ZyXEL Communications P663HN51 802.11n ADSL2+ Bonded 4-port Gateway User Manual SMG 700 User s Guide V1 00 Nov 2004

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Date Submitted	2009-09-07 00:00:00
Date Available	2009-09-07 00:00:00
Creation Date	2009-07-31 09:11:45
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Document Lastmod	2009-09-07 19:39:44
Document Title	SMG-700 User’s Guide V1.00 (Nov 2004)
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Document Author:	Cindy Yang

P-663HN-51
802.11n ADSL2+ Bonded 4-port Gateway
Default Login Details
IP Address
http://192.168.1.1
User Name
admin
Password
1234
Firmware
Version 1.01
www.zyxel.com
Edition 1, 7/2009
www.zyxel.com
Copyright © 2009
ZyXEL Communications Corporation
About This User's Guide
About This User's Guide
Intended Audience
This manual is intended for people who want to configure the ZyXEL Device using
the web configurator.
Related Documentation
Note: It is recommended you use the web configurator to configure the ZyXEL
Device.
• Support Disc
Refer to the included CD for support documents.
• ZyXEL Web Site
Please refer to www.zyxel.com for additional support documentation and
product certifications.
Documentation Feedback
Send your comments, questions or suggestions to: techwriters@zyxel.com.tw
Thank you!
The Technical Writing Team, ZyXEL Communications Corp.,
6 Innovation Road II, Science-Based Industrial Park, Hsinchu, 30099, Taiwan.
Need More Help?
More help is available at www.zyxel.com.
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
About This User's Guide
• Download Library
Search for the latest product updates and documentation from this link. Read
the Tech Doc Overview to find out how to efficiently use the User Guide, Quick
Start Guide and Command Line Interface Reference Guide in order to better
understand how to use your product.
• Knowledge Base
If you have a specific question about your product, the answer may be here.
This is a collection of answers to previously asked questions about ZyXEL
products.
• Forum
This contains discussions on ZyXEL products. Learn from others who use ZyXEL
products and share your experiences as well.
Customer Support
Should problems arise that cannot be solved by the methods listed above, you
should contact your vendor. If you cannot contact your vendor, then contact a
ZyXEL office for the region in which you bought the device.
See http://www.zyxel.com/web/contact_us.php for contact information. Please
have the following information ready when you contact an office.
• Product model and serial number.
• Warranty Information.
• Date that you received your device.
• Brief description of the problem and the steps you took to solve it.
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Document Conventions
Document Conventions
Warnings and Notes
These are how warnings and notes are shown in this User’s Guide.
Warnings tell you about things that could harm you or your
device.
Note: Notes tell you other important information (for example, other things you may
need to configure or helpful tips) or recommendations.
Syntax Conventions
• The P-663HN-51 may be referred to as the “ZyXEL Device”, the “device” or the
“system” in this User’s Guide.
• Product labels, screen names, field labels and field choices are all in bold font.
• A key stroke is denoted by square brackets and uppercase text, for example,
[ENTER] means the “enter” or “return” key on your keyboard.
• “Enter” means for you to type one or more characters and then press the
[ENTER] key. “Select” or “choose” means for you to use one of the predefined
choices.
• A right angle bracket ( > ) within a screen name denotes a mouse click. For
example, Maintenance > Log > Log Setting means you first click
Maintenance in the navigation panel, then the Log sub menu and finally the
Log Setting tab to get to that screen.
• Units of measurement may denote the “metric” value or the “scientific” value.
For example, “k” for kilo may denote “1000” or “1024”, “M” for mega may
denote “1000000” or “1048576” and so on.
• “e.g.,” is a shorthand for “for instance”, and “i.e.,” means “that is” or “in other
words”.
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Document Conventions
Icons Used in Figures
Figures in this User’s Guide may use the following generic icons. The ZyXEL Device
icon is not an exact representation of your device.
ZyXEL Device
Computer
Notebook computer
Server
DSLAM
Firewall
Telephone
Switch
Router
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Safety Warnings
Safety Warnings
• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming
pool.
• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.
• Do NOT store things on the device.
• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk
of electric shock from lightning.
• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.
• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to
dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should
service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information.
• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.
• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.
• Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.
• Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device.
• Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in
North America or 230V AC in Europe).
• Do NOT remove the plug and connect it to a power outlet by itself; always attach the
plug to the power adaptor first before connecting it to a power outlet.
• Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the
product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord.
• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause
electrocution.
• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the power outlet.
• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order
a new one.
• Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a
remote risk of electric shock from lightning.
• Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your
device.
• Please use only No. 26 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or larger telecommunication line
cord.
Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE
stands for Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical
and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and
electronic equipment should be treated separately.
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Safety Warnings
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Contents Overview
Contents Overview
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 19
Introducing the ZyXEL Device ................................................................................................... 21
Introducing the Web Configurator .............................................................................................. 27
Initial Configuration .................................................................................................................... 35
Device Information ..................................................................................................................... 37
Advanced ................................................................................................................................ 51
WAN Setup ................................................................................................................................ 53
LAN Setup ................................................................................................................................. 75
Network Address Translation (NAT) Screens ............................................................................ 83
Security ...................................................................................................................................... 93
Parental Control (Blocking Schedule) ....................................................................................... 99
Quality of Service (QoS) .......................................................................................................... 103
Routing .....................................................................................................................................115
RIP ............................................................................................................................................119
DNS Setup ............................................................................................................................... 121
Dynamic DNS Setup ................................................................................................................ 123
DSL Setup ............................................................................................................................... 127
Interface Group ........................................................................................................................ 129
Certificates ............................................................................................................................... 133
Wireless LAN ........................................................................................................................... 141
Diagnostics and Management ............................................................................................ 171
Diagnostics ............................................................................................................................. 173
Settings .................................................................................................................................... 175
Logs ......................................................................................................................................... 179
SNMP ...................................................................................................................................... 183
TR-069 Client .......................................................................................................................... 187
Time ......................................................................................................................................... 189
Access Control ........................................................................................................................ 191
Update Software ..................................................................................................................... 197
Save/Reboot and Logout ........................................................................................................ 199
Troubleshooting and Specifications .................................................................................. 201
Troubleshooting ....................................................................................................................... 203
Product Specifications ............................................................................................................. 207
Appendices and Index ......................................................................................................... 213
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Contents Overview
10
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
About This User's Guide .......................................................................................................... 3
Document Conventions............................................................................................................ 5
Safety Warnings........................................................................................................................ 7
Contents Overview ................................................................................................................... 9
Table of Contents.................................................................................................................... 11
Part I: Introduction................................................................................. 19
Chapter 1
Introducing the ZyXEL Device ............................................................................................... 21
1.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 21
1.2 Ways to Manage the ZyXEL Device .................................................................................... 22
1.3 Good Habits for Managing the ZyXEL Device ..................................................................... 23
1.4 Hardware Connections ........................................................................................................ 23
1.4.1 Connecting POTS Splitters ........................................................................................ 23
1.4.2 Telephone Microfilters ................................................................................................ 24
1.5 System Startup and LEDs ................................................................................................... 25
Chapter 2
Introducing the Web Configurator ........................................................................................ 27
2.1 Web Configurator Overview ................................................................................................. 27
2.2 Accessing the Web Configurator ......................................................................................... 27
2.2.1 User Access ............................................................................................................... 28
2.2.2 Administrator Access ................................................................................................. 29
2.3 Resetting the ZyXEL Device ................................................................................................ 29
2.3.1 Using the Reset Button .............................................................................................. 29
2.4 Navigating the Web Configurator ......................................................................................... 30
Chapter 3
Initial Configuration ................................................................................................................ 35
3.1 WAN Configuration .............................................................................................................. 35
3.2 QoS Configuration ............................................................................................................... 36
3.3 Changing the Login Password ............................................................................................ 36
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
11
Table of Contents
Chapter 4
Device Information.................................................................................................................. 37
4.1 Device Information Summary .............................................................................................. 37
4.2 WAN Information ................................................................................................................. 39
4.3 LAN Statistics ...................................................................................................................... 40
4.4 WAN Statistics ..................................................................................................................... 41
4.5 ATM Statistics ...................................................................................................................... 42
4.6 ADSL Statistics .................................................................................................................... 44
4.7 ADSL BER Test ................................................................................................................... 46
4.8 Route Info ............................................................................................................................ 47
4.9 ARP Info .............................................................................................................................. 48
4.9.1 DHCP Table ............................................................................................................... 48
Part II: Advanced.................................................................................... 51
Chapter 5
WAN Setup............................................................................................................................... 53
5.1 WAN Overview ................................................................................................................... 53
5.1.1 VPI and VCI ............................................................................................................... 53
5.1.2 Multiplexing ................................................................................................................ 53
5.2 Traffic Shaping ..................................................................................................................... 54
5.2.1 ATM Traffic Classes ................................................................................................... 54
5.3 WAN ................................................................................................................................... 55
5.4 WAN ATM PVC Configuration and QoS ............................................................................. 57
5.5 Connection Types ................................................................................................................ 58
5.5.1 PPPoA ........................................................................................................................ 58
5.5.2 PPPoE ........................................................................................................................ 59
5.5.3 MER ........................................................................................................................... 59
5.5.4 IPoA ........................................................................................................................... 59
5.5.5 Bridging ...................................................................................................................... 59
5.6 Encapsulation ...................................................................................................................... 59
5.6.1 LLC-based Encapsulation .......................................................................................... 60
5.6.2 VC-based Encapsulation ............................................................................................ 60
5.7 WAN Connection Type and Encapsulation Mode ............................................................... 60
5.8 NAT ...................................................................................................................................... 61
5.9 Nailed-Up Connection (PPP) ............................................................................................... 61
5.10 PPPoA WAN Connection Setup ....................................................................................... 62
5.11 PPPoE WAN Connection Setup ....................................................................................... 65
5.12 MER WAN Connection Setup ........................................................................................... 68
5.13 IPoA WAN Connection Setup ........................................................................................... 69
5.14 Bridge WAN Connection Setup ........................................................................................ 70
12
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Table of Contents
5.15 IGMP Multicast .................................................................................................................. 70
5.16 NAT, IGMP Multicast, and WAN Service ........................................................................... 72
5.17 WAN Setup Summary ........................................................................................................ 73
Chapter 6
LAN Setup................................................................................................................................ 75
6.1 LAN Overview ..................................................................................................................... 75
6.1.1 LAN, WAN and the ZyXEL Device ............................................................................. 75
6.1.2 DHCP Setup ............................................................................................................... 76
6.2 LAN TCP/IP ......................................................................................................................... 76
6.2.1 IP Address and Subnet Mask ..................................................................................... 76
6.3 Multicast .............................................................................................................................. 77
6.4 Introducing Universal Plug and Play ................................................................................... 78
6.4.1 How do I know if I'm using UPnP? ............................................................................. 78
6.4.2 NAT Traversal ............................................................................................................ 78
6.4.3 Cautions with UPnP ................................................................................................... 79
6.5 LAN Setup ........................................................................................................................... 80
6.6 The DHCP Static Lease Screen .......................................................................................... 82
Chapter 7
Network Address Translation (NAT) Screens....................................................................... 83
7.1 NAT Overview ..................................................................................................................... 83
7.2 NAT Virtual Servers ............................................................................................................ 83
7.2.1 Virtual Server: Services and Port Numbers ............................................................... 84
7.2.2 Virtual Servers Example ............................................................................................. 84
7.3 Configuring Virtual Servers ................................................................................................. 84
7.3.1 Virtual Server Rule Add ............................................................................................. 86
7.4 Port Triggering ................................................................................................................... 87
7.5 Port Triggering Add ............................................................................................................ 89
7.6 DMZ Host ............................................................................................................................ 90
Chapter 8
Security.................................................................................................................................... 93
8.1 Outgoing IP Filtering ........................................................................................................... 93
8.2 Adding Outgoing IP Filtering Rules ..................................................................................... 94
8.3 Incoming IP Filtering ........................................................................................................... 95
8.4 Adding Incoming IP Filtering Rules ..................................................................................... 96
Chapter 9
Parental Control (Blocking Schedule) ................................................................................. 99
9.1 Adding Parental Control (Blocking Schedule) Entries ...................................................... 100
Chapter 10
Quality of Service (QoS)....................................................................................................... 103
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
13
Table of Contents
10.1 QoS Overview ................................................................................................................ 103
10.1.1 IEEE 802.1Q Tag ................................................................................................... 103
10.1.2 IP Precedence ........................................................................................................ 104
10.1.3 DiffServ ................................................................................................................. 104
10.2 Configuring QoS General Screen ................................................................................... 105
10.3 Queue Configuration ....................................................................................................... 107
10.4 Adding a Queue ............................................................................................................... 108
10.5 Class Setup
................................................................................................................... 109
10.5.1 Configuring a QoS Class ........................................................................................110
Chapter 11
Routing .................................................................................................................................. 115
11.1 Default Gateway Setup .....................................................................................................115
11.2 Static Route
....................................................................................................................116
11.3 Configuring Static Route ..................................................................................................117
11.3.1 Static Route Add ....................................................................................................117
Chapter 12
RIP .......................................................................................................................................... 119
12.1 RIP Setup .........................................................................................................................119
Chapter 13
DNS Setup ............................................................................................................................. 121
13.1 DNS Server Address ....................................................................................................... 121
13.2 DNS Setup ....................................................................................................................... 122
Chapter 14
Dynamic DNS Setup ............................................................................................................. 123
14.1 Dynamic DNS Overview ................................................................................................. 123
14.1.1 DYNDNS Wildcard ................................................................................................. 123
14.2 Dynamic DNS ................................................................................................................. 124
14.3 Configuring Dynamic DNS .............................................................................................. 125
Chapter 15
DSL Setup.............................................................................................................................. 127
15.1 DSL Setup ....................................................................................................................... 127
Chapter 16
Interface Group ..................................................................................................................... 129
16.1 Interface Groups Overview .............................................................................................. 129
16.2 Interface Groups Setup ................................................................................................... 129
16.3 Adding an Interface Group .............................................................................................. 131
14
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Table of Contents
Chapter 17
Certificates ............................................................................................................................ 133
17.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................... 133
17.1.1 What You Can Do in the Certificates Screens ........................................................ 133
17.1.2 What You Need to Know About Certificates ........................................................... 133
17.2 Trusted CA Certificates Screen ....................................................................................... 134
17.2.1 Trusted CA Details ................................................................................................. 136
17.2.2 Trusted CA Import ................................................................................................. 137
17.3 Certificates Technical Reference ..................................................................................... 137
17.3.1 Certificates Overview ............................................................................................. 138
17.3.2 Private-Public Certificates ...................................................................................... 139
17.3.3 Verifying a Trusted Remote Host’s Certificate ........................................................ 139
Chapter 18
Wireless LAN......................................................................................................................... 141
18.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 141
18.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter .......................................................................... 141
18.2 What You Need to Know .................................................................................................. 142
18.3 Before You Begin ............................................................................................................. 144
18.4 Wireless Basic ................................................................................................................ 144
18.5 Wireless Security ............................................................................................................. 147
18.6 The MAC Filter Screen
............................................................................................... 152
18.6.1 The MAC Filter Add Screen
.............................................................................. 153
18.7 Wireless Bridge Screen ................................................................................................... 154
18.8 The Advanced Setup Screen .......................................................................................... 155
18.9 Wireless Station Info ........................................................................................................ 159
18.10 Technical Reference ...................................................................................................... 160
18.10.1 Wireless Network Overview ................................................................................. 160
18.10.2 Additional Wireless Terms .................................................................................... 161
18.10.3 Wireless Security Overview ................................................................................. 161
18.10.4 WiFi Protected Setup ........................................................................................... 164
18.10.5 WPS External Registrar ....................................................................................... 170
Part III: Diagnostics and Management ............................................... 171
Chapter 19
Diagnostics ........................................................................................................................... 173
19.1 Diagnostics ..................................................................................................................... 173
Chapter 20
Settings.................................................................................................................................. 175
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
15
Table of Contents
20.1 Backup Configuration Using the Web Configurator ......................................................... 175
20.2 Restore Configuration Using the Web Configurator ........................................................ 176
20.3 Restoring Factory Defaults .............................................................................................. 177
Chapter 21
Logs ....................................................................................................................................... 179
21.1 Logs Overview ................................................................................................................ 179
21.2 System Log ...................................................................................................................... 179
21.3 Viewing the System Log .................................................................................................. 180
21.4 Configuring Log Settings ................................................................................................ 181
Chapter 22
SNMP...................................................................................................................................... 183
22.1 SNMP Overview .............................................................................................................. 183
22.1.1 Supported MIBs ..................................................................................................... 184
22.2 SNMP Screen .................................................................................................................. 185
Chapter 23
TR-069 Client ......................................................................................................................... 187
23.1 TR-069 Client Screen ...................................................................................................... 187
Chapter 24
Time........................................................................................................................................ 189
24.1 Time Setup ..................................................................................................................... 189
Chapter 25
Access Control...................................................................................................................... 191
25.1 Access Control Screen .................................................................................................... 191
25.2 Service Access Control Screen ....................................................................................... 191
25.3 IP Addresses ................................................................................................................... 192
25.4 Adding IP Addresses ....................................................................................................... 193
25.5 Passwords ....................................................................................................................... 193
25.6 Authentication .................................................................................................................. 195
Chapter 26
Update Software ................................................................................................................... 197
26.1 Uploading Firmware ........................................................................................................ 197
Chapter 27
Save/Reboot and Logout ..................................................................................................... 199
27.1 Save/Reboot .................................................................................................................... 199
27.2 Logout .............................................................................................................................. 199
16
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Table of Contents
Part IV: Troubleshooting and Specifications..................................... 201
Chapter 28
Troubleshooting.................................................................................................................... 203
28.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs ...................................................................... 203
28.2 ZyXEL Device Access and Login .................................................................................... 204
28.3 Internet Access ................................................................................................................ 205
Chapter 29
Product Specifications ......................................................................................................... 207
29.1 DSL Connector Pin Assignments .....................................................................................211
29.2 Power Adaptor Specifications .......................................................................................... 212
Part V: Appendices and Index ............................................................ 213
Appendix A Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address ........................................................... 215
Appendix B Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions ...................................... 241
Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting ........................................................................... 251
Appendix D Wireless LANs .................................................................................................. 263
Appendix E Common Services............................................................................................. 279
Appendix F Open Software Announcements ....................................................................... 283
Appendix G Legal Information.............................................................................................. 289
Index....................................................................................................................................... 293
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
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Table of Contents
18
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
P ART I
Introduction
Introducing the ZyXEL Device (21)
Introducing the Web Configurator (27)
19
20
CHAPTER
Introducing the ZyXEL Device
This chapter introduces the main applications and features of the ZyXEL Device. It
also introduces the ways you can manage the ZyXEL Device.
1.1 Overview
The ZyXEL Device is an ADSL2+ pair bonding gateway that allows super-fast
Internet access over analog (POTS) telephone lines. It bonds two ADSL2+ lines
into a single logical connection to provide increased throughput at longer
distances. The ZyXEL Device also provides IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless networking
to extend the range of your existing wired network without additional wiring.
In the ZyXEL Device product name, “H” denotes an integrated 4-port switch
(hub). Model names ending in “1”, for example P-663HN-51, denote a device that
works over the analog telephone system, POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service). The
DSL RJ-11 (ADSL over POTS models) connects to your ADSL-enabled telephone
lines.
Only use firmware for your ZyXEL Device’s specific model. Refer
to the label on the bottom of your ZyXEL Device.
The ZyXEL Device provides protection from attacks by Internet hackers. By
default, the firewall blocks all incoming traffic from the WAN. See Chapter 29 on
page 207 for a full list of features.
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
21
Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device
A typical Internet access application is shown below
Figure 1 Protected Internet Access Applications
WLAN
You can also use the ZyXEL Device to connect two geographically dispersed
networks over the ADSL line. A typical LAN-to-LAN application example is shown
as follows.
Figure 2 LAN-to-LAN Application Example
WLAN
The ZyXEL Device is compatible with the ADSL/ADSL2/ADSL2+ standards (see
Table 76 on page 207 for more details). Using ADSL2+, the ZyXEL Device can
attain a maximum downstream rate of about 44 Mbps.1
Note: The standard your ISP supports determines the maximum upstream and
downstream speeds attainable. Actual speeds attained also depend on the
distance from your ISP, line quality, etc.
1.2 Ways to Manage the ZyXEL Device
Use any of the following methods to manage the ZyXEL Device.
1.
22
This is the theoretical maximum rate under ideal conditions.
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device
• Web Configurator. Use this for everyday management of the ZyXEL Device
using a (supported) web browser.
• SNMP. The device can be monitored by an SNMP manager. See the SNMP
chapter in this User’s Guide.
1.3 Good Habits for Managing the ZyXEL Device
Do the following things regularly to make the ZyXEL Device more secure and to
manage the ZyXEL Device more effectively.
• Change the password. Use a password that’s not easy to guess and that
consists of different types of characters, such as numbers and letters.
• Write down the password and put it in a safe place.
• Back up the configuration (and make sure you know how to restore it).
Restoring an earlier working configuration may be useful if the device becomes
unstable or even crashes. If you forget your password, you will have to reset
the ZyXEL Device to its factory default settings. If you backed up an earlier
configuration file, you would not have to totally re-configure the ZyXEL Device.
You could simply restore your last configuration.
1.4 Hardware Connections
See the Quick Start Guide for the ZyXEL Device’s main hardware connections.
1.4.1 Connecting POTS Splitters
Use POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) splitters to separate the telephone and
ADSL signals. This allows simultaneous Internet access and telephone service on
the same line. A splitter also eliminates the destructive interference conditions
caused by telephone sets.
Install the POTS splitters at the point where the telephone lines enter your
premises.
Connect the side labeled “Phone” to your telephone.
Connect the side labeled “Modem” or “DSL” to your ZyXEL Device.
Connect the side labeled “Line” to the telephone wall jack.
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
23
Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device
1.4.2 Telephone Microfilters
Telephone voice transmissions take place in the lower frequency range, 0 - 4KHz,
while ADSL transmissions take place in the higher bandwidth range, above 4KHz.
A microfilter acts as a low-pass filter, for your telephone, to ensure that ADSL
transmissions do not interfere with your telephone voice transmissions. The use of
a telephone microfilter is optional.
Locate and disconnect each telephone.
Connect a cable from the wall jack to the “wall side” of the microfilter.
Connect the “phone side” of the microfilter to your telephone as shown in the
following figure.
After you are done, make sure that your telephone works. If your telephone does
not work, disconnect the microfilter and contact either your local telephone
company or the provider of the microfilter.
Figure 3 Connecting a Microfilter
24
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device
1.5 System Startup and LEDs
After you are done making the hardware connections, press the power button to
the ON position. Look at the LEDs (lights) on the front panel. The following figure
shows the ZyXEL Device’s LEDs.
Figure 4 Front Panel
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
25
Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device
The following table describes the LEDs.
Table 1 Front Panel LEDs
LED
COLOR
STATUS
DESCRIPTION
POWER
Green
On
The ZyXEL Device is receiving power.
Blinking
The ZyXEL Device is performing a self-test.
Off
The ZyXEL Device is not receiving power.
On
The ZyXEL Device has a successful Ethernet
connection.
Blinking
The ZyXEL Device is sending/receiving data.
Off
The ZyXEL Device is not connected to the LAN.
On
The ZyXEL Device’s wireless interface is activated
and operating.
Blinking
The ZyXEL Device is communicating with other
wireless clients.
Blinking
The ZyXEL Device is setting up a WPS connection.
Off
The ZyXEL Device’s wireless interface is not
activated.
On
The respective DSL line is up.
Blinking
Fast blinking means the ZyXEL Device is initializing
the respective DSL line. Slow blinking means the
respective DSL line is down.
On
The ZyXEL Device has an IP connection but no traffic.
ETHERNET
Green
1,2,3,4
WLAN/WPS Green
Orange
DSL1,
DSL2
Green
INTERNET
Green
Your device has a WAN IP address (either static or
assigned by a DHCP server), PPP negotiation was
successfully completed (if used) and the DSL
connection is up.
Red
26
On
The ZyXEL Device attempted to make an IP
connection but failed. Possible causes are no
response from a DHCP server, no PPPoE response,
PPPoE authentication failed.
Off
The ZyXEL Device does not have an IP connection.
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
CHAPTER
Introducing the Web
Configurator
This chapter describes how to access and navigate the web configurator.
2.1 Web Configurator Overview
The web configurator is an HTML-based management interface that allows easy
ZyXEL Device setup and management via Internet browser. Use Internet Explorer
6.0 and later versions. The recommended screen resolution is 1024 by 768 pixels.
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow web browser pop-up
windows from your device. Web pop-up blocking is enabled by default in Windows
XP SP (Service Pack) 2. See Appendix C on page 201 if you need to make sure
pop-ups are allowed in Internet Explorer.
2.2 Accessing the Web Configurator
The following describes how to access the ZyXEL Device from the LAN using the
administrator or user account. See Section 25.5 on page 193 for information
about the support account.
Make sure your ZyXEL Device hardware is properly connected (see Section 1.4 on
page 23).
Assign your computer a static IP address (choose one from 192.168.1.2 to
192.168.1.254). See Appendix A on page 215 for how to change your computer’s
IP address.
Launch your web browser.
Type "192.168.1.1" as the URL.
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Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
A screen displays as shown.
Figure 5 Password Screen
2.2.1 User Access
The user account can only access the ZyXEL Device from the LAN. For user access,
enter the user account’s user name (user) and password (1234 is the default)
and click OK to view the status only. The following screen appears.
Figure 6 User Status Screen
28
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Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
2.2.2 Administrator Access
The admin account can only access the ZyXEL Device from the LAN.
For administrator access, enter the administrator user name (admin) and
password (1234 is the default) and click OK to enter the configuration screens.
Note: The management session automatically times out if it is left idle for five
minutes. Simply log back into the ZyXEL Device if this happens.
2.3 Resetting the ZyXEL Device
If you forget your password or cannot access the web configurator, you will need
to use the RESET button at the back of the ZyXEL Device to reload the factorydefault configuration file. This means that you will lose all configurations that you
had previously and the password will be reset to “1234”.
2.3.1 Using the Reset Button
Make sure the POWER LED is on (not blinking).
Press the RESET button for ten seconds or until the POWER LED begins to blink
and then release it. When the POWER LED begins to blink, the defaults have been
restored and the ZyXEL Device restarts.
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Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
2.4 Navigating the Web Configurator
After you log in, use the sub-menus on the navigation panel to go to other
screens. Some fields or links are not available if you entered the user password in
the login password screen (see Figure 5 on page 28).
Figure 7 Web Configurator: First Screen
Table 2 Web Configurator Screens Summary
LINK/ICON
SUB-LINK
FUNCTION
Device Info
Summary
This screen shows general device information such as
the firmware version, line rates, LAN IP address,
default gateway, and DNS servers.
WAN
This screen displays information about the ZyXEL
Device’s WAN connections.
Statistics
30
LAN
This screen displays statistics about the ZyXEL
Device’s LAN connections.
WAN
This screen displays statistics about the ZyXEL
Device’s WAN connections.
ATM
This screen shows low-level ATM protocol statistics.
ADSL
This screen displays statistics about the ZyXEL
Device’s ADSL connection.
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Table 2 Web Configurator Screens Summary (continued)
LINK/ICON
SUB-LINK
FUNCTION
Route
This screen displays information about the ZyXEL
Device’s routes for sending traffic.
ARP
This screen displays the IP addresses and MAC
addresses that the ZyXEL Device has resolved.
DHCP
This screen lists the ZyXEL Device’s DHCP clients.
Advanced Setup
WAN
Use these screens to view and configure the ZyXEL
Device’s WAN (Internet) connection settings.
LAN
Use this screen to configure LAN settings and the
DHCP server.
NAT
Security
Virtual Servers
Use this screen to configure NAT virtual server (port
forwarding) entries to have the ZyXEL Device forward
traffic from the WAN to LAN computers.
Port Triggering
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s port
triggering settings.
DMZ Host
Use this screen to configure a DMZ host IP address to
receive packets from ports that are not specified in the
virtual server configuration.
IP Filtering
Configure outgoing IP filtering to block LAN users or
applications from accessing the Internet. Configure
incoming IP filtering to allow certain traffic to come in
from the Internet to the LAN.
Parental
Control
Configure days and times to block Internet access
from specific MAC addresses.
Quality of
Service
Use the first QoS screen to enable or disable QoS, and
select a DSCP mark to use on all outgoing packets that
do not match a QoS classification rule.
Routing
DNS
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Queue Config
This screen lists the QoS queues. A QoS queue sets
the priority used for incoming packets that the QoS
classifier has grouped into a flow.
QoS
Classification
Configure QoS classifiers to group upstream traffic into
data flows according to specific criteria.
Default
Gateway
Set the default gateway that helps the ZyXEL Device
forward traffic to its destination.
Static Route
Configure static routes to have the ZyXEL Device send
data to devices not reachable through the default
gateway.
RIP
Configure RIP settings to have the ZyXEL Device
exchange routing information with other routers.
DNS Server
Set how the ZyXEL Device selects a DNS server (for
mapping domain names to IP addresses).
Dynamic DNS
A dynamic DNS service lets the ZyXEL Device use a
Web name like *.yourhost.dyndns.org while using a
dynamic IP address. This lets others access the ZyXEL
Device from the Internet without knowing it’s IP
address.
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Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
Table 2 Web Configurator Screens Summary (continued)
LINK/ICON
SUB-LINK
FUNCTION
DSL
Use this screen to configure the ZyXEL Device’s DSL
settings.
Interface
Group
Use this screen to map ports to PVCs and create
bridging groups.
Certificate
Use these screens to import Trusted CA certificates
that the ZyXEL Device can use in authenticating
wireless clients.
Wireless
Basic
Use this screen to turn the wireless connection on or
off and make other basic configuration changes.
Security
Use this screen to configure wireless security using
WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) or manually.
MAC Filter
Use this screen to configure the MAC filter to block or
allow wireless access based on the MAC addresses of
the wireless stations.
Wireless
Bridge
Use this screen to configure wireless connections
between the ZyXEL Device and other APs.
Advanced
Use this screen to change the wireless mode, and
make other advanced wireless configuration changes.
Station Info
Use this screen to view information about the wireless
stations connected to the ZyXEL Device.
Diagnostics
Use this screen to test the connections to your LAN
devices (Ethernet and wireless connections) and your
ADSL connection. You can also test the connection to
your Internet Service Provider.
Management
Settings
System Log
32
Backup
Use this screen to save the ZyXEL Device’s
configuration to a computer.
Update
Use this screen to save a previously saved
configuration file from a computer to the ZyXEL
Device.
Restore Default
Use this screen to reset the factory defaults to your
ZyXEL Device.
View System
Log
Use this screen to display the logs.
Configure
System Log
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s log
settings.
SNMP Agent
Use this screen to configure your ZyXEL Device’s
settings for Simple Network Management Protocol
management.
TR-069 Client
Use this screen to allow a Auto-Configuration Server
(ACS) to manage the ZyXEL Device.
Internet Time
Use this screen to configure how the ZyXEL Device
synchronizes its internal clock with a time server on
the Internet.
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Table 2 Web Configurator Screens Summary (continued)
LINK/ICON
SUB-LINK
FUNCTION
Access Control
Services
Use this screen to enable or disable service access to
the ZyXEL Device.
IP Addresses
Use these screens to configure the IP addresses of
trusted computers that may manage the ZyXEL
Device.
Passwords
Use this screen to change the passwords for the ZyXEL
Device’s accounts.
Authentication
Use this screen to require users to use a password to
log in before they can access the Internet.
Update
Software
Use this screen to upload firmware to your ZyXEL
Device.
Save/Reboot
Use this screen to save all of your ZyXEL Device’s
settings and reboot the ZyXEL Device without turning
the power off.
Logout
Exit the web configurator.
Note: Click Management > Logout to exit the web configurator.
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34
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CHAPTER
Initial Configuration
This chapter introduces the initial configuration that you may need to perform on
the ZyXEL Device.
3.1 WAN Configuration
If you connect your ZyXEL Device and are able to access the Internet without
configuring the ZyXEL Device, it may be that your ISP pre-configured the ZyXEL
Device for you or the Internet connection works with the ZyXEL Device’s default
settings.
If you connect the ZyXEL Device and are not able to access the Internet, the ISP
(Internet Service Provider) should have given you Internet connection
information. This includes the connection type, VPI, VCI, and any values specific
to your connection type (such as a user name and password). Click Advanced
Setup > WAN > Add (or Edit). Use the following screen (and the ones that come
after it) to configure your Internet connection. See Chapter 5 on page 53 for more
information.
Figure 8 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add
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Chapter 3 Initial Configuration
3.2 QoS Configuration
If the ISP gave you QoS settings to use, click Advanced Setup > QoS and
configure the ZyXEL Device to use them. See Chapter 10 on page 103 for details.
If the WAN connection uses VLAN multiplexing, you can apply different QoS
settings to different VLANs within the same WAN connection. If you are not using
VLAN multiplexing, you may need to configure separate WAN connections (using
different PVCs) in order to give different traffic different priorities.
3.3 Changing the Login Password
It is highly recommended that you periodically change the password for accessing
the ZyXEL Device. Click Management > Access Control > Passwords to
display the screen shown next. Use this screen to change the password. See
Section 25.5 on page 193 for details.
Figure 9 Management > Access Control > Passwords
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CHAPTER
Device Information
Use the Device Info screens to see information about your ZyXEL Device and its
connections.
4.1 Device Information Summary
The Device Info > Summary screen displays when you log in. To get to it from
another screen, just click Device Info > Summary. This screen displays general
information about the ZyXEL Device.
Figure 10 Device Info > Summary
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Chapter 4 Device Information
The following table describes the labels shown in the Status screen.
Table 3 Device Info > Summary
38
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Product Name
This is your ZyXEL Device’s model name.
Software
Version
This is the number of the firmware release the ZyXEL Device is using.
Bootloader
(CFE) Version
This is the number of the bootloader the ZyXEL Device is using.
Line Rate Upstream
(Kbps)
This is the speed of the upstream (outgoing) connection link.
Wireless Driver
Version
This is the number of the driver that the ZyXEL Device’s wireless
chipset is using.
Line Rate Downstream
(Kbps)
This is the speed of the downstream (incoming) connection link.
LAN IPv4
Address
This is the IP (version 4) address of the LAN ports.
Default
Gateway
This is the IP address of the default gateway, if applicable.
Primary DNS
Server
This is the IP address of the server that the ZyXEL Device tries to use
first when it needs to resolve a domain name (find the numeric IP
address associated with the domain name).
Secondary DNS
Server
If the primary server does not respond when the ZyXEL Device tries to
resolve a domain name, the ZyXEL Device tries the server displayed in
this field.
LAN IP Address
This is the IP address of the LAN ports.
Default
Gateway
This is the IP address of the default gateway, if applicable.
Primary DNS
Server
This is the IP address of the server that the ZyXEL Device tries to use
first when it needs to resolve a domain name (find the numeric IP
address associated with the domain name).
Secondary DNS
Server
If the primary server does not respond when the ZyXEL Device tries to
resolve a domain name, the ZyXEL Device tries the server displayed in
this field.
Local Mac
Address
This is the MAC (Media Access Control) address the ZyXEL Device uses
for it’s LAN connections.
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4.2 WAN Information
Click Device Info > WAN to open the following screen. Each row in the table
displays information about one of the ZyXEL Device’s WAN connections.
Figure 11 Device Info > WAN
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 4 Device Info > WAN
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Port/VPI/VCI
This field displays the WAN connection’s DSL port, Virtual Path Identifier,
and Virtual Channel Identifier. The DSL port is always 0 because the DSL
ports are bonded into a single logical port.
VLAN Mux.
This field shows whether or not VLAN multiplexing is enabled. VLAN
multiplexing allows multiple separate WAN connections within the same
PVC.
Con. ID
This is the number of the WAN connection.
Category
This is the ATM traffic class the WAN connection is using.
Service
This displays the connection type, DSL port, Virtual Path Identifier, and
Virtual Channel Identifier. For the connection types, pppoe stands for
PPPoE, ipoa stands for IPoA, pppoa stands for PPPoA, mer stands for MAC
Encapsulated Routing, and br stands for bridging.
Interface
This field displays the name of the WAN connection, followed by the DSL
port, Virtual Path Identifier, and Virtual Channel Identifier.
Protocol
This is the type of network protocol the WAN interface is using for IP over
Ethernet.
IGMP
This is whether or not the WAN connection is using IGMP multicast (if
available).
QoS
This is whether or not packet level QoS is enabled for the WAN connection.
State
This is whether or the WAN connection is enabled.
Status
This is the WAN connection’s current ADSL line state.
IPv4 Address This is the WAN connection’s IP (version 4) address.
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Chapter 4 Device Information
4.3 LAN Statistics
Click Device Info > Statistics > LAN to open the following screen. This screen
displays statistics about the ZyXEL Device’s LAN connections.
Figure 12 Device Info > Statistics > LAN
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 5 Device Info > Statistics > LAN
40
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Interface
This field displays the type of LAN connection.
Received
These statistics are for traffic the ZyXEL Device has received on the
interface.
Transmitted
These statistics are for traffic the ZyXEL Device has sent through the
interface.
Bytes
This field displays the number of bytes received or sent.
Pkts
This field displays the number of packets received on or sent through the
interface.
Errs
This field displays the number of error packets received on or sent through
the interface.
Drops
This field displays the number of incoming or outgoing packets dropped.
Reset
Statistics
Click this button to have the ZyXEL Device clear the current LAN interface
statistics and start collecting them again.
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4.4 WAN Statistics
Click Device Info > Statistics > WAN to open the following screen. Each row in
the table displays statistics about a WAN connection.
Figure 13 Device Info > Statistics > WAN
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 6 Device Info > Statistics > WAN
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Service
If the WAN connection is using bridging, the name of the bridge displays
here.
VPI/VCI
This field displays the WAN connection’s Virtual Path Identifier, and Virtual
Channel Identifier.
Protocol
This is the type of network protocol the WAN interface is using for IP over
Ethernet.
Interface
This field displays the name of the WAN connection.
Received
These statistics are for traffic the ZyXEL Device has received on the WAN
connection.
Transmitted
These statistics are for traffic the ZyXEL Device has sent through the WAN
connection.
Bytes
This field displays the number of bytes received or sent.
Pkts
This field displays the number of packets received on or sent through the
WAN connection.
Errs
This field displays the number of error packets received on or sent through
the WAN connection.
Drops
This field displays the number of incoming or outgoing packets dropped.
Reset
Statistics
Click this button to have the ZyXEL Device clear the current WAN statistics
and start collecting them again.
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Chapter 4 Device Information
4.5 ATM Statistics
Click Device Info > Statistics > ATM to open the following screen. This screen
shows low-level ATM protocol statistics.
Figure 14 Device Info > Statistics > ATM
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 7 Device Info > Statistics > ATM
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
ATM
Interface
Statistics
These are statistics for the ATM interface.
In Octets
How many octets the interface received.
Out Octets
How many octets the interface transmitted.
In Errors
How many cells the ZyXEL Device dropped because of uncorrectable HEC
errors.
In Unknown
How many received cells the ZyXEL Device discarded during cell header
validation. This includes cells with invalid cell header patterns or
unrecognized VPI/VCI values. If the ZyXEL Device is set to discard cells
with undefined PTI values, they are also included in this count.
In Hec Errors How many cells the ZyXEL Device received with HEC errors in the ATM cell
headers.
42
In Invalid Vpi
Vci Errors
How many cells the ZyXEL Device received with an unregistered VCC
(Virtual Channel Connection) address.
In Port Not
Enable
Errors
How many cells the ZyXEL Device received on disabled ports.
In PTI Errors
How many cells the ZyXEL Device received with an ATM header that had a
Payload Type Indicator (PTI).
In Idle Cells
How many idle cells the ZyXEL Device received.
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Table 7 Device Info > Statistics > ATM (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
In Circuit
Type Errors
How many idle cells the ZyXEL Device received with illegal circuit types.
In OAM RM
CRC Errors
How many Operational, Administration and Maintenance Function 5 (OAM)
and RM (Rate Management) cells the ZyXEL Device received with a Cyclic
Redundancy Check error.
In GFC
Errors
How many cells the ZyXEL Device received with non-zero GFCs.
AAL5
Interface
Statistics
These are statistics for the AAL5 interface.
In Octets
How many AAL5/AAL0 CPCS PDU octets the ZyXEL Device received.
Out Octets
How many AAL5/AAL0 CPCS PDU octets the ZyXEL Device transmitted.
In Ucast Pkts How many received AAL5/AAL0 CPCS PDUs the ZyXEL Device passed to
higher layers.
Out Ucast
Pkts
How many AAL5/AAL0 CPCS PDUs the ZyXEL Device received for
transmission from higher layers.
In Errors
How many AAL5/AAL0 CPCS PDUs the ZyXEL Device received that
contained errors. Including CRC-32 errors, SAR timeouts, and oversised
SDUs.
Out Errors
How many AAL5/AAL0 CPCS PDUs the ZyXEL Device could not transmit
due to errors.
In Discards
How many AAL5/AAL0 CPCS PDUs the ZyXEL Device discarded due to
input buffer overflows.
Out Discards
How many non-errored AAL5/AAL0 CPCS PDUs the ZyXEL Device
discarded. (For example, the ZyXEL Device might do this to free up buffer
space.)
AAL5 VCC
Statistics
These are statistics for the ATM VCC (Virtual Channel Connection)
interface.
VPI/VCI
A VCC (Virtual Channel Connection) is a VPI and VCI combination. Each
row in this table represents a VCC. This field displays the Virtual Path
Identifier, and Virtual Channel Identifier of each VCC.
CRC Errors
How many PDUs the ZyXEL Device received on the VCC with CRC-32
errors.
SAR
Timeouts
How many partially-reassembled PDUs the ZyXEL Device discarded
because they were not fully reassembled during the allotted time period.
This value is zero if the re-assembly timer is not supported.
Oversized
SDUs
How many PDUs with corresponding SDUs that were too large (so the
ZyXEL Device discarded them).
Short Packet
Errors
How many PDUs that had a length shorter than the size of the AAL5 trailer
(so the ZyXEL Device discarded them).
Length
Errors
How many PDUs the ZyXEL Device discarded because the length in the
AAL5 trailer did not match the PDU length.
Reset
Statisitcs
Click this button to have the ZyXEL Device clear the current ATM statistics
and start collecting them again.
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Chapter 4 Device Information
4.6 ADSL Statistics
Click Device Info > Statistics > ADSL to open the following screen. This screen
displays statistics about the ZyXEL Device’s ADSL connection.
Figure 15 Device Info > Statistics > ADSL
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 8 Device Info > Statistics > ADSL
44
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Mode
This is the ADSL mode that the ADSL link is using.
Type
This shows whether it is an “interleaved” (uses interleaving to aid in error
correction) or “fast” (no interleaving) ADSL link.
Line Coding
This shows whether the ADSL link is using Trellis coding or Reed-Solomon
error correction. Trellis coding helps to reduce the noise in ADSL
transmissions. Trellis may reduce throughput but it makes the connection
more stable. “RS” coding stands for Reed-Solomon error correction.
Status
This shows the ADSL link’s connection status.
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Table 8 Device Info > Statistics > ADSL (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Link Power
State
This is the ADSL connection’s current power management mode.
SNR Margin
(dB)
This is the upstream and downstream Signal-to-Noise Ratio Margin (in
dB). A DMT
sub-carrier’s SNR is the ratio between the received signal power and the
received
noise power. The signal-to-noise ratio margin is the maximum that the
received noise
power could increase with the ZyXEL Device still being able to meet its
transmission targets.
Attenuation
(dB)
This is the downstream and upstream Line Attenuation (in dB).
Output Power
(dBm)
This field displays the amount of power being used to transmit to the
other end of the ADSL link. Output power varies with the line length and
quality. The longer the line is or the more interference there is on the
line, the more power is needed.
Attainable
Rate (Kbps)
These are the downstream and upstream highest theoretically possible
transfer rates (in Kbps).
Aggregate
Rate (Kbps)
These are the combined downstream and upstream rates (in Kbps) of the
two DSL ports.
DSL1 Rate
(Kbps)
These are the downstream and upstream rates (in Kbps) at which the
DSL1 port has been receiving and sending data.
DSL2 Rate
(Kbps)
These are the downstream and upstream rates (in Kbps) at which the
DSL2 port has been receiving and sending data.
Super Frames
These are the downstream and upstream numbers of downstream and
upstream super frames.
Super Frame
Errors
These are the downstream and upstream numbers of errored super
frames sent and received.
RS Words
These are the downstream and upstream numbers of Reed-Solomon
error correction words.
RS
Correctable
Errors
These are the downstream and upstream numbers of Reed-Solomon
errors.
RS
Uncorrectable
Errors
The number of downstream and upstream uncorrectable Reed-Solomon
errors.
HEC Errors
These are the downstream and upstream numbers of Header Error
Control errors.
OCD Errors
These are the downstream and upstream numbers of Out of Cell
Delineation errors.
LCD Errors
The number of 1-second intervals since reset where loss of cell
delineation occurred.
Total Cells
The total numbers of downstream and upstream ATM cells.
Data Cells
The total numbers of downstream and upstream data cells.
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Chapter 4 Device Information
Table 8 Device Info > Statistics > ADSL (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Bit Errors
The total numbers of downstream and upstream bit errors.
Total ES
The number of Errored SecondS that have occurred within the period.
Total SES
The number of Severely Errored Seconds that have occurred within the
period.
Total UAS
The number of UnAvailable Seconds that have occurred within the period.
ADSL BER
Test
Click this button to perform an ADSL Bit Error Rate Test to measure the
quality of the ADSL connection.
Reset
Statisitcs
Click this button to have the ZyXEL Device clear the current ADSL
statistics and start collecting them again.
4.7 ADSL BER Test
Click Device Info > Statistics > ADSL > ADSL BER Test to open the following
screen. Perform an ADSL Bit Error Rate Test to measure the quality of the ADSL
connection.
Figure 16 Device Info > Statistics > ADSL > ADSL BER Test
Select for how many seconds to perform the test and click Start.
Figure 17 Device Info > Statistics > ADSL > ADSL BER Test: Results
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Chapter 4 Device Information
The ADSL BER test results show how many bits were sent, how many of the
transferred bits were errored, and the error ratio.
Click Close when you are done.
4.8 Route Info
Click Device Info > Route to open the following screen. This screen displays
information about the ZyXEL Device’s routes for sending traffic.
Figure 18 Device Info > Route
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 9 Device Info > Route
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Destination
The route applies to traffic going to this network address.
Gateway
This is the router the ZyXEL Device sends traffic to in order to forward the
traffic to the destination listed in the route.
Subnet Mask
This is the network number of the gateway to which this route forwards
traffic.
Flag
This displays more information about the route.
U - up
! -reject
G - gateway
H - host
R - reinstate
D - dynamic (redirect)
M - modified (redirect)
Metric
This field sets this route's priority among the routes the ZyXEL Device
uses.
The metric represents the "cost of transmission". A router determines the
best route for transmission by choosing a path with the lowest "cost". RIP
routing uses hop count as the measurement of cost, with a minimum of "1"
for directly connected networks. The number must be between "1" and
"15"; a number greater than "15" means the link is down. The smaller the
number, the lower the "cost".
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Chapter 4 Device Information
Table 9 Device Info > Route (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Service
This displays what type of traffic this route is for. The field is blank when
the route is for all types of service.
Interface
This route has the ZyXEL Device send traffic through this interface.
4.9 ARP Info
Click Device Info > ARP to open the following screen. This screen displays
information about the IP addresses the ZyXEL Device has resolved into MAC
addresses.
Figure 19 Device Info > ARP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 10 Device Info > ARP
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IP Address
This is the IP address that the ZyXEL Device resolved into a MAC address.
Flags
This field shows more information about the IP address entry.
Complete means it is a valid entry.
Incomplete means it is an invalid entry.
Permanent means the entry will not expire.
Public means it is an entry that the ZyXEL Device acquired by listening.
HW Address
This is the MAC (Media Access Control) address to which the ZyXEL Device
resolved the IP address.
Device
This identifies the interface to which the device with the listed IP address is
connected.
4.9.1 DHCP Table
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows
individual clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can
configure the ZyXEL Device as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a
server, the ZyXEL Device provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If
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DHCP service is disabled, there must be another DHCP server, or else the
computer must be manually configured.
Click Device Info > DHCP to display the following screen. This is only available
when the ZyXEL Device’s DHCP server function is enabled. The DHCP table shows
current DHCP client information (including IP Address, Host Name and MAC
Address) of all network clients using the ZyXEL Device’s DHCP server.
Figure 20 Device Info > DHCP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 11 Device Info > DHCP
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Host Name
This field displays the computer host name.
MAC Address
The MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address on a LAN (Local Area
Network) is unique to your computer (six pairs of hexadecimal notation).
A network interface card such as an Ethernet adapter has a hardwired
address that is assigned at the factory. This address follows an industry
standard that ensures no other adapter has a similar address.
IP Address
This field displays the IP address assigned to the DHCP client.
Expires In
This field displays for how much longer the host has the lease for the
assigned IP address.
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P ART II
Advanced
WAN Setup (53)
LAN Setup (75)
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Screens (83)
Security (93)
Quality of Service (QoS) (103)
Routing (115)
RIP (119)
DNS Setup (121)
Dynamic DNS Setup (123)
DSL Setup (127)
Interface Group (129)
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WAN Setup
5.1 WAN Overview
A WAN (Wide Area Network) is an outside connection to another network or the
Internet.
5.1.1 VPI and VCI
Be sure to use the correct Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel
Identifier (VCI) numbers assigned to you. The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255
and for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for local management of ATM
traffic). Please see the appendix for more information.
5.1.2 Multiplexing
There are two conventions to identify what protocols the virtual circuit (VC) is
carrying. Be sure to use the multiplexing method required by your ISP.
5.1.2.1 VC-based Multiplexing
In this case, by prior mutual agreement, each protocol is assigned to a specific
virtual circuit; for example, VC1 carries IP, etc. VC-based multiplexing may be
dominant in environments where dynamic creation of large numbers of ATM VCs is
fast and economical.
5.1.2.2 LLC-based Multiplexing
In this case one VC carries multiple protocols with protocol identifying information
being contained in each packet header. Despite the extra bandwidth and
processing overhead, this method may be advantageous if it is not practical to
have a separate VC for each carried protocol, for example, if charging heavily
depends on the number of simultaneous VCs.
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5.2 Traffic Shaping
Traffic shaping is an agreement between the carrier and the subscriber to regulate
the average rate and fluctuations of data transmission over an ATM network. This
agreement helps eliminate congestion, which is important for transmission of real
time data such as audio and video connections.
Note: Traffic shaping controls outgoing (upstream) traffic, not incoming (downstream).
Peak Cell Rate (PCR) is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. This
parameter may be lower (but not higher) than the maximum line speed. 1 ATM
cell is 53 bytes (424 bits), so a maximum speed of 832Kbps gives a maximum
PCR of 1962 cells/sec. This rate is not guaranteed because it is dependent on the
line speed.
Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) is the mean cell rate of each bursty traffic source. It
specifies the maximum average rate at which cells can be sent over the virtual
connection. SCR may not be greater than the PCR.
Maximum Burst Size (MBS) is the maximum number of cells that can be sent at
the PCR. After MBS is reached, cell rates fall below SCR until cell rate averages to
the SCR again. At this time, more cells (up to the MBS) can be sent at the PCR
again.
If the PCR, SCR or MBS is set to the default of "0", the system will assign a
maximum value that correlates to your upstream line rate.
The following figure illustrates the relationship between PCR, SCR and MBS.
Figure 21 Example of Traffic Shaping
5.2.1 ATM Traffic Classes
These are the basic ATM traffic classes defined by the ATM Forum Traffic
Management 4.0 Specification.
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5.2.1.1 Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
Constant Bit Rate (CBR) provides fixed bandwidth that is always available even if
no data is being sent. CBR traffic is generally time-sensitive (doesn't tolerate
delay). CBR is used for connections that continuously require a specific amount of
bandwidth. A PCR is specified and if traffic exceeds this rate, cells may be
dropped. Examples of connections that need CBR would be high-resolution video
and voice.
5.2.1.2 Variable Bit Rate (VBR)
The Variable Bit Rate (VBR) ATM traffic class is used with bursty connections.
Connections that use the Variable Bit Rate (VBR) traffic class can be grouped into
realtime or non realtime connections.
The realtime VBR type is used with bursty connections that require closely
controlled delay and delay variation. It also provides a fixed amount of bandwidth
(a PCR is specified) but is only available when data is being sent. An example of
an realtime VBR connection would be video conferencing. Video conferencing
requires real-time data transfers and the bandwidth requirement varies in
proportion to the video image's changing dynamics.
The non realtime VBR type is used with bursty connections that do not require
closely controlled delay and delay variation. It is commonly used for "bursty"
traffic typical on LANs. PCR and MBS define the burst levels, SCR defines the
minimum level. An example of an non realtime VBR connection would be non-time
sensitive data file transfers.
5.2.1.3 Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)
The Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) ATM traffic class is for bursty data transfers.
However, UBR doesn't guarantee any bandwidth and only delivers traffic when the
network has spare bandwidth. An example application is background file transfer.
5.3 WAN
Click Advanced Setup > WAN to open the following screen. This screen displays
your ZyXEL Device’s WAN Internet access settings. You can also edit those
settings and add more settings. The screen differs by the encapsulation.
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See Section 5.1 on page 53 for more information.
Figure 22 Advanced Setup > WAN
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 12 Advanced Setup > WAN
56
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Port/VPI/VCI
This field displays the WAN connection’s DSL port, Virtual Path
Identifier, and Virtual Channel Identifier. The DSL port is always 0
because the DSL ports are bonded into a single logical port.
VLAN Mux.
This field shows whether or not VLAN multiplexing is enabled. VLAN
multiplexing allows multiple separate WAN connections within the
same PVC.
Con. ID
This is the number of the WAN connection.
Category
This is the ATM traffic class the WAN connection is using.
Service
This displays the connection type, DSL port, Virtual Path Identifier,
and Virtual Channel Identifier. For the connection types, pppoe stands
for PPPoE, ipoa stands for IPoA, pppoa stands for PPPoA, mer stands
for MAC Encapsulated Routing, and br stands for bridging.
Interface
This field displays the name of the WAN connection, followed by the
DSL port, Virtual Path Identifier, and Virtual Channel Identifier.
Protocol
This is the type of network protocol the WAN interface is using for IP
over Ethernet.
IGMP
This is whether or not the WAN connection is using IGMP multicast (if
available).
QoS
This is whether or not packet level QoS is enabled for the WAN
connection.
State
This is whether or the WAN connection is enabled.
Remove
To remove a WAN connection, select its Remove check box and click
the Remove button.
Edit
Click this button to go to a screen where you can modify the WAN
connections settings.
Add
Click this button to go to a screen where you can configure settings
for a new WAN connection.
Remove
To remove a WAN connection, select its Remove check box and click
the Remove button.
Save/Reboot
Click this button to apply and save your changes. The ZyXEL Device
restarts.
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5.4 WAN ATM PVC Configuration and QoS
Click Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (or Edit) to open the following screen. Use
this screen to configure ATM PVC settings and enable or disable QoS. The screen
differs by the service category.
See Section 5.1 on page 53 for more information.
Figure 23 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 13 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
ATM PVC
Configuration
The PORT (interface), VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual
Channel Identifier) define an ATM PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit).
Refer to the appendix for more information.
VPI
Enter the VPI assigned to you for this WAN connection.
VCI
Enter the VCI assigned to you for this WAN connection.
VLAN Mux.
Select the check box to use VLAN multiplexing to allow multiple
separate protocols to use the same PVC. Selecting this enables IEEE
802.1q. Separate VLANs can be used to give different priorities to the
traffic from different ports.
802.1Q VLAN ID
When you enable VLAN multiplexing, type the VLAN ID that the ZyXEL
Device is to add to the traffic sent through this WAN connection.
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Table 13 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Service Category
Select UBR (unspecified bit rate) for applications that are non-time
sensitive, such as e-mail. Use it with PCR if you want to specify a
maximum rate at which the sender can send cells.
Select CBR (constant bit rate) to specify fixed (always-on) bandwidth
for voice or data traffic.
Select Realtime VBR for bursty traffic connections that require
closely controlled delay and delay variation (like video conferencing).
Use Non Realtime VBR for bursty connections that do not require
closely controlled delay and delay variation (like non-time sensitive
data file transfers).
Peak Cell Rate
The Peak Cell Rate (PCR) is the maximum rate at which the sender
can send cells. PCR applies with all of the ATM traffic classes. Type a
number of (ATM) cells per second (1~255000).
Sustainable
Cell Rate
The Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) sets the average cell rate (long-term)
that can be transmitted. Type the SCR, which must be less than the
PCR. SCR applies with the VBR traffic classes. Type a number of
(ATM) cells per second. The SCR must be less than the PCR.
Maximum
Burst Size
The Maximum Burst Size (MBS) sets the maximum number of cells
that the port should handle without any discards. Type the MBS here
(1~1000000). MBS applies with the VBR traffic classes.
Enable Quality of
Service
Enable the (packet level) QoS if you need to provide improved
performance for certain classes of applications (like VoIP or video
conferencing).
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Next
Click this to go to the following screen.
5.5 Connection Types
Be sure to use the connection type required by your ISP. Here is background
information on the connection types the ZyXEL Device supports.
5.5.1 PPPoA
PPPoA stands for Point to Point Protocol over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5). A
PPPoA connection functions like a dial-up Internet connection. The ZyXEL Device
encapsulates the PPP session based on RFC1483 and sends it through an ATM PVC
(Permanent Virtual Circuit) to the Internet Service Provider’s (ISP) DSLAM (digital
access multiplexer). Please refer to RFC 2364 for more information on PPPoA.
Refer to RFC 1661 for more information on PPP.
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5.5.2 PPPoE
PPPoE (Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet) provides access control and billing
functionality in a manner similar to dial-up services using PPP. The ZyXEL Device
bridges a PPP session over Ethernet (PPP over Ethernet, RFC 2516) from your
computer to an ATM PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) which connects to ADSL
Access Concentrator where the PPP session terminates. One PVC can support any
number of PPP sessions from your LAN. For more information on PPPoE, see the
appendices.
5.5.3 MER
MER (MAC Encapsulated Routing) is only implemented with the IP network
protocol. IP packets are routed between the Ethernet interface and the WAN
interface and then formatted so that they can be understood in a bridged
environment. For instance, it encapsulates routed Ethernet frames into bridged
ATM cells.
5.5.4 IPoA
IPoA (Internet Protocol over ATM) in RFC 1483 describes two methods for
Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5). The first method
allows multiplexing of multiple protocols over a single ATM virtual circuit (LLCbased multiplexing) and the second method assumes that each protocol is carried
over a separate ATM virtual circuit (VC-based multiplexing). Please refer to the
RFC for more detailed information.
5.5.5 Bridging
With bridging the ZyXEL Device has a static IP address for the connection. The
ZyXEL Device passes traffic through to another device (a computer or router for
example) that handles authenticating with the ISP.
5.6 Encapsulation
There are two conventions to identify what protocols the virtual circuit (VC) is
carrying. Be sure to use the encapsulation method required by your ISP.
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5.6.1 LLC-based Encapsulation
In this case one VC carries multiple protocols with protocol identifying information
being contained in each packet header. Despite the extra bandwidth and
processing overhead, this method may be advantageous if it is not practical to
have a separate VC for each carried protocol, for example, if charging heavily
depends on the number of simultaneous VCs.
5.6.2 VC-based Encapsulation
In this case, by prior mutual agreement, each protocol is assigned to a specific
virtual circuit; for example, VC1 carries IP, etc. VC-based multiplexing may be
dominant in environments where dynamic creation of large numbers of ATM VCs is
fast and economical.
5.7 WAN Connection Type and Encapsulation
Mode
This is the second WAN setup add (or edit) screen. Use this screen to configure
WAN connection type and encapsulation mode.
Figure 24 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (2)
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 14 Advanced Setup > WAN
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Connection Type
Select the type of network protocol the ISP uses for IP over Ethernet.
Encapsulation
Mode
Select the encapsulation mode that your ISP uses.
MTU
This field applies to the PPPoE and MER encapsulation types.
Maximum Transmission Unit. Type the maximum size of each data
packet, in bytes, that can go through this interface. If a larger packet
arrives, the ZyXEL Device divides it into smaller fragments.
For PPPoE you can enter 512 to 1492.
For MER you can enter 512 to 1500.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Next
Click this to go to the following screen.
5.8 NAT
NAT (Network Address Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP
address of a host in a packet, for example, the source address of an outgoing
packet, used within one network to a different IP address known within another
network.
5.9 Nailed-Up Connection (PPP)
A nailed-up connection is a dial-up line where the connection is always up
regardless of traffic demand. The ZyXEL Device does two things when you specify
a nailed-up connection. The first is that idle timeout is disabled. The second is that
the ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection when turned on and
whenever the connection is down. A nailed-up connection can be very expensive
for obvious reasons.
Do not specify a nailed-up connection unless your telephone company offers flatrate service or you need a constant connection and the cost is of no concern
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5.10 PPPoA WAN Connection Setup
When you select PPPoA in the second WAN setup add (or edit) screen, this screen
displays next. Use this screen to configure PPPoA connection settings.
Figure 25 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: PPPoA)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 15 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: PPPoA)
62
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
PPP User Name
Enter the login name that your ISP gives you.
PPP Password
Enter the password associated with the user name above.
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Table 15 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: PPPoA) (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Authentication
Method
The ZyXEL Device supports PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)
and CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol). CHAP is
more secure than PAP; however, PAP is readily available on more
platforms.
Use the drop-down list box to select an authentication protocol for
outgoing calls. Options are:
AUTO - Your ZyXEL Device accepts either CHAP, PAP, or MSCHAP
when requested by this remote node.
CHAP - Your ZyXEL Device accepts CHAP only.
PAP - Your ZyXEL Device accepts PAP only.
MSCHAP - Your ZyXEL Device accepts MSCHAP (Microsoft CHAP)
only.
Enable NAT
Turn on NAT to translate IP addresses between two different networks
(so you can have a private LAN with IP addresses that are different
from the public IP addresses on the WAN. See Chapter 7 on page 83
for more details.
Enable Fullcone
NAT
This field displays when you enable NAT. In full cone NAT, all requests
from the same private IP address and port are mapped to the same
public source IP address and port. Someone on the Internet only
needs to know the mapping scheme in order to send packets to a
device behind the ZyXEL Device.
The ZyXEL Device uses restricted cone NAT when you disable full cone
NAT.
Enable Firewall
Select this to turn on the ZyXEL Device’s Stateful Packet Inspection
(SPI) firewall. By default the firewall blocks traffic originating from the
WAN from going to the LAN. See Chapter 8 on page 93 for how to
configure firewall rules.
Dial on demand
Select Dial on demand when you don't want the connection up all
the time and specify an idle time-out (in seconds) in the Inactivity
Timeout field.
Clear the Dial on demand option to keep the connection up all the
time. The ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection
automatically if it is disconnected.
PPP IP extension
Only select this option if your service provider requires it. The
following conditions apply to a connection using PPP IP extension.
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Only one computer can be connected on the LAN.
The ISP only assigns a single public IP address and the LAN
computer uses it on its LAN interface.
The firewall and NAT features are disabled.
The ZyXEL Device uses DHCP to tell the LAN computer that the
ZyXEL Device is its default gateway and DNS server.
The ZyXEL Device extends the ISP’s IP subnet to the LAN
computer.
The ZyXEL Device bridges packets between the DSL and LAN
interface, except for packets destined for the ZyXEL Device's LAN
IP address.
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Table 15 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: PPPoA) (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Use Static IP
Address
If the ISP gave you a static (fixed) IP address, select this option and
enter it in the IP Address field.
If the ISP did not give you a static IP address, clear the Use Static IP
Address option. The ISP automatically assigns the WAN connection
an IP address when it connects.
64
Enable PPP debug
mode
Select this to turn on the debug mode for the PPP connection.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Next
Click this to go to the following screen.
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5.11 PPPoE WAN Connection Setup
When you select PPPoE in the second WAN setup add (or edit) screen, this screen
displays next. Use this screen to configure PPPoE connection settings.
Figure 26 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: PPPoE)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 16 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: PPPoE)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
PPP User Name
Enter the login name that your ISP gives you.
PPP Password
Enter the password associated with the user name above.
PPPoE Service
Name
Type the PPPoE service name given to you by your ISP. PPPoE uses a
service name to identify and reach the PPPoE server.
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Table 16 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: PPPoE) (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Authentication
Method
The ZyXEL Device supports PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)
and CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol). CHAP is
more secure than PAP; however, PAP is readily available on more
platforms.
Use the drop-down list box to select an authentication protocol for
outgoing calls. Options are:
AUTO - Your ZyXEL Device accepts either CHAP, PAP, or MSCHAP
when requested by this remote node.
CHAP - Your ZyXEL Device accepts CHAP only.
PAP - Your ZyXEL Device accepts PAP only.
MSCHAP - Your ZyXEL Device accepts MSCHAP (Microsoft CHAP)
only.
Enable NAT
Enable
Fullcone NAT
Turn on NAT to translate IP addresses between two different networks
(so you can have a private LAN with IP addresses that are different
from the public IP addresses on the WAN. See Chapter 7 on page 83
for more details.
This field displays when you enable NAT. In full cone NAT, all requests
from the same private IP address and port are mapped to the same
public source IP address and port. Someone on the Internet only
needs to know the mapping scheme in order to send packets to a
device behind the ZyXEL Device.
The ZyXEL Device uses restricted cone NAT when you disable full cone
NAT.
Enable Firewall
Select this to turn on the ZyXEL Device’s Stateful Packet Inspection
(SPI) firewall. By default the firewall blocks traffic originating from the
WAN from going to the LAN. See Chapter 8 on page 93 for how to
configure firewall rules.
Dial on demand
Select Dial on demand when you don't want the connection up all
the time and specify an idle time-out (in seconds) in the Inactivity
Timeout field.
Clear the Dial on demand option to keep the connection up all the
time. The ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection
automatically if it is disconnected.
PPP IP extension
Only select this option if your service provider requires it. The
following conditions apply to a connection using PPP IP extension.
•
•
•
•
•
•
66
Only one computer can be connected on the LAN.
The ISP only assigns a single public IP address and the LAN
computer uses it on its LAN interface.
The firewall and NAT features are disabled.
The ZyXEL Device uses DHCP to tell the LAN computer that the
ZyXEL Device is its default gateway and DNS server.
The ZyXEL Device extends the ISP’s IP subnet to the LAN
computer.
The ZyXEL Device bridges packets between the DSL and LAN
interface, except for packets destined for the ZyXEL Device's LAN
IP address.
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Table 16 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: PPPoE) (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Use Static IP
Address
If the ISP gave you a static (fixed) IP address, select this option and
enter it in the IP Address field.
If the ISP did not give you a static IP address, clear the Use Static IP
Address option. The ISP automatically assigns the WAN connection
an IP address when it connects.
Enable PPP debug
mode
Select this to turn on the debug mode for the PPP connection.
Bridge PPPoE
Frames Between
WAN and Local
Ports (Default
Enabled)
This feature is available when you do not select PPP IP extension.
In addition to the ZyXEL Device's built-in PPPoE client, you can enable
this to pass PPPoE through in order to allow LAN hosts to use PPPoE
client software on their computers to connect to the ISP via the ZyXEL
Device. Each host can have a separate account and a public WAN IP
address.
PPPoE pass through is an alternative to NAT for applications where
NAT is not appropriate.
Disable PPPoE pass through if you do not need to allow hosts on the
LAN to use PPPoE client software on their computers to connect to the
ISP.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Next
Click this to go to the following screen.
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5.12 MER WAN Connection Setup
When you select MER in the second WAN setup add (or edit) screen, this screen
displays next. Use this screen to configure MER connection settings.
Figure 27 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: MER)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 17 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: MER)
68
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Obtain an IP
address
automatically
The WAN connection’s IP address identifies the ZyXEL Device on the
Internet. If the ISP did not give you a static IP address, select Obtain
an IP address automatically. The ISP automatically assigns the
WAN connection an IP address when it connects.
Use the following
IP address
If the ISP gave you a static (fixed) IP address, select this option and
enter the connection’s IP address and subnet mask.
Obtain default
gateway
automatically
The default is a neighboring router that helps the ZyXEL Device
forward traffic to its destination. If the ISP did not give you the IP
address of the default gateway, select Obtain default gateway
automatically. The ISP automatically assigns the WAN connection an
IP address when it connects.
Use the following
default gateway
Select this option to use a specific default gateway. Either enter the
gateway’s IP address or select the WAN interface to use to connect to
it.
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Table 17 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: MER) (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Obtain DNS
server addresses
automatically
The ZyXEL Device uses a DNS server to resolve a domain name (find
the numeric IP address associated with the domain name). Select this
option if the ISP did not give you a specific DNS server IP address.
The ISP automatically assigns the DNS server IP addresses when the
ZyXEL Device connects.
Use the following
DNS server
addresses
If the ISP gave you DNS server IP addresses, select this option and
enter them in the fields below.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Next
Click this to go to the following screen.
5.13 IPoA WAN Connection Setup
When you select IPoA in the second WAN setup add (or edit) screen, this screen
displays next. Use this screen to configure IPoA connection settings.
Figure 28 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: IPoA)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 18 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: IPoA)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
WAN IP Address
Enter the IP address from the ISP. Use dotted decimal notation (like
192.168.1.1 for example).
WAN Subnet
Mask
Enter the subnet mask from the ISP. Use dotted decimal notation (like
255.255.0.0 for example).
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Table 18 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: IPoA) (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Use the following
default gateway
The default is a neighboring router that helps the ZyXEL Device
forward traffic to its destination. Select this option and enter the
gateway’s IP address or select the WAN interface to use to connect to
it.
Use the following
DNS server
addresses
The ZyXEL Device uses a DNS server to resolve a domain name (find
the numeric IP address associated with the domain name). Select this
option. Enter the DNS server addresses from the ISP in the fields
below.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Next
Click this to go to the following screen.
5.14 Bridge WAN Connection Setup
When you select bridge in the second WAN setup add (or edit) screen, this screen
displays next. Use this screen to configure bridge connection settings.
Figure 29 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: Bridge)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 19 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (3: Bridge)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Enable Bridge
Service
Select this to turn on bridging for this DSL connection.
Service Name
If the ISP specified a service name to use for the DSL connection,
enter it here. Otherwise leave the default generated text.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Next
Click this to go to the following screen.
5.15 IGMP Multicast
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1
sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network).
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Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody
and not just 1.
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to
establish membership in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. IGMP
version 2 (RFC 2236) is an improvement over version 1 (RFC 1112) but IGMP
version 1 is still in wide use. If you would like to read more detailed information
about interoperability between IGMP version 2 and version 1, please see sections
4 and 5 of RFC 2236. The class D IP address is used to identify host groups and
can be in the range 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. The address 224.0.0.0 is not
assigned to any group and is used by IP multicast computers. The address
224.0.0.1 is used for query messages and is assigned to the permanent group of
all IP hosts (including gateways). All hosts must join the 224.0.0.1 group in order
to participate in IGMP. The address 224.0.0.2 is assigned to the multicast routers
group.
The ZyXEL Device supports both IGMP version 1 (IGMP-v1) and IGMP version 2
(IGMP-v2). At start up, the ZyXEL Device queries all directly connected networks
to gather group membership. After that, the ZyXEL Device periodically updates
this information. IP multicasting can be enabled/disabled on the ZyXEL Device
LAN and/or WAN interfaces in the web configurator (LAN; WAN). Select None to
disable IP multicasting on these interfaces.
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5.16 NAT, IGMP Multicast, and WAN Service
This is the fourth WAN screen to display for every connection type except bridging
(for which this is the third screen). This screen varies depending on the connection
type. Use this screen to configure NAT, IGMP multicast, and WAN service settings.
Figure 30 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (4: MER)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 20 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (4: MER)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Enable NAT
Turn on NAT to translate IP addresses between two different networks
(so you can have a private LAN with IP addresses that are different
from the public IP addresses on the WAN. See Chapter 7 on page 83
for more details.
Enable
Fullcone NAT
This field displays when you enable NAT. In full cone NAT, all requests
from the same private IP address and port are mapped to the same
public source IP address and port. Someone on the Internet only
needs to know the mapping scheme in order to send packets to a
device behind the ZyXEL Device.
The ZyXEL Device uses restricted cone NAT when you disable full cone
NAT.
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Enable Firewall
Select this to turn on the ZyXEL Device’s Stateful Packet Inspection
(SPI) firewall. By default the firewall blocks traffic originating from the
WAN from going to the LAN. See Chapter 8 on page 93 for how to
configure firewall rules.
Enable IGMP
Multicast
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) is a network-layer
protocol used to establish membership in a Multicast group - it is not
used to carry user data. Turn this on to allow multicast traffic and
have the ZyXEL Device act as an IGMP proxy.
Enable WAN
Service
Select this option to use this WAN connection or clear the option to
not use this WAN connection.
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Table 20 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (4: MER) (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Service Name
This is the name for the WAN connection. Use the default or define
your own.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Next
Click this to go to the following screen.
5.17 WAN Setup Summary
This is the last WAN setup screen to display. Use this screen to check your settings
before saving them. Click Back if you need to make any changes. If the settings
are OK, click Save to save the settings. Use the Save/Reboot button in the
Advanced Setup > WAN screen to restart the ZyXEL Device and use the WAN
connection settings.
Figure 31 Advanced Setup > WAN > Add (Summary: MER)
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CHAPTER
LAN Setup
This chapter describes how to configure LAN settings.
6.1 LAN Overview
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a shared communication system to which many
computers are attached. A LAN is a computer network limited to the immediate
area, usually the same building or floor of a building. The LAN screens can help
you configure a LAN DHCP server and manage IP addresses.
See Section 6.5 on page 80 to configure the LAN screens.
6.1.1
LAN, WAN and the ZyXEL Device
The actual physical connection determines whether the ZyXEL Device ports are
LAN or WAN ports. There are two separate IP networks, one inside the LAN
network and the other outside the WAN network as shown next.
Figure 32 LAN and WAN IP Addresses
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6.1.2 DHCP Setup
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows
individual clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can
configure the ZyXEL Device as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a
server, the ZyXEL Device provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If you
turn DHCP service off, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else
the computer must be manually configured. Do not assign static IP addresses
from the DHCP pool to your LAN computers.
6.2 LAN TCP/IP
The ZyXEL Device has built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses
and DNS servers to systems that support DHCP client capability.
6.2.1 IP Address and Subnet Mask
Similar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do
computers on a LAN share one common network number.
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If
the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP
addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet
mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you
have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when
the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select
a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0 and you must enable the
Network Address Translation (NAT) feature of the ZyXEL Device. The Internet
Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for
private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise.
Let's say you select 192.168.1.0 as the network number; which covers 254
individual addresses, from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254 (zero and 255 are
reserved). In other words, the first three numbers specify the network number
while the last number identifies an individual computer on that network.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address that is easy to
remember, for instance, 192.168.1.1, for your ZyXEL Device, but make sure that
no other device on your network is using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your
ZyXEL Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP
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address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed
by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
6.2.1.1 Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are
isolated from the Internet, for example, only between your two branch offices,
you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three
blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
• 10.0.0.0
— 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0
— 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP or it can be assigned
from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet
access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for
your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger
organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP
addresses.
Note: Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;
always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address
assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets
and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
6.3 Multicast
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1
sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network).
Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody
and not just 1.
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to
establish membership in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. IGMP
version 2 (RFC 2236) is an improvement over version 1 (RFC 1112) but IGMP
version 1 is still in wide use. If you would like to read more detailed information
about interoperability between IGMP version 2 and version 1, please see sections
4 and 5 of RFC 2236. The class D IP address is used to identify host groups and
can be in the range 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. The address 224.0.0.0 is not
assigned to any group and is used by IP multicast computers. The address
224.0.0.1 is used for query messages and is assigned to the permanent group of
all IP hosts (including gateways). All hosts must join the 224.0.0.1 group in order
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to participate in IGMP. The address 224.0.0.2 is assigned to the multicast routers
group.
The ZyXEL Device supports both IGMP version 1 (IGMP-v1) and IGMP version 2
(IGMP-v2). At start up, the ZyXEL Device queries all directly connected networks
to gather group membership. After that, the ZyXEL Device periodically updates
this information. IP multicasting can be enabled/disabled on the ZyXEL Device
LAN and/or WAN interfaces in the web configurator (LAN; WAN). Select None to
disable IP multicasting on these interfaces.
6.4 Introducing Universal Plug and Play
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that
uses TCP/IP for simple peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A
UPnP device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address, convey its
capabilities and learn about other devices on the network. In turn, a device can
leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use.
6.4.1 How do I know if I'm using UPnP?
UPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder
(Windows XP). Each UPnP compatible device installed on your network will appear
as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a UPnP device will allow you to access the
information and properties of that device.
6.4.2 NAT Traversal
UPnP NAT traversal automates the process of allowing an application to operate
through NAT. UPnP network devices can automatically configure network
addressing, announce their presence in the network to other UPnP devices and
enable exchange of simple product and service descriptions. NAT traversal allows
the following:
• Dynamic port mapping
• Learning public IP addresses
• Assigning lease times to mappings
Windows Messenger is an example of an application that supports NAT traversal
and UPnP.
See the NAT chapter for more information on NAT.
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6.4.3 Cautions with UPnP
The automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own
services and opening firewall ports may present network security issues. Network
information and configuration may also be obtained and modified by users in
some network environments.
When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast
message. For security reasons, the ZyXEL Device allows multicast messages only
on the LAN.
All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without
additional configuration. Disable UPnP if this is not your intention.
You must have IIS (Internet Information Services) enabled on the Windows web
server for UPnP to work.
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6.5 LAN Setup
Click Advanced Setup > LAN to open the IP screen. See Section 6.1 on page 75
for background information. Some fields may not display depending on your WAN
configuration.
Figure 33 Advanced Setup > LAN
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 21 Advanced Setup > LAN
80
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IP Address
Enter the LAN IP address of your ZyXEL Device in dotted decimal
notation, for example, 192.168.1.1 (factory default).
Subnet Mask
Type the subnet mask.
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Table 21 Advanced Setup > LAN (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Enable UPnP
Select this check box to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone could
use a UPnP application to open the web configurator's login screen
without entering the ZyXEL Device's IP address (although you must
still enter the password to access the web configurator).
Enable IGMP
Snooping
Turn on IGMP snooping to reduce network traffic by having the ZyXEL
Device only forward multicast traffic to ports connected to computers
or devices that belong to the specific multicast group.
Use standard mode to flood unknown multicast traffic.
Use blocking mode to discard unknown multicast traffic.
Disable/Enable
DHCP Server
Turn on the DHCP server to have the ZyXEL Device assign IP
addresses, an IP default gateway and DNS servers to DHCP clients on
the LAN.
Enter IP addresses in the Start and End IP Address fields to set a
range of IP addresses for the ZyXEL Device to give to the DHCP
clients.
Enter an IP address in the Start IP Address field and a subnet mask
in the Subnet Mask field to set a subnet of IP addresses for the
ZyXEL Device to give to the DHCP clients.
Leased Time sets how many hours to let a DHCP client use an IP
before re-assigning it an IP address.
Static IP Lease
List
Configure static IP addresses the ZyXEL Device’s DHCP server assigns
to specific LAN computers. If a computer’s MAC address is in the LAN’s
static DHCP table, the ZyXEL Device assigns the corresponding IP
address. Otherwise, the ZyXEL Device assigns an IP address
dynamically.
MAC Address
This is the MAC address of a LAN computer.
IP Address
This is the IP address the ZyXEL Device assigns to the device with this
entry’s MAC address.
Remove
Select this for one or more entries and click Remove Entries to
remove the entries.
Add Entries
Click this to go to the screen where you can configure a static DHCP IP
entry.
Remove Entries
Select Remove for one or more entries and click this to remove the
entries.
Configure the
second IP
address and
subnet mask for
LAN interface
Select this option to let the ZyXEL Device use a second IP address on
the LAN interface. You can also use this second IP address to access
the ZyXEL Device for management. Enter the LAN IP address of your
ZyXEL Device in dotted decimal notation, for example, 10.0.0.1. Type
the subnet mask.
Save
Click Save to save your changes to the ZyXEL Device.
Save/Reboot
Click this button to apply and save your changes. The ZyXEL Device
restarts.
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6.6 The DHCP Static Lease Screen
In the Advanced Setup > LAN screen, click Add Entries to open the DHCP
Static Lease screen. Use this screen to configure the list of static IP addresses
the ZyXEL Device assigns to computers connected to the interface. If a computer’s
MAC address is in the LAN’s static DHCP table, the ZyXEL Device assigns the
corresponding IP address. Otherwise, the ZyXEL Device assigns an IP address
dynamically using the interface’s Start Address and Pool Size.
You must click Save/Apply in this screen and then Save in the LAN setup screen
to save your changes.
Figure 34 DHCP Static IP Lease
The following table describes this screen.
Table 22 Static DHCP
82
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
MAC Address
Enter the MAC address to which to assign this entry’s IP address.
IP Address
Enter the IP address to assign to a device with this entry’s MAC
address.
Save/Apply
Click this to save your changes.
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CHAPTER
Network Address Translation
(NAT) Screens
This chapter discusses how to configure NAT on the ZyXEL Device.
7.1 NAT Overview
NAT (Network Address Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP
address of a host in a packet, for example, the source address of an outgoing
packet, used within one network to a different IP address known within another
network.
7.2 NAT Virtual Servers
Configure NAT virtual server (port forwarding) entries to have the ZyXEL Device
forward traffic from the WAN to LAN computers.
You might do this to get particular games or services to work through NAT. You
can also make servers, for example, web or FTP, visible to the outside world even
though NAT makes your whole inside network appear as a single computer to the
outside world.
You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forwarded,
and the local IP address of the desired server. The port number identifies a
service; for example, web service is on port 80 and FTP on port 21. In some
cases, such as for unknown services or where one server can support more than
one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might be better to specify
a range of port numbers. You can allocate a server IP address that corresponds to
a port or a range of ports.
Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server
processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may
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periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any
active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP.
7.2.1 Virtual Server: Services and Port Numbers
See Appendix E on page 279 for commonly used port numbers.
7.2.2 Virtual Servers Example
Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in
the example), port 80 to another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP
address of 192.168.1.35 to a third (C in the example). You assign the LAN IP
addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address. The NAT network appears as a
single host on the Internet.
Figure 35 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example
7.3 Configuring Virtual Servers
Note: The NAT screens are available only when you enable NAT in the WAN
configuration.
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Click Advanced Setup > NAT > Virtual Servers to open the following screen.
Figure 36 Advanced Setup > NAT > Virtual Servers
See Appendix E on page 279 for port numbers commonly used for particular
services. The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 23 NAT Port Forwarding
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add
Click this button to go to a screen where you can configure a new entry.
Remove
To remove an entry(ies), select its Remove check box and click the
Remove button.
Server Name
This name identifies the virtual server entry.
External Port
Start, External
Port End
These are the ports of traffic coming in from the WAN to which this
virtual server entry applies.
Protocol
This is the underlying protocol of the traffic to which this virtual server
entry applies.
Internal Port
Start, Internal
Port End
These are the ports the ZyXEL Device uses for the traffic that it
forwards based on this virtual server entry.
Server IP
Address
This is the LAN IP address to which the ZyXEL Device forwards the
incoming traffic.
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7.3.1 Virtual Server Rule Add
To create a virtual server rule, click Advanced Setup > NAT > Virtual Servers
> Add to open the following screen.
Figure 37 Advanced Setup > NAT > Virtual Servers > Add
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 24 Advanced Setup > NAT > Virtual Servers > Add
86
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Server Name
Either select a pre-defined service or select Custom Server and enter a
name manually.
Server IP
Address
Enter the LAN IP address to which the ZyXEL Device should forward the
traffic.
Save/Apply
When using a pre-defined service, if you do not want to modify the port
numbers, you can click this button to save the changes and have the
ZyXEL Device start using them.
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Table 24 Advanced Setup > NAT > Virtual Servers > Add (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
External Port
Start
Enter a port number in this field.
To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the External
Port End field.
To forward a series of ports, enter the start port number here and the end
port number in the External Port End field.
External Port
End
Enter a port number in this field.
To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the Start Port
field above and then enter it again in this field.
To forward a series of ports, enter the last port number in a series that
begins with the port number in the Start Port field above.
Protocol
This is the underlying protocol of the traffic to which this virtual server
entry applies.
Internal Port
Start
Specify the starting port the ZyXEL Device uses for the traffic that it
forwards based on this virtual server entry (or leave it the same as the
External
Internal Port
End
The ZyXEL Device automatically determines this port number.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
7.4 Port Triggering
Some services use a dedicated range of ports on the client side and a dedicated
range of ports on the server side. With regular port forwarding you set a
forwarding port in NAT to forward a service (coming in from the server on the
WAN) to the IP address of a computer on the client side (LAN). The problem is
that port forwarding only forwards a service to a single LAN IP address. In order to
use the same service on a different LAN computer, you have to manually replace
the LAN computer's IP address in the forwarding port with another LAN
computer's IP address.
Trigger port forwarding solves this problem by allowing computers on the LAN to
dynamically take turns using the service. The ZyXEL Device records the IP address
of a LAN computer that sends traffic to the WAN to request a service with a
specific port number and protocol (a "trigger" port). When the ZyXEL Device's
WAN port receives a response with a specific port number and protocol
("incoming" port), the ZyXEL Device forwards the traffic to the LAN IP address of
the computer that sent the request. After that computer’s connection for that
service closes, another computer on the LAN can use the service in the same
manner. This way you do not need to configure a new IP address each time you
want a different LAN computer to use the application.
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For example:
Figure 38 Trigger Port Forwarding Process: Example
Jane (A) requests a file from the Real Audio server (port 7070).
Port 7070 is a “trigger” port and causes the ZyXEL Device to record Jane’s
computer IP address. The ZyXEL Device associates Jane's computer IP address
with the "incoming" port range of 6970-7170.
The Real Audio server responds using a port number ranging between 6970-7170.
The ZyXEL Device forwards the traffic to Jane’s computer IP address.
Only Jane can connect to the Real Audio server until the connection is closed or
times out. The ZyXEL Device times out in three minutes with UDP (User Datagram
Protocol) or two hours with TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
Click Advanced Setup > NAT > Port Triggering to open the following screen.
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s trigger port settings.
Figure 39 Advanced Setup > NAT > Port Triggering
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 25 Advanced Setup > NAT > Port Triggering
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add
Click this button to go to a screen where you can configure a new entry.
Remove
To remove an entry(ies), select its Remove check box and click the
Remove button.
Application
Name for identification purposes.
Trigger
The trigger port is a protocol and port (or a range of ports) that causes (or
triggers) the ZyXEL Device to record the IP address of the LAN computer
that sent the traffic to a server on the WAN.
Open
Open is a port (or a range of ports) that a server on the WAN uses when it
sends out a particular service. The ZyXEL Device forwards the traffic with
this port (or range of ports) to the client computer on the LAN that
requested the service.
7.5 Port Triggering Add
Click Advanced Setup > NAT > Port Triggering > Add to open the following
screen. Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s trigger port settings.
Figure 40 Advanced Setup > NAT > Port Triggering > Add
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 26 Advanced Setup > NAT > Port Triggering > Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Application
Name
Either select a pre-defined application or select Custom Application and
enter a name manually.
Save/Apply
When using a pre-defined service, if you do not want to modify the port
numbers, you can click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL
Device start using them.
Trigger
The trigger port is a protocol and port (or a range of ports) that causes (or
triggers) the ZyXEL Device to record the IP address of the LAN computer
that sent the traffic to a server on the WAN.
Trigger
Port
Start
Type a port number or the starting port number in a range of port numbers.
Trigger
Port End
Type a port number or the ending port number in a range of port numbers.
Trigger
Protocol
Select the protocol.
Open
Open is a port (or a range of ports) that a server on the WAN uses when it
sends out a particular service. The ZyXEL Device forwards the traffic with
this port (or range of ports) to the client computer on the LAN that
requested the service.
Open
Start
Port
Type a port number or the starting port number in a range of port numbers.
Open
End Port
Type a port number or the ending port number in a range of port numbers.
Open
Protocol
Select the protocol.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start using
them.
7.6 DMZ Host
In addition to the virtual servers for specified services, NAT supports a DMZ host
IP address. The DMZ host receives packets from ports that are not specified in the
applications in the virtual server configuration.
Note: If you do not assign a DMZ host IP address, the ZyXEL Device discards all
packets received for ports that are not specified here or in the remote
management setup.
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Click Advanced Setup > NAT > DMZ Host to open the following screen. Use this
screen to specify a DMZ host IP address.
Figure 41 Advanced Setup > NAT > DMZ Host
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 27 Advanced Setup > NAT > Port Triggering > Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
DMZ Host
IP Address
Specify the IP address of the LAN computer to which you want to send
packets from ports that are not specified in the applications in the virtual
server configuration.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start using
them.
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CHAPTER
Security
This chapter describes how to configure security settings.
8.1 Outgoing IP Filtering
By default, the ZyXEL Device allows traffic from the LAN to go to the Internet.
Click Advanced Setup > Security > IP Filtering > Outgoing to open the
following screen. This screen lists the currently configured filtering entries.
Figure 42 Advanced Setup > Security > IP Filtering > Outgoing
The following table describes the labels in this menu.
Table 28 Advanced Setup > Security > IP Filtering > Outgoing
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Filter
Name
This is the name configured to identify the filter entry.
Protocol
This is the type of packets to which this entry applies.
Source
Address /
Mask
This is the IP address and subnet mask of a LAN computer to which this
entry applies.
Source
Port
This is the source port for traffic (from the LAN) to which this entry applies.
Dest.
Address /
Mask
This is the IP address and subnet mask of a computer on the Internet to
which this entry applies.
Dest. Port
This is the destination port for traffic to which this entry applies.
Remove
To remove a rule, select its Remove check box and click the Remove
button.
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Table 28 Advanced Setup > Security > IP Filtering > Outgoing
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add
Click this button to go to a screen where you can configure settings for a
new entry.
Remove
To remove a WAN connection, select its Remove check box and click the
Remove button.
8.2 Adding Outgoing IP Filtering Rules
To add an outgoing IP filtering rule, click Advanced Setup > Security > IP
Filtering > Outgoing > Add. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 43 Advanced Setup > Security > IP Filtering > Outgoing > Add
The following table describes the labels in this menu.
Table 29 Advanced Setup > Security > IP Filtering > Outgoing > Add
94
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Filter Name
Type the name configured to identify the filter entry.
Protocol
Select the type of packets to which this entry applies (TCP, UDP, or both).
Source IP
Address
Type the IP address of a LAN computer to which this entry applies.
Source
Subnet
Mask
Type the subnet mask of a LAN computer to which this entry applies.
Source Port
Type the source port for traffic (from the LAN) to which this entry applies.
Destination
IP Address
This is the IP address and subnet mask of a computer on the Internet to
which this entry applies.
Destination
Subnet
Mask
Type the subnet mask of a computer on the Internet to which this entry
applies.
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Table 29 Advanced Setup > Security > IP Filtering > Outgoing > Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Destination
Port
Type the destination port for traffic to which this entry applies.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
8.3 Incoming IP Filtering
By default, the ZyXEL Device blocks traffic from the Internet from going to the
LAN. Use incoming IP filtering to allow certain traffic to come in from the Internet
to the LAN. For example, you could allow access to a web server on your LAN to
let people access a website that it is hosting. Click Advanced Setup > Security
> IP Filtering > Incoming to open the following screen. This screen lists the
currently configured filtering entries.
Figure 44 Advanced Setup > Security > IP Filtering > Incoming
The following table describes the labels in this menu.
Table 30 Advanced Setup > Security > IP Filtering > Incoming
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Filter
Name
This is the name configured to identify the filter entry.
VPI/VCI
This is the WAN connection’s Virtual Path Identifier, and Virtual Channel
Identifier.
Protocol
This is the type of packets to which this entry applies.
Source
Address /
Mask
This is the IP address and subnet mask of a computer (on the Internet) to
which this entry applies.
Source
Port
This is the source port for traffic (from the Internet) to which this entry
applies.
Dest.
Address /
Mask
This is the IP address and subnet mask of a LAN computer to which this
entry allows traffic from the Internet.
Dest. Port
This is the destination port for traffic to which this entry applies.
Remove
To remove a rule, select its Remove check box and click the Remove
button.
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Table 30 Advanced Setup > Security > IP Filtering > Incoming
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add
Click this button to go to a screen where you can configure settings for a
new entry.
Remove
To remove a WAN connection, select its Remove check box and click the
Remove button.
8.4 Adding Incoming IP Filtering Rules
To add an incoming IP filtering rule, click Advanced Setup > Security > IP
Filtering > Incoming > Add. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 45 Advanced Setup > Security > IP Filtering > Incoming > Add
The following table describes the labels in this menu.
Table 31 Advanced Setup > Security > IP Filtering > Incoming > Add
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LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Filter Name
Type the name configured to identify the filter entry.
Protocol
Select the type of packets to which this entry applies (TCP, UDP, or
both).
Source IP
Address
Type the IP address of a computer on the Internet to which this entry
applies.
Source
Subnet Mask
Type the subnet mask of a computer on the Internet to which this entry
applies.
Source Port
Type the source port for traffic (from the Internet) to which this entry
applies.
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Table 31 Advanced Setup > Security > IP Filtering > Incoming > Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Destination IP
Address
This is the IP address and subnet mask of a LAN computer to which this
entry allows access.
Destination
Subnet Mask
Type the subnet mask of the LAN computer to which this entry applies.
Destination
Port
Type the destination port for traffic to which this entry applies.
WAN
Interfaces
Select the WAN interface(s) to which this rule applies.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
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CHAPTER
Parental Control (Blocking
Schedule)
Click Advanced Setup > Security > Parental Control to display the following
screen. This screen shows policies controlling which days and times Internet
access is blocked from specific MAC addresses.
Figure 46 Advanced Setup > Security > Parental Control
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 32 Advanced Setup > Security > Parental Control
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Username
This name identifies to whom the blocking schedule applies.
MAC
This is the MAC address of the computer to which this blocking
schedule applies.
Mon ~ Sun
These fields show to which days of the week the blocking schedule
applies.
Start
This is the beginning time for the blocked access period.
Stop
This is the ending time for the blocked access period.
Add
Click this button to go to a screen where you can configure settings
for a new entry.
Remove
To remove an entry, select its Remove check box and click the
Remove button.
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9.1 Adding Parental Control (Blocking Schedule)
Entries
Click Advanced Setup > Security > Parental Control > Add to display the
following screen. Use this screen to configure which days and times Internet
access is blocked from a specific MAC address.
Figure 47 Advanced Setup > Security > Parental Control > Add
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 33 Advanced Setup > Security > Parental Control > Add
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LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Username
Enter a name to identify to whom the blocking schedule applies.
Browser’s MAC
Select this to use the MAC address of the computer you are currently
using to manage the ZyXEL Device.
Other MAC
Address
Select this to manually enter the MAC address of a computer.
Days of the week
Select to which days of the week the blocking schedule applies.
Start Blocking
Time
This is the beginning time for the blocking period. Include a two-digit
number of hours followed by a colon and a. two-digit number of
hours.
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Table 33 Advanced Setup > Security > Parental Control > Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
End Blocking Time This is the ending time for the blocking period. Include a two-digit
number of hours followed by a colon and a. two-digit number of
hours.
Save/Apply
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Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device
start using them.
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CHAPTER
10
Quality of Service (QoS)
This chapter contains information about configuring QoS, editing classifiers and
viewing the ZyXEL Device’s QoS packet statistics.
10.1 QoS Overview
Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a network’s ability to deliver data with
minimum delay, and the networking methods used to control the use of
bandwidth. Without QoS, all traffic data is equally likely to be dropped when the
network is congested. This can cause a reduction in network performance and
make the network inadequate for time-critical application such as video-ondemand.
Configure QoS on the ZyXEL Device to group and prioritize application traffic and
fine-tune network performance. Setting up QoS involves these steps:
Configure classifiers to sort traffic into different flows.
Assign priority and define actions to be performed for a classified traffic flow.
The ZyXEL Device assigns each packet a priority and then queues the packet
accordingly. Packets assigned a high priority are processed more quickly than
those with low priority if there is congestion, allowing time-sensitive applications
to flow more smoothly. Time-sensitive applications include both those that require
a low level of latency (delay) and a low level of jitter (variations in delay) such as
Voice over IP (VoIP) or Internet gaming, and those for which jitter alone is a
problem such as Internet radio or streaming video.
Note: The ZyXEL Device applies QoS to upstream traffic (going out through the WAN
interface).
10.1.1 IEEE 802.1Q Tag
The IEEE 802.1Q standard defines an explicit VLAN tag in the MAC header to
identify the VLAN membership of a frame across bridges. A VLAN tag includes the
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12-bit VLAN ID and 3-bit user priority. The VLAN ID associates a frame with a
specific VLAN and provides the information that devices need to process the frame
across the network.
IEEE 802.1p specifies the user priority field and defines up to eight separate traffic
types. The following table describes the traffic types defined in the IEEE 802.1d
standard (which incorporates the 802.1p).
Table 34 IEEE 802.1p Priority Level and Traffic Type
PRIORITY
LEVEL
TRAFFIC TYPE
Level 7
Typically used for network control traffic such as router configuration
messages.
Level 6
Typically used for voice traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter is the
variations in delay).
Level 5
Typically used for video that consumes high bandwidth and is sensitive to
jitter.
Level 4
Typically used for controlled load, latency-sensitive traffic such as SNA
(Systems Network Architecture) transactions.
Level 3
Typically used for “excellent effort” or better than best effort and would
include important business traffic that can tolerate some delay.
Level 2
This is for “spare bandwidth”.
Level 1
This is typically used for non-critical “background” traffic such as bulk
transfers that are allowed but that should not affect other applications and
users.
Level 0
Typically used for best-effort traffic.
10.1.2 IP Precedence
Similar to IEEE 802.1p prioritization at layer-2, you can use IP precedence to
prioritize packets in a layer-3 network. IP precedence uses three bits of the eightbit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header. There are eight classes of services
(ranging from zero to seven) in IP precedence. Zero is the lowest priority level and
seven is the highest.
10.1.3 DiffServ
QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the flow
are given the same priority. You can use CoS (class of service) to give different
priorities to different packet types.
DiffServ (Differentiated Services) is a Class of Service (CoS) model that marks
packets so that they receive specific per-hop treatment at DiffServ-compliant
network devices along the route based on the application types and traffic flow.
Packets are marked with DiffServ Code Points (DSCPs) indicating the level of
service desired. This allows the intermediary DiffServ-compliant network devices
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to handle the packets differently depending on the code points without the need to
negotiate paths or remember state information for every flow. In addition,
applications do not have to request a particular service or give advanced notice of
where the traffic is going.
10.1.3.1 DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior
DiffServ defines a new DS (Differentiated Services) field to replace the Type of
Service (TOS) field in the IP header. The DS field contains a 2-bit unused field and
a 6-bit DSCP field which can define up to 64 service levels. The following figure
illustrates the DS field.
DSCP is backward compatible with the three precedence bits in the ToS octet so
that non-DiffServ compliant, ToS-enabled network device will not conflict with the
DSCP mapping.
DSCP (6 bits)
Unused (2 bits)
The DSCP value determines the forwarding behavior, the PHB (Per-Hop Behavior),
that each packet gets across the DiffServ network. Based on the marking rule,
different kinds of traffic can be marked for different kinds of forwarding.
Resources can then be allocated according to the DSCP values and the configured
policies.
10.2 Configuring QoS General Screen
Click Advanced > Quality of Service to open the screen as shown next.
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Use this screen to enable or disable QoS, and select a DSCP mark to use on all
outgoing packets that do not match a QoS classification rule.
Figure 48 Advanced > Quality of Service
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 35 Advanced > Quality of Service
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Enable QoS
Select the check box to turn on QoS to improve your network performance.
You can give priority to traffic that the ZyXEL Device forwards out through
the WAN interface. Give high priority to voice and video to make them run
more smoothly. Similarly, give low priority to many large file downloads so
that they do not reduce the quality of other applications.
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Select
Default
DSCP Mark
Select a DSCP mark to use on all outgoing packets that do not match a QoS
classification rule. You can select a specific DSCP mark to use or have the
ZyXEL Device automatically select a DSCP mark to use.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start using
them.
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10.3 Queue Configuration
Click Advanced > Quality of Service > Queue Configuration to open the
following screen. This screen lists the QoS queues. A QoS queue sets the priority
used for incoming packets that the QoS classifier has grouped into a flow.
Figure 49 Advanced > Quality of Service > Queue Configuration
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 36 Advanced > Quality of Service > Queue Configuration
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Interface name
This field displays to which interface the queue applies. If it is a WAN
connection, the WAN connection’s DSL port, Virtual Path Identifier,
and Virtual Channel Identifier display here.
Description
This field displays any extra configured identification information.
Precedence
This shows the queue’s priority relative to the other queues. The lower
the number, the higher the priority.
Queue Key
This is the queue entry’s index number.
Enable
Select the check box to enable this classifier.
Remove
To remove an entry, select its Remove check box and click the
Remove button.
Add
Click this button to go to a screen where you can configure settings for
a new QoS queue.
Remove
To remove an entry select its Remove check box and click the
Remove button.
Save/Reboot
Click this button to apply and save your changes. The ZyXEL Device
restarts.
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10.4 Adding a Queue
Click Advanced > Quality of Service > Queue Configuration > Add to open
the following screen. Use this screen to configure a QoS queue. A QoS queue sets
the priority used for incoming packets that the QoS classifier has grouped into a
flow.
Note: You can only add QoS queues for WAN interfaces that have QoS enabled.
Figure 50 Advanced > Quality of Service > Queue Configuration > Add
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 37 Advanced > Quality of Service > Queue Configuration > Add
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LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Queue
Configuration
Status
Select Enable to turn on this queue.
Queue
Select the WAN connection’s DSL port, Virtual Path Identifier, and
Virtual Channel Identifier.
Description
This field displays any extra configured identification information.
Queue
Precedence
Set the queue’s priority relative to the other queues. The lower the
number, the higher the priority. 1 is the highest priority. 4 is the
lowest.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
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10.5 Class Setup
Click Advanced > Quality of Service > QoS Classification to open the
following screen.
This screen lists the QoS classifiers. A classifier groups upstream traffic into data
flows according to specific criteria such as the source address, destination
address, source port number, destination port number or incoming interface. For
example, you can configure a classifier to select traffic from the same protocol
port (such as Telnet) to form a flow. The classifier also assigns a specific QoS
queue, DSCP mark, and/or IEEE 802.1p tag.
Figure 51 Advanced > Quality of Service > QoS Classification
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 38 Advanced > Quality of Service > QoS Classification
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Class Name
This is the name of the classifier.
MARK
These columns are the QoS setting the ZyXEL Device uses for or
assigns to the packets of upstream traffic that match this QoS
classifier.
DSCP Mark
This is the DSCP mark the ZyXEL Device assigns to the packets of
upstream traffic that match this QoS classifier.
Queue ID
This is the QoS queue the ZyXEL Device uses for the packets of
upstream traffic that match this QoS classifier.
802.1P Mark
This is the IEEE 802.1p mark the ZyXEL Device assigns to the packets
of upstream traffic that match this QoS classifier.
TRAFFIC
CLASSIFICATION
RULES
These columns identify the upstream traffic to which the QoS classifier
applies.
Lan Port
This is the source Ethernet port of the traffic.
Protocol
This is the type of packets.
DSCP
This is the DSCP mark.
Source Addr./
Mask
This is the IP address (and optionally the subnet mask) of the device
that sent the traffic.
Source Port
This is the port number that a device used to send the traffic.
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Table 38 Advanced > Quality of Service > QoS Classification (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Dest. Addr./Mask
This is the IP address (and optionally the subnet mask) of the device
that the traffic is going to.
Dest. Port
This is the port number on a device to which the traffic is going.
Source MAC
Addr./Mask
This is the MAC address (and optionally the subnet mask) of the
device that sent the traffic.
Dest. MAC Addr./
Mask
This is the MAC address (and optionally the subnet mask) of the
device that the traffic is going to.
802.1P
This is the IEEE 802.1p mark on the traffic.
Order
This is the classifier’s place in the classifiers list.
Enable / Disable
The classifier is active when this check box is selected.
Remove
To remove an entry, select its Remove check box and click the
Remove button.
Add
Click this button to go to a screen where you can configure settings for
a new QoS queue.
Remove
To remove an entry select its Remove check box and click the
Remove button.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
10.5.1 Configuring a QoS Class
Click Advanced > Quality of Service > QoS Classification and then the Add
or Edit button to configure a classifier. There are two sets of classification rules.
Set-1 is based on different fields within the TCP/UDP/IP layer plus the physical
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LAN port. Set-2 is based on the MAC layer IEEE 802.1p priority field. Use one set
or the other for a class (not both sets).
Figure 52 QoS Class Configuration
See Appendix E on page 279 for a list of commonly-used services. The following
table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 39 QoS Class Configuration
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Traffic Class
Name
Type a name for the classifier.
Rule Order
Select the classifier’s place in the classifiers list.
Rule Status
Select whether or not the classifier is to be active.
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Table 39 QoS Class Configuration (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Assign
Classification
Queue
Select the QoS queue the ZyXEL Device uses for the packets of
upstream traffic that match this QoS classifier.
Assign
Differentiated
Services Code
Point (DSCP)
Mark
Select the DSCP mark the ZyXEL Device assigns to the packets of
upstream traffic that match this QoS classifier.
Mark 802.1p if
Select the IEEE 802.1p mark the ZyXEL Device assigns to the packets
802.1q is enabled of upstream traffic that match this QoS classifier. This only applies
when IEEE 802.1q is enabled. You enable IEEE 802.1q by enabling
VLAN multiplexing in the WAN screens (see Section 5.3 on page 55).
Physical LAN Port
Select the source Ethernet port of the traffic.
Protocol
Select the type of packets.
Differentiated
Services Code
Point (DSCP)
Check
Select the DSCP mark to check upstream traffic for.
IP Address/
Vendor Class ID
(DHCP Option
60)/ User class
ID (DHCP option
77)
Select whether to check for a source IP address, vendor class ID, or
user class ID. Then specify the source IP address, vendor class ID, or
user class ID.
Source Subnet
Mask
Specify the subnet mask of the device that sent the traffic.
UDP/TCP Source
Port (port or
port:port)
This is the port number that a device used to send the traffic.
Destination IP
Address
Specify the IP address of the device that the traffic is going to.
Destination
Subnet Mask
Specify the subnet mask of the device that the traffic is going to.
UDP/TCP
Destination Port
(port or
port:port)
Specify the port number on a device to which the traffic is going.
Source MAC
Address
Specify the MAC address of the device that sent the traffic.
Source MAC Mask Specify the MAC address subnet mask of the device that sent the
traffic.
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Destination MAC
Address
Specify the MAC address of the device that the traffic is going to.
Destination MAC
Mask
Specify the MAC address subnet mask of the device that the traffic is
going to.
802.1p Priority
Specify the IEEE 802.1p mark on the traffic.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
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CHAPTER
11
Routing
This chapter shows you how to configure the default gateway and static routes for
your ZyXEL Device.
11.1 Default Gateway Setup
The default gateway is a neighboring router that helps the ZyXEL Device forward
traffic to its destination. Click Advanced > Routing > Default Gateway to open
the following screen. Use this screen to change the ZyXEL Device’s default
gateway settings.
Figure 53 Advanced Setup > Routing > Default Gateway
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 40 Advanced Setup > Routing > Default Gateway
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Enable Automatic
Assigned Default
Gateway
Select this option if the ISP did not give you the IP address of the
default gateway. The ISP automatically assigns the WAN connection
an IP address when it connects.
Use Default
Gateway IP
Address
If the ISP gave you a static (fixed) IP address, select this option and
enter the connection’s IP address.
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Table 40 Advanced Setup > Routing > Default Gateway (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Use Interface
To have the ZyXEL Device use a specific WAN interface for sending
traffic to the default gateway, select this option and choose the WAN
interface from the drop-down list box.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
11.2 Static Route
The ZyXEL Device usually uses the default gateway to route outbound traffic from
local computers to the Internet. To have the ZyXEL Device send data to devices
not reachable through the default gateway, use static routes.
For example, the next figure shows a computer (A) connected to the ZyXEL
Device’s LAN interface. The ZyXEL Device routes most traffic from A to the
Internet through the default gateway (R1). You create one static route to connect
to services offered by your ISP behind router R2. You create another static route
to communicate with a separate network behind a router (R3) connected to the
LAN.
Figure 54 Example of Static Routing Topology
R1
LAN
WAN
R3
R2
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11.3 Configuring Static Route
Click Advanced > Routing > Static Route to open the Static Route screen.
Figure 55 Advanced > Routing > Static Route
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 41 Advanced > Routing > Static Route
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Destination
This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination.
Routing is always based on network number.
Subnet Mask
This is the IP subnet mask.
Gateway
This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch
on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The
gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.
Interface
If the static route should send traffic through a specific ZyXEL Device
interface, it displays here.
Remove
To remove an entry, select its Remove check box and click the Remove
button.
Add
Click this button to go to a screen where you can configure settings for a
new static route.
Remove
To remove an entry select its Remove check box and click the Remove
button.
11.3.1 Static Route Add
Click Advanced > Routing > Static Route > Add to open the following screen.
Use this screen to configure the required information for a static route.
Figure 56 Advanced > Routing > Static Route > Add
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 42 Advanced > Routing > Static Route > Add
118
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Destination
Network
Address
This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination.
Routing is always based on network number. If you need to specify a
route to a single host, use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.255 in the
subnet mask field to force the network number to be identical to the host
ID.
IP Subnet
Mask
Enter the IP subnet mask of the destination network here.
Use Gateway
IP Address
If you have a specific gateway IP address to enter, select this option and
enter it in the field provided. The gateway is a router or switch on the
same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway
helps forward packets to their destinations.
Interface
If the static route should send traffic through a specific ZyXEL Device
interface, select this option and choose the interface.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
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CHAPTER
12
RIP
This chapter covers configuring the RIP settings for your ZyXEL Device.
12.1 RIP Setup
RIP (Routing Information Protocol, RFC 1058 and RFC 1389) allows a router to
exchange routing information with other routers. RIP Direction controls the
sending and receiving of RIP packets. When set to Both or Out Only, the ZyXEL
Device will broadcast its routing table periodically. When set to Both or In Only,
it will incorporate the RIP information that it receives; when set to None, it will
not send any RIP packets and will ignore any RIP packets received.
RIP Version controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP packets
that the ZyXEL Device sends (it recognizes both formats when receiving). RIP-1
is universally supported; but RIP-2 carries more information. RIP-1 is probably
adequate for most networks, unless you have an unusual network topology.
Both RIP-2B and RIP-2M send routing data in RIP-2 format; the difference being
that RIP-2B uses subnet broadcasting while RIP-2M uses multicasting.
Multicasting can reduce the load on non-router machines since they generally do
not listen to the RIP multicast address and so will not receive the RIP packets.
However, if one router uses multicasting, then all routers on your network must
use multicasting, also.
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Chapter 12 RIP
Click Advanced > Routing > RIP to open the following screen. Use this screen
to change the ZyXEL Device’s RIP settings.
Figure 57 Advanced Setup > Routing > RIP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 43 Advanced Setup > Routing > RIP
120
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Global RIP Mode
Use these fields to turn RIP on or off for the whole ZyXEL Device.
When you disable RIP, the ZyXEL Device will not send any RIP packets
and will ignore any RIP packets received.
Interface
This field displays the name of the WAN connection.
VPN/VCI
The port (interface), VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual
Channel Identifier) identify the ATM PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit)
to which these settings apply. “LAN” appears for a bridged connection.
Version
This field controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP
packets that the ZyXEL Device sends (it recognizes both formats when
receiving). RIP-1 is universally supported but RIP-2 carries more
information. RIP-1 is probably adequate for most networks, unless
you have an unusual network topology.
Operation
RIP operation controls the sending and receiving of RIP packets. When
set to Active the ZyXEL Device periodically broadcasts its routing
table. When set to Passive, the ZyXEL Device uses the RIP
information that it receives, but does not broadcast its routing table.
Enabled
Select or clear this field to turn RIP on or off for the interface.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
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CHAPTER
13
DNS Setup
This chapter describes how to configure DNS settings.
13.1 DNS Server Address
DNS (Domain Name System) maps a domain name to its corresponding IP
address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without
it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access it. The DNS
server addresses you enter when you set up DHCP are passed to the client
machines along with the assigned IP address and subnet mask.
There are two ways that an ISP disseminates the DNS server addresses.
• The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an
information sheet, when you sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server
addresses, enter them DNS server screen.
• Some ISPs choose to disseminate the DNS server addresses using the DNS
server extensions of IPCP (IP Control Protocol) after the connection is up. If
your ISP did not give you explicit DNS servers, chances are the DNS servers are
conveyed through IPCP negotiation. The ZyXEL Device supports the IPCP DNS
server extensions through the DNS proxy feature.
The ZyXEL Device acts as a DNS proxy when the Primary and Secondary DNS
Server fields are left blank in the LAN Setup screen.
Please note that DNS proxy works only when the ISP uses the IPCP DNS server
extensions. It does not mean you can leave the DNS servers out of the DHCP
setup under all circumstances. If your ISP gives you explicit DNS servers, make
sure that you enter their IP addresses in the LAN Setup screen.
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13.2 DNS Setup
Click Advanced Setup > DNS > DNS Server to open the following screen.
Figure 58 Advanced Setup > DNS > DNS Server
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 44 Advanced Setup > DNS > DNS Server
122
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Enable Automatic
Assigned DNS
Select this option to have the ZyXEL Device accept and use the first
DNS server IP address it gets from a WAN connection.
Primary DNS
server
These fields are available when you clear Enable Automatic
Assigned DNS.
Secondary DNS
server
Enter the IP addresses of the DNS servers the ZyXEL Device is to use.
Save
Click Save to save your changes to the ZyXEL Device.
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CHAPTER
14
Dynamic DNS Setup
This chapter discusses how to configure your ZyXEL Device to use Dynamic DNS.
14.1 Dynamic DNS Overview
Dynamic DNS allows you to update your current dynamic IP address with one or
many dynamic DNS services so that anyone can contact you (in NetMeeting, CUSeeMe, etc.). You can also access your FTP server or Web site on your own
computer using a domain name (for instance myhost.dhs.org, where myhost is a
name of your choice) that will never change instead of using an IP address that
changes each time you reconnect. Your friends or relatives will always be able to
call you even if they don't know your IP address.
First of all, you need to have registered a dynamic DNS account with
www.dyndns.org. This is for people with a dynamic IP from their ISP or DHCP
server that would still like to have a domain name. The dynamic DNS service
provider will give you a password or key.
14.1.1 DYNDNS Wildcard
Enabling the wildcard feature for your host causes *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be
aliased to the same IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org. This feature is useful if
you want to be able to use, for example, www.yourhost.dyndns.org and still reach
your hostname.
If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use Dynamic DNS.
See Section 14.2 on page 124 for configuration instruction.
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14.2 Dynamic DNS
Click Advanced Setup > DNS > Dynamic DNS to open the following screen.
Figure 59 Advanced Setup > DNS > Dynamic DNS
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 45 Advanced Setup > DNS > Dynamic DNS
124
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Host Name
This is the domain name assigned to your ZyXEL Device by your
Dynamic DNS provider.
User Name
This is the user name for the host name’s DDNS account.
Service
This is the name of your Dynamic DNS service provider.
Interface
This is the ZyXEL Device’s WAN connection that uses this DDNS host
name.
Remove
To remove a DDNS entry, select its Remove check box and click the
Remove button.
Add
Click this button to go to a screen where you can configure settings for a
new DDNS entry.
Remove
To remove an entry, select its Remove check box and click the Remove
button.
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14.3 Configuring Dynamic DNS
Click Advanced Setup > DNS > Dynamic DNS > Add to open the following
screen.
Figure 60 Advanced Setup > DNS > Dynamic DNS > Add
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 46 Advanced Setup > DNS > Dynamic DNS > Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
D-DNS
Provider
Select the name of your Dynamic DNS service provider.
Host Name
Type the domain name assigned to your ZyXEL Device by your dynamic
DNS provider.
Interface
Select the ZyXEL Device’s WAN connection that uses this DDNS host
name.
Active
Dynamic DNS
Select this check box to use dynamic DNS.
Username
Type your user name for this DDNS host name.
Password
Type the password assigned for this DDNS host name.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
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CHAPTER
15
DSL Setup
This chapter explains how to configure ADSL port settings.
15.1 DSL Setup
Click Advanced > DSL to open the following screen where you can configure the
ZyXEL Device’s DSL settings.
Figure 61 Advanced > DSL
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 47 Advanced > DSL
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Select the
modulation below
Select the port’s ADSL operational mode. Select multiple modes to let
the ZyXEL Device and the DSLAM automatically determine the mode
to use.
AnnexL (reach extended ADSL2) is an ADSL2+ mode that allows
increased connection distances.
AnnexM (double upstream mode) is an ADSL2+ mode that has the
upstream connection use tones 6 to 63. The DSLAM’s port must also
be set to use Annex M or the DSL2 port will not link up.
128
Bitswap Enable
Enable bit-swapping to allow the ZyXEL Device to adapt to line
changes. It is recommended that you leave this enabled.
SRA Enable
Enable Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA) to have the ZyXEL Device
automatically adjust the connection’s data rate according to line
conditions without interrupting service.
Single Line
Enable
Select this if you are using only one DSL line. This has the ZyXEL
Device disable DSL1 and only use DSL2.
Save/Reboot
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device
restart and use them.
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CHAPTER
16
Interface Group
16.1 Interface Groups Overview
Interface Groups let you map ports to PVCs and create bridging groups.
16.2 Interface Groups Setup
Click Advanced Setup > Interface Groups to open the following screen. Use
this screen to map ports to PVCs and create bridging groups.
Figure 62 Advanced Setup > Interface Groups
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 48 Advanced Setup > Interface Groups
130
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Enable virtual
ports on
Select this option to treat the LAN ports as separate (virtual)
interfaces.
Group Name
This is the name configured to identify the group.
Remove
To remove an entry, select its Remove check box and click the Save/
Apply button.
Edit
Click Edit to configure the group’s settings.
Interfaces
These are the interfaces that belong to the group.
Add
Click Add to open a screen where you can add a new entry.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
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16.3 Adding an Interface Group
Click Advanced Setup > Interface Groups > Add to open the following
screen. Use this screen to map ports to PVCs and create bridging groups.
Figure 63 Advanced Setup > Interface Groups > Add
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 49 Advanced Setup > Interface Groups > Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Group Name
Configure a name to identify the group.
Grouped
Interfaces
Select interfaces to add to the group.
Available
Interfaces
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Table 49 Advanced Setup > Interface Groups > Add (continued)
132
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Automatically Add
Clients With the
following DHCP
Vendor IDs
If you want LAN clients to get public IP addresses, you can list their
DHCP vendor IDs here.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
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CHAPTER
17
Certificates
17.1 Overview
This chapter describes how your ZyXEL Device can use certificates as a means of
authenticating wireless clients. It gives background information about public-key
certificates and explains how to use them.
A certificate contains the certificate owner’s identity and public key. Certificates
provide a way to exchange public keys for use in authentication.
Figure 64 Certificates Example
In the figure above, the ZyXEL Device (Z) checks the identity of the notebook (A)
using a certificate before granting it access to the network.
17.1.1 What You Can Do in the Certificates Screens
• Use the Trusted CAs screens (Section 17.2 on page 134) to save CA
certificates to the ZyXEL Device.
17.1.2 What You Need to Know About Certificates
Certification Authority
A Certification Authority (CA) issues certificates and guarantees the identity of
each certificate owner. There are commercial certification authorities like
CyberTrust or VeriSign and government certification authorities. You can use the
ZyXEL Device to generate certification requests that contain identifying
information and public keys and then send the certification requests to a
certification authority.
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Certificate File Formats
The certification authority certificate that you want to import has to be in one of
these file formats:
• Binary X.509: This is an ITU-T recommendation that defines the formats for
X.509 certificates.
• PEM (Base-64) encoded X.509: This Privacy Enhanced Mail format uses
lowercase letters, uppercase letters and numerals to convert a binary X.509
certificate into a printable form.
• Binary PKCS#7: This is a standard that defines the general syntax for data
(including digital signatures) that may be encrypted. The ZyXEL Device
currently allows the importation of a PKS#7 file that contains a single
certificate.
• PEM (Base-64) encoded PKCS#7: This Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format uses
64 ASCII characters to convert a binary PKCS#7 certificate into a printable
form.
Finding Out More
See Section 17.3 on page 137 for technical background information on
certificates.
17.2 Trusted CA Certificates Screen
This screen displays a summary list of certificates of the certification authorities
that you have set the ZyXEL Device to accept as trusted. The ZyXEL Device
accepts any valid certificate signed by a certification authority on this list as being
trustworthy; thus you do not need to import any certificate that is signed by one
of these certification authorities. Click Advanced Setup > Certificate to open
the following screen.
Figure 65 Trusted CAs
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 50 Trusted CAs
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Name
This field displays the name used to identify this certificate.
Subject
This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s owner,
such as CN (Common Name), OU (Organizational Unit or department),
O (Organization or company) and C (Country). It is recommended that
each certificate have unique subject information.
Type
This field displays general information about the certificate. CA-signed
means that a Certification Authority signed the certificate. Self-signed
means that the certificate’s owner signed the certificate (not a
certification authority). “X.509” means that this certificate was created
and signed according to the ITU-T X.509 recommendation that defines
the formats for public-key certificates.
Action
Click View to see an imported CA certificate’s details.
Click Remove to delete the imported CA certificate from the ZyXEL
Device.
Import
Certificate
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Click this to open a screen where you can save the certificate of a
certification authority that you trust, from your computer to the ZyXEL
Device.
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17.2.1 Trusted CA Details
Use this screen to view in-depth information about the certification authority’s
certificate. Click Advanced Setup > Certificate to open the Trusted CAs screen.
Then click a certificate’s View button to open the details screen.
Figure 66 Trusted CA Details
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 51 Trusted CA Details
136
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Name
This field displays the identifying name of this certificate.
Type
This field displays general information about the certificate. CA-signed
means that a Certification Authority signed the certificate. Self-signed
means that the certificate’s owner signed the certificate (not a
certification authority). “X.509” means that this certificate was
created and signed according to the ITU-T X.509 recommendation
that defines the formats for public-key certificates.
Subject
This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s
owner, such as CN (Common Name), OU (Organizational Unit or
department), O (Organization or company) and C (Country). It is
recommended that each certificate have unique subject information.
Certificate
This is the certificate’s information displayed in plain text.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen.
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17.2.2 Trusted CA Import
Click Advanced Setup > Certificate to open the Trusted CA screen and then
click Import Certificate to open the following screen. Use this screen to save a
trusted certification authority’s certificate to the ZyXEL Device.
Note: You must remove any spaces from the certificate’s filename before you can
import the certificate.
Figure 67 Trusted CA Import
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 52 Trusted CA Import
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Certificate
Name
Enter the name of the CA certificate.
Certificate
Open the trusted CA certificate in notepad and copy its information and paste
it into this field.
Apply
Click this to save the certificate on the ZyXEL Device.
17.3 Certificates Technical Reference
This section provides technical background information about the topics covered in
this chapter.
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17.3.1 Certificates Overview
The ZyXEL Device can use certificates (also called digital IDs) to authenticate
users. Certificates are based on public-private key pairs. A certificate contains the
certificate owner’s identity and public key. Certificates provide a way to exchange
public keys for use in authentication.
The ZyXEL Device uses certificates based on public-key cryptology to authenticate
users attempting to establish a connection, not to encrypt the data that you send
after establishing a connection. The method used to secure the data that you send
through an established connection depends on the type of connection. For
example, a VPN tunnel might use the triple DES encryption algorithm.
The certification authority uses its private key to sign certificates. Anyone can
then use the certification authority’s public key to verify the certificates.
A certification path is the hierarchy of certification authority certificates that
validate a certificate. The ZyXEL Device does not trust a certificate if any
certificate on its path has expired or been revoked.
Certification authorities maintain directory servers with databases of valid and
revoked certificates. A directory of certificates that have been revoked before the
scheduled expiration is called a CRL (Certificate Revocation List). The ZyXEL
Device can check a peer’s certificate against a directory server’s list of revoked
certificates. The framework of servers, software, procedures and policies that
handles keys is called PKI (Public-Key Infrastructure).
Advantages of Certificates
Certificates offer the following benefits.
• The ZyXEL Device only has to store the certificates of the certification
authorities that you decide to trust, no matter how many devices you need to
authenticate.
• Key distribution is simple and very secure since you can freely distribute public
keys and you never need to transmit private keys.
Self-signed Certificates
You can have the ZyXEL Device act as a certification authority and sign its own
certificates.
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17.3.2 Private-Public Certificates
When using public-key cryptology for authentication, each host has two keys. One
key is public and can be made openly available. The other key is private and must
be kept secure.
These keys work like a handwritten signature (in fact, certificates are often
referred to as “digital signatures”). Only you can write your signature exactly as it
should look. When people know what your signature looks like, they can verify
whether something was signed by you, or by someone else. In the same way,
your private key “writes” your digital signature and your public key allows people
to verify whether data was signed by you, or by someone else. This process works
as follows.
Tim wants to send a message to Jenny. He needs her to be sure that it comes
from him, and that the message content has not been altered by anyone else
along the way. Tim generates a public key pair (one public key and one private
key).
Tim keeps the private key and makes the public key openly available. This means
that anyone who receives a message seeming to come from Tim can read it and
verify whether it is really from him or not.
Tim uses his private key to sign the message and sends it to Jenny.
Jenny receives the message and uses Tim’s public key to verify it. Jenny knows
that the message is from Tim, and that although other people may have been able
to read the message, no-one can have altered it (because they cannot re-sign the
message with Tim’s private key).
Additionally, Jenny uses her own private key to sign a message and Tim uses
Jenny’s public key to verify the message.
17.3.3 Verifying a Trusted Remote Host’s Certificate
Certificates issued by certification authorities have the certification authority’s
signature for you to check. Self-signed certificates only have the signature of the
host itself. This means that you must be very careful when deciding to import (and
thereby trust) a remote host’s self-signed certificate.
Trusted Remote Host Certificate Fingerprints
A certificate’s fingerprints are message digests calculated using the MD5 or SHA1
algorithms. The following procedure describes how to use a certificate’s fingerprint
to verify that you have the remote host’s correct certificate.
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Browse to where you have the remote host’s certificate saved on your computer.
Make sure that the certificate has a “.cer” or “.crt” file name extension.
Figure 68 Remote Host Certificates
Double-click the certificate’s icon to open the Certificate window. Click the
Details tab and scroll down to the Thumbprint Algorithm and Thumbprint
fields.
Figure 69 Certificate Details
140
Verify (over the phone for example) that the remote host has the same
information in the Thumbprint Algorithm and Thumbprint fields.
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CHAPTER
18
Wireless LAN
18.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to perform tasks related to setting up and optimizing
your wireless network, including the following.
• Turning the wireless connection on or off.
• Configuring a name, wireless channel and security for the network.
• Using WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) to configure your wireless network.
• Using a MAC (Media Access Control) address filter to restrict access to the
wireless network.
See Section 18.10 on page 160 for advanced technical information on wireless
networks.
18.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
This chapter describes the ZyXEL Device’s Network > Wireless LAN screens.
Use these screens to set up your ZyXEL Device’s wireless connection.
• The Basic screen lets you turn the wireless connection on or off and make other
basic configuration changes (Section 18.4 on page 144).
• Use the Security screen (Section 18.5 on page 147) to configure wireless
security using WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) or manually.
• The MAC Filter screen lets you configure the MAC filter to allow or block access
to the ZyXEL Device based on the MAC addresses of the wireless stations
(Section 18.6 on page 152).
• Use the Wireless Bridge screen (Section 18.7 on page 154) to configure
wireless connections between the ZyXEL Device and other APs.
• The Advanced Setup screen lets you change the wireless mode and make
other advanced wireless configuration changes (Section 18.8 on page 155).
• Use the WPS Station screen (Section 18.9 on page 159) to view information
about the wireless stations connected to the ZyXEL Device.
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You don’t necessarily need to use all these screens to set up your wireless
connection. For example, you may just want to set up a network name, a wireless
radio channel and some security in the General screen.
18.2 What You Need to Know
Wireless Basics
“Wireless” is essentially radio communication. In the same way that walkie-talkie
radios send and receive information over the airwaves, wireless networking
devices exchange information with one another. A wireless networking device is
just like a radio that lets your computer exchange information with radios
attached to other computers. Like walkie-talkies, most wireless networking
devices operate at radio frequency bands that are open to the public and do not
require a license to use. However, wireless networking is different from that of
most traditional radio communications in that there a number of wireless
networking standards available with different methods of data encryption.
Wireless Network Construction
Wireless networks consist of wireless clients, access points and bridges.
• A wireless client is a radio connected to a user’s computer.
• An access point is a radio with a wired connection to a network, which can
connect with numerous wireless clients and let them access the network.
• A bridge is a radio that relays communications between access points and
wireless clients, extending a network’s range.
Traditionally, a wireless network operates in one of two ways.
• An “infrastructure” type of network has one or more access points and one or
more wireless clients. The wireless clients connect to the access points.
• An “ad-hoc” type of network is one in which there is no access point. Wireless
clients connect to one another in order to exchange information.
Network Names
Each network must have a name, referred to as the SSID - “Service Set
IDentifier”. The “service set” is the network, so the “service set identifier” is the
network’s name. This helps you identify your wireless network when wireless
networks’ coverage areas overlap and you have a variety of networks to choose
from.
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Radio Channels
In the radio spectrum, there are certain frequency bands allocated for unlicensed,
civilian use. For the purposes of wireless networking, these bands are divided into
numerous channels. This allows a variety of networks to exist in the same place
without interfering with one another. When you create a network, you must select
a channel to use.
Since the available unlicensed spectrum varies from one country to another, the
number of available channels also varies.
Wireless Security
By their nature, radio communications are simple to intercept. For wireless data
networks, this means that anyone within range of a wireless network without
security can not only read the data passing over the airwaves, but also join the
network. Once an unauthorized person has access to the network s/he can either
steal information or introduce malware (malicious software) intended to
compromise the network. For these reasons, a variety of security systems have
been developed to ensure that only authorized people can use a wireless data
network, or understand the data carried on it.
These security standards do two things. First, they authenticate. This means that
only people presenting the right credentials (often a username and password, or a
“key” phrase) can access the network. Second, they encrypt. This means that the
information sent over the air is encoded. Only people with the code key can
understand the information, and only people who have been authenticated are
given the code key.
These security standards vary in effectiveness. Some can be broken, such as the
old Wired Equivalent Protocol (WEP). Using WEP is better than using no security at
all, but it will not keep a determined attacker out. Other security standards are
secure in themselves but can be broken if a user does not use them properly. For
example, the WPA-PSK security standard is perfectly secure if you use a long key
which is difficult for an attacker’s software to guess - for example, a twenty-letter
long string of apparently random numbers and letters - but it is not very secure if
you use a short key which is very easy to guess - for example, a three-letter word
from the dictionary.
Because of the damage that can be done by a malicious attacker, it’s not just
people who have sensitive information on their network who should use security.
Everybody who uses any wireless network should ensure that effective security is
in place.
A good way to come up with effective security keys, passwords and so on is to use
obscure information that you personally will easily remember, and to enter it in a
way that appears random and does not include real words. For example, if your
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mother owns a 1970 Dodge Challenger and her favorite movie is Vanishing Point
(which you know was made in 1971) you could use “70dodchal71vanpoi” as your
security key.
Signal Problems
Because wireless networks are radio networks, their signals are subject to
limitations of distance, interference and absorption.
Problems with distance occur when the two radios are too far apart. Problems with
interference occur when other radio waves interrupt the data signal. Interference
may come from other radio transmissions, such as military or air traffic control
communications, or from machines that are coincidental emitters such as electric
motors or microwaves. Problems with absorption occur when physical objects
(such as thick walls) are between the two radios, muffling the signal.
18.3 Before You Begin
Before you start using these screens, ask yourself the following questions. See
Section 18.2 on page 142 if some of the terms used here do not make sense to
you.
• What wireless standards do the other wireless devices support (IEEE 802.11g,
for example)? What is the most appropriate standard to use?
• What security options do the other wireless devices support (WPA-PSK, for
example)? What is the best one to use?
• Do the other wireless devices support WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup)? If so, you
can set up a well-secured network very easily.
Even if some of your devices support WPS and some do not, you can use WPS to
set up your network and then add the non-WPS devices manually, although this
is somewhat more complicated to do.
• What advanced options do you want to configure, if any? If you want to
configure advanced options, ensure that you know precisely what you want to
do. If you do not want to configure advanced options, leave them alone.
18.4 Wireless Basic
Click Wireless to open the Basic screen.
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Note: If you have a wireless connection to the ZyXEL Device and you change the
ZyXEL Device’s SSID or country settings, you will lose your wireless connection
when you click Save/Apply. You must then change your wireless client’s
settings to match the ZyXEL Device’s new settings.
Figure 70 Wireless > Basic
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 53 Wireless > Basic
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Enable
Wireless
Select this to turn on the wireless LAN.
Hide Access
Point
Select this to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station
cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
Clients
Isolation
Select this to stop wireless clients from communicating directly with each
other through the ZyXEL Device’s wireless interface. This is also known as
layer-2 isolation.
Disable WMM
Advertise
WMM (Wifi MultiMedia) automatically prioritizes services according to the
ToS value in the IP header of packets. Turn off WMM advertising if your
wireless clients are not able to associate with an AP using WMM.
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Table 53 Wireless > Basic
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
SSID
This is the name of the ZyXEL Device’s wireless network. The SSID
(Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a wireless
device is associated. Wireless devices associating to the access point (AP)
must have the same SSID. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN.
Note: If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer
connected to the wireless LAN and you change the ZyXEL
Device’s SSID or channel settings, you will lose your wireless
connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then
change the wireless settings of your computer to match the
ZyXEL Device’s new settings.
BSSID
This shows the MAC address of the wireless interface on the ZyXEL Device
when wireless LAN is enabled.
Country
Select the country where the ZyXEL Device is located or the operating
frequency/channel of your particular region. This sets the radio frequency
the ZyXEL Device uses for wireless communications.
Max Clients
Specify the greatest number of wireless clients allowed to simultaneously
connect to this wireless network on the ZyXEL Device.
Wireless Guest/Virtual
Access
Points:
Use this part of the screen to configure up to three more wireless
networks for guest users.
Enabled
Select this to turn on the wireless LAN.
SSID
This is the name of the ZyXEL Device’s wireless network. The SSID
(Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a wireless
device is associated. Wireless devices associating to the access point (AP)
must have the same SSID. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN.
Note: If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer
connected to the wireless LAN and you change the ZyXEL
Device’s SSID or channel settings, you will lose your wireless
connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then
change the wireless settings of your computer to match the
ZyXEL Device’s new settings.
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Hidden
Select this to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station
cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
Isolate
Clients
Select this to stop wireless clients from communicating directly with each
other through the ZyXEL Device’s wireless interface. This is also known as
layer 2 isolation.
Disable WMM
Advertise
WMM (Wifi MultiMedia) automatically prioritizes services according to the
ToS value in the IP header of packets. Turn off WMM if your wireless clients
are not able to associate with an AP using WMM.
Max Clients
Specify the greatest number of wireless clients allowed to simultaneously
connect to this wireless network on the ZyXEL Device.
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Table 53 Wireless > Basic
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
BSSID
This shows the MAC address of the wireless interface on the ZyXEL Device
when wireless LAN is enabled.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
18.5 Wireless Security
Click Wireless > Security to open the Wireless Security screen. Use this
screen to configure wireless security settings.
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Note: If you have a wireless connection to the ZyXEL Device and you change the
ZyXEL Device’s security settings, you will lose your connection when you click
Save/Apply. You must then change your wireless client’s settings to match the
ZyXEL Device’s new settings.
Figure 71 Wireless > Security
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 54 Wireless > Security
148
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
WPS Setup
Use WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) to quickly set up a wireless network
without having to manually configure settings. Set up each WPS
connection between two devices at a time.
Enable WPS
Turn WPS on or off.
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Table 54 Wireless > Security
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Push Button
Select this to use the PBC (Push Button Configuration) method to send
the ZyXEL Device’s wireless settings to your wireless stations.
Click Add Enrollee to start WPS-aware wireless station scanning and
the wireless security information synchronization.
Note: After you click Add Enrollee, you have 2 minutes to click a
similar button in the wireless station’s utility.
To add a second wireless station, wait for the 2 minutes to pass and
click the Add Enrollee button again. Then click the WPS button in the
second wireless station’s utility. Repeat for as many wireless clients as
you need to add.
PIN
Select this to use the PIN configuration method to configure a wireless
station’s wireless settings. Enter the PIN of the device that you are
setting up a WPS connection with and click Add Enrollee to
authenticate and add the wireless device to your wireless network.
You can find the PIN either on the outside of the device, or by checking
the device’s settings.
Note: You must also activate WPS on the other device within two
minutes to have it present its PIN to the ZyXEL Device.
WPS AP Mode
Configured uses the ZyXEL Device’s current wireless security settings
for WPS.
Note: If the ZyXEL Device’s wireless security is set to Open,
selecting Configured and using WPS sets up a wireless
network with no security.
Unconfigured has the ZyXEL Device change its wireless security
settings when you do one of the following:
•
•
•
Setup AP
Add a wireless enrollee. The ZyXEL Device automatically uses
WPA2-PSK and a random key. The WPS AP Mode automatically
changes to Configured.
Use Setup AP to have an external registrar (like Windows Vista)
configure the ZyXEL Device’s wireless security settings. The WPS
AP Mode automatically changes to Configured.
Manually configure the ZyXEL Device’s wireless security settings.
Then you can manually set the WPS AP Mode to Configured.
This is available when you set the WPS AP Mode to Unconfigured.
Click Config AP to have an external registrar configure the ZyXEL
Device’s wireless security settings. See Section 18.10.5 on page 170
for how to use Windows Vista as an external registrar. Push Button
and PIN are reserved for future use and have no effect at the time of
writing.
Note: After you click Config AP you must enter the ZyXEL
Device’s PIN in the external registrar within two minutes.
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Table 54 Wireless > Security
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Device PIN
This shows the ZyXEL Device’s PIN (Personal Identification Number).
Enter this PIN in the external registrar within two minutes of clicking
Config AP.
WSC Add
External
Registrar
This is available when you set the WPS AP Mode to Configured.
Click Start AddER to have an external registrar to authenticate
wireless clients using WPS. See Section 18.10.5 on page 170 for how
to use Windows Vista as an external registrar.
Note: After you click Start AddER you must enter the ZyXEL
Device’s PIN in the external registrar within two minutes.
Then click Finish AddER.
Manual Setup AP
Use these fields to manually configure security settings for wireless
clients that do not support WPS.The fields that display vary based on
the type of network authentication you select.
Select SSID
Select the wireless network for which you want to configure security
settings.
Network
Authentication
Select the type of wireless network security to use for this network.
Open - allows wireless devices to communicate with the access points
without any authentication.
Shared - encrypts the wireless communications using a shared (WEP)
password.
802.1X - encrypts the wireless communications using a shared (WEP)
password and use an external RADIUS authentication server to
authenticate each wireless client.
With WPA or WPA2 each user can have a separate user name and
password. The ZyXEL Device uses an external RADIUS server to
authenticate wireless client’s user name and password.
With WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK the wireless clients share a common
password instead of the ZyXEL Device using a RADIUS server.
Mixed WPA2/WPA supports WPA and WPA2 on the network
simultaneously.
Mixed WPA2/WPA-PSK supports WPA and WPA2 on the network
simultaneously.
WPA Pre-Shared
Key
This field is available only with WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK network
authentication.
Type a pre-shared key from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters
(including spaces and symbols) or 64 hexadecimal digits.
Click the link to see the key in plain text.
WPA2
This field is available only with WPA2 network authentication.
Preauthentication
Turn on pre-authentication to enable fast roaming by allowing the
wireless client (already connected to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x
authentication with another AP before connecting to it.
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Table 54 Wireless > Security
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Network Re-auth
Interval
This field is available only with WPA2 network authentication.
Specify how often wireless stations have to resend usernames and
passwords in order to stay connected. Enter a time interval between 0
and 4294967295 seconds. 0 disables the re-authentication.
Note: The re-authentication timer on the RADIUS server has
priority over your setting here.
WPA Group
Rekey Interval
RADIUS Server
IP Address
This field is available only with WPA or WPA2 network authentication.
The Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the AP (if using
WPA(2)-PSK key management) or RADIUS server (if using WPA(2)
key management) sends a new group key out to all clients. The rekeying process is the WPA(2) equivalent of automatically changing the
WEP key for an AP and all stations in a WLAN on a periodic basis.
Setting of the Group Key Update Timer is also supported in
WPA(2)-PSK mode. 0 disables the re-keying.
The RADIUS fields are required with 802.1X and WPA/WPA2 network
authentication.
Enter the IP address of the external authentication server in dotted
decimal notation.
RADIUS Port
Enter the port number of the external authentication server. The
default port number is 1812.
You need not change this value unless your network administrator
instructs you to do so with additional information.
RADIUS Key
Enter a password (up to 31 alphanumeric characters) as the key to be
shared between the external authentication server and the ZyXEL
Device.
The key must be the same on the external authentication server and
your ZyXEL Device. The key is not sent over the network.
WPA Encryption
Select the encryption type (TKIP, AES, or both) for data encryption.
Select TKIP if your wireless clients can all use TKIP.
Select AES if your wireless clients can all use AES.
Select TKIP + AES to allow the wireless clients to use either TKIP or
AES.
WEP Encryption
WEP encryption is optional with Open network authentication. It is
required with Shared or 802.1X network authentication.
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) provides data encryption to prevent
unauthorized wireless stations from accessing data transmitted over
the wireless network.
Encryption
Strength
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If you are using WEP encryption, select 64-bit or 128-bit to set the
length of the encryption key.
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Table 54 Wireless > Security
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Network Key 1 to
Key 4
These fields are required when you use WEP encryption.
If you set the Encryption Strength field to
characters (ASCII string) or 10 hexadecimal
preceded by 0x for each key.
If you set the Encryption Strength field to
characters (ASCII string) or 26 hexadecimal
preceded by 0x for each key.
64-bit, enter any 5
characters ("0-9", "A-F")
128-bit, enter 13
characters ("0-9", "A-F")
There are four data encryption keys to secure your data from
eavesdropping by unauthorized wireless users. Both the ZyXEL Device
and the wireless stations must use the same WEP key for data
transmission.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
18.6 The MAC Filter Screen
This screen allows you to configure the ZyXEL Device to give exclusive access to
specific devices (Allow) or exclude specific devices from accessing the ZyXEL
Device (Deny). Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control)
address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of
hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. You need to know the
MAC addresses of the devices to configure this screen.
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s MAC filter settings.Click Wireless
> MAC Filter. The following screen displays.
Figure 72 Wireless > MAC Filter
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 55 Wireless LAN > MAC Filter
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Select SSID
Select the wireless network for which you want to configure MAC filter
settings.
MAC Restrict
Mode
Define the filter action for the list of MAC addresses in the table below.
Select Disabled to turn off MAC address filtering.
Select Allow to permit access to the ZyXEL Device, MAC addresses not
listed will be denied access to the ZyXEL Device.
Select Deny to block access to the ZyXEL Device, MAC addresses not listed
will be allowed to access the ZyXEL Device
MAC
Address
This column displays the MAC addresses of the wireless devices that are
allowed or denied access to the ZyXEL Device.
Remove
Select the entry(ies) that you want to delete in the Remove column, then
click the Remove button.
Add
Click this to open a screen where you can add a MAC address entry to the
table.
18.6.1 The MAC Filter Add Screen
Use this screen to add MAC address entries. Click Wireless > MAC Filter > Add
to open the following screen.
Figure 73 Wireless > MAC Filter > Add
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 56 Wireless > MAC Filter > Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
MAC
Address
Enter the MAC address of the wireless device that is to be allowed or denied
access to the ZyXEL Device. Enter the MAC addresses in a valid MAC
address format, that is, six hexadecimal character pairs, for example,
12:34:56:78:9a:bc.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start using
them.
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18.7 Wireless Bridge Screen
The ZyXEL Device can wirelessly connect APs. This is also known as a Wireless
Distribution System (WDS). In the following figure a wireless client connects to
access point AP 1. AP 1 has no wired Internet connection, but it can establish a
bridge link to access point AP 2, which has a wired Internet connection. This lets
the notebook computer access the Internet through AP 2.
Figure 74 Wireless Bridge Example
WDS
AP 1
AP 2
Note: The peer wireless device must also support bridge mode and be using the
same security settings as the ZyXEL Device.
Click Wireless > Bridge to open the following screen. Set your ZyXEL Device to
Access Point mode for AP and bridge functionality or Bridge mode for bridge
functionality only. You can also list the MAC addresses of the peer APs with which
to establish wireless links.
Figure 75 Wireless > Bridge
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 57 Wireless > Bridge
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
AP Mode
Select the operating mode for your ZyXEL Device.
•
•
Access Point - The ZyXEL Device functions as a bridge and access
point simultaneously.
Bridge - The ZyXEL Device acts as a wireless network bridge and
establishes wireless links with other APs.
To disable wireless bridging, set the Bridge Restrict field to Enabled
and do not list any remote bridge MAC addresses.
Bridge Restrict
Select how to restrict which devices can form wireless bridges with the
ZyXEL Device.
Enabled - Only allow bridges listed in the Remote Bridges MAC
Address fields. You manually enter the MAC addresses in the Remote
Bridges MAC Address fields.
Enabled (Scan) - Only allow bridges listed in the Remote Bridges
MAC Address fields. The ZyXEL Device scans and lists the SSIDs and
MAC addresses of neighboring wireless devices. Select the ones that
you want to be able to form wireless bridges with the ZyXEL Device.
Disabled - Any wireless bridge is allowed to form wireless bridges with
the ZyXEL Device.
Remote Bridges
MAC Address
These are the MAC addresses of the peer wireless devices that can
make wireless bridge connections with your ZyXEL Device.
If you set the Bridge Restrict field to Enabled, manually enter the
MAC addresses in the Remote Bridges MAC Address fields.
If you set the Bridge Restrict field to Enabled (Scan), the ZyXEL
Device scans and lists the SSIDs and MAC addresses of neighboring
wireless devices. Select the ones that you want to be able to form
wireless bridges with the ZyXEL Device.
Refresh
Click Refresh to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
18.8 The Advanced Setup Screen
To configure advanced wireless settings, click Network > Wireless LAN >
Advanced Setup. The screen appears as shown.
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Note: If have a wireless connection to the ZyXEL Device and you change the ZyXEL
Device’s wireless settings, you may lose your wireless connection when you
click Save/Apply. You must then change your wireless client’s settings to match
the ZyXEL Device’s new settings.
Figure 76 Wireless LAN > Advanced Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 58 Wireless LAN > Advanced Setup
156
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Band
Select an operating band to use.
Channel
Select an operating channel to use. The choices depend on your
particular region. Either select a channel or use Auto to have the
ZyXEL Device automatically determine a channel to use. If you are
having problems with wireless interference, changing the channel
may help. Try to use a channel that is as many channels away from
any channels used by neighboring APs as possible.
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Table 58 Wireless LAN > Advanced Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Auto Channel
Timer
If you set the channel to Auto, specify the interval in minutes for
how often the ZyXEL Device scans for the best channel. Enter 0 to
disable the periodical scan.
802.11n/EWC
Select whether to enable (Auto) or disable (Disabled) the use of the
wireless 802.11n modes defined by the Enhanced Wireless
Consortium (EWC). These modes can enhance speeds although the
wireless clients must also support the EWC modes.
Bandwidth
20MHz in Both Bands uses a single radio channel in the 2.4 GHz
band and a single radio channel in the 5.0 GHz band. Use this if the
wireless clients do not support channel bonding.
40MHz in Both Bands bonds two adjacent radio channels in the 2.4
GHz band and two adjacent radio channels in the 5.0 GHz band.
Note: The 5.0 GHz band is reserved for future use and not
supported at the time of writing.
40MHz (channel bonding or dual channel) bonds two adjacent radio
channels to increase throughput. The wireless clients must also
support 40 MHz. It is often better to use the 20 MHz setting in a
location where the environment hinders the wireless signal.
20MHz in 2.4G Band and 40MHz in 5G Band uses a single radio
channel in the 2.4 GHz band and bonds two adjacent radio channel in
the 5.0 GHz band. Use this if you have IEEE 802.11b and/or g clients
that do not support 40 MHz and IEEE 802.11n clients that do.
Control Sideband
This is available for some regions when you select a specific channel
and set the Bandwidth field to 40MHz in Both Bands. Set whether
the control channel (set in the Channel field) should be in the Lower
or Upper range of channel bands.
802.11n
Protection
Enable this feature to help prevent collisions in mixed-mode
networks (networks with both IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.11g
traffic).
Select Auto to have the wireless devices transmit data after a RTS/
CTS handshake. This helps improve IEEE 802.11n performance.
Select Off to disable IEEE 802.11n protection. The transmission rate
of your ZyXEL Device might be reduced in a mixed-mode network.
Support 802.11n
Client Only
Select this to only allow IEEE 802.11n wireless clients to connect to
the ZyXEL Device. This can increase transmission rates, although
IEEE 802.11b or IEEE 802.11g clients will not be able to connect to
the ZyXEL Device.
54g™ Rate
This field is available when 802.11n/EWC is set to Disabled.
Select a fixed wireless transmission rate or let the ZyXEL Device and
the wireless client automatically select a rate.
Multicast Rate
Select a data rate at which the ZyXEL Device transmits wireless
multicast traffic.
If you select a high rate, multicast traffic may occupy all the
bandwidth and cause network congestion.
Basic Rate
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Select a minimum transmission rate.
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Table 58 Wireless LAN > Advanced Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Fragmentation
Threshold
This is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent. Enter a
value between 256 and 2432.
RTS Threshold
Use CTS/RTS to reduce data collisions on the wireless network if you
have wireless clients that are associated with the same AP but out of
range of one another. When enabled, a wireless client sends an RTS
(Request To Send) and then waits for a CTS (Clear To Send) before it
transmits. This stops wireless clients from transmitting packets at the
same time (and causing data collisions).
A wireless client sends an RTS for all packets larger than the number
(of bytes) that you enter here. Set the RTS equal to or higher than
the fragmentation threshold to turn RTS off.
DTIM Interval
Delivery Traffic Indication Message (DTIM) is the time period after
which broadcast and multicast packets are transmitted to mobile
clients in the Power Saving mode. A high DTIM value can cause
clients to lose connectivity with
the network. This value can be set from 1 to 100.
Beacon Interval
When a wirelessly networked device sends a beacon, it includes with
it a beacon interval. This specifies the time period before the device
sends the beacon again.
The interval tells receiving devices on the network how long they can
wait in low power mode before waking up to handle the beacon. This
value can be set from 20ms to 1000ms. A high value helps save
current consumption of the access point.
Global Max Clients
Specify the maximum number (from 1 to 64) of the wireless stations
that may connect to the ZyXEL Device.
XPress™
Technology
Select this for higher speeds, especially if you have both IEEE
802.11b and IEEE 802.11g wireless clients. The wireless clients do
not have to support XPress™ Technology, although the performance
enhancement is greater if they do.
Afterburner
Technology
Select this for higher speeds if the wireless clients also support
afterburner technology.
Transmit Power
Set the output power of the ZyXEL Device. If there is a high density
of APs in an area, decrease the output power to reduce interference
with other APs.
WMM (Wi-Fi
Multimedia)
Use WMM (Wifi MultiMedia) to prioritize services in wireless traffic.
Select Auto to automatically prioritize services according to the ToS
value in the IP header of packets.
Select Enable to prioritize services according to the ZyXEL Device’s
Quality of Service settings.
Select Disable to not prioritize services in wireless traffic.
WMM No
Acknowledgement
158
When using WMM, you can enable this to have the ZyXEL Device not
re-send data if an error occurs. This can increase throughput speed
but may also increase errors, especially in an environment with a lot
of Radio Frequency (RF) noise. Otherwise leave it disabled.
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Table 58 Wireless LAN > Advanced Setup
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
WMM APSD
When using WMM, enable APSD (Automatic Power Save Delivery) to
have the ZyXEL Device manage radio usage to help increase battery
life for battery-powered wireless clients. APSD uses a longer beacon
interval when transmitting traffic that does not require a short packet
exchange interval. For example, web browsing or using e-mail does
not require a short packet exchange interval but Voice Over IP (VoIP)
does. The wireless client must also support APSD for there to be any
affect on the battery life.
Apply
Click this to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Reset
Click this to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
18.9 Wireless Station Info
The station monitor displays the connection status of the wireless clients
connected to (or trying to connect to) the ZyXEL Device. To open the station
monitor, click Wireless > Station Info. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 77 Wireless > Station Info
The following table describes the labels in this menu.
Table 59 Wireless > Station Info
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
MAC
Address
This displays the MAC address (in XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX format) of a
connected wireless station.
Associated
This is the time that the wireless client associated with the ZyXEL Device.
Authorized
This is the time that the wireless client’s connection to the ZyXEL Device was
authorized.
Strength
This displays the strength of the wireless client’s radio signal. The signal
strength mainly depends on the antenna output power and the wireless
client’s distance from the ZyXEL Device.
SSID
This is the name of the wireless network on the ZyXEL Device to which the
wireless client is connected.
Interface
This is the name of the wireless LAN interface on the ZyXEL Device to which
the wireless client is connected.
Refresh
Click this button to update the information in the screen.
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18.10 Technical Reference
This section discusses wireless LANs in depth. For more information, see the
appendix.
18.10.1 Wireless Network Overview
The following figure provides an example of a wireless network.
Figure 78 Example of a Wireless Network
AP
The wireless network is the part in the blue circle. In this wireless network,
devices A and B use the access point (AP) to interact with the other devices (such
as the printer) or with the Internet. Your ZyXEL Device is the AP.
Every wireless network must follow these basic guidelines.
• Every device in the same wireless network must use the same SSID.
The SSID is the name of the wireless network. It stands for Service Set IDentity.
• If two wireless networks overlap, they should use a different channel.
Like radio stations or television channels, each wireless network uses a specific
channel, or frequency, to send and receive information.
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• Every device in the same wireless network must use security compatible with
the AP.
Security stops unauthorized devices from using the wireless network. It can also
protect the information that is sent in the wireless network.
18.10.2 Additional Wireless Terms
The following table describes some wireless network terms and acronyms used in
the ZyXEL Device’s Web Configurator.
Table 60 Additional Wireless Terms
TERM
DESCRIPTION
RTS/CTS Threshold
In a wireless network which covers a large area, wireless devices
are sometimes not aware of each other’s presence. This may cause
them to send information to the AP at the same time and result in
information colliding and not getting through.
By setting this value lower than the default value, the wireless
devices must sometimes get permission to send information to the
ZyXEL Device. The lower the value, the more often the devices must
get permission.
If this value is greater than the fragmentation threshold value (see
below), then wireless devices never have to get permission to send
information to the ZyXEL Device.
Preamble
A preamble affects the timing in your wireless network. There are
two preamble modes: long and short. If a device uses a different
preamble mode than the ZyXEL Device does, it cannot communicate
with the ZyXEL Device.
Authentication
The process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use
the wireless network.
Fragmentation
Threshold
A small fragmentation threshold is recommended for busy networks,
while a larger threshold provides faster performance if the network
is not very busy.
18.10.3 Wireless Security Overview
The following sections introduce different types of wireless security you can set up
in the wireless network.
18.10.3.1 SSID
Normally, the ZyXEL Device acts like a beacon and regularly broadcasts the SSID
in the area. You can hide the SSID instead, in which case the ZyXEL Device does
not broadcast the SSID. In addition, you should change the default SSID to
something that is difficult to guess.
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This type of security is fairly weak, however, because there are ways for
unauthorized wireless devices to get the SSID. In addition, unauthorized wireless
devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network.
18.10.3.2 MAC Address Filter
Every device that can use a wireless network has a unique identification number,
called a MAC address.2 A MAC address is usually written using twelve hexadecimal
characters3; for example, 00A0C5000002 or 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. To get the MAC
address for each device in the wireless network, see the device’s User’s Guide or
other documentation.
You can use the MAC address filter to tell the ZyXEL Device which devices are
allowed or not allowed to use the wireless network. If a device is allowed to use
the wireless network, it still has to have the correct information (SSID, channel,
and security). If a device is not allowed to use the wireless network, it does not
matter if it has the correct information.
This type of security does not protect the information that is sent in the wireless
network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized wireless devices to get the
MAC address of an authorized device. Then, they can use that MAC address to use
the wireless network.
18.10.3.3 User Authentication
Authentication is the process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to
use the wireless network. You can make every user log in to the wireless network
before they can use it. However, every device in the wireless network has to
support IEEE 802.1x to do this.
For wireless networks, you can store the user names and passwords for each user
in a RADIUS server. This is a server used in businesses more than in homes. If you
do not have a RADIUS server, you cannot set up user names and passwords for
your users.
Unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the
wireless network, even if they cannot use the wireless network. Furthermore,
there are ways for unauthorized wireless users to get a valid user name and
password. Then, they can use that user name and password to use the wireless
network.
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2.
Some wireless devices, such as scanners, can detect wireless networks but cannot use wireless networks.
These kinds of wireless devices might not have MAC addresses.
3.
Hexadecimal characters are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
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18.10.3.4 Encryption
Wireless networks can use encryption to protect the information that is sent in the
wireless network. Encryption is like a secret code. If you do not know the secret
code, you cannot understand the message.
The types of encryption you can choose depend on the type of authentication.
(See Section 18.10.3.3 on page 162 for information about this.)
Table 61 Types of Encryption for Each Type of Authentication
NO AUTHENTICATION RADIUS SERVER
Weakest
No Security
Static WEP
WPA-PSK
WPA
Stronges
WPA2-PSK
WPA2
For example, if the wireless network has a RADIUS server, you can choose WPA
or WPA2. If users do not log in to the wireless network, you can choose no
encryption, Static WEP, WPA-PSK, or WPA2-PSK.
Usually, you should set up the strongest encryption that every device in the
wireless network supports. For example, suppose you have a wireless network
with the ZyXEL Device and you do not have a RADIUS server. Therefore, there is
no authentication. Suppose the wireless network has two devices. Device A only
supports WEP, and device B supports WEP and WPA. Therefore, you should set up
Static WEP in the wireless network.
Note: It is recommended that wireless networks use WPA-PSK, WPA, or stronger
encryption. The other types of encryption are better than none at all, but it is still
possible for unauthorized wireless devices to figure out the original information
pretty quickly.
When you select WPA2 or WPA2-PSK in your ZyXEL Device, you can also select
an option (WPA compatible) to support WPA as well. In this case, if some of the
devices support WPA and some support WPA2, you should set up WPA2-PSK or
WPA2 (depending on the type of wireless network login) and select the WPA
compatible option in the ZyXEL Device.
Many types of encryption use a key to protect the information in the wireless
network. The longer the key, the stronger the encryption. Every device in the
wireless network must have the same key.
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18.10.4 WiFi Protected Setup
Your ZyXEL Device supports WiFi Protected Setup (WPS), which is an easy way to
set up a secure wireless network. WPS is an industry standard specification,
defined by the WiFi Alliance.
WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without
having to configure security settings manually. Each WPS connection works
between two devices. Both devices must support WPS (check each device’s
documentation to make sure).
Depending on the devices you have, you can either press a button (on the device
itself, or in its configuration utility) or enter a PIN (a unique Personal Identification
Number that allows one device to authenticate the other) in each of the two
devices. When WPS is activated on a device, it has two minutes to find another
device that also has WPS activated. Then, the two devices connect and set up a
secure network by themselves.
18.10.4.1 Push Button Configuration
WPS Push Button Configuration (PBC) is initiated by pressing a button on each
WPS-enabled device, and allowing them to connect automatically. You do not need
to enter any information.
Not every WPS-enabled device has a physical WPS button. Some may have a WPS
PBC button in their configuration utilities instead of or in addition to the physical
button.
Take the following steps to set up WPS using the button.
Ensure that the two devices you want to set up are within wireless range of one
another.
Look for a WPS button on each device. If the device does not have one, log into its
configuration utility and locate the button.
Press the button on one of the devices (it doesn’t matter which). For the ZyXEL
Device you must press the WPS button for more than three seconds.
Within two minutes, press the button on the other device. The registrar sends the
network name (SSID) and security key through an secure connection to the
enrollee.
If you need to make sure that WPS worked, check the list of associated wireless
clients in the AP’s configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list,
WPS was successful.
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18.10.4.2 PIN Configuration
Each WPS-enabled device has its own PIN (Personal Identification Number). This
may either be static (it cannot be changed) or dynamic (in some devices you can
generate a new PIN by clicking on a button in the configuration interface).
Use the PIN method instead of the push-button configuration (PBC) method if you
want to ensure that the connection is established between the devices you specify,
not just the first two devices to activate WPS in range of each other. However, you
need to log into the configuration interfaces of both devices to use the PIN
method.
When you use the PIN method, you must enter the PIN from one device (usually
the wireless client) into the second device (usually the Access Point or wireless
router). Then, when WPS is activated on the first device, it presents its PIN to the
second device. If the PIN matches, one device sends the network and security
information to the other, allowing it to join the network.
Take the following steps to set up a WPS connection between an access point or
wireless router (referred to here as the AP) and a client device using the PIN
method.
Ensure WPS is enabled on both devices.
Access the WPS section of the AP’s configuration interface. See the device’s User’s
Guide for how to do this.
Look for the client’s WPS PIN; it will be displayed either on the device, or in the
WPS section of the client’s configuration interface.
Enter the client’s PIN in the AP’s configuration interface.
Note: If the client device’s configuration interface has an area for entering another
device’s PIN, you can either enter the client’s PIN in the AP, or enter the AP’s
PIN in the client - it does not matter which.
Start WPS on both devices within two minutes.
Note: Use the configuration utility to activate WPS, not the push-button on the device
itself.
On a computer connected to the wireless client, try to connect to the Internet. If
you can connect, WPS was successful.
If you cannot connect, check the list of associated wireless clients in the AP’s
configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list, WPS was successful.
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The following figure shows a WPS-enabled wireless client (installed in a notebook
computer) connecting to the WPS-enabled AP via the PIN method.
Figure 79 Example WPS Process: PIN Method
ENROLLEE
REGISTRAR
WPS
This device’s
WPS PIN: 123456
WPS
Enter WPS PIN
from other device:
WPS
START
WPS
START
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
SECURE EAP TUNNEL
SSID
WPA(2)-PSK
COMMUNICATION
18.10.4.3 How WPS Works
When two WPS-enabled devices connect, each device must assume a specific role.
One device acts as the registrar (the device that supplies network and security
settings) and the other device acts as the enrollee (the device that receives
network and security settings. The registrar creates a secure EAP (Extensible
Authentication Protocol) tunnel and sends the network name (SSID) and the WPAPSK or WPA2-PSK pre-shared key to the enrollee. Whether WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK
is used depends on the standards supported by the devices. If the registrar is
already part of a network, it sends the existing information. If not, it generates
the SSID and WPA(2)-PSK randomly.
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The following figure shows a WPS-enabled client (installed in a notebook
computer) connecting to a WPS-enabled access point.
Figure 80 How WPS works
ACTIVATE
WPS
ACTIVATE
WPS
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
WPS HANDSHAKE
ENROLLEE
REGISTRAR
SECURE TUNNEL
SECURITY INFO
COMMUNICATION
The roles of registrar and enrollee last only as long as the WPS setup process is
active (two minutes). The next time you use WPS, a different device can be the
registrar if necessary.
The WPS connection process is like a handshake; only two devices participate in
each WPS transaction. If you want to add more devices you should repeat the
process with one of the existing networked devices and the new device.
Note that the access point (AP) is not always the registrar, and the wireless client
is not always the enrollee. All WPS-certified APs can be a registrar, and so can
some WPS-enabled wireless clients.
By default, a WPS devices is “unconfigured”. This means that it is not part of an
existing network and can act as either enrollee or registrar (if it supports both
functions). If the registrar is unconfigured, the security settings it transmits to the
enrollee are randomly-generated. Once a WPS-enabled device has connected to
another device using WPS, it becomes “configured”. A configured wireless client
can still act as enrollee or registrar in subsequent WPS connections, but a
configured access point can no longer act as enrollee. It will be the registrar in all
subsequent WPS connections in which it is involved. If you want a configured AP to
act as an enrollee, you must reset it to its factory defaults.
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18.10.4.4 Example WPS Network Setup
This section shows how security settings are distributed in an example WPS setup.
The following figure shows an example network. In step 1, both AP1 and Client 1
are unconfigured. When WPS is activated on both, they perform the handshake. In
this example, AP1 is the registrar, and Client 1 is the enrollee. The registrar
randomly generates the security information to set up the network, since it is
unconfigured and has no existing information.
Figure 81 WPS: Example Network Step 1
ENROLLEE
REGISTRAR
SECURITY INFO
AP1
CLIENT 1
In step 2, you add another wireless client to the network. You know that Client 1
supports registrar mode, but it is better to use AP1 for the WPS handshake with
the new client since you must connect to the access point anyway in order to use
the network. In this case, AP1 must be the registrar, since it is configured (it
already has security information for the network). AP1 supplies the existing
security information to Client 2.
Figure 82 WPS: Example Network Step 2
REGISTRAR
EXISTING CONNECTION
AP1
CLIENT 1
ENROLLEE
YI
RIT
SE
NF
CLIENT 2
In step 3, you add another access point (AP2) to your network. AP2 is out of
range of AP1, so you cannot use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new access
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point. However, you know that Client 2 supports the registrar function, so you use
it to perform the WPS handshake instead.
Figure 83 WPS: Example Network Step 3
EXISTING CONNECTION
CLIENT 1
TIO
EC
ON
GC
XIS
AP1
REGISTRAR
CLIENT 2
SE
CU
RIT
ENROLLEE
INF
AP2
18.10.4.5 Limitations of WPS
WPS has some limitations of which you should be aware.
• WPS works in Infrastructure networks only (where an AP and a wireless client
communicate). It does not work in Ad-Hoc networks (where there is no AP).
• When you use WPS, it works between two devices only. You cannot enroll
multiple devices simultaneously, you must enroll one after the other.
For instance, if you have two enrollees and one registrar you must set up the
first enrollee (by pressing the WPS button on the registrar and the first enrollee,
for example), then check that it successfully enrolled, then set up the second
device in the same way.
• WPS works only with other WPS-enabled devices. However, you can still add
non-WPS devices to a network you already set up using WPS.
WPS works by automatically issuing a randomly-generated WPA-PSK or WPA2PSK pre-shared key from the registrar device to the enrollee devices. Whether
the network uses WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK depends on the device. You can check
the configuration interface of the registrar device to discover the key the
network is using (if the device supports this feature). Then, you can enter the
key into the non-WPS device and join the network as normal (the non-WPS
device must also support WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK).
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• When you use the PBC method, there is a short period (from the moment you
press the button on one device to the moment you press the button on the
other device) when any WPS-enabled device could join the network. This is
because the registrar has no way of identifying the “correct” enrollee, and
cannot differentiate between your enrollee and a rogue device. This is a possible
way for a hacker to gain access to a network.
You can easily check to see if this has happened. WPS works between only two
devices simultaneously, so if another device has enrolled your device will be
unable to enroll, and will not have access to the network. If this happens, open
the access point’s configuration interface and look at the list of associated
clients (usually displayed by MAC address). It does not matter if the access
point is the WPS registrar, the enrollee, or was not involved in the WPS
handshake; a rogue device must still associate with the access point to gain
access to the network. Check the MAC addresses of your wireless clients
(usually printed on a label on the bottom of the device). If there is an unknown
MAC address you can remove it or reset the AP.
18.10.5 WPS External Registrar
You can have an external WPS registrar (for example a computer running
Windows Vista) give wireless settings to the ZyXEL Device or wireless clients.
Use an Ethernet cable to connect the Windows Vista computer directly to one of
the ZyXEL Device’s Ethernet ports. In Windows Vista, double-click the ZyXEL AP
network connection icon and enter the PIN from the ZyXEL Device or a wireless
client in the Windows Connect Now (WCN) screens.
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Diagnostics and
Management
Diagnostics (173)
Settings (175)
Logs (179)
SNMP (183)
Time (189)
Access Control (191)
Update Software (197)
Save/Reboot and Logout (199)
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19
Diagnostics
These read-only screens display information to help you identify problems with
the ZyXEL Device.
19.1 Diagnostics
Click Diagnostics to open the screen shown next. Use this screen to test the
ZyXEL Devices connections. The ENET connections appear as four separate
connections when you enable virtual ports (see Chapter 16 on page 129),
otherwise they appear as a single connection. If you are using single line mode,
DSL2 must be connected and working to pass the ADSL synchronization test. If
you are not using single line mode, the ADSL synchronization test can be passed if
either DSL line is connected and working.
Figure 84 Diagnostics
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20
Settings
This chapter describes how to manage your ZyXEL Device’s configuration.
20.1 Backup Configuration Using the Web
Configurator
Click Management > Settings > Backup to open the following screen. Use this
screen to back up (save) the ZyXEL Device’s current configuration to a file on your
computer. Once your ZyXEL Device is configured and functioning properly, it is
highly recommended that you back up your configuration file before making
configuration changes. The backup configuration file will be useful in case you
need to return to your previous settings.
Figure 85 Management > Settings > Backup
Click Backup Settings to save the ZyXEL Device’s current configuration to your
computer.
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20.2 Restore Configuration Using the Web
Configurator
Click Management > Settings > Update to open the following screen. Use this
screen to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your computer
to your ZyXEL Device.
Figure 86 Management > Settings > Update
Table 62
Settings File
Name
Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click
Browse... to find it.
Browse...
Click Browse... to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you
must decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them.
Update
Settings
Click this to begin the upload process.
Do not turn off the ZyXEL Device while configuration file upload is
in progress
You must then wait before logging into the ZyXEL Device again. The ZyXEL Device
automatically restarts causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating
systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 87 Temporarily Disconnected
You may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same
subnet as that of the ZyXEL Device’s IP address (192.168.1.1). See the appendix
for details on how to set up your computer’s IP address.
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20.3 Restoring Factory Defaults
Click Management > Settings > Restore Default to open the following screen.
Figure 88 Management > Settings > Restore Default
Click Restore Default Settings to clear all user-entered configuration
information and return the ZyXEL Device to its factory defaults.
You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory
defaults of your ZyXEL Device.
You may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same
subnet as that of the default ZyXEL Device IP address (192.168.1.1). See the
appendix for details on how to set up your computer’s IP address.
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21
Logs
This chapter contains information about configuring general log settings and
viewing the ZyXEL Device’s logs. Refer to the appendix for example log message
explanations.
21.1 Logs Overview
The web configurator allows you to choose which levels of events to have the
ZyXEL Device log and then display the logs or have the ZyXEL Device send them
to an administrator (as e-mail) or to a syslog server.
21.2 System Log
Click Management > System Log to open the following screen. Click View
System Log screen to see the logs, or Configure System Log to configure the
logging settings.
Figure 89 Management > System Log
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21.3 Viewing the System Log
Click Management > System Log > View System Log to view the ZyXEL
Device’s system logs.
Figure 90 Management > System Log > View System Log
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 63 Management > System Log > View System Log
180
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Date/Time
This field displays when the log was recorded.
Facility
This is the log’s category.
Severity
This is the event’s degree of seriousness.
Message
This field states the reason for the log.
Refresh
Click Refresh to renew the log screen.
Close
Click this to close the window.
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21.4 Configuring Log Settings
Click Management > System Log > Configure System Log to display the
following screen. Use this screen to configure the level of events to log and where
to send logs.
Figure 91 Management > System Log > Configure System Log
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 64 Management > System Log > Configure System Log
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Log
This controls whether or not the ZyXEL Device logs events.
Log Level
Select the lowest level of events that you want the ZyXEL Device to log.
The ZyXEL Device logs all events with that severity level or higher.
Display Level
Select the lowest level of events that you want the ZyXEL Device to
display. The ZyXEL Device displays events with that severity level or
higher.
Mode
Select Local to only record events in the ZyXEL Device’s memory. Select
Remote to send events to a remote syslog server. Select Both to record
events in the ZyXEL Device’s memory and send them to a remote syslog
server.
Server IP
Address
Enter the server name or IP address of the syslog server that will log the
selected categories of logs.
Server UDP
Port
Enter the UDP port number the ZyXEL Device is to use when sending
syslog events to the syslog server.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
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22
SNMP
22.1 SNMP Overview
Simple Network Management Protocol is a protocol used for exchanging
management information between network devices. SNMP is a member of TCP/IP
protocol suite. A manager station can monitor the ZyXEL Device through the
network via SNMP version one (SNMPv1) and/or SNMP version 2c. The next figure
illustrates an SNMP management operation. SNMP is only available if TCP/IP is
configured.
Figure 92 SNMP Management Model
An SNMP managed network consists of two main components: agents and a
manager.
An agent is a management software module that resides in a managed device (the
ZyXEL Device). An agent translates the local management information from the
managed device into a form compatible with SNMP. The manager is the console
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through which network administrators perform network management functions. It
executes applications that control and monitor managed devices.
The managed devices contain object variables/managed objects that define each
piece of information to be collected about a device. Examples of variables include
such as number of packets received, node port status etc. A Management
Information Base (MIB) is a collection of managed objects. SNMP allows a
manager and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing these objects.
SNMP itself is a simple request/response protocol based on the manager/agent
model. The manager issues a request and the agent returns responses using the
following protocol operations:
Table 65 SNMP Commands
COMMAND
DESCRIPTION
Get
Allows the manager to retrieve an object variable from the agent.
GetNext
Allows the manager to retrieve the next object variable from a table
or list within an agent. In SNMPv1, when a manager wants to retrieve
all elements of a table from an agent, it initiates a Get operation,
followed by a series of GetNext operations.
Trap
Used by the agent to inform the manager of some events.
22.1.1 Supported MIBs
MIBs let administrators collect statistics and monitor status and performance. The
ZyXEL Device supports the following MIBs:
• ADSL mib
• AT mib
• ATM mib
• ICMP mib
• IP mib
• SNMP mib
• SYSOR mib
• TCP mib
• UDP mib
The ZyXEL Device uses these MIBs to provide read-only information. You cannot
use SNMP to configure the ZyXEL Device.
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22.2 SNMP Screen
To open this screen, click Advanced Application, Access Control, SNMP.
Figure 93 SNMP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 66 SNMP
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
SNMP Agent
Enable the SNMP agent to turn on SNMP on the ZyXEL Device.
Read Community
Enter the get community, which is the password for the incoming
Get- and GetNext- requests from the management station.
Set Community
Enter the set community, which is the password for incoming Setrequests from the management station.
System Name
Specify the name the ZyXEL Device uses for SNMP.
System Location
Specify where the ZyXEL Device is.
System Contact
Specify the name of the person administering the ZyXEL Device.
Trap Manager IP
Enter the IP address of a station to send your SNMP traps to.
The ZyXEL Device sends a coldStart trap when the power is turned
on.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
Port
Enter the port number upon which the station listens for SNMP traps.
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CHAPTER
23
TR-069 Client
23.1 TR-069 Client Screen
TR-069 is a protocol that defines how your ZyXEL Device can be managed via a
management server such as ZyXEL’s Vantage CNM Access.
An administrator can use an Auto Configuration Server (ACS) to remotely set up
the ZyXEL device, modify settings, perform firmware upgrades as well as monitor
and diagnose the ZyXEL device. All you have to do is enable the device to be
managed by an ACS and specify the ACS IP address or domain name and
username and password.
Use this screen to configure your ZyXEL Device’s settings for CPE WAN
Management Protocol (CWMP).
Click Management > TR-069 Client. The following screen appears.
Figure 94 Management > TR-069 Client
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 67 Management > TR-069 Client
188
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Inform
Select whether to Enable or Disable CPE WAN Management Protocol
(CWMP) operation.
Inform Interval
The interval between the device’s attempt to connect to the Auto
Configuration Server (ACS) to send information and check for
configuration updates.
ACS URL
Enter the address of the ACS.
ACS User Name
Enter the username for the ACS.
ACS Password
Enter the password for the ACS.
Display SOAP
messages on
serial console
Select whether to Enable or Disable text-based messages from the
ACS to be displayed by the ZyXEL Device. These messages are used for
debugging.
Connection
Request
Authentication
Select this if you want the ZyXEL Device to periodically send messages
to the ACS to keep the connection alive. This is needed in case the ACS
changes gateway configuration.
Connection
Request User
Name
Enter the username for the ACS for reauthentication in case the
connection is interrupted.
Connection
Request
Password
Enter the password for the ACS for reauthentication in case the
connection is interrupted.
Save/Apply
Click this to save the changes.
GetRPCMethod
Click this to get a list of commands accepted by the ACS.
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24
Time
This chapter covers how to set the time in the ZyXEL Device.
24.1 Time Setup
Click Management > Internet Time to open the following screen. Use this
screen to configure how the ZyXEL Device synchronizes its internal clock with a
time server on the Internet.
Figure 95 Management > Internet Time
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 68 Management > Internet Time
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Automatically
synchronize with
Internet time
servers
Select this radio button to have the ZyXEL Device get the time and
date from the NTP time server you specify. See RFC 1305 for details
on NTP.
First NTP time
server
Enter the IP address or URL of the time server that the ZyXEL Device
should use to update time and date settings.
Second NTP time
server
Enter the IP address or URL of the time server that the ZyXEL Device
should use to update time and date settings if it cannot get a response
from the first time server.
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Table 68 Management > Internet Time (continued)
190
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Time Zone
Choose the time zone of your location. This sets the time difference
between your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
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25
Access Control
This chapter describes how to configure access control.
25.1 Access Control Screen
Use the access control screens to enable or disable service access to the ZyXEL
Device.
25.2 Service Access Control Screen
To open this screen, click Management > Access Control > Services.
Figure 96 Management > Access Control > Services
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 69 Management > Access Control > Services
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Services
Services you may use to access the ZyXEL Device are listed here.
LAN
Select the Enable check boxes for the corresponding services that
you want to allow to access the ZyXEL Device from the LAN.
WAN
Select the Enable check boxes for the corresponding services that
you want to allow to access the ZyXEL Device from the WAN.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
25.3 IP Addresses
This screen lists the IP addresses of trusted computers that may manage the
ZyXEL Device. To open this screen, click Management > Access Control > IP
Addresses.
Figure 97 Management > Access Control > IP Addresses
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 70 Management > Access Control > IP Addresses
192
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Access Control
Mode
Enable this to have the ZyXEL Device check the source IP address of
incoming local management sessions.
IP Address
This is the IP address of a trusted computer from which you can
manage the ZyXEL Device.
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Table 70 Management > Access Control > IP Addresses (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Remove
To remove an entry, select its Remove check box and click the
Remove button.
Add
Click this button to go to a screen where you can configure settings
for a new trusted IP address.
25.4 Adding IP Addresses
Use this screen to add IP addresses of trusted computers that may manage the
ZyXEL Device. To open this screen, click Management > Access Control > IP
Addresses > Add.
Figure 98 Management > Access Control > IP Addresses > Add
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 71 Management > Access Control > IP Addresses > Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IP Address
Specify the IP address of a trusted computer from which you want to
manage the ZyXEL Device.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
25.5 Passwords
Click Management > Access Control > Passwords to open the following
screen. Use this screen to configure the ZyXEL Device’s passwords.
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Note: The “support” user name and password for ISP technician login only works
through the DSL connection.
Figure 99 Management > Access Control > Passwords
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 72 Management > Access Control > Passwords
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Username
Select the user name for which you want to configure the password.
The admin or user account can only access the ZyXEL Device from the
LAN.
The support account can only access the ZyXEL Device from the WAN.
Only the admin or support account can use Telnet to log into the ZyXEL
Device.
194
Old Password
Type the existing password.
New Password
Type the new password. Note that as you type a password, the screen
displays a (*) for each character you type. After you change the
password, use the new password to access the ZyXEL Device.
Confirm
Password
Type the new password again to make sure it is entered properly.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
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25.6 Authentication
Click Management > Access Control > Authentication to open the following
screen. Use this screen to set whether or not users must enter a user name and
password to access the ZyXEL Device’s system information summary page.
Figure 100 Management > Access Control > Authentication
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 73 Management > Access Control > Authentication
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Login
authentication
on web home
page
Select this to require users to enter the ZyXEL Device’s user account’s
user name and password in order to access the ZyXEL Device’s system
information summary page.
Save/Apply
Click this button to save the changes and have the ZyXEL Device start
using them.
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Clear this to allow users to access the ZyXEL Device’s system information
summary page without entering the ZyXEL Device’s user account’s user
name and password.
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CHAPTER
26
Update Software
This chapter covers upgrading the ZyXEL Device’s firmware.
26.1 Uploading Firmware
The software embedded in the ZyXEL Device is called “firmware”. Find firmware at
www.zyxel.com in a file that (usually) uses the system model name with a .bin
extension, for example, "ZyXEL Device.bin". The upload process described here
may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot.
Only use firmware for your device’s specific model. Refer to the
label on the bottom of your device.
Click Management > Update Software to open the following screen. Follow the
instructions in this screen to upload firmware to your ZyXEL Device.
Figure 101 Management > Update Software
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 74 Management > Update Software
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Software File
name
Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click
Browse ... to find it.
Browse...
Click Browse... to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that
you must decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload
them.
Update
Software
Click Upload to begin the upload process. This process may take up to
two minutes.
Do NOT turn off the ZyXEL Device while firmware upload is in
progress!
After you upload firmware, wait before logging into the ZyXEL Device again. The
ZyXEL Device automatically restarts causing a temporary network disconnect. In
some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 102 Network Temporarily Disconnected
After the ZyXEL Device finishes restarting, log in again and check your new
firmware version in the Status screen.
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27
Save/Reboot and Logout
This chapter covers the save and reboot screen.
27.1 Save/Reboot
Click Management > Save/Reboot to open the following screen. Click Save/
Reboot to save all of your ZyXEL Device’s settings and reboot the without
turning the power off.
Figure 103 Management > Save/Reboot
27.2 Logout
Click Management > Logout to exit the web configurator.
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Troubleshooting
and Specifications
Troubleshooting (203)
Product Specifications (207)
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CHAPTER
28
Troubleshooting
This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The
potential problems are divided into the following categories.
• Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
• ZyXEL Device Access and Login
• Internet Access
28.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
The ZyXEL Device does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.
Make sure the ZyXEL Device is turned on.
Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the ZyXEL
Device.
Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the ZyXEL Device and
plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned
on.
Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.
Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.5 on
page 25.
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Check the hardware connections. See Section 1.4 on page 23.
Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged
cables.
Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
28.2 ZyXEL Device Access and Login
I forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device.
The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.
If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address
of the ZyXEL Device by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your
computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd,
and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default Gateway might be the IP
address of the ZyXEL Device (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address
in your Internet browser.
If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See
Section 2.3 on page 29.
I forgot the password.
The default password is 1234.
If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See
Section 2.3 on page 29.
I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator.
Make sure you are using the correct IP address.
• The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.
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• If you changed the IP address (Section 6.2.1 on page 76), use the new IP
address.
• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting
suggestions for I forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device.
Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as
expected. See Section 1.4 on page 23 and Section 1.5 on page 25.
Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows. See Appendix C
on page 201.
Make sure your computer is in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device. (If you know
that there are routers between your computer and the ZyXEL Device, skip this
step.)
• If there is a DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer is using
a dynamic IP address. See Section 6.2.1 on page 76. Your ZyXEL Device is a
DHCP server by default.
• If there is no DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer’s IP
address is in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device. See Section 6.2.1 on
page 76.
Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the ZyXEL Device with
the default IP address. See Section 2.3 on page 29.
If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one
of the advanced suggestions.
I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the ZyXEL Device.
Make sure you have entered the user name and password correctly. The default
password is 1234. This field is case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See
Section 2.3 on page 29.
28.3 Internet Access
I cannot access the Internet.
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Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as
expected. See Section 1.4 on page 23 and Section 1.5 on page 25.
If your ISP gave you Internet connection information, make sure you entered it
correctly in the Network > WAN > Internet Connection screen. These fields
are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in Section 1.4
on page 23 again.
If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the ZyXEL
Device), but my Internet connection is not available anymore.
Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as
expected. See Section 1.4 on page 23 and Section 1.5 on page 25.
Reboot the ZyXEL Device.
Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.
206
There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section
1.5 on page 25. If the ZyXEL Device is sending or receiving a lot of information,
try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer
applications.
Reboot the ZyXEL Device.
Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one
of the advanced suggestions.
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29
Product Specifications
The following tables summarize the ZyXEL Device’s hardware and firmware
features.
Table 75 Device Specifications
Dimensions (W x D x H)
255 x 165 x 63 mm
Power Specification
12 VDC 1.5 A
Built-in Switch
Four auto-negotiating, auto MDI/MDI-X (auto-crossover) 10/
100 Mbps RJ-45 Ethernet ports
Reset Button
The reset button is built into the rear panel. Use this button to
restore the ZyXEL Device to its factory default settings. Press
for 10 seconds to restore to factory default settings.
WPS/WLAN button
Press this button for five seconds and release it. Then press
the WPS button on another wireless device within 2 minutes
to set up a security-enabled wireless connection. Press this
button for 1 to 4 seconds and release it to turn the wireless
LAN on or off.
Antenna
ZyXEL DeviceThe ZyXEL Device is equipped with one external
2dBi (2.4GHz) antenna and on internal 2dBi (2.4GHz)
antenna to provide clear radio transmission and reception on
the wireless network.
Operating Temperature
0º C ~ 40º C
Storage Temperature
-30º ~ 60º C
Operating Humidity
20%~85% (non-condensing)
Storage Humidity
10%~95% (non-condensing)
Table 76 Firmware Specifications
FEATURE
DESCRIPTION
Default IP Address
192.168.1.1
Default Subnet Mask
255.255.255.0 (24 bits)
Admin User Name
admin
User User Name
user
Support User Name
support
Default Password
1234
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Table 76 Firmware Specifications
FEATURE
DESCRIPTION
ADSL Standards
Multi-Mode standard (ANSI T1.413,Issue 2; G.dmt(G.992.1);
G.lite(G992.2)).
ADSL2 G.dmt.bis (G.992.3)
ADSL2 G.lite.bis (G.992.4)
ADSL2+ (G.992.5)
Reach-Extended ADSL (RE ADSL)
SRA (Seamless Rate Adaptation)
Auto-negotiating rate adaptation
ADSL physical connection ATM AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer
type 5)
Multi-protocol over AAL5 (RFC2684/1483)
PPP over ATM AAL5 (RFC 2364)
PPP over Ethernet (RFC 2516)
MAC encapsulated routing (ENET encapsulation)
VC-based and LLC-based multiplexing
Up to 8 PVCs (Permanent Virtual Circuits)
OAM F4/F5 end-to-end loopback, AIS, and RDI OAM cells
ATM-based Multi-Pair Bonding (G.998.1) support
Other Protocol Support
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) link layer protocol.
Transparent bridging for unsupported network layer protocols.
DHCP Server/Client/Relay
RIP I / RIP II
ICMP
ATM QoS
SNMP v1 and v2c with MIB II support (RFC 1213)
IP Multicasting IGMP v1 and v2
IGMP Proxy
UPnP
Management
Use the embedded web configurator to easily configure the rich
range of features on the ZyXEL Device.
SNMP manageable
Syslog
Built-in diagnostic tools for ADSL circuitry and LAN ports
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Table 76 Firmware Specifications
FEATURE
DESCRIPTION
Wireless Functionality
Allows IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE 802.11b
wireless clients to connect to the ZyXEL Device wirelessly.
Enable wireless security (WPA(2)-PSK) and/or MAC filtering to
protect your wireless network.
Note: The ZyXEL Device may be prone to RF (Radio
Frequency) interference from other 2.4 GHz devices
such as microwave ovens, wireless phones,
Bluetooth enabled devices, and other wireless LANs.
The ZyXEL Device can use wireless bridging to establish up to
four wireless links with other APs.
Firewall
Block traffic originating from the Internet from accessing the
LAN.
Protects against DoS and DDoS attacks, including SYNC
flooding, IP Smurf, Ping of Death, Fraggle, Teardrop, and Land
attacks.
NAT
Virtual Server (Port Forwarding)
Port Triggering
DMZ Host IP
Other Features
Dynamic DNS
Static Routes
Firmware Upgrade
Download new firmware (when available) from the ZyXEL web
site and use the web configurator to put it on the ZyXEL
Device.
Note: Only upload firmware for your specific model!
Configuration Backup &
Restoration
Make a copy of the ZyXEL Device’s configuration. You can put it
back on the ZyXEL Device later if you decide to revert back to
an earlier configuration.
Network Address
Translation (NAT)
Each computer on your network must have its own unique IP
address. Use NAT to convert your public IP address(es) to
multiple private IP addresses for the computers on your
network.
Virtual Server
If you have a server (mail or web server for example) on your
network, you can use this feature to let people access it from
the Internet.
DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol)
Use this feature to have the ZyXEL Device assign IP addresses,
an IP default gateway and DNS servers to computers on your
network.
Dynamic DNS Support
With Dynamic DNS (Domain Name System) support, you can
use a fixed URL, www.zyxel.com for example, with a dynamic
IP address. You must register for this service with a Dynamic
DNS service provider.
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Table 76 Firmware Specifications
FEATURE
DESCRIPTION
IP Multicast
IP multicast is used to send traffic to a specific group of
computers. The ZyXEL Device supports versions 1 and 2 of
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) used to join
multicast groups (see RFC 2236).
Time and Date
Get the current time and date from an external server when
you turn on your ZyXEL Device. These dates and times are
then used in logs.
Syslog
The ZyXEL Device can send syslogs to an external syslog
server.
PPPoE
PPPoE mimics a dial-up Internet access connection.
Universal Plug and Play
(UPnP)
A UPnP-enabled device can dynamically join a network, obtain
an IP address and convey its capabilities to other devices on
the network.
Firewall
You can configure firewall on the ZyXEL Device for secure
Internet access. When the firewall is on, by default, all
incoming traffic from the Internet to your network is blocked
unless it is initiated from your network. This means that probes
from the outside to your network are not allowed, but you can
safely browse the Internet and download files for example.
Access Control
This allows you to decide whether a service (HTTP traffic for
example) from a computer on the LAN can access the ZyXEL
Device.
Table 77 Standards Supported
STANDARD
DESCRIPTION
RFC 1483/2684
(MPOA)
Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5
RFC 2364 (PPPoA)
PPP over AAL5
RFC 2516 (PPPoE)
PPP over Ethernet
ANSI T1.413, Issue 2
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) standard
ITU G.992.1 (G.dmt)
ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation
ITU G.992.2 (G. lite)
ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation
ITU G.992.3
(G.dmt.bis)
ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2) that extends the
capability of basic ADSL in data rates.
ITU G.992.3
(G.lite.bis)
ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2) that extends the
capability of basic ADSL in data rates.
ITU G.992.5 (ADSL2+) ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2+) that extends the
capability of basic ADSL by doubling the number of downstream
bits.
210
ITU G.998.1 (G.bond
ATM)
ATM-based Multi-Pair Bonding
RFC 1112 (IGMP v1)
Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 1
RFC 2236 (IGMP v2)
Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2
RFC 867
Daytime Protocol
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Table 77 Standards Supported
STANDARD
DESCRIPTION
RFC 868
Time Protocol
RFC 1305
Network Time Protocol (Version 3) Specification,
Implementation
RFC 1334 (PAP)
PPP Authentication Protocols
RFC 1994 (CHAP)
PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
RFC 1332 (IPCP)
The PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol
RFC 1058 (RIP-1)
Routing Information Protocol
RFC 1723 (RIP-2)
RIP Version 2 - Carrying Additional Information
RFC 1631 (NAT)
IP Network Address Translator
RFC 1661 (PPP)
The Point-to-Point Protocol
RFC 1157 (SNMPv1)
Simple Network Management Protocol, Version 1
RFC 1441 (SNMPv2)
Simple Network Management Protocol, Version 2
RFC 2408 (ISAKMP)
Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol
29.1 DSL Connector Pin Assignments
The ZyXEL Device’s RJ-11 DSL connector handles both the DSL 1 and DSL 2
connections.
• Pins 3 and 4 are for DSL 1.
• Pins 2 and 5 are for DSL 2.
Figure 104 DSL Connector Pin Assignments
DSL 2
DSL 1
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29.2 Power Adaptor Specifications
Table 78 North American Plug Standards
212
AC POWER ADAPTOR MODEL
12V 1.5 A Switching Power Adapter
INPUT POWER
100-240 VAC, 50/60 HZ, 0.5 A
OUTPUT POWER
12 VDC, 1.5 A
POWER CONSUMPTION
18 W MAX.
SAFETY STANDARDS
UL, CUL (UL 60950-1 FIRST EDITION CSA C22.2
NO. 60950-1-03 1ST.)
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Appendices and
Index
Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
(215)
IP Addresses and Subnetting (251)
Pop-up Windows (201)
Common Services (279)
Legal Information (289)
Customer Support (25)
Index (293)
213
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APPENDIX
Setting Up Your Computer’s IP
Address
Note: Your specific ZyXEL device may not support all of the operating systems
described in this appendix. See the product specifications for more information
about which operating systems are supported.
This appendix shows you how to configure the IP settings on your computer in
order for it to be able to communicate with the other devices on your network.
Windows Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS 9/OS X, and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include
the software components you need to use TCP/IP on your computer.
If you manually assign IP information instead of using a dynamic IP, make sure
that your network’s computers have IP addresses that place them in the same
subnet.
In this appendix, you can set up an IP address for:
• Windows XP/NT/2000 on page 215
• Windows Vista on page 219
• Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4 on page 223
• Mac OS X: 10.5 on page 227
• Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME) on page 230
• Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE) on page 235
Windows XP/NT/2000
The following example uses the default Windows XP display theme but can also
apply to Windows 2000 and Windows NT.
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Click Start > Control Panel.
Figure 105 Windows XP: Start Menu
In the Control Panel, click the Network Connections icon.
Figure 106 Windows XP: Control Panel
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Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
Figure 107 Windows XP: Control Panel > Network Connections > Properties
On the General tab, select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and then click
Properties.
Figure 108 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties
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The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens.
Figure 109 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP
assigns your IP address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask,
and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to
you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a
Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was
provided.
Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
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Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
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In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a
network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP
address and connection information.
Windows Vista
This section shows screens from Windows Vista Professional.
Click Start > Control Panel.
Figure 110 Windows Vista: Start Menu
In the Control Panel, click the Network and Internet icon.
Figure 111 Windows Vista: Control Panel
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Click the Network and Sharing Center icon.
Figure 112 Windows Vista: Network And Internet
Click Manage network connections.
Figure 113 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
Figure 114 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen
saying that it needs your permission to continue.
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Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.
Figure 115 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection Properties
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The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.
Figure 116 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties
Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP
assigns your IP address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask,
and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to
you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a
Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was
provided.Click Advanced.
Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
10 Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
222
Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
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In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a
network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP
address and connection information.
Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4
The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.4 but can also apply to 10.3.
Click Apple > System Preferences.
Figure 117 Mac OS X 10.4: Apple Menu
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In the System Preferences window, click the Network icon.
Figure 118 Mac OS X 10.4: System Preferences
When the Network preferences pane opens, select Built-in Ethernet from the
network connection type list, and then click Configure.
Figure 119 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences
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For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4
list in the TCP/IP tab.
Figure 120 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences > TCP/IP Tab.
For statically assigned settings, do the following:
• From the Configure IPv4 list, select Manually.
• In the IP Address field, type your IP address.
• In the Subnet Mask field, type your subnet mask.
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• In the Router field, type the IP address of your device.
Figure 121 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences > Ethernet
Click Apply Now and close the window.
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network
Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network Interface from the Info
tab.
Figure 122 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Utility
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Mac OS X: 10.5
The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.5.
Click Apple > System Preferences.
Figure 123 Mac OS X 10.5: Apple Menu
In System Preferences, click the Network icon.
Figure 124 Mac OS X 10.5: Systems Preferences
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When the Network preferences pane opens, select Ethernet from the list of
available connection types.
Figure 125 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Preferences > Ethernet
From the Configure list, select Using DHCP for dynamically assigned settings.
For statically assigned settings, do the following:
• From the Configure list, select Manually.
• In the IP Address field, enter your IP address.
• In the Subnet Mask field, enter your subnet mask.
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• In the Router field, enter the IP address of your ZyXEL Device.
Figure 126 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Preferences > Ethernet
Click Apply and close the window.
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Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network
Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network interface from the Info
tab.
Figure 127 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Utility
Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME)
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the
GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME) using the Ubuntu 8 Linux distribution.
The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific
distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens
use the default Ubuntu 8 installation.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in GNOME:
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Click System > Administration > Network.
Figure 128 Ubuntu 8: System > Administration Menu
When the Network Settings window opens, click Unlock to open the
Authenticate window. (By default, the Unlock button is greyed out until clicked.)
You cannot make changes to your configuration unless you first enter your admin
password.
Figure 129 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Connections
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In the Authenticate window, enter your admin account name and password then
click the Authenticate button.
Figure 130 Ubuntu 8: Administrator Account Authentication
In the Network Settings window, select the connection that you want to
configure, then click Properties.
Figure 131 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Connections
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The Properties dialog box opens.
Figure 132 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Properties
• In the Configuration list, select Automatic Configuration (DHCP) if you
have a dynamic IP address.
• In the Configuration list, select Static IP address if you have a static IP
address. Fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Gateway address fields.
Click OK to save the changes and close the Properties dialog box and return to
the Network Settings screen.
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If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network
Settings window and then enter the DNS server information in the fields
provided.
Figure 133 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > DNS
Click the Close button to apply the changes.
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking System > Administration > Network
Tools, and then selecting the appropriate Network device from the Devices
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tab. The Interface Statistics column shows data if your connection is working
properly.
Figure 134 Ubuntu 8: Network Tools
Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE)
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the K
Desktop Environment (KDE) using the openSUSE 10.3 Linux distribution. The
procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific
distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens
use the default openSUSE 10.3 installation.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in the KDE:
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Click K Menu > Computer > Administrator Settings (YaST).
Figure 135 openSUSE 10.3: K Menu > Computer Menu
When the Run as Root - KDE su dialog opens, enter the admin password and
click OK.
Figure 136 openSUSE 10.3: K Menu > Computer Menu
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When the YaST Control Center window opens, select Network Devices and
then click the Network Card icon.
Figure 137 openSUSE 10.3: YaST Control Center
When the Network Settings window opens, click the Overview tab, select the
appropriate connection Name from the list, and then click the Configure button.
Figure 138 openSUSE 10.3: Network Settings
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When the Network Card Setup window opens, click the Address tab
Figure 139 openSUSE 10.3: Network Card Setup
Select Dynamic Address (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.
Select Statically assigned IP Address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the
IP address, Subnet mask, and Hostname fields.
238
Click Next to save the changes and close the Network Card Setup window.
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If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the Hostname/DNS tab in
Network Settings and then enter the DNS server information in the fields
provided.
Figure 140 openSUSE 10.3: Network Settings
Click Finish to save your settings and close the window.
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Verifying Settings
Click the KNetwork Manager icon on the Task bar to check your TCP/IP
properties. From the Options sub-menu, select Show Connection Information.
Figure 141 openSUSE 10.3: KNetwork Manager
When the Connection Status - KNetwork Manager window opens, click the
Statistics tab to see if your connection is working properly.
Figure 142 openSUSE: Connection Status - KNetwork Manager
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Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts
and Java Permissions
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.
• JavaScripts (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer
versions may vary.
Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers
You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device.
Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service
Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP
address.
Disable Pop-up Blockers
In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off
Pop-up Blocker.
Figure 143 Pop-up Blocker
You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in
the Privacy tab.
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In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.
Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen.
This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.
Figure 144 Internet Options: Privacy
Click Apply to save this setting.
Enable Pop-up Blockers with Exceptions
Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the
following steps.
242
In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.
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Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.
Figure 145 Internet Options: Privacy
Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have
blocked) with the prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1.
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Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.
Figure 146 Pop-up Blocker Settings
Click Close to return to the Privacy screen.
Click Apply to save this setting.
JavaScripts
If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer,
check that JavaScripts are allowed.
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In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
Figure 147 Internet Options: Security
Click the Custom Level... button.
Scroll down to Scripting.
Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the
default).
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Click OK to close the window.
Figure 148 Security Settings - Java Scripting
Java Permissions
246
From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security
tab.
Click the Custom Level... button.
Scroll down to Microsoft VM.
Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.
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Click OK to close the window.
Figure 149 Security Settings - Java
JAVA (Sun)
From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced
tab.
Make sure that Use Java 2 for  under Java (Sun) is selected.
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Click OK to close the window.
Figure 150 Java (Sun)
Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary.
You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then
click Options in the screen that appears.
Figure 151 Mozilla Firefox: Tools > Options
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Click Content.to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the
following screen.
Figure 152 Mozilla Firefox Content Security
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APPENDIX
IP Addresses and Subnetting
This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks.
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device
(including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to
communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as
hosts.
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network.
You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
Introduction to IP Addresses
One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host
ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the
hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house
has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique
identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send
packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the
network the packets are delivered.
Structure
An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for
example, 192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is
an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal
notation).
Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or
0 to 255 in decimal.
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The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets
(192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.
Figure 153 Network Number and Host ID
How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID
varies according to the subnet mask.
Subnet Masks
A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number,
and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term
“subnet” is short for “sub-network”.
A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the
corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the
subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host
ID.
The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in
bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).
Table 79 IP Address Network Number and Host ID Example
1ST
OCTET:
2ND
OCTET:
3RD
OCTET:
4TH
OCTET
(192)
(168)
(1)
(2)
IP Address (Binary)
11000000
10101000
00000001
00000010
Subnet Mask (Binary)
11111111
11111111
11111111
00000000
Network Number
11000000
10101000
00000001
Host ID
252
00000010
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By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones
beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of
zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.
Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits
with a “1” value). For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the
mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes.
Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The
following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit
and 29-bit subnet masks.
Table 80 Subnet Masks
BINARY
1ST
OCTET
2ND
OCTET
3RD
OCTET
4TH
OCTET
DECIMAL
8-bit mask
11111111
00000000
00000000
00000000
255.0.0.0
16-bit
mask
11111111
11111111
00000000
00000000
255.255.0.0
24-bit
mask
11111111
11111111
11111111
00000000
255.255.255.0
29-bit
mask
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111000
255.255.255.24
Network Size
The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible
hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number
bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits.
An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network
(192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host
IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a
24-bit subnet mask, for example).
As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the
maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:
Table 81 Maximum Host Numbers
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF
HOSTS
SUBNET MASK
HOST ID SIZE
8 bits
24 bits
224 – 2
16777214
16 bits
216
65534
255.0.0.0
16 bits 255.255.0.0
–2
24 bits 255.255.255.0
8 bits
2 –2
254
29 bits 255.255.255.2
48
3 bits
23 – 2
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Notation
Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left,
followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask,
you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each
octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/” followed by the number of bits in
the mask after the address.
For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask
255.255.255.128.
The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations.
Table 82 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation
SUBNET
MASK
ALTERNATIVE LAST OCTET
NOTATION
(BINARY)
LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL)
255.255.255.0
/24
0000 0000
255.255.255.12 /25
1000 0000
128
255.255.255.19 /26
1100 0000
192
255.255.255.22 /27
1110 0000
224
255.255.255.24 /28
1111 0000
240
255.255.255.24 /29
1111 1000
248
255.255.255.25 /30
1111 1100
252
Subnetting
You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the
following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a
group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons.
In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three
octets of the address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining
octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 28 – 2 or 254 possible hosts.
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The following figure shows the company network before subnetting.
Figure 154 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting
You can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into
two separate sub-networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or
/25).
The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two
subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25.
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The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now
two sub-networks, A and B.
Figure 155 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting
In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of
27 – 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself,
all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).
192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127
with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP
address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and
the highest is 192.168.1.126.
Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.
Example: Four Subnets
The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit
address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets,
you need to “borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01,
10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.
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Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a
host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast
address).
Table 83 Subnet 1
IP/SUBNET MASK
NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address (Decimal)
192.168.1.
IP Address (Binary)
11000000.10101000.00000001.
00000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)
11111111.11111111.11111111.
11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.0
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
Table 84 Subnet 2
IP/SUBNET MASK
NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address
192.168.1.
64
IP Address (Binary)
11000000.10101000.00000001.
01000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)
11111111.11111111.11111111.
11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.64
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.127
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126
Table 85 Subnet 3
IP/SUBNET MASK
NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address
192.168.1.
128
IP Address (Binary)
11000000.10101000.00000001.
10000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)
11111111.11111111.11111111.
11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.191
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190
Table 86 Subnet 4
IP/SUBNET MASK
NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address
192.168.1.
192
IP Address (Binary)
11000000.10101000.00000001
11000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)
11111111.11111111.11111111
11000000
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Table 86 Subnet 4 (continued)
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP/SUBNET MASK
NETWORK NUMBER
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.192
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.255
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254
Example: Eight Subnets
Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100,
101, 110 and 111).
The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.
Table 87 Eight Subnets
SUBNET
SUBNET
ADDRESS
FIRST ADDRESS
LAST
ADDRESS
BROADCAST
ADDRESS
30
31
32
33
62
63
64
65
94
95
96
97
126
127
128
129
158
159
160
161
190
191
192
193
222
223
224
225
254
255
Subnet Planning
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit
network number.
Table 88 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
258
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS
SUBNET MASK
NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
255.255.255.128 (/25)
126
255.255.255.192 (/26)
62
255.255.255.224 (/27)
30
255.255.255.240 (/28)
16
14
255.255.255.248 (/29)
32
255.255.255.252 (/30)
64
255.255.255.254 (/31)
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The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit
network number.
Table 89 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS
SUBNET MASK
NO.
SUBNETS
NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
255.255.128.0 (/17)
32766
255.255.192.0 (/18)
16382
255.255.224.0 (/19)
8190
255.255.240.0 (/20)
16
4094
255.255.248.0 (/21)
32
2046
255.255.252.0 (/22)
64
1022
255.255.254.0 (/23)
128
510
255.255.255.0 (/24)
256
254
255.255.255.128 (/25)
512
126
10
255.255.255.192 (/26)
1024
62
11
255.255.255.224 (/27)
2048
30
12
255.255.255.240 (/28)
4096
14
13
255.255.255.248 (/29)
8192
14
255.255.255.252 (/30)
16384
15
255.255.255.254 (/31)
32768
Configuring IP Addresses
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If
the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP
addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet
mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you
have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when
the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select
a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned
Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private
use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must
also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the ZyXEL Device.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your ZyXEL
Device that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that
no other device on your network is using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your
ZyXEL Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP
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address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed
by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are
isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example)
you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three
blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
• 10.0.0.0
• 172.16.0.0
— 10.255.255.255
— 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned
from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet
access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for
your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger
organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP
addresses.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;
always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment,
please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466,
Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
IP Address Conflicts
Each device on a network must have a unique IP address. Devices with duplicate
IP addresses on the same network will not be able to access the Internet or other
resources. The devices may also be unreachable through the network.
Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example
More than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example
computer A has a static (or fixed) IP address that is the same as the IP address
that a DHCP server assigns to computer B which is a DHCP client. Neither can
access the Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different static IP
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address to computer A or setting computer A to obtain an IP address
automatically.
Figure 156 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example
Conflicting Router IP Addresses Example
Since a router connects different networks, it must have interfaces using different
network numbers. For example, if a router is set between a LAN and the Internet
(WAN), the router’s LAN and WAN addresses must be on different subnets. In the
following example, the LAN and WAN are on the same subnet. The LAN computers
cannot access the Internet because the router cannot route between networks.
Figure 157 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example
Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example
More than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example,
the computer and the router’s LAN port both use 192.168.1.1 as the IP address.
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The computer cannot access the Internet. This problem can be solved by
assigning a different IP address to the computer or the router’s LAN port.
Figure 158 Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example
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APPENDIX
Wireless LANs
Wireless LAN Topologies
This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.
Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration
The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects
a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless
adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network,
which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service
Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers
using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN.
Figure 159 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network
BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless
clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one
access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is
enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate
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with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still
access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.
Figure 160 Basic Service Set
ESS
An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each
containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired
network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).
This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access
Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate
wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood.
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An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and
their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID
in order to communicate.
Figure 161 Infrastructure WLAN
Channel
A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and
receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have
a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from
an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when
radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and
degrading performance.
Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap,
your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an
adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent
AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11.
RTS/CTS
A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access
point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a
hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or
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wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they cannot "hear" each
other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore,
they are considered hidden from each other.
Figure 162
RTS/CTS
When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is
already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time,
collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time,
resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.
RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS
defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To
Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked.
When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432
bytes), the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS
(Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then
responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range
to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the
requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.
Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP
without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on
your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra
network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send)
handshake.
If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see
next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never
occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could
negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.
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Fragmentation Threshold
A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256
and 2432 bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will
fragment the packet into smaller data frames.
A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to
interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or
networks that are prone to interference.
If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see
previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send)
handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach
RTS/CTS size.
Preamble Type
Preamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer
to the length of the synchronization field in a packet.
Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means
more time for sending data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support
long preamble, but not all support short preamble.
Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices
on the network support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy
wireless networks.
Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it,
and to provide more efficient communications.
Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless
devices on the network support it, otherwise the ZyXEL Device uses long
preamble.
Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to
communicate.
IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an
IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point
(and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has
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several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates.
The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:
Table 90 IEEE 802.11g
DATA RATE
(MBPS)
MODULATION
DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)
DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
5.5 / 11
CCK (Complementary Code Keying)
6/9/12/18/24/36/
48/54
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Wireless Security Overview
Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication
between wireless clients, access points and the wired network.
Wireless security methods available on the ZyXEL Device are data encryption,
wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding
the ZyXEL Device identity.
The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security
methods available on your ZyXEL Device.
Table 91 Wireless Security Levels
SECURITY
LEVEL
Least
Secure
SECURITY TYPE
Unique SSID (Default)
Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled
MAC Address Filtering
WEP Encryption
IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server
Authentication
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
WPA2
Most Secure
Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the ZyXEL Device and
on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it.
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IEEE 802.1x
In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of
IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional
accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of
network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:
• User based identification that allows for roaming.
• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138,
2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network
RADIUS server.
• Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows
additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access
point or the wireless clients.
RADIUS
RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication,
authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the
RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:
• Authentication
Determines the identity of the users.
• Authorization
Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are
connected to the network.
• Accounting
Keeps track of the client’s network activity.
RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay
between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server.
Types of RADIUS Messages
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point
and the RADIUS server for user authentication:
• Access-Request
Sent by an access point requesting authentication.
• Access-Reject
Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.
• Access-Accept
Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.
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• Access-Challenge
Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access.
The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another
Access-Request message.
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point
and the RADIUS server for user accounting:
• Accounting-Request
Sent by the access point requesting accounting.
• Accounting-Response
Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.
In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a
shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over
the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is
also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access.
Types of EAP Authentication
This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS,
EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all
authentication types.
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on
top of the IEEE 802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of
user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS
server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform
authentication.
The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an
intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. .
For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the
network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate
(also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues
certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner.
EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)
MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The
authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client
‘proves’ that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge
and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication
server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus
someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In
addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5
authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5
authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session
key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.
EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)
With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless
clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client.
After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to
the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured
tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital
certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity.
However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle
certificates, which imposes a management overhead.
EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)
EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for
only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client
authentication is then done by sending username and password through the
secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAPTTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP,
CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.
PEAP (Protected EAP)
Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure
connection, then use simple username and password methods through the
secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity.
However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2
and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is
implemented only by Cisco.
LEAP
LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of
IEEE 802.1x.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key
expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication
times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed.
If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key
in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store
keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled.
Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and
PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate
environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair
is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of
authentication types.
Table 92 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types
EAP-MD5
EAP-TLS
EAP-TTLS
PEAP
LEAP
Mutual Authentication
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Certificate – Client
No
Yes
Optional
Optional
No
Certificate – Server
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Dynamic Key Exchange
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Credential Integrity
None
Strong
Strong
Strong
Moderate
Deployment Difficulty
Easy
Hard
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Client Identity
Protection
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
WPA and WPA2
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2
(IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption,
authentication and key management than WPA.
Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption
and user authentication.
If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external
RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an
external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that
only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless
gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will
be granted access to a WLAN.
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If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK
depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.
Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2.
WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2.
Encryption
WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP),
Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when
required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block
chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).
TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the
authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that
uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a perpacket key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an
extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying
mechanism.
WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same
encryption key is never used twice.
The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that
then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to
dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet
that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all
happens in the background automatically.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from
capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a
strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each
compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the
data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.
By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating
an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to
decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break
into the network.
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The
only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common
password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach
makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force password-guessing attacks but it’s
still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric
password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a
weakness of WEP)
User Authentication
WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to
authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces
the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake)
and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2
authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and preauthentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all
wireless devices.
Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a
successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it
tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication
process again.
Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already
connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP
before connecting to it.
Wireless Client WPA Supplicants
A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system
instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most
widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's
Odyssey client.
The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows
XP's built-in "Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows
XP to use it.
WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number
(default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example
with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is
the distribution system.
274
The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.
The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and
grants or denies network access accordingly.
A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by
the RADIUS server and the client.
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Appendix D Wireless LANs
The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key
hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate
unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that
is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients.
Figure 163 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
WPA(2)-PSK Application Example
A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.
First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared
Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal
characters (including spaces and symbols).
The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network
only if the password matches.
The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The
key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and
information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They
use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them.
Figure 164 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication
Security Parameters Summary
Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for
each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address
filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features.
Table 93 Wireless Security Relational Matrix
AUTHENTICATION
METHOD/ KEY
MANAGEMENT
PROTOCOL
ENCRYPTIO ENTER
IEEE 802.1X
N METHOD MANUAL KEY
Open
None
No
Disable
Enable without Dynamic WEP
Key
Open
Shared
276
WEP
WEP
No
Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Yes
Enable without Dynamic WEP
Key
Yes
Disable
No
Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Yes
Enable without Dynamic WEP
Key
Yes
Disable
WPA
TKIP/AES
No
Enable
WPA-PSK
TKIP/AES
Yes
Disable
WPA2
TKIP/AES
No
Enable
WPA2-PSK
TKIP/AES
Yes
Disable
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Appendix D Wireless LANs
Antenna Overview
An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device
sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air.
The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air.
Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a
wireless LAN.
Antenna Characteristics
Frequency
An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g) or 5GHz
(IEEE 802.11a) is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LAN
Radiation Pattern
A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the
antenna’s coverage area.
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF
beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better
communications.
For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase
of approximately 2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in
gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary
depending on the network environment.
Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna
increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic
antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well
in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides.
Types of Antennas for WLAN
There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
• Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal
plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these
antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible
to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points.
• Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does
with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the
coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to
120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and
outdoor point-to-point applications.
Positioning Antennas
In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of
obstructions. In point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same
height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance.
For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the
antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the
antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as
close to the center of the coverage area as possible.
For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired
coverage area.
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APPENDIX
Common Services
The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated
protocols and port numbers. For a comprehensive list of port numbers, ICMP type/
code numbers and services, visit the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority)
web site.
• Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or
create a different one, if you like.
• Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/
UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is
USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number.
• Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol. Please refer to RFC 1700 for
further information about port numbers.
• If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.
• If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.
• Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service
or the situations in which this service is used.
Table 94 Commonly Used Services
NAME
PROTOCOL
PORT(S)
DESCRIPTION
AH
(IPSEC_TUNNEL)
User-Defined
51
The IPSEC AH (Authentication
Header) tunneling protocol uses this
service.
AIM/New-ICQ
TCP
5190
AOL’s Internet Messenger service. It
is also used as a listening port by
ICQ.
AUTH
TCP
113
Authentication protocol used by some
servers.
BGP
TCP
179
Border Gateway Protocol.
BOOTP_CLIENT
UDP
68
DHCP Client.
BOOTP_SERVER
UDP
67
DHCP Server.
CU-SEEME
TCP
7648
UDP
24032
A popular videoconferencing solution
from White Pines Software.
TCP/UDP
53
DNS
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Domain Name Server, a service that
matches web names (for example
www.zyxel.com) to IP numbers.
279
Appendix E Common Services
Table 94 Commonly Used Services (continued)
280
NAME
PROTOCOL
PORT(S)
DESCRIPTION
ESP
(IPSEC_TUNNEL)
User-Defined
50
The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation
Security Protocol) tunneling protocol
uses this service.
FINGER
TCP
79
Finger is a UNIX or Internet related
command that can be used to find out
if a user is logged on.
FTP
TCP
20
TCP
21
File Transfer Program, a program to
enable fast transfer of files, including
large files that may not be possible by
e-mail.
H.323
TCP
1720
NetMeeting uses this protocol.
HTTP
TCP
80
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a
client/server protocol for the world
wide web.
HTTPS
TCP
443
HTTPS is a secured http session often
used in e-commerce.
ICMP
User-Defined
Internet Control Message Protocol is
often used for diagnostic or routing
purposes.
ICQ
UDP
4000
This is a popular Internet chat
program.
IGMP
(MULTICAST)
User-Defined
Internet Group Management Protocol
is used when sending packets to a
specific group of hosts.
IKE
UDP
500
The Internet Key Exchange algorithm
is used for key distribution and
management.
IRC
TCP/UDP
6667
This is another popular Internet chat
program.
MSN Messenger
TCP
1863
Microsoft Networks’ messenger
service uses this protocol.
NEW-ICQ
TCP
5190
An Internet chat program.
NEWS
TCP
144
A protocol for news groups.
NFS
UDP
2049
Network File System - NFS is a client/
server distributed file service that
provides transparent file sharing for
network environments.
NNTP
TCP
119
Network News Transport Protocol is
the delivery mechanism for the
USENET newsgroup service.
PING
User-Defined
Packet INternet Groper is a protocol
that sends out ICMP echo requests to
test whether or not a remote host is
reachable.
POP3
TCP
110
Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a
client computer get e-mail from a
POP3 server through a temporary
connection (TCP/IP or other).
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Appendix E Common Services
Table 94 Commonly Used Services (continued)
NAME
PROTOCOL
PORT(S)
DESCRIPTION
PPTP
TCP
1723
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
enables secure transfer of data over
public networks. This is the control
channel.
PPTP_TUNNEL
(GRE)
User-Defined
47
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling
Protocol) enables secure transfer of
data over public networks. This is the
data channel.
RCMD
TCP
512
Remote Command Service.
REAL_AUDIO
TCP
7070
A streaming audio service that
enables real time sound over the
web.
REXEC
TCP
514
Remote Execution Daemon.
RLOGIN
TCP
513
Remote Login.
RTELNET
TCP
107
Remote Telnet.
RTSP
TCP/UDP
554
The Real Time Streaming (media
control) Protocol (RTSP) is a remote
control for multimedia on the
Internet.
SFTP
TCP
115
Simple File Transfer Protocol.
SMTP
TCP
25
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the
message-exchange standard for the
Internet. SMTP enables you to move
messages from one e-mail server to
another.
SNMP
TCP/UDP
161
Simple Network Management
Program.
SNMP-TRAPS
TCP/UDP
162
Traps for use with the SNMP
(RFC:1215).
SQL-NET
TCP
1521
Structured Query Language is an
interface to access data on many
different types of database systems,
including mainframes, midrange
systems, UNIX systems and network
servers.
SSH
TCP/UDP
22
Secure Shell Remote Login Program.
STRM WORKS
UDP
1558
Stream Works Protocol.
SYSLOG
UDP
514
Syslog allows you to send system logs
to a UNIX server.
TACACS
UDP
49
Login Host Protocol used for
(Terminal Access Controller Access
Control System).
TELNET
TCP
23
Telnet is the login and terminal
emulation protocol common on the
Internet and in UNIX environments. It
operates over TCP/IP networks. Its
primary function is to allow users to
log into remote host systems.
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Appendix E Common Services
Table 94 Commonly Used Services (continued)
282
NAME
PROTOCOL
PORT(S)
DESCRIPTION
TFTP
UDP
69
Trivial File Transfer Protocol is an
Internet file transfer protocol similar
to FTP, but uses the UDP (User
Datagram Protocol) rather than TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol).
VDOLIVE
TCP
7000
Another videoconferencing solution.
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
APPENDIX
Open Software Announcements
End-User License Agreement for "P-663HN-51"
Note: WARNING: ZyXEL Communications Corp. IS WILLING TO LICENSE THE
ENCLOSED SOFTWARE TO YOU ONLY UPON THE CONDITION THAT YOU
ACCEPT ALL OF THE TERMS CONTAINED IN THIS LICENSE
AGREEMENT. PLEASE READ THE TERMS CAREFULLY BEFORE
COMPLETING THE INSTALLATION PROCESS AS INSTALLING THE
SOFTWARE WILL INDICATE YOUR ASSENT TO THEM. IF YOU DO NOT
AGREE TO THESE TERMS, THEN ZyXEL, INC. IS UNWILLING TO LICENSE
THE SOFTWARE TO YOU, IN WHICH EVENT YOU SHOULD RETURN THE
UNINSTALLED SOFTWARE AND PACKAGING TO THE PLACE FROM
WHICH IT WAS ACQUIRED, AND YOUR MONEY WILL BE REFUNDED.
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You have no ownership rights in the Software. Rather, you have a license to use
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Ownership of the Software, Documentation and all intellectual property rights
therein shall remain at all times with ZyXEL. Any other use of the Software by any
other entity is strictly forbidden and is a violation of this License Agreement.
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
283
Appendix F Open Software Announcements
3.Copyright
The Software and Documentation contain material that is protected by United
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All rights not granted to you herein are expressly reserved by ZyXEL. You may
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Acknowledgements, licensing terms and disclaimers for such material are
contained in the online electronic documentation for the Software (ftp://
opensource.zyxel.com), and your use of such material is governed by their
respective terms. ZyXEL has provided, as part of the Software package, access to
certain third party software as a convenience. To the extent that the Software
contains third party software, ZyXEL has no express or implied obligation to
provide any technical or other support for such software. Please contact the
appropriate software vendor or manufacturer directly for technical support and
customer service related to its software and products.
284
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Appendix F Open Software Announcements
5.Confidentiality
You acknowledge that the Software contains proprietary trade secrets of ZyXEL
and you hereby agree to maintain the confidentiality of the Software using at least
as great a degree of care as you use to maintain the confidentiality of your own
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knowingly permitting such persons to use any portion of the Software for the
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THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS." TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY
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EXPRESS AND IMPLIED WARRANTIES SHALL BE LIMITED IN DURATION TO A
PERIOD OF THIRTY (30) DAYS FROM THE DATE OF PURCHASE OF THE
SOFTWARE, AND NO WARRANTIES SHALL APPLY AFTER THAT PERIOD.
7.Limitation of Liability
IN NO EVENT WILL ZyXEL BE LIABLE TO YOU OR ANY THIRD PARTY FOR ANY
INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT
LIMITATION, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, PUNITIVE, OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES FOR
LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, OR LOSS OF
BUSINESS INFORMATION) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE
THE PROGRAM, OR FOR ANY CLAIM BY ANY OTHER PARTY, EVEN IF ZyXEL HAS
BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. ZyXEL's AGGREGATE
LIABILITY WITH RESPECT TO ITS OBLIGATIONS UNDER THIS AGREEMENT OR
OTHERWISE WITH RESPECT TO THE SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTATION OR
OTHERWISE SHALL BE EQUAL TO THE PURCHASE PRICE, BUT SHALL IN NO
EVENT EXCEED THE PRODUCT'S PRICE. BECAUSE SOME STATES/COUNTRIES DO
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
285
Appendix F Open Software Announcements
NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL
OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, THE ABOVE LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
8.Export Restrictions
THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT IS EXPRESSLY MADE SUBJECT TO ANY APPLICABLE
LAWS, REGULATIONS, ORDERS, OR OTHER RESTRICTIONS ON THE EXPORT OF
THE SOFTWARE OR INFORMATION ABOUT SUCH SOFTWARE WHICH MAY BE
IMPOSED FROM TIME TO TIME. YOU SHALL NOT EXPORT THE SOFTWARE,
DOCUMENTATION OR INFORMATION ABOUT THE SOFTWARE AND
DOCUMENTATION WITHOUT COMPLYING WITH SUCH LAWS, REGULATIONS,
ORDERS, OR OTHER RESTRICTIONS. YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY ZyXEL AGAINST
ALL CLAIMS, LOSSES, DAMAGES, LIABILITIES, COSTS AND EXPENSES,
INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, TO THE EXTENT SUCH CLAIMS
ARISE OUT OF ANY BREACH OF THIS SECTION 8.
9.Audit Rights
ZyXEL SHALL HAVE THE RIGHT, AT ITS OWN EXPENSE, UPON REASONABLE
PRIOR NOTICE, TO PERIODICALLY INSPECT AND AUDIT YOUR RECORDS TO
ENSURE YOUR COMPLIANCE WITH THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS
LICENSE AGREEMENT.
10.Termination
This License Agreement is effective until it is terminated. You may terminate this
License Agreement at any time by destroying or returning to ZyXEL all copies of
the Software and Documentation in your possession or under your control. ZyXEL
may terminate this License Agreement for any reason, including, but not limited
to, if ZyXEL finds that you have violated any of the terms of this License
Agreement. Upon notification of termination, you agree to destroy or return to
ZyXEL all copies of the Software and Documentation and to certify in writing that
all known copies, including backup copies, have been destroyed. All provisions
relating to confidentiality, proprietary rights, and non-disclosure shall survive the
termination of this Software License Agreement.
12.General
This License Agreement shall be construed, interpreted and governed by the laws
of Republic of China without regard to conflicts of laws provisions thereof. The
286
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Appendix F Open Software Announcements
exclusive forum for any disputes arising out of or relating to this License
Agreement shall be an appropriate court or Commercial Arbitration Association
sitting in ROC, Taiwan. This License Agreement shall constitute the entire
Agreement between the parties hereto. This License Agreement, the rights
granted hereunder, the Software and Documentation shall not be assigned by you
without the prior written consent of ZyXEL. Any waiver or modification of this
License Agreement shall only be effective if it is in writing and signed by both
parties hereto. If any part of this License Agreement is found invalid or
unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, the remainder of this License
Agreement shall be interpreted so as to reasonably effect the intention of the
parties.
Note: Some components of the P-663HN-51 incorporate source code covered under
the GPL License, LGPL License, BSD License, and BSD like License. To
obtain the source code covered under those Licenses, please check ftp://
opensource.zyxel.com to get it.
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
287
Appendix F Open Software Announcements
288
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
APPENDIX
Legal Information
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole,
transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic,
optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer
ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any
products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under
its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right
to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication
is subject to change without notice.
Your use of the ZyXEL Device is subject to the terms and conditions of any related
service providers.
Trademarks
ZyNOS (ZyXEL Network Operating System) is a registered trademark of ZyXEL
Communications, Inc. Other trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for
identification purposes only and may be properties of their respective owners.
Certifications
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement
The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the
following two conditions:
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
289
Appendix G Legal Information
• This device may not cause harmful interference.
• This device must accept any interference received, including interference that
may cause undesired operations.
This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B
digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to
provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential
installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy,
and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause
harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee
that interference will not occur in a particular installation.
If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which
can be determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try
to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the
receiver is connected.
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
FCC Radiation Exposure Statement
• This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any
other antenna or transmitter.
• IEEE 802.11b or 802.11g operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmwarelimited to channels 1 through 11.
• To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation
distance of at least 20 cm must be maintained between the antenna of this
device and all persons.
注意 !
依據
低功率電波輻射性電機管理辦法
第十二條 經型式認證合格之低功率射頻電機，非經許可，公司、商號或使用
者均不得擅自變更頻率、加大功率或變更原設計之特性及功能。
第十四條 低功率射頻電機之使用不得影響飛航安全及干擾合法通信；經發現
有干擾現象時，應立即停用，並改善至無干擾時方得繼續使用。
前項合法通信，指依電信規定作業之無線電信。低功率射頻電機須忍
290
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Appendix G Legal Information
受合法通信或工業、科學及醫療用電波輻射性電機設備之干擾。
本機限在不干擾合法電臺與不受被干擾保障條件下於室內使用。
減少電磁波影響，請妥適使用。
Notices
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for
compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
This device has been designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz network throughout the EC
region and Switzerland, with restrictions in France.
This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du
Canada.
Viewing Certifications
Go to http://www.zyxel.com.
Select your product on the ZyXEL home page to go to that product's page.
Select the certification you wish to view from this page.
ZyXEL Limited Warranty
ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from
any defects in materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the
date of purchase. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should
the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or
materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or
components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it
shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating
condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally
equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of
ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused,
tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working
conditions.
Note
Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy
of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
291
Appendix G Legal Information
implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a
particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or
consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.
To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center for your
Return Material Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage
Prepaid. It is recommended that the unit be insured when shipped. Any returned
products without proof of purchase or those with an out-dated warranty will be
repaired or replaced (at the discretion of ZyXEL) and the customer will be billed
for parts and labor. All repaired or replaced products will be shipped by ZyXEL to
the corresponding return address, Postage Paid. This warranty gives you specific
legal rights, and you may also have other rights that vary from country to country.
Registration
Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and
information at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for
North American products.
292
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Index
Index
Numerics
BSS 263
10/100 Mbps 207
CA 133, 271
trusted 134, 136
access control 191
adding IP addresses 193
IP addresses 192
passwords 193
services 191
Certificate Authority
See CA.
ADSL setup 127
ADSL standards 208
ADSL synchronization test 173
Advanced Encryption Standard
See AES.
AES 273
alternative subnet mask notation 254
antenna
directional 278
gain 277
omni-directional 278
AP (access point) 265
ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5) 58
certificates 133, 138
advantages 138
CA 133
trusted 134, 136
example 133
formats 134
remote hosts 139
types 135, 136
Certification Authority, see CA
certifications 289
notices 291
viewing 291
channel 265
interference 265
channel ID 146
Class of Service (CoS) 104
auto-crossover 207
configuration 76
backup 175
restore 176
auto-negotiating 207, 208
configuration backup 175
auto MDI/MDI-X 207
connection type 61
copyright 289
CoS 104
CoS (class of service) 104
backing up configuration 175
CTS (Clear to Send) 266
backup settings 175
Basic Service Set, See BSS 263
Beacon Interval 158
blocking schedule 99
bridging groups 129
default 177
broadcast 70
default gateway 115
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
293
Index
default LAN IP address 27
Extended Service Set, See ESS 264
device management 23
device model number 197
DHCP 48, 76, 208
static 82
DHCP vendor IDs 132
FCC interference statement 289
diagnostics 173
DiffServ (Differentiated Services) 104
filename
extension 197
DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) 104
filtering 93, 95
DiffServ marking rule 105
firewall 209
dimensions 207
DMZ host 90
firmware 21, 197
upgrade 197
upload 197
DNS 121
fragmentation threshold 267
disclaimer 289
domain name system
see DNS
double upstream mode 128
DS field 105
DS See Differentiated Services
GMT 190
DSCP 104
Greenwich Mean Time. See GMT.
DSL connector pin assignments 211
DSL setup 127
DTIM Interval 158
dynamic DNS 123
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. See
DHCP.
dynamic WEP key exchange 272
DYNDNS wildcard 123
EAP Authentication 270
Encapsulation 58
ENET ENCAP 59
PPP over Ethernet 59
PPPoA 58
RFC 1483 59
encryption 273
WEP 151
ESS 264
Ethernet connection test 173
Ethernet ports 207
Extended Service Set IDentification 146
294
hidden node 265
hub 21, 207
humidity 207
IANA 77, 260
IBSS 263
IEEE 802.11g 267
IGMP 71, 77, 78
version 71
importing
trusted CA 135
incoming IP filtering 95
Independent Basic Service Set
See IBSS 263
initialization vector (IV) 273
interfaces
static DHCP 82
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Index
Internet access 22
Internet access blocking 99
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
See IANA 260
see IANA 77
Internet Group Management Protocol
see IGMP
Internet time 189
IP address 76, 207
IP addresses
access control 192
adding in access control 193
IP filtering 93, 95
IP precedence 104
VC-based 53, 60
Multiprotocol Encapsulation 59
nailed-up connection 61
NAT 76, 83, 84, 90, 209, 259
DMZ host 90
port triggering 87
virtual servers 83
NAT traversal 78
navigating the web configurator 30
Network Address Translation
see NAT
network disconnect icon 176, 198
LAN
connection test 173
LAN setup 75
LAN TCP/IP 76
logs 179
configuring 181
viewing 180
outgoing IP filtering 93
Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 273, 275
MAC address filter action 153
MAC Encapsulated Routing (MER) 59
MAC filter 152, 153
management 208
Management Information Base (MIB) 184
mapping ports to PVCs 129
Maximum Burst Size
see MBS
parental control 99
password 207
passwords 193
PCR 54
Peak Cell Rate
see PCR
PHB (Per-Hop Behavior) 105
pin assignments 211
Point to Point Protocol over ATM Adaptation
Layer 5 (AAL5) 58
MBS 54
Point-to Point Protocol
see PPP
Message Integrity Check (MIC) 273
port forwarding 83
MIBs 184
port mapping 129
multicast 71, 77
ports
Ethernet 207
multi-mode 208
multiplexing 53, 59
LLC-based 53, 60
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
POTS 21
power specifications 207
295
Index
PPP 208
PPP session over Ethernet (PPP over Ethernet,
RFC 2516) 59
preamble mode 267
product registration 292
version 119
RJ-45 ports 207
Routing Information Protocol. See RIP.
RTS (Request To Send) 266
threshold 265, 266
PSK 273
public-private key pairs 139
PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) 59
safety warnings 7
save settings 175
SCR 54
QoS 104
classifier 107
classifiers 109
queues 107
QoS class configuration 109
Quality of Service (QoS) 103
RADIUS 269
message types 269
messages 269
shared secret key 270
reach extended ADSL2 128
registration
product 292
related documentation 3
remote hosts, certificates 139
reset button 29
resetting the ZyXEL device 29
restore configuration 176
restore settings 176
RF (Radio Frequency) 209
RFC 1058. See RIP.
screen summary 30
Service Set 146
services 84
access control 191
settings
backup 175
restore 176
Simple Network Management Protocol. See
SNMP.
SNMP 183
commands 184
Get 184
GetNext 184
manager 183
MIBs 184
supported versions 183
Trap 184
splitters 23
static DHCP 82
static route 115, 116
subnet 251
subnet mask 76, 252
subnetting 254
switch 207
syntax conventions 5
RFC 1389. See RIP.
RFC 1483 59
RFC 1631 83
RFC 2131. See DHCP.
RFC 2132. See DHCP
RIP 119
direction 119
296
temperature 207
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) 273
time
zone 190
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
Index
ToS (Type of Service) 104
trademarks 289
traffic shaping 54
trigger port forwarding 87
trusted CA 134, 136
importing 135
note 291
WDS
example 154
web configurator 27, 30
screen summary 30
WEP encryption 150
Wide Area Network
see WAN
unicast 70
upgrading firmware 197
uploading firmware 197
UPnP 78
application 78
security issues 79
user names 207
VC 53
permanent virtual circuit
see PVC
Wi-Fi Protected Access 272
wireless client WPA supplicants 274
wireless LAN
WDS
example 154
wireless security 268
WLAN
interference 265
security parameters 276
WPA 272
key caching 274
pre-authentication 274
user authentication 274
vs WPA-PSK 273
wireless client supplicant 274
with RADIUS application example 274
viewing system logs 180
WPA2 272
user authentication 274
vs WPA2-PSK 273
wireless client supplicant 274
with RADIUS application example 274
Virtual Channel Connection (VCC) 42
WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 272
Virtual Channel Identifier
see VCI
WPA2-PSK 272, 273
application example 275
virtual circuit
see VC
WPA-PSK 273
application example 275
VCC 42
VCI 53
virtual circuit (VC) 59
Virtual Path Identifier
see VPI
virtual ports 130
virtual servers 83
VPI 53
WAN 53
warranty 291
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
297
Index
298
P-663HN-51 User’s Guide
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