ZyXEL Communications VMG8924B10A Dual Band Wireless AC/N VDSL2 VoIP Combo WAN Gigabit IAD User Manual VMG8924 B10A 2

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Chapter 15 Firewall
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 89 Access Control: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Filter Name
Enter a descriptive name of up to 16 alphanumeric characters, not including spaces,
underscores, and dashes.
You must enter the filter name to add an ACL rule. This field is read-only if you are editing
the ACL rule.
Order
Select the order of the ACL rule.
Select Source
Device
Select the source device to which the ACL rule applies. If you select Specific IP Address,
enter the source IP address in the field below.
Source IP
Address
Enter the source IP address.
Select
Destination
Device
Select the destination device to which the ACL rule applies. If you select Specific IP
Address, enter the destiniation IP address in the field below.
Destination IP
Address
Enter the destination IP address.
IP Type
Select whether your IP type is IPv4 or IPv6.
Select Protocol
Select the transport layer protocol that defines your customized port from the drop-down
list box. The specific protocol rule sets you add in the Security > Firewall > Service >
Add screen display in this list.
If you want to configure a customized protocol, select Specific Service.
Protocol
This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol.
Choose the IP port (TCP/UDP, TCP, UDP, ICMP, or ICMPv6) that defines your customized
port from the drop-down list box.
Custom Source
Port
This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol.
Enter a single port number or the range of port numbers of the source.
Custom
This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol.
Destination Port
Enter a single port number or the range of port numbers of the destination.
Policy
Use the drop-down list box to select whether to discard (DROP), deny and send an ICMP
destination-unreachable message to the sender of (REJECT) or allow the passage of
(ACCEPT) packets that match this rule.
Direction
Use the drop-down list box to select the direction of traffic to which this rule applies.
Enable Rate
Limit
Select this check box to set a limit on the upstream/downstream transmission rate for the
specified protocol.
Specify how many packets per minute or second the transmission rate is.
Scheduler Rules Select a schedule rule for this ACL rule form the drop-down list box. You can configure a
new schedule rule by click Add New Rule. This will bring you to the Security > Scheduler
Rules screen.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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Chapter 15 Firewall
15.5 The DoS Screen
DoS (Denial of Service) attacks can flood your Internet connection with invalid packets and
connection requests, using so much bandwidth and so many resources that Internet access
becomes unavailable.
Use the DoS screen to activate protection against DoS attacks. Click Security > Firewall > DoS
to display the following screen.
Figure 121 Security > Firewall > DoS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 90 Security > Firewall > DoS
202
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
DoS Protection
Blocking
Select Enable to enable protection against DoS attacks.
Deny Ping
Response
Select Enable to block ping request packets.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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16
MAC Filter
16.1 Overview
You can configure the Device to permit access to clients based on their MAC addresses in the MAC
Filter screen. This applies to wired and wireless connections. Every Ethernet device has a unique
MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six
pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. You need to know the MAC
addresses of the devices to configure this screen.
16.2 The MAC Filter Screen
Use this screen to allow wireless and LAN clients access to the Device. Click Security > MAC Filter.
The screen appears as shown.
Figure 122 Security > MAC Filter
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Chapter 16 MAC Filter
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 91 Security > MAC Filter
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
MAC Address Filter
Select Enable to activate the MAC filter function.
Set
This is the index number of the MAC address.
Allow
Select Allow to permit access to the Device. MAC addresses not listed will be denied
access to the Device.
If you clear this, the MAC Address field for this set clears.
204
Host name
Enter the host name of the wireless or LAN clients that are allowed access to the
Device.
MAC Address
Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless or LAN clients that are allowed access to the
Device in these address fields. Enter the MAC addresses in a valid MAC address format,
that is, six hexadecimal character pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
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17
Parental Control
17.1 Overview
Parental control allows you to block web sites with the specific URL. You can also define time
periods and days during which the Device performs parental control on a specific user.
17.2 The Parental Control Screen
Use this screen to enable parental control, view the parental control rules and schedules.
Click Security > Parental Control to open the following screen.
Figure 123 Security > Parental Control
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 92 Security > Parental Control
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Parental
Control
Select Enable to activate parental control.
Add new PCP
Click this if you want to configure a new parental control rule.
This shows the index number of the rule.
Status
This indicates whether the rule is active or not.
A yellow bulb signifies that this rule is active. A gray bulb signifies that this rule is not active.
PCP Name
This shows the name of the rule.
Home Network
User (MAC)
This shows the MAC address of the LAN user’s computer to which this rule applies.
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Chapter 17 Parental Control
Table 92 Security > Parental Control (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Internet Access
Schedule
This shows the day(s) and time on which parental control is enabled.
Network
Service
This shows whether the network service is configured. If not, None will be shown.
Website Block
This shows whether the website block is configured. If not, None will be shown.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
17.2.1 Add/Edit a Parental Control Rule
Click Add new PCP in the Parental Control screen to add a new rule or click the Edit icon next to
an existing rule to edit it. Use this screen to configure a restricted access schedule and/or URL
filtering settings to block the users on your network from accessing certain web sites.
Figure 124 Parental Control Rule: Add/Edit
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Chapter 17 Parental Control
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 93 Parental Control Rule: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
General
Active
Select the checkbox to activate this parental control rule.
Parental
Control Profile
Name
Enter a descriptive name for the rule.
Home Network
User
Select the LAN user that you want to apply this rule to from the drop-down list box. If you
select Custom, enter the LAN user’s MAC address. If you select All, the rule applies to all
LAN users.
Internet Access Schedule
Day
Select check boxes for the days that you want the Device to perform parental control.
Time
Drag the time bar to define the time that the LAN user is allowed access.
Network Service
Network
Service Setting
If you select Block, the Device prohibits the users from viewing the Web sites with the URLs
listed below.
If you select Allow, the Device blocks access to all URLs except ones listed below.
Add new
service
Click this to show a screen in which you can add a new service rule. You can configure the
Service Name, Protocol, and Name of the new rule.
This shows the index number of the rule. Select the checkbox next to the rule to activate it.
Service Name
This shows the name of the rule.
Protocol:Port
This shows the protocol and the port of the rule.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.
Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.
Blocked Site/
URL Keyword
Click Add to show a screen to enter the URL of web site or URL keyword to which the Device
blocks access. Click Delete to remove it.
Apply
Click this button to save your settings back to the Device.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
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Chapter 17 Parental Control
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18
Scheduler Rule
18.1 Overview
You can define time periods and days during which the Device performs scheduled rules of certain
features (such as Firewall Access Control) in the Scheduler Rule screen.
18.2 The Scheduler Rule Screen
Use this screen to view, add, or edit time schedule rules.
Click Security > Scheduler Rule to open the following screen.
Figure 125 Security > Scheduler Rule
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 94 Security > Scheduler Rule
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add new rule
Click this to create a new rule.
This is the index number of the entry.
Rule Name
This shows the name of the rule.
Day
This shows the day(s) on which this rule is enabled.
Time
This shows the period of time on which this rule is enabled.
Description
This shows the description of this rule.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to edit the schedule.
Click the Delete icon to delete a scheduler rule.
Note: You cannot delete a scheduler rule once it is applied to a certain feature.
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Chapter 18 Scheduler Rule
18.2.1 Add/Edit a Schedule
Click the Add button in the Scheduler Rule screen or click the Edit icon next to a schedule rule to
open the following screen. Use this screen to configure a restricted access schedule.
Figure 126 Scheduler Rule: Add/Edit
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 95 Scheduler Rule: Add/Edit
210
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Rule Name
Enter a name (up to 31 printable English keyboard characters, not including spaces) for this
schedule.
Day
Select check boxes for the days that you want the Device to perform this scheduler rule.
Time if Day
Range
Enter the time period of each day, in 24-hour format, during which the rule will be enforced.
Description
Enter a description for this scheduler rule.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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19
Certificates
19.1 Overview
The Device can use certificates (also called digital IDs) to authenticate users. Certificates are based
on public-private key pairs. A certificate contains the certificate owner’s identity and public key.
Certificates provide a way to exchange public keys for use in authentication.
19.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
• The Local Certificates screen lets you generate certification requests and import the Device's
CA-signed certificates (Section 19.4 on page 214).
• The Trusted CA screen lets you save the certificates of trusted CAs to the Device (Section 19.4
on page 214).
19.2 What You Need to Know
The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter.
Certification Authority
A Certification Authority (CA) issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate
owner. There are commercial certification authorities like CyberTrust or VeriSign and government
certification authorities. The certification authority uses its private key to sign certificates. Anyone
can then use the certification authority's public key to verify the certificates. You can use the Device
to generate certification requests that contain identifying information and public keys and then send
the certification requests to a certification authority.
19.3 The Local Certificates Screen
Click Security > Certificates to open the Local Certificates screen. This is the Device’s summary
list of certificates and certification requests.
Figure 127 Security > Certificates > Local Certificates
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Chapter 19 Certificates
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 96 Security > Certificates > Local Certificates
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Private Key is
protected by a
password
Select the checkbox and enter the private key into the text box to store it on the Device.
The private key should not exceed 63 ASCII characters (not including spaces).
Browse...
Click this to find the certificate file you want to upload.
Import Certificate
Click this button to save the certificate that you have enrolled from a certification
authority from your computer to the Device.
Create Certificate
Request
Click this button to go to the screen where you can have the Device generate a
certification request.
Current File
This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. It is recommended that you
give each certificate a unique name.
Subject
This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s owner, such as CN
(Common Name), OU (Organizational Unit or department), O (Organization or company)
and C (Country). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject
information.
Issuer
This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s issuing certification
authority, such as a common name, organizational unit or department, organization or
company and country.
Valid From
This field displays the date that the certificate becomes applicable. The text displays in
red and includes a Not Yet Valid! message if the certificate has not yet become
applicable.
Valid To
This field displays the date that the certificate expires. The text displays in red and
includes an Expiring! or Expired! message if the certificate is about to expire or has
already expired.
Modify
Click the View icon to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the
certificate (or certification request).
For a certification request, click Load Signed to import the signed certificate.
Click the Remove icon to delete the certificate (or certification request). You cannot
delete a certificate that one or more features is configured to use.
19.3.1 Create Certificate Request
Click Security > Certificates > Local Certificates and then Create Certificate Request to
open the following screen. Use this screen to have the Device generate a certification request.
Figure 128 Create Certificate Request
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Chapter 19 Certificates
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 97 Create Certificate Request
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Certificate
Name
Type up to 63 ASCII characters (not including spaces) to identify this certificate.
Common Name
Select Auto to have the Device configure this field automatically. Or select Customize to
enter it manually.
Type the IP address (in dotted decimal notation), domain name or e-mail address in the field
provided. The domain name or e-mail address can be up to 63 ASCII characters. The
domain name or e-mail address is for identification purposes only and can be any string.
Organization
Name
Type up to 63 characters to identify the company or group to which the certificate owner
belongs. You may use any character, including spaces, but the Device drops trailing spaces.
State/Province
Name
Type up to 32 characters to identify the state or province where the certificate owner is
located. You may use any character, including spaces, but the Device drops trailing spaces.
Country/Region
Name
Select a country to identify the nation where the certificate owner is located.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
After you click Apply, the following screen displays to notify you that you need to get the certificate
request signed by a Certificate Authority. If you already have, click Load_Signed to import the
signed certificate into the Device. Otherwise click Back to return to the Local Certificates screen.
Figure 129 Certificate Request Created
19.3.2 Load Signed Certificate
After you create a certificate request and have it signed by a Certificate Authority, in the Local
Certificates screen click the certificate request’s Load Signed icon to import the signed certificate
into the Device.
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Chapter 19 Certificates
Note: You must remove any spaces from the certificate’s filename before you can import
it.
Figure 130 Load Signed Certificate
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 98 Load Signed Certificate
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Certificate
Name
This is the name of the signed certificate.
Certificate
Copy and paste the signed certificate into the text box to store it on the Device.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
19.4 The Trusted CA Screen
Click Security > Certificates > Trusted CA to open the following screen. This screen displays a
summary list of certificates of the certification authorities that you have set the Device to accept as
trusted. The Device accepts any valid certificate signed by a certification authority on this list as
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Chapter 19 Certificates
being trustworthy; thus you do not need to import any certificate that is signed by one of these
certification authorities.
Figure 131 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 99 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Import
Certificate
Click this button to open a screen where you can save the certificate of a certification
authority that you trust to the Device.
This is the index number of the entry.
Name
This field displays the name used to identify this certificate.
Subject
This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common
Name (CN), OU (Organizational Unit or department), Organization (O), State (ST) and
Country (C). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information.
Type
This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification
Authority signed the certificate.
Modify
Click the View icon to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the
certificate (or certification request).
Click the Remove button to delete the certificate (or certification request). You cannot
delete a certificate that one or more features is configured to use.
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Chapter 19 Certificates
19.4.1 View Trusted CA Certificate
Click the View icon in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. Use this screen to view
in-depth information about the certification authority’s certificate.
Figure 132 Trusted CA: View
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 100 Trusted CA: View
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Name
This field displays the identifying name of this certificate.
Type
This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification
Authority signed the certificate.
Subject
This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common
Name (CN), Organizational Unit (OU), Organization (O) and Country (C).
Certificate
This read-only text box displays the certificate in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format. PEM
uses base 64 to convert the binary certificate into a printable form.
You can copy and paste the certificate into an e-mail to send to friends or colleagues or you
can copy and paste the certificate into a text editor and save the file on a management
computer for later distribution (via floppy disk for example).
Back
216
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
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Chapter 19 Certificates
19.4.2 Import Trusted CA Certificate
Click the Import Certificate button in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. The
Device trusts any valid certificate signed by any of the imported trusted CA certificates.
Figure 133 Trusted CA: Import Certificate
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 101 Trusted CA: Import Certificate
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Certificate File
Path
Type in the location of the certificate you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to
find it.
Enable Trusted
CA for 802.1x
Authentication
If you select this checkbox, the trusted CA will be used for 802.1x authentication. The
selected trusted CA will be displayed in the Network Setting > Broadband > 802.1x:
Edit screen.
Certificate
Copy and paste the certificate into the text box to store it on the Device.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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Chapter 19 Certificates
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20
VPN
20.1 Overview
A virtual private network (VPN) provides secure communications over the the Internet. Internet
Protocol Security (IPSec) is a standards-based VPN that provides confidentiality, data integrity, and
authentication. This chapter shows you how to configure the Device’s VPN settings.
20.2 The IPSec VPN General Screen
Use this screen to view and manage your VPN tunnel policies. The following figure helps explain the
main fields in the web configurator.
Figure 134 IPSec Fields Summary
Remote Network
Local Network
VPN Tunnel
Click Security > IPSec VPN to open this screen as shown next.
Figure 135 Security > IPSec VPN
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Chapter 20 VPN
This screen contains the following fields:
Table 102 Security > IPSec VPN
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New
Connection
Click this button to add an item to the list.
This displays the index number of an entry.
Status
This displays whether the VPN policy is enabled (Enable) or not (Disable).
Connection Name
The name of the VPN policy.
Remote Gateway
This is the IP address of the remote IPSec router in the IKE SA.
Local Addresses
This displays the IP address(es) on the LAN behind your Device.
Remote
Addresses
This displays the IP address(es) on the LAN behind the remote IPSec’s router.
Delete
Click the Edit icon to modify the VPN policy.
Click the Delete icon to delete the VPN policy.
20.3 The IPSec VPN Add/Edit Screen
Use these settings to add or edit VPN policies. Click the Add New Connection button in the
Security > VPN screen to open this screen as shown next.
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Chapter 20 VPN
Figure 136 Security > IPSec VPN: Add/Edit
This screen contains the following fields:
Table 103 Security > IPSec VPN: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Active
Select this to activate this VPN policy.
IPSec Connection
Name
Enter the name of the VPN policy.
Remote IPSec
Gateway Address
Enter the IP address of the remote IPSec router in the IKE SA.
Tunnel access
from local IP
addresses
Select Single Address to have only one local LAN IP address use the VPN tunnel. Select
Subnet to specify local LAN IP addresses by their subnet mask.
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Chapter 20 VPN
Table 103 Security > IPSec VPN: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IP Address for
VPN
If Single Address is selected, enter a (static) IP address on the LAN behind your Device.
If Subnet is selected, specify IP addresses on a network by their subnet mask by entering
a (static) IP address on the LAN behind your Device. Then enter the subnet mask to
identify the network address.
IP Subnetmask
If Subnet is selected, enter the subnet mask to identify the network address.
Tunnel access
from remote IP
addresses
Select Single Address to have only one remote LAN IP address use the VPN tunnel.
Select Subnet to specify remote LAN IP addresses by their subnet mask.
IP Address for
VPN
If Single Address is selected, enter a (static) IP address on the LAN behind the remote
IPSec’s router.
If Subnet is selected, specify IP addresses on a network by their subnet mask by entering
a (static) IP address on the LAN behind the remote IPSec’s router. Then enter the subnet
mask to identify the network address.
IP Subnetmask
If Subnet is selected, enter the subnet mask to identify the network address.
Protocol
Select which protocol you want to use in the IPSec SA. Choices are:
AH (RFC 2402) - provides integrity, authentication, sequence integrity (replay
resistance), and non-repudiation but not encryption. If you select AH, you must select an
Integraty Algorithm.
ESP (RFC 2406) - provides encryption and the same services offered by AH, but its
authentication is weaker. If you select ESP, you must select an Encryption Agorithm
and Integraty Algorithm.
Both AH and ESP increase processing requirements and latency (delay). The Device and
remote IPSec router must use the same active protocol.
Key Exchange
Method
Select the key exchange method:
Auto(IKE) - Select this to use automatic IKE key management VPN connection policy.
Manual - Select this option to configure a VPN connection policy that uses a manual key
instead of IKE key management. This may be useful if you have problems with IKE key
management.
Note: Only use manual key as a temporary solution, because it is not as secure as a regular
IPSec SA.
Authentication
Method
Select Pre-Shared Key to use a pre-shared key for authentication, and type in your preshared key. A pre-shared key identifies a communicating party during a phase 1 IKE
negotiation. It is called "pre-shared" because you have to share it with another party
before you can communicate with them over a secure connection.
Select Certificate (X.509) to use a certificate for authentication.
Pre-Shared Key
Type your pre-shared key in this field. A pre-shared key identifies a communicating party
during a phase 1 IKE negotiation.
Type from 8 to 31 case-sensitive ASCII characters or from 16 to 62 hexadecimal ("0-9",
"A-F") characters. You must precede a hexadecimal key with a "0x” (zero x), which is not
counted as part of the 16 to 62 character range for the key. For example, in
"0x0123456789ABCDEF", “0x” denotes that the key is hexadecimal and
“0123456789ABCDEF” is the key itself.
Local ID Type
Select IP to identify the Device by its IP address.
Select E-mail to identify this Device by an e-mail address.
Select DNS to identify this Device by a domain name.
Select ASN1DN (Abstract Syntax Notation one - Distinguished Name) to this Device by
the subject field in a certificate. This is used only with certificate-based authentication.
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Table 103 Security > IPSec VPN: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Local ID Content
When you select IP in the Local ID Type field, type the IP address of your computer in
this field. If you configure this field to 0.0.0.0 or leave it blank, the Device automatically
uses the Pre-Shared Key (refer to the Pre-Shared Key field description).
It is recommended that you type an IP address other than 0.0.0.0 in this field or use the
DNS or E-mail type in the following situations.
•
•
When there is a NAT router between the two IPSec routers.
When you want the remote IPSec router to be able to distinguish between VPN
connection requests that come in from IPSec routers with dynamic WAN IP addresses.
When you select DNS or E-mail in the Local ID Type field, type a domain name or email address by which to identify this Device in this field. Use up to 31 ASCII characters
including spaces, although trailing spaces are truncated. The domain name or e-mail
address is for identification purposes only and can be any string.
Remote ID Type
Select IP to identify the remote IPSec router by its IP address.
Select E-mail to identify the remote IPSec router by an e-mail address.
Select DNS to identify the remote IPSec router by a domain name.
Select ASN1DN to identify the remote IPSec router by the subject field in a certificate.
This is used only with certificate-based authentication.
Remote ID
Content
The configuration of the remote content depends on the remote ID type.
For IP, type the IP address of the computer with which you will make the VPN connection.
If you configure this field to 0.0.0.0 or leave it blank, the Device will use the address in
the Remote IPSec Gateway Address field (refer to the Remote IPSec Gateway
Address field description).
For DNS or E-mail, type a domain name or e-mail address by which to identify the
remote IPSec router. Use up to 31 ASCII characters including spaces, although trailing
spaces are truncated. The domain name or e-mail address is for identification purposes
only and can be any string.
It is recommended that you type an IP address other than 0.0.0.0 or use the DNS or Email ID type in the following situations:
•
•
When there is a NAT router between the two IPSec routers.
When you want the Device to distinguish between VPN connection requests that come
in from remote IPSec routers with dynamic WAN IP addresses.
Advanced IKE
Settings
Click more to display advanced settings. Click less to display basic settings only.
NAT_Traversal
Select Enable if you want to set up a VPN tunnel when there are NAT routers between the
Device and remote IPSec router. The remote IPSec router must also enable NAT traversal,
and the NAT routers have to forward UDP port 500 packets to the remote IPSec router
behind the NAT router. Otherwise, select Disable.
Phase 1
Mode
Select the negotiation mode to use to negotiate the IKE SA. Choices are:
Main - this encrypts the Device’s and remote IPSec router’s identities but takes more
time to establish the IKE SA.
Aggressive - this is faster but does not encrypt the identities.
The Device and the remote IPSec router must use the same negotiation mode.
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Chapter 20 VPN
Table 103 Security > IPSec VPN: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Encryption
Algorithm
Select which key size and encryption algorithm to use in the IKE SA. Choices are:
DES - a 56-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm
3DES - a 168-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm
AES - 128 - a 128-bit key with the AES encryption algorithm
AES - 196 - a 196-bit key with the AES encryption algorithm
AES - 256 - a 256-bit key with the AES encryption algorithm
The Device and the remote IPSec router must use the same key size and encryption
algorithm. Longer keys require more processing power, resulting in increased latency and
decreased throughput.
Integrity
Algorithm
Select which hash algorithm to use to authenticate packet data. Choices are MD5, SHA1.
SHA is generally considered stronger than MD5, but it is also slower.
Select DiffieHellman Group
for Key Exchange
Select which Diffie-Hellman key group you want to use for encryption keys. Choices for
number of bits in the random number are: 768, 1024, 1536, 2048, 3072, 4096.
Key Life Time
Define the length of time before an IPSec SA automatically renegotiates in this field.
The longer the key, the more secure the encryption, but also the longer it takes to encrypt
and decrypt information. Both routers must use the same DH key group.
A short SA Life Time increases security by forcing the two VPN gateways to update the
encryption and authentication keys. However, every time the VPN tunnel renegotiates, all
users accessing remote resources are temporarily disconnected.
Phase 2
Encryption
Algorithm
Select which key size and encryption algorithm to use in the IKE SA. Choices are:
DES - a 56-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm
3DES - a 168-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm
AES - 128 - a 128-bit key with the AES encryption algorithm
AES - 192 - a 196-bit key with the AES encryption algorithm
AES - 256 - a 256-bit key with the AES encryption algorithm
Select ESP_NULL to set up a tunnel without encryption. When you select ESP_NULL,
you do not enter an encryption key.
The Device and the remote IPSec router must use the same key size and encryption
algorithm. Longer keys require more processing power, resulting in increased latency and
decreased throughput.
Integrity
Algorithm
224
Select which hash algorithm to use to authenticate packet data. Choices are MD5 and
SHA1. SHA is generally considered stronger than MD5, but it is also slower.
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Table 103 Security > IPSec VPN: Add/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Perfect Forward
Secrecy (PFS)
Select whether or not you want to enable Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS)
PFS changes the root key that is used to generate encryption keys for each IPSec SA. The
longer the key, the more secure the encryption, but also the longer it takes to encrypt and
decrypt information. Both routers must use the same DH key group. Choices are:
None - do not use any random number.
768bit(DH Group1) - use a 768-bit random number
1024bit(DH Group2) - use a 1024-bit random number
1536bit(DH Group5) - use a 1536-bit random number
2048bit(DH Group14) - use a 2048-bit random number
3072bit(DH Group15) - use a 3072-bit random number
4096bit(DH Group16) - use a 4096-bit random number
Key Life Time
Define the length of time before an IPSec SA automatically renegotiates in this field.
A short SA Life Time increases security by forcing the two VPN gateways to update the
encryption and authentication keys. However, every time the VPN tunnel renegotiates, all
users accessing remote resources are temporarily disconnected.
The following fields are available if you select Manual in the Key Exchange Method field.
Encryption
Algorithm
Select which key size and encryption algorithm to use in the IKE SA. Choices are:
DES - a 56-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm
3DES - a 168-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm
EPS_NULL - no encryption key or algorithm
Encryption
Key
This field is applicable when you select an Encryption Algorithm.
Enter the encryption key, which depends on the encryption algorithm.
DES - type a unique key 16 hexadecimal characters long
3DES - type a unique key 48 hexadecimal characters long
Authentication
Algorithm
Select which hash algorithm to use to authenticate packet data. Choices are MD5, SHA1.
SHA is generally considered stronger than MD5, but it is also slower.
Authentication
Key
Enter the authentication key, which depends on the authentication algorithm.
MD5 - type a unique key 32 hexadecimal characters long
SHA1 - type a unique key 40 hexadecimal characters long
SPI
Type a unique SPI (Security Parameter Index) in hexadecimal characters.
The SPI is used to identify the Device during authentication.
The Device and remote IPSec router must use the same SPI.
OK
Click OK to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
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20.4 The IPSec VPN Monitor Screen
Use this screen to check your VPN tunnel’s current status. You can also manually trigger a VPN
tunnel to the remote network. Click Security > IPSec VPN > Monitor to open this screen as
shown next.
Figure 137 Security > IPSec VPN > Monitor
This screen contains the following fields:
Table 104 Security > IPSec VPN > Monitor
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh Interval
Select how often you want the Device to update this screen. Select No Refresh to have
the Device stop updating the screen.
Status
This displays a green line between two hosts if the VPN tunnel has been established
successfully. Otherwise, it displays a red line in between.
Connection Name
This displays the name of the VPN policy.
Remote Gateway
This is the IP address of the remote IPSec router in the IKE SA.
Local Addresses
This displays the IP address(es) on the LAN behind your Device.
Remote
Addresses
This displays the IP address(es) on the LAN behind the remote IPSec router.
Action
Click Trigger to establish a VPN connection with the remote network.
20.5 Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this
section.
20.5.1 IPSec Architecture
The overall IPSec architecture is shown as follows.
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Figure 138 IPSec Architecture
IPSec Algorithms
The ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) Protocol (RFC 2406) and AH (Authentication Header)
protocol (RFC 2402) describe the packet formats and the default standards for packet structure
(including implementation algorithms).
The Encryption Algorithm describes the use of encryption techniques such as DES (Data Encryption
Standard) and Triple DES algorithms.
The Authentication Algorithms, HMAC-MD5 (RFC 2403) and HMAC-SHA-1 (RFC 2404, provide an
authentication mechanism for the AH and ESP protocols.
Key Management
Key management allows you to determine whether to use IKE (ISAKMP) or manual key
configuration in order to set up a VPN.
20.5.2 Encapsulation
The two modes of operation for IPSec VPNs are Transport mode and Tunnel mode. At the time of
writing, the Device supports Tunnel mode only.
Figure 139 Transport and Tunnel Mode IPSec Encapsulation
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Transport Mode
Transport mode is used to protect upper layer protocols and only affects the data in the IP packet.
In Transport mode, the IP packet contains the security protocol (AH or ESP) located after the
original IP header and options, but before any upper layer protocols contained in the packet (such
as TCP and UDP).
With ESP, protection is applied only to the upper layer protocols contained in the packet. The IP
header information and options are not used in the authentication process. Therefore, the
originating IP address cannot be verified for integrity against the data.
With the use of AH as the security protocol, protection is extended forward into the IP header to
verify the integrity of the entire packet by use of portions of the original IP header in the hashing
process.
Tunnel Mode
Tunnel mode encapsulates the entire IP packet to transmit it securely. A Tunnel mode is required
for gateway services to provide access to internal systems. Tunnel mode is fundamentally an IP
tunnel with authentication and encryption. This is the most common mode of operation. Tunnel
mode is required for gateway to gateway and host to gateway communications. Tunnel mode
communications have two sets of IP headers:
• Outside header: The outside IP header contains the destination IP address of the VPN gateway.
• Inside header: The inside IP header contains the destination IP address of the final system
behind the VPN gateway. The security protocol appears after the outer IP header and before the
inside IP header.
20.5.3 IKE Phases
There are two phases to every IKE (Internet Key Exchange) negotiation – phase 1 (Authentication)
and phase 2 (Key Exchange). A phase 1 exchange establishes an IKE SA and the second one uses
that SA to negotiate SAs for IPSec.
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Figure 140 Two Phases to Set Up the IPSec SA
In phase 1 you must:
• Choose a negotiation mode.
• Authenticate the connection by entering a pre-shared key.
• Choose an encryption algorithm.
• Choose an authentication algorithm.
• Choose a Diffie-Hellman public-key cryptography key group.
• Set the IKE SA lifetime. This field allows you to determine how long an IKE SA should stay up
before it times out. An IKE SA times out when the IKE SA lifetime period expires. If an IKE SA
times out when an IPSec SA is already established, the IPSec SA stays connected.
In phase 2 you must:
• Choose an encryption algorithm.
• Choose an authentication algorithm
• Choose a Diffie-Hellman public-key cryptography key group.
• Set the IPSec SA lifetime. This field allows you to determine how long the IPSec SA should stay
up before it times out. The Device automatically renegotiates the IPSec SA if there is traffic when
the IPSec SA lifetime period expires. If an IPSec SA times out, then the IPSec router must
renegotiate the SA the next time someone attempts to send traffic.
20.5.4 Negotiation Mode
The phase 1 Negotiation Mode you select determines how the Security Association (SA) will be
established for each connection through IKE negotiations.
• Main Mode ensures the highest level of security when the communicating parties are
negotiating authentication (phase 1). It uses 6 messages in three round trips: SA negotiation,
Diffie-Hellman exchange and an exchange of nonces (a nonce is a random number). This mode
features identity protection (your identity is not revealed in the negotiation).
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• Aggressive Mode is quicker than Main Mode because it eliminates several steps when the
communicating parties are negotiating authentication (phase 1). However the trade-off is that
faster speed limits its negotiating power and it also does not provide identity protection. It is
useful in remote access situations where the address of the initiator is not know by the responder
and both parties want to use pre-shared key authentication.
20.5.5 IPSec and NAT
Read this section if you are running IPSec on a host computer behind the Device.
NAT is incompatible with the AH protocol in both Transport and Tunnel mode. An IPSec VPN using
the AH protocol digitally signs the outbound packet, both data payload and headers, with a hash
value appended to the packet. When using AH protocol, packet contents (the data payload) are not
encrypted.
A NAT device in between the IPSec endpoints will rewrite either the source or destination address
with one of its own choosing. The VPN device at the receiving end will verify the integrity of the
incoming packet by computing its own hash value, and complain that the hash value appended to
the received packet doesn't match. The VPN device at the receiving end doesn't know about the
NAT in the middle, so it assumes that the data has been maliciously altered.
IPSec using ESP in Tunnel mode encapsulates the entire original packet (including headers) in a
new IP packet. The new IP packet's source address is the outbound address of the sending VPN
gateway, and its destination address is the inbound address of the VPN device at the receiving end.
When using ESP protocol with authentication, the packet contents (in this case, the entire original
packet) are encrypted. The encrypted contents, but not the new headers, are signed with a hash
value appended to the packet.
Tunnel mode ESP with authentication is compatible with NAT because integrity checks are
performed over the combination of the "original header plus original payload," which is unchanged
by a NAT device.
Transport mode ESP with authentication is not compatible with NAT.
Table 105 VPN and NAT
SECURITY PROTOCOL
MODE
NAT
AH
Transport
AH
Tunnel
ESP
Transport
ESP
Tunnel
20.5.6 VPN, NAT, and NAT Traversal
NAT is incompatible with the AH protocol in both transport and tunnel mode. An IPSec VPN using
the AH protocol digitally signs the outbound packet, both data payload and headers, with a hash
value appended to the packet, but a NAT device between the IPSec endpoints rewrites the source or
destination address. As a result, the VPN device at the receiving end finds a mismatch between the
hash value and the data and assumes that the data has been maliciously altered.
NAT is not normally compatible with ESP in transport mode either, but the Device’s NAT Traversal
feature provides a way to handle this. NAT traversal allows you to set up an IKE SA when there are
NAT routers between the two IPSec routers.
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Figure 141 NAT Router Between IPSec Routers
Normally you cannot set up an IKE SA with a NAT router between the two IPSec routers because
the NAT router changes the header of the IPSec packet. NAT traversal solves the problem by adding
a UDP port 500 header to the IPSec packet. The NAT router forwards the IPSec packet with the UDP
port 500 header unchanged. In the above figure, when IPSec router A tries to establish an IKE SA,
IPSec router B checks the UDP port 500 header, and IPSec routers A and B build the IKE SA.
For NAT traversal to work, you must:
• Use ESP security protocol (in either transport or tunnel mode).
• Use IKE keying mode.
• Enable NAT traversal on both IPSec endpoints.
• Set the NAT router to forward UDP port 500 to IPSec router A.
Finally, NAT is compatible with ESP in tunnel mode because integrity checks are performed over the
combination of the "original header plus original payload," which is unchanged by a NAT device. The
compatibility of AH and ESP with NAT in tunnel and transport modes is summarized in the following
table.
Table 106 VPN and NAT
SECURITY PROTOCOL
MODE
NAT
AH
Transport
AH
Tunnel
ESP
Transport
Y*
ESP
Tunnel
Y* - This is supported in the Device if you enable NAT traversal.
20.5.7 ID Type and Content
With aggressive negotiation mode (see Section 20.5.4 on page 229), the Device identifies incoming
SAs by ID type and content since this identifying information is not encrypted. This enables the
Device to distinguish between multiple rules for SAs that connect from remote IPSec routers that
have dynamic WAN IP addresses.
Regardless of the ID type and content configuration, the Device does not allow you to save multiple
active rules with overlapping local and remote IP addresses.
With main mode (see Section 20.5.4 on page 229), the ID type and content are encrypted to
provide identity protection. In this case the Device can only distinguish between up to 12 different
incoming SAs that connect from remote IPSec routers that have dynamic WAN IP addresses. The
Device can distinguish up to 48 incoming SAs because you can select between three encryption
algorithms (DES, 3DES and AES), two authentication algorithms (MD5 and SHA1) and eight key
groups when you configure a VPN rule (see Section 20.2 on page 219). The ID type and content act
as an extra level of identification for incoming SAs.
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The type of ID can be a domain name, an IP address or an e-mail address. The content is the IP
address, domain name, or e-mail address.
Table 107 Local ID Type and Content Fields
LOCAL ID TYPE= CONTENT=
IP
Type the IP address of your computer.
DNS
Type a domain name (up to 31 characters) by which to identify this Device.
E-mail
Type an e-mail address (up to 31 characters) by which to identify this Device.
The domain name or e-mail address that you use in the Local ID Content field is used
for identification purposes only and does not need to be a real domain name or e-mail
address.
20.5.7.1 ID Type and Content Examples
Two IPSec routers must have matching ID type and content configuration in order to set up a VPN
tunnel.
The two Devices in this example can complete negotiation and establish a VPN tunnel.
Table 108 Matching ID Type and Content Configuration Example
Device A
Device B
Local ID type: E-mail
Local ID type: IP
Local ID content: tom@yourcompany.com
Local ID content: 1.1.1.2
Remote ID type: IP
Remote ID type: E-mail
Remote ID content: 1.1.1.2
Remote ID content: tom@yourcompany.com
The two Devices in this example cannot complete their negotiation because Device B’s Local ID
Type is IP, but Device A’s Remote ID Type is set to E-mail. An “ID mismatched” message
displays in the IPSEC LOG.
Table 109 Mismatching ID Type and Content Configuration Example
DEVICE A
DEVICE B
Local ID type: IP
Local ID type: IP
Local ID content: 1.1.1.10
Local ID content: 1.1.1.2
Remote ID type: E-mail
Remote ID type: IP
Remote ID content: aa@yahoo.com
Remote ID content: 1.1.1.0
20.5.8 Pre-Shared Key
A pre-shared key identifies a communicating party during a phase 1 IKE negotiation (see Section
20.5.3 on page 228 for more on IKE phases). It is called “pre-shared” because you have to share it
with another party before you can communicate with them over a secure connection.
20.5.9 Diffie-Hellman (DH) Key Groups
Diffie-Hellman (DH) is a public-key cryptography protocol that allows two parties to establish a
shared secret over an unsecured communications channel. Diffie-Hellman is used within IKE SA
setup to establish session keys. Upon completion of the Diffie-Hellman exchange, the two peers
have a shared secret, but the IKE SA is not authenticated. For authentication, use pre-shared keys.
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21
Voice
21.1 Overview
Use this chapter to:
• Connect an analog phone to the Device.
• Make phone calls over the Internet, as well as the regular phone network.
• Configure settings such as speed dial.
• Configure network settings to optimize the voice quality of your phone calls.
21.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
These screens allow you to configure your Device to make phone calls over the Internet and your
regular phone line, and to set up the phones you connect to the Device.
• Use the SIP Account screen (Section 21.3 on page 234) to set up information about your SIP
account, control which SIP accounts the phones connected to the Device use and configure audio
settings such as volume levels for the phones connected to the Device.
• Use the SIP Service Provider screen (Section 21.4 on page 239) to configure the SIP server
information, QoS for VoIP calls, the numbers for certain phone functions, and dialing plan.
• Use the PhoneRegion screen (Section 21.5 on page 247) to change settings that depend on the
country you are in.
• Use the Call Rule screen (Section 21.6 on page 247) to set up shortcuts for dialing frequentlyused (VoIP) phone numbers.
• Use the Call History Summary screen (Section 21.7 on page 248) to view the summary list of
received, dialed and missed calls.
• Use the Call History Outgoing screen (Section 21.8 on page 249) to view detailed information
for each outgoing call you made.
• Use the Call History Incoming screen (Section 21.9 on page 249) to view detailed information
for each incoming call from someone calling you.
You don’t necessarily need to use all these screens to set up your account. In fact, if your service
provider did not supply information on a particular field in a screen, it is usually best to leave it at
its default setting.
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21.1.2 What You Need to Know About VoIP
VoIP
VoIP stands for Voice over IP. IP is the Internet Protocol, which is the message-carrying standard
the Internet runs on. So, Voice over IP is the sending of voice signals (speech) over the Internet (or
another network that uses the Internet Protocol).
SIP
SIP stands for Session Initiation Protocol. SIP is a signalling standard that lets one network device
(like a computer or the Device) send messages to another. In VoIP, these messages are about
phone calls over the network. For example, when you dial a number on your Device, it sends a SIP
message over the network asking the other device (the number you dialed) to take part in the call.
SIP Accounts
A SIP account is a type of VoIP account. It is an arrangement with a service provider that lets you
make phone calls over the Internet. When you set the Device to use your SIP account to make
calls, the Device is able to send all the information about the phone call to your service provider on
the Internet.
Strictly speaking, you don’t need a SIP account. It is possible for one SIP device (like the Device) to
call another without involving a SIP service provider. However, the networking difficulties involved
in doing this make it tremendously impractical under normal circumstances. Your SIP account
provider removes these difficulties by taking care of the call routing and setup - figuring out how to
get your call to the right place in a way that you and the other person can talk to one another.
How to Find Out More
See Chapter 4 on page 37 for a tutorial showing how to set up these screens in an example
scenario.
See Section 21.10 on page 250 for advanced technical information on SIP.
21.2 Before You Begin
• Before you can use these screens, you need to have a VoIP account already set up. If you don’t
have one yet, you can sign up with a VoIP service provider over the Internet.
• You should have the information your VoIP service provider gave you ready, before you start to
configure the Device.
21.3 The SIP Account Screen
The Device uses a SIP account to make outgoing VoIP calls and check if an incoming call’s
destination number matches your SIP account’s SIP number. In order to make or receive a VoIP
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call, you need to enable and configure a SIP account, and map it to a phone port. The SIP account
contains information that allows your Device to connect to your VoIP service provider.
See Section 21.3.1 on page 235 for how to map a SIP account to a phone port.
Use this screen to view SIP account information. You can also enable and disable each SIP account.
To access this screen, click VoIP > SIP > SIP Account.
Figure 142 VoIP > SIP > SIP Account
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 110 VoIP > SIP > SIP Account
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add new account
Click this to configure a SIP account.
This is the index number of the entry.
Active
This shows whether the SIP account is activated or not.
A yellow bulb signifies that this SIP account is activated. A gray bulb signifies that this SIP
account is not activated.
SIP Account
This shows the name of the SIP account.
Service Provider
This shows the name of the SIP service provider.
Account No.
This shows the SIP number.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to configure the SIP account.
Click the Delete icon to delete this SIP account from the Device.
21.3.1 The SIP Account Add/Edit Screen
Use this screen to configure a SIP account and map it to a phone port. To access this screen, click
the Add new account button or click the Edit icon of an entry in the VoIP > SIP > SIP Account
screen.
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Note: Click more to see all the fields in the screen. You don’t necessarily need to use all
these fields to set up your account. Click less to see and configure only the fields
needed for this feature.
Figure 143 VoIP > SIP > SIP Account > Add new accoun/Edit
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 111 VoIP > SIP > SIP Account > Add new accoun/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
SIP Account
Selection
This field displays ADD_NEW if you are creating a new SIP account or the SIP
account you are modifying.
SIP Service
Provider
Association
Select the SIP service provider profile to use for the SIP account you are
configuring in this screen. This field is read-only when you are modifying a SIP
account.
General
Enable SIP
Account
Select this if you want the Device to use this account. Clear it if you do not want
the Device to use this account.
SIP Account
Number
Enter your SIP number. In the full SIP URI, this is the part before the @ symbol.
You can use up to 127 printable ASCII characters.
Authentication
236
Username
Enter the user name for registering this SIP account, exactly as it was given to
you. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII characters.
Password
Enter the user name for registering this SIP account, exactly as it was given to
you. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII Extended set characters.
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Table 111 VoIP > SIP > SIP Account > Add new accoun/Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Apply To Phone
Select a phone port on which you want to make or receive phone calls for this
SIP account.
If you map a phone port to more than one SIP account, there is no way to
distinguish between the SIP accounts when you receive phone calls. The Device
uses the most recently registered SIP account first when you make an outgoing
call.
If a phone port is not mapped to a SIP account, you cannot receive or make any
calls on the phone connected to this phone port.
more/less
Click more to display and edit more information for the SIP account. Click less
to display and configure the basic SIP account settings.
URI Type
Select whether or not to include the SIP service domain name when the Device
sends the SIP number.
SIP - include the SIP service domain name.
TEL - do not include the SIP service domain name.
Voice Features
Primary
Select the type of voice coder/decoder (codec) that you want the Device to use.
Compression Type
G.711 provides high voice quality but requires more bandwidth (64 kbps). G.711
Secondary
is the default codec used by phone companies and digital handsets.
Compression Type
• G.711a is typically used in Europe.
Third
• G.711u is typically used in North America and Japan.
Compression Type
G.726-24 operates at 24 kbps.
G.726-32 operates at 32 kbps.
G.722 is a 7 KHz wideband voice codec that operates at 48, 56 and 64 kbps. By
using a sample rate of 16 kHz, G.722 can provide higher fidelity and better audio
quality than narrowband codecs like G.711, in which the voice signal is sampled
at 8 KHz.
The Device must use the same codec as the peer. When two SIP devices start a
SIP session, they must agree on a codec.
Select the Device’s first choice for voice coder/decoder.
Select the Device’s second choice for voice coder/decoder. Select None if you
only want the Device to accept the first choice.
Select the Device’s third choice for voice coder/decoder. Select None if you only
want the Device to accept the first or second choice.
Speaking Volume
Control
Select the loudness that the Device uses for speech that it sends to the peer
device.
-12 is the quietest, and 12 is the loudest.
Listening Volume
Control
Select the loudness that the Device uses for speech that it receives from the
peer device.
-12 is the quietest, and 12 is the loudest.
Enable G.168
(Echo
Cancellation)
Select this if you want to eliminate the echo caused by the sound of your voice
reverberating in the telephone receiver while you talk.
Enable VAD
(Voice Active
Detector)
Select this if the Device should stop transmitting when you are not speaking.
This reduces the bandwidth the Device uses.
Call Features
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Table 111 VoIP > SIP > SIP Account > Add new accoun/Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Send Caller ID
Select this if you want to send identification when you make VoIP phone calls.
Clear this if you do not want to send identification.
Enable Call
Transfer
Select this to enable call transfer on the Device. This allows you to transfer an
incoming call (that you have answered) to another phone.
Enable Call
Waiting
Select this to enable call waiting on the Device. This allows you to place a call on
hold while you answer another incoming call on the same telephone number.
Call Waiting
Reject Timer
Specify a time of seconds that the Device waits before rejecting the second call if
you do not answer it.
Enable
Unconditional
Forward
Select this if you want the Device to forward all incoming calls to the specified
phone number.
Enable Busy
Forward
Select this if you want the Device to forward incoming calls to the specified
phone number if the phone port is busy.
Specify the phone number in the To Number field on the right.
Specify the phone number in the To Number field on the right.
If you have call waiting, the incoming call is forwarded to the specified phone
number if you reject or ignore the second incoming call.
Enable No Answer
Forward
Select this if you want the Device to forward incoming calls to the specified
phone number if the call is unanswered. (See No Answer Time.)
Specify the phone number in the To Number field on the right.
No Answer Time
This field is used by the Active No Answer Forward feature.
Enter the number of seconds the Device should wait for you to answer an
incoming call before it considers the call is unanswered.
Enable Do Not
Disturb
Select this to set your phone to not ring when someone calls you.
Enable
Anonymous Call
Block
Select this if you do not want the phone to ring when someone tries to call you
with caller ID deactivated.
Enable Call
Completion on
Busy Subscriber
(CCBS)
When you make a phone call but hear a busy tone, Call Completion on Busy
Subscriber (CCBS) allows you to enable auto-callback by pressing 5 and hanging
up the phone. The Device then tries to call that phone number every minute
since after you hang up the phone. When the called party becomes available
within the CCBS timeout period (60 minutes by default), both phones ring.
•
•
•
If the called party’s phone rings because of CCBS but no one answers the
phone after 180 seconds, you will hear a busy tone. You can enable CCBS on
the called number again.
If you manually call the number on which you have enabled CCBS before the
CCBS timeout period expires, the Device disables CCBS on the called
number.
If you call a second number before the first called number’s CCBS timeout
period expires, the Device stops calling the first number until you finish the
second call.
Select this option to activate CCBS on the Device.
238
MWI (Message
Waiting
Indication)
Select this if you want to hear a waiting (beeping) dial tone on your phone when
you have at least one voice message. Your VoIP service provider must support
this feature.
Expiration Time
Keep the default value for this field, unless your VoIP service provider tells you to
change it. Enter the number of seconds the SIP server should provide the
message waiting service each time the Device subscribes to the service. Before
this time passes, the Device automatically subscribes again.
Hot Line / Warm
Line Enable
Select this to enable the hot line or warm line feature on the Device.
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Table 111 VoIP > SIP > SIP Account > Add new accoun/Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Warm Line
Select this to have the Device dial the specified warm line number after you pick
up the telephone and do not press any keys on the keypad for a period of time.
Hot Line
Select this to have the Device dial the specified hot line number immediately
when you pick up the telephone.
Hot Line / Warm
Line number
Enter the number of the hot line or warm line that you want the Device to dial.
Warm Line Timer
Enter a number of seconds that the Device waits before dialing the warm line
number if you pick up the telephone and do not press any keys on the keypad.
Enable Missed
Call Email
Notification
Select this option to have the Device e-mail you a notification when there is a
missed call.
Mail Server
Select a mail server for the e-mail address specified below. If you select None
here, e-mail notifications will not be sent via e-mail.
You must have configured a mail server already in the Email Notification
screen.
Send
Notification to
Email
Notifications are sent to the e-mail address specified in this field. If this field is
left blank, notifications will not be sent via e-mail.
Missed Call
Email Title
Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the e-mail notifications that
the Device sends.
Early Media
IVR Play
Index
Music On Hold
IVR Play
Index
Select this option if you want people to hear a customized recording when they
call you.
Select the tone you want people to hear when they call you.
This field is configurable only when you select Early Media. See Section 21.10
on page 250 for information on how to record these tones.
Select this option to play a customized recording when you put people on hold.
Select the tone to play when you put someone on hold.
This field is configurable only when you select Music On Hold. See Section
21.10 on page 250 for information on how to record these tones.
Apply
Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the Device.
Cancel
Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
21.4 The SIP Service Provider Screen
Use this screen to view the SIP service provider information on the Device. Click VoIP > SIP >
SIP Service Provider to open the following screen.
Figure 144 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider
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Each field is described in the following table.
Table 112 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add new provider
This is the index number of the entry.
SIP Service
Provider Name
This shows the name of the SIP service provider.
SIP Server
Address
This shows the IP address or domain name of the SIP server.
REGISTER Server
Address
This shows the IP address or domain name of the SIP register server.
SIP Service
Domain
This shows the SIP service domain name.
Modify
Click the Edit icon to configure the SIP service provider.
Click the Delete icon to delete this SIP service provider from the Device.
21.4.1 The SIP Service Provider Add/Edit Screen
Use this screen to configure a SIP service provider on the Device. Click the Add new provider
button or an Edit icon in the VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider to open the following screen.
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Note: Click more to see all the fields in the screen. You don’t necessarily need to use all
these fields to set up your account. Click less to see and configure only the fields
needed for this feature.
Figure 145 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider > Add new provider/Edit
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 113 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider > Add new provider/Edit
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
SIP Service Provider Selection
Service
Provider
Selection
Select the SIP service provider profile you want to use for the SIP account you configure in
this screen. If you change this field, the screen automatically refreshes.
General
SIP Service
Provider Name
Enter the name of your SIP service provider.
SIP Local Port
Enter the Device’s listening port number, if your VoIP service provider gave you one.
Otherwise, keep the default value.
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Table 113 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider > Add new provider/Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
SIP Server
Address
Enter the IP address or domain name of the SIP server provided by your VoIP service
provider. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII characters. It does not matter whether the
SIP server is a proxy, redirect or register server.
SIP Server Port
Enter the SIP server’s listening port number, if your VoIP service provider gave you one.
Otherwise, keep the default value.
REGISTER
Server Address
Enter the IP address or domain name of the SIP register server, if your VoIP service provider
gave you one. Otherwise, enter the same address you entered in the SIP Server Address
field. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII characters.
REGISTER
Server Port
Enter the SIP register server’s listening port number, if your VoIP service provider gave you
one. Otherwise, enter the same port number you entered in the SIP Server Port field.
SIP Service
Domain
Enter the SIP service domain name. In the full SIP URI, this is the part after the @ symbol.
You can use up to 127 printable ASCII Extended set characters.
RFC Support
Support
Locating SIP
Server
(RFC3263)
Select this option to have the Device use DNS procedures to resolve the SIP domain and
find the SIP server’s IP address, port number and supported transport protocol(s).
The Device first uses DNS Name Authority Pointer (NAPTR) records to determine the
transport protocols supported by the SIP server. It then performs DNS Service (SRV) query
to determine the port number for the protocol. The Device resolves the SIP server’s IP
address by a standard DNS address record lookup.
The SIP Server Port and REGISTER Server Port fields in the General section above are
grayed out and not applicable and the Transport Type can also be set to AUTO if you
select this option.
RFC
3262(Require:
100rel)
PRACK (RFC 3262) defines a mechanism to provide reliable transmission of SIP provisional
response messages, which convey information on the processing progress of the request.
This uses the option tag 100rel and the Provisional Response ACKnowledgement (PRACK)
method.
Select this to have the the peer device require the option tag 100rel to send provisional
responses reliably.
VoIP IOP Flags
Select the VoIP inter-operability settings you want to activate.
Replace dial
digit '#' to
'%23' in SIP
messages
Replace a dial digit “#” with “%23” in the INVITE messages.
Remove ‘:5060’
and
'transport=udp'
from requesturi in SIP
messages
Remove “:5060” and “transport=udp” from the “Request-URI” string in the REGISTER and
INVITE packets.
Remove the
'Route' header
in SIP
messages
Remove the 'Route' header in SIP packets.
Don't send reInvite to the
remote party
when there are
multiple codecs
answered in the
SDP
Do not send a re-Invite packet to the remote party when the remote party answers that it
can support multiple codecs.
Bound Interface Name
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Table 113 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider > Add new provider/Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Bound
Interface Name
If you select LAN or Any_WAN, the Device automatically activates the VoIP service when
any LAN or WAN connection is up.
If you select Multi_WAN, you also need to select two or more pre-configured WAN
interfaces. The VoIP service is activated only when one of the selected WAN connections is
up.
Outbound Proxy
Outbound
Proxy Address
Enter the IP address or domain name of the SIP outbound proxy server if your VoIP service
provider has a SIP outbound server to handle voice calls. This allows the Device to work
with any type of NAT router and eliminates the need for STUN or a SIP ALG. Turn off any SIP
ALG on a NAT router in front of the Device to keep it from re-translating the IP address
(since this is already handled by the outbound proxy server).
Outbound
Proxy Port
Enter the SIP outbound proxy server’s listening port, if your VoIP service provider gave you
one. Otherwise, keep the default value.
RTP Port Range
Start Port
End Port
Enter the listening port number(s) for RTP traffic, if your VoIP service provider gave you this
information. Otherwise, keep the default values.
To enter one port number, enter the port number in the Start Port and End Port fields.
To enter a range of ports,
•
•
enter the port number at the beginning of the range in the Start Port field.
enter the port number at the end of the range in the End Port field.
SRTP Support
SRTP Support
When you make a VoIP call using SIP, the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is used to
handle voice data transfer. The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) is a security
profile of RTP. It is designed to provide encryption and authentication for the RTP data in
both unicast and multicast applications.
The Device supports encryption using AES with a 128-bit key. To protect data integrity, SRTP
uses a Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC) calculation with Secure Hash
Algorithm (SHA)-1 to authenticate data. HMAC SHA-1 produces a 80 or 32-bit
authentication tag that is appended to the packet.
Both the caller and callee should use the same algorithms to establish an SRTP session.
Crypto Suite
Select the encryption and authentication algorithm set used by the Device to set up an SRTP
media session with the peer device.
Select AES_CM_128_HMAC_SHA1_80 or AES_CM_128_HMAC_SHA1_32 to enable
both data encryption and authentication for voice data.
Select AES_CM_128_NULL to use 128-bit data encryption but disable data authentication.
Select NULL_CIPHER_HMAC_SHA1_80 to disable encryption but require authentication
using the default 80-bit tag.
DTMF Mode
DTMF Mode
Control how the Device handles the tones that your telephone makes when you push its
buttons. You should use the same mode your VoIP service provider uses.
RFC2833 - send the DTMF tones in RTP packets.
PCM - send the DTMF tones in the voice data stream. This method works best when you are
using a codec that does not use compression (like G.711). Codecs that use compression
(like G.729 and G.726) can distort the tones.
SIP INFO - send the DTMF tones in SIP messages.
Transport Type
Transport Type
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Table 113 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider > Add new provider/Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Ignore Direct IP Select Enable to have the connected CPE devices accept SIP requests only from the SIP
proxy/register server specified above. SIP requests sent from other IP addresses will be
ignored.
FAX Option
This field controls how the Device handles fax messages.
G711 Fax
Passthrough
Select this if the Device should use G.711 to send fax messages. You have to also select
which operating codec (G.711Mulaw or G.711Alaw) to use for encoding/decoding FAX
data. The peer devices must use the same settings.
T38 Fax Relay
Select this if the Device should send fax messages as UDP or TCP/IP packets through IP
networks. This provides better quality, but it may have inter-operability problems. The peer
devices must also use T.38.
QoS Tag
SIP DSCP Mark
Setting
Enter the DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) number for SIP message transmissions. The Device
creates Class of Service (CoS) priority tags with this number to SIP traffic that it transmits.
RTP DSCP Mark
Setting
Enter the DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) number for RTP voice transmissions. The Device
creates Class of Service (CoS) priority tags with this number to RTP traffic that it transmits.
Timer Setting
244
Expiration
Duration
Enter the number of seconds your SIP account is registered with the SIP register server
before it is deleted. The Device automatically tries to re-register your SIP account when
one-half of this time has passed. (The SIP register server might have a different expiration.)
Register Resend timer
Enter the number of seconds the Device waits before it tries again to register the SIP
account, if the first try failed or if there is no response.
Session Expires
Enter the number of seconds the Device lets a SIP session remain idle (without traffic)
before it automatically disconnects the session.
Min-SE
Enter the minimum number of seconds the Device lets a SIP session remain idle (without
traffic) before it automatically disconnects the session. When two SIP devices start a SIP
session, they must agree on an expiration time for idle sessions. This field is the shortest
expiration time that the Device accepts.
Phone Key
Config
Enter the key combinations for certain functions of the SIP phone.
Call Return
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to place a call to the last number that called
you.
One Shot Caller
Display Call
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to activate caller ID for the next call only.
One Shot Caller
Hidden Call
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to deactivate caller ID for the next call only.
Call Waiting
Enable
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to turn on the call waiting function.
Call Waiting
Disable
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to turn off the call waiting function.
IVR
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to record custom caller ringing tones (the
sound a caller hears before you pick up the phone) and on hold tones (the sound someone
hears when you put their call on hold). IVR stands for Interactive Voice Response.
Internal Call
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to call the phone(s) connected to the Device.
Call Transfer
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to transfer a call to another phone.
Unconditional
Call Forward
Enable
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to forward all incoming calls to the phone
number you specified in the SIP > SIP Account screen.
Unconditional
Call Forward
Disable
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to turn the unconditional call forward
function off.
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Table 113 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider > Add new provider/Edit (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
No Answer Call
Forward Enable
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to forward incoming calls to the phone
number you specified in the SIP > SIP Account screen if the calls are unanswered.
No Answer Call
Forward
Disable
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to turn the no answer call forward function
off.
Call Forward
When Busy
Enable
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to forward incoming calls to the phone
number you specified in the SIP > SIP Account screen if the phone port is busy.
Call Forward
When Busy
Disable
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to turn the busy forward function off.
One Shot Call
Waiting Enable
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to activate call waiting on the next calls.
One Shot Call
Waiting Disable
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to deactivate call waiting on the next call
only.
Do Not Disturb
Enable
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to set your phone not to ring when someone
calls you.
Do Not Disturb
Disable
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to turn this function off.
Call Completion
on Busy
Subscriber
(CCBS)
Deactivate
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to disable CCBS on a call.
Outgoing SIP
Enter the key combinations that you can enter to select the SIP account that you use to
make outgoing calls.
If you enter #12(by default)#, #1201#12345678 for example, the Device uses the first SIP account to call
12345678.
Dial Plan
Dial Plan
Enable
Select this to activate the dial plan rules you specify in the text box provided. See Section
21.4.2 on page 246 for how to set up a rule.
Dialing Interval Selection
Dialing Interval
Selection
Enter the number of seconds the Device should wait after you stop dialing numbers before it
makes the phone call. The value depends on how quickly you dial phone numbers.
If you select Immediate Dial Enable, you can press the pound key (#) to tell the Device
to make the phone call immediately, regardless of this setting.
Immediate Dial Enable
Immediate Dial
Enable
Select this if you want to use the pound key (#) to tell the Device to make the phone call
immediately, instead of waiting the number of seconds you selected in the Dialing Interval
Selection field.
If you select this, dial the phone number, and then press the pound key.
The Device makes the call immediately, instead of waiting. You can still wait, if you want.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
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21.4.2 Dial Plan Rules
A dial plan defines the dialing patterns, such as the length and range of the digits for a telephone
number. It also includes country codes, access codes, area codes, local numbers, long distance
numbers or international call prefixes. For example, the dial plan ([2-9]xxxxxx) does not allow a
local number which begins with 1 or 0.
Without a dial plan, users have to manually enter the whole callee’s number and wait for the
specified dialing interval to time out or press a terminator key (usually the pound key on the phone
keypad) before the Device makes the call.
The Device initializes a call when the dialed number matches any one of the rules in the dial plan.
Dial plan rules follow these conventions:
• The collection of rules is in parentheses ().
• Rules are separated by the | (bar) symbol.
• “x” stands for a wildcard and can be any digit from 0 to 9.
• A subset of keys is in a square bracket []. Ranges are allowed.
For example, [359] means a number matching this rule can be 3, 5 or 9. [26-8*] means a
number matching this rule can be 2, 6, 7, 8 or *.
• The dot “.” appended to a digit allows the digit to be ignored or repeated multiple times. Any digit
(0~9, *, #) after the dot will be ignored.
For example, (01.) means a number matching this rule can be 0, 01, 0111, 01111, and so on.
•  indicates the number after the colon replaces the number
before the colon in an angle bracket <>. For example,
(<:1212> xxxxxxx) means the Device automatically prefixes the translated-number “1212” to
the number you dialed before making the call. This can be used for local calls in the US.
(<9:> xxx xxxxxxx) means the Device automatically removes the specified prefix “9” from the
number you dialed before making the call. This is always used for making outside calls from an
office.
(xx<123:456>xxxx) means the Device automatically translates “123” to “456” in the number
you dialed before making the call.
• Calls with a number followed by the exclamation mark “!” will be dropped.
• Calls with a number followed by the termination character “@” will be made immediately. Any
digit (0~9, *, #) after the @ character will be ignored.
In this example dial plan (0 | [49]11 | 1 [2-9]xx xxxxxxx | 1 947 xxxxxxx !), you can dial “0” to call
the local operator, call 411 or 911, or make a long distance call with an area code starting from 2 to
9 in the US. The calls with the area code 947 will be dropped.
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21.5 The Phone Screen
Use this screen to maintain settings that depend on which region of the world the Device is in. To
access this screen, click VoIP > Phone.
Figure 146 VoIP > Phone
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 114 VoIP > Phone
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Region Settings
Select the place in which the Device is located.
Call Service Mode
Select the mode for supplementary phone services (call hold, call waiting, call transfer
and three-way conference calls) that your VoIP service provider supports.
Europe Type - use supplementary phone services in European mode
USA Type - use supplementary phone services American mode
You might have to subscribe to these services to use them. Contact your VoIP service
provider.
Apply
Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the Device.
Cancel
Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
21.6 The Call Rule Screen
Use this screen to add, edit, or remove speed-dial numbers for outgoing calls. Speed dial provides
shortcuts for dialing frequently-used (VoIP) phone numbers. You also have to create speed-dial
entries if you want to call SIP numbers that contain letters. Once you have configured a speed dial
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rule, you can use a shortcut (the speed dial number, #01 for example) on your phone's keypad to
call the phone number.
Figure 147 VoIP > Call Rule
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 115 VoIP > Call Rule
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Clear all speed
dials
Click this to erase all the speed-dial entries on this screen.
Keys
This field displays the speed-dial number you should dial to use this entry.
Number
Enter the SIP number you want the Device to call when you dial the speed-dial number.
Description
Enter a name to identify the party you call when you dial the speed-dial number. You can
use up to 127 printable ASCII characters.
Apply
Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the Device.
Cancel
Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
21.7 The Call History Summary Screen
The Device logs calls from or to your SIP numbers. This screen allows you to view the summary of
received, dialed and missed calls.
Click VoIP > Call History > Call History Summary. The following screen displays.
Figure 148 VoIP > Call History > Call History Summary
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Each field is described in the following table.
Table 116 VoIP > Call History > Call History Summary
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh
Click this button to renew the call history list.
Clear All
Click this button to remove all entries from the call history list.
This is a read-only index number.
Date
This is the date when the calls were made.
Total Calls
This displays the total number of calls from or to your SIP numbers that day.
Outgoing Calls
This displays how many calls originated from you that day.
Incoming Calls
This displays how many calls you received that day.
Missing Calls
This displays how many incoming calls were not answered that day.
Total Duration
This displays how long all calls lasted that day.
21.8 The Call History Outgoing Calls Screen
Use this screen to see detailed information for each outgoing call you made.
Click VoIP > Call History > Call History Outgoing. The following screen displays.
Figure 149 VoIP > Call History > Call History Outgoing
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 117 VoIP > Call History > Call History Outgoing
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh
Click this button to renew the dialed call list.
Clear All
Click this button to remove all entries from the dialed call list.
This is a read-only index number.
time
This is the date and time when the call was made.
phone port
This is the phone port on which you made the call.
phone number
This is the SIP number you called.
duration
This displays how long the call lasted.
21.9 The Call History Incoming Calls Screen
Use this screen to see detailed information for each incoming call from someone calling you.
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Click VoIP > Call History > Call History Incoming Calls. The following screen displays.
Figure 150 VoIP > Call History > Call History Incoming Calls
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 118 VoIP > Call History > Call History Incoming
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh
Click this button to renew the received call list.
Clear All
Click this button to remove all entries from the received call list.
This is a read-only index number.
time
This is the date and time when the call was made.
phone port
This is the phone port on which you received the call.
Missed means the call was unanswered.
phone number
This is the SIP number that called you.
duration
This displays how long the call lasted.
21.10 Technical Reference
This section contains background material relevant to the VoIP screens.
VoIP
VoIP is the sending of voice signals over Internet Protocol. This allows you to make phone calls and
send faxes over the Internet at a fraction of the cost of using the traditional circuit-switched
telephone network. You can also use servers to run telephone service applications like PBX services
and voice mail. Internet Telephony Service Provider (ITSP) companies provide VoIP service.
Circuit-switched telephone networks require 64 kilobits per second (Kbps) in each direction to
handle a telephone call. VoIP can use advanced voice coding techniques with compression to reduce
the required bandwidth.
SIP
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an application-layer control (signaling) protocol that handles
the setting up, altering and tearing down of voice and multimedia sessions over the Internet.
SIP signaling is separate from the media for which it handles sessions. The media that is exchanged
during the session can use a different path from that of the signaling. SIP handles telephone calls
and can interface with traditional circuit-switched telephone networks.
SIP Identities
A SIP account uses an identity (sometimes referred to as a SIP address). A complete SIP identity is
called a SIP URI (Uniform Resource Identifier). A SIP account's URI identifies the SIP account in a
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way similar to the way an e-mail address identifies an e-mail account. The format of a SIP identity
is SIP-Number@SIP-Service-Domain.
SIP Number
The SIP number is the part of the SIP URI that comes before the “@” symbol. A SIP number can
use letters like in an e-mail address (johndoe@your-ITSP.com for example) or numbers like a
telephone number (1122334455@VoIP-provider.com for example).
SIP Service Domain
The SIP service domain of the VoIP service provider is the domain name in a SIP URI. For example,
if the SIP address is 1122334455@VoIP-provider.com, then “VoIP-provider.com” is the SIP service
domain.
SIP Registration
Each Device is an individual SIP User Agent (UA). To provide voice service, it has a public IP
address for SIP and RTP protocols to communicate with other servers.
A SIP user agent has to register with the SIP registrar and must provide information about the
users it represents, as well as its current IP address (for the routing of incoming SIP requests).
After successful registration, the SIP server knows that the users (identified by their dedicated SIP
URIs) are represented by the UA, and knows the IP address to which the SIP requests and
responses should be sent.
Registration is initiated by the User Agent Client (UAC) running in the VoIP gateway (the Device).
The gateway must be configured with information letting it know where to send the REGISTER
message, as well as the relevant user and authorization data.
A SIP registration has a limited lifespan. The User Agent Client must renew its registration within
this lifespan. If it does not do so, the registration data will be deleted from the SIP registrar's
database and the connection broken.
The Device attempts to register all enabled subscriber ports when it is switched on. When you
enable a subscriber port that was previously disabled, the Device attempts to register the port
immediately.
Authorization Requirements
SIP registrations (and subsequent SIP requests) require a username and password for
authorization. These credentials are validated via a challenge / response system using the HTTP
digest mechanism (as detailed in RFC 3261, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol").
SIP Servers
SIP is a client-server protocol. A SIP client is an application program or device that sends SIP
requests. A SIP server responds to the SIP requests.
When you use SIP to make a VoIP call, it originates at a client and terminates at a server. A SIP
client could be a computer or a SIP phone. One device can act as both a SIP client and a SIP server.
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SIP User Agent
A SIP user agent can make and receive VoIP telephone calls. This means that SIP can be used for
peer-to-peer communications even though it is a client-server protocol. In the following figure,
either A or B can act as a SIP user agent client to initiate a call. A and B can also both act as a SIP
user agent to receive the call.
Figure 151 SIP User Agent
SIP Proxy Server
A SIP proxy server receives requests from clients and forwards them to another server.
In the following example, you want to use client device A to call someone who is using client device
C.
The client device (A in the figure) sends a call invitation to the SIP proxy server (B).
The SIP proxy server forwards the call invitation to C.
Figure 152 SIP Proxy Server
SIP Redirect Server
A SIP redirect server accepts SIP requests, translates the destination address to an IP address and
sends the translated IP address back to the device that sent the request. Then the client device that
originally sent the request can send requests to the IP address that it received back from the
redirect server. Redirect servers do not initiate SIP requests.
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In the following example, you want to use client device A to call someone who is using client device
C.
Client device A sends a call invitation for C to the SIP redirect server (B).
The SIP redirect server sends the invitation back to A with C’s IP address (or domain name).
Client device A then sends the call invitation to client device C.
Figure 153 SIP Redirect Server
SIP Register Server
A SIP register server maintains a database of SIP identity-to-IP address (or domain name)
mapping. The register server checks your user name and password when you register.
RTP
When you make a VoIP call using SIP, the RTP (Real time Transport Protocol) is used to handle voice
data transfer. See RFC 1889 for details on RTP.
Pulse Code Modulation
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) measures analog signal amplitudes at regular time intervals and
converts them into bits.
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SIP Call Progression
The following figure displays the basic steps in the setup and tear down of a SIP call. A calls B.
Table 119 SIP Call Progression
1. INVITE
2. Ringing
3. OK
4. ACK
5.Dialogue (voice traffic)
6. BYE
7. OK
A sends a SIP INVITE request to B. This message is an invitation for B to participate in a SIP
telephone call.
B sends a response indicating that the telephone is ringing.
B sends an OK response after the call is answered.
A then sends an ACK message to acknowledge that B has answered the call.
Now A and B exchange voice media (talk).
After talking, A hangs up and sends a BYE request.
B replies with an OK response confirming receipt of the BYE request and the call is terminated.
SIP Call Progression Through Proxy Servers
Usually, the SIP UAC sets up a phone call by sending a request to the SIP proxy server. Then, the
proxy server looks up the destination to which the call should be forwarded (according to the URI
requested by the SIP UAC). The request may be forwarded to more than one proxy server before
arriving at its destination.
The response to the request goes to all the proxy servers through which the request passed, in
reverse sequence. Once the session is set up, session traffic is sent between the UAs directly,
bypassing all the proxy servers in between.
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The following figure shows the SIP and session traffic flow between the user agents (UA 1 and UA
2) and the proxy servers (this example shows two proxy servers, PROXY 1 and PROXY 2).
Figure 154 SIP Call Through Proxy Servers
PROXY 1
PROXY 2
SIP
SIP
SIP
SIP & RTP
UA 1
UA 2
The following table shows the SIP call progression.
Table 120 SIP Call Progression
UA 1
PROXY 1
PROXY 2
UA 2
Invite
Invite
100 Trying
Invite
100 Trying
180 Ringing
180 Ringing
180 Ringing
200 OK
200 OK
200 OK
ACK
RTP
RTP
BYE
200 OK
User Agent 1 sends a SIP INVITE request to Proxy 1. This message is an invitation to User
Agent 2 to participate in a SIP telephone call. Proxy 1 sends a response indicating that it is trying
to complete the request.
Proxy 1 sends a SIP INVITE request to Proxy 2. Proxy 2 sends a response indicating that it is
trying to complete the request.
Proxy 2 sends a SIP INVITE request to User Agent 2.
User Agent 2 sends a response back to Proxy 2 indicating that the phone is ringing. The response
is relayed back to User Agent 1 via Proxy 1.
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User Agent 2 sends an OK response to Proxy 2 after the call is answered. This is also relayed
back to User Agent 1 via Proxy 1.
User Agent 1 and User Agent 2 exchange RTP packets containing voice data directly, without
involving the proxies.
When User Agent 2 hangs up, he sends a BYE request.
User Agent 1 replies with an OK response confirming receipt of the BYE request, and the call is
terminated.
Voice Coding
A codec (coder/decoder) codes analog voice signals into digital signals and decodes the digital
signals back into analog voice signals. The Device supports the following codecs.
• G.711 is a Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) waveform codec. PCM measures analog signal
amplitudes at regular time intervals and converts them into digital samples. G.711 provides very
good sound quality but requires 64 kbps of bandwidth.
• G.726 is an Adaptive Differential PCM (ADPCM) waveform codec that uses a lower bitrate than
standard PCM conversion. ADPCM converts analog audio into digital signals based on the
difference between each audio sample and a prediction based on previous samples. The more
similar the audio sample is to the prediction, the less space needed to describe it. G.726 operates
at 16, 24, 32 or 40 kbps.
• G.729 is an Analysis-by-Synthesis (AbS) hybrid waveform codec that uses a filter based on
information about how the human vocal tract produces sounds. G.729 provides good sound
quality and reduces the required bandwidth to 8 kbps.
Voice Activity Detection/Silence Suppression
Voice Activity Detection (VAD) detects whether or not speech is present. This lets the Device reduce
the bandwidth that a call uses by not transmitting “silent packets” when you are not speaking.
Comfort Noise Generation
When using VAD, the Device generates comfort noise when the other party is not speaking. The
comfort noise lets you know that the line is still connected as total silence could easily be mistaken
for a lost connection.
Echo Cancellation
G.168 is an ITU-T standard for eliminating the echo caused by the sound of your voice
reverberating in the telephone receiver while you talk.
MWI (Message Waiting Indication)
Enable Message Waiting Indication (MWI) enables your phone to give you a message–waiting
(beeping) dial tone when you have a voice message(s). Your VoIP service provider must have a
messaging system that sends message waiting status SIP packets as defined in RFC 3842.
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Custom Tones (IVR)
IVR (Interactive Voice Response) is a feature that allows you to use your telephone to interact with
the Device. The Device allows you to record custom tones for the Early Media and Music On Hold
functions. The same recordings apply to both the caller ringing and on hold tones.
Table 121 Custom Tones Details
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Total Time for All Tones
900 seconds for all custom tones combined
Maximum Time per
Individual Tone
180 seconds
Total Number of Tones
Recordable
You can record up to 5 different custom tones but the total time must be 900
seconds or less.
Recording Custom Tones
Use the following steps if you would like to create new tones or change your tones:
Pick up the phone and press “****” on your phone’s keypad and wait for the message that says
you are in the configuration menu.
Press a number from 1101~1105 on your phone followed by the “#” key.
Play your desired music or voice recording into the receiver’s mouthpiece. Press the “#” key.
You can continue to add, listen to, or delete tones, or you can hang up the receiver when you are
done.
Listening to Custom Tones
Do the following to listen to a custom tone:
Pick up the phone and press “****” on your phone’s keypad and wait for the message that says
you are in the configuration menu.
Press a number from 1201~1208 followed by the “#” key to listen to the tone.
You can continue to add, listen to, or delete tones, or you can hang up the receiver when you are
done.
Deleting Custom Tones
Do the following to delete a custom tone:
Pick up the phone and press “****” on your phone’s keypad and wait for the message that says
you are in the configuration menu.
Press a number from 1301~1308 followed by the “#” key to delete the tone of your choice. Press
14 followed by the “#” key if you wish to clear all your custom tones.
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You can continue to add, listen to, or delete tones, or you can hang up the receiver when you are
done.
21.10.1 Quality of Service (QoS)
Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a network's ability to deliver data with minimum delay, and
the networking methods used to provide bandwidth for real-time multimedia applications.
Type of Service (ToS)
Network traffic can be classified by setting the ToS (Type of Service) values at the data source (for
example, at the Device) so a server can decide the best method of delivery, that is the least cost,
fastest route and so on.
DiffServ
DiffServ is a class of service (CoS) model that marks packets so that they receive specific per-hop
treatment at DiffServ-compliant network devices along the route based on the application types
and traffic flow. Packets are marked with DiffServ Code Points (DSCP) indicating the level of service
desired. This allows the intermediary DiffServ-compliant network devices to handle the packets
differently depending on the code points without the need to negotiate paths or remember state
information for every flow. In addition, applications do not have to request a particular service or
give advanced notice of where the traffic is going.3
DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior
DiffServ defines a new DS (Differentiated Services) field to replace the Type of Service (TOS) field
in the IP header. The DS field contains a 2-bit unused field and a 6-bit DSCP field which can define
up to 64 service levels. The following figure illustrates the DS field.
DSCP is backward compatible with the three precedence bits in the ToS octet so that non-DiffServ
compliant, ToS-enabled network device will not conflict with the DSCP mapping.
Figure 155 DiffServ: Differentiated Service Field
DSCP
Unused
(6-bit)
(2-bit)
The DSCP value determines the forwarding behavior, the PHB (Per-Hop Behavior), that each packet
gets across the DiffServ network. Based on the marking rule, different kinds of traffic can be
marked for different priorities of forwarding. Resources can then be allocated according to the DSCP
values and the configured policies.
21.10.2 Phone Services Overview
Supplementary services such as call hold, call waiting, and call transfer. are generally available from
your VoIP service provider. The Device supports the following services:
3.
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The Device does not support DiffServ at the time of writing.
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• Call Return
• Call Hold
• Call Waiting
• Making a Second Call
• Call Transfer
• Call Forwarding
• Three-Way Conference
• Internal Calls
• Call Park and Pickup
• Do not Disturb
• IVR
• Call Completion
• CCBS
• Outgoing SIP
Note: To take full advantage of the supplementary phone services available through the
Device's phone ports, you may need to subscribe to the services from your VoIP
service provider.
21.10.2.1 The Flash Key
Flashing means to press the hook for a short period of time (a few hundred milliseconds) before
releasing it. On newer telephones, there should be a "flash" key (button) that generates the signal
electronically. If the flash key is not available, you can tap (press and immediately release) the
hook by hand to achieve the same effect. However, using the flash key is preferred since the timing
is much more precise. With manual tapping, if the duration is too long, it may be interpreted as
hanging up by the Device.
You can invoke all the supplementary services by using the flash key.
21.10.2.2 Europe Type Supplementary Phone Services
This section describes how to use supplementary phone services with the Europe Type Call
Service Mode. Commands for supplementary services are listed in the table below.
After pressing the flash key, if you do not issue the sub-command before the default sub-command
timeout (2 seconds) expires or issue an invalid sub-command, the current operation will be
aborted.
Table 122 European Flash Key Commands
COMMAND
SUB-COMMAND
Flash
DESCRIPTION
Put a current call on hold to place a second call.
Switch back to the call (if there is no second call).
Flash
Drop the call presently on hold or reject an incoming call which is waiting
for answer.
Flash
Disconnect the current phone connection and answer the incoming call or
resume with caller presently on hold.
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Table 122 European Flash Key Commands
COMMAND
SUB-COMMAND
DESCRIPTION
Flash
1. Switch back and forth between two calls.
2. Put a current call on hold to answer an incoming call.
3. Separate the current three-way conference call into two individual calls
(one is on-line, the other is on hold).
Flash
Create three-way conference connection.
Flash
*98#
Transfer the call to another phone.
European Call Hold
Call hold allows you to put a call (A) on hold by pressing the flash key.
If you have another call, press the flash key and then “2” to switch back and forth between caller A
and B by putting either one on hold.
Press the flash key and then “0” to disconnect the call presently on hold and keep the current call
on line.
Press the flash key and then “1” to disconnect the current call and resume the call on hold.
If you hang up the phone but a caller is still on hold, there will be a remind ring.
European Call Waiting
This allows you to place a call on hold while you answer another incoming call on the same
telephone (directory) number.
If there is a second call to a telephone number, you will hear a call waiting tone. Take one of the
following actions.
• Reject the second call.
Press the flash key and then press “0”.
• Disconnect the first call and answer the second call.
Either press the flash key and press “1”, or just hang up the phone and then answer the phone
after it rings.
• Put the first call on hold and answer the second call.
Press the flash key and then “2”.
European Call Transfer
Do the following to transfer an incoming call (that you have answered) to another phone.
260
Press the flash key to put the caller on hold.
When you hear the dial tone, dial “*98#” followed by the number to which you want to transfer the
call.
After you hear the ring signal or the second party answers it, hang up the phone.
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European Three-Way Conference
Use the following steps to make three-way conference calls.
When you are on the phone talking to someone, press the flash key to put the caller on hold and
get a dial tone.
Dial a phone number directly to make another call.
When the second call is answered, press the flash key and press “3” to create a three-way
conversation.
Hang up the phone to drop the connection.
If you want to separate the activated three-way conference into two individual connections (one is
on-line, the other is on hold), press the flash key and press “2”.
21.10.2.3 USA Type Supplementary Services
This section describes how to use supplementary phone services with the USA Type Call Service
Mode. Commands for supplementary services are listed in the table below.
After pressing the flash key, if you do not issue the sub-command before the default sub-command
timeout (2 seconds) expires or issue an invalid sub-command, the current operation will be
aborted.
Table 123 USA Flash Key Commands
COMMAND
SUB-COMMAND
Flash
DESCRIPTION
Put a current call on hold to place a second call. After the second call is
successful, press the flash key again to have a three-way conference call.
Put a current call on hold to answer an incoming call.
Flash
*98#
Transfer the call to another phone.
USA Call Hold
Call hold allows you to put a call (A) on hold by pressing the flash key.
If you have another call, press the flash key to switch back and forth between caller A and B by
putting either one on hold.
If you hang up the phone but a caller is still on hold, there will be a remind ring.
USA Call Waiting
This allows you to place a call on hold while you answer another incoming call on the same
telephone (directory) number.
If there is a second call to your telephone number, you will hear a call waiting tone.
Press the flash key to put the first call on hold and answer the second call.
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USA Call Transfer
Do the following to transfer an incoming call (that you have answered) to another phone.
Press the flash key to put the caller on hold.
When you hear the dial tone, dial “*98#” followed by the number to which you want to transfer the
call.
After you hear the ring signal or the second party answers it, hang up the phone.
USA Three-Way Conference
Use the following steps to make three-way conference calls.
When you are on the phone talking to someone (party A), press the flash key to put the caller on
hold and get a dial tone.
Dial a phone number directly to make another call (to party B).
When party B answers the second call, press the flash key to create a three-way conversation.
Hang up the phone to drop the connection.
If you want to separate the activated three-way conference into two individual connections (with
party A on-line and party B on hold), press the flash key.
If you want to go back to the three-way conversation, press the flash key again.
If you want to separate the activated three-way conference into two individual connections again,
press the flash key. This time the party B is on-line and party A is on hold.
21.10.2.4 Phone Functions Summary
The following table shows the key combinations you can enter on your phone’s keypad to use
certain features.
Table 124 Phone Functions Summary
262
ACTION
FUNCTION
DESCRIPTION
*98#
Call transfer
Transfer a call to another phone. See Section 21.10.2.2 on page 259
(Europe type) and Section 21.10.2.3 on page 261 (USA type).
*66#
Call return
Place a call to the last person who called you.
*95#
Enable Do Not Disturb
#95#
Disable Do Not Disturb
Use these to set your phone not to ring when someone calls you, or
to turn this function off.
*41#
Enable Call Waiting
#41#
Disable Call Waiting
Use these to allow you to put a call on hold when you are answering
another, or to turn this function off.
****
IVR
Use these to set up Interactive Voice Response (IVR). IVR allows
you to record custom caller ringing tones (the sound a caller hears
before you pick up the phone) and on hold tones (the sound
someone hears when you put their call on hold).
####
Internal Call
Call the phone(s) connected to the Device.
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Table 124 Phone Functions Summary
ACTION
FUNCTION
*82
One Shot Caller Display Call Activate or deactivate caller ID for the next call only.
*67
One Shot Caller Hidden Call
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Log
22.1 Overview
The web configurator allows you to choose which categories of events and/or alerts to have the
Device log and then display the logs or have the Device send them to an administrator (as e-mail)
or to a syslog server.
22.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
• Use the System Log screen to see the system logs (Section 22.2 on page 266).
• Use the Security Log screen to see the security-related logs for the categories that you select
(Section 22.3 on page 267).
22.1.2 What You Need To Know
The following terms and concepts may help as you read this chapter.
Alerts and Logs
An alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. They include system errors, attacks
(access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites. Some categories such as System
Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the View Log
screen. Alerts display in red and logs display in black.
Syslog Overview
The syslog protocol allows devices to send event notification messages across an IP network to
syslog servers that collect the event messages. A syslog-enabled device can generate a syslog
message and send it to a syslog server.
Syslog is defined in RFC 3164. The RFC defines the packet format, content and system log related
information of syslog messages. Each syslog message has a facility and severity level. The syslog
facility identifies a file in the syslog server. Refer to the documentation of your syslog program for
details. The following table describes the syslog severity levels.
Table 125 Syslog Severity Levels
CODE
SEVERITY
Emergency: The system is unusable.
Alert: Action must be taken immediately.
Critical: The system condition is critical.
Error: There is an error condition on the system.
Warning: There is a warning condition on the system.
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Table 125 Syslog Severity Levels
CODE
SEVERITY
Notice: There is a normal but significant condition on the system.
Informational: The syslog contains an informational message.
Debug: The message is intended for debug-level purposes.
22.2 The System Log Screen
Use the System Log screen to see the system logs. Click System Monitor > Log to open the
System Log screen.
Figure 156 System Monitor > Log > System Log
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 126 System Monitor > Log > System Log
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Level
Select a severity level from the drop-down list box. This filters search results according to
the severity level you have selected. When you select a severity, the Device searches
through all logs of that severity or higher.
Category
Select the type of logs to display.
Clear Log
Click this to delete all the logs.
Refresh
Click this to renew the log screen.
Export Log
Click this to export the selected log(s).
Email Log Now
Click this to send the log file(s) to the E-mail address you specify in the Maintenance >
Logs Setting screen.
System Log
266
This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry.
Time
This field displays the time the log was recorded.
Facility
The log facility allows you to send logs to different files in the syslog server. Refer to the
documentation of your syslog program for more details.
Level
This field displays the severity level of the logs that the device is to send to this syslog
server.
Messages
This field states the reason for the log.
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22.3 The Security Log Screen
Use the Security Log screen to see the security-related logs for the categories that you select.
Click System Monitor > Log > Security Log to open the following screen.
Figure 157 System Monitor > Log > Security Log
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 127 System Monitor > Log > Security Log
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Level
Select a severity level from the drop-down list box. This filters search results according to
the severity level you have selected. When you select a severity, the Device searches
through all logs of that severity or higher.
Category
Select the type of logs to display.
Clear Log
Click this to delete all the logs.
Refresh
Click this to renew the log screen.
Export Log
Click this to export the selected log(s).
Email Log Now
Click this to send the log file(s) to the E-mail address you specify in the Maintenance >
Logs Setting screen.
This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry.
Time
This field displays the time the log was recorded.
Facility
The log facility allows you to send logs to different files in the syslog server. Refer to the
documentation of your syslog program for more details.
Level
This field displays the severity level of the logs that the device is to send to this syslog
server.
Messages
This field states the reason for the log.
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Traffic Status
23.1 Overview
Use the Traffic Status screens to look at network traffic status and statistics of the WAN, LAN
interfaces and NAT.
23.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
• Use the WAN screen to view the WAN traffic statistics (Section 23.2 on page 269).
• Use the LAN screen to view the LAN traffic statistics (Section 23.3 on page 271).
• Use the NAT screen to view the NAT status of the Device’s client(s) (Section 23.4 on page 272)
23.2 The WAN Status Screen
Click System Monitor > Traffic Status to open the WAN screen. The figure in this screen shows
the number of bytes received and sent on the Device.
Figure 158 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WAN
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 128 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WAN
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Connected
Interface
This shows the name of the WAN interface that is currently connected.
Packets Sent
Data
This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface.
Error
This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface.
Drop
This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface.
Packets Received
Data
This indicates the number of received packets on this interface.
Error
This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface.
Drop
This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface.
more...hide
more
Click more... to show more information. Click hide more to hide them.
Disabled
Interface
This shows the name of the WAN interface that is currently disconnected.
Packets Sent
Data
This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface.
Error
This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface.
Drop
This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface.
Packets Received
270
Data
This indicates the number of received packets on this interface.
Error
This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface.
Drop
This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface.
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23.3 The LAN Status Screen
Click System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN to open the following screen. The figure in this
screen shows the interface that is currently connected on the Device.
Figure 159 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 129 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh Interval
Select how often you want the Device to update this screen.
Interface
This shows the LAN or WLAN interface.
Bytes Sent
This indicates the number of bytes transmitted on this interface.
Bytes Received
This indicates the number of bytes received on this interface.
more...hide
more
Click more... to show more information. Click hide more to hide them.
Interface
This shows the LAN or WLAN interface.
Sent (Packets)
Data
This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface.
Error
This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface.
Drop
This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface.
Received (Packets)
Data
This indicates the number of received packets on this interface.
Error
This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface.
Drop
This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface.
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23.4 The NAT Status Screen
Click System Monitor > Traffic Status > NAT to open the following screen. The figure in this
screen shows the NAT session statistics for hosts currently connected on the Device.
Figure 160 System Monitor > Traffic Status > NAT
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 130 System Monitor > Traffic Status > NAT
272
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh Interval
Select how often you want the Device to update this screen.
Device Name
This displays the name of the connected host.
IP Address
This displays the IP address of the connected host.
MAC Address
This displays the MAC address of the connected host.
No. of Open
Session
This displays the number of NAT sessions currently opened for the connected
host.
Total
This displays what percentage of NAT sessions the Device can support is currently
being used by all connected hosts.
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VoIP Status
24.1 The VoIP Status Screen
Click System Monitor > VoIP Status to open the following screen. You can view the VoIP
registration, current call status and phone numbers in this screen.
Figure 161 System Monitor > VoIP Status
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 131 System Monitor > VoIP Status
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Poll Interval(s)
Enter the number of seconds the Device needs to wait before updating this screen and then
click Set Interval. Click Stop to have the Device stop updating this screen.
SIP Status
Account
This column displays each SIP account in the Device.
Registration
This field displays the current registration status of the SIP account. You can change this in
the Status screen.
Registered - The SIP account is registered with a SIP server.
Not Registered - The last time the Device tried to register the SIP account with the SIP
server, the attempt failed. The Device automatically tries to register the SIP account when
you turn on the Device or when you activate it.
Inactive - The SIP account is not active. You can activate it in VoIP > SIP > SIP
Account.
Registration
Time
This field displays the last time the Device successfully registered the SIP account. The field
is blank if the Device has never successfully registered this account.
URI
This field displays the account number and service domain of the SIP account. You can
change these in the VoIP > SIP screens.
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Table 131 System Monitor > VoIP Status (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Message
Waiting
This field indicates whether or not there are any messages waiting for the SIP account.
Last Incoming
Number
This field displays the last number that called the SIP account. The field is blank if no
number has ever dialed the SIP account.
Last Outgoing
Number
This field displays the last number the SIP account called. The field is blank if the SIP
account has never dialed a number.
Call Status
Account
This column displays each SIP account in the Device.
Duration
This field displays how long the current call has lasted.
Status
This field displays the current state of the phone call.
Idle - There are no current VoIP calls, incoming calls or outgoing calls being made.
Dial - The callee’s phone is ringing.
Ring - The phone is ringing for an incoming VoIP call.
Process - There is a VoIP call in progress.
DISC - The callee’s line is busy, the callee hung up or your phone was left off the hook.
Codec
This field displays what voice codec is being used for a current VoIP call through a phone
port.
Peer Number
This field displays the SIP number of the party that is currently engaged in a VoIP call
through a phone port.
Phone Status
274
Phone
This field displays the name of a phone port on the Device.
Outgoing
Number
This field displays the SIP number that you use to make calls on this phone port.
Incoming
Number
This field displays the SIP number that you use to receive calls on this phone port.
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ARP Table
25.1 Overview
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP
address) to a physical machine address, also known as a Media Access Control or MAC address, on
the local area network.
An IP (version 4) address is 32 bits long. In an Ethernet LAN, MAC addresses are 48 bits long. The
ARP Table maintains an association between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address.
25.1.1 How ARP Works
When an incoming packet destined for a host device on a local area network arrives at the device,
the device's ARP program looks in the ARP Table and, if it finds the address, sends it to the device.
If no entry is found for the IP address, ARP broadcasts the request to all the devices on the LAN.
The device fills in its own MAC and IP address in the sender address fields, and puts the known IP
address of the target in the target IP address field. In addition, the device puts all ones in the target
MAC field (FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF is the Ethernet broadcast address). The replying device (which is either
the IP address of the device being sought or the router that knows the way) replaces the broadcast
address with the target's MAC address, swaps the sender and target pairs, and unicasts the answer
directly back to the requesting machine. ARP updates the ARP Table for future reference and then
sends the packet to the MAC address that replied.
25.2 ARP Table Screen
Use the ARP table to view IP-to-MAC address mapping(s). To open this screen, click System
Monitor > ARP Table.
Figure 162 System Monitor > ARP Table
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 132 System Monitor > ARP Table
276
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
This is the ARP table entry number.
IPv4/IPv6
Address
This is the learned IPv4 or IPv6 IP address of a device connected to a port.
MAC Address
This is the MAC address of the device with the listed IP address.
Device
This is the type of interface used by the device. You can click on the device type to go to its
configuration screen.
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Routing Table
26.1 Overview
Routing is based on the destination address only and the Device takes the shortest path to forward
a packet.
26.2 The Routing Table Screen
Click System Monitor > Routing Table to open the following screen.
Figure 163 System Monitor > Routing Table
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 133 System Monitor > Routing Table
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IPv4/IPv6 Routing Table
Destination
This indicates the destination IPv4 address or IPv6 address and prefix of this route.
Gateway
This indicates the IPv4 address or IPv6 address of the gateway that helps forward this
route’s traffic.
Subnet Mask
This indicates the destination subnet mask of the IPv4 route.
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Chapter 26 Routing Table
Table 133 System Monitor > Routing Table (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Flag
This indicates the route status.
U-Up: The route is up.
!-Reject: The route is blocked and will force a route lookup to fail.
G-Gateway: The route uses a gateway to forward traffic.
H-Host: The target of the route is a host.
R-Reinstate: The route is reinstated for dynamic routing.
D-Dynamic (redirect): The route is dynamically installed by a routing daemon or redirect.
M-Modified (redirect): The route is modified from a routing daemon or redirect.
Metric
The metric represents the "cost of transmission". A router determines the best route for
transmission by choosing a path with the lowest "cost". The smaller the number, the lower
the "cost".
Service
This indicates the name of the service used to forward the route.
Interface
This indicates the name of the interface through which the route is forwarded.
brx indicates a LAN interface where x can be 0~3 to represent LAN1 to LAN4 respectively.
ptm0 indicates a WAN interface using IPoE or in bridge mode.
ppp0 indicates a WAN interface using PPPoE.
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IGMP/MLD Status
27.1 Overview
Use the IGMP Status screens to look at IGMP/MLD group status and traffic statistics.
27.2 The IGMP/MLD Group Status Screen
Use this screen to look at the current list of multicast groups the Device has joined and which ports
have joined it. To open this screen, click System Monitor > IGMP/MLD Group Status.
Figure 164 System Monitor > IGMP/MLD Group Status
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 134 System Monitor > IGMP/MLD Group Status
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Interface
This field displays the name of an interface on the Device that belongs to an IGMP or MLD
multicast group.
Multicast Group
This field displays the name of the IGMP or MLD multicast group to which the interface
belongs.
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Table 134 System Monitor > IGMP/MLD Group Status (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Filter Mode
INCLUDE means that only the IP addresses in the Source List get to receive the multicast
group’s traffic.
EXCLUDE means that the IP addresses in the Source List are not allowed to receive the
multicast group’s traffic but other IP addresses can.
Source List
280
This is the list of IP addresses that are allowed or not allowed to receive the multicast
group’s traffic depending on the filter mode.
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xDSL Statistics
28.1 The xDSL Statistics Screen
Use this screen to view detailed DSL statistics. Click System Monitor > xDSL Statistics to open
the following screen.
Figure 165 System Monitor > xDSL Statistics
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Chapter 28 xDSL Statistics
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 135 Status > xDSL Statistics
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh Interval
Select the time interval for refreshing statistics.
Line
Select which DSL line’s statistics you want to display.
xDSL Training
Status
This displays the current state of setting up the DSL connection.
Mode
This displays the ITU standard used for this connection.
Traffic Type
This displays the type of traffic the DSL port is sending and receiving. Inactive displays if
the DSL port is not currently sending or receiving traffic.
Link Uptime
This displays how long the port has been running (or connected) since the last time it was
started.
xDSL Port Details
Upstream
These are the statistics for the traffic direction going out from the port to the service
provider.
Downstream
These are the statistics for the traffic direction coming into the port from the service
provider.
Line Rate
These are the data transfer rates at which the port is sending and receiving data.
Actual Net Data
Rate
These are the rates at which the port is sending and receiving the payload data without
transport layer protocol headers and traffic.
Trellis Coding
This displays whether or not the port is using Trellis coding for traffic it is sending and
receiving. Trellis coding helps to reduce the noise in ADSL transmissions. Trellis may reduce
throughput but it makes the connection more stable.
SNR Margin
This is the upstream and downstream Signal-to-Noise Ratio margin (in dB). A DMT subcarrier’s SNR is the ratio between the received signal power and the received noise power.
The signal-to-noise ratio margin is the maximum that the received noise power could
increase with the system still being able to meet its transmission targets.
Actual Delay
This is the upstream and downstream interleave delay. It is the wait (in milliseconds) that
determines the size of a single block of data to be interleaved (assembled) and then
transmitted. Interleave delay is used when transmission error correction (Reed- Solomon)
is necessary due to a less than ideal telephone line. The bigger the delay, the bigger the
data block size, allowing better error correction to be performed.
Transmit Power
This is the upstream and downstream far end actual aggregate transmit power (in dBm).
Upstream is how much power the port is using to transmit to the service provider.
Downstream is how much port the service provider is using to transmit to the port.
Receive Power
Upstream is how much power the service provider is receiving from the port. Downstream
is how much power the port is receiving from the service provider.
Actual INP
Sudden spikes in the line’s level of external noise (impulse noise) can cause errors and
result in lost packets. This could especially impact the quality of multimedia traffic such as
voice or video. Impulse noise protection (INP) provides a buffer to allow for correction of
errors caused by error correction to deal with this. The number of DMT (Discrete MultiTone) symbols shows the level of impulse noise protection for the upstream and
downstream traffic. A higher symbol value provides higher error correction capability, but it
causes overhead and higher delay which may increase error rates in received multimedia
data.
Total Attenuation
This is the upstream and downstream line attenuation, measured in decibels (dB). This
attenuation is the difference between the power transmitted at the near-end and the power
received at the far-end. Attenuation is affected by the channel characteristics (wire gauge,
quality, condition and length of the physical line).
Attainable Net
Data Rate
These are the highest theoretically possible transfer rates at which the port could send and
receive payload data without transport layer protocol headers and traffic.
xDSL Counters
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Table 135 Status > xDSL Statistics (continued)
284
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Downstream
These are the statistics for the traffic direction coming into the port from the service
provider.
Upstream
These are the statistics for the traffic direction going out from the port to the service
provider.
FEC
This is the number of Far End Corrected blocks.
CRC
This is the number of Cyclic Redundancy Checks.
ES
This is the number of Errored Seconds meaning the number of seconds containing at least
one errored block or at least one defect.
SES
This is the number of Severely Errored Seconds meaning the number of seconds containing
30% or more errored blocks or at least one defect. This is a subset of ES.
UAS
This is the number of UnAvailable Seconds.
LOS
This is the number of Loss Of Signal seconds.
LOF
This is the number of Loss Of Frame seconds.
LOM
This is the number of Loss of Margin seconds.
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3G Statistics
29.1 Overview
Use the 3G Statistics screens to look at 3G Internet connection status.
29.2 The 3G Statistics Screen
To open this screen, click System Monitor > 3G Statistics. The 3G status is available on this
screen only when you insert a compatible 3G dongle in a USB port on the Device.
Figure 166 System Monitor > 3G Statistics
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 136 System Monitor > 3G Statistics
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Refresh
Interval
Select how often you want the Device to update this screen. Select No Refresh to stop
refreshing.
3G Status
This field displays the status of the 3G Internet connection. This field can display:
GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications, 2G
GPRS - General Packet Radio Service, 2.5G
EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution, 2.75G
WCDMA - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, 3G
HSDPA - High-Speed Downlink Packet Access, 3.5G
HSUPA - High-Speed Uplink Packet Access, 3.75G
HSPA - HSDPA+HSUPA, 3.75G
Service
Provider
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This field displays the name of the service provider.
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Table 136 System Monitor > 3G Statistics (continued)
LABEL
286
DESCRIPTION
Signal Strength
This field displays the strength of the signal in dBm.
Connection
Uptime
This field displays the time the connection has been up.
3G Card
Manufacturer
This field displays the manufacturer of the 3G card.
3G Card Model
This field displays the model name of the 3G card.
3G Card F/W
Version
This field displays the firmware version of the 3G card.
SIM Card IMSI
The International Mobile Subscriber Identity or IMSI is a unique identification number
associated with all cellular networks. This number is provisioned in the SIM card.
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User Account
30.1 Overview
In the Users Account screen, you can change the password of the “admin” user account that you
used to log in the Device.
30.2 The User Account Screen
Click Maintenance > User Account to open the following screen.
Figure 167 Maintenance > User Account
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 137 Maintenance > User Account
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
User Name
This field displays the name of the account that you used to log in the system.
Old Password
Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the system in this
field.
New Password
Type your new system password (6 to 256 characters). At least one numeric character and
one letter are required. After you change the password, use the new password to access
the Device.
Retype to
confirm
Type the new password again for confirmation.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
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Remote Management
31.1 Overview
Remote management controls through which interface(s), which services can access the Device.
Note: The Device is managed using the Web Configurator.
31.2 The Remote MGMT Screen
Use this screen to configure through which interface(s), which services can access the Device. You
can also specify the port numbers the services must use to connect to the Device. Click
Maintenance > Remote MGMT to open the following screen.
Figure 168 Maintenance > Remote MGMT
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 138 Maintenance > Remote MGMT
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
WAN Interface
used for
services
Select Any WAN to have the Device automatically activate the remote management service
when any WAN connection is up.
HTTP
This is the service you may use to access the Device.
LAN/WLAN
Select the Enable check box for the corresponding services that you want to allow access to
the Device from the LAN/WLAN.
WAN
Select the Enable check box for the corresponding services that you want to allow access to
the Device from the WAN.
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Select Multi WAN and then select one or more WAN connections to have the Device
activate the remote management service when the selected WAN connections are up.
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Table 138 Maintenance > Remote MGMT (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Port
You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the
same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
Certificate
HTTPS
Certificate
Select a certificate the HTTPS server (the Device) uses to authenticate itself to the HTTPS
client. You must have certificates already configured in the Certificates screen.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
31.3 The Trust Domain Screen
Use this screen to view a list of public IP addresses which are allowed to access the Device through
the services configured in the Maintenance > Remote MGMT screen. Click Maintenance >
Remote MGMT > Turst Domain to open the following screen.
Note: If this list is empty, all public IP addresses can access the Device from the WAN
through the specified services.
Figure 169 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > Trust Domain
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 139 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > Trust Domain
290
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add Trust
Domain
Click this to add a trusted host IP address.
IPv4 Address
This field shows a trusted host IP address.
Delete
Click the Delete icon to remove the trust IP address.
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31.4 The Add Trust Domain Screen
Use this screen to configure a public IP address which is allowed to access the Device. Click the Add
Trust Domain button in the Maintenance > Remote MGMT > Turst Domain screen to open the
following screen.
Figure 170 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > Trust Domain > Add Trust Domain
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 140 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > Trust Domain > Add Trust Domain
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
IPv4 Address
Enter a public IPv4 IP address which is allowed to access the service on the Device from the
WAN.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
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TR-069 Client
32.1 Overview
This chapter explains how to configure the Device’s TR-069 auto-configuration settings.
32.2 The TR-069 Client Screen
TR-069 defines how Customer Premise Equipment (CPE), for example your Device, can be managed
over the WAN by an Auto Configuration Server (ACS). TR-069 is based on sending Remote
Procedure Calls (RPCs) between an ACS and a client device. RPCs are sent in Extensible Markup
Language (XML) format over HTTP or HTTPS.
An administrator can use an ACS to remotely set up the Device, modify settings, perform firmware
upgrades as well as monitor and diagnose the Device. You have to enable the device to be managed
by the ACS and specify the ACS IP address or domain name and username and password.
Click Maintenance > TR-069 Client to open the following screen. Use this screen to configure
your Device to be managed by an ACS.
Figure 171 Maintenance > TR-069 Client
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 141 Maintenance > TR-069 Client
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Inform
Select Enable for the Device to send periodic inform via TR-069 on the WAN. Otherwise,
select Disable.
Inform Interval
Enter the time interval (in seconds) at which the Device sends information to the autoconfiguration server.
ACS URL
Enter the URL or IP address of the auto-configuration server.
ACS User Name
Enter the TR-069 user name for authentication with the auto-configuration server.
ACS Password
Enter the TR-069 password for authentication with the auto-configuration server.
WAN Interface
used by TR-069
client
Select a WAN interface through which the TR-069 traffic passes.
If you select Any_WAN, the Device automatically passes the TR-069 traffic when any WAN
connection is up.
If you select Multi_WAN, you also need to select two or more pre-configured WAN
interfaces. The Device automatically passes the TR-069 traffic when one of the selected WAN
connections is up.
294
Display SOAP
messages on
serial console
Select Enable to show the SOAP messages on the console.
Connection
Request
Authentication
Select this option to enable authentication when there is a connection request from the ACS.
Connection
Request User
Name
Enter the connection request user name.
Connection
Request
Password
Enter the connection request password.
When the ACS makes a connection request to the Device, this user name is used to
authenticate the ACS.
When the ACS makes a connection request to the Device, this password is used to
authenticate the ACS.
Connection
Request URL
This shows the connection request URL.
Local certificate
used by TR-069
client
You can choose a local certificate used by TR-069 client. The local certificate should be
imported in the Security > Certificates > Local Certificates screen.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
The ACS can use this URL to make a connection request to the Device.
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TR-064
33.1 Overview
This chapter explains how to configure the Device’s TR-064 auto-configuration settings.
33.2 The TR-064 Screen
TR-064 is a LAN-Side DSL CPE Configuration protocol defined by the DSL Forum. TR-064 is built on
top of UPnP. It allows the users to use a TR-064 compliant CPE management application on their
computers from the LAN to discover the CPE and configure user-specific parameters, such as the
username and password.
Click Maintenance > TR-064 to open the following screen.
Figure 172 Maintenance > TR-064
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 142 Maintenance > TR-064
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
State
Select Enable to activate management via TR-064 on the LAN.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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34
SNMP
34.1 Overview
This chapter explains how to configure the SNMP settings on the Device.
34.2 The SNMP Screen
Simple Network Management Protocol is a protocol used for exchanging management information
between network devices. Your Device supports SNMP agent functionality, which allows a manager
station to manage and monitor the Device through the network. The Device supports SNMP version
one (SNMPv1) and version two (SNMPv2c). The next figure illustrates an SNMP management
operation.
Figure 173 SNMP Management Model
An SNMP managed network consists of two main types of component: agents and a manager.
An agent is a management software module that resides in a managed device (the Device). An
agent translates the local management information from the managed device into a form
compatible with SNMP. The manager is the console through which network administrators perform
network management functions. It executes applications that control and monitor managed
devices.
The managed devices contain object variables/managed objects that define each piece of
information to be collected about a device. Examples of variables include such as number of
packets received, node port status etc. A Management Information Base (MIB) is a collection of
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managed objects. SNMP allows a manager and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing
these objects.
SNMP itself is a simple request/response protocol based on the manager/agent model. The
manager issues a request and the agent returns responses using the following protocol operations:
• Get - Allows the manager to retrieve an object variable from the agent.
• GetNext - Allows the manager to retrieve the next object variable from a table or list within an
agent. In SNMPv1, when a manager wants to retrieve all elements of a table from an agent, it
initiates a Get operation, followed by a series of GetNext operations.
• Set - Allows the manager to set values for object variables within an agent.
• Trap - Used by the agent to inform the manager of some events.
Click Maintenance > SNMP to open the following screen. Use this screen to configure the Device
SNMP settings.
Figure 174 Maintenance > SNMP
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 143 Maintenance > SNMP
298
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
SNMP Agent
Select Enable to let the Device act as an SNMP agent, which allows a manager station
to manage and monitor the Device through the network. Select Disable to turn this
feature off.
Get Community
Enter the Get Community, which is the password for the incoming Get and GetNext
requests from the management station.
Set Community
Enter the Set community, which is the password for incoming Set requests from the
management station.
System Name
Enter the SNMP system name.
System Location
Enter the SNMP system location.
System Contact
Enter the SNMP system contact.
Trap Destination
Type the IP address of the station to send your SNMP traps to.
Apply
Click this to save your changes back to the Device.
Cancel
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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Time Settings
35.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to configure system related settings, such as system time, password,
name, the domain name and the inactivity timeout interval.
35.2 The Time Screen
To change your Device’s time and date, click Maintenance > Time. The screen appears as shown.
Use this screen to configure the Device’s time based on your local time zone.
Figure 175 Maintenance > Time
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 144 Maintenance > Time
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Current Date/Time
Current Time
This field displays the time of your Device.
Each time you reload this page, the Device synchronizes the time with the time server.
Current Date
This field displays the date of your Device.
Each time you reload this page, the Device synchronizes the date with the time server.
NTP Time Server
First ~ Fifth NTP
time server
Select an NTP time server from the drop-down list box.
Otherwise, select Other and enter the IP address or URL (up to 29 extended ASCII
characters in length) of your time server.
Select None if you don’t want to configure the time server.
Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information.
Time Zone
Time zone offset
Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your time
zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Daylight Saving
Daylight Saving Time is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set
their clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the
evening.
State
Select Enable if you use Daylight Saving Time.
Start rule:
Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you enabled Daylight
Saving. You can select a specific date in a particular month or a specific day of a specific
week in a particular month. The Time field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of
examples:
Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the second Sunday of
March. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M.
local time. So in the United States, set the day to Second, Sunday, the month to March
and the time to 2 in the Hour field.
Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of the
time zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment
(1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would set the day to Last, Sunday
and the month to March. The time you select in the o'clock field depends on your time
zone. In Germany for instance, you would select 2 in the Hour field because Germany's
time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
End rule
Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you enabled Daylight
Saving. You can select a specific date in a particular month or a specific day of a specific
week in a particular month. The Time field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of
examples:
Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the first Sunday of November. Each
time zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So
in the United States you would set the day to First, Sunday, the month to November
and the time to 2 in the Hour field.
Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of October. All of the
time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment
(1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would set the day to Last, Sunday,
and the month to October. The time you select in the o'clock field depends on your time
zone. In Germany for instance, you would select 2 in the Hour field because Germany's
time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
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Table 144 Maintenance > Time (continued)
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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36
E-mail Notification
36.1 Overview
A mail server is an application or a computer that runs such an application to receive, forward and
deliver e-mail messages.
To have the Device send reports, logs or notifications via e-mail, you must specify an e-mail server
and the e-mail addresses of the sender and receiver.
36.2 The Email Notification Screen
Click Maintenance > Email Notification to open the Email Notification screen. Use this screen
to view, remove and add mail server information on the Device.
Figure 176 Maintenance > Email Notification
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 145 Maintenance > Email Notification
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Add New Email
Click this button to create a new entry.
Mail Server
Address
This field displays the server name or the IP address of the mail server.
Username
This field displays the user name of the sender’s mail account.
Password
This field displays the password of the sender’s mail account.
Email Address
This field displays the e-mail address that you want to be in the from/sender line of the email that the Device sends.
Delete
Click this button to delete the selected entry(ies).
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36.2.1 Email Notification Edit
Click the Add button in the Email Notification screen. Use this screen to configure the required
information for sending e-mail via a mail server.
Figure 177 Email Notification > Add
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 146 Email Notification > Add
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Mail Server
Address
Enter the server name or the IP address of the mail server for the e-mail address specified
in the Account Email Address field.
If this field is left blank, reports, logs or notifications will not be sent via e-mail.
Authentication
Username
Enter the user name (up to 32 characters). This is usually the user name of a mail account
you specified in the Account Email Address field.
Authentication
Password
Enter the password associated with the user name above.
Account Email
Address
Enter the e-mail address that you want to be in the from/sender line of the e-mail
notification that the Device sends.
If you activate SSL/TLS authentication, the e-mail address must be able to be authenticated
by the mail server as well.
304
Apply
Click this button to save your changes and return to the previous screen.
Cancel
Click this button to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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Logs Setting
37.1 Overview
You can configure where the Device sends logs and which logs and/or immediate alerts the Device
records in the Logs Setting screen.
37.2 The Log Settings Screen
To change your Device’s log settings, click Maintenance > Logs Setting. The screen appears as
shown.
Figure 178 Maintenance > Logs Setting
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 147 Maintenance > Logs Setting
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Syslog Setting
Syslog Logging
The Device sends a log to an external syslog server. Select Enable to enable syslog logging.
Mode
Select the syslog destination from the drop-down list box.
If you select Remote, the log(s) will be sent to a remote syslog server. If you select Local
File, the log(s) will be saved in a local file. If you want to send the log(s) to a remote syslog
server and save it in a local file, select Local File and Remote.
Syslog Server
Enter the server name or IP address of the syslog server that will log the selected categories
of logs.
UDP Port
Enter the port number used by the syslog server.
E-mail Log Settings
Mail Server
Enter the server name or the IP address of the mail server for the e-mail addresses
specified below. If this field is left blank, logs and alert messages will not be sent via E-mail.
System Log
Mail Subject
Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the system log e-mail message that
the Device sends.
Security Log
Mail Subject
Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the security log e-mail message that
the Device sends.
Send Log to
The Device sends logs to the e-mail address specified in this field. If this field is left blank,
the Device does not send logs via E-mail.
Send Alarm to
Alerts are real-time notifications that are sent as soon as an event, such as a DoS attack,
system error, or forbidden web access attempt occurs. Enter the E-mail address where the
alert messages will be sent. Alerts include system errors, attacks and attempted access to
blocked web sites. If this field is left blank, alert messages will not be sent via E-mail.
Alarm Interval
Specify how often the alarm should be updated.
Allowed
Capacity Before
Email
Set what percent of the Device’s log storage space can be filled before the Device sends a
log e-mail.
Clear log after
sending mail
Select this to delete all the logs after the Device sends an E-mail of the logs.
Active Log and Alert
System Log
Select the categories of system logs that you want to record.
Security Log
Select the categories of security logs that you want to record.
Send
immediate alert
Select log categories for which you want the Device to send E-mail alerts immediately.
Apply
Click Apply to save your changes.
Cancel
Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
37.2.1 Example E-mail Log
An "End of Log" message displays for each mail in which a complete log has been sent. The
following is an example of a log sent by e-mail.
• You may edit the subject title.
• The date format here is Day-Month-Year.
• The date format here is Month-Day-Year. The time format is Hour-Minute-Second.
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• "End of Log" message shows that a complete log has been sent.
Figure 179 E-mail Log Example
Subject:
Firewall Alert From
Date:
Fri, 07 Apr 2000 10:05:42
From:
user@zyxel.com
To:
user@zyxel.com
1|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1
To:192.168.1.255
|default policy |forward
| 09:54:03 |UDP
src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,00>
2|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.131
To:192.168.1.255
|default policy |forward
| 09:54:17 |UDP
src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,00>
3|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.6
To:10.10.10.10 |match
|forward
| 09:54:19 |UDP
src port:03516 dest port:00053 |<1,01>
……………………………..{snip}…………………………………..
……………………………..{snip}…………………………………..
126|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1
To:192.168.1.255
|match
|forward
| 10:05:00 |UDP
src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02>
127|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.131
To:192.168.1.255
|match
|forward
| 10:05:17 |UDP
src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02>
128|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1
To:192.168.1.255
|match
|forward
| 10:05:30 |UDP
src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02>
End of Firewall Log
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C HAPTER
38
Firmware Upgrade
38.1 Overview
This chapter explains how to upload new firmware to your Device. You can download new firmware
releases from your nearest ZyXEL FTP site (or www.zyxel.com) to use to upgrade your device’s
performance.
Only use firmware for your device’s specific model. Refer to the label on
the bottom of your Device.
38.2 The Firmware Screen
Click Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade to open the following screen. The upload process uses
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the
system will reboot.
Do NOT turn off the Device while firmware upload is in progress!
Figure 180 Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 148 Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Current
Firmware
Version
This is the present Firmware version and the date created.
File Path
Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it.
Browse...
Click this to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress
compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them.
Upload
Click this to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes.
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After you see the firmware updating screen, wait two minutes before logging into the Device again.
Figure 181 Firmware Uploading
The Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some
operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 182 Network Temporarily Disconnected
After two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen.
If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click OK to go back to the
Firmware Upgrade screen.
Figure 183 Error Message
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39
Configuration
39.1 Overview
The Configuration screen allows you to backup and restore device configurations. You can also
reset your device settings back to the factory default.
39.2 The Configuration Screen
Click Maintenance > Configuration. Information related to factory defaults, backup
configuration, and restoring configuration appears in this screen, as shown next.
Figure 184 Maintenance > Configuration
Backup Configuration
Backup Configuration allows you to back up (save) the Device’s current configuration to a file on
your computer. Once your Device is configured and functioning properly, it is highly recommended
that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The backup
configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings.
Click Backup to save the Device’s current configuration to your computer.
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Restore Configuration
Restore Configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your
computer to your Device.
Table 149 Restore Configuration
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
File Path
Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it.
Browse...
Click this to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress
compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them.
Upload
Click this to begin the upload process.
Do not turn off the Device while configuration file upload is in progress.
After the Device configuration has been restored successfully, the login screen appears. Login again
to restart the Device.
The Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some
operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 185 Network Temporarily Disconnected
If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your
computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default device IP address (192.168.1.1). See
Appendix A on page 327 for details on how to set up your computer’s IP address.
If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click OK to go back to the
Configuration screen.
Figure 186 Configuration Upload Error
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Reset to Factory Defaults
Click the Reset button to clear all user-entered configuration information and return the Device to
its factory defaults. The following warning screen appears.
Figure 187 Reset Warning Message
Figure 188 Reset In Process Message
You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory defaults of your Device.
Refer to Section 1.6 on page 22 for more information on the RESET button.
39.3 The Reboot Screen
System restart allows you to reboot the Device remotely without turning the power off. You may
need to do this if the Device hangs, for example.
Click Maintenance > Reboot. Click Reboot to have the Device reboot. This does not affect the
Device's configuration.
Figure 189 Maintenance > Reboot
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C HAPTER
40
Diagnostic
40.1 Overview
The Diagnostic screens display information to help you identify problems with the Device.
The route between a CO VDSL switch and one of its CPE may go through switches owned by
independent organizations. A connectivity fault point generally takes time to discover and impacts
subscriber’s network access. In order to eliminate the management and maintenance efforts, IEEE
802.1ag is a Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) specification which allows network
administrators to identify and manage connection faults. Through discovery and verification of the
path, CFM can detect, analyze and isolate connectivity faults in bridged LANs.
40.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
• The Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookup screen lets you ping an IP address or trace the route
packets take to a host (Section 40.3 on page 316).
• The 802.1ag screen lets you perform CFM actions (Section 40.5 on page 318).
• The OAM Ping screen lets you send an ATM OAM (Operation, Administration and Maintenance)
packet to verify the connectivity of a specific PVC. (Section 40.5 on page 318).
40.2 What You Need to Know
The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter.
How CFM Works
A Maintenance Association (MA) defines a VLAN and associated Maintenance End Point (MEP) ports
on the device under a Maintenance Domain (MD) level. An MEP port has the ability to send
Connectivity Check Messages (CCMs) and get other MEP ports information from neighbor devices’
CCMs within an MA.
CFM provides two tests to discover connectivity faults.
• Loopback test - checks if the MEP port receives its Loop Back Response (LBR) from its target
after it sends the Loop Back Message (LBM). If no response is received, there might be a
connectivity fault between them.
• Link trace test - provides additional connectivity fault analysis to get more information on where
the fault is. If an MEP port does not respond to the source MEP, this may indicate a fault.
Administrators can take further action to check and resume services from the fault according to
the line connectivity status report.
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40.3 Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookup
Use this screen to ping, traceroute, or nslookup an IP address. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic >
Ping&TraceRoute&NsLookup to open the screen shown next.
Figure 190 Maintenance > Diagnostic > Ping &TraceRoute&NsLookup
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 150 Maintenance > Diagnostic > Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookup
316
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
URL or IP
Address
Type the IP address of a computer that you want to perform ping, traceroute, or nslookup in
order to test a connection.
Ping
Click this to ping the IP address that you entered.
TraceRoute
Click this button to perform the traceroute function. This determines the path a packet
takes to the specified computer.
Nslookup
Click this button to perform a DNS lookup on the IP address of a computer you enter.
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40.4 802.1ag
Click Maintenance > Diagnostic > 8.2.1ag to open the following screen. Use this screen to
perform CFM actions.
Figure 191 Maintenance > Diagnostic > 802.1ag
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 151 Maintenance > Diagnostic > 802.1ag
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
802.1ag Connectivity Fault Management
Maintenance
Domain (MD)
Level
Select a level (0-7) under which you want to create an MA.
Destination
MAC Address
Enter the target device’s MAC address to which the Device performs a CFM loopback test.
802.1Q VLAN
ID
Type a VLAN ID (0-4095) for this MA.
VDSL Traffic
Type
This shows whether the VDSL traffic is activated.
Loopback
Message (LBM)
This shows how many Loop Back Messages (LBMs) are sent and if there is any inorder or
outorder Loop Back Response (LBR) received from a remote MEP.
Linktrace
Message (LTM)
This shows the destination MAC address in the Link Trace Response (LTR).
Set MD Level
Click this button to configure the MD (Maintenance Domain) level.
Send Loopback
Click this button to have the selected MEP send the LBM (Loop Back Message) to a specified
remote end point.
Send Linktrace
Click this button to have the selected MEP send the LTMs (Link Trace Messages) to a
specified remote end point.
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40.5 OAM Ping
Click Maintenance > Diagnostic > OAM Ping to open the screen shown next. Use this screen to
perform an OAM (Operation, Administration and Maintenance) F4 or F5 loopback test on a PVC. The
Device sends an OAM F4 or F5 packet to the DSLAM or ATM switch and then returns it to the
Device. The test result then displays in the text box.
ATM sets up virtual circuits over which end systems communicate. The terminology for virtual
circuits is as follows:
•
Virtual Channel (VC)
Logical connections between ATM devices
•
Virtual Path (VP)
A bundle of virtual channels
•
Virtual Circuits
A series of virtual paths between circuit end points
Figure 192 Virtual Circuit Topology
Think of a virtual path as a cable that contains a bundle of wires. The cable connects two points and
wires within the cable provide individual circuits between the two points. In an ATM cell header, a
VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) identifies a link formed by a virtual path; a VCI (Virtual Channel
Identifier) identifies a channel within a virtual path. A series of virtual paths make up a virtual
circuit.
F4 cells operate at the virtual path (VP) level, while F5 cells operate at the virtual channel (VC)
level. F4 cells use the same VPI as the user data cells on VP connections, but use different
predefined VCI values. F5 cells use the same VPI and VCI as the user data cells on the VC
connections, and are distinguished from data cells by a predefinded Payload Type Identifier (PTI) in
the cell header. Both F4 flows and F5 flows are bidirectional and have two types.
• segment F4 flows (VCI=3)
• end-to-end F4 flows (VCI=4)
• segment F5 flows (PTI=100)
• end-to-end F5 flows (PTI=101)
OAM F4 or F5 tests are used to check virtual path or virtual channel availability between two DSL
devices. Segment flows are terminated at the connecting point which terminates a VP or VC
segment. End-to-end flows are terminated at the end point of a VP or VC connection, where an ATM
link is terminated. Segment loopback tests allow you to verify integrity of a PVC to the nearest
neighboring ATM device. End-to-end loopback tests allow you to verify integrity of an end-to-end
PVC.
Note: The DSLAM to which the Device is connected must also support ATM F4 and/or F5
to use this test.
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Note: This screen is available only when you configure an ATM layer-2 interface.
Figure 193 Maintenance > Diagnostic > OAM Ping
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 152 Maintenance > Diagnostic > OAM Ping
LABEL
DESCRIPTION
Select a PVC on which you want to perform the loopback test.
F4 segment
Press this to perform an OAM F4 segment loopback test.
F4 end-end
Press this to perform an OAM F4 end-to-end loopback test.
F5 segment
Press this to perform an OAM F5 segment loopback test.
F5 end-end
Press this to perform an OAM F5 end-to-end loopback test.
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41
Troubleshooting
This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential
problems are divided into the following categories.
• Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
• Device Access and Login
• Internet Access
• Wireless Internet Access
• USB Device Connection
• UPnP
41.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
The Device does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.
Make sure the Device is turned on.
Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the Device.
Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the Device and plugged in to an appropriate
power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.
Turn the Device off and on.
If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.
Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.5 on page 20.
Check the hardware connections.
Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.
Turn the Device off and on.
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If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
41.2 Device Access and Login
I forgot the IP address for the Device.
The default LAN IP address is 192.168.1.1.
If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the Device by
looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows
computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default
Gateway might be the IP address of the Device (it depends on the network), so enter this IP
address in your Internet browser.
If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.6 on page
22.
I forgot the password.
The default admin password is 1234.
If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.6 on page
22.
I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator.
Make sure you are using the correct IP address.
• The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.
• If you changed the IP address (Section 7.2 on page 107), use the new IP address.
• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I
forgot the IP address for the Device.
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Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See Section
1.5 on page 20.
Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScripts and Java
enabled. See Appendix C on page 357.
If it is possible to log in from another interface, check the service control settings for HTTP and
HTTPS (Maintenance > Remote MGMT).
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Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the Device with the default IP address.
See Section 1.6 on page 22.
If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced
suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
• Make sure you have logged out of any earlier management sessions using the same user account
even if they were through a different interface or using a different browser.
• Try to access the Device using another service, such as Telnet. If you can access the Device,
check the remote management settings and firewall rules to find out why the Device does not
respond to HTTP.
I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the Device.
Make sure you have entered the password correctly. The default admin password is 1234. The field
is case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
You cannot log in to the web configurator while someone is using Telnet to access the Device. Log
out of the Device in the other session, or ask the person who is logged in to log out.
Turn the Device off and on.
If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 41.1 on page
321.
I cannot Telnet to the Device.
See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web
configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.
I cannot use FTP to upload / download the configuration file. / I cannot use FTP to upload
new firmware.
See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web
configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.
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41.3 Internet Access
I cannot access the Internet.
Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the
Quick Start Guide and Section 1.5 on page 20.
Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the Network Setting >
Broadband screen. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure that you enabled the wireless LAN in
the Device and your wireless client and that the wireless settings in the wireless client are the same
as the settings in the Device.
Disconnect all the cables from your device and reconnect them.
If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
I cannot access the Internet through a DSL connection.
Make sure you have the DSL WAN port connected to a telephone jack (or the DSL or modem jack
on a splitter if you have one).
Make sure you configured a proper DSL WAN interface (Network Setting > Broadband screen)
with the Internet account information provided by your ISP and that it is enabled.
Check that the LAN interface you are connected to is in the same interface group as the DSL
connection (Network Setting > Interface Group).
If you set up a WAN connection using bridging service, make sure you turn off the DHCP feature in
the LAN screen to have the clients get WAN IP addresses directly from your ISP’s DHCP server.
I cannot connect to the Internet using a second DSL connection.
ADSL and VDSL connections cannot work at the same time. You can only use one type of DSL
connection, either ADSL or VDSL connection at one time.
I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the Device), but my
Internet connection is not available anymore.
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Your session with the Device may have expired. Try logging into the Device again.
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Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the
Quick Start Guide and Section 1.5 on page 20.
Turn the Device off and on.
If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
41.4 Wireless Internet Access
What factors may cause intermittent or unstabled wireless connection? How can I solve this
problem?
The following factors may cause interference:
• Obstacles: walls, ceilings, furniture, and so on.
• Building Materials: metal doors, aluminum studs.
• Electrical devices: microwaves, monitors, electric motors, cordless phones, and other wireless
devices.
To optimize the speed and quality of your wireless connection, you can:
• Move your wireless device closer to the AP if the signal strength is low.
• Reduce wireless interference that may be caused by other wireless networks or surrounding
wireless electronics such as cordless phones.
• Place the AP where there are minimum obstacles (such as walls and ceilings) between the AP and
the wireless client.
• Reduce the number of wireless clients connecting to the same AP simultaneously, or add
additional APs if necessary.
• Try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications. If the
wireless client is sending or receiving a lot of information, it may have too many programs open
that use the Internet.
What is a Server Set ID (SSID)?
An SSID is a name that uniquely identifies a wireless network. The AP and all the clients within a
wireless network must use the same SSID.
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41.5 USB Device Connection
The Device fails to detect my USB device.
Disconnect the USB device.
Reboot the Device.
If you are connecting a USB hard drive that comes with an external power supply, make sure it is
connected to an appropriate power source that is on.
Re-connect your USB device to the Device.
41.6 UPnP
When using UPnP and the Device reboots, my computer cannot detect UPnP and refresh My
Network Places > Local Network.
Disconnect the Ethernet cable from the Device’s LAN port or from your computer.
Re-connect the Ethernet cable.
The Local Area Connection icon for UPnP disappears in the screen.
Restart your computer.
I cannot open special applications such as white board, file transfer and video when I use the
MSN messenger.
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Wait more than three minutes.
Restart the applications.
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A PPENDIX
Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address
All computers must have a 10M or 100M Ethernet adapter card and TCP/IP installed.
Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP/Vista, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems and all versions
of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to install and use TCP/IP on your
computer. Windows 3.1 requires the purchase of a third-party TCP/IP application package.
TCP/IP should already be installed on computers using Windows NT/2000/XP, Macintosh OS 7 and
later operating systems.
After the appropriate TCP/IP components are installed, configure the TCP/IP settings in order to
"communicate" with your network.
If you manually assign IP information instead of using dynamic assignment, make sure that your
computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet as the Device’s LAN port.
Windows 95/98/Me
Click Start, Settings, Control Panel and double-click the Network icon to open the Network
window.
Figure 194 WIndows 95/98/Me: Network: Configuration
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Installing Components
The Network window Configuration tab displays a list of installed components. You need a
network adapter, the TCP/IP protocol and Client for Microsoft Networks.
If you need the adapter:
In the Network window, click Add.
Select Adapter and then click Add.
Select the manufacturer and model of your network adapter and then click OK.
If you need TCP/IP:
In the Network window, click Add.
Select Protocol and then click Add.
Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.
Select TCP/IP from the list of network protocols and then click OK.
If you need Client for Microsoft Networks:
Click Add.
Select Client and then click Add.
Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.
Select Client for Microsoft Networks from the list of network clients and then click OK.
Restart your computer so the changes you made take effect.
Configuring
In the Network window Configuration tab, select your network adapter's TCP/IP entry and click
Properties
Click the IP Address tab.
• If your IP address is dynamic, select Obtain an IP address automatically.
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• If you have a static IP address, select Specify an IP address and type your information into
the IP Address and Subnet Mask fields.
Figure 195 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: IP Address
Click the DNS Configuration tab.
• If you do not know your DNS information, select Disable DNS.
• If you know your DNS information, select Enable DNS and type the information in the fields
below (you may not need to fill them all in).
Figure 196 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: DNS Configuration
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Click the Gateway tab.
• If you do not know your gateway’s IP address, remove previously installed gateways.
• If you have a gateway IP address, type it in the New gateway field and click Add.
Click OK to save and close the TCP/IP Properties window.
Click OK to close the Network window. Insert the Windows CD if prompted.
Turn on your Device and restart your computer when prompted.
Verifying Settings
Click Start and then Run.
In the Run window, type "winipcfg" and then click OK to open the IP Configuration window.
Select your network adapter. You should see your computer's IP address, subnet mask and default
gateway.
Windows 2000/NT/XP
The following example figures use the default Windows XP GUI theme.
Click start (Start in Windows 2000/NT), Settings, Control Panel.
Figure 197 Windows XP: Start Menu
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In the Control Panel, double-click Network Connections (Network and Dial-up Connections
in Windows 2000/NT).
Figure 198 Windows XP: Control Panel
Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.
Figure 199 Windows XP: Control Panel: Network Connections: Properties
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Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (under the General tab in Win XP) and then click Properties.
Figure 200 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties
The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens (the General tab in Windows XP).
• If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically.
• If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address,
Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields.
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• Click Advanced.
Figure 201 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP
Settings tab and click OK.
Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:
• In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.
• In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask,
and then click Add.
• Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.
• Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default
gateways.
• In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To
manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic
metric check box and type a metric in Metric.
• Click Add.
• Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.
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• Click OK when finished.
Figure 202 Windows XP: Advanced TCP/IP Properties
In the Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window (the General tab in Windows XP):
• Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP
address(es).
• If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server
addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields.
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If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order
them.
Figure 203 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
Click Close (OK in Windows 2000/NT) to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
10
Close the Network Connections window (Network and Dial-up Connections in Windows
2000/NT).
11 Turn on your Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.
In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open
Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support
tab.
Windows Vista
This section shows screens from Windows Vista Enterprise Version 6.0.
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Click the Start icon, Control Panel.
Figure 204 Windows Vista: Start Menu
In the Control Panel, double-click Network and Internet.
Figure 205 Windows Vista: Control Panel
Click Network and Sharing Center.
Figure 206 Windows Vista: Network And Internet
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Click Manage network connections.
Figure 207 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.
Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying
that it needs your permission to continue.
Figure 208 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
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Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties.
Figure 209 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection Properties
The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens (the General tab).
• If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically.
• If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP address and fill in the IP address,
Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields.
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• Click Advanced.
Figure 210 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties
If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP
Settings tab and click OK.
Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:
• In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.
• In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask,
and then click Add.
• Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.
• Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default
gateways.
• In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To
manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic
metric check box and type a metric in Metric.
• Click Add.
• Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.
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• Click OK when finished.
Figure 211 Windows Vista: Advanced TCP/IP Properties
In the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window, (the General tab):
• Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP
address(es).
• If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server
addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields.
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If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order
them.
Figure 212 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties
10 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window.
11 Click Close to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
12
Close the Network Connections window.
13 Turn on your Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.
In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open
Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support
tab.
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Macintosh OS 8/9
Click the Apple menu, Control Panel and double-click TCP/IP to open the TCP/IP Control
Panel.
Figure 213 Macintosh OS 8/9: Apple Menu
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Select Ethernet built-in from the Connect via list.
Figure 214 Macintosh OS 8/9: TCP/IP
For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP Server from the Configure: list.
For statically assigned settings, do the following:
• From the Configure box, select Manually.
• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.
• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.
• Type the IP address of your Device in the Router address box.
Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.
Click Save if prompted, to save changes to your configuration.
Turn on your Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties in the TCP/IP Control Panel window.
Macintosh OS X
Click the Apple menu, and click System Preferences to open the System Preferences window.
Figure 215 Macintosh OS X: Apple Menu
Click Network in the icon bar.
• Select Automatic from the Location list.
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• Select Built-in Ethernet from the Show list.
• Click the TCP/IP tab.
For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure list.
Figure 216 Macintosh OS X: Network
For statically assigned settings, do the following:
• From the Configure box, select Manually.
• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.
• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.
• Type the IP address of your Device in the Router address box.
Click Apply Now and close the window.
Turn on your Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties in the Network window.
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Linux
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in Red Hat Linux 9.0.
Procedure, screens and file location may vary depending on your Linux distribution and release
version.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Using the K Desktop Environment (KDE)
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address using the KDE.
Click the Red Hat button (located on the bottom left corner), select System Setting and click
Network.
Figure 217 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Devices
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Double-click on the profile of the network card you wish to configure. The Ethernet Device
General screen displays as shown.
Figure 218 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Ethernet Device: General
• If you have a dynamic IP address, click Automatically obtain IP address settings with and
select dhcp from the drop down list.
• If you have a static IP address, click Statically set IP Addresses and fill in the Address,
Subnet mask, and Default Gateway Address fields.
Click OK to save the changes and close the Ethernet Device General screen.
If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Configuration
screen. Enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Figure 219 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: DNS
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Click the Devices tab.
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Click the Activate button to apply the changes. The following screen displays. Click Yes to save
the changes in all screens.
Figure 220 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Activate
After the network card restart process is complete, make sure the Status is Active in the Network
Configuration screen.
Using Configuration Files
Follow the steps below to edit the network configuration files and set your computer IP address.
Assuming that you have only one network card on the computer, locate the ifconfig-eth0
configuration file (where eth0 is the name of the Ethernet card). Open the configuration file with
any plain text editor.
• If you have a dynamic IP address, enter dhcp in the BOOTPROTO= field. The following figure
shows an example.
Figure 221 Red Hat 9.0: Dynamic IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
USERCTL=no
PEERDNS=yes
TYPE=Ethernet
• If you have a static IP address, enter static in the BOOTPROTO= field. Type IPADDR= followed
by the IP address (in dotted decimal notation) and type NETMASK= followed by the subnet
mask. The following example shows an example where the static IP address is 192.168.1.10
and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.
Figure 222 Red Hat 9.0: Static IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
IPADDR=192.168.1.10
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
USERCTL=no
PEERDNS=yes
TYPE=Ethernet
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If you know your DNS server IP address(es), enter the DNS server information in the resolv.conf
file in the /etc directory. The following figure shows an example where two DNS server IP
addresses are specified.
Figure 223 Red Hat 9.0: DNS Settings in resolv.conf
nameserver 172.23.5.1
nameserver 172.23.5.2
After you edit and save the configuration files, you must restart the network card. Enter ./network
restart in the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory. The following figure shows an example.
Figure 224 Red Hat 9.0: Restart Ethernet Card
[root@localhost init.d]# network restart
Shutting down interface eth0:
Shutting down loopback interface:
Setting network parameters:
Bringing up loopback interface:
Bringing up interface eth0:
[OK]
[OK]
[OK]
[OK]
[OK]
Verifying Settings
Enter ifconfig in a terminal screen to check your TCP/IP properties.
Figure 225 Red Hat 9.0: Checking TCP/IP Properties
[root@localhost]# ifconfig
eth0
Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BA:72:5B:44
inet addr:172.23.19.129 Bcast:172.23.19.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:717 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:730412 (713.2 Kb) TX bytes:1570 (1.5 Kb)
Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1000
[root@localhost]#
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IP Addresses and Subnetting
This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks.
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including
computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the
network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use
subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
Introduction to IP Addresses
One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same
way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common
network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has
its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets
to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are
delivered.
Structure
An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example,
192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary
number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation).
Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in
decimal.
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The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are
the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.
Figure 226 Network Number and Host ID
How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according
to the subnet mask.
Subnet Masks
A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are
part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.
A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP
address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit
in the IP address is part of the host ID.
The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host
ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).
Table 153 Subnet Masks
1ST OCTET: 2ND
OCTET:
(192)
(168)
3RD
OCTET:
4TH OCTET
(1)
(2)
IP Address (Binary)
11000000
10101000
00000001
00000010
Subnet Mask (Binary)
11111111
11111111
11111111
00000000
Network Number
11000000
10101000
00000001
Host ID
00000010
By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the
leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.
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Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value).
For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24
bits are zeroes.
Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following
examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks.
Table 154 Subnet Masks
BINARY
DECIMAL
1ST
OCTET
2ND
OCTET
3RD
OCTET
4TH OCTET
8-bit mask
11111111
00000000
00000000
00000000
255.0.0.0
16-bit mask
11111111
11111111
00000000
00000000
255.255.0.0
24-bit mask
11111111
11111111
11111111
00000000
255.255.255.0
29-bit mask
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111000
255.255.255.248
Network Size
The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have
on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of
remaining host ID bits.
An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit
subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that
network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).
As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of
possible hosts in a network as follows:
Table 155 Maximum Host Numbers
SUBNET MASK
HOST ID SIZE
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS
24
8 bits
255.0.0.0
24 bits
16 bits
255.255.0.0
16 bits
216 – 2
65534
24 bits
255.255.255.0
8 bits
28 – 2
254
29 bits
255.255.255.24
3 bits
–2
2 –2
16777214
Notation
Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a
continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the
number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/”
followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address.
For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128.
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The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations.
Table 156 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation
SUBNET MASK
ALTERNATIVE
NOTATION
LAST OCTET
(BINARY)
LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL)
255.255.255.0
/24
0000 0000
255.255.255.128
/25
1000 0000
128
255.255.255.192
/26
1100 0000
192
255.255.255.224
/27
1110 0000
224
255.255.255.240
/28
1111 0000
240
255.255.255.248
/29
1111 1000
248
255.255.255.252
/30
1111 1100
252
Subnetting
You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example
a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the
company network for security reasons.
In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address
(192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum
of 28 – 2 or 254 possible hosts.
The following figure shows the company network before subnetting.
Figure 227 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting
You can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate subnetworks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).
The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25
and 192.168.1.128 /25.
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The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two subnetworks, A and B.
Figure 228 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting
In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 27 – 2 or 126
possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s
broadcast address).
192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask
255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to
an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126.
Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.
Example: Four Subnets
The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two
subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID
bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.
Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all
zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).
Table 157 Subnet 1
IP/SUBNET MASK
NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address (Decimal)
192.168.1.
IP Address (Binary)
11000000.10101000.00000001.
00000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)
11111111.11111111.11111111.
11000000
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Table 157 Subnet 1 (continued)
IP/SUBNET MASK
NETWORK NUMBER
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.0
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
Table 158 Subnet 2
IP/SUBNET MASK
NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address
192.168.1.
64
IP Address (Binary)
11000000.10101000.00000001.
01000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)
11111111.11111111.11111111.
11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.64
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.127
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126
Table 159 Subnet 3
IP/SUBNET MASK
NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address
192.168.1.
128
IP Address (Binary)
11000000.10101000.00000001.
10000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)
11111111.11111111.11111111.
11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.191
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190
Table 160 Subnet 4
IP/SUBNET MASK
NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address
192.168.1.
192
IP Address (Binary)
11000000.10101000.00000001.
11000000
Subnet Mask (Binary)
11111111.11111111.11111111.
11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.192
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.255
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254
Example: Eight Subnets
Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111).
The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.
Table 161 Eight Subnets
354
SUBNET
SUBNET
ADDRESS
FIRST ADDRESS
LAST
ADDRESS
BROADCAST
ADDRESS
30
31
32
33
62
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Table 161 Eight Subnets (continued)
SUBNET
SUBNET
ADDRESS
FIRST ADDRESS
LAST
ADDRESS
BROADCAST
ADDRESS
64
65
94
95
96
97
126
127
128
129
158
159
160
161
190
191
192
193
222
223
224
225
254
255
Subnet Planning
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.
Table 162 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS
SUBNET MASK
NO. SUBNETS
NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
255.255.255.128 (/25)
126
255.255.255.192 (/26)
62
255.255.255.224 (/27)
30
255.255.255.240 (/28)
16
14
255.255.255.248 (/29)
32
255.255.255.252 (/30)
64
255.255.255.254 (/31)
128
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number.
Table 163 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS
SUBNET MASK
NO. SUBNETS
NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
255.255.128.0 (/17)
32766
255.255.192.0 (/18)
16382
255.255.224.0 (/19)
8190
255.255.240.0 (/20)
16
4094
255.255.248.0 (/21)
32
2046
255.255.252.0 (/22)
64
1022
255.255.254.0 (/23)
128
510
255.255.255.0 (/24)
256
254
255.255.255.128 (/25)
512
126
10
255.255.255.192 (/26)
1024
62
11
255.255.255.224 (/27)
2048
30
12
255.255.255.240 (/28)
4096
14
13
255.255.255.248 (/29)
8192
14
255.255.255.252 (/30)
16384
15
255.255.255.254 (/31)
32768
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Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting
Configuring IP Addresses
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your
network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in
selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user
account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this
is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to
192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses
specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You
must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the Device.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your Device that is easy to
remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is using
that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your Device will compute
the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change
the subnet mask computed by the Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the
Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to
the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has
reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
• 10.0.0.0
• 172.16.0.0
— 10.255.255.255
— 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private
network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP
can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are
part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the
appropriate IP addresses.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the
guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address
Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
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A PPENDIX
Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java
Permissions
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.
• JavaScripts (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer
versions may vary.
Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers
You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device.
Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow
pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address.
Disable Pop-up Blockers
In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker.
Figure 229 Pop-up Blocker
You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab.
In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.
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Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any
web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.
Figure 230 Internet Options: Privacy
Click Apply to save this setting.
Enable Pop-up Blockers with Exceptions
Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.
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In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.
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Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.
Figure 231 Internet Options: Privacy
Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the
prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1.
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Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.
Figure 232 Pop-up Blocker Settings
Click Close to return to the Privacy screen.
Click Apply to save this setting.
JavaScripts
If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts
are allowed.
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Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
Figure 233 Internet Options: Security
Click the Custom Level... button.
Scroll down to Scripting.
Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
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Click OK to close the window.
Figure 234 Security Settings - Java Scripting
Java Permissions
362
From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
Click the Custom Level... button.
Scroll down to Microsoft VM.
Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.
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Click OK to close the window.
Figure 235 Security Settings - Java
JAVA (Sun)
From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab.
Make sure that Use Java 2 for  under Java (Sun) is selected.
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Click OK to close the window.
Figure 236 Java (Sun)
Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary.
You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the
screen that appears.
Figure 237 Mozilla Firefox: Tools > Options
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Click Content.to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.
Figure 238 Mozilla Firefox Content Security
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A PPENDIX
Wireless LANs
Wireless LAN Topologies
This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.
Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration
The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of
computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within
range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an
ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example
of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN.
Figure 239 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network
BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a
wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless
client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with
each other.
Figure 240 Basic Service Set
ESS
An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access
point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection
between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).
This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only
provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the
immediate neighborhood.
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An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated
wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.
Figure 241 Infrastructure WLAN
Channel
A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data.
Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your
region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce
interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing
interference and degrading performance.
Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should
be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For
example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to
select a channel between 6 or 11.
RTS/CTS
A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not
within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are
within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they
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cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore,
they are considered hidden from each other.
Figure 242
RTS/CTS
When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the
channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of
data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.
RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest
size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is
invoked.
When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station
that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for
permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other
stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms
with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.
Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and
the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the
RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be
fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could
negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.
Fragmentation Threshold
A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes)
that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data
frames.
A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while
you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.
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If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you
set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames
will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b
adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or
lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the
maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:
Table 164 IEEE 802.11g
DATA RATE (MBPS)
MODULATION
DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)
DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
5.5 / 11
CCK (Complementary Code Keying)
6/9/12/18/24/36/48/
54
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Wireless Security Overview
Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless
clients, access points and the wired network.
Wireless security methods available on the Device are data encryption, wireless client
authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the Device identity.
The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on
your Device.
Table 165 Wireless Security Levels
SECURITY
LEVEL
Least
Secure
SECURITY TYPE
Unique SSID (Default)
Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled
MAC Address Filtering
WEP Encryption
IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
WPA2
Most Secure
Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the Device and on all
wireless clients that you want to associate with it.
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IEEE 802.1x
In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to
support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It
is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x
are:
• User based identification that allows for roaming.
• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for
centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server.
• Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional
authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless
clients.
RADIUS
RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and
accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server
handles the following tasks:
• Authentication
Determines the identity of the users.
• Authorization
Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the
network.
• Accounting
Keeps track of the client’s network activity.
RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the
wireless client and the network RADIUS server.
Types of RADIUS Messages
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS
server for user authentication:
• Access-Request
Sent by an access point requesting authentication.
• Access-Reject
Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.
• Access-Accept
Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.
• Access-Challenge
Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point
sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message.
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS
server for user accounting:
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• Accounting-Request
Sent by the access point requesting accounting.
• Accounting-Response
Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.
In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret
key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the
shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from
unauthorized access.
Types of EAP Authentication
This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and
LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types.
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE
802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP
to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a
RADIUS server perform authentication.
The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that
supports IEEE 802.1x.
For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain
the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used
to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate
owner.
EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)
MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server
sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by
encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in
plain text.
However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get
the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the
authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an
authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication.
Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You
must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.
EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)
With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for
mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of
the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done
in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive
attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity.
However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which
imposes a management overhead.
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EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)
EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the serverside authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending
username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client
authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP,
CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.
PEAP (Protected EAP)
Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then
use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the
clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5,
EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is
implemented only by Cisco.
LEAP
LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x.
Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the
wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is
generated each time reauthentication is performed.
If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless
security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while
dynamic WEP is enabled.
Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic
keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public
deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a
comparison of the features of authentication types.
Table 166 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types
374
EAP-MD5
EAP-TLS
EAP-TTLS
PEAP
LEAP
Mutual Authentication
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Certificate – Client
No
Yes
Optional
Optional
No
Certificate – Server
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Dynamic Key Exchange
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Credential Integrity
None
Strong
Strong
Strong
Moderate
Deployment Difficulty
Easy
Hard
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Client Identity Protection
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
WPA and WPA2
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a
wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management
than WPA.
Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user
authentication.
If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use
WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use
WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into
each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless
client will be granted access to a WLAN.
If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on
whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.
Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less
secure than WPA or WPA2.
Encryption
WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity
Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but
offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter
mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).
TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server.
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm
called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check
(MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying
mechanism.
WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is
never used twice.
The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key
hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption
keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless
clients. This all happens in the background automatically.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets,
altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the
receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is
assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.
By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity
checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi
network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network.
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference
between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific
credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force
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password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent,
single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal
encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of
WEP)
User Authentication
WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate
wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange
messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a
network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and
pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless
devices.
Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication
with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not
need to go with the authentication process again.
Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an
AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.
Wireless Client WPA Supplicants
A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless
client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch
for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client.
The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero
Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it.
WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812),
and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server
looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.
376
The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.
The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies
network access accordingly.
A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS
server and the client.
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The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and
management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The
keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and
the wireless clients.
Figure 243 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
WPA(2)-PSK Application Example
A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.
First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must
consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and
symbols).
The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password
matches.
The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not
sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.
The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information
exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data
exchanged between them.
Figure 244 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication
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Security Parameters Summary
Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each
authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on
how you configure these security features.
Table 167 Wireless Security Relational Matrix
AUTHENTICATION
ENCRYPTIO
METHOD/ KEY
MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL N METHOD
ENTER
MANUAL KEY
IEEE 802.1X
Open
No
Disable
None
Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Open
Shared
WEP
WEP
No
Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Yes
Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Yes
Disable
No
Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Yes
Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Yes
Disable
WPA
TKIP/AES
No
Enable
WPA-PSK
TKIP/AES
Yes
Disable
WPA2
TKIP/AES
No
Enable
WPA2-PSK
TKIP/AES
Yes
Disable
Antenna Overview
An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to
the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by
capturing RF signals from the air.
Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN.
Antenna Characteristics
Frequency
An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g) or 5GHz (IEEE 802.11a)
is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LAN
Radiation Pattern
A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage
area.
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width.
Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications.
For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately
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2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of
approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment.
Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal
power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna
that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the
antenna provides.
Types of Antennas for WLAN
There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.
• Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The
coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room
environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage
areas with multiple access points.
• Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light
from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles
typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional
antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.
Positioning Antennas
In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In
point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to
each other to attain the best performance.
For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For
omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP
application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible.
For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.
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A PPENDIX
IPv6
Overview
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to enhance IP address size and features. The
increase in IPv6 address size to 128 bits (from the 32-bit IPv4 address) allows up to 3.4 x 1038 IP
addresses.
IPv6 Addressing
The 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal blocks separated by colons (:). This
is an example IPv6 address 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000.
IPv6 addresses can be abbreviated in two ways:
• Leading zeros in a block can be omitted. So 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000 can
be written as 2001:db8:1a2b:15:0:0:1a2f:0.
• Any number of consecutive blocks of zeros can be replaced by a double colon. A double colon can
only appear once in an IPv6 address. So 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f:0000:0000:0015 can be
written as 2001:0db8::1a2f:0000:0000:0015, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f::0015,
2001:db8::1a2f:0:0:15 or 2001:db8:0:0:1a2f::15.
Prefix and Prefix Length
Similar to an IPv4 subnet mask, IPv6 uses an address prefix to represent the network address. An
IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (start from the left) in the address
compose the network address. The prefix length is written as “/x” where x is a number. For
example,
2001:db8:1a2b:15::1a2f:0/32
means that the first 32 bits (2001:db8) is the subnet prefix.
Link-local Address
A link-local address uniquely identifies a device on the local network (the LAN). It is similar to a
“private IP address” in IPv4. You can have the same link-local address on multiple interfaces on a
device. A link-local unicast address has a predefined prefix of fe80::/10. The link-local unicast
address format is as follows.
Table 168 Link-local Unicast Address Format
1111 1110 10
Interface ID
10 bits
54 bits
64 bits
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Appendix E IPv6
Global Address
A global address uniquely identifies a device on the Internet. It is similar to a “public IP address” in
IPv4. A global unicast address starts with a 2 or 3.
Unspecified Address
An unspecified address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::) is used as the source address when a device does
not have its own address. It is similar to “0.0.0.0” in IPv4.
Loopback Address
A loopback address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1) allows a host to send packets to itself. It is similar to
“127.0.0.1” in IPv4.
Multicast Address
In IPv6, multicast addresses provide the same functionality as IPv4 broadcast addresses.
Broadcasting is not supported in IPv6. A multicast address allows a host to send packets to all hosts
in a multicast group.
Multicast scope allows you to determine the size of the multicast group. A multicast address has a
predefined prefix of ff00::/8. The following table describes some of the predefined multicast
addresses.
Table 169 Predefined Multicast Address
MULTICAST ADDRESS
DESCRIPTION
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
All hosts on a local node.
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2
All routers on a local node.
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
All hosts on a local connected link.
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2
All routers on a local connected link.
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2
All routers on a local site.
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:3
All DHCP severs on a local site.
The following table describes the multicast addresses which are reserved and can not be assigned
to a multicast group.
Table 170 Reserved Multicast Address
MULTICAST ADDRESS
FF00:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF03:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF04:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF06:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF07:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
382
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
Appendix E IPv6
Table 170 Reserved Multicast Address (continued)
MULTICAST ADDRESS
FF08:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF09:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0A:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0B:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0C:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0D:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0E:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0F:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
Subnet Masking
Both an IPv6 address and IPv6 subnet mask compose of 128-bit binary digits, which are divided
into eight 16-bit blocks and written in hexadecimal notation. Hexadecimal uses four bits for each
character (1 ~ 10, A ~ F). Each block’s 16 bits are then represented by four hexadecimal
characters. For example, FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FC00:0000:0000:0000.
Interface ID
In IPv6, an interface ID is a 64-bit identifier. It identifies a physical interface (for example, an
Ethernet port) or a virtual interface (for example, the management IP address for a VLAN). One
interface should have a unique interface ID.
EUI-64
The EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier) defined by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers) is an interface ID format designed to adapt with IPv6. It is derived from the 48-bit (6byte) Ethernet MAC address as shown next. EUI-64 inserts the hex digits fffe between the third and
fourth bytes of the MAC address and complements the seventh bit of the first byte of the MAC
address. See the following example.
MAC
EUI-64
02
00
: 13
: 49
: 12
: 34
: 56
: 13
: 49
: FF
: FE
: 12
: 34
: 56
Identity Association
An Identity Association (IA) is a collection of addresses assigned to a DHCP client, through which
the server and client can manage a set of related IP addresses. Each IA must be associated with
exactly one interface. The DHCP client uses the IA assigned to an interface to obtain configuration
from a DHCP server for that interface. Each IA consists of a unique IAID and associated IP
information.
The IA type is the type of address in the IA. Each IA holds one type of address. IA_NA means an
identity association for non-temporary addresses and IA_TA is an identity association for temporary
addresses. An IA_NA option contains the T1 and T2 fields, but an IA_TA option does not. The
DHCPv6 server uses T1 and T2 to control the time at which the client contacts with the server to
extend the lifetimes on any addresses in the IA_NA before the lifetimes expire. After T1, the client
sends the server (S1) (from which the addresses in the IA_NA were obtained) a Renew message. If
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Appendix E IPv6
the time T2 is reached and the server does not respond, the client sends a Rebind message to any
available server (S2). For an IA_TA, the client may send a Renew or Rebind message at the client's
discretion.
T2
T1
Renew Renew
to S1
to S1
Renew Renew
to S1
to S1
Renew
to S1
Renew
to S1
Rebind
to S2
Rebind
to S2
DHCP Relay Agent
A DHCP relay agent is on the same network as the DHCP clients and helps forward messages
between the DHCP server and clients. When a client cannot use its link-local address and a wellknown multicast address to locate a DHCP server on its network, it then needs a DHCP relay agent
to send a message to a DHCP server that is not attached to the same network.
The DHCP relay agent can add the remote identification (remote-ID) option and the interface-ID
option to the Relay-Forward DHCPv6 messages. The remote-ID option carries a user-defined string,
such as the system name. The interface-ID option provides slot number, port information and the
VLAN ID to the DHCPv6 server. The remote-ID option (if any) is stripped from the Relay-Reply
messages before the relay agent sends the packets to the clients. The DHCP server copies the
interface-ID option from the Relay-Forward message into the Relay-Reply message and sends it to
the relay agent. The interface-ID should not change even after the relay agent restarts.
Prefix Delegation
Prefix delegation enables an IPv6 router to use the IPv6 prefix (network address) received from the
ISP (or a connected uplink router) for its LAN. The Device uses the received IPv6 prefix (for
example, 2001:db2::/48) to generate its LAN IP address. Through sending Router Advertisements
(RAs) regularly by multicast, the Device passes the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The
hosts then can use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses.
ICMPv6
Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 (ICMPv6 or ICMP for IPv6) is defined in RFC 4443.
ICMPv6 has a preceding Next Header value of 58, which is different from the value used to identify
ICMP for IPv4. ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6. IPv6 nodes use ICMPv6 to report errors
encountered in packet processing and perform other diagnostic functions, such as "ping".
Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)
The Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) is a protocol used to discover other IPv6 devices and track
neighbor’s reachability in a network. An IPv6 device uses the following ICMPv6 messages types:
• Neighbor solicitation: A request from a host to determine a neighbor’s link-layer address (MAC
address) and detect if the neighbor is still reachable. A neighbor being “reachable” means it
responds to a neighbor solicitation message (from the host) with a neighbor advertisement
message.
384
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Appendix E IPv6
• Neighbor advertisement: A response from a node to announce its link-layer address.
• Router solicitation: A request from a host to locate a router that can act as the default router and
forward packets.
• Router advertisement: A response to a router solicitation or a periodical multicast advertisement
from a router to advertise its presence and other parameters.
IPv6 Cache
An IPv6 host is required to have a neighbor cache, destination cache, prefix list and default router
list. The Device maintains and updates its IPv6 caches constantly using the information from
response messages. In IPv6, the Device configures a link-local address automatically, and then
sends a neighbor solicitation message to check if the address is unique. If there is an address to be
resolved or verified, the Device also sends out a neighbor solicitation message. When the Device
receives a neighbor advertisement in response, it stores the neighbor’s link-layer address in the
neighbor cache. When the Device uses a router solicitation message to query for a router and
receives a router advertisement message, it adds the router’s information to the neighbor cache,
prefix list and destination cache. The Device creates an entry in the default router list cache if the
router can be used as a default router.
When the Device needs to send a packet, it first consults the destination cache to determine the
next hop. If there is no matching entry in the destination cache, the Device uses the prefix list to
determine whether the destination address is on-link and can be reached directly without passing
through a router. If the address is unlink, the address is considered as the next hop. Otherwise, the
Device determines the next-hop from the default router list or routing table. Once the next hop IP
address is known, the Device looks into the neighbor cache to get the link-layer address and sends
the packet when the neighbor is reachable. If the Device cannot find an entry in the neighbor cache
or the state for the neighbor is not reachable, it starts the address resolution process. This helps
reduce the number of IPv6 solicitation and advertisement messages.
Multicast Listener Discovery
The Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol (defined in RFC 2710) is derived from IPv4's
Internet Group Management Protocol version 2 (IGMPv2). MLD uses ICMPv6 message types, rather
than IGMP message types. MLDv1 is equivalent to IGMPv2 and MLDv2 is equivalent to IGMPv3.
MLD allows an IPv6 switch or router to discover the presence of MLD listeners who wish to receive
multicast packets and the IP addresses of multicast groups the hosts want to join on its network.
MLD snooping and MLD proxy are analogous to IGMP snooping and IGMP proxy in IPv4.
MLD filtering controls which multicast groups a port can join.
MLD Messages
A multicast router or switch periodically sends general queries to MLD hosts to update the multicast
forwarding table. When an MLD host wants to join a multicast group, it sends an MLD Report
message for that address.
An MLD Done message is equivalent to an IGMP Leave message. When an MLD host wants to leave
a multicast group, it can send a Done message to the router or switch. The router or switch then
sends a group-specific query to the port on which the Done message is received to determine if
other devices connected to this port should remain in the group.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
385
Appendix E IPv6
Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows XP/2003/Vista
By default, Windows XP and Windows 2003 support IPv6. This example shows you how to use the
ipv6 install command on Windows XP/2003 to enable IPv6. This also displays how to use the
ipconfig command to see auto-generated IP addresses.
C:\>ipv6 install
Installing...
Succeeded.
C:\>ipconfig
Windows IP Configuration
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Connection-specific
IP Address. . . . .
Subnet Mask . . . .
IP Address. . . . .
Default Gateway . .
DNS
. .
. .
. .
. .
Suffix
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
10.1.1.46
255.255.255.0
fe80::2d0:59ff:feb8:103c%4
10.1.1.254
IPv6 is installed and enabled by default in Windows Vista. Use the ipconfig command to check
your automatic configured IPv6 address as well. You should see at least one IPv6 address available
for the interface on your computer.
Example - Enabling DHCPv6 on Windows XP
Windows XP does not support DHCPv6. If your network uses DHCPv6 for IP address assignment,
you have to additionally install a DHCPv6 client software on your Windows XP. (Note: If you use
static IP addresses or Router Advertisement for IPv6 address assignment in your network, ignore
this section.)
This example uses Dibbler as the DHCPv6 client. To enable DHCPv6 client on your computer:
386
Install Dibbler and select the DHCPv6 client option on your computer.
After the installation is complete, select Start > All Programs > Dibbler-DHCPv6 > Client
Install as service.
Select Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Services.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
Appendix E IPv6
Double click Dibbler - a DHCPv6 client.
Click Start and then OK.
Now your computer can obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server.
Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows 7
Windows 7 supports IPv6 by default. DHCPv6 is also enabled when you enable IPv6 on a Windows 7
computer.
To enable IPv6 in Windows 7:
Select Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center > Local Area Connection.
Select the Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) checkbox to enable it.
Click OK to save the change.
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Appendix E IPv6
Click Close to exit the Local Area Connection Status screen.
Select Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
Use the ipconfig command to check your dynamic IPv6 address. This example shows a global
address (2001:b021:2d::1000) obtained from a DHCP server.
C:\>ipconfig
Windows IP Configuration
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Connection-specific DNS
IPv6 Address. . . . . .
Link-local IPv6 Address
IPv4 Address. . . . . .
Subnet Mask . . . . . .
Default Gateway . . . .
388
Suffix
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
2001:b021:2d::1000
fe80::25d8:dcab:c80a:5189%11
172.16.100.61
255.255.255.0
fe80::213:49ff:feaa:7125%11
172.16.100.254
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
A PPENDIX
Services
The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port
numbers.
• Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a
different one, if you like.
• Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service
uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP
protocol number, not the port number.
• Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol.
• If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.
• If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.
• Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations
in which this service is used.
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Appendix F Services
Table 171 Examples of Services
NAME
390
PROTOCOL
PORT(S)
DESCRIPTION
AH (IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined
51
The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header)
tunneling protocol uses this service.
AIM
TCP
5190
AOL’s Internet Messenger service.
AUTH
TCP
113
Authentication protocol used by some
servers.
BGP
TCP
179
Border Gateway Protocol.
BOOTP_CLIENT
UDP
68
DHCP Client.
BOOTP_SERVER
UDP
67
DHCP Server.
CU-SEEME
TCP/UDP
7648
TCP/UDP
24032
A popular videoconferencing solution from
White Pines Software.
DNS
TCP/UDP
53
Domain Name Server, a service that
matches web names (for instance
www.zyxel.com) to IP numbers.
ESP
(IPSEC_TUNNEL)
User-Defined
50
The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security
Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this
service.
FINGER
TCP
79
Finger is a UNIX or Internet related
command that can be used to find out if a
user is logged on.
FTP
TCP
20
TCP
21
File Transfer Protocol, a program to enable
fast transfer of files, including large files
that may not be possible by e-mail.
H.323
TCP
1720
NetMeeting uses this protocol.
HTTP
TCP
80
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/
server protocol for the world wide web.
HTTPS
TCP
443
HTTPS is a secured http session often used
in e-commerce.
ICMP
User-Defined
Internet Control Message Protocol is often
used for diagnostic purposes.
ICQ
UDP
4000
This is a popular Internet chat program.
IGMP (MULTICAST)
User-Defined
Internet Group Multicast Protocol is used
when sending packets to a specific group
of hosts.
IKE
UDP
500
The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is
used for key distribution and management.
IMAP4
TCP
143
The Internet Message Access Protocol is
used for e-mail.
IMAP4S
TCP
993
This is a more secure version of IMAP4 that
runs over SSL.
IRC
TCP/UDP
6667
This is another popular Internet chat
program.
MSN Messenger
TCP
1863
Microsoft Networks’ messenger service
uses this protocol.
NetBIOS
TCP/UDP
137
TCP/UDP
138
The Network Basic Input/Output System is
used for communication between
computers in a LAN.
TCP/UDP
139
TCP/UDP
445
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
Appendix F Services
Table 171 Examples of Services (continued)
NAME
PROTOCOL
PORT(S)
DESCRIPTION
NEW-ICQ
TCP
5190
An Internet chat program.
NEWS
TCP
144
A protocol for news groups.
NFS
UDP
2049
Network File System - NFS is a client/
server distributed file service that provides
transparent file sharing for network
environments.
NNTP
TCP
119
Network News Transport Protocol is the
delivery mechanism for the USENET
newsgroup service.
PING
User-Defined
Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that
sends out ICMP echo requests to test
whether or not a remote host is reachable.
POP3
TCP
110
Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client
computer get e-mail from a POP3 server
through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or
other).
POP3S
TCP
995
This is a more secure version of POP3 that
runs over SSL.
PPTP
TCP
1723
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables
secure transfer of data over public
networks. This is the control channel.
PPTP_TUNNEL (GRE) User-Defined
47
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)
enables secure transfer of data over public
networks. This is the data channel.
RCMD
TCP
512
Remote Command Service.
REAL_AUDIO
TCP
7070
A streaming audio service that enables real
time sound over the web.
REXEC
TCP
514
Remote Execution Daemon.
RLOGIN
TCP
513
Remote Login.
ROADRUNNER
TCP/UDP
1026
This is an ISP that provides services mainly
for cable modems.
RTELNET
TCP
107
Remote Telnet.
RTSP
TCP/UDP
554
The Real Time Streaming (media control)
Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for
multimedia on the Internet.
SFTP
TCP
115
The Simple File Transfer Protocol is an old
way of transferring files between
computers.
SMTP
TCP
25
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the
message-exchange standard for the
Internet. SMTP enables you to move
messages from one e-mail server to
another.
SMTPS
TCP
465
This is a more secure version of SMTP that
runs over SSL.
SNMP
TCP/UDP
161
Simple Network Management Program.
SNMP-TRAPS
TCP/UDP
162
Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215).
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
391
Appendix F Services
Table 171 Examples of Services (continued)
392
NAME
PROTOCOL
PORT(S)
DESCRIPTION
SQL-NET
TCP
1521
Structured Query Language is an interface
to access data on many different types of
database systems, including mainframes,
midrange systems, UNIX systems and
network servers.
SSDP
UDP
1900
The Simple Service Discovery Protocol
supports Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP).
SSH
TCP/UDP
22
Secure Shell Remote Login Program.
STRM WORKS
UDP
1558
Stream Works Protocol.
SYSLOG
UDP
514
Syslog allows you to send system logs to a
UNIX server.
TACACS
UDP
49
Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal
Access Controller Access Control System).
TELNET
TCP
23
Telnet is the login and terminal emulation
protocol common on the Internet and in
UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/
IP networks. Its primary function is to
allow users to log into remote host
systems.
VDOLIVE
TCP
7000
UDP
userdefined
A videoconferencing solution. The UDP port
number is specified in the application.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
A PPENDIX
Legal Information
Copyright
Copyright © 2013 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed,
stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer
ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or
software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent
rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein
without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.
Certifications
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement
The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
(1) This device may not cause harmful interference.
(2) This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause
undesired operations.
This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant
to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against
harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio
frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause
harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will
not occur in a particular installation.
If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be
determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the
interference by one or more of the following measures:
• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
• Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
393
Appendix G Legal Information
• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is
connected.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
Radiation Exposure Statement
• This device and its antenna(s) must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other
antenna or transmitter.
• For operation within 5.15 ~ 5.25GHz frequency range, it is restricted to indoor environment.
• IEEE 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11n (20MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmwarelimited to channel 1 through 11. IEEE 802.11n (40MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is
firmware-limited to channel 3 through 9.
• This equipment complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled
environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm
between the radiator and your body.
Notices
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could
void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
The device complies with the essential requirements of the R&TTE Directive 1995/5/EC.
Radiation Exposure Statement
This equipment complies with EU radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled
environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm
between the radiator and your body.
National Communications Commission (NCC)
Article 12
Without permission, any company, firm or user shall not alter the frequency, increase the power, or
change the characteristics and functions of the original design of the certified lower power
frequency electric machinery.
Article 14
The application of low power frequency electric machineries shall not affect the navigation safety
nor interfere a legal communication, if an interference is found, the service will be suspended until
improvement is made and the interference no longer exists.
Industry Canada (IC)
CAN ICES-3 (B)/NMB-3(B)
This device complies with RSS-210 of the Industry Canada Rules. Operation is subject to the
following two conditions:
394
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
Appendix G Legal Information
(1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and
(2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause
undesired operation.
Ce dispositif est conforme à la norme CNR-192 d'Industrie Canada applicable aux appareils radio
exempts de licence. Son fonctionnement est sujet aux deux conditions suivantes:
(1) le dispositif ne doit pas produire de brouillage préjudiciable, et
(2) ce dispositif doit accepter tout brouillage reçu, y compris un brouillage susceptible de provoquer
un fonctionnement indésirable.
IMPORTANT NOTE:
Radiation Exposure Statement:
This equipment complies with IC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled
environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm
between the radiator and your body.
Déclaration d'exposition aux radiations:
Cet équipement est conforme aux limites d'exposition aux rayonnements IC établies pour un
environnement non contrôlé. Cet équipement doit être installé et utilisé avec un minimum de 20cm
de distance entre la source de rayonnement et votre corps.
ZyXEL Limited Warranty
ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in
materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the
warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to
faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective
products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall
deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any
replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or
higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the
product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to
abnormal working conditions.
Note
Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser.
This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of
merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for
indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.
To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center for your Return Material
Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage Prepaid. It is recommended that
the unit be insured when shipped. Any returned products without proof of purchase or those with
an out-dated warranty will be repaired or replaced (at the discretion of ZyXEL) and the customer
will be billed for parts and labor. All repaired or replaced products will be shipped by ZyXEL to the
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
395
Appendix G Legal Information
corresponding return address, Postage Paid. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you
may also have other rights that vary from country to country.
Registration
Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at
www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for North American products.
Safety Warnings
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.
Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.
Do NOT store things on the device.
Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock
from lightning.
Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.
Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage
points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please
contact your vendor for further information.
Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.
Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.
Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.
Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device.
Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or
230V AC in Europe).
Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can
walk on the power adaptor or cord.
Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution.
If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the device and the power source.
Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one.
Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of
electric shock from lightning.
Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device.
Use only No. 26 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or larger telecommunication line cord.
Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included
antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s).
Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste
Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be
mixed with general waste. Used electrical and electronic equipment should be treated separately.
396
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
Index
Index
broadcast 68
ACK message 254
BSS 96, 367
example 96
ACL rule 200
BYE request 254
ACS 293
activation
firewalls 197
media server 189
SIP ALG 165
SSID 81
CA 211, 373
administrator password 26
call history 248
incoming calls 249
outgoing calls 249
AH 227
call hold 260, 261
algorithms 227
call service mode 259, 261
alternative subnet mask notation 352
call transfer 260, 262
antenna
directional 379
gain 378
omni-directional 379
call waiting 260, 261
Address Resolution Protocol 275
AP (access point) 369
applications
Internet access 18
media server 188
activation 189
iTunes server 188
applications, NAT 171
ARP Table 275, 277
authentication 93, 95
RADIUS server 95
Auto Configuration Server, see ACS 293
Canonical Format Indicator See CFI
CCMs 315
CE statement 394
certificate
factory default 212
Certificate Authority
See CA.
certificates 211
authentication 211
CA
creating 212
public key 211
replacing 212
storage space 212
Certification Authority 211
Certification Authority. see CA
certifications 393
notices 394
backup
configuration 311
CFI 68
Basic Service Set, See BSS 367
Basic Service Set, see BSS
blinking LEDs 20
Broadband 43
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
CFM 315
CCMs 315
link trace test 315
loopback test 315
MA 315
MD 315
397
Index
MEP 315
MIP 315
DLNA 188
DMZ 164
channel 369
interference 369
DNS 106, 126
channel, wireless LAN 93
Class of Service 258
documentation
related 2
Class of Service, see CoS
Domain Name 171
client list 111
Domain Name System, see DNS
client-server protocol 251
Domain Name System. See DNS.
comfort noise generation 256
DoS 196
compatibility, WDS 87
DS field 151, 258
configuration
backup 311
firewalls 197
reset 313
restoring 312
static route 63, 131, 132, 175
DS, dee differentiated services
Connectivity Check Messages, see CCMs
copyright 393
DNS server address assignment 68
DSCP 150, 258
dynamic DNS 173
wildcard 174
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, see DHCP
dynamic WEP key exchange 374
DYNDNS wildcard 174
CoS 150, 258
CoS technologies 138
creating certificates 212
CTS (Clear to Send) 370
CTS threshold 89, 93
EAP Authentication 373
ECHO 171
echo cancellation 256
data fragment threshold 89, 93
DDoS 196
default server address 164
e-mail
log example 306
Encapsulation 64
MER 64
PPP over Ethernet 65
Denials of Service, see DoS
encapsulation 44, 227
RFC 1483 65
DH 232
encryption 95, 375
DHCP 106, 126
ESP 227
differentiated services 258
ESS 368
Differentiated Services, see DiffServ 150
Europe type call service mode 259
Diffie-Hellman key groups 232
Extended Service Set IDentification 74, 83
DiffServ 150
marking rule 151
Extended Service Set, See ESS 368
DiffServ (Differentiated Services) 258
code points 258
marking rule 258
digital IDs 211
disclaimer 393
398
FCC interference statement 393
file sharing 19
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
Index
filters
MAC address 84, 94
Finger 171
firewalls 195
add protocols 197
configuration 197
DDoS 196
DoS 196
LAND attack 196
Ping of Death 196
SYN attack 196
firmware 309
version 39
flash key 259
flashing 259
forwarding ports 156
fragmentation threshold 89, 93, 370
FTP 156, 171
IGMP 68
multicast group list 279
version 68
IKE phases 228
ILA 169
Independent Basic Service Set
See IBSS 367
initialization vector (IV) 375
Inside Global Address, see IGA
inside header 228
Inside Local Address, see ILA
interface group 177
Internet
wizard setup 33
Internet access 18
wizard setup 33
Internet Key Exchange 228
Internet Protocol version 6 45
Internet Protocol version 6, see IPv6
G.168 256
General wireless LAN screen 72
Guide
Quick Start 2
hidden node 369
HTTP 171
IANA 356
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
see IANA
IBSS 367
IC (Industry Canada) statement 394
ID type and content 231
IEEE 802.11g 371
IEEE 802.1Q 68
IGA 169
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
Internet Service Provider, see ISP
IP address 106, 127
ping 316
private 127
WAN 45
IP Address Assignment 67
IP alias
NAT applications 171
IPSec
algorithms 227
architecture 226
NAT 230
IPSec VPN 219
IPv6 45, 381
addressing 45, 69, 381
EUI-64 383
global address 382
interface ID 383
link-local address 381
Neighbor Discovery Protocol 381
ping 381
prefix 46, 69, 381
prefix delegation 47
prefix length 46, 69, 381
unspecified address 382
ISP 44
iTunes server 188
399
Index
ITU-T 256
Mac filter 203
Maintenance Association, see MA
Maintenance Domain, see MD
Maintenance End Point, see MEP
key combinations 262
managing the device
good habits 17
keypad 262
Management Information Base (MIB) 297
Maximum Burst Size (MBS) 66
MBSSID 97
LAN 105
and USB printer 190
client list 111
DHCP 106, 126
DNS 106, 126
IP address 106, 107, 127
MAC address 111
status 39
subnet mask 106, 107, 127
MD 315
media server 188
activation 189
iTunes server 188
MEP 315
MTU (Multi-Tenant Unit) 67
multicast 68
multimedia 250
Multiple BSS, see MBSSID
LAND attack 196
multiplexing 65
LLC-based 65
VC-based 65
LAN-Side DSL CPE Configuration 295
multiprotocol encapsulation 65
LBR 315
limitations
wireless LAN 96
WPS 103
link trace 315
Link Trace Message, see LTM
Link Trace Response, see LTR
listening port 243
login 25
passwords 25, 26
logs 265, 269, 279, 285, 305
Loop Back Response, see LBR
loopback 315
LTM 315
LTR 315
MA 315
MAC address 84, 111
filter 84, 94
MAC authentication 84
400
NAT 155, 156, 157, 168, 169, 356
applications 171
IP alias 171
example 170
global 169
IGA 169
ILA 169
inside 169
IPSec 230
local 169
outside 169
port forwarding 156
port number 171
services 171
SIP ALG 164
activation 165
traversal 230
NAT example 172
NCC statement 394
negotiation mode 229
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
Index
Network Address Translation
see NAT
pre-shared key 232
Network Address Translation, see NAT
network map 29
printer sharing
and LAN 190
requirements 189
NNTP 171
private IP address 127
non-proxy calls 247
product registration 396
Network Map 37
Printer Server 189
protocol 44
PSK 375
push button 22
OK response 254, 256
push button, WPS 98
Push Button Configuration, see PBC
other documentation 2
outside header 228
passwords 25, 26
QoS 137, 150, 258
marking 138
setup 137
tagging 138
versus CoS 137
PBC 98
Quality of Service, see QoS
Peak Cell Rate (PCR) 66
Quick Start Guide 2
Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 375, 377
peer-to-peer calls 247
Per-Hop Behavior, see PHB 151
PHB 151, 258
phone book
speed dial 247
PIN, WPS 99
example 100
RADIUS 372
message types 372
messages 372
shared secret key 373
Ping of Death 196
RADIUS server 95
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 171
Real time Transport Protocol, see RTP
POP3 171
port forwarding 156
registration
product 396
ports 20
related documentation 2
Power Mgmt 191
Power Mgmt Add 193
remote management
TR-069 293
PPP over Ethernet, see PPPoE
Remote Procedure Calls, see RPCs 293
PPPoE 44, 65
Benefits 65
reset 22, 313
PPTP 171
restoring configuration 312
preamble 90, 93
RFC 1058. See RIP.
preamble mode 97
RFC 1389. See RIP.
phone functions 262
restart 313
prefix delegation 47
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
401
Index
RFC 1483 65
SMTP 171
RFC 1889 253
SNMP 171, 297, 298
agents 297
Get 298
GetNext 298
Manager 297
managers 297
MIB 297
network components 297
Set 298
Trap 298
versions 297
RFC 3164 265
RIP 135
router features 18
Routing Information Protocol. See RIP
RPPCs 293
RTP 253
RTS (Request To Send) 370
threshold 369, 370
RTS threshold 89, 93
SNMP trap 171
speed dial 247
security
wireless LAN 93
Security Log 267
Security Parameter Index, see SPI
service access control 289, 290, 291
Service Set 74, 83
Services 171
SPI 196
srTCM 153
SSID 94
activation 81
MBSSID 97
static route 129, 135, 303
configuration 63, 131, 132, 175
example 129
static VLAN
setup
firewalls 197
static route 63, 131, 132, 175
status 37
firmware version 39
LAN 39
WAN 39
wireless LAN 39
silence suppression 256
status indicators 20
Simple Network Management Protocol, see SNMP
subnet 349
Single Rate Three Color Marker, see srTCM
subnet mask 106, 127, 350
SIP 250
account 250
call progression 254
client 251
identities 250
INVITE request 254, 255
number 251
OK response 256
proxy server 252
redirect server 252
register server 253
servers 251
service domain 251
URI 250
user agent 252
subnetting 352
Session Initiation Protocol, see SIP
SIP ALG 164
activation 165
402
supplementary services 258
Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) 66
SYN attack 196
syslog
protocol 265
severity levels 265
system
firmware 309
version 39
passwords 25, 26
reset 22
status 37
LAN 39
WAN 39
wireless LAN 39
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
Index
time 299
VAD 256
VID
Virtual Circuit (VC) 65
Tag Control Information See TCI
Virtual Local Area Network See VLAN
Tag Protocol Identifier See TPID
VLAN 67
Introduction 67
number of possible VIDs
priority frame
static
TCI
The 45
three-way conference 261, 262
thresholds
data fragment 89, 93
RTS/CTS 89, 93
VLAN ID 68
VLAN Identifier See VID
time 299
VLAN tag 68
ToS 258
voice activity detection 256
TPID 68
voice coding 256
TR-064 295
VoIP 250
peer-to-peer calls 247
TR-069 293
ACS setup 293
authentication 294
VoIP status 273
traffic shaping 66
transport mode 228
trTCM 153
tunnel mode 228
Two Rate Three Color Marker, see trTCM
Type of Service, see ToS
WAN
status 39
Wide Area Network, see WAN 43
warning
wall mounting 23
warranty
note 395
unicast 68
WDS 87, 97
compatibility 87
example 97
Uniform Resource Identifier 250
Universal Plug and Play, see UPnP
upgrading firmware 309
UPnP 112
cautions 107
example 113
installation 113
NAT traversal 106
USA type call service mode 261
USB features 19
web configurator 25
login 25
passwords 25, 26
WEP 95
WEP Encryption 76, 78
WEP encryption 76
WEP key 76
Wi-Fi Protected Access 375
wireless client WPA supplicants 376
Wireless Distribution System, see WDS
wireless LAN 71, 92
authentication 93, 95
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
403
Index
BSS 96
example 96
channel 93
encryption 95
example 92
fragmentation threshold 89, 93
limitations 96
MAC address filter 84, 94
MBSSID 97
preamble 90, 93
RADIUS server 95
RTS/CTS threshold 89, 93
security 93
SSID 94
activation 81
status 39
WDS 87, 97
compatibility 87
example 97
WEP 95
WPA 95
WPA-PSK 95
WPS 98, 100
example 101
limitations 103
PIN 99
push button 22, 98
WPA-PSK 95, 375
application example 377
WPS 98, 100
example 101
limitations 103
PIN 99
example 100
push button 22, 98
wireless security 371
wizard setup
Internet 33
WLAN
interference 369
security parameters 378
WPA 95, 375
key caching 376
pre-authentication 376
user authentication 376
vs WPA-PSK 375
wireless client supplicant 376
with RADIUS application example 376
WPA2 375
user authentication 376
vs WPA2-PSK 375
wireless client supplicant 376
with RADIUS application example 376
WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 375
WPA2-PSK 375
application example 377
404
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide
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