2
7255.255.255.254 (/31) 128 1
Table 109 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
1255.255.128.0 (/17) 232766
2255.255.192.0 (/18) 416382
3255.255.224.0 (/19) 88190
4255.255.240.0 (/20) 16 4094
5255.255.248.0 (/21) 32 2046
6255.255.252.0 (/22) 64 1022
7255.255.254.0 (/23) 128 510
8255.255.255.0 (/24) 256 254
9255.255.255.128 (/25) 512 126
10 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 62
11 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 30
12 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 14
13 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 6
14 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 2
15 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 1
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addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet
mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you
have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when
the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select
a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned
Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private
use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must
also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the ZyXEL Device.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your ZyXEL
Device that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that
no other device on your network is using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your
ZyXEL Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP
address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by
the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are
isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example)
you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three
blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned
from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet
access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for
your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger
organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP
addresses.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;
always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment,
please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466,
Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
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APPENDIX C
Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts
and Java Permissions
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.
• JavaScripts (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer
versions may vary.
Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers
You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device.
Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service
Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP
address.
Disable Pop-up Blockers
1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off
Pop-up Blocker.
Figure 150 Pop-up Blocker
You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in
the Privacy tab.
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1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.
2Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen.
This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.
Figure 151 Internet Options: Privacy
3Click Apply to save this setting.
Enable Pop-up Blockers with Exceptions
Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the
following steps.
1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.
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2Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.
Figure 152 Internet Options: Privacy
3Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have
blocked) with the prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1.
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4Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.
Figure 153 Pop-up Blocker Settings
5Click Close to return to the Privacy screen.
6Click Apply to save this setting.
JavaScripts
If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check
that JavaScripts are allowed.
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1In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
Figure 154 Internet Options: Security
2Click the Custom Level... button.
3Scroll down to Scripting.
4Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
5Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the
default).
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6Click OK to close the window.
Figure 155 Security Settings - Java Scripting
Java Permissions
1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security
tab.
2Click the Custom Level... button.
3Scroll down to Microsoft VM.
4Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.
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5Click OK to close the window.
Figure 156 Security Settings - Java
JAVA (Sun)
1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced
tab.
2Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.
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3Click OK to close the window.
Figure 157 Java (Sun)
Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary.
You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then
click Options in the screen that appears.
Figure 158 Mozilla Firefox: Tools > Options
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Click Content.to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the
following screen.
Figure 159 Mozilla Firefox Content Security
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APPENDIX D
Wireless LANs
Wireless LAN Topologies
This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.
Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration
The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects
a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless
adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network,
which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service
Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers
using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN.
Figure 160 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network
BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless
clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one
access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is
enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate
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with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still
access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.
Figure 161 Basic Service Set
ESS
An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each
containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired
network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).
This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access
Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate
wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood.
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An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and
their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID
in order to communicate.
Figure 162 Infrastructure WLAN
Channel
A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and
receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have
a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from
an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when
radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and
degrading performance.
Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap,
your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an
adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent
AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11.
RTS/CTS
A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access
point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a
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hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or
wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they cannot "hear" each
other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore,
they are considered hidden from each other.
Figure 163 RTS/CTS
When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is
already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time,
collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time,
resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.
RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS
defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To
Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked.
When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432
bytes), the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS
(Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then
responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range
to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the
requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.
Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP
without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on
your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra
network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send)
handshake.
If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see
next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never
occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could
negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.
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Fragmentation Threshold
A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256
and 2432 bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will
fragment the packet into smaller data frames.
A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to
interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or
networks that are prone to interference.
If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see
previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send)
handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach
RTS/CTS size.
Preamble Type
Preamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer
to the length of the synchronization field in a packet.
Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means
more time for sending data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support
long preamble, but not all support short preamble.
Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices
on the network support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy
wireless networks.
Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it,
and to provide more efficient communications.
Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless
devices on the network support it, otherwise the ZyXEL Device uses long
preamble.
Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to
communicate.
IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an
IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point
(and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has
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several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates.
The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:
Wireless Security Overview
Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication
between wireless clients, access points and the wired network.
Wireless security methods available on the ZyXEL Device are data encryption,
wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding
the ZyXEL Device identity.
The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security
methods available on your ZyXEL Device.
Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the ZyXEL Device and
on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it.
Table 110 IEEE 802.11g
DATA RATE
(MBPS) MODULATION
1 DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)
2 DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
5.5 / 11 CCK (Complementary Code Keying)
6/9/12/18/24/36/
48/54 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Table 111 Wireless Security Levels
SECURITY
LEVEL SECURITY TYPE
Least
Secure
Most Secure
Unique SSID (Default)
Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled
MAC Address Filtering
WEP Encryption
IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server
Authentication
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
WPA2
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IEEE 802.1x
In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of
IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional
accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of
network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:
• User based identification that allows for roaming.
• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138,
2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network
RADIUS server.
• Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows
additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access
point or the wireless clients.
RADIUS
RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication,
authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the
RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:
• Authentication
Determines the identity of the users.
• Authorization
Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are
connected to the network.
•Accounting
Keeps track of the client’s network activity.
RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay
between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server.
Types of RADIUS Messages
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point
and the RADIUS server for user authentication:
• Access-Request
Sent by an access point requesting authentication.
• Access-Reject
Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.
• Access-Accept
Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.
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• Access-Challenge
Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access.
The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another
Access-Request message.
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point
and the RADIUS server for user accounting:
•Accounting-Request
Sent by the access point requesting accounting.
• Accounting-Response
Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.
In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a
shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over
the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is
also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access.
Types of EAP Authentication
This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS,
EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all
authentication types.
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on
top of the IEEE 802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of
user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS
server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform
authentication.
The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an
intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. .
For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the
network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate
(also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues
certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner.
EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)
MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The
authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client
‘proves’ that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge
and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 299
However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication
server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus
someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In
addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5
authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5
authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session
key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.
EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)
With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless
clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client.
After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to
the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured
tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital
certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity.
However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle
certificates, which imposes a management overhead.
EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)
EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for
only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client
authentication is then done by sending username and password through the
secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-
TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP,
CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.
PEAP (Protected EAP)
Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure
connection, then use simple username and password methods through the
secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity.
However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2
and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is
implemented only by Cisco.
LEAP
LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of
IEEE 802.1x.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide
300
Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key
expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication
times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed.
If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key
in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store
keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled.
Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and
PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate
environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair
is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of
authentication types.
WPA and WPA2
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2
(IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption,
authentication and key management than WPA.
Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and
user authentication.
If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external
RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an
external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that
only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless
gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will
be granted access to a WLAN.
Table 112 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types
EAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAP
Mutual Authentication No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Certificate – Client No Yes Optional Optional No
Certificate – Server No Yes Yes Yes No
Dynamic Key Exchange No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Credential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong Moderate
Deployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate Moderate
Client Identity
Protection No No Yes Yes No
Appendix D Wireless LANs
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 301
If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK
depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.
Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2.
WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2.
Encryption
WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP),
Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when
required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block
chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).
TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the
authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that
uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a per-
packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an
extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying
mechanism.
WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same
encryption key is never used twice.
The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that
then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to
dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet
that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all
happens in the background automatically.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from
capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a
strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each
compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the
data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.
By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating
an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to
decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break
into the network.
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The
only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common
password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach
makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force password-guessing attacks but it’s
still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric
password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption
Appendix D Wireless LANs
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide
302
keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a
weakness of WEP)
User Authentication
WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to
authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces
the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake)
and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2
authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-
authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all
wireless devices.
Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a
successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries
to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication
process again.
Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already
connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP
before connecting to it.
Wireless Client WPA Supplicants
A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system
instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most
widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's
Odyssey client.
The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows
XP's built-in "Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows
XP to use it.
WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number
(default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example
with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is
the distribution system.
1The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.
2The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and
grants or denies network access accordingly.
3A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by
the RADIUS server and the client.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 303
4The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key
hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate
unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that
is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients.
Figure 164 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
WPA(2)-PSK Application Example
A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.
1First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared
Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal
characters (including spaces and symbols).
2The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network
only if the password matches.
3The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The
key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide
304
4The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and
information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They
use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them.
Figure 165 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication
Security Parameters Summary
Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for
each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address
filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features.
Table 113 Wireless Security Relational Matrix
AUTHENTICATION
METHOD/ KEY
MANAGEMENT
PROTOCOL
ENCRYPTIO
N METHOD ENTER
MANUAL KEY IEEE 802.1X
Open None No Disable
Enable without Dynamic WEP
Key
Open WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP
Key
Yes Disable
Shared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP
Key
Yes Disable
WPA TKIP/AES No Enable
WPA-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable
WPA2 TKIP/AES No Enable
WPA2-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable
Appendix D Wireless LANs
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 305
Antenna Overview
An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device
sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air.
The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air.
Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a
wireless LAN.
Antenna Characteristics
Frequency
An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g) or 5GHz
(IEEE 802.11a) is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LAN
Radiation Pattern
A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the
antenna’s coverage area.
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF
beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better
communications.
For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase
of approximately 2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in
gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary
depending on the network environment.
Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna
increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic
antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well
in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides.
Types of Antennas for WLAN
There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide
306
• Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal
plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these
antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible
to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points.
• Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does
with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the
coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to
120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and
outdoor point-to-point applications.
Positioning Antennas
In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of
obstructions. In point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same
height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance.
For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the
antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the
antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as
close to the center of the coverage area as possible.
For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired
coverage area.
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 307
APPENDIX E
Services
The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated
protocols and port numbers.
•Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or
create a different one, if you like.
•Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/
UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is
USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number.
•Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol.
•If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.
•If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.
•Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service
or the situations in which this service is used.
Appendix E Services
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide
308
Table 114 Examples of Services
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
AH
(IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined 51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header)
tunneling protocol uses this service.
AIM TCP 5190 AOL’s Internet Messenger service.
AUTH TCP 113 Authentication protocol used by some
servers.
BGP TCP 179 Border Gateway Protocol.
BOOTP_CLIENT UDP 68 DHCP Client.
BOOTP_SERVER UDP 67 DHCP Server.
CU-SEEME TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
7648
24032
A popular videoconferencing solution
from White Pines Software.
DNS TCP/UDP 53 Domain Name Server, a service that
matches web names (for instance
www.zyxel.com) to IP numbers.
ESP
(IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined 50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation
Security Protocol) tunneling protocol
uses this service.
FINGER TCP 79 Finger is a UNIX or Internet related
command that can be used to find out
if a user is logged on.
FTP TCP
TCP
20
21
File Transfer Protocol, a program to
enable fast transfer of files, including
large files that may not be possible by
e-mail.
H.323 TCP 1720 NetMeeting uses this protocol.
HTTP TCP 80 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/
server protocol for the world wide
web.
HTTPS TCP 443 HTTPS is a secured http session often
used in e-commerce.
ICMP User-Defined 1Internet Control Message Protocol is
often used for diagnostic purposes.
ICQ UDP 4000 This is a popular Internet chat
program.
IGMP
(MULTICAST) User-Defined 2Internet Group Multicast Protocol is
used when sending packets to a
specific group of hosts.
IKE UDP 500 The Internet Key Exchange algorithm
is used for key distribution and
management.
IMAP4 TCP 143 The Internet Message Access Protocol
is used for e-mail.
IMAP4S TCP 993 This is a more secure version of IMAP4
that runs over SSL.
IRC TCP/UDP 6667 This is another popular Internet chat
program.
Appendix E Services
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 309
MSN Messenger TCP 1863 Microsoft Networks’ messenger
service uses this protocol.
NetBIOS TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
137
138
139
445
The Network Basic Input/Output
System is used for communication
between computers in a LAN.
NEW-ICQ TCP 5190 An Internet chat program.
NEWS TCP 144 A protocol for news groups.
NFS UDP 2049 Network File System - NFS is a client/
server distributed file service that
provides transparent file sharing for
network environments.
NNTP TCP 119 Network News Transport Protocol is
the delivery mechanism for the
USENET newsgroup service.
PING User-Defined 1Packet INternet Groper is a protocol
that sends out ICMP echo requests to
test whether or not a remote host is
reachable.
POP3 TCP 110 Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a
client computer get e-mail from a
POP3 server through a temporary
connection (TCP/IP or other).
POP3S TCP 995 This is a more secure version of POP3
that runs over SSL.
PPTP TCP 1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
enables secure transfer of data over
public networks. This is the control
channel.
PPTP_TUNNEL
(GRE) User-Defined 47 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling
Protocol) enables secure transfer of
data over public networks. This is the
data channel.
RCMD TCP 512 Remote Command Service.
REAL_AUDIO TCP 7070 A streaming audio service that
enables real time sound over the web.
REXEC TCP 514 Remote Execution Daemon.
RLOGIN TCP 513 Remote Login.
ROADRUNNER TCP/UDP 1026 This is an ISP that provides services
mainly for cable modems.
RTELNET TCP 107 Remote Telnet.
RTSP TCP/UDP 554 The Real Time Streaming (media
control) Protocol (RTSP) is a remote
control for multimedia on the
Internet.
Table 114 Examples of Services (continued)
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
Appendix E Services
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide
310
SFTP TCP 115 The Simple File Transfer Protocol is an
old way of transferring files between
computers.
SMTP TCP 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the
message-exchange standard for the
Internet. SMTP enables you to move
messages from one e-mail server to
another.
SMTPS TCP 465 This is a more secure version of SMTP
that runs over SSL.
SNMP TCP/UDP 161 Simple Network Management
Program.
SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 162 Traps for use with the SNMP
(RFC:1215).
SQL-NET TCP 1521 Structured Query Language is an
interface to access data on many
different types of database systems,
including mainframes, midrange
systems, UNIX systems and network
servers.
SSDP UDP 1900 The Simple Service Discovery Protocol
supports Universal Plug-and-Play
(UPnP).
SSH TCP/UDP 22 Secure Shell Remote Login Program.
STRM WORKS UDP 1558 Stream Works Protocol.
SYSLOG UDP 514 Syslog allows you to send system logs
to a UNIX server.
TACACS UDP 49 Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal
Access Controller Access Control
System).
TELNET TCP 23 Telnet is the login and terminal
emulation protocol common on the
Internet and in UNIX environments. It
operates over TCP/IP networks. Its
primary function is to allow users to
log into remote host systems.
VDOLIVE TCP
UDP
7000
user-
defined
A videoconferencing solution. The UDP
port number is specified in the
application.
Table 114 Examples of Services (continued)
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 311
APPENDIX F
Legal Information
Copyright
Copyright © 2010 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole,
transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic,
optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer
ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any
products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under
its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right
to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication
is subject to change without notice.
Trademarks
ZyNOS (ZyXEL Network Operating System) is a registered trademark of ZyXEL
Communications, Inc. Other trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for
identification purposes only and may be properties of their respective owners.
Certifications
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement
The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the
following two conditions:
• This device may not cause harmful interference.
Appendix F Legal Information
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide
312
• This device must accept any interference received, including interference that
may cause undesired operations.
This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B
digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to
provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential
installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy,
and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause
harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee
that interference will not occur in a particular installation.
If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which
can be determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try
to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
1Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
2Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.
3Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the
receiver is connected.
4Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
FCC Radiation Exposure Statement
• This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any
other antenna or transmitter.
• IEEE 802.11b or 802.11g operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-
limited to channels 1 through 11.
• To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation
distance of at least 20 cm must be maintained between the antenna of this
device and all persons.
注意 !
依據 低功率電波輻射性電機管理辦法
第十二條 經型式認證合格之低功率射頻電機，非經許可，公司、商號或使用
者均不得擅自變更頻率、加大功率或變更原設計之特性及功能。
第十四條 低功率射頻電機之使用不得影響飛航安全及干擾合法通信；經發現
有干擾現象時，應立即停用，並改善至無干擾時方得繼續使用。
前項合法通信，指依電信規定作業之無線電信。低功率射頻電機須忍
受合法通信或工業、科學及醫療用電波輻射性電機設備之干擾。
Appendix F Legal Information
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 313
本機限在不干擾合法電臺與不受被干擾保障條件下於室內使用。
減少電磁波影響，請妥適使用。
Notices
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for
compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
This device has been designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz network throughout the EC
region and Switzerland, with restrictions in France.
This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du
Canada.
Viewing Certifications
1Go to http://www.zyxel.com.
2Select your product on the ZyXEL home page to go to that product's page.
3Select the certification you wish to view from this page.
ZyXEL Limited Warranty
ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from
any defects in materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the
date of purchase. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should
the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or
materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or
components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it
shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating
condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally
equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of
ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused,
tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working
conditions.
Note
Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of
the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied,
including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or
Appendix F Legal Information
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide
314
purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential
damages of any kind to the purchaser.
To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center for your
Return Material Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage
Prepaid. It is recommended that the unit be insured when shipped. Any returned
products without proof of purchase or those with an out-dated warranty will be
repaired or replaced (at the discretion of ZyXEL) and the customer will be billed
for parts and labor. All repaired or replaced products will be shipped by ZyXEL to
the corresponding return address, Postage Paid. This warranty gives you specific
legal rights, and you may also have other rights that vary from country to country.
Registration
Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and
information at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for
North American products.
Index
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 315
Index
Numerics
802.1p 175, 176
802.1Q/1P 165
activation 166
group settings 168
port settings 169
priority 165
PVC 166
PVID 170
tagging frames 166, 169
A
activation
802.1Q/1P 166
CWMP 204
dynamic DNS 180
DYNDNS wildcard 180
firewalls 153
MAC address filter 112
NAT 137
port forwarding 141
QoS 173, 174
SIP ALG 145
SPI 153
SSID 113
UPnP 193
wireless LAN 106
scheduling 119
WPS 115
address mapping 142
rules 144
types 143, 144, 148
administrator password 30, 208
alerts 211
alternative subnet mask notation 274
antenna
directional 306
gain 305
omni-directional 306
AP (access point) 293
application filter 157
applications, NAT 148
Asynchronous Transfer Mode, see ATM
ATM 231
MBS 78, 83
PCR 78, 83
QoS 78, 83, 87
SCR 78, 83
status 231
authentication 122, 124
RADIUS server 124
WPA 110
B
backup
configuration 224
Basic Service Set, See BSS 291
Basic Service Set, see BSS
broadcast 74
BSS 125, 291
example 126
C
CA 299
CBR 78, 83, 87
Certificate Authority
See CA.
certifications 311
notices 313
viewing 313
channel 293
interference 293
channel, wireless LAN 121
CLI 21
client list 94
Index
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide
316
Command Line Interface, see CLI
compatibility, WDS 117
configuration
backup 224
CWMP 204
DHCP 93
firewalls 153
IP alias 96
IP precedence 174
IP/MAC filter 159
logs 211
port forwarding 139
reset 226
restoring 225
static route 163
WAN 75
wireless LAN 105
wizard 62
connection
nailed-up 82, 86
on demand 82
copyright 311
CPE WAN Management Protocol, see CWMP
CTS (Clear to Send) 294
CTS threshold 110, 122
CWMP 203
activation 204
configuration 204
D
data fragment threshold 110, 122
DDoS 152
default server, NAT 138, 140
Denials of Service, see DoS
DHCP 90, 93, 98
diagnostic 229
DiffServ Code Point, see DSCP
disclaimer 311
DNS 90, 94, 98, 188
Domain Name System, see DNS
DoS 151
DSCP 174
DSL connections, status 232
dynamic DNS 179
activation 180
wildcard 179
activation 180
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, see DHCP
dynamic WEP key exchange 300
DYNDNS wildcard 179
activation 180
E
EAP Authentication 298
encapsulation 73, 76, 81
ENET ENCAP 84
PPPoA 84
PPPoE 84
RFC 1483 84
encryption 106, 124, 301
WEP 107
key 108
WPA 109
authentication 110
reauthentication 109
WPA-PSK 108
pre-shared key 108
ENET ENCAP 76, 81, 84
ESS 292
Extended Service Set, See ESS 292
F
FCC interference statement 311
filters 155
application 157
IP/MAC 158
structure 155
IP/MAC filter
configuration 159
MAC address 112, 123
activation 112
URL 155, 156
firewalls 151
configuration 153
DDoS 152
DoS 151
Index
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 317
LAND attack 152
Ping of Death 152
status 37
SYN attack 151
firmware 221
version 36
forwarding ports 136, 138
activation 141
configuration 139
example 139
rules 141
fragmentation threshold 110, 122, 295
FTP 21, 185
H
hidden node 293
I
IANA 279
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
see IANA
IBSS 291
ICMP 189
IEEE 802.11g 295
IGA 146
IGMP 74, 90, 92, 101
ILA 146
Independent Basic Service Set
See IBSS 291
initialization vector (IV) 301
Inside Global Address, see IGA
Inside Local Address, see ILA
Internet Group Multicast Protocol, see IGMP
IP address 74, 76, 81, 85, 90, 99
default server 138, 140
ping 229
private 100
IP alias 95
configuration 96
NAT applications 148
IP precedence 175, 177
configuration 174
IP/MAC filter 158
configuration 159
structure 155
L
LAN 89
client list 94
DHCP 90, 93, 98
DNS 90, 94, 98
IGMP 90, 101
IP address 90, 91, 99
IP alias 95
configuration 96
MAC address 95
multicast 90, 92, 101
RIP 90, 92, 97, 100
status 36
subnet mask 90, 91, 99
LAND attack 152
LEDs 25
limitations
wireless LAN 125
WPS 133
Local Area Network, see LAN
login 29
passwords 30
logs 211
alerts 211
settings 211
M
MAC address 95, 112
filter 104, 106, 112, 123
MAC address filter
activation 112
Management Information Base (MIB) 187
mapping address 142
rules 144
types 143, 144, 148
Maximum Burst Size, see MBS
Maximum Transmission Unit, see MTU
Index
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide
318
MBS 78, 83, 87
MBSSID 126
MTU 78, 83
multicast 74, 78, 90, 92, 101
IGMPInternet Group Multicast Protocol, see
IGMP
Multiple BSS, see MBSSID
multiplexing 76, 81, 85
LLC-based 85
VC-based 85
N
nailed-up connection 77, 82, 86
NAT 82, 135, 136, 146, 279
activation 137
address mapping 142
rules 144
types 143, 144, 148
applications 148
IP alias 148
default server IP address 138, 140
example 147
global 146
IGA 146
ILA 146
inside 146
local 146
outside 146
P2P 137
port forwarding 136, 138
activation 141
configuration 139
example 139
rules 141
remote management 183
SIP ALG 145
activation 145
SUA 136, 137
Network Address Translation
see NAT
Network Address Translation, see NAT
P
P2P 137
Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 301, 303
passwords 30
administrator 208
PBC 128
PCR 78, 83, 86
Peak Cell Rate, see PCR
PIN, WPS 116, 117, 128
example 130
Ping of Death 152
port forwarding 136, 138
activation 141
configuration 139
example 139
rules 141
PPPoA 76, 81, 84
PPPoE 76, 81, 84
preamble 111, 122
preamble mode 295
pre-shared key 108
private IP address 100
product registration 314
PSK 301
push button 24, 117
Push Button Configuration, see PBC
push button, WPS 128
PVC 166
PVID 170
Q
QoS 171
802.1p 175, 176
activation 173, 174
DSCP 174
example 171
IP precedence 175, 177
priority queue 177
Quality of Service, see QoS
Index
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 319
R
RADIUS 297
message types 297
messages 297
shared secret key 298
RADIUS server 124
reauthentication, WPA 109
registration
product 314
related documentation 3
remote management 181
DNS 188
FTP 185
ICMP 189
limitations 182
NAT 183
Telnet 184
WWW 183
reset 26, 226
restart 227
restoring configuration 225
RFC 1483 76, 81, 84
RIP 78, 90, 92, 97, 100
Routing Information Protocol, see RIP
RTS (Request To Send) 294
threshold 293, 294
RTS threshold 110, 122
rules, port forwarding 141
S
safety warnings 7
schedules
wireless LAN 119
SCR 78, 83, 87
security
wireless LAN 106, 122
Security Parameter Index, see SPI
Service Set IDentifier, see SSID
setup
DHCP 93
firewalls 153
IP alias 96
IP precedenceQoS
IP precedence 174
IP/MAC filter 159
logs 211
port forwarding 139
static route 163
WAN 75
wireless LAN 105
wizard 62
shaping traffic 86, 87
Simple Network Management Protocol, see
SNMP
Single User Account, see SUA
SIP ALG 145
activation 145
SNMP 186
agents 187
Manager 187
managers 187
MIB 187
network components 187
versions 186
SPI 152
activation 153
SSID 104, 106, 114, 123
activation 113
MBSSID 126
static route 161
configuration 163
example 161
status 32, 35, 38
ATM 231
DSL connections 232
firewalls 37
firmware version 36
LAN 36
WAN 36
wireless LAN 36
WPS 116
SUA 136, 137
subnet 271
subnet mask 90, 99, 272
subnetting 274
Sustain Cell Rate, see SCR
SYN attack 151
syntax conventions 5
system 207
Index
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide
320
firmware 221
version 36
LED 25
passwords 30
administrator 208
reset 26
status 32, 35
firewalls 37
LAN 36
WAN 36
wireless LAN 36
time 208
T
tagging frames 166, 169
Telnet 184
thresholds
data fragment 110, 122
RTS/CTS 110, 122
time 208
TR-069 22
trademarks 311
traffic priority 165
traffic shaping 86
example 87
U
UBR 78, 83, 88
unicast 74
Universal Plug and Play, see UPnP
upgrading firmware 221
UPnP 191
activation 193
cautions 192
example 194
installation 194
NAT traversal 191
URL 155
URL filter 156
URL 155
V
VBR 87
VBR-nRT 78, 83, 88
VBR-RT 78, 83, 88
VCI 76, 81, 85
Virtual Channel Identifier, see VCI
Virtual Local Area Network, see VLAN
Virtual Path Identifier, see VPI
VLAN 165
802.1P priority 165
activation 166
group settings 168
port settings 169
PVC 166
PVID 170
tagging frames 166, 169
VPI 76, 81, 85
W
WAN 73
ATM QoS 78, 83, 87
encapsulation 73, 76, 81
IGMP 74
IP address 74, 76, 81, 85
mode 76, 81
MTU 78, 83
multicast 74, 78
multiplexing 76, 81, 85
nailed-up connection 77, 82, 86
NAT 82
RIP 78
setup 75
status 36
traffic shaping 86
example 87
VCI 76, 81, 85
VPI 76, 81, 85
warranty 313
note 313
WDS 117, 127
compatibility 117
example 127
web configurator 21, 29
login 29
Index
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 321
passwords 30
WEP 107, 125
key 108
Wide Area Network, see WAN
Wi-Fi Protected Access 300
WiFi Protected Setup, see WPS
wireless client WPA supplicants 302
Wireless Distribution System, see WDS
wireless LAN 103, 120
activation 106
authentication 122, 124
BSS 125
example 126
channel 121
configuration 105
encryption 106, 124
example 120
fragmentation threshold 110, 122
limitations 125
MAC address filter 104, 106, 112, 123
MBSSID 126
preamble 111, 122
RADIUS server 124
RTS/CTS threshold 110, 122
scheduling 119
security 122
SSID 104, 106, 114, 123
activation 113
status 36
WDS 117, 127
compatibility 117
example 127
WEP 107, 125
key 108
wizard 68
WPA 109, 125
authentication 110
reauthentication 109
WPA-PSK 108, 125
pre-shared key 108
WPS 115, 127, 130
activation 115
adding stations 117
example 132
limitations 133
PIN 116, 117, 128
push button 24, 117, 128
status 116
wireless security 296
Wireless tutorial 41
wizard 59
configuration 62
wireless LAN 68
WLAN
interference 293
security parameters 304
WPA 109, 125, 300
authentication 110
key caching 302
pre-authentication 302
reauthentication 109
user authentication 302
vs WPA-PSK 301
wireless client supplicant 302
with RADIUS application example 302
WPA2 300
user authentication 302
vs WPA2-PSK 301
wireless client supplicant 302
with RADIUS application example 302
WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 300
WPA2-PSK 300, 301
application example 303
WPA-PSK 108, 125, 301
application example 303
pre-shared key 108
WPS 115, 127, 130
activation 115
adding stations 117
example 132
limitations 133
PIN 116, 117, 128
example 130
push button 24, 117, 128
status 116
Index
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide
322
Index
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide 323
Index
P-660HN-TxA User’s Guide
324