LIBRARY lVERSITY of TC ~N. - ... Designing linear microcircuits: page 84 · Pacemaker powered by the body: page 105 Integrated circuits for tv: page 137 March 21, 1966 75 cents A McGraw-Hill Publication Below: Navigation system of the future will have no gyros or gimbals: page 115 PULSE INSTRUMENTS High Performance at Minimum Cost Type 1217-C Unit Pulse Generator is a new model whose applications are many and varied, ranging all the way from testing high-speed computing circuits to physiological pulse simulation. Pulse Repetition Frequency: controllable internally from 2.5 c/s to 1.2 Mc/s or externally from de to 2.4 Mc/s. Rise and Fall Times: 12 ns. Pulse Duration : adjustable from 100 ns to 1.1 s. Output: positive and negative 40-mA current pulses available simul- ·- taneously; adjustable to 40 V, peak. Positive and negative sync pulses and a delayed synchronizing pulse are also provided . Single pulses ob- tainable with the accessory Type 1217-P2 Single-Pulse Trigger ($25). Price: $275 in U.S.A. This generator requires an external power supply, such as GR's Type 1203 Unit Power Supply, $65 in U.S.A. Fast Rise and Fall Times Type 1398-A Pulse Generator is basically a Type 1217-C Unit Pulse Generator (see above) with a self-contained power supply, higher output, and improved output-pulse characteristics. Rise and fall times are less than 5 ns, and the output consists of positive and negative 60-mA current pulses, providing 60 V across the 1-kfl internal load impedance. Price: $535 in U.S.A. Linear Amplifier with 1.2-Ampere Output Type 1397-A Pulse Amplifier output pulses have typical rise and fall times of 50 ns when used with Types 1217-C or 1398-A Pulse Generators. Can also be used as a pulse shaper with rise and fall times continuously adjustable from 0.1 to 100 µ,s. Price: $495 in U.S.A. Produce Any Pulse You May Want With the Type 1395-A Modular Pulse Generator, you can order only the pulse-generating capability you require. Five different modules are available, and as many as seven modules can be inserted in the main frame. Modules can be arranged in 38,400 different combinations. Buy a main frame and as many modules as you need to custom-build your own pulse generator. PRF Unit: provides internally generated repetition rates from 2.5 c/s to 1.2 Mc/s, from de to 2 Mc/s when driven externally. Can use 7 per frame. Price: $160 in U.S.A. Pulse/Delay Unit: delays input pulses from 100 ns to Is and adjusts amplitude, polarity, and duration. Can use 7 per frame. Price: $190 in U.S.A. Pulse Shaper: adjusts rise and fall times from 100 ns to 10 ms, either individually or simultaneously. Limit of 3 per frame. Price: $375 in U.S.A. Power Amplifier: delivers 20-V pulses of either polarity into a 50-ohm load. Limit of one per frame. Price: $270 in U.S.A. Word Generator: produces binary words up to 16 bits long; as many as seven modules can be cascaded to provide 112-bit capability. Can use 7 per frame. Price: $400 In U.S.A. Main Frame: contains power supply and other circuits that are common to all modules. Price : $575 in U.S.A. (without modules). See Them at the IEEE Show, Booths 3846-3851 GENERAL R A D I 0 COMPANY WEST CONCORD, MASSACHUSETTS BOSTON· NEW YORK· CHICAGO· PHILADELPHIA· WASHINGTON, D.C. ·SYRACUSE· DALLAS· SAN FRANCISCO· LOS ANGELES· ORLANDO· CLEVELAND -TORONTO· MONTREAL GENERAL RADIO COMPANY (Overseas), ZURICH GENERAL RADIO COMPANY (U.K.) Ltd., BOURNE END , ENGLAND Circle 900 on reader service card ,. - -- ... ... · FOR FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS .. TO 15 GHz WITH COUNTER ACCURACY The improved Hewlett-Packard 25908 Microwave Frequency Converter, used with the hp 5245L Counter (with the 52538 or 5252A Plug-in) measures cw frequencies 0.5 Hz to 15 GHz - with the accuracy of the counter time base . .. even on drifting ") si gna ls. A 12.4-18 GHz range is optional. The 5252A Counter Plug -in with a modification to the counter itself permits direct readout of the frequency. The 25908 phase-locks an internal transfer oscillator to the si gnal frequen cy. When used with the 5245L , accuracy is 5 pa rts in 10 ' short term, 3 parts in 10' I day. Using an external quartz frequency standard for the counter reference provides even higher accuracy. .. Th e 25908 provides pushbutton mode and range selection, front-panel indication of lock, age to accommodate variations in signal level. Th e transfer oscillator ca n be externally modu- lated for dynamic measurements of signal generator modula- tion linearity. Direct access to the transfer oscillator and harmonic mixer allow the 25908 to be used as a variable microwave frequency reference , for applications such as wave meter calibra tion and frequency marker generation . Yet another way the 25908 can be used is as a 30 MHz receiver with AM and FM demodulating capability. Here's an instrument that lets you make measurements never before possible .. . and improves on measurement capabilities previously available. Mode l 25908, $1900. Complete specifi cations, indicating the versatility of this microwave converter, are available with a call to your Hewlett-Packard field engineer or by writing Hewlett-Packa rd 's Dymec Division, 395 Page Mill Road , Palo Alto, Calif. 94306, Tel. (415) 326-1755 , TWX 910-373-1296. Europe: 54 Route des Acacias, Geneva. Data subject to change without notice. Price f .o. b. factory . Here are some of the advantages offered hy the 25908 ... - .,. -> · Wide phase-lock range for easy monitoring of drifting signals · Automatic search oscillator for easy synchronization to the signal · Continuous observation of jitter, FM and AM on drifting signal, with low-frequency scope · Accurate FM measurements at deviation rates to 1 MHz, using internal precision FM discriminator · Measurement of the carrier frequency of pulses as short as 0.5 µsec · Sensitivity better than -30 dbm at 0.5 GHz, -10 dbm at 14 GHz 119 1 21-24 Circle 1 on reader service card new nieasure ofscope performance: POSITtOll .,.. ... ... - ... t CHAN~EI. A .. - \l(l!Nltll SENSITIVITY ':" ,. oe f- ... New Variable Persistence for .. Easy, Flicker-Free Viewing of all Waveforms HEWLETT-PACKARD 141A STORAGE SCOPE: three in one ! 1. VARIABLE PERSISTENCEwith front-panel control, 1/5 sec. to 1 min. (continuously variable). Eliminates flicker on slow sweeps or fast signals with low rep rates. Easy viewing of slowly moving waveforms. See the complete picture on the screen at all times yet avoid any ove rlapping traces. Display several succeeding traces at once for direct comparison. Get clear pictures of jittery signals, persistance adjusted so that repetitive signal buil ds up, random signal doesn't. 2. STORAGE SCOPfholds trace for up to an hour, for days with scope turned off. Study waveforms at your convenience without a camera. Capture fast single-shot > events with writing rate 1 cm/ µsec. Automatically inte- ~ grate dim repetitive signals until bright enough to view, ,... photograph conveniently. Store several single-shot signals on a single crt, photograph . ,,_ ,_ J. CONVENTIONAL PLUG-IN SCOPEaccepts same plug-ins as the popular hp 140A Scope. Maxi mum versa- ., tility with five vertical, two time base plug-ins. Plug-ins provide sensitivities to 10 µv/cm, bandwidths to 20 MHz... Special double-size plug-ins for TOR testing of cables, connectors and strip lines, and for microwave measurements made with swept-frequency oscillators. A special cathode-ray tube , plus Hewlett-Packard circuitry, Backed up, too , by your Hewlett-Packard field engineer, .. combines all these advantages into a single instrument. who can help solve your measurement prob em with a Besides the unprecedented performance, you get storage scope or with other tools from the broad li ne of high-· wi th a high contrast, full 10 cm x 10 cm viewing area, quality instrumentation he offers. Give him a call for <! _ no-pa rallax internal graticule, a 7.5 kV post-accelerator complete data on the 141A. Or write Hewlett-Packard, crt for high brightness ... and a full year's warranty on Palo Alto, California 94304, Tel. (415) 326-7000; Europe: -. the crt at full specification! 54 Route des Acacias, Geneva. The 141A mainframe costs $1275. And 141A dual- Prices f .CJ. b. fa ctory. "" channe l performance with 20 MHz bandwidth and time base with sweep delay costs only $2450. A 100 µV/cm 400 kHz system costs only $1810. Every combination of scope and plug-ins gives you Hewlett-Packard design and manufacturing quality. See it at IEEE, 3rd Floor New York Coliseum, 2 Circle 2 on reader service card Electronics I Ma · ch 21, 1966 Electronics March 21 , 1966 Volume 39, Number 6 Page Electronics Review 37 Jotting in real time 37 Star gazer 38 0.2 -nsec IC' s? 38 Navy reorganizes 39 In touch with Saigon 39 Wired IC ' s 40 Cold flame spray 42 Technicolor hologram 42 Backlogs pile up 44 Semiconductors sound off 46 Electronics notes . Page 4 Readers Comment 8 People -i 14 Meetings 16 Meeting Preview 23 Editorial 25 Electronics Newsletter 71 Washington News letter 171 New Produ cts 210 Technical Abstracts 219 New Literature Probing the News 137 It's a television first . . . receivers with IC's 144 Which way to monolithic systems? 157 For Saturn stages , a stop in Mississippi Electronics Abroad 221 Thin -film , color-tv camera 222 Color them happy 222 Place in space 223 Making millimeter waves 223 Touch of Venus 224 Barge control Technical articles I. Design Integrated circuits 84 Reduc ing analog IC cost with multipurpose chips Standard chips replace custom-made ones to reduce costs Grover Kennett, Motorola - ... Integrated circuits 88 General -purpose IC chips speed analog design Breadboarding with multipurpose chips bypasses the usual step needed using discrete components Jerome Eimbinder, solid state ed itor Solid state 93 Overlay transistors move into microwave region Now they outperform varactor diodes in the gig acyc le region H.C. Lee and G.J. Gilbert, RCA Circuit design 96 Designer's casebook · Voltage splitter balances floating power supply · D-c converter circuit eliminates transformer · High-voltage and current in electro -optic modulato r · Linear ampl ifier uses no transformers .. II. Applicatons Reference sheet 101 Nomograph simplifies design of f-m/f-m telemetry systems This chart takes the place of separate calculations for nonstandard data channels J.K. Pulfer , A.C. Hudson , National Research Council of Canada ·. .... Title R registered U.S. Patent Office; © copyright 1966 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce the contents of this publication, in whole or in part. Medical electronics 105 Consumer electronics 109 Space electronics 115 Keeping the heart alive with a biological battery Body fluid is the electrode in a new battery to power pacemakers O.Z. Roy and R.W. Wehnert, National Research Counc il of Canada For a good mixer add one FET The field effect transistor simplifies uhf tu ners S.M. Weaver, Texas Instruments Incorporated Celestial successor to inertial guidance (cover) Electro-optics is updating the an cient art of navigation E.J. Farrell and R.I. Lillestrand , Control Data Corp. 3 Electronics Editor: Lewis H. Young Senior editors Technical: Samuel Weber News: Kemp Anderson Jr. Senior associate editors: John F. Mason, George Sideris Department editors Advanced technology: Joan Blum Avionics: W.J. Evanzia Computers: Wallace B. Riley Consumer electronics: Richard Lipkin Electronics abroad: Arthur Erikson Electronics review: Stanley Zarowin Instrumentation: Carl Moskowitz Manufacturing: George Sideris Military electronics: John F. Mason New products: William P. O'Brien Solid state: Jerome Eimbinder Space electronics: Robert Henkel RegionaI editors Domestic Boston: Thomas Maguire, editor; Robin Carlson Los Angeles: Willi a m B. Wallace, Wa lter Ba rn ey, ed itors; Ju ne Rani ll San Francisco: Laurence D. Shergalis. Edmond G. Addeo, editors; Mary Jo Jadin Foreign European: Derek Barlow, (London) Bonn: John Gosch Tokyo: Charles Cohen Copy editors Howard Rausch, Sally Powell , Kenneth Munn, James J. Moran Graphic design Art director: Saul Sussman Assistant art directors: Donna M . Griffiths, Ann Mella Production editor: Arthur C. Miller Editorial secretaries: Claire Benell, Mary D'Angelo, Lynn Emery. Lorraine Fa bry, Kay Fontana . Lorraine Longo, Carolyn Mic hnowicz McGraw-Hill News Service Director: John Wil helm ; Atlanta: Fran Ridgway; Chicago: Reck Johnson; Cleveland: Arthur Zimmerman; Dallas: Marvin Reid ; Detroit: N . Hunter; Houston: Ron Lovell ; Los Angeles: M ic hael Murphy, Gerald Parkinson; San Francisco: M argaret Ra lston ; Seattle: Ray Bloomberg ; Washington: A rthur L Moore, Cha rle s Gardner, H erbert W . Cheshire , Seth Payne . Warren B urkett , Warren Kornberg McGraw-Hiii World News Service Bonn: John Johnsrud; London: John Shinn; Mexico City: Bruce Cross; Milan: Ronald Tagg iasco; Moscow: Donald Winston ; Paris: Peter Kilborn ; Rio de Janeiro: Wes Perry ; Tokyo : M arv i n Petal Circulation m anager: Hugh J. Quinn Reprints: T .M. Egan Publisher: C.C. Randolph Electronics: March 21, 1966, Vol. 39 , No. 6 Pri nted at 99 No rth Broadway , Albany, N .Y .. 12207 Sec ond class postage paid at Albany , N .Y. Subscripti ons are solici t ed only from those ac tively en gaged in the f ield of the publi cation . Position and _co mpa ny con nection must be indic ated on or der s. Subsc ript ion prices : Un ited State1 and P~ssess1o ns and Can ad a , $6 .00 one year , $9.00 two ye ar s, $1 2 .0 0 three years. All ot h er countries ~ 20 .00 one yea r. Single copies. Un ited State s and Po sse ssion s and Ca nada 75;.. Single copies all other countries $1.50. Published every other Monday by McGraw. Hill Inc. 330 West 42nd Street , New York , N .Y. 10036. Founder: James H. McGraw, 1860· 1948. Corporate officers: Shelton Fisher, President; John J . Cooke, Secretary; John L. McGraw, Treasurer. Subscribers: The Publ isher, upon written request to our New York offic e from any subscriber, agrees to refund that part of the subscription price apply ing to copies not yet mailed. Please send change of address notices, subscription orders or complaints to Fulfillment Manager, Electronic s, at the a ddress below. Change of address notices should prov ide old as well as new address, including postal zone number if any. If poss ible, attach add ress label from recent issue. Allow one month for change t o become effective. Postmaster: Please send Form 357g to Fulfillment Manager, Electronics, P.O. Box 430, Hightstown, New Jersey 08520 4 Readers Comment This letter was received in March, 1965 but the writer asked Electronics not to publish it th en because th e IEEE manage ment had been very t1 pset by the copy it had received . " ' e held off beca1tse the society told us it was going to upgrade th e quality of fhe technical sessions at th e annua l meetin g in New York . Now that the society has dropp ed its plans to improve th e sessions-[Editorial, p. 23]w e are runnin g this letter as an example of tchat one technical group is doin g t o improve its role in th e annual meeting. 1Ve've withl1eld th e nam e of th e writer and th e ~technical group . Raising the standards To th e Editor: There are indications that your editorial " IEEE 's technical sessions " [March 8, 1965, p. 15) has been widely noticed . E lectronics deserves credit for sta tin g what many responsibl e members of th e IEEE had already recognized as a problem. Le t me as sure you that fo rces h ave b een at work within the Institute to reverse th e trend you de tect, and to restore the traditional level of th e technical sessions . I can speak for the Croup on - which, through merger last year, inherited th e fea tures of its two parent societi es, th e IRE (Institute of Radio Engin eers ) and .. th e AIEE (Am erican In stitute of Electrical Engineers). At th e forthcoming New York Convention [1965) this group has sponsored many sess ions , and it is h oped th at the ton e set by it will b e noticeable to th e conventi on visitor. This group has adopted as a policy to review, to th e greatest extent poss ible, the full manuscript of any -- paper offered or solicited for pres- entation at an y major conventi on. Th ere a re seven techni cal committees wh ich ass ign each paper submitted to a board of three revi ew- . ers . In this mann er, and on ly in this mann er, is it poss ible to se parate ea rl y enough , papers of real technical value from thos e whi ch do not measure up to our standards. The group is also certain that one Electronics I March 21, 1966 _,. New from Sprague! . -i 1966 SPRAGUE METFILM 'A' CAPACITORS 1947 1944 OIL -IM PREGN ATED PAP ER CAPACITORS -. ' METFILM* 'A' CAPACITORS ··· dramatically smaller in size, yet more reliable than military-grade capacitors of the past! Just a few years ago, the only 10 µF capacitor considered dependable enough for military applications was Type CP70 (to JAN-C-25), and was a block-busting 33/1" wide x l 3/.i " thick x 4" high. Today, you can get a military- quality 10 µF tubular capacitor measuring only l/ 2" in diameter x 21/.i" long. And it's more reliable than any capacitor of the past! _.... Sprague Type 680P Metfilm 'A' Metallized Capacitors meet all environmental requirements of MIL-C-18312, yet they occupy only one-third the volume of conventional metallized film capacitors of equivalent capacitance and voltage rating. Employing a new thin organic film dielec- tric system, Type 680P capacitors use a dual film totalling only 0.00008" thick, as compared to conventional poly- ester-film capacitors with a single film measuring 0.00015". *Trademark Another distinct adv:rntage of the Metfilm 'A' dielectric system is minimum degradation of electrical properties during life. Hermetically sealed in corrosion-resistant metal cases, capacitor sections are effectively of non-inductive construction, resulting in capacitors with performance characteristics superior to those of comparably-sized capacitors. Type 680P Metfilm 'A' Capacitors are available with capacitance values to 10 µFin both 50 and 100 volt ratings. · · · For complete technical data, write for Engineering Bulletin 2650 to Technical Literature Service, Sprague Electric Company, 35 Marshall St., North Adams, Mass. 01247. -· CAPACITORS TRANSISTORS SPRAGUE COMPONENTS PULSE TRANSFORMERS INTERFERENCE FILTERS CERAMIC -BASE PRINTED NETWORKS PACKAGED COMPONENT ASSEMBLIES SPRAGUE® RESI STORS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS PULSE-FORMING NETWORKS TOROIDAL INDUCTORS BOBBIN and TAPE WOUND MAGNETIC CORES SILICON RECTIFIER GATE CONTROLS THE MARK OF RELIABILITY THIN -FILM MICROCIRCUITS ELECTRIC WAVE FILTERS FUNCTIONAL DIGITAL CIRCUITS 'Sprague' and'@' are registered trademarks of the Sprague Electric Co. Electronics I March 21, 1966 Circle 5 on reader service card 5 Proof Positive of High Reliability of EL·MENCO *MYLAR-PAPER DIPPED Capacitors . - OVER 330,000,000 OF THESE HIGH QUALITY UNITS USED IN TV SETS SINCE 1959 ! ·imagine! Over 330 million EL -MENCO Mylar* -,w~~filF~~;;;~;;zPaper Dipped Capacitors have ENCO capadtors umber of EL-M . 'This figure tF~~~bJW been used in black and white T.i;hte'T3Vn30s,e0t0s0.1,s0t.0ru0\yreafm~~a:zsi:nnogtns.owmiongrectohuanntrtiehse: and in color TV sets since 1959! . - tota\ poPu\at1on o d possess.ions United States an d Canada These capacitors of the highest . d Kingdom an quality and Unite . Be\gium . reliability Argentina Ecuador Ch1\e Denmark (1960 census) . t help bring programs .. - Even wi.t~2~9h9~·as,8p1tarc3ei'm9to2er9nsdphoeauosspl~em~a~ss~tptceraorepddaucc. itutniooernsrett'hsreoamqtu·inaelittyri o bute f o to millions of people who have invested in .... ·iead·:: .\ EthLe-MhEi~Nh r~.~b~'a\intyutoatctEuLr-eMr: am cert!lin th!~y:nugainreeeariwngaraend'-........ . TV sets ... and 330 million ~=t= ~f· the enthu~~a~:,e d\sp\ayedni~rthe QuaUtY _pe;\lr to us \t repres~tor f\e\d is just a drop in the bucket! For the demand .. tvh\\rStuuan\\te, h. o~\nthatetofnutoufreca·\·l~·~' prob\ems 'n for EL-MENCO capacitors still ....... j far exceeds the supply! ·ptive bulletin # MPD t AE tor descri Write dep. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~D!.~P ~E~D~M~WA MOLDEDMICA Sil VERED MICA FILMS -- ... - MICA TRIMMERS & PADDERS MYLAR'l' PAPER DIPPED PAPER DIPPED MYLAR* DIPPED TUBULAR PAPER '!<Registered Trad· Mork of DuPont Co. THE EL ECTRO MO TIVE M F G. C O., INC. WILLIMANTIC, CONNECTICUT < ExcluliY· Suppl;., fo Jobber1 and Oisfrlbutor1 in Illa U. S. ond Canada Wed Coosl MGnufocluren Conloct: AICO ILICTIONICS, INC., COMMUNITY DRIVE. GHAT NECK, L. I. NIW YOH sno COLLINS It NTDI CO~ 1020 COIPOIATION WAY, PALO ALTO, .CAUFORNIA WHtrnH IOULEVAID, LOS ANGaES, CALIFOllNIA r 6 Circle 6 on reader service card Electronics J March 21, 1966 -~ of the mos t effective ways to further the "dialogue" between the author ~ of an important paper and his au di- :.' ence is to have preprinted copies of · the papers available well in ad- f. vance of presentation. Anyone who has witnessed th e presentation of '- · a pap er so prepared will agree that .,. this is th e way to put th e spark into the dis cuss ion. Oth er groups ·--. have also had favorab le experience along th ese lines. °' Becau se this method , whi ch was _ 7consi cl ered onC' of th e strong feature's in th e AIEE , is sli rrhtly more · ~ ex p en s ive'. it has become less at- tractive to th ose who mu st worry "' about the finan cial aspects of nwet- .. ings. There arc proposals before th e IEEE Executive Committee to -·marshal th e In stih1 te's H eadqu ar- ters resources to this encl. -· Name withheld - Chairman .. IEEE Group · Though many technical groups - '"'Of th e IEEE employ such a revipw procedure, not all of th e m take the 1 revie"· so seriousl y nor apply very "' s tiff criteria . Some groups rass off all responsibility to th e general program comm ittee of the annual __ meeting. ..., Intelligent reaction _, To the Editor: "Electron ic quiz" [Dec. 13, p. - 238] shou Id have b een rev iewed by ~ ~ a competent psychologist before publication. ~ Th e article sa id, ". , . th e sp eed with which th ese inforrnation -proc"' ess ing s ignal s fo ll o"· th e stimulus "' is proportional to that vague attr i- bute ca lled intelli gence." F ew vari· ""'ab les in this business are more poorly correlated than reaction time and intelligence. Statements such as "the neurological efficiency on which all intelligence dep ends" b etray a lack of appreciation of the complexity and subtle ty of th e concept of intelligence. No simple-minded average measurement of a one-dimensional elementary, temporal fea tu re of sensory inform ation processing can b e expected to have practical relevance to th e prediction of general intelli gence. Michael G. Saslow Department of Psychol ogy University of Washington Seattle · The story reportin g an electroni cs approach to intelligence testing carried out by Canadian psycholog ist John P. Ertl in Ottawa was in fact reviewed b y the Toronto :\1cntal H ealth Foundation. Psychologist Sas low's argument is really with psycho logist Ertl's intc:'rpretation of int<:'!ligence, a co ntroversy bes t left to the psychologists to thrash out. Self-criticism In my article "Getting the most out of feedb ack" [J an. 24, p. 66] , th e tC'-.;t sta tes erron eous ly on page 67, that from ca uation s 7 and 8 it can b e shO\rn that ~G is aq r roxi- rnately eq ual to !1A/ µb. Th C' state- ment a t tlw bottom of th e first col- + umn shou ld read: "As µb is usually mu ch larger than (1 R ./ Rr.), ~G = LlA (I + no RL (µhF KA. Zellmer Lenkurt Electric Co. San Carlos, Calif. .. j~ ~---------- -------~---~ SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE i - - - - - - - - - - - - . 1 I Please include an Electroni cs Magazine address CHANGE Of ADDRESS _ .,_ la be l to insure prompt service whenever you _. J1 write us about your subscription. ATTACH If you are moving, please let us know LABEL five weeks before changing your address. I Mail to: Fulfil lment Manager Place ma gazine address label here, print · Il Electron ics P.O . Box 430 Hightstown, NJ, 08520 HERE your new address below. ....,_ _ _ _ _ ___, I I I I I I '"t JI To subscribe mail this form with your payment I - 1 and check D new subscription D renew my name present subscr iption j .J Subscription rates: in the U.S. : 1 year, $6; two I years, $9 ; three years, $12 . Subscription rates - I for foreign countries ava ilable on request address I "><:L_ - - - - - - - - - Electronics I March 21, 1966 1 WATT (1.25"X2 .5"X.5") 3 WATTS MINIATURE REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES Cost-Performance Optimized Reduces System Design Effort Meets Extreme Environments 9583 SER IES 1 Watt output power capability 18 models-3 vdc to 3000 vdc 25-31 vdc input 9567 SE RIES 3 watt output power capab ility 24 models-3 vdc to 5000 vdc 25-31 vdc input I I TRANSFORMER ELECTRONICS COMPANY II II BOULDER INDUSTRIAL PARK BOULDER.COLORADO TWX 303 443-2561 PHONE (303) 442-3837 POWER SUPPLIES· INVERTERS CONVERTERS · TRANSFORMERS Circle 7 on reader service card 7 What'sthe safe, efficient way to bring transmitter power to an HF antenna? ~ .. , Granger Associates has the answer now This Granger Associates balun transformer is the critical link in the safest, most efficient way to bring power to an HF antenna. For safety, you lead power out of the transmitter building on shielded co-ax. Then to obtain high efficiency at low cost, you couple the co-ax through a GI A balun to simple open wire lines for the long run to the antenna. Unlike other balun transformers , GI A baluns do not restrict the transmitter's frequency or limit the power it can transfer to the antenna. All GI A baluns transfer power with more than 97% efficiency at any HF frequency. The largest will handle 50 kw average power and 200 kw PEP. They will operate into a load VSWR as high as 2. 5: 1. Moreover, insertion VSWR never rises above 1.2 :1- which means that the transmitter can operate at full rated power without danger of creating excessive voltages or currents. GI A baluns are sealed within a weather- proof container, need never be opened for maintenance, and have an expected operating life of 20 years in most environments. Send for complete technical data on Models 543, 545 and 555. ~~dk~ ~~~rage ~s~:1 ;;;rage ~0°~~ ;::rage c3o kw PEPJ 2 to32 MHz c100 kw PEPJ c200 kw PEPJ 2 to32 MHz 3 to30 MHz Granger Associates CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENGI NEERS IN ANTE NNAS AND TRANSM ISSION PRODUCTS 1601 California Ave., Palo Alto, California /Telephone: 321-4175 /TWX: 910-373-1291 Granger Associates Ltd. Russell Hse., Molesey Rd., Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, England/ Walton-on-Thames 29913 People "An astronaut can't very well spend a year in space with a thermometer stuck in his mouth," observes physiologist Phi Ii p F. Mulvey. But since space scientists must be able to take physiological measurements, the N a ti on a l Aeronautics and Space Administration is working on ways to keep tabs on an astronaut's physical condition without placing sensors on or inside his body. In his new job as senior physiologist at the agency's Electronic Research Center in Cambridge, Mass ., Mulvey will work with instrumentation engineers on new ways to measure man's temperature, blood pressure and heart rate. It's hoped, he says, that the techniques developed by NASA will also lead to improved monitoring of patients in hospitals. A key to ex tended space missions is improvemen t in microelectronics. The space agency has given a contract to the Case Institute of Technology of Cleveland for microminiaturization of devices for physiological measurement and data processing. " \Ve are coun ting on electronic techniques that will provide onboard processing and immediate readout for the astronaut, as well as sensing," says th e 34-year-old ~1ul vey. " It is important for the astronaut to know his condition , as well as having it telemetered back to earth ." One group working under Mulvey is explorin g biodata analysis , a mathematical technique aimed at predicting an astronaut's future performance on the basis of physiological measurements. If a hazard to the astronaut is recognized early, says Mu lvey, it may be possible to prescribe corrective action. Also under study is a method of monitoring body temperature by infrared sensors. "\Vhat we want is the core temperature," says Mulvey. The body emits infrared radiation from deep inside itself. " It looks like the eardrum is ,., _ r . - .. - -- ... ... - A- 8 Circle 8 on reader service card Electronics I March 21, 1966 200 kW power output with .7 kW drive from magnetically beamed _,. Machlett triode ll-1111 ~ ... - .. -· ... Electronics I March 21 , 1966 ML-8618, Machlett's new magnetically beamed watercooled triode, provides high power gain, high plate efficiency and maximum cathode utilization. Electron trajectory from cathode to plate is magnetically controlled to greatly reduce electron interception by the grid ... and therefore decrease grid current and heating and allow significantly higher performance levels. Result: the ML-8618 delivers a typical 200 kW power output with .7 kW drive as a Class C rf amplifier or oscillator. As a switch tube in pulse modulators , it is capable of a maximum 8 Mw high duty pulse . For full operating details, write to The Machlett Laboratories, Inc. , ~~~~gi:!~9 ~:::ii.xiiiii··1;;1Pi1iii~;;;;;: ASUBSIDIARY OF RAYTHEON COMPANY Circle 9 on reader service card 9 New from Sprague! People going to be the best source for get- ting the temperature of the body through infrared measurements," says Mulvey. Under a co11tract with NASA, Block Engineering, Inc. , of Cambridge is investigating the in- fl - frared emissivity of the ear with- out attaching or implanting any sensors. - The instrumenation group is also investigating ultrasonics as a way ,. to continuously monitor the flow of blood. '"" ,. _ MET ANET® TRUE METAL-FILM PREC ISION RES ISTOR NETWORKS Save Space, Time, and Money · High packaging density- 4 to 8 times tha t of individual com ponents. · Fewer components to stock, handle, inspect, install . Enti re module can be hand -i nse rted faster t han one axia l-lead com ponent. · Permit substantial savings over equipment assemb led wi t h individual components. · Epoxy termina l board keeps pin terminals free of resin coating, unl ike conventional dipped components , and provides unifo rm lead spaci ng . · Stand -off bosses permit effi- cient flux removal ofter soldering . Also prevent dirt and moisture traps around leads . · Extremely stable and reliable. Meet performance requ irements of MIL -R- l 0509E . Resistance tolerances to ± l "/.. · Ceram ic capac itors con be incorporated for fu rther savings and size advantages over ind ividua l components . 0 ·· For complete information write to Integrated Circuit Application Engin eer i ng Departm en t , Sp r ag u e El ectric Company, 35 Marshall Street, North Adams, Mass. 01248 SPRAGUE COMPONENTS RESISTORS CAPACITORS TRANSISTORS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS THIN-FILM MICROCIRCUITS INTERFERENCE FILTERS PACKAGED COMPONENT ASSEMBLIES FUNCTIONAL DIGIT AL CIRCUITS MAGNETIC COMPONENTS PULSE TRANSFORMERS CERAMIC·BASE PRINTED NETWORKS PULSE-FORMING NETWORKS SPRnGUE® THE MARK OF RELIABILITY 'Spr11u1' 1nd 'GYlrl ncistered trademu!Q vrlht Spr·&lill l:ltttrk Co. In th e years following ·world War II, Robert A. Averitt was a member of the team that directed the Gen- era! E I e c tr i c Co.'s rn o v e to broaden its bas- ic a I1y military avionics produc- -- tion i n to the commercial mar- ket. ow, he will be cl o in g the same job for the Autonetics division of North Amer- ·- ican Aviation, Inc. , of Anaheim, Calif., where he has been named ,. director of a new commercial avi- onics organization. Averitt spent more than 25 years # with GE, most of them in aviation ~ - systems engineering. He joined Autonetics two years ago, after the '"" · division formed a commercial de- velopment office. H e was assistant " to the vice president for commer- ~ cial clevelopnwnt until his recent appointmen t. At the moment, Autonetics' avi- <mics business is based entirely on government contracts. "Commercial airlines' business ," he fo recasts, "will double by 1970 ~ and will probably double again in ,.. _ the following five years." Because of this , Averitt predicts an increas- .. ing need for more sophisticated avionics systen1s that are "safe~ re- · liable and economical." For instance, he believes there is a commercial market for about ~ · . 1,000 inertial navigation systems over the next five years. Th e divi- sion is now developing such a sys- ~ tern. 10 Circ le 10 on reader service card Electronics I March 21, 1966 140 120 100 ,. <fl .z..: Uaa::I 80 ::I () 0 UI 60 I- <a:( 40 TEMPERATURE/ CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS 20 Q 20 30 40 50 oc. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE, 70 80 Sorensen DCR Series now with temperature capability to 71°C. -- All-Silicon Power Supplies to ZO kW. - ..., - ... ... Soren sen's wide range DCR Series has been up-dated and improved. What's new about the DCR's? They are now 100% silicon; ambient temperature capability is now to 71°C. · Four 3-phase models have been added extending power capability to 20 kW; 24 models are now available with ranges up to 300 volts. · Multiple mode programming-voltage/ current/ resistance . · Voltage regulation, line and load combined, is ± .075% for most models · Constant current range 0 to roted current. · DCR's meet MIL-1-26600 and MIL-1-6181 specifications and conform to proposed NEMA standards. · Front panel indicator for voltage / curre nt crossover. These features of the improved DCR (model numbers will have an " A " suffix) are offered at no increase in price. For DCR details, or for data on other standard/ custom power supplies, voltage regulators or frequency changers, coll your local Sorensen representative, or write: Sore nsen, A Unit of Raytheon Company, South Norwalk, Connecticut 06856. 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - MODEL SELECTION CHART - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . Voltage 0- 20 O· 40 0- 40 O· 60 O· 80 0-150 0-300 Amps. Model Price 125 DCR 20· 125A $1055 10 DCR 40· lOA 325 125 DCR 40· 125A 1350 13 DCR 60· 13A 525 5 DCR 80- 5A 325 2.5 DCR 150- 2.5A 325 1.25 DCR 300-1.25A 325 Amps. Model Price 250 DCR 20· 250A $1495 20 DCR 40· 20A 525 250 DCR 40 -125A 1995 25 DCR 60· 25A 710 10 DCR 80· lOA 525 5 DCR 150- 5A 525 2.5 DCR 300· 2.5A 525 Amps. Model Price -- - 35 DCR 40· 35A $710 500 DCR 40-500A 2950 40 DCR 60· 40A 900 18 DCR 80· 18A 710 10 DCR 150- lOA 710 5 DCR 300· SA 710 Amps. Model - - 60 DCR 40-60A -- - 30 DCR 80-30A 15 DCR 150· 15A 8 DCR300· SA Price - $925 - 875 825 825 A UNIT OF RAYTHEON CO MPANY Circle 11 on reader service card How many integrated circuit manufacturers shipped more units last December than all others combined? " - One. Meetings measurement by comparison up to 1,200 me NEW JERROLD SOLID-STATE 3-POSITION COAXIAL SWITCHER Model TC-3 $29soo Turn any single-trace oscilloscope into a 4 -trac e scope ; insert two refer ence traces automatically in add it ion to test trace and baselin e. These references have advantage of permanent relative accuracy over scribed or pa inted lines . Re sults are repeatable , as accurate as your reference attenuators . Generator and scope drift do not affect accuracy of measurements. Fre qu ency from de to 1.200 me extends usefulness of comparison technique well into the UHF band. The TC -3 Coa xial Switcher can save you thou sands of d oll ars in speed and accuracy. Write for literature. JERROLD ELECTRONICS Industrial Products Division, Philadelphia , Pa. 19132 In Canad a: Jerrold Electronics, 60 Wingold Ave ., Toronto 19, Ont. Export : Roc ke International , 13E.40thSt. , New York, N.Y. Ul016 SWEEP GENERATORS · AMPLIFIERS PRECISION ATTENUATORS · COMPARATORS 14 Circle 14 on reader service card National Association of Broadcasters Convention, NAB; Conrad Hilton Hotel, Chicago, March 27-30. International Conference on Electronic Switching, Union of International Technical Associations, Societe Francaise des Electroniciens et des Radioelectric iens; UNESCO Conference Hall, Paris, France, March 28-31. Digital Electronics Seminar, RCA Institutes, Inc.; Hotel New Yorker, New York , March 28-April 1. Physics Exhibition, Institute of Physics; Alexandra Palace, London, March 28-31. Automatic Control in Electricity Supply Meeting, IEE; Renold Building, Manchester College, England , March 29-31. Conference on Analysis and Synthesis of Networks, IEEE-NTG; Stuttgart, West Germany, March 31-April 1. Symposium on Electronics Measurement and Controls in Ships and Shipbuilding, IEE, IERE; Un iversity of Strathclyde, Scotland , April 12-15. Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Office of Naval Resea rch; University of Michig an, Ann Arbor, April 12-14. Quantum Electronics Conference, IEEE Groups on Electron Devices and Microwave Techniques; Towne House, Phoenix, April 12-14. "' International Symposium on Generalized Networks, Polytechn ic Institute of Brooklyn , AFOSR ; Hotel Commodore, New York , April 12-14. Technical Meeting and Equipment Exposition, Institute of Environmental Sciences; El Cortez Hotel , San Diego, April 13-15. Symposium on Process Automation, Beckman Instruments, Inc., Consolidated Electrodynamics Corp., Control Data Corp., et al ; Newporter Inn , Newport Beach , Calif., April 18-20. Industrial Engineering Conference, AllE; Hotel Pontchartra in, Detroit, March 31-April 1. International Scientific Radio Union Meeting (URSI), National Academy of Sciences, National ReseMch Council; Washington, D.C.. April 18-21. Symposium on Computer Graphics, University of California ; Los Angeles, April 4-6. Advanced Planning Briefing for Industry, AEC, AFCEA; Fort Monmouth, N.J., April 5-6. International Seminar on Automatic Control in Production and Distribut'on of Electrical Power, lnstitut Beige de Regulation et D'Automatisme; Brussels, Belgium , April 18-22. Call for papers Advanced Seminar for Automatic Data Processing, International Computation Center; International Computation Center, Rome, April 6. Symposium on Electron and Laser Beam Technology, IEEE, University of Michigan ; Ann Arbor, Mich. , April 6-8. Conference on Ground-Based Aeronomic Studies of the Lower Ionosphere, AFCRL, ORTE; Defense Research Telecommunications Establishment, Ottawa, Canada , April 11-15. IEEE Region Ill Convention, IEEE; Mariotta Motor Inn, Atlanta, April 11-13. Cleveland Electronics Conference, Cleveland section of IEEE; Engineering and Scientific Center, Cleveland, April 12-14. Wire and Cable Symposium, U . S . Arm y Electro nics Comm and ; Atlan tic City, N. J., Dec. 7-9. April 15 is dead- line fo r s ubmiss ion of 500-wo rd summary on cable des ign and applications , cable materials, manufactu ring techniques , connecti ve devices. and requ iremen ts for adva nced equipmen t to J. Spergel, Co-chairman , Wire and Cable Symposium . U. S . Arm y E lectronics Command , Fort Monm outh , N . J. 07703. Attn : AMSEL-KL-EE. Symposium on Switching and Automata Theory, Unive rs ity of Californ ia. IEEE Computer G ro up ; Unive rs ity of Califo rnia, Berkeley, Oct. 26-28. May 2 is deadline fo r submiss ion of six cop ies of abstracts on switchin g theory, logical des ign, and au tomata theory to P rof. D avid E. Muller. Math ematics Dept., Un iversity of Illino is, Urban a, Ill. 61803. "' Meeting preview on page 16 Circle 15 on reader service card-+ .... . - j I ... -...- . Each Fluke all-solid-state voltage calibrator gives you more for your instrumentation dollar! Things like 0.0005% line and load regulation in every model. Compact and lightweight construction for portability. Heatfree, fanfree operation for long life and best stability. ..-~ High speed remote programming in two models. Calibration accuracy to 0.003%. -. Price range $1,295 to $2,490. Model Voltage Current Stability Readout Calibration Panel Height Accuracy and Weight Price · 313A 315A* 332A o to 50 vdc Oto 5 vdc Oto 50 vdc 0 to 1111 vdc 0 to 2 amps Oto 1 amp Oto 50 ma ±0.002% :!:0.005% ± 0.0015% 6 digit inline 7 digit inline ± 0.01% ± 0.025% ± 0.003% 51(4"-SO lbs. 51/4"-SO lbs. r -60 lbs. $1,295 $1,895 $2,490 IFLUKEI 382A Oto 50 vdc 0 to 5 vdc Oto2amps ± 0.002% 6 digit inline ± 0.01% 5¥4"-50 lbs . $1 ,595 3838* 0 to 50 vdc 0 to 2amps ± 0.005% ± 0.025% 5¥4"-50 lbs. $1 ,950 *Remotely Programmed FLUKE· Box 7428, Seattle, Washington 98133 ·Phone: (206) 776-1171 ·TWX: (910) 449-2850 Model 332A - JI Voltage Calibrator -.. Model 383B Remotely Programmed Voltage/Current Calibrator Model 315A High-Speed Remotely Programmed Voltage Calibrator See us at The IEEE #3K19, 3K20 Now from S ue! Meeting preview DIFFERENTIAL Quantum electronics meeting Laser researchers will discuss ev- AMPLIFIERS erything from laser materials to b;orncdical applications of the laser ,_ at the 1966 International Quantum Electronics Conference in Phoenix, Ariz., April 12-14. IN FLAT PACKS I There are 191 papers scheduled for delivery at the conference, which is sponsored by ' - the Electron Devices and \1i- crowave Theory and Techniques Croups of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, and the American Institute of Physics with the cooperation of the American Physical Society and the Optical ... - Society of America. The kevnote session will include a descrintion bv Kumar Patel, Bell . " ..-----· ~- ' ·\'\.1 Tclepho~e Lab~ratories, Inc., of his work in producing phase-matched second harmon ic generation from an elemental crystal, and the poss ibilitv of making a continuo11s- · · 2N3043 2N3044 2N3046 wave tunable oscillator in the 15- to 25-rnicron range with tellurium as 2N3047 2N3049 2N3050 2N3051 the nonlinear medium and a 10.6micron carbon-dioxide laser as the 2N3052 2N3520 2N3524 pump. Charles H. Townes, provost of the \1assachusetts Institute of Technology, and A. \1. Prokhorov ancl V G. Basov of the Lclwdev Institute in Moscow will dcl'vcr PNP or NPN · BETA MATCHING to 103 the open in g remarks at the keynote session. In the session on the measure- ... - VaE MATCHING to 3mV ment of laser Buctuations, Henri Hodara of the National Engineer- ing Science Co., Pasadena, Calif., VOLTAGE CAPABILITY to 60 VOLTS will discuss signal-to-noise ratios , using a statistical approach , in am- TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS to S,...V/°C ALSO AVAILABLE IN 6-LEAD T0-5 OUTLINE PACKAGES! plitude stabilized lasers. Otlwr papers on allied topics deal ,,·ith noise in gas, solid crystal , and semiconductor lasers: statistical · properties of laser radiation: and the analysis of spectral lincwiclths For comp lete information, write to Technical Literature Service, Sprague Electric Company, of laser radiation. The second session, on ion lasers, 35 Marshall Street, North Ac/ams, Mass . 01248 will include a report by a French researcher, M. Armand, on the ef- SPRAGUE COMPONENTS TRANSISTORS CAPACITORS RESISTORS THIN-FILM MICROCIRCUITS INTEGRATEO CIRCUITS INTERFERENCE FILTERS 4SS-~llCI PACKAGEO COMPONENT ASSEMBLIES FUNCTIONAL DIGITAL CIRCUITS MAGNETIC COMPONENTS PULSE TRANSFORMERS CERAMIC-BASE PRINTEO NETWORKS PULSE-FORMING NETWORKS SPRAGUE® THE MARK OF RELIABILITY 'Spraaue' and · @· are re111stered trademarks of the Spraaue Electric Co. fect of a longitudinal magnetic field on an argon laser. L. I. Gudzenko of the Lebedcv Institute will discuss temperatures and electron densities necessary to produce laser oscillation. Millimeter wave gas amplifiers also will be discussed. . - 16 Circle 16 on reader service card Circle 17 on reader service card-+ I COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL OKAY CARL, YOU ASKED ME TO DO A LITTLE SNOOP- ING ON SPEOTROL FOR IEEE, and I managed to dig up some advance information and sneak a. few snapshots of their products. Here they are, so "read ·em and weep· ··· this is enough bad news for one spying I guess if we can't scoop Spectro l · I'm sure venture. But · · either. Just the ... that same, the I tohtih~er big I'll B hop can· t right over and see hat w they're doing, too. ~ - .. p.s. You'll find spectrol at IEEE Booth 2E03-2E05. MINIATURE ROTARY SELECTOR SWITCHES: Loo~OUt°"ror-"this line or halt-inch switches for PCB applications. Their single-pole, ten-position Model 88 got a lot of attention at WESCON, but now they've come up with a whole new line or three-, five-, and ten-position switches with stops, available in single-pole, double-pole and three-pole versions . This Model 87 line is going to be a hard one to beat. No one else in the industry has anything like it! TURNS-COUNTING DIALS: And we can't .. afford to overlook their Dial line either. This Model 25 turnscounting dial is available in both a three-wheel and four-wheel version . It is only 1-13/16 ot an inch in diameter and is easier -... to read, set, lock, and mount than anything anyone else is ottering. TRIMMERS: They're going to be right in there with trimmers, too. The Models 84 and 85 half-inch, singleturn wirewound jobs have been giving us plenty of trouble in the marketplace. These round trimmers are rated at 1-1/2 watts at 70°C. and have a standard resistance tolerance of ± 4%. They've been popular enough to push our stuff into the background wherever they've been tried! PRECISION POTS Of course, they've always been hard guys to catch up with in precision pots. When they brought out their low-cost, ten-turn, half-inch Model 162, it sho ok us up because it looked like a military pot at commercial prices. Well, now they're broadening this line with two companion models~ the 163 with a rugged l/4-inch shaft and 3/8-32 thread bushing for panel mounting; and the 164, which is a servo mount version of the standard 162. And they're also going to be pushing their Model 140--which is a lot of pot for the money in a half-inch, single-turn version. 'From the expanding line of Sigma relays ('.5) <'C!·lA t-;+ t I· Joi '. t> '< · · 1 ; .;- 18 Electronics I March 21, 1966 r-· ~ "f-.J'~: vot'tA~Gf n~ tt ·fl C1,..0!1(." t.v-.11 New 1, 2 and 3 pole relays · -if for nearly every application in the 5and10 amp range. \ \ !'!f1 - ~ ~ New Series SO I-pole New Series SO 2-pole Order them off-the-shelf. You name the general-purpose industrial application you ' re working on and chances are new Sigma Series 50 relays will meet your requirement. This new series is designed to be versatile and it is-12 versions cover every combination of its 1, 2 or 3 poles, 5 or 10 amp AC or DC power ratings, enclosed and open types, plug-in and soldered con nections. And they're available at the lowest prices Sigma has ever offered for relays of this type. Along with their versatility and low-cost, Series 50 relays include such quality features as: Adjustab le armature hinge for precise contact alignment. Heavy-duty contact base material for improved dielectric strength and insulation resistance. Single molded plug assembly with high temperature resistant polycarbonate housing. Series 50 relays are designed for the broadest variety of general purpose industrial applications ranging from output relays in sensing controls to photocopiers and vending machines. They are immediately available from your local Sigma distributor at factory- low prices -or from Sigma direct. Want more information? Write for the new 16 page Sigma Preferred Standard and Stock Relay Cata log and an up-to-date stock listing. Jt will help you select the re lays imm ediately availab le in quantity. e SIGM'-l DIVISION - SIGM'-l INSTRUMENTS INC A,;w eu Rcli.1b!/11 y With Aclv.rn ced Design/ BrJintree, Mass. 02185 Sigma's line of over 100,000 relays incl udes Sensitive. High Performance, Pulse and Telegraph. General Purpose, Power. and Special Purpose types. Electronics J Ma rch 21, 1966 Circ le 19 on reader service card 19 a DC-to-50 MHz Bandwidth ® Advanced Dual-Beam Pertormance ... 10 ns/cm Sweep Rates and Sweep-Delay ,. - ,. - I ~- ~,~;~:,: ::::..~~ ·~ --. ... _ .-:;n Ci!!!!5 ~ 6 (; ~ ::;-; C'!3 :) '~ CHANNH I .. . ltfPIJ1 SUKTOI ,,... .... ~. ; ':' ;;:( ( CHANNEL l .... tH"'1 RUCfOll ~; f ;·: Single-Input Dual-Beam Displays. The upper beam shows bursts of 2.5 MHz pulses on Time Base A with time variation between bursts . This shows up as increasing time-jitter between the first and successive bursts. The lower beam shows B Sweep (0.1 µs/cm) delayed by A Sweep and triggered on the second pulse of the last burst to provide a jitter-free expanded display of the A Sweep intensified zone. The use of only one probe and one plug-in input simplifies signal connection and provides minimum loading on the source. Here's a new Tektronix Oscilloscope that will tackle vir- .-tually every measurement job in your laboratory. The Type 556 and its rack-mount counterpart, the Type R556, have ).. an ability for simultaneous information display that makes complex measurements simple and routine. They accept any Tektronix letter and 1-series plug-ins, including spectrum analyzer and sampling units. ,_ 20 Electronics I March 21, 1966 _..,. This new Tektronix dual-beam oscilloscope offers these features: for performance · 50 MHz bandwidth · 10 ns/cm sweep rates · 6 cm vertical scan each beam · zero-parallax displays · X10 sweep magnifier · AC HF Reject trigger coupling · 2% calibrator with current loop · front-panel variable contrast for A INTENS by B · short-safe solid state supplies · EMI (RFI) suppression . for convenience both beams can display signals from 1 plug-in (on same or different time bases) · fixed delay cable requires no adjustment · lever switch trigger controls · two-range TRIGGER LEVEL control · front panel ASTIGMATISM control · front panel EXT HORIZ IN and EXT HORIZ VAR 1-10 · beam finder · color coordinated indicator lights · rack-mount model available. The Type 556 uses any combination o f over 25 p lug-ins -provides over 30 disp lay modes. The UPPER BEAM can display a signal from either left or right plug-in; with either Time Base A, Time Base B, or external signals; triggered from a composite vertical signal, plug-in single channel signal (with 1A1 or 1A2), external, or line. The LOWER BEAM can display a signal from the right plug-in; with either Time Base B or external signals; triggered from a composite vertical signal, plug-in single channel signal (with 1A1 or 1A2), external, or line . . .. -.. Sam pling a n d R eal-Time D isp lay s. Upper beam shows a square wave at 1 µs/cm as applied to a Type 1A2 Plug-In. The lower beam shows the risetime of the same pulse at 1 ns/cm as provided by a Type 1S1 Sampling Plug-in. Ti m e and Frequency D isplays. The upper beam shows the spectral output of a 200 MHz gated oscillator applied as IF feedthrough to a Type 1L20 Spectrum Analyzer; the calibrated dispersion is 1 MHz/cm. The lower beam shows a real time display of the 10 kHz gating pulse; sweep rate is 0.5 µs/cm. S im ultaneous S ingle-Shot D isplays. Current versus voltage display of a .75 ampere, fast-blow fuse during destructive overload. Both beams are driven by B Time-Base at 50 µs/cm which is delayed by pre-triggered A Time-Base to provide base reference lines before and after the event. The upper beam shows the current waveform at 30 A/cm while the lower beam shows the corresponding voltage across the fuse at 100 V /cm. . -- -~ -.. -. ..., Characteristics N ew Du al- B eam C RT (with illuminated internal graticule)provides "zero-parallax" viewing of small spot size and uniform focus over the 8 cm by 10 cm display area. C alibrated Swee p D elay-extends continuously from 0.1 microsecond to 50 seconds, to permit expansion of a selected portion of the delayed sweep. Independent Sweep Systems-provide 24 calibrated st eps from 0.1 µ stem to 5 s/cm; the X10 Magnifier extends the fastest sweep rates to 10 ns/cm. S ingle-S wee p Op erati o n-enables one-shot displays for photography of either normal or delayed sweeps . 2 Independent T riggering S ystems-provide stable displays over the full bandwidth, and to beyond 50 MHz. Both ve rtical amplifiers supply trigger signals to both of the time-bas e triggering systems. Meets interference specificati o ns of MIL-1-6181 D over the following frequency ranges - Radiated (with CRT mesh filter installed): 150 kHz to 1 GHz; Conducted (power line): 150 kHz to25MHz. Other S pecifications-size is 15" by 17" by 24 "; weight is ~ 80 pounds without plug-in units ; power requirement i s 100-130 V or 200-260 V, 50-60 Hz, ~ 850 watts . Typ e 556 Dual-Beam Oscilloscope . · · . · $3150 Rack Mount Type R556 Oscilloscope . · . · $3250 U.S. Sales Prices f.o.b. Beaverton, Ore gon Electronics I March 21, 1966 Plug-ins illustrated Type 1A1 Dual-Trace Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $600 (Dual-Trace: 50 mV/cm at DC-to-50 MHz, 5 mV/cm at DC-to-28 MHz. Single-Trace: 500 µV/cm at 2 Hz-to-15 MHz. 5 Display Modes : Channel 1, Channel 2, Alternate, Chopped , Added Algebraically. Front-panel signal output.) Type 1S1 Sampling Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1100 (DC-to-1 GHz, internal triggering, built-in delay line. Sweep Rates: 100 ps/cm to 50 µ stem, with ± 3% accuracy, normal or magnified (up to X100). DC Offset Range: greater than ±1 V. 4 Display Modes: repetitive, single sweep, manual scan, or ext ernal scan.) Ifyou've been wailing for an oscilloscope that will handle your present requirements and that has the versatility lo tak.e care of future needs, investigate the new Type 556. Call your nearby Tek. tronix field engineer for complete information , or write Tek.tronix, Inc., P.O. Box 500, Beaverton, Oregon 97005. Tektronix, Inc. Circle 21 on reader service card 21 c .. kissin' cousi·ns "' - ,... - .. - These two digital modules are directly related to 99 other standard Flip ChipTM modules. They are related electrically, physi cal ly, and logically, and they all carry the same 10-year guarantee. Together with their kinfolk, they can be arranged to make an up coun ter, a down counter, a shift register, a jam transfer buffer, a high speed parallel adder, an anal 0g to di g ital converter, or a vice versa. Or a signal multiplexer, a typewriter dri ve r, a Gray to binary converter, a vice versa, a paper tape punch control , a reader control, a pseudo random sequence generator, a data acquisition system, or an interface between peripherals and a real time computer. Sometimes it pays to have a big family. Write for a cata log. jDIGITAL J .. - MODULES · COMPUTERS DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION, Maynard, Massachusetts 01754. Telephone. (617) 897-8821 · Cambridge, Mass · Washington. D. C. · Parsippany, N. J. · Rochester, N.Y. · Philadelphia . Huntsville . Orlando . Pittsburgh . Chicago . Denver . Ann Arbor . Los Angeles . Palo Alto · Seattle · Carleton Place and Toronto, ,..,_ Ont. · Reading, Englan.d · Paris, France · Munich and Cologne, Germany · Sydney and West Perth, Australia · Modules distributed also through Allied Radio Electronics I March 21, 1966 Editorial fizzled. Las t spring, Oliver appointed an ad hoc committee to study how th e annual meeting . " cou ld b e turned into a first-class technical session. Although it met on ly infrequently, the IEEE settles for committee did discover that each of th e technical groups of th e IEEE holds back the b est presentations on major technical advances for its second rate sessions own special symposiums or conferences. Thus the annual mee ting is deprived of anything that is very goo d. At one time during its sporadic deliberations, the comm ittee th ought the annual meeting might The technical program at the annual meeting of b e turn ed into a congress of symposiums with the In stitute of E lectrical and Electronics Engi- each group presenting th e b es t of its technical n eers from March 21 to 24 is maintaining its material-certainly an effort worthy of serious usual standard of mediocrity. consideration. But, for reasons that escape us, This w ill not astonish many engineers who th e group came up with th e decision that the have learned, after many disappointments, to tim e was not right for such a move. This means skip th e annual technical sess ion s. But it may there will b e no sh ift in policy for the technical frustra te a few die-hard optimists who believed sess ions at th e annual meeting. the rosy promises made last March by th e in- ·wh at discouraged the committee mo t was co ming leadership of th e society. th at persuading each of th e technical groups to After th e very poor program of 1965--during contribute th eir b es t material looked like a H er- the ques ti on peri od of on e sess ion, a visitor cu lean job. Th ey were right. Too many of the asked an author how he dared present such a socie ty's techn ical groups have a sovereignty ... bad paper at an IEEE meeting-incoming presi- mania, a phobia that th ey must be independent dent Bernard Oliver promised to upgrade th e of IEEE headquarters. Then too , a few of the quali ty of the technical sessions. Partly to an- lead ers of such groups are jealous of their politi- swer an editorial whi ch appeared on th is page cal power in th e soc iety and are relu ctant to [March 8, 1965, p. 15], and partly to stern grow- compromise on anything that might b e con- ing di ssatisfaction among a segm ent of the mem- sidered a diminution of th eir authority. b ership, the newly elected president pled ged Though th e job is tough , th e IEEE ought to sweeping reform. be able to produce an executive diplomatic One year later, retiring president Oliver says enough to persuade technical group leaders that it wou ld be too difficult to improve th e techni cal putting on sorry technical sessions does credit program at this tim e. Th e newly elected presi- to no on e-the society , th e technical group or the dent of th e socie ty, W. G. Shepherd, hadn't even group leader-and tough enou gh to enforce some looked at th e program two weeks b efore th e criterion for quality. sess ions were to start. This is a good clue to Improvement can b e made within the struc- what's in store for visitors. ture of th e techni cal groups that are so sacred \Ve disagree vehemently with Bern ard Oliver. to th e IEEE . An example of one group's effort is Th e technical sessions at IEEE's annual meeting reported in th e letter on page 4. can be improved. And we are aware that it will Some needed program changes are obvious . not be easy. For example, it's doubtful wheth er all th e groups But fir st the society management-both elected combin ed can produce 300 to 500 top-notch tech- and paid-has to decide that it wants to improve nical papers every year, th e number generally th e technical program. The fundam ental weak- on th e program. Th e number of papers pre- ness, it appears, is th at in importance in th e sented should b e reduced sharply. A technical eyes of th e people at IEEE headquarters, th e group shou ld be limited by the number of out- . _ inco me produced at th e show each year far out- standin g papers it can present, not b y some ranks any contribution that mi ght b e made by quota it fills by drawing on papers already pretechnical sess ion s. As long as visitors stream sented a t earlier technical meetings , or sales pro- into th e Coliseum to look at exhibits, and the ex- motion pitch s for specifi c produ cts, or nothing hibito rs buy plenty of booth space, th e IEEE position papers prepared b y egocentric members will not lift a fin ger to improve th e techni cal ambitious for political power in th e society. - ., session s. Only if attendan ce fall s and ex hibitors Every year, the IEEE meeting moves clos er screa m, will th e socie ty's leader act. to being purely a trade show rath er th an a so- Because th e job will be diffi cult, a more ener- ciety meeting. If somethin g is not done very getic effort must b e made than the one that just soon to reverse this trend, it will b e too late. -+-Circle 22 on reader service card 23 (Check CLIFTON fbr Servo Packages ELECTRON IC COMPONENTS FOR COMPUTER USE F-111 AIRCRAFT BOOSTE R AMPLIFIERS, COMPONENTS OF THE NAVIGATION AND BOMBING COMPUTERS f ·lll AIRCRAFT r SERVO ASSEMBL Y F- 111 AIRCRAFT " AUTO-PILOT SYNCHRON IZER A7A AIRCRAFT r SERVO ASSEMBLY F-111 AIRCRAFT ,. TACAN RANGE AND BEARING COUPLERS NAVIGATIONAL USE ON VARIOUS AIRCRAFT .,. AUTOMATIC STABILIZATION ACTUATOR CH47A HELICOPTER (SEA KNIGHT) All units shown 113 actual size. ~ ~---~~ ~ We have been designers and manufacturers of fl ight controls and special aircraft devices for the past 10 years. A great many engineers and pur· chasing people think of Clifton only as a leader· manufacturer of rotating components, synchros, servo motors and resolvers . We wo uld like to point out that we also develop, design and pro· duce servo sub-assemblies, to the most exacting requirements. These precision-engineered modul es are now flyin g, or will soon fly, in our cou n- try's most important aircraft . These packages are built to Clifton syn chro standards of reliabili ty and accuracy _ _ and in production quantities. While we can hand build models for you, we exce l in " in -line " quantity and quality production . Give us the opportunity to discuss your next servo package need! Do it now, today! Call 215 622-1000 and ask for Mr. E. Fisher, or TWX 215 623 -1 183 . ·,,. - Flash! Clifton has just op·ened a new synchro plant in Fall River, Mass. 24 Ci rcle 24 on reader service card Electronics I March 21, 1966 Electronics Newsletter ..- .i March 21, 1966 GE plans to build computer systems for hospitals The General Electric Co. plans to enter the hospital time-sharing computer field, according to reliable sources. Last week GE announced an agreement with Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc., a consulting and research concern in Cambridge, Mass., "to expand the utilization of computer-based information systems." Bolt Beranek helped develop a time-shared computer system for the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston [Electronics, Jan. 24, p. 93). Jordan Baruch, a vice president of the research company, has been granted a leave of absence to work with GE in a "management capacity," no other details were provided. GE also declined further comment. Baruch played an important role in developing the Boston hospital's computer system. Pentagon official A new warning has been sounded on the hazards resulting from the use cites laser danger of high-powered lasers [Electronics, March 22, 1965, p. 128). "The increasing power and diversillcation of lasers is outrunning the ability of the medical sciences to define the hazard limits," Daniel J. Fink, the Pentagon deputy director of research and engineering, said in Boston. "With such developments as the invisible carbon dioxide laser, some- . one is going to be badly hurt unless we establish reasonable precautions," Fink says. Carbon dioxide laser output is at 10 microns, in the infrared region, where the output can't be seen. The laser danger is not limited to the laboratory. Increasingly, lasers are being applied in the field by engineers as measuring instruments and by the military as range finders for weapons. IBM diode A team of researchers at the International Business Machines Corp. has produces color found a novel way to fabricate light-emitting diodes. The technique may open the door to the development of highly efficient diodes that produce without n material color from the infrared to the ultraviolet. . . Junction diodes capable of producing red, green, blue and yellow light are currently available, but the IBM researchers say a wider range of colors can be produced more efficiently from a group of materials called the II-VI compounds. Examples of such materials are zinc selenide, zinc · oxide and zinc and cadmium sulfide. The problem, however, is getting both p and n material in this class of compounds to form the light-emit- ting junction. Researchers Billy Crowder, Frederick Morehead and Peter Wagner have sidestepped the problem by eliminating the need for the n-type material. In the IBM method, a layer of metal, a layer of insulating zinc telluride -· and a p-type layer of zinc telluride are used. Conduction in the structure is by impact ionization in the insulating layer; light is produced by a recombination of holes and electrons in the p-type layer. The diodes developed so far emit green light and have an over-all power-conversion efficiency of 0.6% at 77°K-the temperature of liquid nitrogen. . The IBM team hopes to be able to improve performance and to get the diodes to operate at room temperature. Applications include color displays for computers or other electronic equipment and, possibly, a solid state display that could replace a color television tube. 25 Electronics Newsletter Red Chinese show, but don't sell electronics gear After a four-year absence, the Red Chinese turned up at the recent Leipzig industrial fair with equipment that shows evidence of great leaps forward in electronics technology. The fair in East Germany is an industrial showcase for the entire Eastern bloc. The Chinese displayed an analog computer, an electron-beam tracer accurate to within 0.5%, transistorized closed-circuit television, noise generators, oscilloscopes with frequency capability up to 100 kilocycles and much more. The Red Chinese apparently showed their new equipment at Leipzig more for prestige than for commercial reasons; dial markings were in Chinese, detailed data sheets weren't available and people manning the stand didn't know much about what was shown. Low-cost, reliable The Navy is funding a study to find out the cheapest, most reliable approach for interconnecting integrated circuits chips without a common IC chip assembly sought by Navy package and bonding them to thin-film interconnections. Under a $100,000 contract, the Computer Control Co. of Framingham, Mass., is evalu- ,. . ating the major contenders: straight ultrasonic bonding, solder bonding with and without thick bonding pads, called balls, and beam-lead tech- niques [Electronics, June 28, 1965, pp. 66 and 68; Oct. 4, 1965, p. 102]. The goal of the Navy-sponsored evaluation: to develop techniques for producing modules with 10,000 hours mean-time-between-failures per dollar of production cost. The over-all study of face-down bonding technology is being done by the company's techniques laboratory and will include a critical appraisal ., of the two principal types of bonding: ultrasonic and thermal. One of the methods that has already been ruled out is laser welding through the glass substrate because it is difficult to control and lasers powerful enough for the job operate only in the pulse mode, says Colin Knight, manager of microelectronics at Computer Control's techniques laboratory. Ford, GM plan The Ford Motor Co. and the General Motors Corp. are expected to use '67 car rad ios with hybrid IC's hybrid integrated circuits in their 1967 car radios. The Philco Corp., a subsidiary of Ford, disclosed that its circuit is an audio preamplifier with two transistors, two capacitors and 12 thick-film . resistors. Philco is also building passive-component networks on ceramic substrates. General Motors' electronics division, Delco Radio, won't comment on rumors that it has been field testing a radio containing hybrid IC's. Cur- rently, car radios made by Delco use thick-film passive-component cir- cuits on ceramic substrates; the circuits are bought from vendors. Now, however, Delco is said to be tooling up to produce two to three million thick-film hybrid IC's a year in time for production of radios for the 1967 car models. · Computer printer An experimental computer printer that operates at 120 characters per bypasses storage second will be shown this week by the International Business Machines Corp. at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers meeting in New York. The printer works so fast that it can accept most informa- ... - tion ·serially, without the use of a buffer storage unit. IBM says the machine can plot three graphs simultaneously. 26 Electronics I March 21 , 1966 .. from SYLVAN IA Elect ronic Components Group READOU TS Improve readability by 2:1 with newest EL high-contrast panels - It's not enough to say that brightness -'( is the all-important consideration in · making readout devices truly readable. (In fact, beyond a practical limit, brightness can induce a halo effect.) Scientists and engineers have now clearly established that readability is the result of the interrelationship of ~ many factors, including brightness, ambient lighting and contrast. Con.. trast is the most important of these. In attaining a new high level of _ ,. Electroluminescent character readability, Sylvania has increased contrast ,,.. by more than one and one-half times. The result is a two-to-one improvement in the readability of EL under CONTRAST VS AMBIENT ILLUMINATION -... ~ lL -· v lL .~ lL Contrast ratio of El readout panel (measured at 300 FC ambient) high ambient light conditions. This newest EL capability is the direct result of a requirement for solidstate readout panels for eventual aerospace use. Sylvania design engineers developed high-contrast EL after lengthy study of the three principal types of light in spacecraft cabins-ambient light, emitted light (from readout characters) and reflected light (from panel surfaces). With a new neutral density filter that reduces reflected light in the panels, some 80% of the reflected light is now absorbed. Because a higher degree of contrast is the result, all characters are well defined and highly ~eadable in conditions where they were previously "washed out." High-contrast EL is now available (on special order) at no sacrifice to any feature in the long list of standard EL advantages. For instance, all EL readouts have the same wide viewing angle, almost 180°. Besides consuming very little power, they are light in weight. Other features of EL include its soft blue-green color that's always pleasing to the human eye. Information can be displayed as fast H IGH-CONTRAST EL, P-SERIES Operating Charact eristi cs, typica l Br ightness (Initial) Fl ............................................ 9 min Contrast Ratio (300 FC ambient).. ............................0.13 Reflectance (300 FC ambient).. .. .............................. 15% Wavelength Angstroms .......................................... .... 5100 V-AC RMS ................................ .. ..................................115 F Cps .............................. .......................................... ....400 I Ma .... .. .............................................. .................. 1.1 max P Mw ................................................ ...... ................55 max PF ................................ ................................ .........80 max Maximum Ratings Peak Voltage ........................ ........................................300 RMS Voltage ................................ ......... ....................... 130 Peak Transient Voltage ..............................................400 Operating Temp. Range ........ .................. ...... - 55 t o 71 °C as it may be needed. EL readout panels are available hermetically sealed to provide maximum reliability for the demanding conditions of space travel. Rigid inspection both during and after assembly of each panel is assurance of continued high-quality performance. CIRCLE NU MBER 300 This issue in capsule CRTs - how spiral accelerator types can improve brightness and precision in your display. Microwave Diodes - new silico n mixer diode operates over the 50 to 90 GHz range. PhotoconductorS -how PC matrices can save t ime, space and troubl e in logic arrays. Integrated Circuits - now there's a plug -in package that can solve design problems faster. Diodes -specify from a full line of mul- tiple diodes with variety in arrays and pack~s. Television -15" cotor bright asTM tube brightens picture for set manufacturers. DIODES Now specify discrete or monolithic arrays in six package styles Today a diode manufacturer who only makes standard "warhorse" units isn't worth his weight in salt to the majority of users. Sylvania came to that conclusion years ago based on projections that specialty types would become important to manufacturer and users alike. So-called "complete" l,ir.o,s must now be as complete as possible to offer users state-of-the-art diodes for today's and tomorrow's applications. For example, Sylvania applied this philosophy to multiple diodes. Here's the result: It's well known that Sylvania puts diodes together in a wide variety of combinations. From the partial selection described here, the design engineer finds a genuine freedom of choice in multiple diodes-from a variety of special and standard packages as well as the variety in discrete and monolithic arrays. With this choice he also gets inherent superior electrical characteristics and the highest reliability standards. Two basic styles of multiple diode arrays are included in Sylvania's standard line. Molded discrete arrays are made up of two or more individual diodes hermetically sealed in all-glass packages and then molded together in one epoxy package. Monolithic an-ays of multiple diodes can be supplied in a variety of packages such as 3-, 4-, or 5-lead T0-46 cans and multi-lead flat packs. This twin approach offers great flexibility in supplying exactly the right device for circuit designers' needs. The diodes in all units are passivated epitaxial types made of silicon for high performance reliability. Experience in working with OEM customers who used standard diodes and rectifiers lead Sylvania into de- veloping more advanced devices and r arrays. Now, with an established capability in advanced diodes, Sylvania 4 supplies a variety of array functions · including the bridges and ring modulators shown on this page. In addition to the standard molded and T0-46 .,. packages, on special order Sylvania will package these arrays into 14-lead flat packs, plug-in packages and specialty molded .Packages. Sylvania's series of molded matched pairs and matched quads can save the engineer much costly confusion. The units are especially rugged and ~ - eliminate handling problems by pre- " packaging the diodes to maintain proper polarity and type identifica- ... tion. Epoxy-molded matched pairs and quads can also b e supplied with common cathode, common anode, and series circuit configurations. CIRCLE NUMBER 301 T0-46 PACKAGES Ty pe SI02A-1 SI 02A-2 SI 02A·3 SI 02A-4 No. of Diodes 2 2 2 2 Circuit Common cathode Common cathode Common ca thode Common cathode ~ Typ e $1028-1 $1028-2 SI02B-3 No. of Diodes 2 2 2 Circuit Common anode Common anode Common anode ~ Type SI03A-1 Sl03 A-2 SID3A-3 SID3 A-4 SID3A-6 No. of Diodes 3 3 3 3 3 Circuit Common cathode Common cathode Common catho de Common cathode Common cath ode t Type SI03B-1 SI03B-2 $1038-3 No . of Diodes 3 3 3 Circuit Common anode Common anode Common anode t MOLDED EPOXY PACKAGES-matched pairs and quads Type No. of Diodes PRV Fwd Current @ 10 v ~ M9311-9314 2 lSO volt 200ma M9731-9734 2 100 volt soma ~ I- - M9741-9744 2 SO volt lOOma M97Sl-97S4 2 SO volt soma Type No . of Diodes PRV M9316-9319 4 lSO volt M9736-9739 4 100 vo lt M9746-9749 4 SO volt M97S6-97S9 4 SO volt Fwd Current @ 10 v 200ma soma lOOma soma --14--14- --*--*- BRIDGES AND RING MODULATORS T0-46 BRIDGES Fwd Current at 1.0 volt PRV SI0-4C-2 SID-4C-3 30ma soma SO volt 7S volt Molded Epoxy Matching Fwd Voltage @ 2ma 20mv 20mv ):( .. . M-9328 30ma SO volt 20mv M-9329 soma 7S volt 20mv T0-46 $1040 -1 Molded Epoxy M-9330 RING MODULATORS Fwd Current @ 1.0 volt soma soma Matching Fwd Voltage @ 2ma 20mv 20mv ):{ CRTs . "' l .. · · -; Sylvania 's SC-44 48 (w ith SC-3802 in foreg round) SC-4448 OUTLINE How spiral accelerator tubes can improve display brightness and precision We're always surprised to hear of en- -.. gineers using older methods to solve electronic problems. A case in point: How can spiral post defiection accel- ~ erator cathode ray tubes be bypassed where their inherent advantages can save time and money while bringing - "" better results? Sylvania is a major ... supplier of standard post defiection accelerator tubes also, but we recog~ · nize that there are situations where ~ conventional coatings can cause less than optimum results. - "' If the oscillography problem is to .. achieve maximum brightness with controlled spot size, a spiral acceler- · ator is the answer. That's because the spiral approach brings about superior display with minimum pattern distor- · tion, but without either complicated _· circuitry or materially affected costs. The helical resistance coating in_ .. side the spiral tube allows accelerat- ,,. ing voltage to be uniformly increased along the length of the bulb between · deflection plates and screen. This per,.. mits a higher ratio of final anode voltage to second anode voltage with- " out excessive pattern distortion. ,_ The electrostatic deflection guns are assembled on special mounting jigs that are accurate to .001". These are magnified ten times actual size on optical comparators and carefully checked for spacings, dimensions and alignments. The newest CRT in the series is a specially developed 19-inch round console display tube for visual readout of character and vector information. The SC-4448's advanced design allows high resolution and brightness, even at exceptionally high writing rates. Design features of the SC-4448 include a direct-viewed aluminized screen and spiral post deflection acceleration. Its deflection plate leads are brought out through the neck to minimize deflection plate lead capacitance. Deflection and focus are electrostatic. The tube incorporates a special geometry control electrode to achieve maximum pattern linearity. In the area of smaller screens, Sylvania's SC-3377 was developed for transistor drive requirements. Its featmes include low heater power, a 3%inch square face for full use of display space and high deflection sensitivity. CIRCLE NU MBER 302 SC-4448P31 TYP ICAL OPERATING CONDIT ION S Anode No. 3 (Post Accelerator) Voltage 25,000 Vo lts de Anode No. 2 Voltage . 10,000 Vol t s de Grid No. 2 Voltage ............................ .... .. .. ..... ........ ....... . 1,000 Volts de Anode No. 1 Voltage for Focus .. 3.400 to 3, 800 Volts de Grid No. 1 Voltage Required for Cutoff . ............ .-100 to -200 Vo lt s de Deflection Factors Deflecting Plates 1-2 200 Volts de/Inch Max. Deflecting Plates 3·4 200 Volts de/Inch Max. Modulation 50 Volts Max. Trace Brightness 75 FT L M in . Trace Width Center . .015 Inch Corners of 12.6" square .......... .. ....... .... .. .025 Inch Spot Position ............................. 1.0 Inch Spot Displacement 0.4 Inch Focus Correction 0 to 3000 Volts M ax. Astigmatism Correction .. ... ....... ...... .. ±500 Volts Max. Geometry Control ±500 Volts M ax. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS How Sylvania's plug-in package can solve your design problems faster and better It is a truism to say that package design is an essential mt in the electronics industry. To a large extent, the component package can effect the design of an entire system. At times, component packaging can even be as important as performance itself. When the two are successfully combined, a manufacturer has something to shout about. Now, in integrated circuitry, the physical features of one package and the performance of one product line combine to outshine all the others. Predictions: (1) Sylvania's highly versatile dual-in-line plug-in package will be the most widely used enclosure in the monolithic integrated circuit industry. (2) It will replace the T0-5 for industrial applications. Here's why. To the logic designer and device engineer, the SUHL I and II lines of high level TTL represent the furthest advance yet in the state of IC performance and packaging art. Sylvania's plug-in package itself offers the advantages of the preferred lead styling, and an extremely effective hermetically sealed ceramic IC package. The Sylvania plug-in package has fourteen pins, more than enough for the vast majority of applications. Lead spacing of 100 mils, with another 300 mils between the two rows, allows printed circuit leads to be brought under the package, an important space economy on the board surface. Comparison of Sylvania's plug-in package with leading competitive types. NO. PINS A B c DE F c QJAc H / MW SYLVANIA 14 0.70 0.25 0.30 0,10 0.09 0.13 0.17 20 Mil 0.2 Dia, x LEADING BRAND " A" 14 0.775 0.28 0.30 0.10 0.18 0.20 0.17 lOMll 20 0.2 Rect. LEADING BRAND "B" 16 0.89 20 0.39 0.20 0.10 0.145 0.175 0.125 Mil Dia . 0.2 .031 RADIUS t G LEAD A i Leads on the Sylvania package are 5 mils thick, compared with the 10 mil ,. T leads of another popular flat pack design. Also, the Sylvania plug-in pack- · age design allows leads to be flexed close to the body without cracking the seal. When a Sylvania plug-in lead is clipped to a 0.170" length, the result is an extremely rigid lead that · - has great strength in its rolled por- tion (see cross-section diagram). Sylvania's rolled lead provides great stiffness in the area where the lead is inserted in the board. Thus the possibility of lead collapse dur- ing automatic insertion is virtually eliminated. In addition, the rolled tubular lead design is an ideal con- . .. figuration for capillary solder flow and uniform solder joints. With sol- dering, a large mass of metal results, .. .. Solderabil ity profile of circular and rectangular leads. Solder bridge is small and even with circular leads, large and irregular with rectangular leads. I- - . . CIRCULAR LEAD RECTANGULAR LEAD which allows for good heat conduction during the assembly process. "' Thus, where the lead should be flex- ~ ible, it is. Yet it retains a rigidity similar to that of the leads of a T0-5 and T0-18 package. The rolled lead design is also clearly superior to that of rectangular · · types which don't lend themselves to "' good solderability. Most important to design engineers .. is the Sylvania lead's tapered shoulder, an advantage over square-shouldered types. With tapering, the lead ' tends to wedge in the holes of the cir- ~ cuit board. The chance that the lead may fall out when the board is moved to a solder bath is virtually eliminated .. because of the wedge-type contact. When the Sylvania unit is mounted, packages are high enough off the board to allow the designer to run -. other leads underneath. Yet packages are close enough to the board to " permit true compactness. Compact ,. stacking of multiple packages is still .. Relationship of stacking clearances to hole size. ... PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD A 0.030 0.040 0.045 0.048 Bmax 0.131 0.125 0.117 0.115 c 0.041 O.D35 0.027 0 .025 --·-. '~~.......~~~..... Minimum stacking clearance is determined by dimensions A and B. another result of the Sylvania design. The diagram on this page graphi- cally shows how package height relates to hole size in printed circuit boards. Circuit designers can use this to determine necessary lead lengths with respect to standoff heights from the board. An extremely effective hermetic package seal is another feature of the Sylvania plug-in unit. The package, a ceramic-filled glass body with a Kovar base plate and a glass-to-glass sealed ceramic cover, is capable of meeting hermeticity specifications as high as 10-B cc/ sec. Sylvania's methods result in seals that are clearly superior to other types which depend either on Rowing large masses of frit or on welding a large Kovar plate to a formed Kovar sidewall. In a comparative sense, the compact Sylvania package is one-half the volume of one principal manufacturer's unit and one-third the volume of the other major competitor. In addition to its superior hermetic seal, the Sylvania package also offers the advantage of leads extending from the sidewall, permitting both easy re- Kovar Base Plate Plug·ln Package Cutaway, showing up.from chip bonding and isolated chip mounting pad moval from the board as well as inplace testing. Moreover, the Sylvania package does not require a special spread when it is used with standard hole spacing of 300 mils between rows. Sylvania foresees its plug-in unit becoming an industry standard. It is already replacing the T0-5 integrated circuit packaging for several reasons. Because of its configuration, T0-5 testing is costly. Logic cannot exceed that of its 12-pin capacity. The T0-5 is also expensive to assemble and requires expensive board layouts, because leads cannot be brought under the package. CIRCLE NUM BER 303 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Select the IC for your needs from two complete TTL lines Here's your guide to an entire new - - generation of monolithic integrated circuits, the SUHL I and SUHL II ..- lines. These are the transistor-transistor-logic families with the indus·" try's outstanding combination of high _ , noise margin, fas t speed, high logic swing, high fan-out, low power and · capacitance drive capability. -· Each of the 28 circuits is available in prime and standard fan-outs for "' Military and Industrial applications. _ ) And each unit displays the fastest sat- urated logic available to date for applications down to five nanoseconds. _ _,, Speaking of speed, SUHL II is the line that scored the breakthrough for " extreme speed requirements, while _,;.allowing all other important performance characteristics to be maintained ,.. at their full efficiency levels. Com· bine these advantages with low cost, high reliability and reduced can ~ counts, and you'll see why SUHL cir~ ~ cuits are now considered the industry's foremost problem-solving lines. I lf CIRCLE NUM BER 304 SUHL TY PICAL CHARACTERI STI CS !+ 25°C, + 5.0 volts) SUHL I Funct i on ser ies ·pd (nsec) Avg . Powe r (mw) Noise Immun i ty + (volts)- Dual 4-lnput NANO / NOR Gate SG-40 10 15 1.1 1.5 Expandable Quad 2-lnput OR Gate SG·50 12 JO 1.1 1.5 Single 8-lnput NANO / NOR Gate SG-60 12 15 1.1 1.5 Ex clusive-OR with Complement SG-90 11 JS 1.1 1.5 Expandable Trip le J·lnput OR Gate SG -100 12 25 I.I 1.5 Expandable Dual 4· 1nput OR Gate SG·llO 12 20 1.1 1.5 Expandable Single 8·1nput NANO / NOR Gate SG· l20 18 15 I.I 1.5 Dual 4-lnput line Driver SG-lJO 25 JO 1. 1 1.5 Quad 2·1nput NANO/ NOR Gate SG·l40 10 15 I.I 1.5 Quad 2-lnput OR Expander SG·l50 4 20 I.I 1.5 Triple 2-lnput Bus Driver SG· 160 15 15 I.I 1.5 Dual 4- lnput OR Expander SG-170 J 5 1.1 1.5 Dual 4-lnput ANO Expander SG·l80 1.1 1.5 Triple J.lnpu t NANO/ NOR Gate SG·l90 10 15 1.1 1.5 Set·Reset Ffip.flop Sf· IO 20mc JO I.I 1.5 Two- Phase SR Clocked Flip -Flop sr.20 20mc JO 1.1 1.5 Single-Phase SRT Flip-Flop Sf.JO 12mc JO 1.1 1.5 J.K Flip -F lop (AND Inputs) Sf.SO 20mc 50 1.1 1.5 J-K Flip.flop (OR Inputs) SF·60 20mc 55 I.I 1.5 SUHL 1[ Expandable Dual 4·1nput OR Gate SG ·210 7 JO 1.0 1.5 Quad 2-lnput NANO/ NOR Gate SG·220 6 22 1.0 1.5 Quad 2-l nput OR Expander SG·2JO 2 28 1.0 1.5 Dual 4-lnput NANO/ NOR Gate SG·240 6 22 1.0 1.5 Expandable Quad 2· 1nput OR Gate SG · 250 7.5 4J 1.0 1.5 Single 8·1npul NANO/ NOR Gate SG·260 8 22 1.0 1.5 Dual 4·1nput OR Expander SG-270 2 6.7 1.0 1.5 J·K Flip-Flop (AND lnpuls) SF·250 Jome 55 1.0 1.5 J-K Flip·flop (OR Inputs) SF · 260 30mc 55 1.0 1.5 Military Industrial (- 55 °C to + 125°C) (0 °C to + 75°C) Pri me Std. Prime Std. FO FO FO FO 15 7 12 6 15 7 12 6 15 7 12 6 15 7 12 6 15 7 12 6 15 7 12 6 15 7 12 6 JO 15 24 12 15 7 12 6 15 7 12 6 15 7 12 6 15 7 12 6 15 7 12 6 15 7 12 6 15 7 12 6 15 7 12 6 12 6 10 5 12 6 10 5 12 6 10 5 12 6 10 5 12 6 10 5 12 6 10 5 12 6 10 5 PHOTOCONDUCTORS How PC matrices can save time, space and trouble in logic arrays Thirty-two photocells, each one in- dividually mounted, were principal components of a teaching machine's logic array. Efficient? Yes, a large ad- vance over mechanical approaches to logic arrays. But 32 cells also meant space-consuming bulk and compli- cated circuitry. Here's how Sylvania answered the problem. A matrix composed of 32 photo- conductive wafers, precision-mounted +1ov on a printed circuit board, saved a manufacturer considerable assembly time and headaches. It also provided valuable space economies in the de- sign of his teaching machines. Simi- lar matrices can offer the same economies in many other types of automated systems where logic can - lOV Gate lor bright area - I OV Gate for dark area l v Gate tor mlermediate he based on visu al detection. Sylvania's 32-wafer SRP-4210 photoconductor matrix was designed es- 32-WAFER MATRIX PC MATRIX APPLICATION CIRCUIT lo · (Dolla r B ill Ch a nger) pecially for use as a part of the control in a teaching machine. The unit en- student is asked a question and given a choice of three answers. He indi- Among other possible applications for similar matrix boards ar e card "'~ abled the manufacturer to replace an older array consisting of 32 individ- cates his choice by closing a switch identified with the answer. This ap- readers , tape readers , dollar bill ..,. changers or in any equipment pres- ual photocells with the single matrix. plies voltage to one of three groups ently using a quantity of photocon- This machine presents information to the studen t with a projection sys- of seven photoconductors and, according to their lighted condition, ductors in a distinct pattern. ' - The resistance of the individual tem through the 35mm film. I nforma- instructs the machine to look for an- photoconductors may be controlled "" tion for th e student is contained in other coded frame on the film. It also at a wide variety of levels, depend- ,_ · every other fram e along the film , with alternate frames containing control determines whether the film must proceed forward or be reversed. ing upon the area and illumination available for each cell. Dissipation · information for the machine in the The correct frame is recognized b y also varies with space requirements. .,, - form of clear areas in an otherwise blackened film. The clear areas allow a fourth group of photoconductors and, through their gates, stops the With large active areas (112" diameter) the cells are capable of operat- i:. light to be transm itted to specific film. This frame is th en cent ered ing relays directly. With small active, - photoconductors on the matrix board which in turn control gate circuits with properly from instructions by a pair of photoconductors which control the areas (as in the SRP-4210) a switch ing h·ansistor is operated by the pho- ,.. instructions for advancing the film. drive motors. The student then reads toconductor which in turn operates a , - After reading information con- the information in the film, selects an relay or similar power device. tained in one frame of the film, the answer and proceeds as before. CIRCLE NUMBER 305 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- l- colorbl1Uhl TELEVISION 15" ~~ TMtube brightens Sylvania did not sit on its laurels but applied the same advanced technol- · - 1966 picture for set makers ogy to newer picture tubes. ... The newest in the line of color "Sylvania, a subsidiary of General Telephone & Electronics, has stolen a march on the rest of the industry with a new rare-earth phosphor that makes announced a new concept in color picture tubes. The effect was a mild revolution: in the months that fo llowed, old methods of making color bright 85 picture tubes will shortly...be sampled by color television set .,.. manufacturers. A 15-inch rectangular, three-gun aperture mask tube is 'in final stages of development now. ~ colors glow '40 percent brighter','' tubes were modified or discarded The special significance of this new says a storyinFortune's]anuary,1966 throughout the industry in an attempt color picture tube is that it will has-... - issue. Th e fuller story began a year and a half earlier when the company to equal the brighter, more realistic Sylvania product. In the meantime, ten the availability of smaller-sized, '"I" more portable color sets to meet in- creasing consumer demands. Now the ~ second largest producer of color pie- ,... _, ture tubes, Sylvania supplies them to most of the nation's color set makers. Sylvania is continuing production of rectangular color bright 85 tubes in 19- and 25-inch models, as well as · the round 21-inch type. A 22-inch rec- ., tangular tube will also be produced in 1966. · What were the major factors that - .. changed color picture tube standards in mid-1964? One of the prime rea, sons was that color bright 85 tubes - ~featured a new red-emitting phosphor containing the rare-earth element .... Europium. The new phosphor, actu_.. ally a Europium-activated Yttrium . vanadate YV04:Eu, brought out red · · tones that were truer and substan- ·tially brighter than standard industry sulfides. While other picture tube manufac~ L.\ turers were able in time to develop comparable rare-earth phosphors, ' Sylvania's own screening techniques · "'Still remained the differentiating facto tor that keeps the color bright 85 tube ahead of others. Fidelity in color values was one _ _ more of the tube's major accomplishments. Red shades held their true colors over wider ranges of brightness. _ ..The new Sylvania tubes also kept their natural hues without taking on - orange-reds in the highlights of the _ ,. picture. Now, with a 15-inch color bright ... 85 tube on the horizon, all the tube's _.,,advantages can be brought to smaller, lighter-weight, solid-state color tele.. vision models. CIRCLE NUMBER 306 ~~ .,. - HOT LINE INQUIRY SERVICE Use Sylvania's "Hot Line" in- quiry service, especially if you require full particulars on any item in a hurry. It's easy and it's free. Circle the reader service number(s) you're most interested in; then fill in your name, title, company and ad- -" dress. We'll do the rest and see you get further information '" almost by return mail. Newest point contact mixer excels at millimeter wavelengths Finding a suitable mixer diode to all noise figure of 18 db (with NFi£= span the millimeter frequency spec- 1.5 db) and a typical conversion loss trum has long been a problem for the of 12: db at 70 GHz. Below this fre- microwave engineer. Until now he quency these values tend to improve has had to design with individual de- slightly. However, at higher frequen- vices that are effective only in limited cies, these values may increase by segments of the 50 to 90 GHz range. about 1 db. Here's a new mixer diode from Syl- The D-5252 is gold-plated to mini- vania that fills a recognized void. mize RF losses and is supplied in Now there's a versatile new sili- Sylvania package 100, as shown here. con diode that can operate over this Commercial holders are available in 50 to 90 GHz frequency range and RG98/U and RG99/U wave guide which can also be used as a highly sizes. sensitive video detector. Sylvania's D-5252 point contact device was designed as a mixer capable of spanning the operating frequency range of RG98 and RG99 wave guide. The new unit has maximum over- ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (25°C): Overall Noise Figure, NF0 .. . .. .......... 18.0 db max. IF Impedance, Z;1 .. .. 300-700 ohms Test Conditions: = = F = 70 GHz; P10 = 1.0 mw Zm 400 ohms; RL 100 ohms CIRCLE NUMBER 307 1------- 1 I FIRST CLASS I Permit No. 2833 I Buffalo, N. Y. I I BUSINESS REPLY MA IL No Postage Stamp Necessary if Mailed in the United States I I POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY I I I I SYLVANIA ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS GROUP Sylvania Electric Products Inc. 1100 Main Street Buffalo, NewYork 14209 I I Dept. A33 MERCHANDISING MANAGER'S CORNER "Trade shows are a waste of time!" ". .. and a waste of mon ey too." How often h ave you h eard this? You may have said it yourself. For a great many people it's true, shows are wasted efforts . After all, too many exhibits are little more than 3-dimensional catalogs. Nothing's exciting in seeing cold lifeless products tacked to a back wall. We at Sylvania shudder to think of the dull rep etition (and, possibly, repulsion) of 100 receiving tubes in a row. And what if you just happen to see one product that interests you? Ask a reasonable question at the booth about it, and you usually £nd that the expert on the subject is out to lunch. (Would you b elieve this at 9:30 AM?) But exhibitors are only partners in the crime of trade shows. Attendees share a large portion of the blame. Engin eers are in New York during the IEEE show often for three or four days. But during that time they're seen in the Coliseum for as much as fou r hours! Ask th em if they saw the show. Why, certainly they did! To have seen every exhibit in that period of time, they would have had to be Ol ympic track stars if only to go through all of the aisles. After our sprinter does complete his exhaustive sm vey, general comments run from "same old stuff" to "nothing really new." Anythin g less than the discovery of a new energy source seems to be a disappointment. Well, we could go on and on, but essentially our point of view is that, like most things, trade shows are valueless unless all exhibitors and attendees work at it. Sylvania has made some innovations in presentation techniques-live presentations, information booth and telephone hot line. We hold no licenses on these methods and wish (in fact, strongly urge) other exhibitors would liven up their booths in a similar manner. A b etter show benefits everyon e. In ££teen minutes at the Sylvania booths, 2C25-2C36, we feel an engineer can be initially exposed to the full scop e of Sylvania's manufacturing and engineering efforts. Included , of course, are new product developments, particularly those that are pertinent to today's designs and requirements. A few more minutes and we'll give detailed information on specific product types from our microfilm data file right at the booth. Visitors also have the option of talking directly to our plant and engi- - neerin g country. locations Further, anywher they can e r einqutehset... that sp ecific information b e sent to · them at the completion of the show on any product which we manufac- · y ture. It isn't necessary to ask ten · people in order to receive this infor-.. _ mation . Our purpose at a trade show is not to take orders there on the floor, ._ but rather to disseminate the maxi- ~ _ mum amount of information on our overall company capabilities. We want people to know more of ~ what Sylvania can. do today and in the years to come. For your company, trade shows ~ _ can b e a waste of time, but there is also the opportunity to learn a great· deal at a rela tively small cost. W<t _ sincerely hope you share our thoughts for maximizing the time and money - devoted to the trade sh ow concept.,._ , Sylvania wants to make good use of the time you give us . ... . \Bj)_Q ~~r f' · W. R. DIXON SYLVANIA GT&E GE~1ERAL TELEPHONE & ELECTRONICS Th is info rmation in Sylvan ia Ideas is furnis hed w i thou t a ssum ing a ny obliga tions.· - .. - NEW CAPABILITIES IN : ELECTRONIC TUBES · SEMICONDUCTORS · MICROWAVE DEVICES · SPECIAL COMPONENTS · DISPLAY DEVICES " - Circle Numbers Corresponding to Product Item c 300 305 301 306 302 307 303 304 ) D Please have a Sales Engineer call ~~ ... - -... HOT LINE INQUIRY SERVICE Need information in a hurry? Clip the card and mail it. Be sure to fill in all information requested. We'll rush you full par- ... ticulars on any item indicated. You can also get information using the publication's card elsewhere in this issue. Use of the card shown here will sim- plify handling and save time. ... Monolithic -.. Differential Amplifier by Amelco provides excellent tracking .. DESIGNED for low level differential input applications, type 013-001 provides excellent tracking and great stability. It is manufactured in a single silicon chip using diffused resistors and transistors. Because of this, beta and VBE are closely matched and thermal coupling is extremely tight. The result is shown by the specifications below. Type 013-001 SPECIFICATIONS: is available from stock at $35.00 for 1-99 and $28.00 for hundred quantities. TRACKING= 5µ V/° C (-55°C to +125° C) OFFSET= 8 mV (untrimmed) COMMON MODE REJECTION= 90 db GAIN=400 BANDWIDTH= 400 Kc AMELCO SEMICONDUCTOR - "' DIVISION OF TELEDYNE, INC. 1300 TERRA BELLA AVENUE · MOUNTAIN VIEW, CALIFORNIA Mail Address: P. 0 . Box 1030, Mountain View, California -· Phone: (415) 968 -9241 I TWX: (415) 969 -9112 I Tel ex: 033-914 REGIONAL OFFICES Southwest-Suite 213 , 8621 Bellanca Ave., Los Angeles, Cal ifornia 90045, (213) 678-3146 · Northwest-1300 Terra Bella Avenue, Mountain View, ----. California, (415) 968-9241 · East-P. 0. Box 1927, Paterson, New Jersey 07509, (516) 334-7997 · Northeasl-543 High Street, Westwood, Massa· chusetts, (617) 326·6600 · Midwest-650 West Algonquin Road, Des Plaines, Illinois, (312) 439-3250; 2428 West ~2nd Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota, (612) 374-1969. - .. Electronics I March 21, 1966 Circle 35 on reader service card 35 Vee i GROUND AND CASE : ~ ------- - ---- 1 DYNAMIC BYPASS This is a new planar epitaxial monolithic silicon integrated microcircuit-a broadband amplifier that represents a significant advance in gain-bandwidth coupled with useful power output. Developed by Philco Microelectronics the PA7600 amplifier offers you externally adjustable gain and bandwidth combinations-such as 45 db gain out to 60 Mc or 25 db gain to 160 Mc. An examination of the gain vs. frequency curves (measured with 50 ohm source and load) al o suggests the desirable bandp ass flatness (±1 db). And " SEE THIS AND 16 OTHER NEW MICROELECTRONIC PRODUCTS AT IEEE-BOOTH 1C04-1Cl0" the Voltage vs. Load Resistance curve reveals a 2.5 mw power output- more than adequate to drive, say, a detector. In addition to this remarkable set of parameters-the Philco PA7600 maintains its operating point and gain characteristics stable over the full military temperature range ( -55 ° to l 25 °C). It operates with a single power supply. It is AGC-able . It requires a minimum of external components. And the Philco PA 7600 is available in CD ~ 10:1----------"llk,------- ~ ....................~ "'5 .011----'---------',.,..~-- " ~ '11J !00 I iO FREQUENCY- Mc l 0 t!X 1 8 .---.----,----,~-~-~-~ L 1l ·~ rr-l---i---t---+-~ TCENR_oM_cINo--IL~ :Nrs,E,_cs-.r.A1~0N_":lJ'~s_"9)i'.=,i.i-l-l-ti-i-i-i-i-!t ;~~cl- L( f~---r;;;;-;i~ T25r.n.w . / . . . .~11r1r1n1!r1i.1 ~.AL.S.'>.A.N.D9. .---1 f- - ::;: L (180 OHMS ) : 8 t/ J ~ 6 ~ 4 'I ~ r ::> 0 !CXI 'uO 400 LOAD RESISTANCE - OHM S a T05 package. We arc, frankly, excited about the ·,... potential of this new device-about the design possibilities it opens for you in _. such fields as broadband video amplifiers, · _ RF and IF amplifiers through VHF, oscillators and the like. " And we look upon it as yet another fi rst from Philco-extending the frontiers - of Microelectronic technology. For additional information on the Philco PA 7600, write, wire or Cilll Philco ,._ Microelectronics Marketing Department ( 215-855-4681). "" - MICROELECTRONICS OPERATION PHILCO · SUBSIO"" Of a;<t&_:lorYlmn/Jany., LAN S DALE DIVISION · LANSDALE . PA In Ca nada,Don Mills Road, Don Mills, Ontario, Canada 36 Circle 36 on reader service card Electronics I March 21, 1966 March 21, 1966 Electronics Review _,.. Volume 39 Number 6 . ..,. Computers 4 Jotting in real time - ... Scratch pads-those small , fast memories that work inside a com- puter's logic and control subsys- tems-have been used only spar- ingly in commercial models. ow, Scientific Data Systems, Inc. , has introduced a computer, th e Sigma 7, that uses many groups of 16- word scratch pads, built with monolithic integrated circuits. Scratch pads have seen limited use because th ey arc exp ensive. However, th e company and its supplier, th e Sign etics Corp., say th ey Jrnve come up with an integrated Programer operates a keyboard to control time· 4 sha ring comp uter system of t he Si gma 7 . circuit that is inexpensive and re- duces power consumption. controls th e amount of data and its The computer can have as many as Scratch pads, SDS says, allow posi tion in the main memory for 32 blocks of 16 one-word registers . th e computer to process more data th e 32 input-output devices con- Up to 224 priority requ es ts can b e for less mon ey. Relyin g less on the nected to each input-output proc- handl ed in th eir priority. main memories, th e computer can essor. Several processors , each As index registers , the scratch act in real time in many applica- with its own scratch pad, can oper- pads are us ed in a new way that tions. For example, it can service ate independently and in parallel. en ables one index register to refer - .. up to 256 periph eral equipments · They contain information for to data units of different lengths. and input-output consoles at re- dynamic program relo ca tion and A single register can index instrucmote loca tion s by operating as a four modes of memory-access pro- tions operating on bytes, two-byte . time-sharing system [Electronics, tection , in time-sharing, multipro- half words, words or doubl e words. - ov. 29, 1965, p. 71]. graming and multiprocessing ap- Main memory sizes range from The accelerators. Th e scratch plications. 4,096 words to 131,072 and can b e pads read in 60 nanoseconds and · Th ey can contain 256 "locks" expanded b y modu lcs containing _.., write in 90 nanoseconds , five tim es as fast as th e main memory. D e- for a memory-write protection . To open a lock at any memory loca- increments of 4,096 words. Th e basic memory cycle tim e is 1.2 mi- pending on how many options a tion , a program must have th e croseconds, but overlapping the customer selects-at system prices right key. reading and writing operations of from $200,000 to $1 million-a · Th ey allow up to 224 priority different modules makes th e effec- Sigma 7 will contain two to a dozen users to immediately interrupt in- tive cycle tim e as short as 700 -- scratch pads ranging in size from structions that are b eing processed . nanoseconds. Th e Sigma 7 is co m- 16 to 512 words. \Vi thou t th e scratch pads, a pri- patible in program and communica- Th e buildin g blo ck for th e ority user would have to wait until tions languages with th e Interna- scratch pads is a printed circui t operations on th e previous in struc- tion al Busin ess Machin es Corp.'s card con tainin g 16 bytes (eight tion were completed . Th e Sigma 7 System 360 computers. bits , or a quarter of a word to a can h andl e new in stru ction s in as byte). Th e card s plug into subsys - littl e as six microseconds. - tems. Th ere are 16 IC's on each Priority treatment. As an instruc... card. Each IC contains eight bits, tion is processed, th e da ta is stored ... complete wi th th eir addressing, in one scratch-pad register. \ Vhen Space electronics w ritin g, reading and output-drive an interrupt comes in , that register -) ci rcuits. In th e Sigma 7, scra tch pads per- holds th e data while a new register takes over. After the priority re- Star gazer form four b asic funetions: quest is han dled, processing of th e The Nationa1 Aeronautics and · They store information that interrupted instruction is resumed. Space Administration this week is 37 Electronics Review Monitoring the stars. First full -time space observatory will be launched th is week. putting the first full-time astronomical observatory on th e track of stars. The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) will aim its telescopes and sensors with an accuracy of ± 1 arc minute at stars to study their ultraviolet, gamma and x rays b efore the earth's atmosphere absorbs , scatters , reflects or bends them. After being placed in a 500-mile circular orbit by an Atlas-Agena rocket, the satellite will be aligned with th e sun. Then, using six gimb aled star trackers and computer controls, it will acquire six stars to steer b y and es tablish a predetermined orientation. Controlled from the ground, th e OAO will slew from on e region of the sky to anoth er until a specific star is chosen for study. The trackers can be reset and locked on new star s if ground control wants to change th e observatory's position. A composite spectral picture will be built up and relayed to a ground station . Second magnitude. The satellite w eighs 4,000 pounds and carries one 16-inch and four 8-inch ultrav iolet telescopes, one high-energy and on e low-energy gamma-ray telescope, a soft x-ray telescope and two ultraviolet spech·om eters. Th e star trackers, developed b y th e Kollsman In strument Corp. of Elmhurst, N. Y., will b e sensitive enou gh to respond to stars with an apparent brightness of the second magnitude, 31 of which have been chosen for use as navigation fixes for th e satellite. Three more Orbiting Astronomical Observatories are scheduled by ASA. Two are to be laun ched next year. The fourth , to be launch ed in 1968, will have improved aiming accuracy-to within ± 0.1 arc second. It will carry a 32-inch teles cope, which is b eing developed to make high-resolution studies of stars [Electronics, F eb. 28, 1964, p. 28]. After the fourth is laun ched , NASA hopes to continue the program and launch on e observatory a year. The agency has spent $150 million on the program so far and expects to spend $100 million more to get the firs t five OAO's in orbit. Solid state 0.2-nsec IC's? The Philco Corp. says it has refin ed its photoengraving and shallow-diffusion techniques to the point where it should be possible soon to build silicon monolithic integrated circuits that are more than twice as fa st as the fastest experimental IC's developed thus far. According to Robert L. Luce, manager of the advanced development dPvice group at the company's Lansdal e division , Philco exp ects to build logic integrated circuits with propagation delay tim es of less th an 0.2 nanosecond b y December. Th e fastest experim ental digital integrated circuit reported previou sly was Philco 's non sa tura ted emitter-coupled logic circuit with a propagation delay time of 0.5 nanos econd [Electronics, Nov. 1, 1965, p. 25]. Uses a chip. The fastes t propa- gation delay time available from an integrated circuit in computers today is about 1.5 nanoseconds; however, this circuit, used by the International Business Machin es Corp., is a hybrid IC having several tran sistor chips. The fa stes t logic IC's, us ed in th e Spectra 70 computers of th e Radio Corp. of Am erica, are emitter-coupled current-steered circuits with propagation delay times of 3.6 nanoseconds. These circuits are monolithic. Las t year, Philco developed sili- con n-p-n tran sistors with gain bandwidth products of 6 to 4 C ea record for this kind of device. Th eoretically, th ese tran sistors-if employed in monolithic integrated circuits- make it possible to build 0.2-nanosecond IC's. But Philco engineers designing th e devices into IC's ran into trouble: more diffusions were required than needed for the discrete transistors, and compromises and trade-offs had to be made to achieve the d esired circuit p erformance. As a result, the gain bandwidth products for the six tran sistors in th e circuit fell off to about 2 Ge. Luce expects that Philco will be able to be put transistors with a gain bandwidth of about 5 Ge in the ultrafast IC's b eing planned. In addition, Philco engineers are developing transistors with emitter widths of only on e micron. Widths of 2.5 microns were used for the 6-Gc transistors built by Philco. The eventual use of these new transistors is expected to further increase the speed capabilities of IC's. Luce thinks that delay times as fast as 0. 1 nanosecond will b e obtained within two years by using IC's built with I-micron emitterwidth h·ansistors . Average power dis sipators under 10 mw are likely. ot all of Luce's problem s deal with fabrication of the IC's. "One probl em we still fa ce," says Luce, "is figuring a way to accurately measure the propagation delay tim e as th e circuits get faster. " Currently, Philco extrapolates the delay time for a single IC from the total delay time for a number of IC's connected in a ring. Funds are b eing provided for the work by the Air Force through a subcontract awarded b y th e Lincoln Laboratory of th e Massachu setts Institute of T echnology. Military electronics Navy reorganizes Throwing overboard more than a century of tradition, the Navy is r - -;.. ... f- - . - r -'~ ... 38 " Electronics J March 21. 1966 Electronics Review abolishing its familiar four bureaus aids and air traffic control. But all - -the Bureau of Ships, the Bureau other airborne electronics and most )' of Naval Weapons , the Bureau of space electronics will b e the re- Yards and Docks and the Bureau sponsibility of the air command. of Supplies and Accounts. The ordnance command will In th eir stead, it is creating six overse e development of air- systems commands-including an launched underwater weapons, electronic systems command-in working under th e system control lin e with th e management tech- of th e air command. niques favored by Defense Secre- The electronics command will tary Robert S. McNamara. The re- exercise primary jurisdiction over - ... organization copies much of the these other areas: all shore (ground) same pattern followed earlier by electronics; the sonar sound sur- th e Army and Air Force. veillance underwater system, satel- For decades, the four bureaus lite communications; shore-based operated almost autonomously, re- strategic data systems; data link porting directly to the Secretary of systems external to ships and air- th e Navy. Little coordination was craft; and general purpose elec- exercised b elow the secretarial level tronic test equipment. with the result that planes, ships Rear Adm. Edward J. Fahy, - .. and weapons were designed and presently chief of the Bureau of developed without achieving fully Ships, will head the ship command; effec tive systems integration. Rear Adm . Allen M . Shinn, now Billboard-size antenna of the Now th e bureaus are b eing chief of the Bureau of W eapons, kind being built in Vietn am. ditch ed in favor of functional com- the air command; and Rear Adm. .. mands-a ship sys tems command, Arthur R. Gralla, present deputy by 60 foot square, will be built at air systems command, electronic chief of the Bureau of vVeapons, strategic points. They will replace sys tems command, ordnance sys- the ordnance command. dish antennas, th e MRC-98's and tems command, supply systems Th e office of antisubmarine war- 85's, that th e military brought in by co mmand and faciliti es engineering fare programs, which is a special air at th e start of th e war. co mmand. branch of th e Chief of Naval Op- · An 1,100-mile underwater ca- Compatibility. Th e commander erations' office, will not b e affected bl e will probably b e strung b e- of the electronics systems com- by th e reorganization . It will con - tween Vietnam and Formosa. One mand will set standards for elec- tiim e to draw upon the Naval cable was built early in 1964 as part - tronic equipment that all the com- services. .. mands must follow and will make of Project W et Wash-Alpha. · A host of microwave towers, sure equipment is compatible. Th e land lines, satellite-communications command falls to Rear Adm. Jos eph E. Rice, presently assistant chief In touch with Saigon stations (for use with Syncom 3) and combat communications gear of shore electronics of th e Bureau The weakest links in the communi- will be installed. of Ships. cations between Saigon and VVash - Th e sys tem will b e able to han- The ship and air commands will ington are the hastily constructed, dle both telegraph and voice-grade exercise systems control over elec- sometimes unreliable relay stations signals and would provide a link to tronic equipment that is part of installed early in th e war by the other stations in Southeas t Asia. vessels and aircraft. But the elec- military in Vietnam. The buildup of Th e military also plans to u e the tronics and ordnance commands forces and the increas ing number ne twork for command-and-control will b e the black box developers in of messages b etween Saigon and functions. most cases. Washington has now prompted th e The system will be able to han- The electronics command, for Pentagon to order permanent relay dle up to 72 voice channels simul- exam pl e, will handle shipboard stations and other communication tan eously; 12 teletype channels can communications, navigation aids , facilities. be substitued for each voice chan- air traffic control and electronic A letter contract for $26 million nel. It can b e expanded for military countermeasures. Th e ordnance has gone out to the Philco Corp. or civilian needs. command will handle shipboard and for $34 million to Page Com- -- weapons sys tems, including fire munications Engineers, a su b sidcon trol radar and other equipment, iary of the Northrop Corp., for the as well as the technical character- project's fir st stage. The sys tem Manufacturing istics and configuration of ship- will eventually cost $200 million. mounted sonar. In the air. In the fi eld of aviation Much of the information is classifi ed, but this much is known: Wired IC's equipmen t, the electronics com- · About a dozen billboard-size A new package for integrated cir- mand will handle air navigation troposcatter antennas, about 120 cuits allows the IC's to be inter- Electronics I March 21 , 1966 39 Electronics Review conn ec ted with wrapped -joint w irin g. No mounts, no h eaders, no s ub a ss e m b I y opera tions are needed. The package makes each IC a plu g-in modul e. Th e package is b ein g manufactured b y th e \Vestern El ectri c Co., th e man ufac turin g arm of the Am erican Teleph one & Telegraph Co. It was designed a t th e Bell T eleph one Laboratories , wh ere th e w rapped-joint wmn g techniqu e was in vented ab ou t 10 years ago . Resembling large trans istor cans, each package is ab ou t 650 mil? in di a meter and 100 mil s h igh . In stead of th e conventional flexible lead s, th ere are 11 stiff, s traight lead s th a t are 490 mil s long and 25 mil s squ are. Th e spacin g b e tween pi ns is 100 mils. Laminated motherboard. Th e packages are b ein g made for a research and development program . At present, W es tern E lectri c's Allentown (Pa.) \Vorks is usin g th e package to hou se so me 15 typ es of logic and switchin g circuits, operating a t speed s as fa st as a few nanos econds. Th e circuits are shipped to oth er \Vestern Electric p lants fo r assembl y into sys tem s. At th e assembly plants, th e p ackages are p lu gged into a standardized form - of multilayer printed -circuit board . The board is not used for s ignal wiring-tha t wiring is added later with automa tic wire-wrappin g machin es. Th e b oard is prefa bricated w ith three layers of copper : a hea t-sink layer, a p o'vver-di s tribution p lane and a ground plane. These are continu ou s shee ts excep t for e tch ed and drill ed clearan ce h oles for th e package pins. At each package loca ti on is a clus ter of fi ve pins soldered to the groun d plane as part of the prefabr ica ted b oard , on e pin soldered to the power plane, and 11 holes for th e package p in s. The pin s in th e board are also spaced 100 mils apar t. Th e p in-and-h ole clus ters are repea ted in a regular pattern , maintaining equal spacing when the packages are plu gged in. Up to 300 packages fit on a board. Automatic wiring. After th e packages are in serted , the b oard is tu rn ed over and placed in a wirin ~ machine th at interconn ects th e pins 40 with each other and w ith th e power and groun d pins at a ra te of about 500 wires an hour. A b oard w ith 300 IC's requires ab out 3,000 wires. Th e machin e, a type used in many plants makin g large electroni c sys tem s, makes th e wire-to-pin joints b y re moving the insula tion at thP ends of the wires and ti ghtl y wrappin g th e b are wire around th e pins. After wirin g, an au tomatic test set makes contact wi th th e ends of th e pins and checks out th e wirin g and th e circui ts. If replacement is required, packages and wirin g can b e repl aced with hand tools. Higher reliability. W es tern Electric engin eers say th e techniqu e makes IC sys tems highl y reliable and flex ibl e. Th ey expect sh arply reduced costs fo r des ign, fabricati on and tests. Th e w irin g and testin g mach ines can be program ed b y in stru ctions generated b y co mpu ters used to design th e sys tems. Th e reliability is credited to three fa ctors: wrapped-joint wiring is a tri ed -and -true int e r co nn ec ti o n meth od : directly conn ectin g th e pin s with wires introdu ces no extra series joints in any s ignal pa th ; and th e package has a ]ow th ermal imped ance. makin g it possible to keep th e temperatu re of th e semicondu ctor-devi ce jun cti ons low w ith out expensive coolin g devices. Cold flame spray F or years, Solitron Devi ces, In c., of T appan, N. Y., h as b ee n sprayin g printed circuits on odd-sh ap ed parts w ith a process th at is an amalga mation of a couple of older techniques. But their process, according to th e co mpany, can make circui t boards do new tri cks. Next week, at th e exhibit of the fastitute of Electri cal and E lectron ics En gineers in New York, Soli tron will put its boards on th e market. It also plans to license the techniqu e outsid e of th e electronics indu stry. As in the fluid -bed process, th e co mpany coa ts sheet-metal bl anks with an in sulatin g coa ting. Bu t instead of pu ttin g on a smoo th coating of epoxy resin s, olitron applies a coa tin g of an in organic ma terial, such as silico n carbide, plu s an organi c binder. At this ..- - stage th e surfa ce is rou gh. Text, as in th e Schoop process, copper is fl ame-sprayed onto th e b oard . But th e p articl es of copper are dry, not molten. Unlike th e pressed or sintered powder techniques, th e s tickin g fo rce is not pressure or hea t. bu t th e high velocity th e fl a me gun imparts to th e particles. Th ey spla tter into th e rough surfa ce of th e b oard, produ cing a p eel stren gth of 50 pounds, th e co mpany says. Rigid boards. Solitron h as b een using th e process to p rin t wiring on stru ctural members and ch assis in airborn e and oth er typ es of military electroni cs equipment, accord- - ing to Sanfo rd Sussman, vice presi- dent of th e co mp any. Solitron also .,_ makes ri gid circuit b oard s, with aluminum cores. One demonstration board shows th e fu ll range of circuit-b oard applica tion. In var ious areas are shieldin g strips, ground lin es dep osited in to holes i-1 th e in sula tion, signal wirin g, mu ltilayer boards (four layers-one on each side of th e b as e boa rd , two more on top of additional coatin gs of in su lation) and the tin y w iri ng p a ttern s employed for surfa ce weldin g of in te- .. - grated-circuit fl atpack leads. The copper pattern s are sprayed through masks. Cold welding. Th e IC w mn g is ab out 25 mi ls wide on th e sam pl e. Su ssman says th a t w ith suitable masks, lin es as small as 10 mils w ide and 10 m il s ap art can b e t made. The IC leads can be welded or soldered to th e copper, h e says, but the b est way is to fl am e spray the lead joints. The spraying mask is modifi ed to ma sk th e fl atp acks b ut leave th eir leads exposed a top th e pr in ted wirin g. More copper is sprayed on to encase the leads and weld them to the lower layer. It isn' t hot welding, but cold weldin g, b ecause the bindin g fo rce is velocity. Thu s, Suss man says, th ere is no h eat damage to th e integra ted circuit s. Th e cond uctivity of th e sprayed wirin g is at leas t 80% th at of ( copper-foil wirin g. Th e difference is made up b y makin g th e wirin g thicker than e tch ed foil. O th er metals can also b e sprayed . One " I ElectronW.s March 21 , 1966 . ... ' A PROBLEM SOLVER RECTIFIER ... FDR FREBUENCIES TD ~DD KC ... .., .. "" -..,- -< _.,. ~ !' -~ - '" -; -· Read on and learn how fast recovery rectifiers helped one designer CASE HISTORY \ George had a problem--the bridge r ectifiers in a 30 KC static inverter power supply were running much too hot. This perplexed him since the bridge output current of l Amp was within the rating of these rectifiers, 1N3189s . Although crowded for space, George decided to try larger stud mounted 1Nll24As. No he lp! Th ey also ran hot and in addition reduced output voltage and operating e ffi c iency, What George needed was a fast r ecovery rectifier to eliminate the severe r everse r ecove ry loss es at this fr equ e ncy. Such losses cause conventional diodes to overheat and drop the ir output voltage. The solution ... UNlTRODE UTR22s which have recovery times of 100 nanos econds in th e standard l Amp to 30 volt tes t c ircuit. In contrast th e 1N3189 has a typica l r ecovery time of 2 microseconds; a s tud mounted 1Nll24A is even slower. In addition , George picked up some other bonuses- - much smaller size, lighter weight, high er thermal e fficiency and increased r eliability because of the unique Unitrode monolithic cons truc tion. P. S. Note the Unitrode 50 watt surge zeners (the same small size as the UTR 22) used to protect the expe nsive power transistors from burnout due to voltage spikes. FEEDBACK OR INPUT CIRCUIT WAVE FORM 'YVHIGH RECOVERY LOSSES \ ')v-1\- NEGLIGIBLE RECOVERY LOSSES OUTPUT -il JJ U NITRDDE® "better always / by design" -" Electron ics I March 21, 1966 See us at IEEE Booth No. 2 J30 UNITRODE CORPORATION 580 Ple a s ant St r ee t , Wat e rtown , Mass. 02172 Tel e pho ne (617) 92 6-0404 TWX (71 0) 3 27 · 1296 Circle 41 on reader service card 41 Electronics Review nonelectronic use Solitron envisions is spraying nickel-chrome on steel as a three-dimensional im age exhibiting parallax and perspective Production to form res istance h eating elements jus t as solid object wou ld . An ob - in irons ; another is spraying wiring server can see around th e image Backlogs pile up on automobile dashboards. by moving hi s head as he p eers through th e plate. A combination of fac tors-booming Deft Stroke. Stroke's refl ection prod uction for th e military and Advanced technology techniqu e differs from th e conven- civilian marke ts- is stre tching detional one in that th e reference livery times for electronic com po- bea m is incident on th e b ack rather nents. Technicolor hologram than th e front of th e p late. The E lectronic companies maintain subject b eam, however, falls on the tha t th eir production schedul es H olography made two tremendous front of th e plate. The two sets of h ave not b een affected so far, advan ces this month. First, two re- waves travel in opposite directions but are growing in creasin gly con- search ers at the University of throu gh the photographic emulsion. cern ed over delays in gettin g com- Michigan reconstructed a three-di- Thu s, s tanding waves are crea ted pon ents. Additionally, there is m ensional holographi c im age with and s tored in th e emulsion along worry that under high demand, re- ordinary white light instead of a th e directi on of propagation of th e liability will slip. Th e Guidance laser. Then, th e same men, work- two se ts of waves, or perpendicular and Control Systems division of ing with two researchers a t th e Bell to th e surface of th e plate. A series Litton Indu sh·ies, Inc. , for ins tance, T eleph one Laboratories, used th e of stratifi ca tions are form ed in the is intensifying incoming inspection b asic technique to produ ce a multi- thick emul sion, parall el to the an d qu ality control of vendor com- colored 3-D image. plate's surface. ponents . The division is also At a Ph ys ics Club conferen ce Th e stratifica tions act as a color searching for additional sources on earlier this month in Chicago, filter similar to th e antireflection almos t all compon ents th ey buy. George Stroke, a professor of elec- coa tin g on a camera lens. vVh en And a spokesman says that if th e trical engineering at the Un iversity ordinary white light illuminates the present marke t trends continu e, of Michigan, demonstra ted the p late, th ese stratifi ca tion s fi lter all th e co mpany's own produ ction white-light reflection techniqu e tha t colors oth er than th e on e with schedu les could b e interrupted. he developed with his research as- which th e holographic im age was List growing. Th e range of com - sis tant, Antoine Labeyrie. r ecorded . ponents in sh ort demand is b road. Stroke showed how a photographic plate could b e illuminated, for exa mple, with red laser light that had b een reflec ted from an object, and th en reilluminated with ordin ar y white li ght. A clear image of th e object was crea ted in redthe color tha t had been used to illumin a te it originally. Beam splitting. Conventional h ologram s are recorded b y splittin g a las er b eam into two parts: on e part illum inates th e subj ec t and is reflected on to th e front of a holograph pl a te; th e oth er part is aimed by mirrors directly at the front of the same plate where it interferes with th e subject bea m. An interferen ce p a ttern , resembling th e pattern of raindrops on a pond, is recorded on th e plate as di stur- Wrong way. Th e trick doesn' t work for conventional holograms because th e stratifications are form ed in th e wrong direction-at right angles to th e plate, not paral lel to it. Teamin g up with Keith Pennin gton and Lawrence Lin, th e two researchers from Bell Labs , Stroke and Labeyrie are using their reflection techniqu e for techni color h ologram s. T wo gas lasers-one emitting in th e blue an d the other in th e red-are now b ein g used to produce multicolor holograms with white light. In thi s case, th e reference beams from both lasers are made to impinge on th e b ack of th e photographic plate, and th e same color-B iter stratifi cations are George Larson, purchasing manager for th e Rayth eon Co., cites silicon transistors as a seri ous trouble spo t and says that germanium diodes, sought principally as replacemen t units for devices used in Vietnam , are scarce. John J. D avin , procurement man- ager for Sylvania Elec tric Products , In c.'s El ec tronic Sys tems division, says th a t delivery delin qu encies have dou b led in th e past six month s. D elays for special-purpose co nnec tors, h e says, h ave slipped from 12 to 14 weeks to 20 to 40 weeks; capacitors from 10 to 12 weeks to 22 weeks plus and high-reliability integrated circuits from 10 weeks to 12 to 20 weeks . And us ers report th e delays are growing longer and longer for an bances in th e photographic emul- set up in th e emul sion. expanding list of electroni c compo- sion set up b y th e interferin g wave- According to Edwin Land , pres i- nents. A spokesman for th e Auto- fronts. To reconstru ct an image of dent of th e Polaroid Corp. , all neti cs division of North Am eri can ,,_ _ the su bj ec t, convention al tran s- colors can be reprodu ced b y selec- Aviation, In c., says th e wait h as mission h olography requires th at tively combinin g two colors. In this grown on relays, conn ectors , non - anoth er laser beam b e tran smitted case, it is not certain whe th er it is standard electri cal filters, printedthrough th e hologram. Th e wave- th e Land effect that accoun ts for circuit boards, motors, tran s- ( - fronts of th e subject are recon- th e production of th e additional formers and electrical wire. Th e s tructed behind the plate, in space, colors. - Systems division of Beckm an In "' 42 Electronics I March 21 , 1966 " .......... ......... Yrom e)peer Are our new custom JXP metal film resistive elements both our new networks and our standused in the standard line were also ard JXP. (Not to mention that work resistor networks applicable to custom network and horse of the electronics industry-the packaging assemblies. Therefore, Speer carbon composition resistor.) the missing link your we established an engineering staff If you can't make it to the Show, send and production facilities to handle us the coupon and we 'll tell you more design and manufacture of complex about our new networks. You ' ll find precision circuits - .. have been waiting resistive element combinations and to package them according to your custom requirements. In the meantime, the state of the art that they make quite a package! Visit with our for? of producing the JXP type of metal film resistive element advanced. Specifically, we developed the ability to calibrate resistive elements to toler- Technical Service Engineers ances as low as 0.01 % with characteristics of very low temperature coefficient of resistance and compatible stability. What's more, we can design these packages to meet any network application-ladder, analog-digital, voltage divider, function generation, summing amplifier, pulse samplingyou name it. Take a little time out to visit our Technical Service Engineers at Booth 4M32 at t he Coliseum . They are well acquainted with networks, especially in regard to resistors (as they should be), because of contributions made by them and other members of our technical staff to specifications during development of our networks. Our custom packaged networks and assemblies offer broad environmen- tal capabilities. And thanks to the marvels of modern technology performance, they will meet all your re- -SPEE~ ~a quirements at the lowest possible cost on the shortest delivery sched- ule known for this type of product. Doesn 't this indicate that our new r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - custom packaged resistor networks JEFFERS ELECTRONICS DIVISION ' are worth investigating further? You SPEER CARBON COMPANY can do this at the IEEE Show. Or you DuBois , Pennsylvania 15801 can get more information by merely Speer Carbon Co. is a Divi sion of mailing us the coupon . Air Reduction Company, Inc . Explore our new Rush more information on your new custom resistor networks. custom resistor We suspect that they are-since networks at the they're a direct descendant of our Jeffers Electronics Division's stand- Nam e -----------~ Title _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ CompanY----------~ IEEE Show ard JXP resistor. What we did first was to recognize Addre ss - - - - - - - - - - - - that the advantages (price, delivery, Come to the Jeffers/ Speer Booth -> and performance) of the highly stable (4M32) at the Coliseum. You'll see CitY----State_ _ _ _ziP-- Electronics I March 21 , 1966 Circle 43 on reader service card 43 NEW .. . FREE .. . VITREOSlr PURE FUSED QUARTZ CATALOG From Thermal American Fused Quartz Company . .. A comprehensive 48 page catalog describing the latest in VITREOSIL pure fused quartz laboratory wa re, i ndustr ial ware, tubing, fabrication and special quartz products. Also included are informative sections giving techn ical and appl ication data. Price information is included with each catalog see separate price list. Ask for your copy today. 46 Electronics Review struments, Inc., says lead time is of Sonotone's electronic applica- stretching as far as 18 to 20 weeks tions division. H e cites th ese: on such items as metal film res is- · 'Vider frequency respons e. Dis- tors, connectors and capacitors. tortion , particularly at th e high Litton reports that its Electron and low ends of th e audible fre- Tube division is facing an increas- quency range, is reduced. ing demand for power tubes as · Greater reliability. In many replacement units. Also, that its cases, th e total number of circuit 'v - system group has a backlog for in- components is reduced , eliminating ertial navigation equipment, pri- many interconnections and simpli- marily because of Vietnam , while fying manufacturing. its Utrad division plans to tripl e · Steadier performance. Humid- production of color-tv deflection ity and temperature changes don't yokes to meet th e needs of th e tv introduce distortions. industry. Tested phonos. To demonstrate More contact. One of th e results th e p erformance of th eir cartridges, of th e stretch-outs has b een Sonotone first tes ted four different stepped-up personal contact to phonographs with the manufac- i. - prod vendors to cut down lead tluers' original cartridges. Th en tim es. Hal Cooperman , manager of customer service at th e Continental D evice Corp., says that as lead th ey modified the circuits, equipped the phonographs with th e solid state carh·idges and retested them. .,. . I times lengthen, handling orders The phonographs ranged in price can "get painful." Customer visits, from $19.95 for th e Columbia Mas- he explains, have changed from terpiece model Ml901, a monaural social calls to strictly business. record player, to $119.95 for th e stereo model DP694 made by Decca. Frequency response of the Co- Consumer electronics lumbia model was increased from 150-6,500 cycles per second to 80-20,000 cps by th e conversion. Semiconductors sound off The number of components required was reduced from 13 to 9 Swedish jet fighters built by Saab w ith the number of transistors Aktiebolag use semiconductor need ed b eing cut from three to one. strain gauges to measure aircraft To convert th e Decca unit to take acceleration. In some United States mis sil es, semiconductor strain a solid state cartridge, the number of components had to b e increased ,. - gauges initiate th e arming sequence slightly, but th e frequency response for th e warh ead . And now the range was improved from 190-3,500 Sonotone Corp. has found a down- to 40-10,000 cps. Th e frequ ency- to-earth application for them- rcs ponse ranges for th e two other phonograph cartridges. converted phonographs also were Sonotone, a major supplier of considerably improved. In one unit cartridges to record-player manu- th e undistorted power output was facturers, introduced four stereo- nearly doubled as th e number of · I phonic solid state cartridges a fort- co mpon ents used was reduced from night ago. List prices ran ge from 29 to 23. $19.50 to $23.50. Th e company also Jn th e monaural solid state car- has a lin e of monaural cartridges, tridge a tiny silicon chip is but hasn't set prices yet. Sonotone mounted on a copper-clad sub- says its new semiconductor units strate. Th e diamond or sapphire will cost phonograph makers about record needle is attached to th e $1 more each than the ceramic and silicon. Th e stylus motion produ ces crystal types commonly used in lower-cost record players. strains in th e semiconductor material, which change th e material's '"" . What's the difference? For the res istance. This, in turn, causes a 4.- $1 difference, manufacturers will predictabl e change in the current get advantages that more than off- flowing through the semiconduc- set the slight added cost, accord- tor material. The stereo cartridge ing to Richard J. Mahler, manager works on the same principle except 44 Circle 44 on reader service card Electronics I Marc h 21 , 1966 ALLOYS CUSTOM BLENDED TO YOUR SPECS through powder metallurgy Need a nicke l alloy that will perform exactly as you want? No tramp elements, low carbon and gas content , exact performance reproducibil ity, uniform etch ing properties , excellent su rface and mechanical characteristics? Here at Magnetics Inc. we ca ll such metals Blendal loy " . With more than 10 years' experience in powder metallurgy, we are now prepared to formulate and prod uce custom blended alioys to your specs-and to guarantee performance under the cond iti on!O you name. Example: Blendalloy 52. We developed this 52% nicke l controlled expansion alloy fo r dry reed switches and mercu ry wetted relays. Blendalloy 52 is made to match with preci sion the expansion characterist ics of Corning 0120 glass. When used with other types of glass, Blendalloy 52 is modified to match any change in expans ion characteristics. Dilatometry and pola r imetry tes ts on both labo ratory and production runs assure this match fo r both standard and modified alloys. Magnetics Inc . produces Blendalloy metals in ba r, rod, strip and wire, in lots from one pound to 50 tons or more. For informa tion , write for our Blendalloy 52 technical da ta sheet. For general information, ask for ou r new metals capabilities brochure: Metals From Magnetics, Magnetics Inc., Dept. M-92, Butler, Pa. 16001 ··. - mRGRETlCS inc. _.··~ Circl e 45 on reader service card MODEL RF20 contactless resonant reed encoder/decoder l%2X % X1%2 REMOTE CONTROL SWITCHING WITH AUDIO SIGNALS An audio tone can be generated by an electronic oscillator or resonant reed encoder circuit, then transmitted by wire or radio. The tone activates a resQPant reed relay to perform a control function. ® EntoderUnit A single pa ir of wires, or a leased telephone line, ca n carry the audio signals for a complete control system. For inaccessible areas or mob ile installation s, a radio tran smitter and receiver system can carry the signals. Bramco reeds permit over 50 selective control frequencies within the 67 to 1600 cps sp ectrum. This is assured by: (1) the narrow response bandwidth of about 1% for decoders and (2) the high accuracy of Bramco reed encoders (1/ 10 of 1% of design frequency) . A big advantage of reeds in control switching is that they are ideally suited for simultaneous and sequential coded tone systems. The actual number of control functions possible in such a system is virtually unlimited. For example, over 3300 individual control functions are possible with only 16 frequencies coded sequentially in groups of three. Compared to other types of tone filters, resonant reeds are small and inexpensive. They give more control functions per spectrum, per size, per dollar. If you work with controls that select, command, regulate, or indicate, you should know about how it can be done with audio signals. We custom design and stock a broad line of encoder/ decoder components and modules. For literature write Bramco Controls Division, Ledex Inc., College and South Streets, Piqua, Ohio, or call 513-773-8271. t1¥·Jfl BRAMCO CONTROLS DIVISION, LEDEX INC. College and South Streets, Piqua, Ohio 45356 See these control products plus others ot IEEE booths 4 A39, 4A40, 4A41 46 Circle 46 on reader service card Electronics Review that two separate transducers, one for each channel, are used. ..-- In the groove. The silicon strain gage used in the Sonotone car- tridge is a chip of bulk-doped semiconductor material. The Ray- th eon Co. inves tigated the use of a silicon monolithic circuit as an ultrasensitive transdu cer element ...., in a cartridge. It was looking for a way to put several hours of sound on a standard-size record. The grooves would have been about one-tenth as wide as the microgroove tracks used in today's 33 % revolutions per minute long- playing records. Raytheon dropped this develop- ment three months ago. But Cary Darling, formerly the project engi- neer, has formed Stow Labora- tories to produce and market needle-tipped semiconductor trans- ducers primarily for industrial ap- plications. Stow's transducers are based on th e Rayth eon patents. Electronics notes · Air traffic control. The Com- munications Satellite Corp., in re- sponse to a request from the F ed - eral Aviation Agency, has offered th e agency th e us e of a synchron- I- ous-orbit satellite that will provide air-traffic control over the Atlantic. Comsat estimates that th e service will cost th e FAA about $6 million a year. The communications com- ., - pany con templates building special ground stations in th e United States and in England. As soon as th e FAA approves the proposal, Com- sat will put th e satellite and ground stations out for bids. The satellite will be th e predecessor of a much ". larger family of satellites that Com- sa t is planning, each of which will have more than 1,200 voice chan- nels and w ill b e orh ited in 1968. · RCA enters publishing. The ac- quisition of Random H ouse, Inc., by the Radio Corp. of America has b een approved by th e directors of ;t.. - both compan ies. Stockholders of Random Hou se w ill vote on the proposal at a special meeting next mon th. The publishing company would become a wholly own ed sub- sidiary of RCA but would function as a separate entity with complete Electronics I March 21, 1966 editorial autonomy. This is RCA's nrst entry into the publishing neld. · Food preservation. The Food and Drug Administration is pre- pared to authorize the nrst purely civilian use of electron beam ac- celerators for preservation of food by irradiation. The irradiation method has been used by the mili- tary for the past several years. A regulation approving a petition by the High Voltage Engineering -> Corp., of Burlington, Mass., has al- ready been proposed and is ex- pected to become nnal by the end - 1( of April. The FDA will approve Field-proven the process, not the manufacturers, thus opening the door to other hp 200CD Wide-range Oscillator manufacturers as well. The FDA Accurate test signals, 5 Hz to 600 kHz approves irradiation on a food-by- Balanced output, better than 1% over entire range food basis. High Voltage's peti- 10 volts output into 600 ohms, 20 volts open circuit -' tion was for application of up to 5-million electron volts (mev) to eliminate insects from wheat. Un- der considera tion , in addition , is a regulation increasing authorized power to IO mev-the range of other manufactuers' machines- and increasing th e allowed dose of electron radiation so that approval Distortion less than 0.2% below 200 kHz Use it for: lab work, subsonic to radio frequencies Source for testing servo, vibration systems Testing medical and geophysical equipment Checking audio amplifiers, circuits and transducers Testing sonar and ultrasonic apparatus Checking carrier telephone systems, video frequency circu.its, low radio frequency equipment of food sterilization also will be Here is a true standard of the industry. is 0.06% or less, 60 Hz to 50 kHz; 0.1 % possible. High Voltage estimates Small and compact, the 200CD was de- or less, 50 kHz to 400 kHz; 0.5%, 5 Hz that a dozen $400,000 accelerators signed for extreme ease of use. Wave- to 600 kHz. Output is 7. 5 volts into could blanket the wheat infestation market; 500 such machines might handle all food irradiation needs. The Department of Commerce has estimated the demand for food irradiating accelerators w ill reach 300 by 1980. · Geodetic surveying satellite. The Federal Laboratories division form purity is retained even with loads of a few ohms . Output balance is better than 0.1 % at lower frequencies and approximately 1% at high frequencies. A nominal source impedance of 600 ohms makes it suitable for both audio and carrier applications. Price: 200CD (cabinet) , $195; 200CDR (rack mount), $200. A special low-distortion model, the H20-200CD, also is available . Distortion 600 ohms. Price: H20-200 CD (cabinet), $245; H20-200 CDR (rack mount), $250. Ask your Hewlett-Packard field engineer for a demonstration of these oscillators or write for complete information: Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304, Tel. (415) 326-7000; Europe: 54 Route des Acacias, Geneva. Data subject to change without notice. Prices t.o.b. factory. of the International Telephone & Telegraph Corp. will build for the Army a solid state transponder -... satellite to help map the exact size and shape of the earth. The new satellite is expected to out- 1042 perform earlier geodetic satellites. Its transponder will achieve a higher order of sensitivity and ranging accuracy by using a tech- nique of frequency compressivt' -·... feed back and phase-locked loop demodulation. Special telemetry circuits will maintain a check of the satellite's condition and report to a ground station . The satellite weighs less than 12 pounds ; it will last at least a year. Federal Lab- oratories also has produced six - .> 40-pound geodetic positioning sat- ellites for the Army. Electronics I March 21, 1966 Circle 47 on reader service card 47 ..,. ,, - there are ordinary oscillators r- ,, - ... and then there's MCCoy MCCoy manufactures the most complete line of high and low frequency oscillators for precise control of output signals. New TCXO's (Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillators) offer reduced size, weight and input power advantages while eliminating the need for temperature control. Stabilities of 0.5 PPM over -40°C to +70°C are typical results without an oven. Regular crystal oscillators, oven controlled i:;rystal oscillators and ll TCXO's are available in the 10 kc to 125 me range. With frequency dividing circuitry, low frequency outputs can be provided with the stability of high frequency oscillators. Tuning fork oscillators provide control in the 1 cps to 20,000 cps audio and power range. MCCoy's line of oscillators is too broad to be covered here-write for our new oscillator catalog giving full details on types for every purpose. MCCOY ELECTRONICS COMPANY A Division of OAK ELECTRO/NETICS coRP. Mt. Holly Springs, Pa. 17065 SEE US AT THE IEEE SHOW-BOOTH 2817-MARCH 21-24 48 Circle 48 on reader service card Electronics I March 21 , 1966 -,... ·- NOW-One Source - "' for Militarized Printers and Perforated Tape Readers Potter Instrument Company - 1l .. .. HSP-3604 High Speed Printer PT-5000 Perforated Tape Reader MINIATURIZED, LIGHTWEIGHT, RELIABLE, AND MAINTAINABLE For Telemetry, Ground Support, Automatic Testing, Computer Readout on airborne, shipboard or ground systems Potter's all-new HSP-3604 high-speed serial printer operates at an average print speed of 25 ch / sec. It has a self-contained paper supply, take-up spool and solid-state silicon electronics. The drum is easily replaced for format interchangeability. The unit, only 5.4 W. x 15.8 D . x 8.8 H. provides three copy printout. It uses Potter's unique patented double hammers in a system that reduces parts and makes for easy maintenance and speedy repair. It also features immediate visibility of the last printed line. Potter's all-new PT-5000 perforated tape reader operates at dual speed, 250 and 500 characters per second. Its subassemblies are completely adjustment-free and include a network of built-in diagnostic test exercises and indicators. Designed with standard hardware, the tape reader can be completely dismantled and assembled with only a screwdriver by operator personnel. Measuring 18 W. x 8 D . x 9 H. this compact unit weighs 45 pounds and features modular construction throughout. Both these high reliability units have a mean-time-between-failure in excess of 2,500 hours. They can be repaired in less than 15 minutes by operator personnel. Complete .., support documentation is available. Both printer and tape reader satisfy the specifications of MIL-T-21200, MIL-E-16400, MIL-Q-9858, MIL-1-16910 and MIL-I-6181. They operate within a temperature range of -25 °F to + 135 °F. r----------------1 Contact Military Products Manager Pl 109i or fill in the coupon for full details. I Send details on perf tape I I readers and printers I · POTTER @INSTRUMENT CO ., INC. - > 151 Sunnyside Boulevard · Plainview, N. Y. 11803 (516) CH 9-0790 ·TWX (510)221-1852 ·Cable-PICO Electronics I March 21, 1966 I Nam I I I I Company I I I I A~re~ I I City St a te I '-- - ------------ - ~ Circle 49 on reader service card 49 E3olitron - announces a family of NPN Silicon Planar Power Transistors featuring T0-46 Package 2 Amps le max 4 watts at 100°C! DESIGN LIMITS PERFORMAN CE SPECIFICATIONS T, 9 PT BVceo VcEo BVEBO h FE V·E (sat) VeE (sat) lceo IT ( SUS I i--- Type Pkg. Watts Volts Volts µA f-- 4" oc Number Size °C/ W " IOCJOC Volts Volts Volts (u le a.SA " le - a.SA " le = a.SA Vea = 3aV Vea = f£JV me Case Vea = 2V 1. .a5A l a = .aSA ' Max. Max. Max. Min. Min. Min. Min Max. Max Max. Max. Max. Min . MHT5001 T0-46 200 25 4 f£J 4a 8 50 t5a 1.2 a.35 a.1 5a MHT5002 T0-46 200 25 4 80 f£J 8 5a 15a 1.2 a.35 a.I 5a MHT5003 T0-46 200 25 4 100 80 8 5a l5a 1.2 a.35 a.1 5a MHT5004 T0-46 200 25 4 14a 100 8 5a 15a 1.2 a.35 a.1 5a MHT5005 T0-46 200 25 4 180 12a 8 5a 15a 1.2 a.35 a.1 50 E3olitron TRANSISTOR DIVISION DEVICES, INC. ·- 1177 BLUE HERON BLVD. I RIVIERA BEACH, FLORIDA I (305) 848-4311 ~ Leader in Germanium and Silicon Power Transistors, Cryogenic Thermometers, High Voltage Rectifiers, Temperature Compensated Zeners, " - Voltage Variable Capacitors, Random / White Noise Components and Microelectronic Components. 50 Circle 50 on reader service card Electronics I March 21 , 1966 . ) .. SIGNETICS · INTEGRATED CIRCUIT NEWS AND APPLICATIONS NEW INSTRUMENTATION PACKAGE TO MEASURE FLIGHT STRESS DATA - INCLUDES SIGNETICS LOW-POWER ( IC SERIES J_ {t . - I' -· I' - .., . - -.-. --+-l-l-+-+-l--l-l-+-+-l--+--+-+-+--+-+--+-+-+--+-l-l-+-+-l--l-+-l-+-+.o.i'-'f....l-l-+-+-l--l-++-+--+--1-++-+- +--1-++-+--+--1-++-+--+--1-+-t-t-t-t-t--t-t-t-t-t--t-t-t-t-t--t-t---t-t- Th e need for an accurate, reliable statistical recorder was established by USAF' s Aircraft Structural Integrity Program which began about seven years ago. The answer comes in a new instrumentation package developed by Giannini Controls Corporation . Called DASR (Data Acquisi tion and Statistical Recorder), it defines accurately the G-load history of an aircraft: 1. It counts the number of times an airframe encounters a pre- selected value of G-load. 2. It correlates and records these events only at pre-selected levels of altitude, speed, time and acceleration as shown in the illustration . 3. It produces a tape record that can cover 50 hours of Ghistory in a 5 -minute playback. The DASR records data in digital form on magnetic tape com patible with IBM data processing equipment. An important part of the Giannini package is the computer built with Signetics SE400 integrated circuits. These Signetics circuits were selected because they provide high speed at very low power. The feature el ement in the series is the SE424 fivemegacycle dual binary element which operates on less than 9mW per flip flop. The entire SE400 Series operates on 20 % to 40 % less power than comparable elements wh ile providing equal or better speed and noise immunity. Other elements in the series are: SE480 - a quadruple 2·input NANO gate, each gate having the fan -out capability of the flip flop, 7 DC or 2 AC loads. SE416 - a dual 4-input ex pandable NANO gate with active output pull -up for fast rise times . SE455 - a dual 4 -input driver/ buffer for driving high capaci tance loads and for high DC fan -out requirements . Circle No. 250 on Reader Service Card. Computer module Data A cquis it ion a nd Stat i stical Record er (DASR). SIGNETICS I, . INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LATEST COMMERCIAL HIGH -SPEED DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM USES SIGNETICS UTILOGIC The increasing application of large computers as centra l processors in industrial operations is making accurate, high -speed data acquisition systems more importai:it than ever before. One of the most recent of these systems to become commercially available is the SOLAR System (Serialized On -Line Automatic Recording) , designed and produced by Data Path ing Inc. of Palo Alto, California . The basic system consists of a programmed receiver in corporating a magnetic recorder and fifteen transm itters which m ay be located at widely separated points and interconnected by a single pair of wires. Up-to -the-minute reports on material movement, work-in -process, machine and operator utilization , order location , inventory, etc ., can be magnetically recorded at the receiver for later processing, or routed from the receiver to a central processor for immediate analysis. The system logic is implemented with Signetics LU -Series Utilogic elements . selected for their high noise immunity, ca pacitive drive capability, and the ease with which they interface. The low cost per function and the very high functional density provided by Utilogic have mqd e it economi cally and physica lly feasible to incorporate system design features that would otherwise be prohibitive. Among the self-checking features incorporated in DPl 's SOLAR system: (1) An active visual display at each transmitter whic h tells th e operator exactly what data is wanted and the order in which to enter it via a simple ten -key board . (2) An immediate check on transmission accuracy. (3) A continuing check on transmitter condition which automatically removes a defective transmitter from the li ne and signals for the maintenance man. To date, no Utilogic element failures have been reported in either the earliest prototypes or the first product ion models of the SOLAR System . One particular feature of Utilogic elem ents which has won DPl 's unqualified approval has been a nu mber of practical demonstrations that they are, indeed, immune to damage by accidental shorts. The type of " probe accident" or " debugging error" that commonly causes a continual loss of discrete semiconductor devices in new systems development has no effect on Utilogic. Circle No. 251 on Reader Service Card. SOLAR System transmitter. (18" high , 22" wide, 16" deep). SOLA R System receiver. ·· ., - , - . - l" - ... See the Signetics showcase of new products at the IEEE show "INNOVATION" March 21-24, 1966 Signetics booths 2J40 and 2J42 on the second floor of the New York Coliseum Signetics LU-Series Utilogic elements in SOLAR System log ic boards. Note novel upside-down mounting technique of T0-5 cans. --,.-. .. - · \' - " I" ...... - ·-.. . - .... · . .. - ; IN PRODUCTION: · ADVANCED AUTOMATIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TESTER -, Signetics Automatic Integrated Circuit Tester. SIGNETICS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS An advanced Automatic Integrated Circuit Tester, in production by Signetics, now offers for the first time in a standard configuration an internal drum memory of 1.2 million bits program capacity and an access time of approximately 16 milliseconds. This provides a normal internal storage capability of 166 different programs of 25 tests each. One or more test stations may be used in conjunction with the memory, so that devices of different types may be tested simultaneously and at locations away from the main frame. The tester is supplied with facilities for testing devices with up to 16 terminals, with provision made for optional expansion of increments of 16 terminals. The standard Model 850A is equipped to test every known integrated circuit on today's market, including some recently introduced 16-terminal devices. The 850A is manually programmable from a keyboard supplied as standard equipment. Entry of new programs or program additions can be made at any time, even while testing is in progress. It provides Go/No-Go readout and has facilities for optional addition of DVM readout and data logging equipment. The system design makes use of the Signetics Utilogic line of commercial/industrial integrated circuits. The drum memory uses the firm 's new linear circuit, the SE505 general purpose differential amplifier. The standard 850A is priced at $44,000, with deliveries approximately 120 days after receipt of order. Circle No. 252 on Reader Service Card. NEW SElOO J-SERIES DATA SHEETS the systems designer. Noise margins, speed and fan -out are guaranteed from -55°C PROVIDE GUARANTEED to +125°C under worst case power supply and temperature differentials between driving and driven units. WORST CASE DESIGN LIMITS The new SElOO J-Series data sheet frees the engineer from worry about any additional safety factors or guard bands. He - ....; In a move to make integrated circuit data sheets into truly gets com plete specifics, down to the details of acceptance, workable tools for design engineers, Signetics has produced quality assurance and environmental test methods and limits a unique set of data sheets for their SElOO J-Series of HI in accordance with all applicable MIL specifications. REL DTL circuits. The new data sheets provide clearly defined and guaranteed worst case design limits of imm ediate use to Circle No. 253 on Reader Service Card. - .... . -·· . ~ ... """ --- ... SE124J CS729J !tfClRICf\l CHARACHR_ISTICS \~~\!~: A5 0 A-4 I A 5 A-3 A4 AS A3 A4 AS A3 A4 AS A3 A4 AS A3 A4 " CHAR,ICT[RISTIC .. , .. oITTPUT vOLmElQl " I" OUTPUT VOUAG£ (Q) "I" OUTPUT VOLTAGE (~l ·· r· OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Ql " 0" outPUl VOLTAGE (Q) "O" OUTPUT VOlTACE (Q) CLOCK(O MOOE HOlOING ' .. 1 1 >) T[ST CONOITIONS GUJJWiTEE.S MIN. MAX. UNIT !EMP. V< s R CLOCK s 3.1 3.1 3.0 v v v -ss·c 36V 090V +zs·c J 6 v 0 75 v +12s·c J6V 060V 2 oov I 85V I 40V 3.9 3.9 38 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.9 3.9 38 v v v -ss·c 44 v oss v I 95V +zs·c +12s·c 4 4 v 0.70V 4 4 v 055 V ! SOV i l5 v v v v -ss·c J6V +zs·c JGV +125·c 3 6 v 200 v 0 90 v i 85 V 0 75 v I 40 V O60V v v v -ss·c 44V 1 95 v +zs·c 44 v ! SOV + 12s·c 44 v 135 v 085 v 0 70 V 0 5S v 035 035 0.45 v v v -SS'C 36V +zs·c 4 0 v ~ 12s·c 44 v 2oo v I SSV i 35V 090 V 0 75 v 055V 035 035 0.45 v v v -ss·c +zs·c +12s·c J6V 090V 40 v 0 75V 44 v 055 V 2oo v ! SS V I 35 V 30 u v _55·c v 1:~~ R OUTPUT NOTE -70 ,,A 7 70 , A 7 -70 ,..A 1 -70 ;1A 7 -70 µA 7 -70 , A 1 -70 ,A 7 -70 1-A 7 -10 µA 7 - 10 ,.A 7 - 70 µA 7 -70 ,.A 7 12 6 mA 12 6 mA 12 6 mA 12 6 mA 126 mA 12 6 mA SIGNETICS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS NEW DUAL IN-LINE PLUG-IN PACKAGE FEATURES DTL IC'S Signetics' new SP600 series comes in a unique monolithic package. A solid epoxy block encapsulates both the circuit chip and the leads connecting it to the external plug-in pins . The new package contains two rows of pins 300 mils apart and spaced on 100 mil centers, conforming to widely accepted circuit board drill patterns. Although designed for commercial use, the low-cost package has been subjected to mechanical and environmental stresses at levels far in excess of those required by MIL-S-195000 and M I L -STD -7 5 0 . Signetics SP600 series includes a J-K flip-flop, three multiple DTL gate packages (dual, triple and quadruple NANO/NOR), a quadruple gate-input expander, and a dual DTL line driver/ buffer element. The SP600 series circuits are now in stock at Signetics distributors. Circle No. 254 on Reader Service Card. Manua l Insertion of SP600 packages in circuit board. SP600 plug-in package. NEW HIGH -SPEED TTL FAMILY FROM SIGNETICS In early March Signetics will market a new high-level TIL family of integrated circuits: the SE800 series. . While consuming generally more power than DTL circuits, the most widely used integrated logic form at present, the .new family represents a very useful design trade-off in some .s1tuad- tions in which the speed performance of DTL may be cons1dere marginal. . The SE800 series consists of six different gate configurat1ons · a gate expander, and a J-K flip flop. They're interchangeab1e in both function and pin layout with Texas Instrument's Senes 54 elements. All elemen ts are made in Signetics glass-Kovar 14-lead T0-88 flat package. Circle No. 255 on Reader Service Card. CALL A HELPFUL SIGNETICS DISTRIBUTOR-THE ONE NEAREST YOU: AUTHORIZED SIGNETICS REPRESENTATIVES AND DISTRIBUTORS: ALA. Compar Southern, Huntsville, 539-8476; Scottsdale, 947-4336; CALIF. Compar Los Angeles, Glendale, 245-1172; Compar San Francisco, Burlingame, 697-6244; ARIZ. Jack PCyloemCpoamr pRaoncyk, ySaMnoduMnHattaei~n',. 9 7 1 349-1266; Wesco Electronics, den, 288-9276; DISTRICT OF Pasade na, COLUMBIA 684-0880; COLO. (see Hyattsville, Compar Rocky Mountain, Md.); FLA. Compar Florida, Denver (Eng lewood Orlando, 855-3964; ), 78 ILL. 1-0912; Compa rCCOhNicNa.goCloamndp,aCr hNiceawgoEn4g6I,a7n75·-5 3a~8:. MD. Compar Chesapeake, Baltimore 15, 484-5400; Compar Chesapeake, Hyattsville, 927-7222; MASS. Compar New England, Newtonville 60, MICH. Compar Chicagoland, Livonia, 476-5758; MINN . Compar Twin Cities, Minneapolis, 922-7011; MO. Compar Ozark, St. Louis 2, 428-5313 ; 96 N .{ Cop~~' par Philadelphia, Haddonfield, 429-1526; N. M. Compar Rocky Mountain, Albany, Endwell, 723-8743; Compar Albany, Depew, 684-5731; Compar New Albuquerque, York, Clifton, 265-1020; N. Y. N.J., 471 -6090; Compar Terminal Albany, Hudson Albany, Electro 436 nics -(8D5i3s6t;n. b ou tm0 ~\): c. 8 2 6 New York, 243-5200; N. PENN. Philadelphia (see Com par Southern, Winston Sa lem, 724-0750; OHIO Com par Ohio, Rocky River, 333-4120; Com par Ohio, Fairborn , Haddonfield, N .J.); Western Pennsylvania (see Compar Ohio, Fairborn); TEXAS Compar Southwest, Dallas 18, 83d727--3 96~'.'. 1 Compar Southwest, Houston, 645-2135; WASH . and ORE. Compar Northwest, Seattle, 622-0622; CANADA Aero Sales Engineering Company, Rex a e, tario, 249-9139; Aero Sales Engineering Company, Ottawa, Ontario, 828-8560. SIGNETICS SALES OFFICES: Eastern Regional Sales Office, 591 North Avenue, Wakefield, Mass., (617) 245-8200; TWX (617) 245-8367. Mid-Western Regional Sa les Office, 212 Sky line Drive, Barrington, Ill., (312) 463-5105. Western Regional Sa les Office, 8820 Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles 45, Cal., (213) 776-2295/2296; TWX (213) 670-4303. Met ropolitan NYC Sales Office, 129 W. Mount Pleasant Ave., Livingsto n, N .J . (201) 992-3980. SIGNETICS INTERNATIONAL SALES REPRESENTATIVES: FRANCE Technique et Produits, 63 Bis Rue D'Aguesseau, Boulogne Sur Seine, J~~~~i> GERMANY, ITALY, BELGIUM, HOLLAND, LUXEMBOURG, SPAIN Sovcor Electronique, 11, Chemin de Ronde, Le Vesinet S.-&-0., Fra n ce. h KINGDOM, IRELAND, SWEDEN, DENMARK, NORWAY, Buckinghamshire, Great Britain. AUSTRALIA Corning SWITZERLAND, Australia, 1202 AUSTRIA, PORTUGAL Electrosi l Plaza Building, Australia Square, Ltd. , Lakeside Estate, Coin brook Sydney N.S.W. TWX: "Cornglas" By Pass, Sydney, 2S7l-o3u6g9 2 · · ) ' If lf - SEND US THE COUPON. WE'LL SEND YOU ALL THE INFORMATION YOU'LL NEED. FAST. TO: SIGNETICS, 811 E. Arques Ave ., Sunnyvale, California Please send me information on the following: D SE400 Series D Giannini DASR System D LU-Series Utilogic 0 DPI SOLAR System D Advanced Automatic Integrated Circuit Tester D J-Series Data Sheet NAME ADDRESS CITY D DTL circuit plug-in package D SE800 Series STATE ZIP .. - -> ...... When you look at electronic components -. are you seeing only half the picture? We're the last people to argue with component purchasers who put performance, price and delivery first - meeting these three basic requirements is what keeps us in business. But most engineers are also on the lookout for something more, and many of them find it at Mullard. Take research and development for instance. Out of Mullard R&D have come outstanding devices such as the travelling wave tubes for the New York - San Francisco and MontrealVancouver microwave links. Production resources? Mullard plants are among the most efficient anywhere, with a reputation for the production of tight-tolerance devices to proved standards of reliability. As for circuit know-how, Mullard has the best equipped applications laboratories in Britain. And when it comes to technical services, you will find that Mullard provides the kind of comprehensive performance specs, survey documents and application reports that are just that much more useful. If you want to get the whole picture, why not ask us to help you with some of your component problems? .., DIODES · TRANSISTORS · PHOTO-DEVICES AND RADIATION DETECTORS · RECTIFIER DIODES AND STACKS · THYRISTORS AND STACKS · INTEGRATED CIRCUITS · CATHODE RAY TUBES · RECEIVING TUBES · ELECTRON OPTICAL DEVICES · PHOTOSENSITIVE DEVICES · COLD CATHODE DEVICES · POWER DEVICES · TRANSMITTING TUBES · MICROWAVE DEVICES · CAPACITORS · FERRITE MATERIALS AND ASSEMBLIES · COMPUTER COMPONENTS AND ASSEMBLIES · MAGNETIC MATERIALS· SPECIAL PURPOSE MAGNETS· VACUUM DEVICES· WOUND COMPONENTS. Mullard where the product is only par t of the deal MULLARD LIMITED · TORRINGTON PLACE· LONDON WCI · ENGLAND Circle 55 on reader service card FROM TRANSISTORS TO TRIGGERS ··· II I · I ,. - YOUR TOUGHEST ,_ DESIGN JOB~ all new ... all oriented to your needs! in this handy "applications brochure ... yours for the all described unlimited" asking! SILIC ON BILATERAL TRIGGER...MT-32 (32V:t 4V) ... For an economical, highly re liable device for use in Thyristor and other triggering circuits · Symmetrical V-1 characteristics · High pulse-current - 2 Amps · Packaged in miniature D0-7 "glass" = hermetic encapsulation - P0 150 mW VO LT I AMP . CHARACTE RI STICS :·-- LOW-VOLTAGE, FAST SWITCHING, EPITAXIAL 4-LAYER DIODES Series M4L3052, 53, 54 · Low breakover voltages: 8-12 volts "NO COMPROMISE" LOW-COST PLASTIC SILICON TRANSISTORS ... with UN/BLOC':' Performan ce and Reliability Features' · Low junction capacitance : typically 35 pf@ 8·12 VF · Fast switching speeds: typicall y = = toN 50 nsec, toFF 100 nsec · Packaged in D0-7 "glass" case (P0 = 150mW) All this at new low prices! · NPN/ PNP for com plementary circuit design · Complete " h" pa rameters specified · Gain specified from 100 pAto 100 mA · High voltage - 40 volts (min) ... · Trademarh of Motorola In c. TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS PNP- 2N3905-6 NPN - 2N3 90 3-4 SYMMETRICAL NEGATIVE RES ISTANCE ANO AVALANCHE SWITCH ING ·l.ll 56 FORWARD SWITCHING VOLTAGE (12 V MAX) ) - V ~~~iilii!!~ +v ) REVERSE BLOCKING VOLTAGE (12V MAX) .... - "Unibloc" unit package eliminates use of separate prefor med hea der and poured ca p (wh ich can be separat ed under thermal cycling due to incompatibility at the int erf ace) . " . I Electronics March 21, 1966 · ·· tor saturated switching ··· for non-saturated switching CHOOSE FROM 3 NEW OPTIMIZED "FOUR-H'' 1800 MC . )' RTL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LOGIC GEOMETRY - FOR MEMORY DRIVER CURRENT-MODE SWITCHES COMPLEMENT LINES DESIGNS TO 1'h AMPS! NPN-2N3959 &2N3960 -.. .. ,, .. . to best fit your particular performance/ cost requirements! CURRENT-GAIN - BANDWIDTH PRODUCT --.· -¥ .. -. - ,. -) .. . · Fan-out ca pabi lity up to 5 · 12 nsec - typical propa gati on delay · 15 mW/ NODE Dissipa tion · MC900G series - designed for MILITARY ext reme environmental applications. Operating Temp. Range: - 55 ° C to + 125° C · MC800G series - for reliable operation in o INDUSTRIAL log ic applications . Operating Temp. Ran ge : t o + 100° c · MC700G series - value pr iced for broad INDUSTRIAL COMM ER CIA L appli cations. Operating Temp . Range : -i- 15° C to + 55 ° C choice of 19 circui t functions . v (New, comprehensi ve technical brochures are available describing the complete MC900G, MC800G, and MC700G series ... check coupon below for you r copies .) I 0 2 0 3 0 5.0 7 0 I0 le, COLL ECTOR CURRENT mA 20 30 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE FOR THE 2N3960 Featu rin g: · Hi gh speeds - fr = 330 me (NPN ), 220 me (PNP) · High current - to 1.5 A = · C0 b 7 pf (NPN ), 12 pf (PNP) · hFe - specified from 10 mA to 1.5 A · Low VcE{sa tl = 0.7 V @ 1.0 A Featuring : · 1800 me - frequency response · Specified 12 volt (m in) BVcEO · Low C0 b - 2.5 pf (max) · Low r' b Cc- 20 psec (typ) T0-18 Pkg. 12-AMP SILICON RECTIFIERS (50-1000V) MR1120-MR1130 ... filling your needs for high -performance, medium -c urrent rectification at an economica l price' · 12 amps@ 150° C · Hi gh surge-current@ elevated temperatures - 300 am ps@ 150° C · Low forward voltage drop - 0.55 V (average) · Available in standard or re verse polarity CURRENT VS . TEMPERATURE DERATING CURVE .To rece ive you r copy of APPL/CATIONS UNU M/T ED and the fol · lo wing desig n aids , ju st fill out R coupon below an d drop it in the mail to us. .. . @ MOTOROLA Semiconduct:or Product:s Inc. $ 005 £ A S T M e 0 0 W £ l. L R O A O , PH O E NI X . ARl 'I O NA 8 ,,00 8 I- --- --- - ----------- - ----------------~ I Pl ease print I 1 NAME _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _TITLE _ _ __ _ __ I : JOB FUNCTION _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I I COMPANY _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ DEPT. NO._ __ __ I I HOME ADDRESS WORK _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ PHONE _ _ _ __ CITY _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _STATE_ _ __ _ _ZIP _ _ __ Send to : MOTOROLA SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS, INC aox 955, PHOENIX, ARIZONA 85001 .. o RTL Integrated Circuit Brochures 0 Zener Selection Guide 0 Sil icon 120 130140150 160170180 190 Tc, MAXIMUM CASE TEMPERATURE (°Cf Electron ics [ Marc h 2 1, 1966 Rectifier Selection Guide O Silicon Ann ular Tran sistor Selection Gu ide o German ium Power Trans istor Selection Guide ------------------------------- - - -- -~ Circle 57 on reader service card 57 111111 Kay 121-C 500 KHz to 1700 MHz This solid-state instrument is an electronically swept VHF-UHF widesweep and marker generator which accepts a variety of UHF plug-ins to provide extended frequency ranges and sweep widths. With its plug-ins, the 121-C covers a range of 500 KHz to 1700 MHz, offers octave-wide sweeps at low UHF frequencies where most generators in this range are limited to narrow widths. Narrow sweep and wide sweep plug-ins cover special applications such as UHF-TV - full 440 to 920 MHz in a single wide sweep. A digital frequency dial provides smooth center frequency control and remarkable vernier adjustment for narrow sweep operation. Performance characteristics include line-lock, cw, manual and variable sweep rates, and external input. External modulation from de up to more than 15 KHz, a built-in detector and switched attenuator are standard features. Wide-Sweep RF ouTPuT ... S e t 0.5 volt rms into 50 ohms Flat: ± .25 db to 800 MHz ± .5 db to 1700 MHz FREQUENCY .. . Set digital frequency dial; vernier control at all frequencies swEEP w10TH ... Set 5 KHz to 500 MHz VHF: 50 KHz to 300 MHz UHF: *P-121 - 124 Plug·ins Marker Generator harmonic !picket! birdie markers single-freq. type birdie markers W' < , - .... "" r r- .~ ..J- t,. · Ji(~ I- - .... - ,- ,. _ .. .. . - (o( - " ,, ·~1: 200 MHz to 1050 MHZ Sweee: 35 KHz to 350 MHz @ 800 MHZ 5 KHz to 50 MHz @ 220 MHz *P-122: 900 to 1300 MHz Sweep: 200 KHz to 400 MHZ *P-123: 100 to 1000 MHZ Sweep : 5 KHz to any octave K A YELECTRIC COMPANY Pine Brook, Morris County, New Jersey · (201) 227-2000 *P-124: 1300 to 1700 MHz Sweep: 500 KHz to 400 MHZ Visit Kay at the IEEE Show, Booths 3C11 · 3C17 , Circle 58 on reader service card -> . ) -. ... .,. -" - \, -. .,. -. Aswitch to insulation of MYLAR® > -.. gave Western Electric a more reliable relay Greater performance reliability with substantial cost savings-that's why Western Electric has switched from cellulose acetate to insulation of MYLAR* polyester film in the manufacture of relays. MYLAR gives not only superior dielectric strength for better insulation, but also greater physical strength. During assembly, it actually holds the relay terminals parallel without additional tools or supports. Over all , this has permitted Western Electric to reduce costs. Relays are just one type of compo- nent where MYLAR improves perform- ance and saves money. Chances are you could takeadvantageofitsunique balance of properties: exceptional strength in thin, weight-saving gau ges ... thermal stability from -60° up to +130 C0 ··· high moisture and chem- ical resistance ... long-lasting flexi- bility. Why not investigate? For your free ~ only DU PONT makes MY&AR® !letter T hini<-. tur lkllc r Li,· ing . .· th r1111v h C h emiNlr 11 POL.VESTER F I LM .----------------, copy of the complete "Fact File" on insulation of MYLf-R-mail coupon. OU PONT Rro1strRro TR ... Df t'I ARI< . I Du Pont Company, Room 3666C I I Wilmington, Delaware 19898 I I Please send me a copy of the I I "Fact Fi le" on insulation of MYLAR·J> I I Name I I Title I I Compa ny I I Street j I City Stato___Zip___ I I In Canada : Ou Pont of Cana cJa, Lle1 ., P 0 Box 660 , Montreal I L----------------~ Electronics I March 21, 1966 Circle 59 on reader servi ce ce1rd 59 Ard ¢' -r~ these connectors aren't just accessories! Andrew is one of the world's largest manufacturers of RF connectors. Our engineers develop connectors not just as accessories but as part of complete antenna, cable and transmission line systems. Be sure of proved performance and reliability. Contact your regional Andrew sales . · - engineer or write Andrew Corporation, P. 0. Box 807, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. 60642. · 10·66 A.~ 29 YEARS O~GINEERING INTEGRITY ;- - ..-.. .. - ",_ (II - 60 Circle 60 on reader service card .·' Electronics I March 21 , 1966 -. .., " -" -" + - - . . Visit The Moseley Divi· sion of Hewlett-Packard at IEEE 3rd Floor New York Coliseum, March 21-24 . low-level ac low-level de ON THIS SOLID-STATE 11'' x 17" X-Y RECORDER 100 µv /inch de sensitivity -. 5 mv /inch ac sensitivity 1-megohm input resistance ,.,. .. high common mode rejection The Moseley Division 7000A Recorder ac- cepts de or ac signals on either or both axes, --·- ) offers de cmr of 140 db, ac cmr ot 120 db. Potentiometric input available on six .most sensitive ranges; accepts roll chart and other accessor:ies for maximum versatility. Internal time base switchable to either ... · axis, foaturing automatic reset, adjustable sweep length, automatic recycling. Other features of the 7000A include ex- tended zero offset with calibrated steps, maintenance-free AUTOGRIP* electric paper holddown, sturdy, compact construction. Also available from current production is the Model 7001A, identical to the 7000A except for the omission of ac input ranges. Metric and rack mount models available, as well. Price, 7000A, $2495; 7001A, $2175. *Trade Mark Pat. pend . Data subject to change without notice. Prices f.o.b. factory. · HEWLETT PACKARD MOSELEY DIVISION Electronics I March 21 , 1966 Circle 61 on reader service card 61 i-<o = 2500 10 5 M F E R A c I T T 0 R ftoQ I- ·--.,, ~ . · - -~ 'r ,_ I - ,._ ..·J- · i-<o =35 . - 103 ' ~OKC f . - .. ... CERAMAG®FERRITE PARTS ARE CONSISTENT .... Stackpole offers over 30 grades of Ceramag® material. More are being developed continually. Such up-to-the-minute technology permits you to specify Ceramag® on every new application. Discover the unique advantages of the versatile Ceramag® ferrites : complete moldability to virtually any shape, and the important savings over steel alloys for low frequency applications. When high permeability is an important factor, Ceramag® is the answer . Hundreds of Ceramag® parts are already tooled as toroids, cup cores, insert cores, transformer cores, deflection yokes and rectangular solids. Special tooling is also available. Stackpole is a name long associated with quality components in the electronic fi eld. Only the closest attention to every production detail can result in the kind of product uniformity available with Ceramag® ferrites. As one of our customers put it, "Your ferrite cores are more consistent from order to ( - order than any of your competitors." If you are about to select a ferromagnetic material for a new application, or if you are dissatisfied with the performance and service of your present ferrite supplier, why not investigate Stackpole's Ceramag®? To discover how you can save . and still insure superior performance, write for our Bulletin 1-A, Stackpole Carbon Company, Electronic Components Divi- sion, St. Marys, Pennsylvania 15857. Phone : 814-781-8521 - TWX: 510-693-4511. 62 Circle 62 on reader service card Electronics / March 21, 1966 Been looki~g at all those OTHER oscillators? ., ... Now-take a long, hard look at the completely different _., SD-104 LINEAR/'LOG SWEEP OSCILLATOR .I ... - -· , . Tired of the continuous monitoring of output normally necessary when making frequency-response tests? Work in the range of .005 cps to 50 kc? Then here's why-point by point-you will find the SD-104 Linear/Log Sweep Oscillator superior to every other instrument on the market today . . . e Continuously variable, completely electronic linear and log sweep rates · Unequalled accuracy in frequency indication and resolu- - _. tion through automatic range switching of the front panel meter ,. e Exceptionally flat frequency response . · Uninterrupted and automatic sweeps over a full threedecade range · Eight simultaneous outputs. including extremely accurate DC analog output voltages, permitting DIRECT plotting of data on X-Y recorders without frequency or log converters special capabilit ies and options, including . .. --· · Continuously variable phase output, 0-36D° · Fixed-phase outputs of D°, 9D°, 18D°,270° · Phase locking and frequency tracking · Combined linear-log sweep · External programming (analog or digital) · Stepped-frequency operation DEMONSTRATIONS? YOU BET! Every one of our Reps-from coast to coast-has a demo unit ready to set up at your convenience. Just call or write. - Electronics I March 21, 1966 Circle 63 on reader service card 63 Why the CEC Electrolytic Cell has <( - revolutionized Inoisture Ineasurelllent -c - ... CEC Electrolytic Moisture Monitors have proved to be the most precise and reliable instruments now available for the tracing and measurement of ppm amou nts of water in gases, liquids and solids. The reason is primarily due to the exclus ive brain of these instrumentsthe CEC E lectrolytic Cell. This unique cell has greater accuracy at low levels than any othe r, twice the life, and cannot become shorted by prolonged storage or disuse. Furthermore, the CEC cell uses glass-supported electrodes, and it is potted for impact resistance, and replaceable in seconds without tools. Should the electrolytic cell need attention at any time, CEC also offers prompt cleaning and recoating for a minimal charge. Additional advantages ~ CEC Moisture Monitors assure the fastest usable reading s. From 15 minutes to one hour after initial sample stream hookup, accurate readings can be made from 1-1000 ppm. After that, a 63 % response to moisture change occurs in 30 seconds or less. ~ CEC Moisture Monitors are ad· vanced throughout. A specially manufactured flow controller, plus ingenious circuitry, assure more accurate and dependable performance at the lowest cost. . ~ CEC Moisture Monitors are backed by greater experience. As the pioneer and leader in the field of moisture monitoring, CEC can guarantee users the right answers to application needs as well as the best instruments. A moisture monitor for every purpose The following instruments are representa tive of the full range of moisture m o nitors currently available from CEC. 64 Circle 64 on reader service card 26-303 Portable Laboratory Moisture Monitor. This is the finest laboratoryquality moisture monitor designed for industry-yet it sells for less than any other coulometric-electrolytic moisture measuring instrument. Performance: Continuously measures 1-1000 ppm water in gas · Fast response-immediate recovery · Accuracy better than 5% . · ... _ ""' ' ~·.. _, 0J ~- ~ ' i , '. ¥ . ... ... . ·" .~ 26-304 Hydrogen Mois ture Monitor. E specially designed for the continuous measurement of water in hydrogen- or ox ygen-rich gas streams, it uses the errorproof CEC Delta Flow principle. Perfomum ce: Range 1- 1000 ppm with a gas flow rate of 20 cc / min . · Accuracy 5% of full scale for any attenuator setting. 26-350 High Pressure Moisture Moni· tor. The 26-350 provides a rapid, accurate and continuous means of measuring trace quantities of moisture in high pressure gases, gaseous mixtures and vapors up to 6000 psig pressures. Performance: Dynamic range J-1000 ppm by volume, equiva lent to a dew point of from -IOI °F to -5 °F ~ Accuracy ± 5% of full scale on any range. ' - ·· ... 26-321A Solids Moisture Analyzer. This unit delivers the most conclusive results, and is the most trouble-free, easy-to-use instrument made for measuring water in ... - .. solids. Perfurman ce: Dynamic range 0.1 µg - to 99.999.9 µg · Accuracy ± 20 µg of water or ± 2 % of final reading, whichever r · is larger. For all the facts about the complete moisture monitor line, call or write for CEC . - Bulletin Kit 9041-Xl. Also available upon request-the booklet, "Moisture Monitor Hints," which covers moisture detection problems and how to solve them. ·- CEC Analytical & Control Division CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS A SUBSIDIARY OF BELL & HOWELL / PASADENA , CALIF. 91109 I NTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIA RIES : WOK ING, SURREY, ENGLA ND A ND FR IEDBERG IHESSE N). W . GERMANY Electronics f March 21, 1966 ,_ _ ) Series 53M -· ) Potentiometer for quieter performance, , long life, zero backlash! - -f _,. ._,. 100% CARBON-TO-CARBON wiper- --"· element contact construction completely eliminates metal-carried carbon wiper and results in an extremely long, noise and backlash free, life. One piece molded construction is the ,.. ,. Clarostat secret ... and for even greater reliability and stability, each unit is comp letely sealed against moisture, dust and other environ- mental hazards'., BRIEF SPECIFICATIONS · Power Rating - 2 Watts · Working Voltage-500VDC · Resistance Range - 50 ohms to 10 megohms linear, 250 ohms to 5 megohms tapered · Available with shaft seals, mounting seals, switches, high torque, ganging, nonmetallic shafts, L & T Pads, concentric shafts, high-voltage standoffs, backlash assemblies, and locking bushings. · Meets specifications per MIL-R-94 Style RV-4. -' -· .. · WRITE FOR COMPLETE SPECIFICATIONS . LAROSTAT CLAROSTAT MFG. CO .. INC. DOVER, NEW HAMPSHIRE Visit Clarostat IEEE Booth 4M14 Electronics I March 21 , 196F Circle 65 on reader service card 65 now ......... . .·- a fully .'- militarized primary Eesium beam frequenEy standard :BY- NATION.AL~ ·' -- NC 3501 SPECIFICATIONS ACCURACY: . . . . . . ±2 x 10-11 LONG TERM STABILITY: . . . . . . ±2 x 10-12 TYPICAL, ±4 x 10-12 WORST CASE SHORT TERM STABILITY: . . . . . . ±1x10·11 TYPICAL 5 x 10·11 WORST CASE for l SEC AVERAGES OUTPUTS : l OM Hz, SMHz l MHZ 0.1 MHZ, l 4.59 l 479M HZ (UTz OR A. l) TIME SCALE INPUT POWER : . . . 11 SV / 230V ± l 0% 50 cps to 400 cps or 28VDC ±4VDC CESIUM BEAM RESONATOR LIFE : l 0,000 hrs GUARANTEED SIZE : . . 7" HIGH x 17" WIDE x 20" DEE P (RACK PROJECTION) STANDARD 19" RELAY RACK MOUNTING TH:E .AT01VLIC::E-1RON l[J SEND NOW FOR COMPLETE DATA FILE ON NATIONAL'S ATOMICHRONS ; ,.. .... . - .,.. ,..,.. NATIONAL COMPANY INC.~ M EL ROS E, MA SS ACHUSETTS - 66 Circle 66 on reader service card Electronics I March 21, 1966 -. . -·-~ . .. new RF Sputtering of Insulators with PlasmaVac~.. First Production System for the deposition of Insulators Now, the microelectronics manu- alloys, and semi-conductors. This done without breaking vacuum. facturer can deposit the dielec- first commercially available sys- PlasmaVac with RF Sputter- tric in thin-film capacitors, en- tem utilizing RF Sputtering ex- ing can deposit more materials capsulate thin film and inte- pands PlasmaVac's capability to with better control than any grated circuits, or carry on sur- include materials like quartz, other deposition equipment ' .. face passivation of semi-conduc- barium titanate, magnesium ox- available today. And, PlasmaVac tors. ide, aluminum oxide, synthetic adapts easily to your production CVC's new RF Sputtering mica, pyrex and other commer- line or laboratory. Unit is a versatile addition to the cial glasses. Sequential deposi- Write us today for full details. PlasmaVac low-energy sputter- tion of metals and insulators Consolidated Vacuum Corpora- ing system, so successful in the using both de and RF sputtering tion, 1775 Mt. Read Boulevard, controlled deposition of metals, to fabricate capacitors can be Rochester, N. Y. 14603. · Conso/io'ateo' Vacuum Corrporation ROCHESTER. N. v ._ 14603 . A SUBSIDIARY oF BELL & HOWELL International Subs1d1aries: Woking, Surrey , England & Friedberg, West Germany Electronics \ March 21, 1966 Circle 67 on reader service card 67 A science fiction story that's not all fiction . - Dick Whittington , ace space scientist, was baffled by an over· modulated data signal while testing the 7-litre rockets of his supersport 1·- i moon machine. The signal looked like a stock-market cycle: Naturally, IDour resourcefu I hero thought of A.G. C. But he knew that wouldn 't work. Suddenly, he had an inspiration! With the speed of light, he contacted Sangamo Elec· tric Company via his two-way 17-jewel wrist TV. From Springfield, Illinois, came the com· forting voice of Philo Faraday, a crack Sangamo engineer, saying, "Why, that's easy as 1i:. What you need is our Type AR-2L two-level automatic solid state Attenuator/ Restorer with integrated circuits. sig~al ''ii attenuates your data - so that ii looks like -~ as stored on magnetic tape, and like - reconstituted by the restorer." . - when "Eureka!" Dick exclaimed. ' 'And you say it's inexpensive, too?" Excitedly, Mr. Faraday replied, "Right! And the Type AR-2L substantially broadens the effective dynamic range of your recorder, and allows for tran· "' ' sients without sacrificing low-level data ..· no need for costly channel sharing, either." "Zounds, I must have one posthaste!" allowed Dick. ''Now my peaks won't look so peaked, and Sangamo's two-level automatic Attenuator/Restorer will put my missing data back on the band." THE MORAL: No need to lose expensive data. If you don't have a wrist TV, write, wire, or phone for complete description to SANGAMO ELECTRIC COMPANY / Electronic Systems Division / Springfield, Illinois 68 Circle 68 on reader service card I Electronics March 21 , 1966 last week, -,. you needed ,. a ~ .. switch lite. -· _- >.' -- · -. 11 Today, you need a pushbutton switch. Tomorrow, a subminiature toggle switch. Next Tuesday,.a hermetically· sealed switch. Good thing Control Switch is around to help. '> . ' We're unique among switch suppliers. No other -. manufacturer makes all the kinds of switches we make. And some don't make any of them. When we're around to help, you can have your choice of: 3, 150 toggle switches 4,200 pushbutton switches 1,240 hermetically-sea led switches 1,800 lighted pushbutton panel switches 460 basic precision switches 1,180 indicator lights. Plus countless more standard variations. Get any or all of the catalogs listed at the right and see -" our line-up for yourself. These are quality switches and switchlites. For computers, aircraft, missiles, equipment and controls that demand reliable components. Keep your Control Switch distributor . .. or us .·· in mind. Today. Tomorrow. Next Tuesday. . CONTROLS COMPANY OF AMERICA Q;> CONTROL SWITCH DIVISION 1420 Delmar Drive, Folcroft. Pennsylvania 19032., Electronics I March 21, 1966 Build a reference file! Check numbers on the Reader Service Card corresponding to those below for any or all catalogs you want . ;#:450 Condensed Switch Catalog 100 :#: 451 Basic Snap-Action Switch Catalog 110 ;#:452 Toggle Catalog 181 ;#:453 Indicator Light Catalog 120 ;#:454 Hermetic Switch Catalog 130 ;#:455 Switchlite Catalog 220 ;#:456 Pushbutton Catalog 190 69 ., - ·- ,.._ .... ... One simple, rugged design adds reliability to all three rectilinear Mil wirewound styles . - RT-10, RT-11, RT-12 -Dale meets all three with a sin gle design. You benefit from this simplification th rough increased reliability, faster delivery, better price. Call us today! DALE MIL- R -27208A MODELS Model 691 P.C. Pin Model 697 Flex. Leads '... ('.;'\ ALL-MOLDED HOUSING design eliminates seal problems. ~ Meets MIL-STD-202 and MIL-R-27208A. r.>\ RUGGED COLLECTOR SYSTEM assures you of noise levels \!;I well below mil requirements. @ FULL LENGTH WINDING allows increased power handling capability. Permits use of large diameter thermoconductive mandrel which eliminates " hot spots" by acting as high mass heat sink. Model 1287 P.C. Pin Model 1288 Flex. Leads .. - Model 1680 P.C. Pin Model 1697 Flex. Leads © 1-PIECE WIPER ASSEMBLY of precious metal insures setting stability under all environmental conditions. ® STAINLESS STEEL ADJUSTMENT SCREW has metal-tometal clutching - prevents over-travel damage. 5000 Series- \12" squaretrim models meet RT-22, made with same basic design considerations shown here. ® CONSTANT LEAD SCREW SEAL is assured by shaftretaining spring which maintains unvarying pressure against high temperature silicone rubber "O" ring. WRITE FOR CATALOG B-containing specifications on 57 Dale T-Pots including many special models. 70 Circle 70 on reader service card Electronics J March 21 , 1966 Washington Newsletter March 21, 1966 Military spending The war in Vietnam is pushing the volume of military contracting to the _, tops Korea peak highest levels since Korea. Defense officials now forecast that by June 30, when the current fiscal year ends, orders will total $36 billion. This will represent a 32% jump over awards in fiscal 1965; it will reverse a two- year decline and will substantially exceed the fiscal 1963 total of $29.4 __, billion, the previous peak contracting year for the military buildup begun during the Kennedy Administration. Of the fiscal 1966 total, $19.l billion- up from $13 billion a year before - represents spending for major military hardware such as weapons, vehicles and ordnance. Research-and-development spending, put at $5 billion, is up from $4.8 billion in 1965. The biggest part of the $36 billion will be parceled out between now and June 30. During the first half of the fiscal year-from July through December, 1965-awards amounted to $15.6 billion. This means another $20.4 billion in contracts is yet to be let. The contract flow will slacken somewhat in fiscal 1967, but will remain at a level higher than the 1963 peak. The projection for the coming fiscal -;.. year is $34 billion, but this is an admittedly conservative forecast because it assumes the war in Vietnam will not intensify greatly. McNamara expected Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara, with fresh warnings of Red China's nuclear capability, indicated he will eventually approve produc- to approve Nike X tion and deployment of a limited version of the Nike X antimissile system ., [Electronics, Feb. 7, p. 51]. In congressional testimony, McNamara for the first time predicted that China will be able to launch nuclear weapons 500 to 700 miles beyond -. her borders within three years. He repeated his belief that by the middle or late 1970's, China will possess a nuclear striking force capable of reaching the United States. McNamara leaves little doubt he will order an anti-Chinese version of the Nike X system, though he still feels a year can safely pass before work must begin. He flatly says a system costing $8 billion to $10 billion, which emphasizes interceptors beyond the atmosphere, "offers promise of a highly effective defense" against the Chinese threat. McNamara reports "a number of significant improvements" have been made to Nike X radars, including the use of a modular-design concept that pennits a variety of defense combinations against a broad range of - .. threats. He is still not indicating whether he favors another small-scale Nike X system to provide so-called "hard point" defense around U.S . intercontinental missile launch sites. Stennis presses The Senate Preparedness subcommittee is threatening a showdown with for disclosures Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara over what it claims are his attempts to stymie an investigation into the state of the nation's military ... on arms readiness readiness. Critics are claiming that the sudden military buildup for the Vietnam war has left the armed forces short of many supplies, including a considerable amount of much needed electronic equipment. The 71 Washington Newsletter subcommittee is part of the Armed Services Commitee. Sen. John Stennis (D., Miss.), subcommittee chairman, objects to the Pentagon's insistence on having documents and reports relating to the readiness of military manpower and equipment "cleared" by Defense Department officials before they are turned over to the subcommittee. The clearance procedures are being used as a delaying tactic and as a cover-up by McNamara to hide deficiencies in the armed forces, subcommittee members charge. Stennis is threatening to take "other steps" if the clearance procedures aren't halted or at least speeded up appreciably. The subcommittee is said to be considering public hearings to force McNamara to answer charges about the alleged cutoff of information to Congress. It could also subpoena documents it wants to see, though this undoubtedly would touch off a dispute with the White House. The present impasse followed the Pentagon's refusal to give a security clearance to an interim subcommittee report to Congress alleging serious deficiencies in the Army's manpower, equipment and training. While bottling up this report, McNamara has issued a long public statement and called a press conference to deny charges that equipment is in short supply. NASA data-relay satellites proposed The National Aeronautics and Space Administration will select a company within the next few weeks to do a four-to-six-m onth detailed study on the feasibility of using two or three synchronous satellites for data relay from earth-orbiting satellites. An initial call to industry drew response from eight concerns. NASA believes that a system of relay satellites could collect data from other orbiting satellites, then transmit it back to three to six ground stations. The result would be continuous and better data readout from satellites. Army is purchasing interim helicopters Pending development of a heavier, more sophisticated armed helicopter by the Lockheed Aviation Corp., the Anny plans to purchase a new highspeed, heavily armed version of the Bell Helicopter Co.'s UH-IB. The new Bell aircraft, called the HueyCobra, is a two-man ship specifically designed for attack missions. Present armed helicopters in Vietnam are transports to which weapons were rigged as an afterthought. Bell Helicopter is part of the Textron, Inc., complex. In another procurement action, the Army has awarded an initial $485,000 contract to the McDonnell Aircraft Corp. for development of a shoulder-fired, medium antitank assault weapon (MAW). MAW is a wire-guided missqe that follows the line-of-sight aim of a gunner using a telescopic sight. The Anny also plans to select a second producer for the gun-launched, microwave beam-guided Shillelagh missile. The Aeronutronic division of the Philco Corp. is now the sole contractor. Future procuremen1:, beginning in mid-1967, will be put on a competitive basis. Other likely candidates for future competition include MAW; a tube la~ched, wire-guided heavy antitank missile now produced by Hughes Aircraft Co.; and the Chapparal, an antiaircraft version of Philco's ai:rto-air Sidewinder missile. 72 Electronics J March 21, 196 5 ,-·. ... - I I I r . - , ... 'f I Why specify Mallory MTP wet slug tantalum capacitors? -, . o they're much smaller than solid tantalum types and . o they don't need voltage de-rating! - .!< Suppose you need a high-reliability capacitor for a ,..,. miniaturized circuit. You know working DC voltage, required capacitance, ambient temperature. What capacitor will meet these parameters in minimum size? Our answer-the Mallory MTP wet slug tantalum > capacitor. C x V "density" of the MTP goes up to -. 172,000 mfd-volts per cubic inch-about 5 times as much rating per unit size as solid electrolyte tantalum types. Next step-pick the exact rating you need. The circuit says 30 vol ts. So you decide to specify a 50 volt unit. Right? Wrong. You don't need to de-rate the MTP. Contrary to long-standing belief, operating at reduced voltage neither improves nor impairs performance. ot for this capacitor. We've made tests to prove it. Here is typical data: - .. ~ chai:!.S_e in C~acitance after 1000 hours at 26°C at 65°C _., Rating 0% RV· 50% RV 100% RV 0% RV 50% RV 100% RV 0% RV 6.8 mfd , 50V -1 -1 -1 -0.1 -0.1 0 -1.3 30 mfd , 50V 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.0 78 mfd, 50V 0 0 0 -0.1 - 0 .2 -0.3 -1.2 450 mfd, 6V 0 0 0 -0.2 -0.7 -3.0 -1.0 *RV: Rated DC Voltage at 85°C 50% RV -0.7 -2.5 -1.2 -2 .2 100% RV -0.9 -5.2 -1.2 -8.0 Running the MTP at rated voltage can often help you make further savings in size. 33 mfd at 60 volts, for _, in stance, goes in a "C' case, .225" in diameter and .775" long. But a 33 mfd 50 volt rating fits in the "B" case, which is only .145" in diameter and .590" long. And the cost is about 13 3 ~owcr. And that's not all. The MTP is made in the same facility as sim.ilar capacitors for Minuteman IL And like all Mallory wet slug tantalum capacitors, it has lower DC leakage and greater freedom from catastrophic failure than solid tantalum types. Write today for our latest engineering report on voltage rating tests on MTP capacitors, for bulletin giving complete specifications. Mallory Capacitor Company, a division of P. R. Mallory & Co. Jnc. , Indianapolis, Indiana 46206. Electronics I March 21, 1966 58 MALLORY ANNIVERSARY Circle 73 on reader service card 73 Data Display Devices from Raytheon Display screen can be integral or separate. Standard subsystems are available with up to 12 high contrast alphanumeric characters 5/s" high. Single time-shared strobe lamp operates in conjunction with self-synchronized rotating drum. ,. 4 Optical projection system produces ~ high-clarity display that is flickerless .. because of the hi\!.h speed. - y. All solid-state electronic logic operates from lowlevel, true 4-bit BCD input. Overall sizes Model EM1: 31/i o'' (H) x 51/ /' (W) x 83/·" (D) Model EM2 : 3'/i ·" (H) x 8" (W) x 83 /·" (D) 'r -1- 1 . . New Raytheon Datastrobe* subsystem offers you reliable readouts at very low cost The Datastrobe subsystem employs a new concept of data disp Iay th at offers you precisely registered, reliable readouts and simple, flexible installations-at very low cost. To produce high-clarity displays of precise registration, the Datastrobe subsystem utilizes (1) a single rotating, self-synchronized drum operating in conjunction with a single time-shared, highspeed strobe lamp , (2) timeshared , all solid-state circuits, and (3) an optical projection system to produce multi-digit, in-line, single-plane displays. Reduced number of components increases reliability.The time-shar- ing feature reduces th'e number of components. Self-contained Dat astrobe subsystem wires directly to logic without buffers or drivers . There are no signal amplifiers , mechanical switches or re1ays. One 6-digit Datastrobe subsystem can replace as many as 66 incandescent bulbs or 6 electromechanical readouts! No compiementary input or 8-line to 4-line converter is required. Self-decoding eliminates wrong readouts. A self-decoding feature incorporated into the Datastrobe subsystem uses direct logic comparison to eliminate erroneous or ambiguous readouts. The conventional white-on -black displays are ·- bright, steady, and provide high .., contrast and easy recognition. Wide range of design options. '" .... Datastrob e subsystem display screens can be integral or separate . Standard models are avail - \.- "' able with up to 12 digits ; floating 11 ~ decimal point is optional. Mod els with more digits and combinations "' of alphanumeric characters or symbols are available. Additional readout locations am accommo- ,.. dated with simplified wiring. >'t Codes other than BCD , such as 2-out-of-5 code , are available as 4 options. For a Datastrobe demonstration, contact your Rayth eon regional sales office. 74 Electronics I March 21, 1966 41 Datavue.* Numerical Indicator Tubes in side-view configurations. These side - view in-lin e visua l readout tub es disp lay - + s ingly num era l s 0 through 9 o r pr e - ,... se lected symbol s such as and - sig ns. G as- f ill ed cold-cathode tube s, th ey employ th e principle of the neon- glow lamp . An d th eir life expectancies ~ range upward of 200,000 hou rs in dynam- ic operation. ~\ T he 5/s" high charact ers are easi ly _. read fr om a di s t a nc e o f thirty fe e t. Th ey' re al so easily read in hi gh ambi ent lig ht- where o t her disp lays t end to wash - out. Erroneous readouts due to segment failure d o not occ ur becau se t he charac) t ers are fu lly forme d . Side-v iew Datavue tub es cost less b eca use th eir eng ineeri ng design provides manufacturing eco nomie s. T hey' re also economical to instal l because th e bezel and filter assembly can be eliminated, and their mating 11-pin sockets are less ex pen sive t han for end-view typ es. Recording Storage Tubes. Ray th eo n recording storage tubes are electro nic input/ output cat hode ray storage device s. Appl icatio ns include radar scanconversion , slow-dow n vi deo, sig nal pro cessing , sig nal enh ance ment, tim e d elay, and stop motion . T ypes inclu de si ngl e gun and dua l g un -st andard and miniature sizes. Sh own above are miniature si ngle-gun (C K1516) and dual-gun (CK1519) storage tubes, wh ich provide high resol ution and erase cap ab il ity o f 1.2 seconds. Reco rding sto rage tub es f eatu re fast writ ing , long storag e, fast e ra se and immediate readout capabiliti es. Informati on can be written and stored by sequential techn iqu es or by rand om writing. Complete , p ar tial , or select iv e erasure is po ssi bl e. Many other typ es of recording storage tub es are avai lab le, covering a wide rang e of req uirement s and applicati ons . Symbolray * CRT Tub e. T he new Raytheon CK1414 Symbolray tube provides alphanumeric inputs for computer readout devices. Th e tub e's 2" target can b e sc anned e le ctronically to selec t sy mbols , characters, and pun ctuati on marks in sequence to form the re adout on a display tu be. This type has ap pl icati ons with data processing equipment as an economi cal method for generating charac ters for hard copy p rint-out o r for cathode ray display. D es ign w ith 64 and 100 characters are available . - ., -. . .. Datavue '' End-View Tubes. Raytheon endview Datavue tub es have esse nti al ly th e same charac teris tic s as si d e-vie w type s. They fit into standard- size receptacles - t and conform t o EIA ratings . Models in - cl ude rou nd (CK8421) and rec tangular (C K8422) . Both models are designed for -. ultra-long life, with an expectancy of 200,000 ho urs o r more in dynamic o pe r...: ati on. Dataray * Cathode Ray Tube s. Rayth e on makes a wide range of industrial CRTs -including specia l ty pes-in sc ree n sizes from 7" to 24". El ectrostatic, magnetic , and combination deflecti on typ es are avail able for writing alphanumeric characters whil e ra st er scanning. All standard phosphors are available and specific design requirements can be met. Combination deflection or " diddle plate " typ es include Cl<1395P (24" rectangular tube) , CK1400P (2 1" rectangular) , and CK1406P (17" rectangular). Send the Reader Service Card fo r Literature Kit containing these data sh eets and catalogs- Datastrobe Data Sheet D atavue Numerical In dicato r Tube Catalog Cathode Ray Tubes Dat a She ets Recording Storage Tube Brochure Or call you r nearest Raytheon regional sales office, or write to Raytheon Compa ny, Components Division, 141 Spring Street, Lexington, Mass. 02173. "Trademark of Raytheon Company 'RAYTHEON~ ,> Raytheon Components Division - A single source for Transistors /Diodes/Integrated Circuits/Industrial Tubes/Control Knobs/Panel Hardware/Circuit Modules/Display Devices Electronics I March 2 1, 1966 Circle 75 on reader service card 75 DESIGNER 1S P. R. MALLORY & CO. INC., INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46206 Mold d Zener Diodes give high relia ility at low prices New Hermetic Seal Tantalum Capacitors Style CLSS of MIL -C-3965C - The new Mallory Type TL wet slug tantalum capacitor is a compact ... rectangular package designed for ability to withstand extreme environmental cond itions. It has glassto-metal terminal seals in a hermetic sealed outer case. Microfarad-volt ~ ratings per unit volume are exceptionally high for this class of · construction. The Mallory Type ZA zeners are molded units which give performance and reliability equal to that required by military specifications - at about half the price of hermetically sealed zeners. One reason for this unusual quality is that Mallory uses the same silicon cell in the Type ZA as in the zener diodes we make for military requirements. Another is the unique Mallory production technique, in which complete classification, screening and pre-testing can be done on silicon cells before packaging. And finally, there's the economy of the molded case-moisture-proof, electrically cold, and so compact that highdensity circuit packages are readily accommodated. The 1-watt Type ZA and 3-watt type ZAC are available in zener ratings from 6.8 to 200 volts . Hermetically sealed and high wattage ratings are also available. CIRCLE 240 ON READER SERVICE CARD Wire-Wound Controls with special Temperature Coefficients When exceptional stability of resistance is needed over the normal operating temperature range, Mallory can supply custom-made wire-wound controls with special values of temperature coefficient. Selected types of resistance wire are used for the winding. The minimum TC available is 20 parts per million per degree C ... also stated as .002 3 or ± .00002 ohm / ohm/°C. All styles of Mallory wire-wound controls-2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 12 Yz watts-can be supplied with special TC. CIRCLE 241 ON READER SERVICE CARD 76 11 ~ ... l J ~. I- The TL offers the superior perform- ,. . ance which is characteristic of Mallory wet slug capacitors. It has "" exceptional stability of capacitance and power factor, both over a broad ~ temperature range from -55°C to · + 125°C, and thro ughout extended operating life and shelf tests. DC 1 leakage is low; maximum values at top mfd-volt ratings are in the order of 10 microamps, with actual test values typically around 1 to ..,. 2 microamps. Ratings available: 2400 mfd, 15 volts to 180 mfd, 150 volts . Tern- ,... perature rating: -55°C to + 125°C. The TL is designed to meet performance criteria of style CL55, per MIL-C-3965C and MIL-C-3965/ 21B . CIRCLE 242 ON READER SERVICE CARD Electronics J March 21, 1966 FILE MALLORY ANNIVERSARY . Heavy-duty alkaline batteries .. now available in flat cell design .. No voltage de-rating needed on MTP wet slug tantalum capacitors Many designers add their own "safety factor" by specifying a considerably higher voltage rating than actually needed for surge or steady state conditions in the circuit . With Mallory MTP miniature wet slug tantalum capacitors, you don't need to de-rate. And you can often save space and money by not de-rating. How come? In the first place, we've already built in a generous safety factor in the stated rating on the - ... capacitor. And second, we've fo un d out by tests that operating at re- duced voltage neither improves nor .. .. impairs performance of the MTP. We have extensive data in a recent engineering report, which we'll be glad to send on request. As an example of the size savings possible, a 33 mfd, 60 volt MTP measures .225 " in diameter by .775" long. But the same 33 mfd at 50 volts fits into the next smaller case size: .145 11 in diameter by .590 11 long. And the cost is about 13 3 lower. The MTP, incidentally, has the most capacity per unit size of any tantalum capacitor-up to 178,000 mfd-volts/cubic inch, or about five times what you can get in any solid electrolyte type. And it's made in the same high-reliability facility as similar Mallory capacitors for Minuteman II. CI RCLE 243 ON READER SERVICE CAR D I Electronics March 21, 1966 The alkaline primary battery system which Mallory has been making in standard flashlight cell sizes can now be obtained in a fiat configuration similar to that used for certain mercury batteries. Currently available is a cell 0.9 11 in diameter, !4" high. Its capacity is 450 milliampere-hours. Nominal output is 1.5 volts. The case is made with flanged construction which fits into a matched receptacle in the end product to prevent insertion with reverse polarity. The case is gold plated for minimum contact resistance. This configuration often presents opportunities for miniaturization of equipment not practical with usual long cylindrical shaped cells. The chemical system used in the fiat cells has the same superior life qualities under heavy drains as other Mallory Alkaline Batteries. Other fiat cell configurations can be made on special order. CIRCLE 244 ON READER SERVICE CARD Flat style resistors stack up to save space Mallory Type F vitreous enamel fixed resistors have a fiat configuration that can save space by stacked mounting. They are available in 30 to 75 \vatt ratings, equivalent to MIL-R-26 Styles RW20 through RW24. Their construction is similar to Mallory tubular vitreous enamel resistors. A strong ceramic core is uniformly wound to prevent hot spots, and coated with a moistureresistant vitreous enamel. Nominal wattage ratings are calculated with the resistor mounted on a %4 11 steel plate. Ratings should be reduced 15 3 for non-metallic mounting surfaces. Resistance values are from 1 to lOOK ohms. CIRCLE 24S ON READER SERVICE CARD 77 Sometimes we worry about Jim i-· becoming a Narcissist. .. - It all started with Celanar Polyester Film. We go to extremes to make it the cleanest , - - · · · strongest, smoothest film available. Then -.-..ti challenge Jim, and our quality control experts, to find a flaw in it. But stare as he _ may, it's a rare day when Jim finds a wrinkle, a cross-buckle or other visual defect to mar his own reflection on a roll of Celanar. Which is enough to turn anyone into a narcissist. The cleanliness of Celanar starts in our "White Room " production area at Greer, S.C. , where air filtration systems trap dirt specks as tiny as 0.3 micron. But clean just begins to describe Celanar. It's stronger than the other polyester film. Retains its strength at elevated temperatures. Its gauge thickness is more uniform . We assure its 78 Circle 78 on reader service card f' ... ...... uniformity by radioactively inspecting ever.· foot of every roll before it's shipped. And Celanar film has excellent aging character- istics, resists embrittlement. What's more, we go a long way to supply 1 - Celanar in the roll lengths, widths, and gauges most convenient to you. Even guard .. it during shipment with temperature record- . ing flags . Or impact recorders, when · II~ ~ necessary. Send for complete details about Celanar Polyester Film-and how we can help you make the best use of it. Celanese Plastics Company, Dept. 133-C, 744 Broad Street, Newark, N. J. · Celanese Pl astics Company is a division of Celanese Corporation of America. Celanese® Celana r® CELANESE Electronics [ March 21, 1966 . What's Bendix doing ;with over 250,000 ~ . different connector -.: engineering drawings? ~ Offering you new connector ....... _:innovations almost daily. -l H igh on our ever-growing list of impressive newcomers is the new line of Bendix® JT "Pancake" connectors. These featherweights offer up to 128 '"' contacts, yet reduce connector weight and length almost 60 3 to win hands .., ' down as the industry's smallest, lightest, ~ off-the-shelf connectors now available. All are available with crimp or solder - '1 terminations, in nine shell sizes, eight shell styles, temperature range to 392° F and 34 different insert patterns with 16-, 20-, 22-, and 24-contact sizes that will accept a wire range of 16 through 28 gage. Keeping pace with developments like this are our other types of connectors. Included are series for pressurized and environmental-resistant requirements. Also Heavy-Duty and Waterproof types for power and control circuits in ground support equipment. Even Fireproof, High Voltage, Ordnance, Radio Shielded, Potted, Dwarf, Pygmy®, Rack & Panel, Micro-Packaging and Printed Circuit models . . . for a grand total of 250,000 basic drawings covering 8 million different connectors all told. Every last one of them boasts design concepts and test procedures developed by Bendix which, more often than not, go on to become industry standards. For complete information, contact us in Sidney, N.Y. Phone: (607 ) 563-9511. I _ _.,. .. Scintilla Division r~ncl// CORPORATION Circle 79 on reader service card THE ONLY SOLID-STATE AM/FM MODULATION METER MOOEL 2300 ~~"."""......n"~.....-!,.·...~ ...~r ~"""' ""'1JA~ r><0DUlAT!ON MEH'.~ TFllGO M.U(Ot(j ~ff'''VMENTS:""' ~"fflV~O · I - - Carrier Freque ncy: 4 me to 1000 me Sensi tivity: 20 mV to 250 me 50 mV to 500 me 100 mV to 1000 me need we say more? FM MEASUREMENT Peak deviation in five ranges of 5, 15, 50, 150 and 500 kc , Modulating frequencies 30 cps to 150 kc, Suitable for AM or FM broadcast (mono or stereo) TV Sound, telemetry and communications. - "' - ., - AM REJECTION. Less than ± 1 kc additional deviation error with 80 % amplitude modulati on superimposed at 1 kc using a 15 kc audio bandwidth. AM MEASUREMENT for carriers to 500 Mc. Two ranges of 30 % and 100% (usable to 95%). Peaks or troughs switch selected. Modulating frequencies 30 cps to 15 kc. L. F. OUTPUT ... Low distortion, low noise demodulated signa I derived from .. - FM or AM carrier. Switchable de-emphasis 50 µsec and 75 µsec. Level OdB into 600!1 feeds distortion or wave analyser. WRITE FOR DETAILED CATALOG SHEET MARCONI INSTRUMENTS DIVISION OF ENGLISH ELECTRIC CORPORATION 111 CEDAR LANE · ENGLEWOOD . NEW JERSEY · "SEE US AT IEEE-BOOTH 3601-3605" ( 201 ) 567-0706 80 Circle 80 on reader service card Electronics I March 21, 1966 BCZBNCB/ BCOPB Air Watch. Hughes air defense systems will probe hundreds of miles of sky space, detect and follow even supersonic aircraft. Japan, Belgium, The Netherlands, West Germany and Switzerland will use them to size up threats and take instant protective measures. Falcons for the F-4 Fighter. Now being delivered to the Air Force, Hughes new AIM-4D Falcon Missile combines advantages of two earlier models. Result is more effective, reliable, costs less. Infrared-guided, the AIM-4D is the latest of many types of Falcon air-to-air guided missiles built by Hughes for U.S. 4ir Defense. Earth-Facing Satellites. A new breed of satellite equipped with weighted booms will constantly "look" earthward~ Purpose of booms: to interact with tqe earth's gravitational field, keeping the satellite stable. Built by Hughes for NASA, the new ATS satellite family will conduct scientific studies in communications, weather, ion engines, solar radiation. Wanted: Sharp Engineering Brains. In 1965, Hughes hired a record number of engineers to meet challenging demands in programs like BADGE, EARLY BIRD, PHOENIX and CORDS. Personnel people say 1966 will see even more engineers and scientists added to our West Coast laboratories and production plants. (For information on current op - ings, address D. A. Bowdoin, Hughes Aircraft Co., , Culver City, California. n equal opportunity employer.) Zero Defects Award to Hughes. In recognition of outstanding contributions to national defense through reduction in errors, Hughes recently won the coveted Air Force Zero Defects Achievement Award. Accomplishments like a 98% reduction in welding errors, an 85% improvement in accuracy of missile calibration, added up to a saving equivalent to 250,000 man hours in one year. Planet Recognizer. A machine that would automatically categorize a planet's surface from a speeding space vehicle is being studied by Hughes Research Laboratories. Multivac Mark II, which recognizes patterns electronically, would "see" a planet via television and identify its surface by comparing it -,. with a "landscape library". New Technical Papers Offered. Recent available titles include: RR 341 ,, · "Linearization Based Upon Differential Approximation", RR 347 "Improvement of the Cluster Variation", 'Electron and Ion Emission from Cesiated Refractory Compounds" , ''Voltage Dependence of the Al-Alz03 Barrier Height". For reprints please write: Technical Information Dept., Hughes Research Labs, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California. rCr-ea-ti-ng-a-n-e-w -w-or-ld-w-ith- - - - -- , electronics I I : HUGHES: IL ____ _ _____ __ __ _ ___ JI HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY Circle 81 on reader service card ~ ~ 2/10 second " ~- recorder response f ... , - over 10" span? -(' 4. .... 4 .._ _ Only the pen moves. No pulleys. No drive cord s. No gear s. Easy with Esterline Angus Speed Servo® SPEED SERVO'.!l FEATURES: Response 2/10 second over full 10" span. Speed Line Writing Breaks state-of-the-art barrier with exclusive inertial ink pump. Writes legible record at any speed, even at speeds above 100 inches per second. Input Impedance 500,000 ohms off-balance. Accuracy ± 0.4% of span for any range. Source Impedance Meets all specifications to 50,000 ohms, maintains rated accuracy to 100,000 ohms. Feed back Potentiometer Effecti ve ly infinite resolution conductive plastic feedback potentiometer. Lasts thousands of hours longer than any wirewound potentiometer. Adjustable Zero Adjustable Span (AZAS) Zero elevation or suppression continuously adjustable from 0 to 100 MV for any span setting. Span continuously adjustable from 1to100 MV. Solid State Amplifier Has all silicon transistors. Has high input impedance because field-effect transistor is used. . - ,... - ,.- ·- Widest Chart Drive Selection Choose from 15, 10 or 5 speed automatic drives. Dial speeds from 1/2" per hour to 8 11 per second. · Learn more abou t this exci tin g breakthrough in se rvo recording. Write for new Series "E" cata log. Excellence in instrumentation for over 60 years 82 Circle 82 on reader service card Esterline Angus Instrument Company, Inc . Box 2400DE · Indianapolis, Indiana 46224 < - ·( r . Electronics J March 21, 1966 March 21, 1966 J Highlights of this issue Technical Articles Designing microcircuits with multipurpose chips: page 84 Two articles deal with building low-cost analog microcircuits. In the first, which describes Motorola's approach, the author proposes using a few versatile chips that can be produced in volume. The engineer can base his designs on them instead of developing specialized custom chips. The second article describes how breadboarding with general-purpose chips can speed design work. Keeping the heart alive with a biological battery: page 105 Many people with heart trouble can lead normal lives with a cardiac pacemaker-but they live with the fear that the pacemaker battery may fail. Two scientists propose a system in which the body supplies its own lifesaving power: body fluids act as an electrolyte of a biological battery. For a good mixer, add By using field effect transistors instead of point-contact diodes, one FET: an engineer can produce a simplified mixer for uhf television page 109 tuners. A mixer with an FET is less subject to cross-modula- ., tion and causes less intermediate-frequency skewing. ;.·.... Celestial successor to The ancient art of navigating by the stars inertial guidance: is b eing updated with modern optoelec- page 115 tronics. The big advantage is that space- ships can be guided and controlled without -. many of th e mechanical products-such as gyros, gimbals and stable platforms-that can go awry. New electronic systems have b een built to make stellar observa tions from earth with pointing errors of 30 seconds of arc; in space, free of atmospheric disturbance, th e errors should b e less than five seconds of arc. For the cover, Vincent __ .,. Pollizzotto photograph ed a model of an electronic star tracker against a blue b ackground that simulates the space environ- ment it will operate in . Coming · Four kinds of digital voltmeters April4 · An electronic slide rule ' > · Celestial navigation system : part II · Microcircuits reshape the scratch-pad memory 83 Integrated circuits Reducing analog IC cost with multipurpose chips '. I A selection of standard chips with a number of components ,. . on each enqbles a designer to meet his circuit needs without resorting to custom design By Grover Kennett Motorola , Inc. , Scottsdale, Ari z. Volume production of a few versatile integrated ing them. Several IC families emerged ; the manu- circuit chips could propel IC's into the analog facturers were able to achieve production capacity equipm ent £eld, where their progress has b een that enabled them to cut the IC price enough to hindered by high cost. In digital equipment, be- compete with discrete-component circuitry. cause of volume production , the impact of IC's has b een profound and widespread. Nonrepetitive functions Though IC's offer the same advantage in analog Unlike a digital system, even a relatively simple circuits as in digital-small size, light weight, re- analog subsystem often requires a variety of non- liability and low operating power-analog system repetitive circuit functions. The need for large num- 'r designers have been relu ctant about them because b ers of a speci£c functional circuit simply does not th ey are a poor value. Digital IC's, on the other arise in analog circuits. Often, the needed circuits h and, usually are priced m1.lCh lower than th e total are not available commercially and must be custom- cos t of th e discrete components th ey replace. Add cl esigned for the subsystem. to this th e valid savings provided by the reduction in in terconn ections and it's obvious why integrated circuits have b een rushed into digital applications. Why haven't the prices of analog integrated Versatility needed Is there a solution? There could be with several versatile, multipurpose chips and a n ew approach to . - circuits chopped as did the prices for digital IC's system design. sh ortly after introduction? Th e answer lies in the The idea is to have a selection of chips available manner in which the marke t for digital IC's was to meet the designer's n eeds. If none approaches d evelop e d. 'vvhat he has in mind, the designer can still design Early in the game, many of the semiconductor- around a few multipurpose chips rather than de- device manufacturers and government agencies velop a full complement of specialized custom accurately foresaw the need for a large volume chips. of digital IC's and seized the initiative in develop- There are several ways to achieve chip versatility. One is to manufacture chips with a number of com- ponents on them and later arrange circuit con£gura- The author tions by using different masks. Grover Kennett is a senior engineer in the radar transponder section at the Western Center of Motorola's Military Electronics division . Another is to des ign chips in which special circuits can be created by connecting or bypassing leads. A combination of approaches is also feasible. If these techniques should lead to volume pro- He has been designing radar equipment since he joined Motorola in 1956. He began investigating IC's for use in transponders in 1960. duction, multipurpose chips could be reasonably priced. And they could offer the designer a large number of diffused components and, in some cases, thin-£1m resistors and capacitors. D epending on the interconnection pattern used, the same chip 84 I Electronics March 21, 1966 These two hybrid integrated circuits illustrate the parti al integration concept. For exa mple, the use of one multipurpose chip in the round package makes possible th e housing of all the componen ts in a Jedec T0-5 package. could be a small-signal intermediate-frequency am- signal d-c ampliners. Transistors similar to the · pliner, a video pulse ampliner, or a monostable 2N708 are a good choice for inclusion in a multimultivibrator. Better still, by the appropriate choice purpose monolithic chip. of masks, two or more stages might be obtained More difficult to decide is the size of the chip from the same chip to cut down on the number of and the number of components that it should con- 'r packages required. tain. The chip should be large enough to hold Analog chips designed to be little more than a a considerable number of components but small -> ,. . collection of components can be economical and enough to ensure a very high yield when mass practical, provided some careful thought is given produced. At present, a chip area no smaller than to the selection of th e components, their layout, and 45 mils by 45 mils seems desirable b ecause it can their values. provide area for an adequate number of compo- The general-purpose chip nents with good yields. The number of components is limited not only by the chip area, but also Choosing appropriate transistors for a general- -, purpos e (multifunction) chip is not a serious problem. Many transistors have b een used widely. Th e 2N404, for example, developed originally for medium-speed switching, was the only transistor ANTENNA - ... type us ed by one enterprising manufacturer in a six-transistor radio receiver. The 2N404's served as PULSE PROCE SS OR radio-frequency ampliBers, converters, intermediatefrequency ampliliers, and audio ampliliers. TRANSMITTER -----~ A high-performance silicon planar transistor de- Simplified block diagram for a 1Jdar transponder. signed for general-purpose applications is th e Pulse-processing portion of transponder consists -., 2 708. It has b een us ed in video ampliBers, multi- of 11 sections, 8 of which can use the same vibrators, switching circuits and even in small- multipurpose integrated circuit. ..~ - .. FROM DETECTOR > DELAY STANDARD STABILIZER PULSE (DIFFERENTIAL t-----l GENERATOR ~ ;:~:h TRANSPONDER DELAY u AMPLIFIER) VOLTAGE (QUANTITIZERl ACCEPTANCE GENERATOR CONTROLLED 1 - - - GATE t--------' OMV GENERATOR SCR - TURN -ON PULSE GENERATOR "' INH IBIT 1111 ... POWER AMPLIFIER . } Block diagram of the pulse-processing circuitry. BLANKING OVER i.... PULSE 1-----1 INTERROGATION GENER ATOR CONTROL SC R ~ TURN-OFF PULSE GENERATOR Color indicates sections in which the multi- J T purpose integrated circuit are used. DECODER BLANKING FROM MODULATOR Electronics J March 21, 1966 85 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 20 19 18 17 16 Multipurpose integrated circuit. Numbered are points at which co nnections may be made either by th e meta llization pattern or by use of external leads . by th e layout for applying ~ talli zation pattern s . Many amplifi ers, multivibrators , and other basic r- circuits require less th an six i ·un.c.tio.ns (two for transistors and one for diodes) . Studies indicate that three to six res istors per junction w ill u suall y give the designer adequate flexibility to design a circuit to meet his needs . Sometimes, the designer may find that he cannot get along with the selec- ~- tion of components. However, it may still pay him to use th e multipurpose chip with anoth er different one to get the component valu es h e need s. Or h e may find it economical to use a multipurpose chip in conjunction with a few individu,al-compon ent chip s- separate transistors or passive components - on a single sub strate. A few applications will h elp to demonstrate the feasibility of u sin g multipurpo se analog chips. As a test vehicle the concept was £rst considered for p ortions of a radar transponder. Used in missiles .. .., Radar transponders are used ex tensively in mis- sile and aircraft tracking systems, and in naviga- tional equipment. It's important to keep them as small and light as possible. This leaves more room for th e battery that often powers th em. INPUT The radar tran sponder is a microwave receiver that receives puls es from trackin g radar, amplifies them, and feeds th em to a microvvave transmitter. The basic mission of the transponder is to amplify these pulses grea tly to ex tend th e radar trackin g range or improve accuracy. Often the tran sponder includes puls e-processing circuitry b etween th e receiver and the transmitter. One fun ction of this circuitry is to identify th e Delay generator uses nin e com pon ents from particular transponder h andlin g th e signal throu gh the multipurpose chip plus eight oth ers . Color in dicates the mult ipurpose chip elements. th e codin g contain ed in the radar sign al. For example, th e tran sponder m ay b e designed to repl y to a particular repetition frequency. If th e radar 0 I : LOK : I I : 1.7K 0'-- 1.7-K- :-1 'I':"-.1-.O.c,..K-,;-,I is capable of transmittin g groups of pulses, th e identifi cation code m ay b e contain ed in th e separation between pulses within the grou p. I: 2.7K : I Virtually all th e transponder's receiver circuitry, 2.7 K its puis e-processin g circui~'Y and th e low-signal r' l.. I ; tOK : I I ; WK : I I : I.OK : I I : I.OK : I level portions of its tran smit er, normally built with discrete trans istor circuitr , can be constructed , cc. :.-, ., b i~~·: ! LC?./1 c:.-_.JJ with integrated circuits. Thi ~ includes interrnecliatefrequency amplifiers, video f mplifiers, pulse-timin g and gating circuits. Integrr ted circuits can also be used in the power suBply regula tor and th e pulse drivers for th e mod1hlator circuit. Portions ··- of th e transponder th a t req+ire transform ers, su ch I: 1. 8K : I I: I. SK as th e d-c to d-c voltage comverter, the pow.<&r supply and th e high -power pulse modulator in the I: 2 2K : I 2.2K transmitter have not yet yielded to integra tion : 1.0K : I I : 1.0K : I I : I.OK : I Typical layout for radio -freque ncy c hip. Chip techniqu es. I : I.OK : I Pulse-processing circuitry contains four d iffused transistors and 18 Nichrom e resisto rs. Applications are in radiofrequency amplifiers, intermediat e-frequency amp lifie rs, broadband video amplifiers, oscil lators, and mixers for the 10-Mc to 150- Mo range . A typical diagram fo r a transponder's pulse- process in g section is shown on page 85. To es tab lish the des ign of a multipurpos e analog IC for ( . use throughout the system, each block must be "I . 86 Electronics J March 21, 1966 analyzed and compared with the others to deter- mine common components or circuit functions. It has been found that the same basic circuit could b e utilized in 8 of the 11 transponder pulse- processing blocks . This was possible even th ough th e over-all fun ction s of the blocks vary consider- ably. T he circuit is a delay m onos table multivibrator cons isting of three tran sistors, two diodes, an d four res istors. The required resistor values vary from block to bl ock, complicating the design. A circuit diagram for th e delay monostable multi- vibrator is sh own on page 86. Twenty-one possible ti e p oints are available. Thus with th e appropriate mask, th e ci rcuit interconn ection s can be made to produce th e des ired block fun ction . +12V In th e circuit, res istors R1 and R{ are each 8,000 ohm s, with tap s at 2,200, 4,400, and 6,600 ohms, for Rcx ibility in choosin g collector loads. The chip ac tu all y contain s £ vc transistors but th e base-to- cm itter junction s of two of the devices arc used fo r diodes D, and D 1. The collectors and b ases of these two tran sistors are ti ed togeth er to remove - .... th e poss ib ility that transistor ac ti on will occur. Besides being used in eight of th e blocks of th e pu lsc-pro cessing circuitry, the sa me multipurpose . -. " chip was e valuated for several other circuit jobs. It p erformed sa tisfactori ly in video amplifiers, Schmitt triggers and d- c amplifiers. -4 v CASCADE AMPLIFIER I I-= VIDEO OUTPUT +12 v +12V Delay generator +12V A means of converting th e multipurpose ci rcu it to a parti cu lar circuit is illustrated by the di agram on page 86. Herc nine components from th e multi- I-F -, purpo se circuit arc combined with eight add itional INPUT compon ents to form a delay generator. The timing VIDEO OU TPUT is easily controlled by adjusting ex ternal co mpo- nents G" and RT. \ Vith slight changes in th e ex ternal c ircuitry and b y choosing appropria te valu es for G,, an d R,., th e b as ic c ircuit can he changed to a standard pu lse generator, a blankin g pu lse generator, a :;iliconcon troll ed-rec ti£er trigger or an accep tance-gate generator. VI OED OUTPUT I - 12V VIDEO OUTPUT Radio-frequency chip THREE-TRANSISTOR DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER (AS USED IN I-F AMPLIFIER AND DETECTOR) A suggested layout for a multipurpose r-f ch ip is shown on page 86. Th e chip con tains four transis tors with characteristi cs simil ar to th e 2:\918 (a gain-bandwidth-produ ct of 750 megacycles per second) and 18 ;\ ichrome resistors . These 22 comp onents may be u sed to form a large \'ariety of video amplifiers, radio-frequency a111pli£ers, intcr111 cdi a tl3-fr cqu en cy am plifi ers , osci ll ators and m ixers in many types of ec1uipment. Typical appli cations wo uld 11e radar transponders, pul seraclar eq uipm ent, continuous-wave radar sys tems, a mplitude-modu lation broadcas t receivers, and fr equency-modulation receivers. Three poss ibl e confi gurations from th e co111ponents on th e mu ltipurpose r adi o-frequency chip are sh o\ul on thi s page. Th ese are a two-transistor cascocle circuit for intermediate-frequency ampli- Three basic circuit configurations obtai ned wi th rad io-frequency ch ip. Circuits are a cascade intermediate-freq uency amp lifier (t op), a two -transist or, int ermedia t e- freque ncy amp lifier (ce nter) and a three-transist or differential ampli fi er. Co lor shows mult ipurpose-c hip porti ons of circ uit s. £cation; a two-transistor, common-emitter amplifie r; and a three- transistor differential am plifi er. Logarithmic amplifier All three can b e co mbined to fo r111 a loga rithmic inter111ediate-frequency amplifier. Th e ga in supplied by the amplifier is lin ear for small sign als. H owever, for input signals in th e order of 10 to 20 decibels above th e receiver noise level or larger, th e output signals are com pressed . For a 20- to 70-dccibel range of input levels, th e output will Electronics J March 21 , 1966 87 in crease by no more th an 6 to 10 decibels. This compression is th e only signifi cant di stortion impos ed on th e sign al. To form th e lin ear logarithmic a mplifier, th e cascode circuit would b e us ed at th e input, fo llowed b y hvo common-emitter amplifi ers and a .,;deo amplifi er-detec tor. Th e last stage would include th e differential-amplifier configuration shown in th e fi gure on page 87. The anticipated over-all performance would b e center frequency, 60 ).'le; b and width , 12 Ylc; small-signal power gain, 85 db . M ultipurpose advantages Advantages of the multipurpose ch ip concept are: · Cost. In man y cas es, th e production cost of equipment built with multipurpose chips will be lower than if built completely with custom monolithic integrated circuits or completely with discrete co mponents. · Size. Space will b e saved, althou gh not as much as if only monolithic circuits were used . · Performance and reliability data. A " ·calth of information concernin g th e multipurpo se chip will b e at th e designer's fin ger tips. · Rel iability. A gain in reliab ility will result from using chip s known to b e depen dable, from reduction in handmade interconn ec tions and from elimination of particularly critical bonds by integration at critical points. The multipurpose delay rnultivibrator has been built and successfully demon strated in a rad ar tran sponder. As shown on page 85, the u se of th e multipurpose IC concep t sometim es merely cuts clown on th e numb er of discre te chips u sed . ); evertheless thi s chip reduction p ays off in increased reliability and redu ced cost and design tim e. Th e multipurpose radio-frequen cy chip is still b eing evaluated and may be altered before final design . ·- - .. .. General-purpose IC chips speed analog design work Breadboarding with multipurpose IC's can bypass use of discrete components , cut costs , save time 1,..- and more accurately represent the final circuits ,,- ..,. .. - By Jerome Eimbinder Solid st at e editor Systems designers at the \ i'estingh ous e E lectric camera developed for th e National Aeronautics Corp. b elieve, as does j\fotorola, Inc.'s engineer and Space Administration. Gro ver Kennett (see page 84), that multipurpose \Vestinghouse b elieves th e deliveries stren gth en integrated circuits provide th e b es t hope for suc- its contention that the fastes t and ch eapes t w ay to cessful analog sys tem des ign. But \Ves tin ghouse build analog integra ted sys tems is by using a engin eers differ from Kennett in application of the general-purpo se monolithic chip as a building block chip s-u sing th em not in th e fin al system but as a during the prototype phase. breadboard component. On ce they've built a work- With general-purpose IC 's as breadboardin g de- ing sys tem with the multipurpos e chips , they opti- vices, \\' estin ghou se says it is sometimes able to mize the design, co mbin e fun ction s ai1d then re- b ypass working with dis cre te components entirely. design th e IC's to reduce the number of chips and In other cases, th ei r use is redu ced to a minimum . conn ections in the system. This usually eliminates th e multipurpos e IC's . Recently, \ Vestinghouse delivered two entirely different pieces of prototype equipm ent, each built Prototype of t elevi si on came ra designed for first Apo ll o with a number of th e same type of analog (linear) integrated circuit. One was a helmet transceiver lu nar explo rat io n mission. The camera 's circ uit ry was ba sed on mo re t ha n 20 ge neral·purpose Clem -< integrated ci rcuit s. It has a prima ry sca n ning ra t e built for the Air Force; the other was a television of 10 frames per seco nd wi t h 320 scan lines. { . 88 I Electronics March 21, 1966 Some co mpanies b egin system des ign by bread- Baltimore, an engineer can pull a handful of gen - boarding circuits enti rely with discrete components. eral-purpos e IC 's out of a closet, and in a matter After evaluating p erforman ce, th ey u sually bread- of homs or clays , build a breadboard IC system. board a second circuit capable of equival ent p er- \Vith other des ign me thods , \Vestin gh ouse engi- formance , but built with components bcli e\'cd com- neers say, it would take several months and cost patible with monolithic IC design . $10,000 or more for each monolithi.c chip n eeded. Besides savings in time and cost, \Vestinghouse The deliveries of the helm et trans ceiver and engin eers like breadboarding with general-purpo se camera indicate that a decis ion made over five years !C's b ecau se they get a better indication of the ago by \Vestinghousc is paying off. interaction s and parasitics in \'Ol\'ccl. Th ey point out In 1961, two \ Vcs tinghous e engin eers, l\Iichael .. only one Raw in this approach , which th ey say Guiliano and Charles Hoffman , decided to test the is negligible an d can h e igno red: jumper \\·ires are feasibility of developing a general-purpose analog u sed to make conn ec tion s. As a result, th e capaci- chip. Aided b y other \Ves tinghou se engineer s, they ti ve interaction that occurs b etween depo sited in- des igned a monolithic structure containing a tran- terconnections and th e substrate in th e final version sistor, three diod es, and a selection of res istors. of the IC will not be produced. They then used five of th ese chips, together with At the company's Defense and Space Center in discrete co mpon ents, to bu ild an amplifier for u se I Electronics March 21, 1966 89 \ I c~ t - Mirt chip was the first general-purpose linear integrated circuit developed by Westinghouse. In 1961 it was used to build a prototype infrared search-track system and the IC is still being used. Newest of the Westinghouse general-purpose lin ear integrated circuits is Clem . Clem chips have 10 transistors, 6 pairs of diodes and 18 diffused res istors, which can be subdivided. in an infrared search-track system. Once th e basic of resistors on th e chip . circuit had b een established, \Ves tinghou se engi- The \\'estinghouse arsenal of general-purpose neers refined and improved it, eventually winding analog IC 's consists of four chips known as Mirt, up with a five-s tage amplifier built on only two Lava, Gem and Clem. ;\fore than one kind of chip monolithic chips. can b e us ed to breadboard an integra ted circuit < - Since that time, \Vestin ghouse has generally sys tem. For exampl e, the prototype of an integrated followed this pattern in building prototypes for doppler radar system built b y \ Vestinghouse in 1964 analog sys tems. Th e final version of th e camera contained both J\lirt and Lava integrated circuits. will probably not us e an y general-purpose analog IC 's. Once \\'es tinghou sc has created a working Mirt and Lava came first sys tem with th e general-purpose IC's, th e engineers Mirt stands for Molecular Infrared Track, th e se t out to redes ign the sys tem for optimum per- name of a \Ves tin ghou se sys tem that u ses the :\1irt formance. Th e redes ign is simplified by th e choice chip. n- ,- ·- Breadboarding a circuit with a Clem block is simplified by sketching the connections on a diagram of the chip. 90 Electronics I March 21, 1966 ) -t ·.> ' -I . - r \> . ,... Gem chip has 5 pairs of transistors, 17 diodes and 92 resistors. A wide variety of li near circuit configurations may be obtained by varying the connections of its 88 leads. Mirt is designed so that by bonding wires to large me tal islands on top of th e chip, the designer can select any of th e compon ents or tap off the desired amount of resis tance. The transistor in the Mirt IC has a small-signal current gain of 100 at a collector curren t of 100 rnicroamperes, a collector-to -emitter breakdO\vn voltage of 15 volts and a gain-bandwidth product of 50 megacycles per second. Hesistance valu es from 2,000 to 200,000 ohms are available from th e four res istors. Amplifiers built with Mirt chips have operated stably over a temperature range of - 40° to +85 °C. At five years of age, the 32-lead i\!Iirt IC is quite old in the swift-moving solid state techn ology, but continu es in good use for breadboarding. L ava has 88 leads Lava is an acronym for Linear Amplifi er for Various Applications. The Lava chip dates back to 1961 when it was developed by J. R Cricchi and \ Vesley Jon es. It has six transistors , four diodes, and 16 separate resistors. Ten of the resistors have several taps , effectively increasing the number of resistors available to 46. The Lava transistors have a small-signal current gain of 20 at a collector current of 10 milliamperes, a collec tor-to-emitter breakdown voltage of 100 volts, and a gain-bandwidth product of 150 Mc. The diffus ed resistors can supply resistances from 10 ohms to 10,000 ohms. Chips with either p-n-p or n-p-n transistors are available. If the leads are bonded to all of th e connection points on th e Lava chip, 88 leads are required . For ease in making connections, th e device can be mounted on a block with con nection strips sufficien tly spaced for breadboarding us e. Gem was next Gem stands for General Epitaxial Monolith. The Gem IC, developed in 1963, h as five pairs of transistors, 17 diodes and 92 resistors. A diagram revealin g the components on th e Gem chip is shown b elow. The transistors have a small-signal current gain of 100 at 1 milliampere, a collector-to-emitter breakdown voltage of 25 volts, and a gain-bandwidth product of 200 Mc at a collector current of 1 milliampere. Hesistor values from 50 ohms to 50,000 SUB . SUB . o-J0./\r-O Ro 6 39 38 o-.J\NV-0 Ro 7 41 40 <>-'VV'v-<> Ro 8 7 43 42 8 5 37 SUB. ~Ro2 2 22 21 0 2~R2o 5 3 ~4 ~Ro4 3 29 28 7 3 SUB. o--'VV'v--<> RbB 93 ·92 o--'VV'v--<> Rb 7 94 91 90 o-'V\lv--0 Rb 6 89 88 53 Rb5 82 81 8~7R 9 78b4 7 ~Rb3 7 75 4 ° 7~Rb2 72 71 Rb1 64 63 55 58 SUB. 3~8 Ro6 o-NVv--0 Ro 7 41 40 o-J\/V'..-o Ro 8 7 43 42 <>-""'A......-'VV1r9--A.J\~-A.J\l\r0~.Ar<.-'V'>/\M>Ro5 31 o-vvv-o RbB 93 92 o--'VVv--0 Rb 7 94 91 90 o--'VV'r-0 Rb 6 89 88 8~7R 9 7b 8 4 7 ~Rb3 7 75 4 7~7R 2 71b2 0 67 66 55 58 Gem chip offers more than twice the selection of components provided by the Lava chip . The Lava chip resembles the lower half of the Gem chip,_but lacks the three diodes connected to the substrate. I Electronics March 21, 1966 91 t Doppler radar system, built for the Air Force, demonstrated thcit it was practical to mix Mirt and Lava chips in breadboarcjing prototype equipment. Bread boarded system is in background. Bill List holds actual-size model of final equipment. Molecular Infrared Track built by Westinghouse for airbornf;! use. The system demonstrated the feasibility of using general-purpose chips to build prototypes. · ohms can b e obtained. Two versions of the Gem tection. All linear functions w ere handled b y Clems. chip have been built: one with thin-film resistors The Clem chip has 10 transistors of four different deposited on top of the silicon dioxide insulation, types; six pairs of diodes; and 18 isolated tapped the other with diffused resistors. Mirt, Lava and diffused resistors, which can be divided into more Clem are built only with diffused resistors. than 100 resis tors . Th e resistors range in value from And finally Clem 50 ohms to 110,000 ohms. The transistors range in current-handling capability from 50 to over 200 The acronym , Clem, is derived from Composite milliamperes . One of the transi s tors has a gain- for the Lunar Excursion Modul e. The Clem circuit bandwidth product in excess of 500 Mc at a col- " - was developed in 1964 for the Apollo lunar tele- lector current of 10 milliamperes . vision camera being built by vVes tinghou se. \Vork The helmet transceiver built with Clem IC's will on Clem was conducted by the Aerospace division's enable astronauts to communicate with each other solid state technology department, headed by Gene and with a spacecraft. The unit has six regular Strull. In the prototype camera delivered to NASA communications channels plus a guard channel. last month , more than 20 of the camera's 50 different internal functions were carried out by Clem IC's. Master slice These included saw-tooth generation, mixing, am- The \Vestinghouse general-purpose chips should plification, regulation , switching, driving and de- not b e confused with the master- slice series of in- tegrated circuits introduced in 1961 by T exas InB+ struments Incorporated. Master-slice is a technique now used by several manufacturers to cut their IC production cost by using the same basic chip for several different circuits. As do th e \Ves tinghouse chips, master-slice IC's contain a large number of components. However, in manufacturing master-slice IC's the metallization pattern is placed on th e wafer b efore it is sliced into chips. As a result, it is the semiconductor manu- facturer, not th e system designer who chooses the particular circuit to b e fabricated. Th e system de- signer cannot bond from component to component Typical single-stage amplifier configuration that may be obtained from a Mirt chip. A voltage gain of 50 over a temperature range of - 40°C to + 80 °C is provided . The input impedance is 30,000 ohms. The average power dissipation is 200 microwatts when the stage is operated from a 3-volt supply. on the chip, as he can with the \Vestinghouse chips. Examples of master-slice linear (analog) IC's are the Series 52 (operational amplifiers ) and the Series 55 (video and sense amplifiers) circuits manufactured by Texas Instruments. I - 92 I Electronics March 21, 1966 Solid state Overlay transistors move into microwave region At low-gigacycle frequencies, they outperform varacto rs and conventional transistor amplifiers By Hon C. Lee and George J . Gilbert . ·. Radio Corp. of America, So merville, N.J. Continued development of the overlay transistor all space requirement and lower cost. has extended its high-power capability into the This is only the beginning. Within two years, · microwave region. An overlay transistor, the overlay transistors with four times the power ca- 2N4012, can now provide more than 2.5 watts as a pability of the 2N4012 at L-band frequencies and frequency tripler at an output frequency of 1 the same capability at S-band (1.55 to 5.2 Ge) gigacycle per second and has a collector efficiency should be available. of 25 % or higher. Thus, a single transistor can replace both the High power varactor multiplier and the power amplifier now Meanwhile, the power levels achieved are already -1 used at L-band frequencies (0.39 to 1.55 Ge) for considerable. The 2N4012 can b e operated as a military and industrial microwave equipment. In doubler, tripler or quadrupler with outputs of one -. telemetry systems and radio relay, a varactor diode to three watts at frequencies in the low-Ge range. usually performs frequency multiplication. Now, The power output of the 2N4012 as a doubler, by replacing two devices-the varactor and a con- triple and quadrupler is plotted on page 94 as a ventional amplifier transistor-one overlay tran- function of frequ ency. In a common-emitter doubler -" sistor will simplify circuit design, reduce the over- circuit, the transistor typically delivers 3 watts of output power at 800 megacycles per second ;. .., The authors with a conversion power gain of 4.8 db. As a tripler, the 2N4012 supplies 2.7 watts of output Physicist George J . Gi lbert has power at 1 Ge with a conversion gain of 4.3 db; participat ed in the design and development of high-frequ ency transistors si nce joi ning RCA 's as a quadrupler, it delivers 1.7 watts at 1.2 Ge with a conversion gain of 2.3 db. semiconductor operation in 1958. He was a member of the team t hat D ouble th reat developed RCA' s fi rst overlay tra nsistor, the 2N3375. The way overlay transistors operate to achieve ampli£cation and frequency multiplication can be considered as two separate mechanisms. First, the transistor must be capable of delivering high power with gain at the fundamental or drive fre- Hon C. Lee also joined RCA in quency. Second, the device must efficiently convert · r- 1958. He has designed circuits for low-power and high -power high · the power at the fundam ental frequency to a har- frequency trans istors an d for monic frequency. varactor diodes . He is currently An overlay transistor can perform frequency developing new ampli fi er and frequency-m ultiplier circuits using overlay transistors at microwave frequencie s. multiplication because the capacitance of its collector-to-base junction varies nonlinearly with collector voltage, much as varactor junction capacitanr:::e varies with the diode junction voltage. This Electronics [ M arc~ 2 1, 1966 93 nonlinear coll ector-to-base capacitan ce character- 3.0 istic provides th e rapidly varying' fun ction needed for harmonic generation. H ow su ccessfully th e device p erform s each of its ~ 2.6 1<t 3::: 5I 2.2 3::: 0 Cl. ~ 1.8 Cl. I- => 0 two roles can b e m easured b y th e fi gure of m erit fnrnx, which is th e frequency a t which th e power gain becomes unity, and th e cutoff frequen cy f\-CJ.1, which is the frequ en cy a t which th e Q of th e varac- tor is equal to unity. Th e figure of m erit fnrnx is also known as the maximum freq uency of oscillation. It is given b y: 1.4 1/ 2 - f mox - (PGI ) 1/ 2f -- __ l_ 47r [ . 'C1 _ l bb c ' cc ] (1) ./· 0.9 1.0 1.1 1. 2 1.3 1.4 1.5 where PG is th e power gain , f is the frequ en cy of OUTPU T FRE QUEN CY - GC . operation , r"1,' is th e intrin sic base-spreading re- Output power levels obt ai ned for the 2 N4012 in doubler, t ripler and quadrupler applications for sis tance, Cc is the collector capaci tance, and Tee is th e em itter-to-collec tor tran sit or signal-delay time. one watt of input power. Measurement s were Th e value of Cc is directl y dependent on th e size made in common -e mi tter circuits. of th e collec tor area; r 1>1J' varies inversely with area; and T oe is a functi on of th e emitter and collector resistances and capacitan ces . · CO LLE CTOR Cutoff frequency The cu toff frequency for a coll ector-to-base junc- tion functioning as a varactor is given b y: BA SE b' rb' 0.1 1 + f ,·cn = 27r C m in ( 1' 1> , ) l's (2) · OHM EM ITTER where h er: is th e varactor cu toff frequ ency; C min is th e minimum collec tor-to-bas e capacitan ce; r"' Equivalent circuit for the varactor portion of the over lay transist or. Varactor action result s from nonlinear variation in co ll ector-to -bas e jun ction capac itance with collector vo ltage. is the extr in sic b ase spreading resistance; and rs is the coll ector series res istance. Mos t of C111 ; 11 is contributed b y th e collector-to- base jqnction area which is not loca ted opposite r- the emitter sites. This area is call ed th e active portion of th e varac tor and th e capacitance it con- PO WER OUTPUT OBTAINED BY RE-TUNING OF EACH I NPUT POWER LEVEL tributes is known as th e outer coll ector capacitance, ... - 3.6 C0 · The remainder of C,11 ; 11 is th e capacitan ce of PO WER OUTPUT OBTAINED WI TH CIRCUIT AT 1- WATT INPUT PO WER LEVEL that part of the coll ector- to-base junction which is opposite th e e mitter- to-base jun ction. This is called . - 3.2 the inner capacitan ce, c j. The collector series res is tances associated with f- - ,~_ 2.8 <t 3::: I 2. 4 I- => "- I::=> 02 .0 a: w 3::: ~ 1. 6 C ; and C0 are designated r,; and r80· The loca tions of C;, C0 , r,; and r"0 are shown in th e equivalent circui t for th e overlay tran sistor a t th e left. G, is a much more effi cient varactor than C ;, because C; has to ch arge and discharge through I ti iJ' and r1,', as well as through r, ;, wh ereas C0 has to charge and disch arge only through r1,' and r80· Because th e intrin sic base sprea ding resis tan ce, r1;b', is much greater th an th e ex trin sic b ase spreading resistance, r1,', there is a larger difference in the 1. 2 cutoff frequ ency, h ·cn, for the t wo parts of C111 ; 11 · The large difference in r1,' and r1,11' arises from th e 0.8 difference in shee t resistance in th e two areas. Th e sheet resistance under th e emitter , which forms r 1ib' , is several thousand ohm s per square; th e shee t 1.4 resistance be tween th e emitter and b ase contacts POWER INPUT-WATTS varies from 5 to 100 ohms per square. Ou t put power from amplifier-tripler circuit using ·t he 2N4012. Collector supply vo ltage is 2 8 vol t s. If the emitter area is made a small fraction of the bas e area, C0 is kept much sm aller th an C ;. 94 Electronics [ March 2 1, 1966 In the 2N4012, the emitter area is made about onetenth th e base area and, hence, Ci ::::::: 0.1 C0 · As a result, the effect of C i on the conversion effi ciency is alm os t n egli gibl e. The microwave overlay 2N4012 h as 156 small 340 - MC INPUT · I OVERLAY TRAN SIS TOR HI ODEN BY OTHER COMPONENTS square emitters whi ch are tied toge th er by a me tal- lization pattern. Carley, McGeou gh and O'Brien have described how this constru ction can b e u sed to produ ce large currents at high frequ encies. The tran sistor's n-materi al epitaxial layer domi- nates the coll ctor series resistan ce. The thickn ess of this layer is kept to th e 111inimum required to with stand collector-to-bias breakdown . Lowerin g th e resis tivity of th e epitaxial layer might lower th e series res istance but it would also in crease -' Crnin and fycc would remain constant. Recently measured ch aracteristics of th e 2N4012 CENTER COND UCTOR 1.0 2-G C OUTPUT are: collector-to-base voltage, 65 volts ; rub'= 1.5 ohm s; r1,' = 0.1 ohm; r,0 = 1.8 ohms; and C0 = 3.5 picofarads. From th ese valu es, calculati ons show Co[11bination amplifier-tripler u se s one overlay transistor as both amplifi er and frequ ency m ulti pl ier. Th e unit mea sures approx imat ely 4 by 1 114 by 1 % inches. that fnrn x is 800 Mc and fvc11 is 24 Ge for th e 2N4012. A frequen cy tripler circuit designed with a 2N4012 is shown at the right. It produces from 2.5 to 3.5 wa tts a t 1.02 Ge wi th 1 watt of drive power a t 340 Mc. INPUT 0.8-10 pf +28V 0.2p.F The circui t uses lumped-element input and idler r FREQUENCY =340 MC c-~ circuits and a coaxial-cavity output circuit. A pi- section input cir cuit consis ting of C1, c ~, L i, L~ and Ca ma tch es the impedan ce of the 340-:\1c driv- ing source to th e impedance of the bas e-to-emitter junction of the transistors. Inductor L~ and ca- pacitor G< re turn th e collector-to-bas e jun ction (th e jun ction ac ting as a varactor diode) to ground. T he 340-M c idler loop is formed by L~, C4 and the transis tor. T he second-harmonic (680 Mc) idler -, circui t consists of L.1, CG an d th e transistor. The outpu t circuit is a foreshortened cavity 1% OUTPUT FREQUENCY inch es square. To p erm it adjustment of th e elec- =1 02 GC trical length of the cavity, lumped capacitance C:;, Amplifier-tripler circuit provides 2.9 watts of output power with a 1-watt, 340 -Mc input and a colle ctor supply of 28 volts. One overlay transistor can eliminate conventional transistor amplifier and Johanson type JM C 2954, is placed in series with th e l/4-in ch diameter holl ow-cen ter condu ctor n ea r th e open end of th e cavity. Ou tput power at 1.02 - .. chain of varactor frequency multipliers. Ge is obtained by direc t coupling to a point near th e shorted end of th e cavity. The outpu t power of the tripler at 1.02 Ge as a 3. 0 en I- 2.6 I- <I'. 3: -I 2.2 "-0 I- 1. 8 :::> "1-:::> 0 1.4 a: .. w 3:: 0 1.0 "- 0. 6 CI RCUIT TUNED AT 2. 9- WATT OUTPUT POWER LEVEL INPUT POWER=1 WATT 36 Iz w 32 ua: w "- I 28 I'- 24 ;u>:s- u c;:: 20 b a: 0 16 I- u w __J __J 12 0 u fu ncti on of th e input power is sh own on page 94. Th e collec tor suppl y vo ltage is 28 volts . The color curve is obta ined wh en the circuit is re tuned for maximum outpu t at each increase in input level. Th e bl ack curve is obtained wh en the circuit is tun ed to an output level of 2.9 w a tts with 1 watt of drive at 340 Mc. Ou tput power and collector effi ciency with th e collector supply voltage at an input drive level of 1 watt is sh own at the left. Th ese curves are obtain ed with a collec tor voltage of 28 volts with th e circuit tuned for an output po\Yer of 2.9 watts. Several 2N4012's were tes ted both in a conventional 340-:\l c amplifier circu it and in th e circuit 0. 2 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 COLLECTOR SUPPLY VOLTAGE - VOLT S Tripler power output and co llector effi ciency ri se li nearly as volt age is increas ed. Curv es are for a 340 -Mc amplifier-triple r using the 2 N4012. shown on this page. The p ower delivered by this circui t ranged from 60 % to 75% of the power supp lied by the straight-through amplifi er. This is comparable to th e effici ency that would b e obtained with a good varactor in this frequency range. I Electronics March 21 , 1966 95 Circuit design Designer's casebook Designer's casebook is a reg ular feature in Electronics . Rea ders are invited to submit novel circuit ideas, packaging schemes, or other unusual so lutions to design problems . Descri ptions should be short. We' ll pay $50 for each item published . Voltage splitter balances of transistors Q:; an d QG. When an unbalanced load is applied, the ground floating power supply point tries to move up or clown with resp ect to th e plu s and minus 12-Yolt li nes. As a result, an error voltage, generated b e tween th e bas es of Q1 and By James M. Kasson Qc, is amplifi ed by th e comm on -emit ter d-c amplifi er Q:1 and appears a t the base of th e emitter-fol- Santa Rita Tech no logy, Inc., Menlo Par k, Calif. lower Q1. Th e error voltage from Q 1 acts to turn on eith er Q;; or Qn, re turning th e gro und refer- An ungroun ded, or Iloatin g, power suppl y of V0 ,·olts can be converted to produ ce an output with a reference anywhere b etween zero and \ '0 · \ Vhilc not as versatile as " ·h en h,·o separate power sup- ence to its proper position. Both output tran sistors cann ot be on simultan eo usly; all unb alance d current fl ows through eith er Q;; or Q1;. \ Vhcn an unbal anced load is conn cctc<l at th e ou tp11 t, th e impedance from p li es arc us ed, thi s approach is consi derably less gro und to e ith er th e + 12 or - 12-volt line acts as expcn si Yc. In th e ci rcu it below, a 24-volt d-c p o" ·cr supply is converted to an ou tput of + 12 Yolts cl-c and - 12 , ·olts cl-c. The 24-volt source us ed was a H arri son th e load fo r th e emitter fo ll ower. H.es istor s Hn and H.10 arc u sed wh en th e power supply is not current limited. If on ly small unbalanced currents arc required, Labs 6202A . th e components to th e ri ght of th e dotted lin e may \ \'ith small heat sinks, th e volta ge splitter deli vers be omitted. In thi s case, th e emitter or Q.1 is unbalanced currents up to 700 milliamperes in either direction with a ch ange in output voltage of less than 10 nw. A bal anced voltage cli,·ickr H1Rc es tabli shes a 12- gro unded and a sniall protective res istor added in series with th e b ase of Q4 . \\"h en th e circuit is opera ted this way, th e p ermiss ible unbal anced cur- rent is determin ed b y th e qui escent curren t of Q4. volt reference rnltagc at th e base of Q 1. Q1 and Q~ Th e parts in th e circuit shown below cos t approxi- form a differential amplifier, " ·here the bas e of Q~ mately $6 in ,·cry small quantiti es. In lots of 100, is in the nC'gati,·e feedback path from the e mitters th e cos t would b e approx im ately $4. . - 24 VOLT S D-C PO WER SUPPLY R6 1.SK 03 R7 220 2N3638 02 04 I c N3638 I R2 R4 22K 22K RS 22K I I I A 24-volt power supply is sp lit into a ± 12-vol t ou t put. Nega tive f ee dba ck loop permits unit t o deliver unbalanced currents up t o 700 milliamperes in eith er direction. ~ - +12VOLTS I- ~ R9 10 10 W ,.. .1.. 05 2 N3 0 5 4 r.-. 06 -= 4 RIO 10 ~ 10W ..,. -12VOLTS . ).. 96 Electronics [ March 21, 1966 Bistable multivibrator immune to noise R1 2500 C2 R2, 15K R3, 15 K By R. Wayne Simist er University of Utah, Radio-Television Servi ces, Salt Lake City When speed of switching is not an important factor, a bis table rnu ltivibrator can b e made free from accidenta l tri ggerin g beca use of no ise by addin g a capacitor, shown as c~ in th e diagram , right. Su ch an a rrangem ent makes it possible to u se th e circuit in a hi gh-noi se cm ·ironrn cn t with hi gh rcliabil ity and \\·ithout special shieldin g or layou t prcca utions. Thi s circuit h as proYcd valu able in operatin g clos ed-circuit televis ion a nd in co ntroll ing videotape and audio-tape recorders. Capacitor C~ brid ges th e collectors of Q 1 and Q" to eliminate th e mo st s tubborn case of noi se tri gge rin g . If Qi is condu ctin g, a negat ive noise puls e at its base could ca use it to cease con du ction. The res ultin g po sitive pul se from th e collec tor of Q 1 throu gh res isto r H ~ to th e base of Q ~ would normally all ow Q~ to go into full con duct ion. H owever, th e d ecreas in g voltage at Q~'s coll ec tor is imm edi a tely fed back through c~ to Q i's collec tor , thus suppress in g the pulse and breakin g th e feedback p:ith. \ \Th en Q i is cut off and a positi ve noise pul se arrives a t th e base of Q i, th e nega tive-go ing pul se at th e collec tor of Q 1 is shunted to g round through C " and transistor Q ~, which is condu ctin g. Thi s D 2 1N 270 D 3 1N 270 2N 2924 Q2 ct-Q Us TRIGGER ~ vJTs PEAK TO PEAK INPUT l_ Addition of capacitor C" prevents acciden tal triggering of bistable multivibrator because of noise. aga in breaks th e fee db ack path fo r noise. Th e larger the valu e of C ~. th e less susce ptible to noise th e circuit b eco mes, keepin g in mind th at th e larger valu es redu ce th e frequ ency response proportion ally. \Vith C~ equal to 0.1 mi cro farad in th e c ircuit sh own, tlw upper frequency limit acce pted b y the input is about 400 cycles per second. With C~ at 0.47 vf, the limit i ~ abo ut 100 cycles per Second . C:i a nd C \ should b e half th e valu e Of c~ to insure proper triggering and ma:--;imum s peed. In this circuit, a relay is us ed as Q /s collec tor load for alternately controllin g o th er electronic c ir- cuits. D 1, which normall y protects Qc from th e inductance of th e relay w hen it is de-en erg ize d , can us uall y b e eliminated because small in du ctive loads arc b yp assed to grou nd through c" and con - du ctin g transistor Q i. -. ~ . ,, D-c converter circuit uses capacitors -"' By J.M. Marzolf U.S. Naval Res ea rch Laboratory, Washington + - __ __. u 0 I- > :::::> .... a._ "'~ __ __. + -~ ) t + ul0 a:::.::_> > 1- N :::::> r--o D -c to d-c converters usually em pl oy transistors for swi tchin g cle ments, a transform er to ch ange th e voltage level and a rcc tifler to provide th e d-c ou tput. Th e ci rcuit shO\\·n to the right eliminates the tran sfo rm er and accomplishes co m ·crsion b y altern ately charg in g and discharging capacitors. Rela tive simpli c ity of des ign and th e use of low\'Oltagc co mponents make this circuit usefu l in ALL TRAN SISTORS 2 N1 74 ALL DIODES 1N250 ALL CAPACITORS 1,000 µ.F Three-stage d-c t o d-c convert er. Solid arrows show the charge cycle; dotted arrows show th e discharge cycle. low-po\1·cr, hi gh-voltage battery applica ti on s. It might a lso be used for ap pli cations requiring lowrnagnetic Bclds such as magnetometer instrumenta- I Electronics March 2 1, 1966 97 tion circuits. For voltage step-up, as sh own in the diagram, the capacitors are ch arged in parallel and dis- uz>- 90 ch arged in series. To step down th e voltage, the wu capacitors are ch arged in series and discharged <;::: 80 u.. in parallel. Th e tran sis tors, rectifi er diodes and w capacitors , with the exception of the output rectifier (J) 70 and filter capacitor, need onl y b e rated at the ~ 0 input voltage level. Any numb er of stages can be > connected to obtain an output at that multiple f- 60 :::> u. of the input voltage. f::::i Th e transistors function as swi tches and are all 0 50 driven simultaneously by phased square-wave pulses. A small static inverter generates th e square- ~ 40 wave pulses. Other sources might b e used, pro- f- <( 3:: vided the pulses are electri cally isolated from each ;; 30 other. The driving circu its are phased so that when w 3:: the input transistor is turned on, the interstage 0 u. 20 transistors are turn ed off. Th e current flow will simultaneously charge all the capacitors in paral- f- :u:::.i f- lel, as shown by the small solid arrows. 6 10 During th e discharge cycle, the input transistor is turn ed off and th e interstage transistors are simultaneously turn ed on. This connec ts the inter- 0.2 Q4 Q6 0.8 1~ 12 14 1.6 LOAD CURRE NT (AMPERES ) stage transistors in series and th e cap aci tors dis- Output characteristics of th e th ree- stage co nverter. charge through th e output circuit, as shown by th e small dotted arrows. During th e disch arge cycle, b e used for th e same output power. The output current does not flow through the interstage rec- characteris tics of this circu it are shown in the tifiers b ecaus e they are all reverse-biased. Th e curves for output volts , power and efficiency as a capacitor across the load, acting as an energy function of output current. The driving power for storage device, continues to supply power to th e the transistors was excluded in th e derivation of load during the p ortion of the cycle when th e th ese curves; h owever, it is rela tively constant for other capacitors are being charged. all loads. The curves indicate a no-load voltage Th e circuit was operated a t approx imately 2,500 more th an three times th e input voltage. The switch- cycles p er second with 1,000-µ.f capacitors. At a ing spikes caused th e high er output voltage, which higher frequ ency, lower values of capacitors may led to poor regulation a t very light loads. .. - . - High voltage, high current in electro-optic modulator POWER SUPPLY '· By Carl F. Johnson International Bu siness Machines Corp., Le xi ngton , Ky. Generation of high electric fields, usually required fo r light modulation , can impos e severe current requirements on the high-voltage power supply. The arrangement above right uses switchin g tubes to minimize this current drain. Light modulation employing th e electro-optic, or P ockels effect, depends on applying an electric fi eld to electro-optic crystals such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP), cuprous choride (CuCI) and MODULATOR ELE CTRICAL ARRANGEMENT Electro-optic light modulator circ uit. Th e high vol t age powe r supp ly is required to supply the electric f ie ld for the electro -optic crystal. Switching tub es VAand Vn charge an d discharge the crystal voltage. others . Ch aracteristics of th ese materials are given in reference 1. Under th e influence of th e electric fi eld, th e crystals b ecome birefrin gent, changing the index of refrac tion and the velocity of light. This effect on the index of refra ction also ch anges the 98 Electronics I March 21, 1966 polarization of light passing through the crystal. The polarization change, which is a function of the MOOULATOR applied electric field, results in an intensity change in the output light-if the output is viewed through a polarizer. Relatively high fields across the elec tro-optic crys tals are required to produce a polariza tion shift sufficien t to vary the light intensity from full on to off. - 'I Position of the crystal in a typical optical ar- Opt ical arrangement shows position of the electro-optic rangement is shown at th e right. crystal relative to the light so urce and modulator. Pulse tubes VA and V13 act as th e switching ele- ments. A 4PR65A is a typical tube to use as VA and V13· Th e operation is explained by assuming th at initially both tubes are off and that th e voltage across th e crystal is zero . To turn th e light on, VA is turned on with an input pulse, and the power supply voltage appears across th e crystal. Because th e crystal acts as a low- loss capacitor, VA can then be turned off and the voltage will remain across the crystal. Th e crystal . rapidly charges to th e potential of th e high voltage Detected lig ht out put in trace 1 shows the light being supply since tube VA can conduct high peak cur- gated on for approximately one millisecond and rents for short periods of tim e. off for one ms. The horizontal time base is o.5 ms/cm. Trace 2 shows the leading edge of the detected light Tube Yu is then pulsed on briefly to discharge output. Approximately six microseconds (µs) are th e crystal voltage and turn the light off. required to gate the light on or off. Horizontal Short bursts of current through VA and VB con- time base is 2 µs/cm. trol th e state of the crystal so that the average cur- rent requirements from th e power supply are low. Light modulation by electro-optic materials is applicable in light-beam communication systems, facimile systems and in light-beam deflection for displays. Reference 1. Richard A. Soref and Donald H. McMa hon " Bright hopes for display syst ems: flat panels and light d eflectors, " Electronics, No v. 29, 1965, p . 56. - .., IOOK · Linear amplifier circuit eliminates transformers By John Althouse Escond ido, Calif. Modulation transformers at audio and ultrasonic carrier frequencies are bulky and expens ive. They can be elimin ated with the circuit shown in the BIAS +OTO 2 VOLTS _J_ schematic at right. The linear modulator comprises an integrated- circuit operational amplifier and a fi eld effect tran - Siliconix field effect transistor replaces the modulation transformer in this linear amplifier circuit. sistor. Since th e circuit is linear and single ended, gate source voltage characteristic for a typical fi eld neither a filter nor transformer is needed. effect transistor is markedly similar. Thus, the re- +- If the input circuit of the operational amplifier at sistor may be replaced by an FET, and by applying right is assumed to b e a res istor, and if this re- the modulating signal to th e ga te, lin ear modulation sistance is varied to control th e amplifier gain, then of the audio signal may b e obtained. the resistance versus output voltage characteristic Carrier level is adjusted by d-c bias that sets the is hyperbolic. The drain source resistance versus ga te midway between zero bi as and pin choff . Electronics I March 21, 1966 99 This little latching relay .. ( 4- ·· .,, r r 'y r. - If . does everything this full size crystal can I- . ,.. J.. latchi ng relay does. When size and weight are importa nt considerations in specifying relays, take a look a t Electronic Specialty Co.'s 55R series of h a lf-size latching relays. These 2 PDT, 2 amp relays are electrically and mechan icall y interchangeable with full-size crystal can relays yet only half the weight and height (.4 in. x .4 in. x .8 in.) . And, there are no higher quality relays made. The 55R series' all-welded sealing insures cleanliness, elimina ting flu xing a nd increasi n g effi ciency. T hey meet or exceed MILR -5757D a nd withstand vibrations of 30G, 3000 cycles. A qualification test repor t is avail able. That's the 55R series of relays by E lectronic Specialty Co. (formerl y from Iron Fireman Mfg. Co.) . Send for a data sheet. ES ELECTRONIC SPECIALTY CO. i 8900 N.E. Sandy Boulevard, P ortland, Oregon In Eu rope contact E lektro- M etall, Dusseldorf, Germany J. 100 Circle 100 on rea der service ca rd I Electronics March 21, 1966 Reference sheet Nomograph simplifies design of f-m/f-m telemetry systems Chart eliminates need for separate calculations for nonstandard data channels-reducing design time By J.K. Pulfer and A.C. Hudson National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada ... When nonstandard data channels are required for The relevant parts of a typical f-m/f-m sys tem an f-m / f-m telemetry system, the nomograph on are shown by th e block diagram on page 102. The page 103 permits rapid calculation of the channel parameters that specify each channel are listed on parameters, and indicates the tradeoffs that result page 103, and th ese are interrelated by the nomo- in the best system design. graph. Quite often the carrier modulation index In f-m/f-m telemetry, data is transmitted by fre- and the subcarrier signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), are quency modulation of an audio subcarrier oscilla- unknown, but can be rapidly determined by the tor, which in turn frequency modulates an r-f nomograph as shown by the examples in this ar- carrier. ticle. At other times, these two parameters must The flexibility of this telemetry system makes be fixed; then with the help of th e nomograph , it attractive for many applications. A wide range the designer can determine other parameters, such of data formats , bandwidths and accuracy require- as the input and output bandwidths that will suit ments may be met with a single f-m/f-m system. the two fixed parameters. However, data channels often require parameters that do not conform to the standard format Nomograph shows system limitations -T specifications of IRIG (Interrange In strumen tation The cross-h atched region on th e input S/ N ratio Group). For these, a separate design optimization scale indicates a limitation imposed by the dis- must be made. criminator input threshold. The threshold may occur at any S/ N ratio below about + 12 decibels, depending on the design of the discriminator in The authors use1. If the input S/N ratio is below threshold, the J.K. Pulfer, a research officer wi th the Council 's space electronics section, is engage d in rocket discriminator output noise will con tain an impulsive noise componen t as well as the inevitable Gaussian component. The user wantin g to operate telemetry and dat a processing. He was graduated from t he University of Manitoba in 1953. a system in this region must consider th e effects of impulsive noise on his parti cular signal format, and interpre t th e output S/ N accordingly. The large cross -h atched region , sh own in th e center of the charts, represents a zon e in whi ch a significant portion of the signal spectrum will fall outside th e discriminator input filter b andwidth. A.C. Hudson, who works on radar receivers and ultrasonics at the Council 's Laboratories, was formerly emp loyed by Research Enterprises, Ltd. He was graduated from the The dotted boundary is based on an ideal rectangular filter. The solid boundary is based on a filter having a simple 6 db / octave roll-off. Most filters fall b etween thes e two ex tremes . University of Toronto in 1941. The complete nomograph is reproduced at the bottom of page 102 to illustrate the use of the ch art in some practical examples. For each channel the nomograph is us ed twice, once for the first dis- I Electronics March 21, 1966 101 Step 3 ---1 f--- sECOND DEMODULATION--j 0 a: Draw a third lin e from C2 to 40 db on th e out- FIRST DEMODULATION 0 ~ put SIN scale, and read its intersection wi th the BAND- PASS FILTER ) SECOND DI SC. Sa: 0 z "" input S/ N scale as 14.2 db. H aving es tablished that the input S / K ratio for the second discriminator must b e at leas t 14.2 db , :I! a0 : u. I r-, r-, 1 k... = CHANNEL 2 - r-1 J...--t J--.1 ~ the nomograph is used again with values relevant ~ to th e first demodulator. J-~ Intermedi ate frequency band pass 500 kc : L-.J L_..J L_.J = First di scrim inator output bandpass second 1 r-, r-, r-, CHANNEL 3 - ~.... 1-+I J-+I J--- ETC . I L_.J L_.J L_.J = discriminator input b andpass 10.5 kc = The desired output SIN calculated above 14.2 db A minimum input SIN = 12 db. Parts of the f-m/f-m system to which the nomograph applies. The nomograph is used for calculations applying to the first discriminator and again, for the second discriminator. Step 4 Draw a line from 10.5 on the outpu t ban dpass scale through 500 on the input fllter scale to inter- crim in a tor and once for th e second discriminator. If th e lines drawn across th e nornograph enter either of the two cross-h a tched regions, diffi culties ·will occur as described above. sect CH. Step 5 Draw a lin e from the output S IN of 14.2 db throu gh th e input S/ N of 12 db to intersec tion C4 . Example 1. Consider a 70 kilocycle-per-second subcarricr channel in a s tand ard IRIG f-rn / f-rn sys tem. Condition s at th e second di scrimin ato r are: Second discrimin a tor ou tput low- Step 6 Join C-t and Gi, intersecting th e modulation in- dex scale at 0.27. Thus, the necessary modulation index for th e 70- pass fllter b andwi dth = 1.05 kc kc subcarrier is 0.27. This m eans that th e carri er Second discriminator input fllter p eak deviation cau sed b y th e 70-kc sub ca rri cr is bandwidth = 10.5 kc 0.27 b y 70, or 18.9 kc. D eviation ratio = 5: 1 The lin e joinin g C:, to C.1 is well above the cross- D esired output Sl "t\ = 40 db hatched reg ion, indicating th a t the i-f b andwidth The first step is to consider th e second demodu- will not be fully u sed. There arc two reasons for lator stage. Th e S/ N input to th e second discrimi- this: first, th e remaind er of the subcarri ers and th e na tor can b e determined wi th the aid of th e norno- resulting increased overall carrier deviation h as graph. not been taken into account; second , a small fac tor of sa fety has been ins erted in th e stand ard HUG r- Step 1 form a t to allow fo r transmitter frequency drift. Draw a line from 1.05 on th e low-pass scale at the left si de of the nomograph through 10.5 on th e input-filter bandwidth scale to inters ec tion C1. Example 2. Consider a situa tion in wh ich th e output bandwid th and S/ K ratio, required by the data to be telemetered, can not b e met by any of Step 2 the standard IRIG ch ann els: Draw a second lin e fr om C 1 throu gh 5 on the Second di scriminator output low-p ass filter devia ti on scale to inter sec tion C~. This line in ter- bandwidth = 1.5 kc sects th e cro ss-hatched region , based on an ideal Required output S/ N = 45 db rec tangubr flltcr, but falls ou tside th e area based This channel is to b<> interleave d with a standard on a filter with a roll-off of 6 db per oclave. Be- syslem, so tha t all other parame ters- such as a cause th e discriminator input filter used with most subcarrier deviation of ± 7.5 % -must remain un- IRIG f-m l f-m telemetry system s h as a skirt slope changed. If th e data b andwidth is increased to 1.5 greater than 6 db p er octave, the error introdu ced kc, vvhile maintainin g th e deviation of ± 7.5 %, th en by u sin g th e nomo graph is small. th e deviation ratio will be decreased to 5 b y 1.051 1.5 = 3.5. Proceeding as before, the required S./N ratio at 10.s----.. the output of the first discriminator thi s time is ~ READ /1'-;::--'"~il':"-f'-c-2___.::,,JA;2 DB 40 DB 24 db. Using thi s res ult, a second pass through th e nornograph shows that a carrier deviation of ± 57.4 kc is n eeded for thi s channel. 14.2 DB Reproduction of nomog rap h indi cate s the steps outlined in examp le 1. Th e effect of entering ei th er cross-hat ched region is described in th e t ext. Reference 1. Kenneth M. Uglow, " Noi se and Bandwidth in F-m/ F-m Radio Te lemetering," IRE T ransactions on Telemetry and Remote Control, May 1957, p 19. l 102 Electronics [ March 21, 1966 ,, J.. J .,.. r ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ""' ~ _J , -afT1 iii" (") Nomograph for design of f-m/f-m telemetry system :c:::;l · UI - s: Ol 100 5000 "(")' 30 :r 80 f\) !"""' 4000 3000 I ...... ~ 20 60 lD ()) (/) m (/) Cl ~ 50 (/) (/) Q.. 40 'ci. I I 0 z 10 30 ~ Cenl 8 _J ~ 2000 1000 (/) 800 -zI- 600 ::::> 500 (/) ~ 6 z 5 ::::> z>- 4 -<l: 3 I I- -0 2 ~ 0 z <l: aJ I- 1.0 ir 0 .8 I::::> 0 0 .6 20 (/) ~ z ::::> >- 10 <zl: - 8 I I- 6 -0 5 ~ 0 z 4 e<nl: 3 I- ::::> Q.. I- 2 ::::> 0 ~I 400 300 - 200 I I- -0 JOO ~ 80 0 z 60 <l: 50 aJ 40 I- 30 ::::> a_ -z 20 10 8 0 .5 6 5 0 .4 4 3 Data channel parameters Input fil t er bandwidth Subcarrie r devi at ion ra t io Subcarrier input filt er bandwidt h Ca rrier sign al-t o-no ise rati o .... Dat a chan ne l ( low- pass) ba ndwidth Su bcarrier si g nal -t o-noise rat io 0 w Carrier m odu lati on ind ex Data channe l sig nal·to -noise ratio ··, . v ~ """ -' . >- I ~ . . _J._ , 'Ji>- tO·I I 0 ·2 x w 0 0 ·3 -z OA z 0 - I- 0 ·5 0 ·6 0 ·8 <l: _J l ·O ::::> 0 0 :,; 2 Q: 0 3 ~ -0 4 I- 5 <l: 0:: 6 z 8 0 - 10 I- <l: >w 20 0 30 40 50 60 I 80 I="- 90 DB 80 DB 70 DB 60 DB 5 0 DB 40 DB 30 DB 20 DB I O DB 0 DB - IODB c- 90DB F- 80 DB 0 ;:: E- 70DB <l: a:: -(w/) F- 60DB 0 z I ~ E- 50DB I _J <l: z CJ E- 40DB (f) I- :a:::_> I==- 30 DB' I::::> 0 F- 20 DB E- I 0 DB THESE CON AVIONICS POWER SUPPLIES COSTS $200 LESS THAN THE GOING RATE. WHAT DO YOU ' .,. TRADE OFF WHEN ~ I YOU BUY THEM? This rac k hold s t w o HS power supplies . Eac h power s upply is rated at 12 v olts, 20.5 amps. ,,. NO You certainly don't trade off quality. Our power supplies are guaranteed unconditionally for five years. They have an M.T.B.F. of 35,000 hours, calculated according to Mil Handbook 217. Silicon transistors are used exclusively. The secret in manufacturing these units for $200 less than the going rate is designing systems power supplies right from the start. (Most other manufacturers just warm over their designs for lab supplies .) So our way, with a lot of value analysis and some new techniques, we're able to pack a lot of value into just 51/4" of panel height. If you buy systems power supplies it could very well be worth $200 to you to have Con Avionics' data available. PARTIAL SPECIFICATIONS INPUT: 105-125 VAC, 47-63 cps REGULATION: (Line and load combined) ± 0.05 % RIPPLE: 1 mv RMS max RESPONSE TIME: 25 microseconds TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT: 0.015 % / ° C or 18 mv / ° C., whichever is higher TEMPERATURE: 75 ° C max. M.T.B.F.: 35,000 hours GUARANTEE: 5 years, unconditional The entire voltage range between 0 vdc and 51.0 vdc is covered in 42 models. Currents range from 5.5 amps to 46.0 amps. Wattages from 55 to 816. 104 Circle 104 on reader service card CONSOLIDATED AVIONICS 800 SHAMES DRIVE / WESTBURY , l . I., NEW YORK / (516) ED 4-8400 TWX : 510· 222-6151 See us at IEEE Booth 1A26 Electronics , March 2 1, 1966 Medica l electron ics Keeping the heart alive with a biological battery Body fluids , acting as an electrolyte , may enable implanted el ectrodes to provide longer-lasting battery for pacemakers th at keep falteri ng hea rts beating By O.Z . Roy and R.W. Wehnert National Research Council , Ottawa, Canada With cardiac pacemakers, man y peopl e w ith heart expec tan cy of four to five years. Subsequently, this tro ublc arc able to lead lives th at are norm al in figure was reduced to ·15 months. Improvements in many respec ts except one--fear th at th e pacemaker lead cons tru ction, component selec tion and impreg- battery may fail. This concern has led to cxperi- nat ion techniqu es have reduced fai lures consider- nwnts in makin g th e body a partner in su ppl ying ably, but the pacemaker's life is still limited by the its own lifesaving power. li fe of th e power sou rce. ,..... Although body flu ids can act as an elcc trolyto in generating enough po\\·er fo r a pacemaker, re- Heart stimulant search ers still mu st find th e most suitable me tals To stimula te th e heart with electrodes sewn on for th e electrodes ancl the b es t sites for implanting its muscu lar tissue, 16 to 20 rnicrojoules are re- them. It is con ceivable that th e stimulator and quired. This energy is usuall y transferred to the power source can be implanted right in th e h eart. heart in th e fo rm of a pu lse with a dura tion of two \Vh en it fir st came in to common use, th e pace- milli seconds. Th e sti mulu s rate is usuall y set to maker-which stimulates th e b ea t of faltering produce 60 to 70 h eartbea ts per rninu te. Th e a vcr- h earts elec troni call y- was co nsidered to have a lif age current th en drawn from th e battery is ab out 50 rnicroarnperes. This in cludes th e current re- The authors quired to overco me all losses in th e pttlse circuitry. To operate 10 years, th e battery should h ave a ca- O.Z. Roy has been an engineer at the instrument section of t he Radio and Electrical Engineering division of the National Research pacity of 4.5 ampere-hours. Many cathode and anode materials have b een tes ted for use wi th a body fluid. Over th e past two ·· Council since 1956. He is a member of the Internationa l years at th e Uni versity of Toronto's Bantin g In stitute, such work h as b een direc ted by Dr. \V . G . Federation for Medical Electronics and Biologica l Engineering. Bigelow, an assistant professor of surgery at the un iversity and chi ef cardiovascular surgeon at To- ronto General H ospital. For ca thodes, platinum R.W. Wehnert has been designing medical electronic equipmen t since joining the National Research Council upon grad uat ion from the black, silver and silver chl orid e have p roved most co nsistent in potential developed and capaci ty. 11ateri als of pure zin c, iron, and carbon or mi ld steel h ave also b een tried for anodes . Zin c appears supe- Rye rso n Institute of Technology in 1961. rior to th e others, but res ults are inconclu sive. \ Vhen plati num black or silver is used w ith any of th e anodic materials tested , the body fluid sup- plies n ot only th e elec trolyte, wh ich provides ioni c conduc tion b etween the electrodes, but sufficient Electronics J March 21, 1966 105 Early body-fluid pacemaker used rectifying action of baseemitter junction of t ransistor Q, to enable oscillations from ringing -c hoke oscillator ~o charge C1. Voltage on capacitor C1 is raised by charging to a level that cuts Q, off. Then c, is discharged to create output pulse. Old technique When Alessandro Volta imme rsed s il ver and zinc in jars of salt water in th e earl y 1800's , he caused electric current to flow, forming th e first galvanic cel l. The prin ciple h e discovered rem a ins in u se. All galvanic cell s consist of an anode, a cath ode and an electrolyte. T he cathod es are characterized b y the ease with which th ey accept electrons; in so doing th ev are reduced to a lower state of oxidation. Usually noble metals, such as platinum , gold and silver setve as cathodes. H oweYer, lead oxide, silver chloride, nickel oxide and other com pounds can be used. Anodic materials are metals such as lead, iron, cadmium , magnes ium or zinc. These m etal s part readily with electrons, dissolving to form positively changed ions in the electrolyte. This is an oxida tion process. Oxidation and redu ction processes are both accompanied by chemical changes and all of these changes take place in accordance w ith Faraday's law of electrolysis. Thi s law states in effect that to produce a battery of 26.8 ampere-hour capacity, one equivalent weight of material is liberated at each electrode, where th e equivalent weight is th e atom ic weight divided by element's valence. This then gives an index as to how much material will be n serl to convert chemical energy to electrical ene rgy for any given b attery capacity. chloride-z in c and platinum bl ack-zin c batteries have been implanted in dogs and rabbits for periods of un to nine months without ill effects. Other studies ;:-,lso confirm that large quantities of zinc can b e tolerated by animals with no apparent ill effects. 1, 2, H, 1, 3 Pacemaker is encapsu lated in epoxy for rigidity and Pacemakers in animals protection . Extending outward at tl1e left are flat plates which form the electrodes. Electrodes an d The circu it diagram of th e first series of body- pacemaker were separated by leads in later designs. Ruids pacemakers tes ted in animals is shown r above. Th e circuit consists of a ringing-choke osci].. oxygen to serve as the depolarizer at the cathode. \ \Tith a 50-microampere drain , su ch a battery need s oxygen at the rate of 0.01 cubic centimeter an hour fo r depolarization. Some typical meas urements made on a galvanic cell with a 50-microampere load are in the table at th e right. Th ese measurements were mad e over a peri od of several weeks at room temperature with th e electrod es immersed in a normal saline solution. \Vhen platinum black and carbon or mild steels are u sed as electrod es, the steel behaves galvanically like iron. It even corrodes at th e same rate. lator with feedback supplied to the base of trans istor Q" by the secondary wind in g of the transform er T1 · Th e rectifyi ng ac tion of th e bas e-to em itter-jun ction of Q" lets the oscillations charge the capacitor C1 until Q2 is cut off. Th e tran sistor Q2 remains off until Ct h as b een discharged through the resistor R1 and th e cons tant curren t source Q 1 to suffi cientl y lower th e base bias to its original value. Th e current source serves to stabilize th e output rate of th e stimulator against vari ations in the battery voltage. \ Vith a resistor in the base ·- Steels with higher chromium content, however, Galvanic cell measurements make pooi' cathodes, since the chromium retards corrosion and the amount of energy produced is insufficient. A battery with silver chlorid e and zinc electro des operates well within th e body and produces a potential difference of 1 volt at currents up to 10 milliamperes . This power source has its Cathode materia l Platinum black Platinum black Platinum black Silver Anode material Zinc Iron Mild stee l Zinc Voltage Anodic mate(volts d-c) rial loss 0 .9 to 1.0 550 0 .5 to 0 .6 468 0.5 to 0 .6 468 0 .8 to 0 .9 550 own depolarizer, ch loride, and the body fluid s b e- Silver chloride Zinc 1.0 to 1.1 550 h ave as th e electrolyte. Of anodic materials tes ted, it seems that zinc is Typical measu re ments of batteries with different electrode materials immersed in a saline solution. The anodic superior in potentials developed and capacity. Silver material used as fuel is calculated in milligrams per year. 106 Elect ronics J March 21, 1966 ..., Electrocard iogram of dog 's heart stimulated for a month by pa ce maker powered by body-fl uid energy. The stimulator has maintained the ddg ' s heart rat e-120 bea t s per minute-for 13 weeks now witl1 no ill effects. bia gin g circuit, th e rate of th e pacemaker output varied from appi"oximately 30 b eats to 180 b eats per minute for battery voltage chan ges fr om 0.5 to 1.5 volts. Th e remaining circuitry acts as an impedance transformer that matches th e h eatt to th e pulse circuit. At a battery voltage of 1 volt, th e stimulator produces a 0.9-volt pulse of 8 1i1iiliseconds duration into a 500-ohm load at an average current ch a in of 50 microamperes . Stirnulators of th e type shown in th e photograph on page 106 were im,pl anted into a series of dogs in whom a heart bl ock had b eE<n induced. The b a ttery electrodes used were eith er pl atinum blackzin c or silver-zin c. Th e cathodi c matetial was eith er implanted just b eneath th e skin or beneath th e skin near well oxygena ted tiss ue such as mu scl e. Th e anodic material was separated from _thi s cathode b y 1 to 20 centimeters: for exa mpl e, the platinu111black electtode near th e mu scle of th e right flank and th e zinc electi-ode in th e abdom en. Separa tion , it was found, had very little to do with performance of th e pacer. The stimulatin g lea ds were attach ed to th e h eart oh th e surface of th e right ventricle. It was found that this stimulator did capture and control th e heart's b eats ancl worked well for a period of 48 hours. After thi s tim e, th e heart mu scle ceased to respond to th e stimu lus. Upon inves tigation it was found th a t th e resistance of the h eart had ris en, eith er throu gh fibro sis around th e leads or chemical chan ges in th e tissue beneath th e stimulating electrodes . And a on e-volt pul se was now in suffii:::ient to transfer enou gh energy into th e h eart to maintain pacin g. As a result, a new pacemaker, using a rin gingchoke converter w as designed .G H ere a step-up tran sfoni1 er Ti is used with tran sistor Qi to form an oscilla tor which converts th e galvanic potentials to a-c. Th e s tepped-up voltage is th en n~c tiR e d ai1d used to drive a stimulator similar to th e one previously described. This pace1rn1ker with th e converter pi"odu ces a 1-millisecond pulse of 6 volts across a 500-ohrn loa d. Th e effi ciency of the converter is approximately 30 % . These stimulators are now b eing implanted and th eir long-term effec t b eing studied. Th e el ectrocardiograph tracin gs showh above were taken from a clog with h eart b lock a month after pacemaker implantation; th e stimulation rate is 120 beats p er minute. Nuclear-powered pacemaker The Atomic Energy Commission is wo rkin g with th e Nat ional H eart In stitute on the poss ible u se of nuclear power as a long-term source of ene rgy for pacemakers . Plutonium-238 would operate a th ermoelectric s tatic conve rter to prod uce th e several hundred microwa tts n eeded to dri ve the device. Th e e ntire pacemaker and 10-ycar power suppl y would fit in a co ntai ner th e s ize of a cigarette pack. Radioactivity ra ises two probl ems. Wh a t if th e p e rson wea rin g the pacemaker has an accident? The AEC fee ls it h as enough expe rience to p rovide safeguards to p rotect both th e u ser ;i ncl th ose n earby fr om rad iation . Keepin g the cl ay-to-day rad iation exp os ure to th e p acem aker u ser at a medicallv safe leve l is more cl iffi cult. Th e reactor's effi c iencv will h ave to reach a p oint where th e amount of f uel is small enough to pose no hazards.-Carl i\fosko\v itz References 1. P.K. Th o mpso n et a l, " The Effect o f Zinc Admini str ation upo n Reproduction a nd Growth in th e Alb ino Ra t. tog eth er with a Dem onstrat io n of the Constant Concentration of Zi nc in a Given Species. Regardl ess of Age, " Am .J. Ph syiol. Vo l. 80, 1927, pp. 65-74. 2. K .R. Dri nke r. " Th e N o rm a l Exc r etion of Zinc in t h e Urin e a nd Feces of M a n, " J .Biol. Ch e m . Vo l. 72, 1927 , pp . 375-383 . 3. W. Salant. " Pharmacology of Heavy Met a ls," J. lnd. Chem . Vol. 2, 19 20, pp. 72-78 . 4. V.G. H el ler an d A.B . Burke, " Tox icity of Zin c," J .B io l. Ch em . Vol. 74, 1927, pp. 85-93. 5. K .R. Dr in ker, " Th e Effec t o f Long-Cont inued I ngestion o f Zi nc, in th e Form o f Zinc Oxi d e, by Ca t s an d Dogs, t ogeth er with Obse r va tion s upon th e Exc reti o n a nd Storage o f Zinc , Am.J. Phsiol. Vo l. 80, 19 27, pp . 3 1-64 . 6. L. H . Littl e, " Princi pl es o f th e Tra ns i sto r D .C. Con ve rt e r," M u ll a rd T ec hni ca l Communicatioh Vol. 17, Feb ruary 1956, pp. 159-204. Acknowledgements Th e a u i h ors ac knowl edge t h e ass i stance of Dr. W.G. Big elow, Dr . W. Firer, Dr . D . McGregor a nd Dr. D. Arm ou r in assessing t h e pacemakers a nd pow er sources. I Electronics March 21, 1966 107 ~ AUTHORIZED V DISTRIBUTORS ALABAMA Argo & Company Birmingham ARIZONA Electrical Specialty Co. Phoenix CALIFORNIA Electrical Specialty Co. Los Angeles Elect r ica l Specialty Co. South San Francisco R. V. Weatherford Co. Glendale COLORADO Electrical Specialty Co. Denver CONNECTICUT R. H. Carlson Co., Inc. Greenwich D. C. Read Plastics, Inc. Washington FLORIDA Gulf Semiconductors, Inc. Coral Gables Gulf Semiconductors, Inc. Winter Park ILLINOIS Allied Radio Corp. Chicago Federal Insulation Corp. Chicago J. J. Glenn and Co., Inc. Chicago IN DIANA Hyaline Plastics Corp. Indianapolis IOWA Plastic Supply, Inc. Des Moines KENTUCKY General Rubber & Supply Co. Louisville MASSACHUSETTS Northeast Chemical Co. Boston MICHIGAN F. B. Wright Co., Inc. Dearborn Ren Plastics Inc. Lansing MINNESOTA D. A. Schultz Company Minneapolis MISSOURI D. A. James Company St. Lou is Regal Plastic Supply Co. Kansas City NEBRASKA Regal Plastic Supply Co. Omaha NEW JERSEY Smooth·on Mfg. Co. Jersey City NEW YORK Punt, Inc. Floral Park Queen City Rubber Co. Buffalo Adhesive Products Corp. New York Chamberlin Rubber Co. Rochester Syracuse OHIO Philpott Rubber Co. Cleveland Parkway Products, Inc. Cincinnati OREGON Electrical Specialty Co. Portland PENNSYLVANIA Smith of Philadelphia, Inc. Philadelphia Speck-Marshall Co. McKees Rocks TEXAS Lawrence Electronic Co. Dallas Houston Industrial Supply Co., Inc. Houston WASHINGTON Electrical Specialty Co. Seattle WI SCONSIN R. J. Wittenburg Co. Milwaukee G-E ultra high strength RTV-630: slash it, flex it double ... it never tears General Electric RTV-630 silicone rubber has a tear strength of 100 psi-die B. That's more than twice the tear resistance of any other RTV. It also has a hardness of 55-70 durometer, tensile strength up to 850 psi and elongation of up to 400%. Because of its great strength. RTV-630 can be used in thinner conformal coatings and improved production line potting. RTV-630 is designed to protect against the worst environments of thermal shock, vibration, moisture, ozone and temperatures from -65°F to 500°F. Experience shows RTV-630 molds for electronic parts last up to twice as long as com·entional RTV. As a punch die, it has performed more than six times as long. RTV-7 foam for shock and vibration damping . Foo ms to 5 times origina l size and cures in 10 minutes. Dens ity can be varie d . Extremely resi lie nt. Ready-to-use RTV-102 cartridge speeds production line sealing. Na cata lyst, no p riming needed. Toug h, fl ex ibl e. UL re cognitio n. Fo r more data , ask your nearest distr ibutor a s lis ted or write Section N3193R, Silicone Products Dept., General Electric Co ., Waterford, N. Y. f j GENERAL ELECTRIC 108 Circle 108 on reader service ca rd Electronics I March 2 1, 1966 Consumer electronics -~ For a good mixer, add one FET Field effect transistors , rath er than point-contact diodes , in mixers simplify ultrahigh -frequency telev ision tun ers By Sam M. Weaver ·. ..i Texas In stru ment s Inco rporat ed, Dallas. Ultrahigh -frequency tuners can be significantly im- Testing the circuit .. proved and simplified by using field effect transistors rather than th e usual point-contact diodes in mixers. FET's produce gain-diodes don't. FET's are also less subject to cross-modulation and caus e less intermediate-frequency skewing. Certain FET's, like thos e in the 2N3821 and 2N3824 series, can operate as a mixer with gain, liminating expensive low-nois e arnplin ers in the following stage to achieve an acceptable signal level. Also, th e FET produ ces a negligible thirdorder component so its tran sfer .characteristic follows a square law almos t iJerfec tly-keeping crossmodulation to a minimum. Point-contact diodes, such as th e l.'\82A and ll'\23B, have a conversion gain less than unity and thus th e mixer mus t b e fo llowed by a low-noise interm ediate-frequency ampliner. Th e diode mixer also has excessive cross-modulation-th e transfer of th e modulation compon ent of a large undesired signal to a weak desired signal. As th e fr equen cy of th e diode tuner is varied, th e impedance of th e i-f tuned circuit changes as a result of changing input impedance. This change affects amplitude and phase relationships of th e signal components. This di stortion , for example in a color television receiver, causes erroneous color reproduction. An FET test mixer was constructed with strip transmission lin es, as presently found in se veral tv- tun r tuning deovsei~a·nst.h No e tv attempt band. was Strip made to provide transmission line consists of a conductor midway b e tween two larger rectangular ground-plane conductors . This strip lin e construction is easily seen in th e photograph of th e FET mixer 011 page llO. A sch ematic, which corresponds to th e circuit layout, is also shown on page llO. Th e h eavy black lines in th e schematic represent th e ground-plane con- ductors of th e two strip transmis sion lines, which are shown side by side in th e photograph . Th e h eavy lin es in color are th e smaller center conduc- tors of the strip line. Th e ground -plan e conductors form a case for th e circuit and sep arate it into three cubicles, so th e r-f input, th e lo cal oscillator output and th e i-f output are shielded from each other. Th e two center strip conductors are shorted to th cas e at one end and terminated at the other end with ceramic tubular trimm er capacitors-vari- abl e from 1 to 8 pi cofarad s- so th e r-f and local- oscilla tor tanks can b e tun ed. Th e r-f input, th e FET input and th e lo cal-o scillator input are tapped to a center condu ctor a t points near th e shorted end , which provides th e b es t impedan ce m atch. Th e r-f input and FET taps in th e r-f tank are spaced to provide an approxirnate irnpcdance match The author Sam M. Weaver, senior eng ineer at Texas Instruments Incorporated, designs tv -signal processing circuitry. For t he past 5 and than to 20 ~a\iv1 ce. an input bandwidth of a little more Such a broad b andwidth is desirable in a test circuit to simplify cro ss -modulation meas- urements. In a receiver, th e b andwidth wo uld b e narrowed to correspond to th e fr equ en cy spec trum of th e si anal b y simply tappin g nearer th e shorted of his 12 years with the end of the center strip condu ctor. Th e bandwidth company, he has designed and should be such th at n o co rnpon en t of th e des ired ,..-,, evaluated semicond uct ors for tv. signal is attenuated, while all oth er frequencies are discriminated again st. Oth erwi se, ima ge frequ en- cies and spurious responses generated b y interrnod- Electro nics J March 21 , 1966 109 the mixer gain can b e controll ed by varyi ng OUTER CO NDUCTOR (CASE AND SHIELDI NGl the lo cal-oscillator injec tion. If Bxed gain is desired, th e i-f transform er can b e tuned to th e output capacita nce of th e FET, elim inating the collec tor capacitor and pro vidin g an addi tional 9 decibels or more of gain . Th e 50-ohm load was tran sform ed to approxi- mately 1,250 ohms by th e i-f transformer to provide the proper i-f bandwidth . Alth ou gh th e supply volt- CENTER CO ND UCTOR age was + 30 volts, th e circuit's performance was not s ignifi cantly affected by reducing th e voltage. The gain b egan to drop rapidl y, however, b elow + 15 volts. The local-oscillator injection was ad- fr j11 sted to g ive an FET drain current of 3 ma, w hich was also th e suppl y curren t. The r-f in the tes t circuit is single- tun ed to pro- ,·ide a realistic n oise figur e measurement and to provide matching. If thi s were a co mm ercial tun er, ... h owever, double-tun ing would be required to give .·,I~ ] .:J.· FET .' '/ OUTPUT mu ch high er image rejec tion and much lower radiation than th e tes t circuit provid ed. Perform ance parameters for the FET mixer are listed in th e table on page 112. Strip transmission line construction of the uh f mixer. Two outer Qround plane conductors, l.O ·i nch high , form the case and t he int erna l shielding for t he circuit. Center cond uct ors are 0.4·inch high . CASE R. F. INPUT son CENTER CONDUCT · OR LOC . osc. INPUT 50!1 15 TURNS v ---....A,.A,.;._,...----:.,- +30 10 PF 500 PF Designing the mixer Des igning a mixer is alm os t en tirely em pirical b ecause measuring large-s ignal parameters meaningfully is diffi cult. For th is UHF applica ti on, the 2N3823 was cho sen for its low-noise and high -fr equency chara cteristics. In designing th e i-f output tran sform er, th e proper primary reac tance is found by resonatin g it at th e interm ediate frequ ency with both the output capacitance of th e FET and whatever swampin g capaci tance is desired . To tun e th e circui t, th e in ductance is varied with a metal slu g while the point of resonance is n oted on a grid-dip meter. i\ex t, th e turns ra tio is chosen to provide th e proper bandwidth. Because the real part of th e output impedance of th e FET is very high, th e bandwidth is determined by th e load. Th en, IF OUTPU T 50 !1 Schematic of FET mixer corresponds t o actu al layout Q L = Afof ' R 1 L = Qr. wC of circ uit. Heavy lines represent outer co ndu ctors of strip transmission lines . Lin es in co lor represen t th e strip line ' s sma ll er center co ndu ctors. wh ere Rr.' is th e rcHectcd load an d C is the sum of FET output capacitance and swamping capaci- u lation will appear in the output. tance. For a Brst approximation, ass um e unity coupling so that . - The local oscillator signal is injected into the FET source by low-inductance loop couplin g. The low-poten tial encl of th e loop is bypass ed with a N1 RL' N2 ~ fccdthrough capacitor. To provide less than 1 ma N t is th e number of turns in th e p rimary of th e i-f FET drain cu rren t for proper mix in g, a value of output transformer; N2 is the number of lurn s in 3,300 ohms was cho sen for the sou rce resistor. th e secondary; and Rr. is the mixer load. Larger values " ·ou ld increase th e loca l-oscillator Th e theore tical voltage ga in of a single-s tage pmYer requirem ent. FET amplifier is A = g111R1,', wh ere gm is th e trans- Skew ing of th e i-f bandpass could occur with condu ctance. Th e actual gain, however, depen ds on chan ges in local-oscillator injection b ecause of the th e conversion loss in th e mixin g action and gm , chan ging outpu~ impedance of th e FET. H owever, wh ich is a function of bias. in lhis circuit \Yith a 10-pf coll ector capacitor, the ' \ith the preliminary i-f tran sform er design ed, reac tan ce change is sufficiently swamped so skew- th e n'txt s tep is choosing the bias, which involves I · ing is negligible. a compromise b e tween noise and gain . Noise in th e 110 Electronics I March 2 1, 1966 SCOPE DESIRED 3 DB 'I SIGNAL GEN ~ 3DB · v · v- FET MIXER t - 1---1 IF AMPLIFIER DETE CTOR 1-----1 AUDIO AMPL I FIER ~ I VO LTMETER UNDESIRED 3 DB SIGNAL ~ GEN l LOCA L OSC ILLATOR Cross-m odula ti on- th e transfer of modul atio n co mponents from one signal to t he other-is meas ured in th e FET mixer with this equipment. Unmodulated desired signa l and 30 % a·m undesired si g nal used as a reference are separated by a network of 3-d b pads . 40 0 300 z 0 I<( 200 :-:>' Cl 0 ;;i;; ~ r0 o / MAXIMUM AVA ILABLE OUTPUT ~GUNEDNEERSIARTEODR SIGN AL OUTPUT / FOR 1% CROS S- MODULATIO N ' -------- -· > 10 0 E 90 -' 80 <( z 70 ~ V> 60 Cl w 50 a:: V> w Cz l 40 ::> 30 ~ CALCULATED MIXER INPUT LOC AL OSCILLATOR FREQUENC Y DES I RED SIGNAL : FREQUENC Y AM PLITUDE FEED- THR U / / / "---~ 62 0 MC :i75 MC 1.7 mV I NTERM ODUL AT ION ~ 20 550 560 570 t 580 590 600 FREQUEN CY MC - DESIRED SIG NAL Freq u ency respon se of th e input circuit is shown in bla ck c urve as the ou t put of tl1e und esired signal generat or needed to produc e 1 % cross-mod ulation. Bottom curve in color-calc ul at ed as 9 db down from th e top curve- represents actual input to the mixer. - ,,. mixing process depends on conversion loss b ecause low, yet effective gm is sufficien t to provide gain . each decibel of this loss adds a decibel to the noise Th e nex t step is th e des ign of the two input cir- figure. The device achieves low noise when its cuits . Using tran smis sion lines as tuned circuits tran sfer characteristic is most nearly square law. b eco mes almo st imperative a t uhf to control cir- This occurs near the FET's pinch-off bias, where cui t para meters . The si mples t cons truction , which di·ain current Ict is zero. Unfortunately, minimum is leas t critical regardin g radi a tion and tunin g, w as drain current also r es ults in minimui11 amplifier strip transmission lin e. 1 · ~. a Mi xing at vhf and lower gain , since g111 increases as the drain current in- fr equ en cies may b e done with lumped comp onents, creases. but to prevent oscillation the two inputs and th e This dilemm a, h owever, can be res olved by self- outp ut must be shielded from interaction. biasing the FET so that Ict is well b elow 1 ma, Maximum gain res ults by applying th e r-f signal with a suitable source resistor, and th en applying a to the ga te and th e local-oscill ator signal to the large local oscilla tor signal to drive the FET on source. Isolation b etween th e r-f and oscill a tor in- during positive half cycles . In this way, an average put - necessary b ecause of oscill ator radiation-is Ia of 3 ma or more can b e achieved. Noise is kept provided by a low-indu ctance loop at the source. Electronics I March 2 1, 1966 111 FET mixer perform ance Radio frequ ency input Local oscillator input I nterrnediate frequen cy output Co nversi on ga in Band width Noise figure 1 % cross -modulation 575 Mc 620 Mc 45 Mc 9 db 9 Mc 6.5 db (with 12.8·db irnag e rejection ) Undesired signal leve l-45 rnv Desired signa l level- 1.7 11w Im pedan ce matchin g of th e two inputs is done mostly b y a cut-and-try me thod. T he input impeda nces of th e m ixer varv with levels of local oscillator injecti on. Th ese impedances arc diffi cult to measure, but with suffi cien t oscill a tor inj ect ion into the so urce, gate impedance is well b elow 100 ohms; so urce impedan ce is \\·ell b elow ga te impedan ce. Though impedan ce ma tchi ng provides ma ximu m ga in , the 10\rnst noise fi g ure docs not n ecess aril y rcs uIt. If no r-f a mplifi er precedes th e mixer , th en nois<:> is th e fir st cons id erat ion. Th e co upli ng loops arc then adjusted fo r niin imu m noise. If ga in is more impo rtant th an no ise in a particular appli catio n, th en th e loop s a rc adj usted for maximum ga in. As th e load in g is cha nged , th e b an dw id th of th e r-F ta nk is affected. To retain the des ired r -f bandwidth , the input load in g mu st b e ch an ged . Adju stin g the loca l osc ill ato r will also affec t the r-f band width , so th at several attempts may b e requ ired to ge t th e proper com bination of bandwidth a nd im pedan ce matchin g. If double tunin g is required , th e second circuit should b e added after de terminin g the param eters of th e loca l osc illator; thi s dec reas es the number of cut-a nd-try opera tions. T he final des ign step req uires a readj ustm ent at th e i-f tran sfo rm er. Beca use the ad ju stm en t of th e local oscillato r cha nges th e FET"s output impedan ce and the i-f tran sform er design was an approximatio n, th e turn s rat io w ill probabl y h <ffC to b e readju s ted to pro vide the desired bandw idth , esp ecially if th e coll ec tor swampin g capa citance is low. Cross -modulation Cross- modulat ion is an important criter ion for meas urin g th e p erform ance of a mixer. T\YO proced ures for m eas urin g cro ss- mocJula tion w ill be descr ibed ; a diagram of th e cqu ipme nt for th ese lll C<ls ure ments is shown on pa ge 111. Th e fir st me th od is to apply b oth an undes ired s ignal, w hich is 30% a111 plitucle- modul ated, and an unmodulated desired signal to th e m ixer. Th e crossrnodu lation is measured at th e output as the amount of modulati on in th e des ired signal. The FET circuit discuss ed h ere h ad in its output a 1% ampli tudc-modulated des ired sig nal as a res ult of th e 30 % -mo du lated uncles.ired s ignal re ference. Th e des ired and undesired signal sources arc isolated by a ne twork of 3-db pads. Th e output of th e tes t circuit is m easured by a sys tem with approximately 30 db of lin ear d ynam ic ran ge. A single receiver wi th thi s cap ability cou ld b e subs tituted for tb e sys tem shown . Beca use tli c p ercentage of cross-modulation is independent of des ired s ig nal voltage, a ny convenient s ignal level can b e u sed . In thi s se tup , 1.7 mv provided a s ig nal that is well ab ove th e noi se level, and ye t well b e low th e overload point. To se t up a refere nce level on th e voltm e ter for calibration , the undes ired sig nal is co mpl e tely attenu ated, and th e des ired signal is modulated at 20 % . This reading is th en divided into 20 parts, each representing l % modu lation. This can be done because the measurin g system is linear. To plot th e respons e of th e mixer input's tun ed circuit ove r its frequency range as on page l l l, th e 1.7-mv, unrn od ulated des ired signal is applied to th e FF:T wi th the 30% modul a ted undes ired s ignal at a particular freq uency. Th e undes ired signa l is in creased in a mpli tud e until the voltme ter indi ca tes 1% mod ul ation. Th e undesired signal level is th en reco rded, and th e procedure re pea ted for several oth er freq uenc ies in th e ran ge of th e mixer. The top curve represents the output of th e un des ired signal genera tor needed to produ ce l % cro ss -m odu lation in th e mixer. T he actu al input to th e mixer, shown in th e b ot tom curve, is 9 db cl own from the sig nal generator output b eca use of th e isolation ne twork losses . The lowest point on th e b ottom curve represents the und es ired signal level required to produce 1% cross- modu lation in the FET if it w e re independ ent of th e tu ned c ircuit. Th e points marked feed throu gh indica te th at th e frequ ency of th e undes ired signal is wi thin th e amp]ifi er bandpass, and is b ein g received in th e sam e man ner as th e des ired signal. Th e point marked interm odul a ti on is a resul t of mixin g action . \ Vh cn mixed w ith th e local oscil lato r s ignal , tli e und es ired sig nal produ ces a signal \\·hi ch is half th e i-f frequency. Th e second h armoni c of thi s signal- also produ ced in mixin gappears as th e i-f and is detec ted . T his shows th e necess ity for input prcselecti on. Th e seco nd me thod of ch aracteri z in g a circuit's susceptibility to cross- modu la tion is to sp ecify th e 30%- moclulated, und es ired-sig nal level req ui red to prod uce cro ss-m od ul ation a certain number of dec ibels down from full 30 % mod ulation of th e des ired s ignal. In thi s method , a reference level for th e des ired signal is set up as in the la st me thod : a 30%- modul ated desired signal is applied to th e FET and th e voltm eter read in g is se t a t 0 db . Th e modu lation of th e des ired sig nal is th en removed , and th e und es ired signal, with 30 % modulati on , is in creased in ampli tude until th e voltmeter reads a value the sp ec ifi ed number of decibels b elow O db . References !. " Reference Dat a for Radio Engineers," fou rth edition, Internationa l Telephone and Teleg raph Corp., pp. 598-600. 2. J .R. Dang l and K .P. Stee l e, " U s in g s tr ip trans mi ss ion line t o d esign microwave c irc u it s, Part I, " El ec tronic s, Feb. 7, 1 966, p . 72. 3. J .R. Dang ! an d K .P. St eele, " Us ing strip trans mi ss ion l in e to de sig n microwave c ircu it s, Part I I," Electronics, Fe b . 2 1, 1966, p. 90. 112 I Electronics Marcil 2 1, 1966 -,. .. ·- .. - -~ ,,. ENGINEERS ... DESIGNERS ... RESEARCHERS ..., WIN ACOLOR TV other outstanding prizes ... in the FENWAL ELECTRONICS "MR.THERMISTOR" CONTEST ATTENTION ... THERMISTOR USERS ~ If you have ever employed thermistors for tempera- accorda nce with the contest rules below, and send ture measurement , temperat ure compensation, in- it to Fenwal Electronics, Inc. before April 30, 1966. dustrial control, or any one of the dozens of other Just for entering, you will receive an F. E. I. Experi- .. applications for which th ey are ideally suited, here menters Th ermi stor Kit (va lu ed at $9 .95) . And you is a chance to cash in on your experie nce. All you will be eligi ble to win one of the three valuable grand ('r have to do is describe the applications briefly, in prizes described below. ~ ~ ~,,\.,.~,~ ~ ~~~ ~~'~ ~ - ,. -. - .. ... . SPANISH TREASURE PEN co· 23" LOR TV · · · A handsome 23'' Motorola table·m9del color set (valued at $500) goes to "Mr. Thermistor". This prize, guaranteed to please the whole family, will be delivered to the winner's home, installed, with a full ninety- (Y day warrahty. 'ti ~Z5--------------------~~- ACCUTRON !> TIMEPIECE ·.. The winner. of the second "Mr. Thermistor" prize will receive this striking tim e- piece .. . said to be the world's most acc urate . Elec- tronically·d riven by pulses from a tuned oscillator, it is a real engineer's watch, guaranteed to make you th e it,envy of the whole depart· ment. Retail value $125 . \-'l t,~ ~i This unique Parker 75 pen (which lists for $75) is a conversation piece you will treasure for years. The beautifully-wrought barrel is ge nuine antique silver, re- cently salvaged from the re- mains of a Spanish plate fleet which foundered in a hurricane off the East coast of Florida in 1715. With the pen you get documentary proof of its authentic origin. It is also a fine writing in- ~ument. ~ /(:>,)-',/,~"· :""{:E·' VERYBObY ~"-Y WINS""',j\'.\! Everyone who submits an entry in the April Fenwal Electronics "Mr. Thermis· tor" Contest wi ll receive one of F.E. l.'s large G-701 Experimenter's Th ermistor Kits (which sell for $9.95) con t ai nin g 10 assorted precision thermistors with complete specifications and applica· tion data. 63 Fountain Street Framingham, Mass. rQ --------------------------~"'t /\r~\!- "MISTER THERMISTOR" CONTEST RULES may..~tJ be signed in ink. More than one individual sign, but only one prize will be awarded per 1. F.E.1.'s "Mr. Thermistor" Contest is open to entry . all qualified engineers and researchers residing 5. Entries wrll be judged on: ingenuity of ther- w1th1n the United States, with the exception of mistor util1Zation, sophisti cation of probe de- emp loy ees of Fenwal Ele ctronr cs, Inc. , Fenwal , s rgn or th ermi stor c ircuitry, and or effectiveness In c., and therr advertrsing agencr es. of th e thermistor approach in solving a specific 2. Ea ch entry should describe in as many words as neces sary: a. The product, system or application in whi ch the thermi stor was used. desrgn problem. 6. Decision of the judges will be final. All entries become the property of Fenwal Electronics, Inc. b. The spe cific function of the thermistor, (or 7. Entries for this '· Mr. Thermistor" Contest thermr stors ), operating parameters, and the type must be pos tmarked no later than mrdnight, used. April 30. Wrnners will be advised directly. c. Why a thermistor was used, instead of some alternative approa ch, and how well the applicati on achieved obje ctives. A sket ch or schematic (pencil is OK) must be 8. First Prize winner ( I ) will receive a 23" Motorola Color Television Set. Second Prize w inner will receive an ACCUTRON ® Timeprece. i~~~~ur":i~~nwinner will receive a Parker 75 includ ed to illustrate the application. Every contestant will receive a G-701 Th ermisto r 3. More than one entry may be submitted by Kit. a cont estant. 9. Entries should be addressed to: 4. Entries should be typed, or written clearly, Thermistor Contest on 8'12 x 11 paper. Sender 's name, title, com- Fenwal Electronics, In c. .>:"'i~ pany affiliation, and home or company address 63 Fountain Street should be clearly indicated. Each entry must Framingham, Massachusetts ~ .%. '.!;'',-...-{."-.J-- - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - GET YOUR ENTRY IN NOW BEFORE THE APRIL 30, DEADLINE Electronics I March 21, 1966 Circle 113 on reader service card 113 NEW WANLASS R-3200 VOLTAGE REGULATORS R-3200/60 REGULATOR PATENTS PENDING NOW ... A 1 % LINE AND LOAP REGULATOR WITH MICROSECOND RESPONSE and 47-63 CYCLE OPERATION Econorny · Small size · Light Weight Power factor insensitive · Current ov erload protection No phase shift · All solid stclte · Opfronal 400 cycle operation c · Efficiency - up 10 ~ 11w re in 1·ated tests PRODUCT COMPARISON CHART R-32 00 /60 60 va Unit Typical 60 va Ferroresonant Transformer Price Line Regulation Load Regulation Frequency Power Factor Phase Shift Response Weight Size Un its to be mounted $20 .0 0' ± 1% + 1% 47-63 cps Insensitive up to ± 0.7 No 50 µ.-sec 2.5 lbs . 3x3 34x4in . l $21.00 ± 1% - 60 cps 1.0 Yes 25,000 µ-sec 8 lbs . 3x4x5 in. " 2 ' F.0.B. Santa Ana . Subject to change. (I Dimensions do not include separate capacitor. The new Wanlass R-3200 Series voltage regulators are designed specifically for a wide variety of electronic instruments and equipments. Compare cost, performance, economy of operation with other competitively priced units (see table). Wanlass R-3200 voltage r egulators are the ideal choice for all original equipment applications now using constant voltage ferroresonant transformers. Write today for comp lete technical data. Wanlass Electric Co., 2189 S. Grand Ave., Santa Ana, Calif. 92705. (714) 546-8990. ;;~,L~~;";LECTRIC ,~~·: ,. , . . '( . 9 Unretouched r hoto shows output waveform superimposed over input . Regulation is R-3200 has significant line noise suppression. Note 25-vo lt input change (up per) and 50 See Wanlass Regulators Booth 4M09-IEEE SHOW NEW YORK CITY 114 Circle 114 on reader service card WANLASS REP RESE NTATIV ES AND SALES OFFICES ALBUQUERQUE Hyde Electronics Co., Inc. 5206 Constitution N .E. Albuquerque, N.M. 265-8895 ATLANTA Gentry and Assoc., Inc. P.O. Box 13513. Stn. K Atlanta, Ga . 233-3816 BENTON HARBOR Robert 0. Whitesell & Assoc. 303 Fidelity Building Benton Harbor, Mich. 927-2041 BURLINGTON Gentry and Assoc., Inc. 2714 Eldermont St. Burlirrgton, N .C. 227-7916 CHICAGO Wanlass Electric Co. P.O. Box 7814 Chicago , 111. 478-5499 CINCINNATI Robert 0 . Whitesell & Assoc . 1172 W. Galbraith Cincinnati , Ohio 521-2290 CLEVELAND Robert 0 . Wh itesell & Assoc. 21139 Lorain Ave. Cleveland, Ohio 333-2585 COLUMBUS Robert 0. Whitesell & Assoc. 1350 W. 5th Ave. Columbus, Ohio 488-9731 DALLAS Parvin Sales Co . P.O. Box 307 Addison, Texas 363-8596 DAYTON Robert 0. Whitesell & Assoc. 4129 S. Di xie Ave. Dayton , Ohio 298-9546 DENVER Hyde Electronics Co. 888 S. Li pan St. Denver, Colo. 936-3456 DETROIT Robert 0. Whitesell & Assoc. 16801 Wyoming Ave. Detroit, Mich. 862-2225 FORT WAYNE Robert 0. Whitesell & Assoc . Central Bldg., Rm . 272 Fort Wayne, Ind. 743-4411 HUNTSVILLE Gentry & Assoc ., Inc. Rm . 418. Clinton Bldg. 2109 W. Clinton Ave. H untsv i ll e, Ala. 534-9771 INDIANAPOLIS Robert 0 . Whitesell & Assoc. 6620 E. Washington St. Indianapolis, Ind. 635-9766 KANSAS CITY H arris·Hanson 7916 Paseo St. Ka nsas City, Mo. 444-9494 LOUISVILLE Robert 0. Whitesell & Assoc. 3620 Lexington Rd . Louisville, Ky. 893-7303 MINNEAPOLIS Lloyd F. Murphy & Assoc., Inc. 730 Chicago Ave . Minneapolis, Minn. 333-4511 ORLANDO Gentry & Assoc., Inc. P.O. Box 11096 Orlando, Fla . 424-0730 PHOENIX Hyde Electronics Co., Inc. 4710 N . 16th St. Phoenix, Ariz. 264-5609 PITTSBURGH Robert 0 . Whitesell & Assoc. 201 Penn Center Blvd. Pittsburgh, Pa . 242-0100 ST. LOUIS H arris·Hanson Co. 2814 S. Brentwood Blvd. St. Louis, Mo. 647-4350 SALT LAKE CITY Hyde Electronics Co ., Inc. 380 l Deis a Dr. Salt Lake City, Utah 27?·4465 ... .. - . - I Electronics March 21, 1966 Space electron ics Celestial successor to inertial guidance The ancient art of navigating by the stars is being updat ed with modern electro-optics . It promises to measure and control spaceships' posit ions without moving parts such as gyroscopes, gimbals and pl atfo rms By E.J. Farrell and R.L. Lillestrand .. Cont ro l Dat a Co rp. , Min neapolis, Minn . Spaces hips will soon b e guided acro ss the sky in celes tial pa ttern recognition fo r a randomly oriented much th e sa me way tha t mar iners on ce cl irec tccl senso r h ave alrea dy bee n built. On e, d c~ i gn c cl b y sa ilin g ships acro ss the dark seas, relying ent irely the Contro l D a ta Corp. , h as mac.le ~tc llar observa- on celes tial rath er th a n in er tial measurements. tions from the car lh wi th p oi ntin g errors of 30 An elec tro- op ti cal sys tem, without movin g par ts seco nds of arc. \\'h en th e sys tem is u sed in space, such as gyroscopes, w ill p erfo rm the navigator's free from a tm osp heric di s turba nces tha t cause th e role of searchin g th e sky fo r recognizable star pat- s tars to appear to tw inkle, the erro rs arc C.\pec.:tccl terns, measuring the ir direc ti on, an d th en deter- to decrease to less th an 5 seco nd s ot arc. m ini ng th e craft's or ienta tion-as well as its pos i- F or Ai g ht tes ts, CDC is clc!> ign ing smaller sen- tion and veloc ity. T he sam e sys tem, ac tin g on th e sors ru gged enough lo "·i th ~ta n cl such ri go rs of sa me celes tial inform a tion, will then b ecome th e sp ace travel as strong vibrati on and e\'.trcme tcrn- helmsman , controllin g the craft's direction b y p eraturcs . -, means of flywheels or gas je ts. Celesti al-guidance should b e sm aller, s imple r Electro-optical sys tems whi ch achieve automa ti c ancl more reliable than in ertial-guidance equ ipment. CONVENTIONAL INERTIAL REFEREN CE SYSTEM STRAPPED-DOWN INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM STRAPPED-DOWN CELESTIA L STR APPED -DOWN CELEST IAL REFER ENCE SYSTEM REFERE NCE SYSTE M (WITHOU T ACCELER OMETE RS) * * v IL ;. CELESTIA L SENSORS 1 COMPUTERS 1 1 ACCELEROMETERS 3 3 GYROS 3 3 GI MBA LS 5 2 TORQU~RS 5 2 ANGLE ENCODERS 5 5 1 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Scanning reference systems rely in creas ingl y on com pu t ers and ot he r elect ronic equipm ent, less on mec hanical devi ce s. Electronics [ March 21 , 19 66 115 A three-axis attitude sensor, called TAAS , can be strapp ed down on a spacecraft, often elimina tin g all moving parts. In place of th e h ~ rdwarc requ ired on a conventional in ertial-reference sys tem-a celes tial sen sor, computer, three accelerom eters, three gyroscopes, five gimb als with platform , five torquers and fi ve angle en co ders-the CDC sys tem requires ~nly a coffee-c up-size computer and a sen sor; th e two components toge ther will b e only 3 inch es in diam eter and about 10 inches lon g. Th e evolution of scanning referen ce sys tems is shown in th e drawings on page 115 and that of hardware requirements in the drawin g b elow. TAAS achieves precis e attitude rneasurem entsaccurate to b e tween onc-twentietl1 and one-tenth th e size of th e image of a star-with electrical Bltering, both analog and digital; thi s p ermits th e u se of a relatively inex pensive optical system. ' Vorking with a digital computer and reaction wh eels-motor-operated Rywh eels that control th e spacecraft's movem ents in three directions-th e s trapped-clown sensors also can control th e spacecraft' s attitude. For th ese and other space applica- tions, a miniaturized co mputer is b eing built. TAAS h as potep ti al application s b eyond attitude co ntrol. It cou ld make a ccurate calculations of one spacecraft's posit ion with respec t to anoth er's during rendezvou s. For travel b eyond Mars, it could monitor asteroids' position s near the spacecraft to avoid collision s, or to make scientifi c studies . It coulcl precisely aim a las er b eam for communication with a ground sta tion during a deep-space prob e. For less-exotic applications , a Hier who bails out over unknown terrain cou ld se t up a fivepouncl sys tem that would tell him exactly where on earth-or elsewhere-he is. Sta r gazing Th e stars are examined b y a sin gle op tical system capable of providing three-axis attitude data. Various operational configurations are shown in th e drawin gs on page 117. After passing through a lens, starlight is tran smitted through a narrow optical slit in a disk mounted at th e len s's fo cal surface; the transmitted light is con verted in to a clus ter of 10 to 1,000 pulses by a ph otomultiplier. ST ELLAR DATA STELL AR DATA STAR TRACKER STAR TR ACKER (S) VEHICL E -----, ROTATI ON I I I PLATFORM AND GIMBAL DRIVE SERVO S . I I I I ACCELEROMETERS -~ NAVIG ATION AND GUI DAN CE CO MPUTER VEHI CLE STRAPPED -DOWN 1-----~ GYRO DIGITAL NAVIG ATI ON AND GUIDANCE CO MPUTER r VEHI CLE CO NTROL SYSTE M VEHICLE CONTROL SYS TEM S ATTITUDE ~-----<1--- -- ---- -------' PROPULSION "--- - - -- ATTITUDE - t- - - - - - - - -------~ PROPULS ON VEHICLE STELLAR DATA THREE AXIS ATTITUDE -------~ SENSOR ATTITUDE DIGITAL NAVIGATION AND GUIDANCE CO MPUTER STR APP ED -DOWN AC CELEROMETERS VEHICLE STELLAR DATA 1 THREE AXIS ATTITUDE SENSOR DIG ITAL NAVIGAT IO N AND GUIDANCE CO MPUTER VEHICLE CO NTROL SYST EM ATTITUDE PROPULSION VEHI CLE CONTROL SYSTE MS j_ ATTITU~~ -- 1 L J PROPULSIO N Four gu idance systems. At top left, gimbals, gyroscopes and acceleromet ers are required. System at top right performs gimbal fun ction s with a digital computer. At bott Jm left, TAAS doe s away with gimbals, gyros and tra ckers; only one angle encoder is required . Attitud e-co nt ro l system at bottom righ t does not require acce leromet ers. J. 116 Electronics J March 21, 1966 TYPE OF SCAN FIELD (RELATIVE TO CELESTIAL SPHERE l SPINNING STRIP [j CONICAL Et) /~ PROJECTION OF CROSSED SLIT LOCATED AT FOCAL PLANE e f OF OPTICAL SYSTEM PORF ORJEACDJIAIOLN SLIT SPACECRAFT MOTION INERTIALLY STABILIZED ~ SENSOR ROTATES RELATIVE TO SPACECRAFT ~ SCANNING DISK (MOUNTED AT FOCAL SURFACE OF OPTICAL SYSTEM) ROTATES g - STABILIZED RELATIVE TO LOCAL VERTICAL - PORF ORJEACDTIAIOLN AND CIR- CULAR SLITS ~ H NO MOVING PARTS NEEDED ~ SDCISAKNNING ROTATES RELATIVE .------ --..._ TO SPACE- CRAFT ~ Measuring spacecraft 's att itud e in three different ope rat ing conditions, with three-axis sensors_ For a spin ning veh icle, sensor requires no moving parts relative to spacecraft. When vehic le is inert ially stabi lized, one degree of rot ati on freedom enables sensor to dete rmine al l three att itude axes. When vehicle's mot ion is st ab ilized relat ive t o loca l vert ica l, a " running " att itude fix by conical SC3n provides t ime-va rying orientation of spacec raft. The peak pulse rate is 103 to 107 pulses per second, can b e classifi ed by their power spectra. depending on the star's size and brightn ess and on All types of incident radiation, as well as the the slit's width and speed. photom ultiplier dark current, have high-frequen cy From the angu lar position of th e rotating slit, nois e components of 100 kilocycles to 10 m ega- meas ured from the pulse clusters emitted b y th e cycl es per second. Since the s ignal do es not exceed photomultiplier, th e computer calculates th e posi- one milli second in duration , a significant improve- tion s of stars that lie within th e fi eld of Yicw. Th e ment in th e signal-to-noise ratio can b e obtained position of celestial bodies can be measured to an by using a low-pass filter at th e output of the accura cy greater than one twenty-thousandth of th e photomultiplier. 1\om in ally, the cutoff frequ ency is diam eter of th e field of view. From the angular between 500 cycles and 2 kilocycles p er second. separa tions b etween three stars, the comp uter The resulting reduction in noise is achieved with- recognizes the s tar pattern and computes the out distorting th e signal. spacecraft's pointing direction by triangulation , Th e stellar background also has a noise compo- much as a navi ga tor performs measurem ents with nent whose power spectrum coincides with th e a transit and sextant. To h elp identify th e· stars, signal sp ec trum . This is a scanning noise that re- th eir b rightn ess is sometim es measured. sults from scanning th e galactic background of \ Vhcn the spacecraft is spinning, its motion pro - weak stars. This noise cannot b e eliminated b y vides th e scan, and no moving parts arc necessary. filtering, but it can b e r edu ced if the de tection \Vhen th e craft is stabilized, however, a motor is threshold is selecte d carefully. In this way, th e n eeded to rotate th e slotted disk. photomultiplier's output is processed on ly when its The relation of scan p eriod and optical aperture amplitude exceeds a preassigned thresh old. \ Vhen to accuracy is shown in the graph at the right. this happens, th e lo ca tion of the star pulse is es ti- The optical axis is assumed to b e perpendicular to mated by differentiatin g th e pulse and de tec tin g its th e spin axis. For a given degree of accuracy, a zero crossing. An alternate method is to average slower scan permits th e aperture to b e smaller. two cross ings of the detect ion threshold. VVith the len s, slotted di sk, photomu ltiplicr and A low-frequ ency noise component results from detection electronics, the celestial scanning sys- tem can b e pointed anywhere in the sky at random , :Z recognize th e pattern of s tars, and solve the prob- -. 10 a: lem of three-axis determination. Such a system will w 1- w b e describ ed in detail in the concluding part of ::::!' <( this article, to be published April 4. 0 w 1.0 a: Sorti ng signals from noise ::::> l- a: The input to the detection circuits consis ts not w "-- . only of th e desired star signals, but also of a variety of noise. This includes stellar b ackground 0.1 <( ' - - - - - - - ' - j _ __ _L_J.___ _ _ J _ j _ __ 0.1 10 10 2 SCAN PER IOD, SEC _ _ J _ L _ __ __J___J radiation , photon noise from th e star and from th e backgroun d, an d internally generated noise Relat ion of min im um aperture to scan period in information-limited scanning system. Longer scan permit s such as photomultipler dark current. Noise sources the aperture, and therefore the sensor, to be sma ll er. Electron ics I March 21, 1966 117 OBJECT IV E LENS vari at ions in a mbien t backgrou nd radiation ove r ANG LE ENCODER ~ SCA NNING DISK WITH SLITS ENCODED AN GLE AT WHICH STAR CROSS.ES SLIT the s],y; thi s ca n change by as mu ch as an o rd e r of magnitud e. Co nsequ entl y, the ph o tom ulti pli er out put has a low- frequ ency component wh ose p eri od equ als the scan period , 1 to 20 second s. Since detec tion is based on thres hold cross in gs , thi s low-frequ ency co m po nent can b e eli mi nated with a Aoatin g de tect ion thresh old . ANGLE RE AD PULSE Detec ti on based on a threshold cross in g, as shown in th e p lock diagram on page 119, p ermits th e greates t probab ili ty of de tectin g any bri gl1 t star for a g iven risl,,- of incorrect de tec tion . Also, 0 th e tim e of th e p eak valu e of the detec ted ·tar I pu lse is th e tim e wh en th e s tar is mo st likely OP T ICAL AXIS .._ -!- to be centered in th e sli t. Th e sys te m is capable of achi ev in g a n angle interpola ti on of one- ten th to one-twentieth of t)1c star image in the focal plane. Thi s pe rmits the sys tem to achi eve th e required accuracy, even w ith relatively inexpen s ive optics. ' SCA NNIN G DISK WITH TWO NONRAD IAL SLITS PO LAR COORDI NATES OF STARS AS MEA SU RED BY SCANNER DISK Three-ax is attitude sensor co nsist s o f a lens, sca nning disk and phot omu ltiplier. Sl it co nfigurati on shown can Th e internal and ex ternal noise so urces introdu ce lim itation s on th e accur~cy of determinin g a star's ~: os iti on and on th e de tec tabili ty of th e ima ges. Th ese lirnitat ions, which a rc ind ep endent of s ignal proccss in g techniqu es, h ave b een dcs~ r ibcd by E. J. Fa rrell and C. D . Zirnmerma n.1 provide, th ro ugh ma th em ati ca l transfo rma ti on, th e pola r coordi nat es of each det ected st ar. · An gle accuracy is d irec tl y rclat9d to th e width of th e slit. H o"·cvcr, a narrowin g of th e sli t i11ust be accompan ied b y e ith er a w id enin g of th p aper- ture or an in crease in scan pe1'iod, tq ass ure that ii' ;'! ~ ~ "' 8 - ;:: ~ 106 ATTITUDE POINTING ACC URA CY IS 10 ARC SECONDS . enough pl1 oto ns pa ss throu gh th e lcn s-s ~it sys tem. An altern µtc way to in crease aqglc accuracy is with multiple slits and a correla tion techniqu e. Thi s method perm its th e ape rture and scan per iod , and therefore th e sensor, to b e small enou gh for a: ;:: (J) aw:: ~ (/) 0>- 8 105 a: => 0aw:: >a:-: 0 :::;; w ~ 104 ~ (]._ :::;; u 0 LL 0 7 104 - 2 - p ract ical u se. Th e photode tector's out put is correlated w ith an elec tr ical replica of th e rnultip lcsli t pattern . If th e correlato r's p eak outr ut exceeds a preass igned de tec tion threshold , a star is p rese nt at th e tir~1 c of th e peak output. Th e num ber of slits in a mu lti ple-s li t pattern is determin ed b y th e s ignal r eq uirements; sli t w idth s depend on th e angle accuracy requi red. A sli t pattern is selec ted so that th e wavefo rm gc noratcd by th e correlato r is rela ti vely si mple. As the star transits the slit, th e co rrela tor's out pu t shquld ri se and decay monotoni call y, w ith out inte rmediate d ips ; mu lti pl e- peaked out put wo ukl co 111 plicatc th e ta sk of sta r-pa ttern recognition. Also, the centra l p eak shou ld b e as narrow as pos sibl e consiste nt with the length of a code pattern. LL 0 I - a:: w r:::o;; 10 =z > 10 100 FIELD OF VIE W (DEGRE ES) I I _ I_ I _ I_ I 1000 300 0 10 000 30000 100000 REQU IRED RESOLUTION OF FIELD OF VIE W Design tradeoffs fo r th ree-ax is attitu de syst em. With wide fie ld o f v iew, the compu t er can ope rate w ith dat a on relative ly few stars st o rerl in its memory, and th e detec t ion system needs to consi der on ly th e brightest In des ignin g th e sys te m for opera tion at th e lowest poss ible sig nal level, it is n ecess ary to keep t]1 c ex press ion mD::T cons ta nt, where m is the numqcr of sli ts , D the op tical aperture, and T th e sca n per iod . For exa mple, fo r a sys tem w ith 10 slits in stea d of o ne, it is poss ibl e to redu ce the opti ca l ap~ rturc to about· one- third , or th e sca n peri od co uld be red uced b y a Facto r of 10- an im por tan t ad va ntage for g uidance sys tc111s w hi ch st ars. Howe ver, this advan t age requ ires high reso lution in t he field of view. l-.ine 1 indica tes cond iti ons · resulting in a 1.0 probabi li ty of findin g th ree or mo re st ars in field of view; line 2, probabi lity of 0.9; line 3, an ave rage of t hree st ars. roq 11irc hi gh sa mp lin g rates. T hese improvements \\'hi ch resu lt from th e u se of multi p le sli ts a re achi eved \\·ithout th e loss in angle accuracy th at would occur if a s in gle sli t were w idened by a 118 Electronics I Ma rch 2 1, 1966 -· .. BACKGROUND SIG NA L DIFFERENT IAL _,. . . - - - - - - . PHOTOE MJS SION PH OTO- LLJlllllll~ TI ME MULTI PL IER AMPL IF IER - - - - -NOIS ~ I NPUT ... LOW-PA SS AMPL IFIER TIM E + FILTER STAR INTENSIT Y 1011 0 ANA LOG- TO DIGI TAL CO NVERTER LO W-P ASS AC TI VE FIL TER STAR POSITION 100111 0 ~ TIME --~~~~~~~ ZERO-CROSSI N G DETECTOR ..-~~~~~~--1 ~TI ME ANGLE Ts EN CODER THRESHOLD DETEC TOR DIFFERENTIATOR .. One approach to detection electron ics. Th e first low-pass fi lter eliminates high -frequency noise. Th e different ial input amp lifier and low-pass acti ve filter el imi nat es th e low- frequen cy noise produ ced by the ambien t background radiat ion. Brigh t stars are detected with a threshold -t ype rl et ector . The time at w hi ch the st ar is centered in th e slit is det ermined by measuring t he peak -ti me of th e rlete cterl star puls e. Th e co rresponding position is obtained from an angle encoder. The star intens ity is proporti onal t o th e amp lit ude of th e det ect ed star pulse. fac tor of 10 to attain th e required signal level. stored in the computer's memory; also p attern- Designing the scanning sensor recognit ion b eco mes easier. H owever, th ere is an u pper limit to th e w icltl1 Th e basic elements of the sca nn er are a lens, of th e viewin g fi eld. A :fi eld of view grea ter th an a sca nn ing di sk and a ph otodetector with its as- 60° presents insurm oun tqb le probl ems in optical 't socia ted electronics. D ependin g u pon th e aprlica- design if high -quality im agin g is to be achieved. tion, oth er comr on ents may be added, such as an Further, to keep th e sensor small , it is des irable angle encoder, dri ve mo tor, fib er optics and fi eld to h ave a small £-nu mber an d a lens whose ph ys ical lens assembly. F or a sp innin g satellite with stri p size is small co mrared with its efiectiYe aper ture. scann in g, as sh own in th e drawin g on page 117, Shieldin g will always be n ecessary to protect th e an angle en coder is no t requ ired . Such a sys tem ph otomultipli er from rad ia tion from th e sun; h ow- is sh own in th e drawi ng on p age 122. When th e ever, when the fi eld of view is too large, it \\·ould spacecraft is in ertially stabilized, however, th e slit frequ ently enco mpass th e sun , and a t th ose tim es and fib ers mu st b e ro ta ted b y an angle enco der th e sys tem co nlcl not operate. Th e experim ental sys- .., and motor, as shO\Yn at the top of page 118. At th e tem opera ted even wh en bright b odies su ch as top of this page are sh own all th e elements required th e moon were in th e field of view. in a sensor fo r su ch a stab ilized vehicle. Th ese fac tors encourage the designer to consider In selectin g an arrangement of scanning sli ts, fi elds of view of 40 ° to 60°. Su ch breadth , h owever. th e minimum requirement is th at measuremen ts of wo ul d require th e scannin g syste m to b e able to three s tar transits are made, from a minimum of two measure th e positions of celes tial targe ts accurately stars. Th ese transits mu st generate an independent to ab out one part in 20,000 in th e field of view if sys tem of equ a tions in th e three attitude unkn own s. it is to ma'.ntain th e necessary accuracy-to with in _.. . Th e designer usually seeks a slit confi guration 10 second s of arc. Such accuracy is not achievable· which gives an error-propagation characteristi c th a t with image orthi con s, electroluminescent panels is largely in dependent of th e geometry of the stars or mosaics; precision op ti cal scann ers are required. lyin g within th e fi eld of view. This requ iremen t is Electron filterin g perm its th e required accuracy sa tisfi ed by sys tems with two non-radial slits. with out inordin a tely expensive opti cs . On e sensor, To obtain a comple te th ree-axis descri ption of whi ch w ill b e describ ed in th e second part of this a spacecraft's a ttitude wh en pointed randomly a t article, h as achieved roo t-mean -squ are pointin g ac- the sky, the designer h as several reasons fo r makin g curacies b etter th an 1/ 50,000 of th e fi eld of view the fi eld of view as wide as p ossible. Alth ou gh of th e op ti cal sys tem. pointing direct ion m ight b e measured with a n ar- Th e graph at th e b ot tom of page 118 sh ows th e row fi eld of view, th e third axis can b e establish ed resul ts of a si mulation on a CDC 1604. In thi s case accurately with a single optical system onl y if th e th e compu ter \\·as programed to " point" at 2,580 fi eld of view is large. Th ere are oth er advantages d irections uni form ly spaced across th e sky. Th e · to large fi eld of view: dim mer stars can be elimi- corn pu ter th en calcul a t cl th e fi eld of view necessary na ted fro m consideration, permi ttin g the use of a to provide three or more stars fo r all pointin g direc- .· -1 smaller objective lens; th e fewer th e stars to b e tions an d fo r vario us limitin g magnitudes. Because considered, the smaller can b e the star catalog of sta tistical flu ctua tions in star cl nsities, it was I Electronics March 21 , 1966 119 found that only half of th e s tar s down to a given intensity need b e s tored in th e co mputer m emor y if the sensor is to b e pointed ran domly. In des igning a scannin g sensor, th e engi nee r is u s ually con fronted w ith a set of req uired sys tern p cr forrnan cc characteri s ti cs . T hese three or fo ur requirements may narrow hi s choi ces from 50 vari ables to between 20 and 30 tha t characterize th e equipm ent. Even after th ese res tri ctio ns, hO\n.: \'er , th e problem of sys tem synthes is s tiil may offer more d egrees of frccdo ln than most d es ignL' rs can handl e. Jn practice, this problem is often so lvc cl by arbitrarily ass igni ng values to ce rta in des ign param e ters, pla cin g bound s on others, and the11 solvin g for those rema inin g. A co mputer program , w hi ch irnplcmcn ts th is conce pt and des igns op tica1 scanning sys tem s, is shown in th e chart b elow. As a res ult of this program , ncar-op timrn11 design s can h e achieve d in a few clays; previously, four to six month s \\'ere required. As a s tartin g poin t in thi s prog ram, values arc specifi ed for eight \'ariabl es ; th e n11rnb er of photoe lec trons from a li rniting-rnagn itudc star durin g the slit tran si t; scan peri od and scanning geometry; qu antum effi ciency ; optica l e ffi ciency; rati o of image diam e ter to slit width ; nurnhcr of s tar detections required per scan ; prohahility of detecting the required numh cr of s tars; and nu1nbcr of scans whi ch arc correlated. In add it ion, upper / OPERATING DOMAIN aLU: :::> f- a: LU o._ <( _J <( u fo._ 0 STELLAR BACKGROUND NOISE DARK CURRENT NOISE SLIT WIDTH Different kinds of noise are dom in ant f o r eac h co mb in a· tion of slit width an d apertu re size. Num erals ref er to iterative st eps in th e a utoma ti c d esign program t o reac h point in opera t inq rloma in at w h ich ape rt u re is mi nim al. bound s arc placed on th e expec ted numb er of fal se star detec tion s and the rm s s tar-tran sit error . \ \"ith th c~c constrai nts, th e optical aperture is minimized , as arc th e volu me anc1 " ·eight of th e sen sor. ( MAXIMUM RMS "STAR TRANSIT ERROR SELECT MAXIMUM SLIT WI DTH THAT MEETS ANGLE ACCURA CY REQUIREMENT Computer program for d esign in g a scanning sensor aut oma t ical ly. In a f ew days it ca n prod uce near·optimum designs th at fo r me rl y re quired fo u r t o six mont hs ' wo rk. STAR MAP AND DETERMINE LIM ITING ( SCANNING GEO METRY STAR MAGNITUDE -... NUMBER OF PRIMARY GPHOTO-ELECTRONS FROM LIMITING MAGNITUDE STAR DETERMINE MINIMUM OPTICAL APERTURE DETERMINE EXPECTED NUMBER OF FALSE STAR DETECTIONS ( MAXIMUM NUMBER OF \ VALSE: ST AR OETECTION:_)l-------.....L I S THE NUMBER OF FALSE STAR DETECTI ONS TOO LARGE? NO DECRE ASE THE SLIT WID TH YES AND I NCR EA SE THE APERTURE >-- - -.._. MAINTAININ G THE INITIAL NUMB ER OF PRIMARY PHOTO-ELECTRONS _ _ ) r - - - - - -..... (~MMAXSIMAUNMGLEALELRORWORABLE\ L IS THE RMS ANGLE ERROR TOO LARGE? YES · 120 Electronics j M a rch 21 , 1966 T h e basi c r ela ti on shi p s b e tween sig na l a n d n o ise, s ig n in a co mplex way. To compare photomul- r e lat ive to s lit wi d th a n d opti ca l ape r tu re. a rc tipli ci·s, it is n ecess a r y to d es ig n a separate s e n sor .. i llu s trate d in th e g r,1ph on page 120. All oF th e fo r each lub e 1111 clcr con sid er ation , th e n selec t a sen sor pa1amcte rs a rc fi xec1 except sl it \1·ic.lth and tu b e b a se d o n th e ope ra tion o f th e sen sor of wh ich op ti cal ape r ture; tl1c image d iarnctn is always it is a pa r t. \ Vit h th e automat ic program discu ssed .. equal to th e sli t width . Initially in th e a u tomat ic o n page 120, i t is e a s y to a n a lyze many p h oto- d es ign program , th e sys te m is noi sc-l illl itc d. T he n rn ulti plic r s. t he slit w idth is clccrcasccl and th e aperture in - Th e p ri n c ipa l con s idera tion is t he s e n sor's w e ig ht, cre ased, maintai nin g a co n s tant s ig nal le 1·cl. Th e which va ri es ap proximately as th e cube of th e ite ration s tops wh en th e o peratin g domain is optical ape rture. In general, th e mos t sa tisfactory re a ch ed a nd th e ape r ture is a lll in im u lll size . ph oto mul t ipl ie r is on e w h ich fits in to a s e n sor Of · spec ia l inte res t to e ng in e ers is th e m e thod des ig n r eq uir ing th e small es t aper ture . In des ign- fo r ch oos in g a p h otornul tipli ('r. T hi s invokes th ree ing o ne syste m , n in e ph o tomu l tipl ic r s wer e con- primary param e te r s : peak qua n tum effici e nc y, sp ec- s id e re d ; th e h eavies t r es ul tant sen sor w e igh e d 200 tral r es pon se, an d level of da rk-c urren t n o ise. T h ere t imes a s much as th e li ghtes t. arc a lso three second a r y p a ram e te rs: acti,·c p h oto- H oweYc r, th e b es t p h otom u l tipli e r at on e scan ca th oclc area, ove r-a ll dim e n s ion s, a n d env iron - rate m ay not be th e b es t at a n oth e r . T h e d es ig ne r m en tal r e qui r e m e n ts s u ch as toleran ce to vib ration , mu s t d e te r m in e w hi ch scan rates arc like ly to b e sh ock and ex tre m es of temp erature. used the m os t. T h e primary parame ters influence the optical de- T h e secondary para m e ter s infl u ence th e opt ical History of celestial sensing with electro-optics Prior to the 1960's, work on celes tial sens ing dev ices reso lution of 1 / 50 of c:.ich detector a nd w ith opt ics cente red o n star-trackin g sys tems th at co nta in ed pro1·id in g a 1° fi eld of view. A related g rid -t1·p c photomultip liers ; the p oss ibi lities of celes tial sensin g s1·stc m is th e electrolumin escent pane F· in w hi ch a 11·ithout c:losed- loo p trackin g we re not ex tens ively sulicl state cross-grid of w ires produ ces a li ght source cons ide red . Furthermore, no work wa s done on th e 11·h ich is projected onto a beam -co in c iden ce dc tccto1'. more gene ral p ro blem of attitudc-tr~1 c kin g an arbi- \ \ .he n th e star image and th e beam from th e p ane l tra ry con tinuum of poin ts across the skv as might co in c id e, th e de tector's con du ctance in creases be needed for sea rch , surve ill ance or reconnaissa nce . s harpl v. Another mosa ic-tvpe sys tem , desc ribed b y Th e p ri nc ipa l exce pti on was th e 11·ork <lone \vith the S.S. Viglion c a11 d H .F. \ Volf,G crrns idcrccl -100 ph oto- image orthicon ; in this app roach a gimballed optical vo lt a ic cells. \ \Tith a fi eld of v icll' of 2.5 °, a l imitin g sys tem was po inted a pprox imate lv at th e ta rget and m ag nitud e of .f ..5 and Lwo lin es of sight orthogon a l th e fina l meas ureme nt ll'as m ade bv the image tube. Lo one an oth e r and to th e sun , an accur:1cy of 0 .2 ° Sin ce image tubes are accurate onl y to abou t was p rcd iclcd. J / 1000 of the fi e ld of view , it was nccessarv to re- A partia l so lut ion to th e problem of ac h ievin g hi gh strict fi e lds of view to 3 .G0 to ac hieve a n a'ccuracv resolution h:1s been achieved b y a no1·el device cl c- of 10 second s of arc . H e nce, such crud e pointing scrib ccl h v L. Sn owm an,7 in w hich a hig hl y acc urate was necessary, eve n though th e fin al dctermi11ation attitud e sc ns it ivi tv (30 second s of. a rc) 11·as ac:l1ic1·ed · of star pos ition was m ad e on an open- loop ba s is re- for ;\II three axes w ith an opt ic 1l sys tem t ha t pro- qu iring on ly position sens in g . vided a -16° fi eld of view. In this case , various ref- Subsequ ently, several i1ll"estiga tors cons id ered e re nce star fields 11·e rc mech;rnicall v fabri ca ted and combin ing im age tubes with wide-angle optical sys- mo unted al th e opti ca l system 's focal plan e . H ow- tems. \ Vith th is type of d e te~ ti o n sys tem, a s uffi cient ever, this d ev ice mu st be po inted to w ith in 10° of numbe r of brigh t s ta rs co uld be detec ted to achieve t he cente r of th e refe re nce fi eld. a utom at ic pattern recogn ition for a random!>' ori- A panoramic camera ca n be ada pted to ca rry a ented svs tem . A sys te m of this tvpc, sugges ted b y 360 ° slit, as has b ee n cl emonst ratcd b:· H.L. Lill c- A. H osen [eltl , ~ w ith a field of vie11· about ]0° slrand anti T.E. Ca rro ll. A studv of svs tcm lr;1dcoffs ,. achi eved an accuracv d own to a few minutes of arc lccl L i llc s tr~lncl and Ca rro JJS to ·bcco ni c inte res ted i11 and de tected s ta rs ·doll'n to th e s ixt h magn itud c'. w id c-fi cld -o t'-1·icw s1·stcms, partic ubrl v for th e prob- Ano ther S>'stcrn , d escribed bv >: .S. Polter,:: had a lem or ach ic1·ing s urfi cicnth- high reso lut ion. This is fi eld of 1·icw about 30 °, ac hie1·ing :1 11 accuracy of th e bas is f'or the s lra ppcd-doll'n celes tia l refe rence ap proxi ma te ly se1·c n minutes of a rc and detectin g sys tem desc ribed in thi s a rt icle. stars down to th e thi rd magnitud e. Both s>·steh1 s suc- B1· e mpl oy in g a na rrow opti ca l slit, and co nve1·in g ceed ed in opern tin g w ithout closccl -loo p trnckin g, th e lig ht lo a photomultiplie r bv means or fib ers · but had othe r de fects : to ac hic1·c adeq uate accur- mounted imm cd iatc h- b e hind th e slit, th e pos ition of acy, th ey h ad to d etect 1·er>' faint sta rs. ce les tia l targets e;m be fo und to an acc urac1· of at \ [ore rcccntl v, e fforts ha1·c bee n mnclc to cl c1·c lo p leas t l / J O,OOOth of th e opt ica l sys tem' s field of or m osa ic o r g rid-ty pe ce lestia l se n ~o rs th at wou lei 1·ic1\·. Th is m e ~111s th a t o ptical s1·s tems o[ th e ord e r a1·o icl th e need for an im age tube or for movi ng ,30 ° in fi e ld of l'iCll' ca n pro1·id e acc uracy clm1·11 pa rts. Thu s far , sys tems o r this tq1c ha1·c not pro- lo 10 seco nd s of a rc, as desc ribed b y D .C. H a rri ng- 1·idcd reso lution high enough to be com pctiti1·e w ith to n-" Jn th e case of sp innin g s pacecraft , S>'StClll S o[ .. star tracke rs. An inte resting s1·stcm cl cscr ibccl by th is t1·pe can he fobri c:1led w ith no m ol' in g p arts as E. F. L aJh.-1 uses a mosa ic o F so lid state detectors. desc ribed lw H.L. J..::cnim cr and T.:'1 1. \\'a lsh _Jo Jn Th e accu r:1c>· ex pected fr om a 10-b>·-10 detec tor of th e case o r .in e rtia ll y stabilized spacec ra ft , ho11·e1·e r, this type is seven seconds of arc, with a scanni ng p ro 1·is ion mu st be m ade for ro tating th e slit. Electronics I March 2 1, 1966 121 PHOTOM ULTIPLIER NO. 2 .. SLIT NO. 1 PRIMAR Y MIRR OR 26° SLIT NO. 2 MASK {SIDE VI EW) MA SK (FRONT VI EW ) +30° +20° +1 0' o· -10° - 20' -30' DECLINATION -40' -50' -60' -10° -ao:/ / "- ~OUTH ',, ao POLE -10 · - 60' -50' -40' -30' -20· .. 9H --- - ----- -- --- ~ff~&i-EVEL 0.53 0.53 2.24 1.75 - _ _ _ ___?.24 \ Scanne r and its output. As camera sweeps across the sky, it generates pulse pattern similar t o t hat shown in bottom diagram. In this case, on ly pulses between upper and lower bias leve ls are transmit ted to the compu t er for identification. Separation bet ween pulses from any star is a function of star's distance from t he sca n pla ne; average pos ition of pu lses is a measure of star's angu lar position in the scan plane . Typical scan field might be 26° wide. If a nearby planet obscures one -half of t he 360 °-long strip of sky, t he limiting magnitude must be reduced to about 2.5 if three or more stars are to be ava ilab le for all fields of view. design indirectly. If the active photoca thod e area · Unlike photornultipliers, solid state detectors is small, additional optical elements are needed ca nnot in corporate alm ost-noiseless arnpliflca tion to obtain th e fl eld of view on th e active area. In intern ally. Th ey require external ampliflcation , addition , for sa tellite applications, sm all sensors which adds noise. are required which can tolerate vibra tion and ex- · Th e optical system tran sm its light in a par- -.... treme temperatures. ticular spectral range. The photomultiplier's spec- Th ere are two major photo cathode confl gura- tral response is compatibl e with this range, but tions: th end window and the internal type. In solid state detectors would require special optics . th e end-window type, the photoemis sive surface is a thin coating on th e underside of th e optically Attitude control Bat end of th e glass tube. Th e availability of th e Strapped-down scanning sensors can b e applied photocathode surface allows great freedom of op- directly to attitude control in space if th ey arc tical des ign in couplin g th e tube to the res t of th e co mbined with a digital co mputer and reaction sensor; however, the end-window design results in wheels. Such a control sys tem is described in the a rela tively large tub e. A tub e with an internal chart on page 123. In mo st control situation s th e ph otocathode is small er, but places severe r stri c- sensor-computer system must solve th e pattern- tions on the des ign of th e light-collectin g system ; recognition probl em and compute th e spacecraft' s these res trictions on design of th e optical system orientation. In situations requiring in ertial lock-on are outweigh ed by th e reduction in volum e; th ere- control, general pattern recognition is not required. fore, internal photocathodes are preferred . Consider th e problem of measurin g th e orienta- In light of recent advances in solid state detec- tion and drift rate of a tumbling spacecraft. If th e tors, th e ques tion aris es, why not u se th ese in stead sys tem's angular momentum is constant, long-term of a photomultiplier? There are three basic reasons: srnootl1ing may b e employed to solve for two un- · The response tim e of solid state detectors is kn owns: attitude and rate. The orientation relative prohibitively long, excep t for silicon diodes. to th e desired celes tial coordinates may b e repre- 122 Electronics J March 21, 1966 Spacecraft gets the point-from the stars Opera tiol"! al mode 1. Tumbling: Sensor prov ides measure111e nt of i n erti al orientati on and rate. Operation in thi s 111 ode is ope n -loop. .. 2. Inertial lock-o n: For st abil ity con· trol , sys t e111 ho ld s orientation relativE! t o in ertia l sp ace; o rientat io n may be t ha t at t , a nd 111ay be un · known. For pointing co ntro i, sys te111 holds orientati on relative t o pre9ssig ned attitud e. Appl icat ions Wh en vehicle is spinning or tu 111 bling. Where se nsor is used t o drift-tri111 gyros in vehic les wi t h low in ert ia l rates. Sensor is used in place of gyro down to io-; degree per hour. Wh eneve r in ertia l stabili zat io n or in ert ial point ing con tra! is required, as in ast ro nomica l invest iga ti ons . 3. Reorientation: Starting at one orientation , syste111 is shifted t o any selected new o ri en t ation . FINAL ATTI TUDE INIT IAL ATTITUDE Wh en spec ifi c poi nti ng directions 111ust be ac hieved, eith er sequen· t ially or at discrete times. 4. Refere nce-pa t h trac king : Follow· ing a design at ed path across th e sky. When sea rchi ng for 0t her space· c raft or f e r ce lesti a l t arget s of inte r· est in astro nomy. · 5_ Reference -point track ing : Fol low· LATER - ,. ing a des ig nat ed path across t he POI NTING sky w ith th e restr icti o n th at th e DIRECTION spacecra ft 's o ri entati o n 111ust be t at a cert ai n point along th e "atti - · tu de pat h" at a cert ain ti me. As su bstitute fo r horizontal se nso rs. for st abili za ti o n relative t o in · stantanecus loca l vertical. For st ab ili za ti on rela ti ve to speci fic poi nts o n the gro und ove r w hi ch sa t elli te passes. For st a bi li za ti o n relati ve t o oth er nea r by spacecraft. 6. Ref erence-a ttitude t rack in g: Bes id es fo ll ow in g des ig nated path across t he sky, syst e111 con t ro ls az i111uth t o fo ll ow a p rescribed con t i nuu111 of values, and 111a i n tains a ll th(ee paramet ers of spacecraft position ilt desig nated va lu es as a fun cti on of ti111 e. For st a bilization relative to plane consisting of spacecraft, a planet and ;i n atural sa t ellite, w ith poin tin g ax is t owa rd pl anet or natura l sate l· lite. Examp les: ea rth and 111oon or M ars a nd one of its satellites, Ph obos o r Dei 1110s. Si x steps in at titude contro l performed by strapped-down ce lesti al referenc e system . M ode 1 requires sensi ng o f spacec raft ' s orien t ation and drift rate. In mode 2, spacec raft is st abi lized relativ e to ce lestial coordina t e fra111e ; in mode 3 it is reoriented to new angular posi ti o n. In 111ode 4 it fo ll ows a p rescribed path relati ve to th e sta rs. Mode 5 brin gs t he spacecra ft t o a co nti nuu111 o f points along this path at predeter111in ed ti111es. Mode 6 ad ds th e capabi lity of contro lli ng yaw o f spacecraft at each poi nt . Co111p lexi t y of co ntrol problem increases from mode 2 t o mode 6. Electronics I March 2 1, 1966 123 + sentcd by an equation of th e form of;; = a0 a1t, with i = 1, 2 or 3. Th e rms error in the computed orientation and rate of change are u (a1) 2 -= <7 (fi) ( 1) "''n u (a1) = 12' ~ n3 u (f;) (2) where n = number of scans averaged, T = nto, wh ere t0 is th e sca n period in second s, and o-( i/J;) = rm s error per scan in th e orientation i'h axis. Experim ental resu lts show th a t a value of o-(of;;) = 10 t0 - 1 arc seconds can reasonably b e exp ected when an optical sys tem with a two-inch aperture is used. \Vhen this express ion for cr(ifli) is sub stituted into equ ations 1and2 and a total sampling interval of one h our is u sed cr(a0) ,.._, 20 T - \~ = 0.3 arc second and o-(a1) = 20\/3 T - ::;:! = 1.6 X io - 1 degrees per hour. Beca use th e rm s error in th e drift-ra te determ in ation is proporti onal to T - ::;:!, th is error b ecomes very small if scan periods as lon g as one hour are used. F or this reason, in cer tain applications such as those involving astron omical observations, th e celes tial sensor can b e used as a substitute fo r precision ra te gyros. Should correcti ve action b e taken with fl ywheels whose an gul ar positions are control led, a tti tude control of th e spacecraft can b e achi eved wi th out des troyin g th e inform ation in prior sensor measurements. Thi s is in erti al lock-on, mode 2 in th e char t. YVith a system wh ich can pro vide three-ax is attitude con trol , th e problem aris es of reorienting the vehicle to a compl etely new p ointing direction. By moving the fl ywheels throu gh known angles and measurin g th e ch anges in a ttitude of th e spacecraft, th e ra tio of th e spacecraft' s moment of inertia to that of th e flywheel can be calculated for each axis. Th en an open-l oop man eu ver to th e n ew orienta tion can b e Jllade b y turning the flywheels through a prescribed number of revolutions. In this case, th e control loop involves only th e comp uter and reaction elements , and th e TAAS is ou tside th e control loop. To avoid the problems of fly wh eel speed control and cross -couplin g, the three flywheels are rotated sequentially. Next in order of complexity among the computer programs is th e problem of referen ce-pa th tracking. This mode might b e used in searching for distant spacecraft or for fain t targets of as tronomical interes t. If on e add s the requirement of pointing in a certain direction at a specified time, referencepoint trackin g is achieved. This capability might be used to point sensors fo r planetary surveillance. Finally, if th e spacecraft is to move along a certain path relative to th e stars while th e yaw axis is being controlled, thi s poses th e most general tim edependen t three-axis problem of attitude control: referen ce-a ttitude trackin g. If computer programs are available for this latter mode, all prior modes of opera tion b ecome special cases. F or stability control and pointing control , pattern recognition is not required; also the computation of th e a ttitud e error is rela tively simple. Consequently, in th ese applica tions, th e computer is avail able for oth er co mputa tions during mo st of th e scan period. A single sensor can be used for b oth measuring an d controlling attitude; only th e dataprocessin g me th od need s to b e changed. Control sys tems w ith scannin g optical sensors have the advantage of b eing self-calibrating; this capability is required for sa telli tes where ma sses are periodically ejec ted, or moved ab out, th ereb y changin g th e vehicle's mom ent of in ertia and in validatin g ground-bas ed calibration s. Th e moment of inerti a can b e measured to one part in 10 1 while a spacecraft is in orbit. The second part of thi s a rticle will discuss experirn ental results from a TAAS system, and expl ain how pattern s of stars are recogni zed , relyin g only on relative s tar p osition s. It will also analyze requirements fo r a TAAS computer and look into th e future of celes tial guidance in space op era tion. References 1. E.J . Fa rrel l and C.D . Z imm er m a n, " Inform ati o n Limits of Scanning Opti ca l Systems," Optica l a nd El ectro-Optica l Inform ation Process ing, J .T . Tippet t et .a l. eds., MIT Press , Cambridge, 1965 . 2. A. Ro senfe ld, "St ellar N avigation Without St a r T rack in g ," Ea st Coast Con ference on Aero na utica l a nd Naviga t io na l El ectronics, 1960. 3 . N.S. Potter, " Ori entation Sen sing in Inerti a l Space by Celesti al Pattern Recog niti o n T ec hni ques," ARS 15th Annu a l Me et in g, Washington, D .C ., Dec., 1960. 4 . E.F. La lly, " Mosa ic Guid a nce for Interpl a n et a ry Trave l," ARS Space Flight R"epo rt to th e N a t io n , Oct., 196 1. 5. W.L. Ha rmon, G.J . Shroyer a nd K.J. Gi lk ey, " Optic al Tracke rs in Space ," ISA J ou rn a l. l~ ov., 1962, pp. 70 ·73. 6 . S.S. Viglion e a nd H .F. Wolf, " St a r Fi e ld Recog nitior. for Space Vehicl e Or i enta tion, " Pa per 1.2.5, 9t h Annu a l Ea st Coa st Conference on Aeros p ace a nd N aviga ti o nal Electroni cs , B a lti more, Oct., 1962. 7. L. Snowma n , " Sta r -Fie ld Tracke r G ives Attitu d e Da t a, " A v ia tion Week and Space Tec hn o lo gy, Jun e 18, 196 2. 8. R.L. Lill estr an d a nd J .E. Ca rroll, "Se lf-Contained Syste m fo r Interpl anetary Navigation," Am eri ca n A stron autica l Soc iety, San Francisco, Aug., 1961. 9. D.C . H arrington, " N oise Error An a lysis o f an Opti ca l St a r a nd Pl a net Scanne r ," NAECON, I n s t i tut e o f El ectri ca l a nd El ectron ic Eng ineers, Dayt on, M ay, 1963. 10. R.L. Ke nimer and T .M. Wa l s h , " A Star Fi e ld M a pping Syst em for Det ermining the Attitud e of a Spin ning Probe," Intern atio na l Conference on Aero s pace El ectro-Tec hnology, Phoe nix, Apr., 1964. The authors This is Edward J . Farrell 's tenth published article. He received a bac helor's degree in physics in 1958 and has completed course wo rk for a doctorate in mathematical statistics, both at the University of Minn esot a. He joined Control Data as a se nio r research scientist in 1964. Robert L. Lillestrand is the staff specialist for aerospace research at Control Data w hich he join ed in 1961. Since then he has contributed to the development of a variety of autonomous space navig ation systems. He holds a mast er 's degree in physics from tl1 e University of Minnesota. 124 I Electronics March 21, 1966 ,. _ ' · · · j · Ruby, sapphire, YAG~ you know our single crystals. . . · .l J Now see what you think of our bright new laser. · It's the brightest laser in the world-25x1010 times brighter than the sun ... nearly triple the brightness and foil-film capacitors. What sort of company innovates such important new products and backs · of any previous commercial laser. It's the new them with multi-disciplined technology? Union K-1500 laser, now available from KoRAD Corpora- Carbide-dedicated to growth through research. tion, a subsidiary of Union Carbide. For specific data on single crystals or laser sys- We are committed to leadership not only tems-or if you'd like more information on · in crystals and laser products ... but also in such fields as special transistors, integrated ~ and modular circuitry, and solid tantalum ·ELECTRONICS our electronics activities-please write Union Carbide Corporation, Dept . E-33, Linde Division, 270 P ark Ave., N.Y.10017. KORAD is a reg iste red trade mark of Union Carbide Corporation . Electronics J March 21, 1966 Circle 125 on reader service card 125 -. /'- . .,.. I. .. l /... WHERE CAN MAN GO ... IN SYSTEMS ~~ I 11 space, o 11 l and~ in the ocean dept 11 s . . . if his company is exploring th()Se ei1vironn1ents. ~ ·- ~ Lockheed's systen1s activities encc)111pass j<Yur- ·- neys tc) near and distant space, auto1nated. hos1)itals anci unique lan.d vel1icles, and cleer) r- SUl) m ersi bl eS. And indispensible to tl1is broad ~ effort ar. e n1e11 able to contribute t() svste111s . I' ~ n1anagement. To analyze. I)esign. Test To i11te- ·- v ·' ;...; ~ grate subsyste1ns into entities reaching thc)usands - · '& ~ of miles - or tl1ousa11ds of fathoms --- beyond ~ ~ the liinits binding 111en today. Engineers and .:- . scientists \vith a svsten1s flair are i11viteci to write o\ ~ N1r. K. R. Kidtioc), Professional Placement ,.., Manager, Sun11yvalc. C'alifornia. Lockheeci is · an equal ().pportu11ity e1nployer. ~ggo~!;f:~lf::g t- 126 ElectrQn ics [ March 2 1, 1966 · q.. .. consider High quantity production of integrated circuits with uniform quality, increased precision tolerances, greater economy in the production of micro-ceramic componentsa ll these are yours by gang printing your circu its on Coors Coors , ...\ ceramics Strate-Breaks. No cutting apart, no mu ltiple handling before ::issembly . Just SNAP! ... ::ind there are your ind iv idua l components with a straight , smooth , precision edge. Coors Strate-Breaks are made to your specific::it ions in sizes from 1/ /' x 1/ 2 " to 4" x 4". They are available unglazed for thick-fi lm circuits, and gl::ized or ung lazed for thin-fi lm circuits. For on-the-spot answers to your questions , dial the Coors " hot line" - 303 / 279-4533, Ext. 351. For fu ll detai ls on Coors Strate-Breaks, wr ite for Coors Strate-Break D ata S heet 7011. Patent Pending CERAMICS ALUMINAS · BERYLLIAS · MAGNESIAS · SPECI A L OXI D ES Coors Porcelain Co., Golden, Colo. Ci rc le 127 on reader serv ice card < The Electronics and Control Engineers' Book Club helps you keep ahead in your field . . . at a savi·ngs Start vout· m cmhet·shiu with any of these selections : I ntroduction to Radar System s hv 1\I . ~ kolnik. C o \·ers C\' e r y tl-i in g fr o m th e precl ic ti o 11 o f r ada r r a ng e p c rfo nn~rn cc t o a pp li ca ti on s . Publisher's Price, $t4.50 Club Price, $12.35 M athematics for Electronics with Applications by l [. lll. N odelman and F. \Y. Smith, Jr. lll ethod ' for solving practical problem s. Publisher's Price. $7.00 Club Price, $5.95 T ransistor Circuit Design, prepared by the Engineer· ing Sta ff of Tex a s l n stru· ments Inc. R educes theory to actual practice. Publisher's Price, $15.00 Club Price, $12.75 Electronic A mplifier Cir- cuits by J. ~ L. P e ttit a nd l\I. M. l\ l c\\°h orter. Gives reli a ble gu icbnce on elec· tro nic a mplifi er circuit design. Publisher's Price, $t0.50 Club Price, $8.95 Modern Digital Circuits by Samuel Weber. A p ractica l reference on d esign aspects of digital-type circuits. Publisher's Price, $9.50 Club Price, $8.10 Your engineering career owes a great deal to books. Wh y no t take advan tage of 1his conve ni ent. economica l way to have Ihc be <;! profe,,ional book<; ava il able when yo u n eed th em? THE ELECTRON ICS AND CONTROL ENGINEERS' BOOK CLUB brings you the essential technical literature in your field. 1t also helps yo u overcome tod ay's high cost of buildin g a professional libra ry by sal'ing you an rfferage of 15% from publisher's prices. How the Club Operates. You regularl y receive free of charge T/1e Electronics and Control Engineers' Book Bulletin, as issued . This gives comp lete advance notice of the nex t selec tion-of-th e- month . as well as man y alt ernate selections. lf you want the m a in selection you do nothin g; the book will be mailed to you. lf you want a n a lte rn ate selection-or no book a t a ll-yo u ca n notify the C lub by reJurning the conven ient card enclosed with each Bulletin. Saves You Time and Money. You agree only to the purchase of four books over a two-year period. Certa inl y out of th e large number of books offered in your fie ld !here a re a t least four you wou ld buy anyway. By join in g th e Club you save bolh money and the trouble of sea rching. Send No Money Now. Just check the book yo u want as your first se lection on th e coupon below. With it you will be sent Handbook of Se111ico11d11ctor Electronics for only one do ll ar. Take advantage of this offer and receive two books for less than the regu lar price of one. (If coupo n is detached , write to The E lectronics a nd Contro l Engineers' Book C lub , Dept. L-324xx, 330 W. 42 nd St., New York 36, N. Y .) ACCEPT THIS $19.50 BOOK with membership in The Electronics and Control Engineers' Book Club HANDBOOK OF SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS Prep ared by a Staff of 18 Specialists Edited by LLOYD P. HUNTER Herc is a wealth of r eliable information tn n~f'bt ~·011 in 11n<l p rp;;tnndin~ the basic 1111,n::i r :i l nrtion of trnnsistors, di otles, a nd photocells - fo r assembling- necessary eq uipm ent, ancl fa hri cati ng typica l sem iconuucto r s-an cl , above nil, fo r clesigning a lnrg-e variety of transistor ci r cu its fo r use in various ferquen cy ranges. Jlnndbook of Semiconducto r Electron- i cs is typical of the select ion s of 'l'rrn Er.1<~C'l'RONICS AND CONTHOL EN<:lNE1<~ns' BOOK Cr.uu. All books are chosen by quali- 1iccJ editors aml consultants. Their t h or- oug- h going 11nclerstanlling of the stand- nrd s anc.l ntlues of the l itPrature in your fielcl g11aranl ecs the aut h o ril ati 1·eness of the selections. l NOTJ~: lf you a lrea d y own this Yolurne. you inay s ulJstitute a n y fo th er hook 011 thi s p age ns you r l DOl,LAR book. Ch eck two books h elow and you will receive the higher priced selection for only ( $1.00. ) Electronic and Radio Engineering Uy F. E. Terma n. _CL IP___AND _ MA IL__ TH IS ._C0 U P 0 N T0 DAY 4th Ed. H elps solve modern problem s in the electronic a nd ra dio engineering fi elds. Publisher's Price, $16.00 Club Price, $13.60 Electronic Measuring Instruments by II. Soisson. Cover s electro nic equipment used for precise measu re· me11t s a nd control. Th e El ec tronics an d Control En9in eers' Book Club , De pt. l324xx 330 West 42nd Street, New Yorlc , N.Y, 10036 Pl ea se f' n ro ll 111e a o; a mem ber of the El ectron ics and Control En gi n eers ' B ook Club. You will bill me for my ft rst SE'lec tion inrli eat ed at ri ght at th e special club price and $1 for Handbook of Semicondu ctor El ec tr on ics (or altemate choice ). plu s local tax where nppll c al>J e. and a. fe w cents d elh·ery costs. (Th e Club as'.'iumes d elh·ery cosrs on nrepaicl ord ers.) l·'orth com ing selections will be d esc rihed In a rh":rnce and J mar d r-cl ine any book. 1 need take only 4 sckction s or alternate:-J in 2 years of mem ber::.bip. (This offer good in U. S. on ly.) P LEASE PRIN T N an10 . · . ········· · ·....·.···· ·.·. ····· . ·· . · . · .· · · · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · Address .............. . ..... . ...·...... . .. . .. .. .. ... .... . . . ....... Ci ty ................· . .......·.. . ..... State . .... .. ..... Zip ....... . Send as my fir st selectio n: (// more than one book is checked we will sentl thr hiuher priced selection as your $1.00 book.) D Introduction to Radar Systems. $12.35 0 Mathematics for El ectron ics with Appli cation s, S5.95 O Tran sisto r Circuit Des ign , $12.75 D El ec tronic A mp lifl cr Circuits , $8.95 0 Mod ern Di gital Circuits. $8. 10 O Electroni c and Radio Engineering. Sl3 .60 D El ec tronic Meas uring In struments. Publisher's Price, $7.50 Con1pany · · · · · . . · . · · · · · . · . · · · · · · · · · · · · · . · · . · . · · . · . · · · · · · . · · · . . · · . . $6.40 Club Price, $6.40 NO RISK GUARANTEE: ;~dn~~u~o1~~~,;~1~11~gt~\;~fdbe ~~~c:J1:J return your first shipment within l~ a ~.t.1.: ~================'-'--------------------------------------J ... ., ... 4 "' ~ ..... '" ... .. -t "" 4 t- 128 Electronics I March 21, 1966 60 db Treasured recipes we know for cooking up bones, hides, silver, nitric acid, cotton lint, and numerous less familiar ingredients yield an ad111irab ly uniform and miraculously sensitive quantu111 device that co111es in long strips l6111m, 35mm, or 70111m wide under the name KODAK PLus-X ran Film. You may be startled to learn that this fa111iliar and v.idely obtainable film, when developed I0 minutes at 68°F in the equally familiar KODAK Developer D-76, can record a luminance range of 1,000,000: I. Naturally, those who want a 60 db dynamic range must be prepared for the conse- quences. The heavy end of the exposure scale is represented by so111e pretty heavy density, like 4.5. A strong light is required to get the good out of it. I/ 111ore e11co11ragc111e11t is desired before ac1i11g 011 this hi111, please co1111111111icat e 1ri1h Ea.H111a11 Koda/, Co111pm1y , Special Applicu1io11s. Ruchcsler, N. l '. 14650. ' Shafi we sharpen up the cool world? At this particular juncture in technological history something ought probably to be done to sharpen up the infrared images that lenses can form fro111 temperature differences they see in the world, even the pretty cool world. If you think this is desirable and have strong enough reasons to participate, we suggest you arrange for the necessary talent in geo- metrical optical design, with or without accompanying co111puter software, and we'll furnish the refractive index data about the KODAK IRTRAN Optical Materials that now permit realistic planning along these lines. These polycrystalline 111edia all have mechanical, ther111al , and solubility properties that allow the111 to be worked with little or no modification of the very familiar optical shop prac- !ices. By co111parison with other infraredtransmitting media, heat of their own dims them less. 011r mrn le11s de ~ig11ers are too b11sy at the 1110111e11t 10 do a11.1· desig11i11g j(1r yo11, b111 their chief" 1ro11/d do11hl/ess c11io." dic1ati11g a feller of" hroad, ge11era/ COii/iS!'/ OJI 11·hat /0 read to ge1 going . To 11wA c co111act, write Em/111011 Kodak Co111pant'. Special Prod11cts, Appara111s al/{/ Op1ic11/ Dirisiu11, Rochcst!'r, N . Y. 1465U. · > -. It J If the press that printed this maga1ine could pack might be better for your purposes than microfiche. information as tight!) as photography can , the micro- Certain prominent aircraft 111anufacturcrs and cerwin fiche crudely reproduced here act ua I si ze \\ ou lei airlines they sene ''oulcl argue, hO\\Cver, that for co nvey all the facts no t only about the 111icrofichc handling so111ething like maintenance information · S)ste111 itself but also about all the other RECORDAi.:. there is no better S)stcm than microfiche, or, as ''e syste111s for infor111ation storage and retrieval that call it, the RECORDAK MICRO-FILE Filmcard. We con even go so for as to send the 98 pages full size upon indication of interest to Recordak Co (770 Broadway, New York City 10003), Business Systems Markets Division of Eastman Kodak Company, which company attempts to serve many different fields of interest as sensibly as possible IKodak I ) I Elect ronics March 21, 1966 129 ,... RESPONSIBLE ASSIGNMENTS FOR CREATIVE, . ENERGETIC ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS IN: 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 I I I I I I F-111 AND OTHER ADVANCED AIRCRAFT PROJECTS I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I MISSILE PROJECTS I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I SPACE SYSTEMS & MISSION ANALYSIS PROJECTS I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I OTHER R&D ASSIGNMENTS -,.. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY · Mission Simulation, Display Technology NAVIGATION, STABILITY, GUIDANCE & CONTROL · Stability and Control, Computer Design, Servo Analysis "' - ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS · ECM, Penetration Aids ELECTRONIC AGE · Microwave and Computer Design ELECTRONICS LABORATORIES .. - · Circuit Design, Flight Test Instrumentation 1 - Highly qualified engineers and scientists of virtually every discipline are needed to fill important openings in our highly diversified Research and Engineering Departments - now. Live in or near Fort Worth, 1965's All American City- Uncongested, easy living where your dollar buys more - Superior housing, public schools and recreation - Graduate studies at local universities and colleges. CALL COLLECT- 817- PE 2-4811 or send a complete resume of your education and experience to J.B. Ellis, Industrial Relations Administrator, Engineering, General Dynamics, Fort Worth Division, P. 0. Box 748 E Fort Worth, Texas. An equal opportunity employer. GENERAL DYNAMICS Fort Worth Division 130 Electronics [ March 21, 1966 - .,. i Vintage 1952 t I 7 . That's 14 years at 25C . .. with capaci- tance change less than 5%. The bou- quet's still th ere! And long shelf life is only one reason for using G-E t antalum foi I C:<i!pacitors. Here are 3 others: PROVED OPERATING LIFE: Our 85C tan- ta lum foil has been on continuous t est for over 50,000 hours, our 125C for more than 40,000 hours ... with no capaci- t ance change significant enough to af- . fect performance. And with General Electric's Minuteman-proved tru e her- metic seal (now offered on most foil units for a small additional charge), life I~ can be ext ended indefinitely. RllVERSE VOLTAGE STRENGTH: G-E tantalum foil capacitors are designed to withst and unsuspected reversals. SElF HEALING : Forget abou t low impeaarice circuit problems and catastrophic failures. G-E tantalum foil capacitors are sel f -heaiing. G-E tantalum fo il ca pacitors are avail able in ratin gs up to 450VDC, 0.15 to 3500u f, -55 t o 85 or 125C. We've been proving--and improvingth em for 17 years. Th ey're virtually riskproof. And may cost a bit more. But don't th e best grapes make th e best vintage? For all th e facts on G-E t an talum foil reliability, wri t e for Reliabil ity Report, Section 430-27, General El ectric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. 12305 14 years proved shelf life is . just .one more reaso_n for G-E tantalum foil ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS DIVISION GENERAL f j ELECTRIC Electronics I March 21, 1966 Circle 131 on reader service card 131 announces next-generation. ,... TWT/power packages for radar augmentation Here's a new family of miniaturized lightweight trav- eling wave tubes and power packages from Eimac. CHARACTERISTICS (MINIMUM) They're designed to answer your needs for radar Package type · EM-1184 EM-1186 EM-1193 augmenters. These next-generation packages pro- Frequency (Ge) 5-11 8-12 2-4 vide power from 2 to 20 watts, and instantaneously Power output (watts) 2 20 5 amplify any frequency trom S through X bands. All Small signal gain (db) 60 60 50 incorporate PPM-focused high performance TWT's Tube type X-1044 X-1056 X-1061 providing high gain consistent with minimum size and Dimensions (in) weight. Tubes are available with depressed collectors (Tube/ Package) 6x3x10 6x3x12 6x3x10 for increased efficiency, and meet environmental Weight (lbs) 7 8 7 specs for missile applications. No temperature com- pensation is required for operation at -54° to +74° EIMAC C. Write for complete technical and applications in- San Carlos , California 94070 format ion. A Division of Varian Associates · 132 Circle 132 on reader service card .. 4 · ,_ Circle 133 on reader service card+ Now Vecto r can s upply you w ith a full range of microelectronic subcarrier oscillators for your FM tele metry systems: The Low Level MM0-30, for inputs from O to 20mV o r ± 10mV, has complete input to output isolation and a truly differential floating input, measures 0 .271 cu b ic inch and weighs 15.0 ·grams . The High Level MM0-11, for inputs from o to 5V or ± 2 .5V, measures 0 .108 cubic inch and weighs only 3.8 grams. You can order both from Vector today. The world's smallest microelectronic voltage -controlled subcarrier oscillators are part of Vector' s full line of FM , Di gital , and RF tele- metry equipment. For more information, write or call Vector, (215) 355-2700. V e c t o r u DIVISION OF UNITED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION SOU TH AMPTON, PENNSYLVAN IA i::I . \ ,... ' LATCH on to the EXCITEMEN ·1n MICROELECTRONICS and SILICON DEVICE DEVELOPMENT at DELCO RADIO Enthusiasm is runnin g high at Genera l Motor's D elco Radi o Di visio n. Exciting d evelop me nts in microelectronics and si li co n devices have spawned a rapidl y ex pandi ng resea rch effo rt. ew buildings . .. new equipment ... and most impo rta ntly, new peop le! The dynamic pace of acco mpli shment at D elco is pu shin g th e sta te of the a rt clear out or sig ht. The opportunity is here for those who c hoose to capita lize on it. Microelectronics Circuit oriented EE's-0 to 5 yea rs experience. Here·s a c hance to get in on th e exci te ment in microe lect roi1ics. Resea rch programs in both lin ea r a nd di gi tal c ircuitry embrace mo noli thi ". . . . thick film ... thin film .. . a nd hybrid microcircuits. Silicon Device Development Lots of room he re for the BS , MS , PhD in Physics, Chemistry, Physica l Chemistry, or rel ated fields. D eve lopm e nt programs are underway in these areas: Low power and very hi g h power rnot1 o lithic and hy brid ci rcu its. Si licon Transistors-fro1n ve ry hig h frequency 10 mi lliampere throug h 25 ampere, 1000 vo lts. Th y ri stors-fro m 50 mi lliampe re throu g h 500 a mpe re, 2000 vo lts. Z e ne r Di odes. Sil icon R ec ti fie rs-fro m milli a mpere through 250 ampere, 3000 vo lts. Continuing R&D efforts already have led to Delco ·s leadership in high power, hi g h vo ltage sili co n transistors. Delco rectifi e rs-ra ted a t 250 amps, 2000 volts- are go in g into altern a tors d cs ig n.ed to hai1d le the fu ll powe r ge net·a ted by th e la test Di ese lelectric loco m o ti ves. Full-size, fully-transistorized TV sets now arc in producti o n, th a nk s to a Delco hig h powe red tra nsisto r in the ho ri zo nta l and vertical d eflectio n circuits. A tremendous n1omentum is build ing a t Delco. The time is ripe-now -to joi n this outstandiilg resea rch gro up. If yo u'd like more information imm ediately, pick Lip th e phon e and ca ll us co ll ect, Area Code 317/459-2808. Ask for C. D . Lo ngsh o re. Or, se nd yo ur res ume to Mr. Lon gs hore, Sal aried Employment, D ept. 102, D elco R a dio Di visio n, General M o to rs, Kok o mo , Jnd ia na . Aii eq ual opport unity emp loyer 134 Circ le 135 on reader service card-+ W e call them Microstacks®. They are being used in the lunar excursion mod· ule of the Apollo program, the A gena ,. satellite, and the Minuteman missile . They take tough temperature requirements in stride. Memory cores remain stable over a wide temperature range . They can take a beating too. They're !'> not built like conventional memory stacks . The " X" and " Y" axis of all the memory planes are continuously wired , then assembled in a folded array. This design , which we originated, eliminates more than 80% of the solder joints and reduces size and weight. Stacks are ultra-reliable when packaged to meet Mil Spec shock, vibration, humid ity, and other extreme-environment conditions. When specifications call for a new core, or stack configuration, nobody can match Indiana General's design, development, and production capabilities. We make and sell more ferrite memory cores than anyone in the world. In fact, we invented them . Many of our competitors are licensees . If you ha ve a military application for a high-reliability , low-power, miniaturized memory stack we'd like to send you our new Microstack Bull etin. Write to Mr. Thomas Loucas, Manager of Sales, Indiana General Corporation, Electronics D ivisio n/ Memory Products, Keasbey, New Jersey . INDIANA GENERAL r;~ Our memory stacks play it cool when Mil Specs make things hot. -· l \ - ... COPYRIGHT 1966, INOIANA GENERAL CORPORATION HIGH·GAIN, ,... . LINEAR PNP TRANSISTORS .J Two new series of Planar II PNP transistors are now available from Fairchild for use in circuits requiring high gain and linearity. 2N3962 , 2N3963, 2N3964, 2N3965 - This series features hi gh current ga in , low noise figure , and excellent beta linearity. Tl1e devices can be used over a wide range of current ratings, from less than l µ A to 50mA. Typical applications include low-noise audio pre -a mps , DC amplifiers, micro-power flip flops , linear amplifiers in sub-audio to HF frequencies . and IF amplifiers in the 20Kc to 500Kc ran ge. 2N4030, 2N4031, 2N4032 , 2N4033 - This series has hig h volta ge capability, low saturation , and excellent beta linearity. Use these transistors in amplifier driver and output circuits , up to 300mA and 1 watt for Class A, up to 800mA and 5 watts for Class B. Use them also in TV verti ca l sweep circuits , r- - operating from 60-70V 8 " lines, or as medium -frequency linear amplifiers, or as complementary device s for use with supply volta ges up to 80V . " - These new PNP devices are available under the FACT prog ram . Current- F A I R C H I L D ly at Fairchild Distributors. Sample specifications shown below.Write for comp lete data sl1eets. SE MI CON D LJ CTO R NF LV ceo f, Cob 2N3965 2db Max. @ lKc , fc= 20µA ... 4db Max. @ lOOcps, lc= 20µA . 8db M;:ix. @ lOcps , l e= 20µA 180 Min . @ le= l µA . 250-500 @ le= lOµA . 180 Min. @ le= 50mA 60V Min. . . . . . . . . . 50Mc Min. . 6pf Max. LV cw Vce (SAT) f, 2N4033 75 Min . @ le= lOOµA 100-300 @ le= lOOmA . 70 Min .@ fc= 500mA 25 Min . @ le= lOOOmA 80V Min . .. . . 0 .5V Max. @ lc= 500mA 150Mc Min. Planar is a patented Fairchild process . FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR / A D1v is1on of Fa irc hild Camera and Instrument Corpor;:ttion · 313 Fa irchild Drive. Mounta in View. California (415 ) 962 -5011 · TWX : 9103796435 r 136 Circ le 136 on reade r se rv ice card I Electronics March 21, 1966 Probing the News Consume r elect roni cs It's a television first . .. receivers with integrated circuits RCA's new lin e of t elevi sion sets will be the f irst to use monolithic IC 's in co lor and black -and -white tv sets .. By Jack Avin s Horne Instruments Division, Rad io Corp. of America, Indianapolis, Ind. -. - ... - .... -· · . - 1 When the Radio Corp. of America introduced its new line of television sets in San Francisco last week, industry attention focused on one 12inch black-and-white model. It made news because, with it, a longawaited step had been taken. RCA was marking a television industry first by putting a monolithic integrated circuit into the sound channel of a tv -eceiver. RCA's 1ectronic G ,,_,....,onents and D evi( · division in S, a:ville, N.J. is ma;,..i1~acturing the IC's and they are going into the receivers at the company's Hom e Instruments division in Bloomington, Ind. [What's more, the division is gearing up to sell its integrated circuits to other manufacturers. See box, p. 140]. Four function s. The integrated circuit performs amplification, limiting, balanced frequency-modulation detection, and audio preampliflcation in the 4.5-megacycle intercarrier sound channel. The basic techniques used in the design of RCA's IC have potential application for industrial and military equipment. In effect, a systems approach was followed so that a large functional block could be developed on a single silicon chip. This is analogous to the current trend in digital integrated circuits - building large arrays with a minimum number of external circuit connections. No attempt was made by RCA to replace the discrete ele- Breadboard version of the integrat ed circuit compared with the actual integrated circuit. Breadboard was built first t o establish the IC's performance goals. ments on a component-by-component basis. The right place. With the decision made to develop an integrated circuit that would perform enough functions to make it competitive with discrete-component circuits, the next question was where to use it in the television receiver. The choice was limited; several areas were eliminated as possibilities because they offered neither technical nor commercial advantages. For example, since it isn't possible to integrate inductive elements, coils must be added extern- Electronics [ March 21, 1966 137 ally. The same objection applies where values of capacitance in excess of 50 picofarads - total p er chip - are needed. Resistor values above 30,000 ohms must also be external at this stage of IC development. And, because of th e operating stresses that would b e placed on an IC, the high-voltage and high-power sections of the tv receiver were ruled out. I. Frequency-modulation detection Finally, the choice settled on the fr equ ency-modulation -detection portion of the receiver. It was the most promising area for an integrated circuit b ecause: · Four complex fun ctions could be combined on a single chip . · Cost savings could be realized by replacing nearly 30 discrete transistors and components with a single device. · Better performance could result. Conventional f-m limiter-detector circuits are limited by cost from using enough devices to do an ideal job, but integrated circuits do not h ave this limitation and can be expected to perform better, particularly under fring e-area receiving conditions. · The same circuitry covld be used in radio receivers. Counter counted out. Initially, attempts w ere made to use a digital detector IC. Theoretically, f-m detection with a cycle-counting circuit offered the possibility of eliminating the tun ed circuits used in f-m detectors. Practically, however, it was found that a tuned circuit was still needed to insure the continuous presence of the 4.5-Mc intercarrier frequency. Othen vise, durin g channel switching, both the signal and noise cou ld be lost momeritarily because of th e au tomaticgain-control constant. Moreover, the resistor and capacitor tolerances required for the multivibrator were difficult to control. As a result of these constraints, the digital detector was rejected in favo r of an integrated discriminator network driven from an external tuned transformer. II. F-m intercarrier chip The four-function circuit which is going into RCA's new television sets is shown in the photograph and the schematic on these pages. The input voltage ei is the 4.5- Close-up view of the integrated circ uit. One -inch diameter wafe rs are used to make the IC's. Each IC replaces 26 discrete components. Mc f-m intercarrier ( beat ) signal produced by mixing the 45.75-Mc picture carrier frequency and the 41.25-Mc f-m sound carrier frequency produced at the video detector. The high-Q transformer input circuit defin es the passband at 4.5 Mc, eliminates spurious beat components and improves the threshhold sensitivity of the f-m system by limiting the effective noise b andwidth before the signal reaches a limiter stage. The output at the secondary of the phase-shift transformer is normally in quadrature with the primary voltage. Drive from the third emitter-coupled limiter stage shifts the phase of the secondary voltage so that the phase shift follows the frequency modulation of the signal. The balanced detector network is followed by an emitter follower that provides the desired audio output signal at a low impedance level. A single-polarity intern ally regulated voltage supply furnishes the voltages for the limiter, detector, and amplifier functions . The overall gain at 4.5-Mc is 75 decibels. Ill. Amplifier-l imiter The amplifier circuit (above, right ) consists of three directcoupl ed casceded stages. E ach of the first two stages includes a twotransistor emitter-coupled amplifier and an emitter follower. The operat- in g conditions are selected so that th e d-c potential at the output of each triad ( three transisor configuration) is identical with the d-c potential at the input to the triad. This is accomplished by operating the bases at one-half the supply voltage (E/ 2 ) and selecting the commonemitter load resistor to b e one-half of the collector load resistor. For this condition the voltage drops across the emitter and collector load resistors are equal. Moreover, the collector of the emitter-coupled stage operates at a voltage which is higher than the base p otential E / 2 by an amount equal to VBE, so that the potential at the output of the emitter follow er is also E / 2. Accordingly the triad s can b e iterated. The operating conditions are such that the potential at the output of each triad is equal to the input potential despite temperature changes in the diffused transistors and resistors. In p articular, changes in VBE are compen sated b ecause a reduction in the common-mode gain of the emitter-coupled stage is accompanied b y an in crease in the gain of the emitter-follower circuit. Independent gain. The amplifier gain is independent of the absolute valu es of the load resistors. This is p articularly desirable because the absolute values of the integrated load resistors cannot be held to 138 Electronics j March 21, 1966 r ·- ... - . - -~ 4 - - ,, + 7 VO LT SUPPLY - - · IF AMP IF AMP LIMITER - - --'-- - - . i - - - - - < - -cvPOWER SUPP LY 01 02 FM DE TECTOR -r 03 l\i FI LTER CAPACITO RS DC FEEDBACK REFERENCE ,. Functions provided by the chip are: blue, i- f amplification ; green , limiting ; orange , f -m detect ion ; red , audio - > amplificati o n frequen cy. Extern al cnmpo nents as sociated with the IC are shown outside of the color blocks. -. toleran ce better than ± 20%. The voltage supply is maintained at 4.2 stant with changes in p ower supply amplifi er operation d epends on volts ( 6V1n:), th e outpu t voltage voltage. Th e system characteristics l · maintainin g th e ratio b etvveen the collector swin g can be shown to be are essentially ind ep endent of sup- values of th e emitter and coll ector symmetrical about th e zero-signal pl y vol' ~ over th e range from Jess load resistors. Fortunately, inte- axis so that symmetrical li miting is than 6 volts to more than 10 volts. grated circu it technology permits attained without spurious phase Th e first two amplifier stages fabrication of I C's with resistor ra- modulation. within th e fee dback loop are op er- -' tios held to within approxim ately The d-c operatin g point is main- ated from th e regulated low-voltage 3% and variations in the resistivity tain ed by using d-c feedback 4.2-volt, center-tapped supply. Th e of the integrated resistors result around the first two stages. The second -stage emitter-follower cir- only in a n egligibl e effect .on the third stage is th en held automatical- cuit, however, is driven from ·th e over-all high-frequency cutoff of ly at th e proper operating p oint be- unregul ated 7-volt suppl y, to pre- the amplifi er. Since the cutoff fre- cause the feedback around the first vent a d egenerative signal voltage qu ency lies b eyond th e operating two stages holds the voltage at the from bein g develop ed across the frequency it does not affect p erfor- base of the third stage at E / 2 volts. output impedan ce of th e 4. 2-volt mance. The third stage is thus balan ced supply. The collectors of the bal- Good limiters. The emitter-cou- without being in the feedback loop. anced output stage are driven from pled stages, which can b e seen in This is desirabl e b ecause the ten- the unregul ated supply. - .... the circuit a bove fun ction par- dency toward oscillation within the ticularly w ell as limiters because feedback loop is reduced by keepeach half of the differential ampli- in g the number of stages as low as IV. Detector network All of th e components in the f-m - .. fi er is alternately cut off on th e posi- possibl e. Because resistors of equal detector network, except the tuned tive and negative h alf-cycl es of the valu e are used in the base return phase-shift tran sform er, are inte- input signal. Looking at it in a circuit of the first stage, proper bias grated on th e monolithic chip alon g somewh at different way, th e total for th e third stage is essentiall y in - · with th e amplifi er-limited stages.The emitter cu rrent 10 tends to stay con- dep endent of transistor current design elimin ates the nonintegrable stant, an d the curren t is equally di- gain. large diode load capacitors con- vided between the two transistors. Regu lation network. An internal ventionall y used to obtain p eak rec- On the p ositive h alf-cycle, th e cur- regulated power supply feeds both tification. D etection is accomplished rent is steered so th at the first tran - the amp lifier an d the discrim inator with a substantially resistive load; sistor carries the full current 10 circuits. Two em itter-foll ower cir- filtering of th e signal frequency and whil e th e seco nd transistor is cut cuits provide E = 4.2 volts, a nd E / 2 its harmoni cs is provid ed b y the off. Simila rl y, on the negative half- =2.1 volts, at low impedance, the distributed cap acitan ce of th e load cycle, th e current is steered so that circuits being driven by th e volta- resistors and is furth er augmented ..... th e firs t transistor is cut off and the ges across the series diode network. by the capacitance of th e small resecond transistor carries th e full This network provides regulation verse-biased diode junctions D 3 , emitter current I 0 . If the coll ector which keeps th e gain relatively con- D -1, and D 6 . Electronics J March 2 1, 1966 139 Operating the detector into a substantially resistive load has the advantage of reducing the loading effect of the discriminator diode net- work on the secondary and primary windings of the tuned phase-shift transformer. In conventional f-m · discriminator circuits, a ± 20% vari- ation in the resistors substantially ~- alters the peak-to-peak separation and linearity of the detector. How- ever, the loading reflected by the diffused load resistors can be re- duced to so low a level that it plays a negligible role in determining the discriminator characteristics; line- arity and peak-to-peak separation are maintained over the full range of resistance values. In addition , amplitude modulation suppression and balance are maintained over this full range because the circuit is balanced and the diffused resis- tors will be substantially matched in value, although their valu es may Integrated circuit replaces the discrete components shown. Eliminated are 2 vary widely from wafer to wafer. transistors, 2 diodes, an interstage transformer, 14 resistors and 7 capacitors . ... Eliminating spikes. In addition to reducing the load variations, the pulses con tain harmoni cs which In the integrated detector, this in- integrated detector eliminates the can be picked up by the internal terference is greatly reduced b e- high-frequency spikes of radio-fre- an tenn a circuits or the i-f amplifier cause the detector load circuit is quency interference, ch aracteristic input and cause undesirable inter- essentially resistive and the currents of conventional f-m detectors. These ference with the incoming signal. are confined to a small area. tainment systems four integrated circuits designed ,. - for the f-m sound channel of television receivers and radios. To the consumer products industry, already troubled by rumors of plans to incorporate micro- circuits in upcoming products [Electronics, Dec. 27, 1965, p. 103] the news was unsettling. Experts have been saying that installing IC's in entertain- ment equipment was three to five years away. The IC's on the threshold reason most often expressed was the probable high cost of such circuits. One chief engineer of a of a new era Chicago-based firm has been saying all along that "suppliers would have to get the price below $5 a circuit to win acceptance." .. - What increases the impact of RCA's news is the announced prices ranging from $3.15 for an am- plifier-discriminator in small quantities to $1.25 for a less complex amplifier in quantities over 1,000. Clearly, RCA has crashed the arbitrary While RCA's Home Instruments division was price barrier that had been set up by engineers proudly unveiling the black-and-white television in the consumer products business. set which is the industry's first with integrated Though it is still too early to evaluate cor:nplete- circuitry, the company's Electronics Components ly the effect of RCA's announcement, co11sumer and Devices division was readying an announce- products companies have been forced 1:0 take ment of its own. notice, some reluctantly. The announceme:11t add- On March 15 it announced that RCA was offer- ed to pressure started last autumn whel'.l word ing the potentially hu ge market represented by leaked out that the Admiral Corp., was liard at original equipment manufacturers of home-enter- work trying to develop an integrated circuit de- 140 Electronics J March 21, 1966 -, which rectifiers D 1 and D 2 are conducting, 8=phase shift with fre- quency deviation from the center frequency (that is, the resonant fre- quency of the secondary tuned cir- cuit), · 1 ( + 9! E AF= 2¢ ) - 95 E 1 sin(wt+e)d(wt) = E1 ( si~ ¢ ) sin 8 Integrated circuit in a production -l ine tv receiver manufactu red by the Radio Co rp. of Am erica . Circ le de notes t he IC. Large cans are transformers . The frequency modulation can be analyzed in terms of a switching action in that the junction of resistors R1 and R2 is periodically con nected to the tertiary signal voltage at the centertap of the transformer secondary. If E 1 = peak value of the tertiary voltage, E2 =peak value of the secondary voltage, 2¢ = angle during If the secondary voltage is large enough with respect to the diode "contact" potential to switch over 180° , TI sin¢ 2 ¢= -2 and -¢- = - TI ' so that the demodulated output signal 2 EAF = - El sin e TI Under these conditions, the de- modulated output signal is inde- pendent of the amplitude of the secondary voltage. The 2.1-volt supply voltage ap- plied through the tertiary winding effectively biases the input and out- put diode network as well as the direct-coupled emitter-follower out- put amplifier. Operating the dis- criminator network at a positive po- tential with respect to the ground- ., modulator for its 1967 color television models. its new circuits, the company has put complete Then the Zenith Corp. started an in-house ex- functions on single chips instead of trying to re- ·perimental program even though last December its vice president for engineering, J. E. Brown was place discrete components by integrated elements. Of the four new circuits, two are wideband saying that IC's in consumer entertainment prod- amplifiers and two are wideband amplifier-dis- ucts were three to five years away. criminators - all are packaged in T0-5 cans. The Because the consumer products business is so amplifiers perform in the range from 100 kilo- competitive it's safe to predict that once one com- cycles to 20 megacycles, a fact which makes RCA pany starts using IC's, few companies will be able see potential applications in communications out- to withstand the pressure, particularly when side the television and radio field. Power gain is microcircuits mean better performance. Today, 75 db at 4.5 megacycles. -.. engineers of such equipment have to restrict the number of active elements they use because adding diodes and transistors to circuits raises their In addition to realizing some economies by saving components and wiring on the production line, users of the new circuits should enjoy the cost too much. But active elements come cheap added benefit of easier servicing. RCA engineers in microcircuits. One of RCA's new circuits,which predict that diagnosis and repair will be easier displaces 26 discrete components, has 39 com- with IC's. That's because most service calls are ponents of which 24 are active elements. to replace components whose performance has In its research laboratory, RCA ·has been de- degraded and the ailing parts are sometimes hard veloping IC's for consumer products for about to locate. Integrated circuits, on the other hand, three years. Last year it introduced nine linear fail catastrophically so a failure is easy to detect. circuits [Electronics, ov. 15, 1965] intended for a wide variety of applications. These general- purpose, highly versatile circuits were one way to break into the consumer-product market but .. RCA had another plan in mind: to apply the systems engineering approach which its military Lewis H. Young divisions had mastered to consumer products. In I Electronics Ma rch 21 , 1966 141 ed substrate in this manner also makes it possible for the isolation junctions of signal diodes D 1 and D 2 to stay reverse-biased with respect to the substrate even wh en signal voltage is applied to the circuit. The 2.1-volt bias voltage applied to the secondary winding results in the junction of the detector load resistors R1 and R2 being clamped at this voltage when a signal ( or noise) is being received . Thus, diodes D 3, D 4 , and D 5 receive the correct reverse-bias potential to function as small capacitors of approximately 7 picofarads each. At the center frequency, the potential at the junction of R1 and R2 is substantially equal to the 2.1-volt bias voltage at the secondar y winding and this supplies the necessary positive bias voltage for the emitterfollower output stage. On either side of center frequency the voltage swin gs positively and negatively abou t the bias voltage in accordance with the frequency modulation. V. F-m radio receivers The integrated circuit approach for the intercarrier sound channel of television receivers is directly applicable to broadcast f-m receivers. The chip can be used directly at 10.7 Mc, the intermediate frequency of broadcast f-m receivers, to replace an i-f amplifier, the limiter and the f-m detector stages. Flat and free. Similarly, this integrated circuit can be used in communications receivers requirin g a wideband limiter characteristic of exceptional flatness and freedom from incidental phase modulation. The f-m detector network, being substantially resistive, can be used not only at 4.5 Mc and 10.7 Mc but also at low frequencies such as 455 kc. The IC can also operate as high as 50 Mc although the gain of the wideband amplifier falls off in the vicinity of 50 Mc. One IC=26 components. The intercarrier sound section of the RCA KCS-153 television receiver on page 141 shows the sound-takeoff transformer, which provides the 4.5Mc selectivity, the integrated circuit, and the phase-shift discriminator transformer. Formerly, the ratiodetector circuit used a total of 26 discrete components. ow a single integrated circuit replaces them. The performance of the integrated circuit is at least equal in every characteristic, and superior in most. For input signals between 500 and 200,000 microvolts, the output signal is constant to within better than ± 0.5 db . For sign als between 1,000 and 200,000 microvolts, the output variation is less than ± 0.l db . Because of the direct coupling in the three-stage amplifier-limiter and the absence of time constants which could charge on impulse noise, this steady state p erformance is accompanied by comparably high amplitude-modulation suppression under dynamic conditions of impulse noise int er f e r e n ce. VI. Meeting the test RCA has a d-c test program that evaluates the essential characteristics of the amplifier, limiter, detector, output amplifier, and powersupply sections in a matter of secon ds. Units which pass this automated d-c test are almost certain to pass the d ynamic signal test in which operation in the receiver is simulated by applying an f-m signal and observin g the fl atness of limiting an d the demodulated output. Th e abili ty to test the integrate<l circuit as a complete subsystem is of considerable advantage in simplifying the testin g and lowering the cost. Running the gamut. In discrete transistor technology, th e total yield of a given generic type usually is subdivided by p arameter to permit use of the entire output. That practice is not feasible in IC production . Instead , th e design er of integrated circuits has to devise circuits that will work for substantially the full gamu t of p arameter variations characteristic of the IC process. A good example of such design ingenuity is the circuit which has been described. It performs acceptably for a beta (current gain ) range between less than 30 and more than 200. Because the output of each stage is isolated from the input through th e common-emitter con nection , feedback capacitance variations are of no importance. VII. Assessing the impact An extensive test an d evaluation program satisfied RCA that its IC for television receivers had already attained the goals of improved performance and reliability. In addi- tion, yields have been high because of the circuit's ability to tolerate wide variations in the absolute values of the integrated components. Thus, every integrated circuit chip which does not have a catastrophic failure can be expected to provid e entirely satisfactory performance. Potentially, a number of the lowlevel signal-processing sections of a radio or television receiver can be replaced with integrated circuits. However, such a replacement on a stage-by-stage basis would not be economic, nor would it improve performance or reliability. Design ingenuity. Selecting functional blocks and designing "integrable" circuits to do th e job of the discrete components they replace - not necessarily in the same wayseems the b est approach so far. The future of IC's in other areas of tv and radio receivers depends, largely, on the ingenuity of the circuit designer in devisin g integrated circuits that can compete with efficient low-cost transistor circuits using discrete components. His job won't be easy - the circuits must work with a limited range of resistance values, essentially without capacitors, preferably without inductors, and with a minimum number of connections extern al to the chip. On the other hand, he can use transistors and diodes freely with the assurance that transistor, diode, and resistor p arameters will match to a high degree. Integrated circuits will doubtless move into other sections of television and radio receivers, particularly in the low-level sign al processing area. In the higher-voltage, higherpower areas, and in the r-f amplifier input circuits, discrete transistors and components probably will contiime to retain their economic advantage for some time. The author Jack Avins, wh o has been active in rad io and television receiver circuit development since 1946, is a staff engineer with the RCA Home Instruments division . He is a Fellow of the IEEE and a past chairman of the IEEE Re ceivers Committ ee. 14 2 Electronics [ Ma rch 21 , 1966 ·-- · r- - t- - . - ·- - ,, · _., - · > ... - .., If Leonardo da Vinci worked at Air Products, he would have at his command the necessary support capability in skilled personnel and complete facilities to translate his great pioneering inventions into practical realities. At Air Products innovation is everyone's responsibility. Supported by in-depth capabilities, this spirit has propelled the Company to a position of leadership in chemicals and cryogenics sales and profits. .. _ Even da Vinci would have admired the challenges that Air Products has met -· in servicing its customers. They include helping melt steel faster ... freeze-sealing flavor in foods ... propelling man into space ... keeping water resources clean ... fusing or cutting any metal ... improving agricultural yields . .. saving heat for the winter ... producing safer tires. Like da Vinci, Air Products people have had to dream, design, and develop things that didn't exist before. Unlike da Vinci, Air Products has the total support capability to carry its innovations to the market place. Electronics I March 21, 1966 ALLENTOWN , PENNSYLVANIA INC. Did you know? Air Products operates worldwide, with over 75,000 customers, and has shown record sales and profits every year for the past seven years. Circle 143 on reader service card 143 Solid state Which way to monolithic systems? · Researchers scout one trail , arrays of hundreds of simple integrated circui ts, while production crews take complex single ci rcuits to the marketplace By George Sideris Manufacturing Editor "We think we will have 200 circuits and a large digital integrator. ard in most computers, th ey'll sell on a chip this year and perh aps 500 "The development of really large for as little as h alf th e total cost of in a year or two ." In his usual laconic scale, very high-sp eed computers conventional IC's that h ave to b e fashion , Jack S. Kilby, the driving should certainly boost array use," assembled to do the same job. force behind T exas Instruments In- adds a spokesman for Motorola So fa r, the biggest of these com- corporated's program to develop Semiconductor Products Inc., a divi- plex circuits is a d ecade frequ ency monolithic subsystems , was saying sion of Motorola, In c. "Not only can divider-the equivalent of about 40 that the era of large-scale integrated these large machin es take advantage gates-on a chip about 0.05 b y 0.08 circuits has arrived. of arrays , their demands are such inch. The circuit, pictured on p age Arrays like the one at th e right, that th ey provide a market for de- 148, was introduced last week by with 1,000 components in a )~th velopmen tal arrays." One type of Sylvania Electric Products Inc., a inch-square chip, will soon be sold array Motorola is developing is a subsidiary of the General Telephone by the Fairchild Semiconductor di- high-speed memory composed of & Electronics Corp. Sylvania made ' . vision of F airchild Camera & Instru- groups of cells like the one pictured it available in engineering quanti- ment Corp. on page 152. ties, along w ith a family of registers TI is already making arrays of 100 Almost all the present array work that are the equivalent of 20 gates digital-gate circuits and has put 120 concerns digital circuitry. En gineers and ad ders with nine gates. on some chips . The goal of TI and have only b egun to defin e the de- BaTIL. Alvin B. Phillips, Syl- the other major IC makers who are sign requirements for analog arrays vania's general manager for IC's, working on arrays is to drive pro- and they exp ect test problems to be doesn't see a profit at present in duction costs below the plummeting severe. It takes a computer to design arrays. "The machine to b e built in r- - prices of IC's. Eventually, says th e wiring of a large digital array a year is in design now," h e argues. Kilby, "the array cost per gate will and to control the testing, even "Somewhere along the line, you stop be on e-third to one-fourth the cost though digital circuits are generally blue-skying and design. This devel- per gate in a conventional IC pack- simpler than analog circuits. opment is here, and we'll make our age." The customer saves far more, b ecause he doesn't have to assemble I. Complex shortcuts mark with it." The new circuits will join Sylvania's family of transistor- the circuits. If a computer isn't used to design transistor logic (TTL ) circuits, a Roughly, that means the cost for an interconnection pattern that de- lin e that has b een battling (Phillips a large logic function , all wired up tours around the unusable circuits says it should b e spelled baTTL ) and ready to plug in, would b e on a slice, the array manufacturer the Texas Instruments TTL line in about $1 a circuit. Kilby is talking, h as to try to make nearly every cir- the computer market. however, about arrays with bipolar cuit p erfect. That rarely happens However, TI doesn't h ave all its transistors. The going price for mass- with bipolar circuits, althou gh MOS eggs in the array basket. It, too , has produced , multifunction circuits manufacturers claim better luck. been preparing complex circuits, made with metal-oxide-semiconduc- A more direct route to large func- on e of w hich is shown on p age 147. tor ( MOS ) field effect transistors tions is to design them as single, Th e circuit schematics are on p age which are smaller and easier to complex circuits. During the past 151. It is a 16-bit memory element, make, is often b elow 50 cents per year, IC p lants have been turning designed for computer scratch pads gate. these out on custom orders. Bipolar -small, high-sp eed memories built Systems in 1968. When will typ es containing a couple of hun- into the logic circuitry. This circuit large, bipolar arrays go into opera- dred components are bein g mass- will be formally introduced shortly tional equipment? "I think we will produced . MOS circuits are up into after T I unveils three other complex see some by 1968," Kilby answers, the range of 1,000 components a "but I am not sure what th ey will be." chip [Electronics, Oct. 4, 1965, p. TI has designed five small computers for the terrain-following radar it is developing under an Air Force contract [Electronics, F eb . 21, 1966, 84, 96]. Complex, bipolar circuits, pro- duced for off-the-shelf sale this year will shake up the IC market. D e- Experimental array of integ rated circ uits co nt ains approx imat ely 1,000 bi po la r devices in a Vs- inch squa re. Called " m icromatrix" by Fai rchi ld Semiconduct or, it comb ines th e p. 135] , plus a simple programer signed for functions that are stand- array an d com plex-IC t echni q ues . 144 Electronics I Ma rch 21, 1966 H · ' 11· ~- IF YOUR COMPUTER ,.. I SYSTEM REQUIRES A-Dor 0-A Conversion where: A=resolver or synchro 0=10to16 bits JUST PICK UP THE PHONE. North Atlantic offers a complete line of resolver /synchro interfaces for computer systems, aircraft/ space vehicle simulation, antenna position/programming, and airborne use. All silicon solid-state, 10 to 16 bits , multi -speed ,multiplexed inputs/outputs, 60 cps to IOKC. As we said, just pick up the phone. NORTH .ATL..ANT:IC indusfries, inc. TERMINAL DRIVE , PLAINVIEW, NEW YORK· (516) 691 · 1600 SH us et llEE-looths 3A40-3A41 146 Circle 146 on reader service card ,_ I .. Twenty cells, each with 20 m()tal-0xide-silicon devices, make up this Fairchild Semiconductor array. Four logic gates or two flip-flops can be made in a cell. ... < " .' circuits this week at the annual exhibit of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. On e is a gated full adder that will replace a $44 group of five IC packages and cost half as much, or perhaps less. Micromatrixes. Meanwhil e, still a third route to large-scale integration is b eing developed by Fairchild Semiconductor. A blen d of th e array and complex-chip approach, it results in bipolar arrays. Fairchild covers a slice of silicon with tiny cells composed of elemental logic gates. These devices are interconnected by etching wiring out of thin metallic films . The patterns are defined by photographic masks, as in the conventional process. However, the lines and line spacings can be as small as 0.0001 inch instead of the usual 0.001 inch. Different groups of masks are applied to the cells to convert them into logic functions , such as flipflops . Then, the array is coated with an inorganic insulation and a second layer of interconnections is fabricated to connect the groups of cells. Fairchild calls it a"micromatrix." Basically the same technique made the MOS array shown above. Each of the 20 cells in that array contains enough MOS transistors and resistors for four gates. Fairchild Semiconductor has also made arrays, it reports, containing both bipolar and MOS d evices. The method is suitable for functions such as full adders. Serial computers. The arrays are being developed in cooperation with two other firms. The company expects that custom orders will become the pattern for array sales. It plans to try out the market for standardized arrays with circuits suitable for the small, serial computers called digital differential analyzers (DDA's). Th e Raytheon Co. is also investigating MOS arrays for DDA's. Fred Plemenos, head of a group that recently designed a DDA for missile applications [Electronics, Feb. 21, 1966, p. 103] , says that one 50-bit, MOS shift register could probably replace 50 IC flip-flops and eliminate most of the input-output leads such systems now need. However, he isn't sure that the arrays will stand up under the harsh environ- r- - ·- Electronics I March 21, 1966 MA, C 1959 JEnCStH "CO. ALL. A LGHTS RCSER'ICO Sixteen bits of memory are packed into a chip by Texas Instruments. mental conditions military systems face. II. Arrays spell economy Although MOS d evelopers have been talking confidently about mak- ing 1,000-gate arrays, Kilby isn't .. sure whether Texas Instruments will push the bipolar arrays beyond 500 gates. It hasn't been determined whether extremely large arrays will be practical or useful , he says. He does have firm ideas on the .. processing and design savings ob- - tainable with computer-designed arrays. Processing yield-the per- centage of usable circuits on a slice -is raised about 50%, he says. Pack- aging costs are cut. Only a few pins are needed for functions like shift registers and even when the wiring is complex, such as in control logic for a computer, one pin can service two gates. It shortens design time. An array can be d esigned in a week, while a complex circuit takes 12 to 16 weeks. Higher yields. The main reason that array yields are higher is that the circuits don't have to meet worst-case operating conditions and Electron ics I March 21, 1966 Recording Session Not for the pleasure of the audiophile-but for precise and rapid reproduction of all events related to a weapon system, including acquisition and destruction of a target. The equipment used? Interstate Electronics Corporation's Model 1060 Synchro Data System . Interstate Electronics Corporation, the prime contractor for the test instrumentation system of the Polaris program, has specialized capability in the development of sophisticated systems for the FBM program. The 1060, developed from this experience, provides real-time and after-the-fact information in the form of computer-compatible tape and display or printed outputs. This portable system accepts coarse and fine synchro, ac analog, de analog, and event data. It also converts these data to digital form in computer format for permanent recording or to engineering units for immediate evaluation. Every significant signal existing at the interface between major components of a weapon system may be recorded permanently for future total weapon system analysis, system validation and statistical performance prediction . For complete information, send for the new 6-page brochure on the Model 1060. Write to Dept. SB -3. INTERSTATE ELECTRONI C S CORPORATION SYSTEMS DEVE LOPMENT DIVISION 707 _E. VERMONT AVE., ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA 92803 Regional Offices: Atlanta , Geo rgia · Washington , D. C. Subsidiary of INTERSTATE ENGINEERING CORPORATION C~ EC Your local ELECTRONIC DISTRIBUTOR has it! SHIELD FLEX® flexible tubing SHI ELDFLEX is especially designed to: iso late conductors from external magnetic fie ld s; co ntain th e magn etic field generated by current carrying co nductors; provide elec t rost ati c shi elding. BENEFITS: · production economy-cable can be run through a length of Shieldflex for both magnetic and mechanical protection · optimum shielding efficiency equivalent to that expected from high permeability shield structures · typically 39 db attenuation in a 1 oersted, 60 cps field o spaceeconomy since conductors can be routed very close to components or other conductors AND: · it i~ now available at your local electronic distributors · packaged, ready for use in random lengths Distributed nationally through local electronic distributors by: therefore tolerances can be looser. changing the characteristics of the Individually packaged circuits, for gates by varying the length of the example, would be subject to varia- MOS-FET electrodes and the cell tions in supply voltage. The arrays, wiring patterns. The other is, as in Kilby points out, have all the circuits other labs, reorganizing the wiring operating at the same voltage level patterns. The latter chore takes an and the interconnections between IBM 7094 computer about half a circuits on a chip don't have to con- minute-10 cents a gate in a 48-gate tend with heavy external loads. array. With a special, small com- It is almost impossible, Kilby con- puter, the cost would be less. tends, to make large arrays by ap- Ingested gates. While the IBM plying standard wiring patterns to wiring program is elaborate-15,000 groups of circuits. About 15- or 20- to 20,000 instructions-the principle ,.. gate circuits is the best that can be is a simple one. The input-output done now, he says, and a reasonable pins are considered good circuits, in goal for the future would be 100 fixed positions, that the computer gates. To get a 10% circuit yield re- must use so that all similar functions r quires a 95% yield of gates on the will plug in the same way. The com- slice, which cannot be reached as puter first wires up several good yet. The computer-designed, ran- cells that are bunched near the dom wiring drops the requirement center of the slice. Then, like an to a modest 80%. amoeba, it extends the skin of the Custom computers. One of the good group until it has enveloped side benefits of computer-generated enough good cells and has linked wiring patterns is that it takes no them with wiring of the right length. longer to design a custom logic func- MOS arrays are being used for tion than a standard one, according the experiments for two reasons: to Harlow Freitag, who has been yields are high, sometimes 100%, and developing the computer proce- MOS research won't duplicate bi- dures used in the International polar research being done at other Business Machines Corp.'s array IBM labs. The techniques are ap- program [Electronics, Feb. 7, 1966, plicable to either type of circuit. p. 148] . In time, he thinks, it will be MOS has one big drawback in logic possible to custom-design entire circuits-its speeds are 2 to 5 Mc, computers. Few computers are while bipolar can clip along at a standard systems today; the buyer clock rate around 25 Mc. IBM rates - )- generally is offered variations com- its circuits at a conservative 500 posed of standard subsystems. kilocycles. Freitag and his associates at the IBM Watson Research Center, are Ill. Speedier MOS arrays experimenting with two ways of An Air Force program to build modifying MOS arrays. One is digital systems with chips contain- . - Write, wire or ca ll 96 Station Plaza. Lynbrook, N. Y. 11 563. Phone: (5 16) 887-9000. Products of MAGNETIC METALS COMPANY; also manufactu rers of: · Transformer Lam inations · Motor Laminations · Tape Wound Cores · Powdered Molybdenum Permalloy Cores· Electromagnetic Shielding· Metallurgical Services· Custom Heat Treating · Photo Etched Precision Parts 148 Circle 148 on reader service card · Equivalent to 40 conventional logic gates, this complex circuit is being made by Sylvania Electric Products Inc. It is a decade frequency divider. Electronics I March 21, 1966 ing 100 to 1,000 bipolar or MOS 7 - circuits is expected to accelerate the development of arrays and the speed of MOS arrays [Electronics, Aug. 23, 1965, p. 40]. The con tracts are expected to be awarded to Texas Instruments, for ""' a system with bipolar logic and memory; General Micro-electronics, .. In c., recently acquired by th e Philco -1 · Corp. a system with MO S m emory and logic, and the Radio Corp. of - America, one in which the logic is bipolar and the memory MOS. - " Neither the companies nor the Air ..., Force will di sclose d esign details until contracts are signed. - · The Air Force wants the MOS _ arrays to be complementary-that is, made with N-chann el types of - .. MOS-FET's as w ell as the u sual P- channel. This could boost speed to .... 10 Mc. Another of th e Air Force's goals is that the memories, whether bipolar or MOS , retain data if the memory power fai ls. Semi conductor memory elements, such as flip-flop · .. circuits, generally require power. _,., Quick solution? Last month at th e International Solid State Circuits - " Conference, RCA speakers h ead ed ., by J. R. Burns, of th e RCA Labora- tories, reported on an MOS scratch- pad memory design th at appears to meet the Air Force requirements, - ~ except that it stores few w ords. _ ... \ Vhile th e memory h as not yet b ec>n built, the storage cdls have been - · tes ted at an operatin g speed b elow 20 nanoseconds. Usu ally, any speed - of 25 nanoseconds or b etter is con- 11 sidered in th e bipolar provin ce. Data is perman ently stored in th e - ·· RCA cells b y groundin g th e write _ line. Th e cell s are flip -flop s th at are 8 made of 11 N-type and five P-type ros transistors. The memory will store 16 words, - 1'11 each four bi ts long. Th e read access _, time is exp ected to b e 50 n anosec- onds and the write time, 75 nano- - · seconds. All the circuitry, includin g decoding and drive circuits , w ill b e ..., made up of 1,080 MOS -FET's. Th e _ .a package will h ave only 17 pins. An- oth er MOS memory, already built, -1 b y RCA, is a four-word, eigh t-bi t, content-address able memory. -- .. One big circuit. MOS arrays are l... generally made with fixed , rath er th an random wiring pattern s, and can b e considered very complex ~ circuits. The reason, explains D on- ald Farina, GMe's subsystems man- ~ .,,..ager, is that it is b etter to arrange the MO S-FET's so th at wiring is """ Electronics I March 21 , 1966 LOOK WHAT YOU CAN DO - - - - ~. , ~tMt ~ , POWER SUPPLY Here is a po w e r suppl y designed to be a laboratory or production line work horse. Cir· cu itry is sim ple, components are r ugged- it is unsoph isticated in design- no flash ing lights, bells or buzzers. It wi ll provide a dependable D .C. output continuously va ri able over a range from 0 to 7 volts w ith ma xi mum ampacity of 15 . Ripp le le ss than 2 % . Price d right· -~-- l--~---------------- p s -5 7 3 5 0 CONSTRUCTION AND COMPONENT FEATURES OF THE PS-57350 POWER SUPPLY Inp ut vo lta ge ra ng e 100 to 130 volts: consta nt vol tage transformer provides ± 1% line regulation: continuously adjustable autotransformer regula tes input voltage to isolated stepdown transformer : continuous duty solid state rec tifier: computer grad e, e lectrolytic f ilter capacitors : easy re ad ing D.C. voltmeter : easy readi ng D.C. a mmeter: t wo ex ter na l inp ut line fuse ho lders : size of pane l 19 " x 7 " x 10 " OR CHOOSE FROM THESE STOCK MODELS Catalog Number PS -5 7 3 6 0 PS -5 7 3 61 PS -5 7 3 6 2 PS -5 7 3 6 3 PS -57364 PS -57365 PS- 1-6 7 5 7 PS -3 9 6 0 0 Volts 23 -28 23 -2 8 48 -54 24, 24 24 , 125 24 , 125 0 -45 0 -50 D. C. OUTPUT Amps Watts 2 3 4 15 / 2 2/ 0.5 1/ 3 0 / 2.5 0/5 56 84 216 360/ 48 48 / 62 .5 24/ 375 112 .5 250 Ma x. Rip p l e 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% - 1% - 1% Max . l ine ± 1% ± 1'% ± 1% ±1 % ± 1% ± 1% ± 1% ± 1% Regultn. load 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 5% 3'% Cata log 175 illustrates a nd g iv es specification s an 42 othe r stock mod e l Po we r Suppl ies. Write for o cop y. ·~ S A A - 3932 · 3 2 2 T ·t ::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::. Engineers and Builders of ...REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES\: f sTAT1c POWER RECTIFIERS 31~a~:a~ER~p~;e~~~i::, ;o~y:~'Se~v~c~ l:~RK ·-~i::~~:~:~~:~~:;:~:~:i~:~:~t~:~:Ll!!l 50 No rt hline Rd., Toron to 16, O nt . Ci rcl e 14 9 on reader service ca rd 149 Report from BELL LABORATORIES R. C. Miller (left) and J . A. Giordmaine c heck the alignment of the crystal in which variable-frequency, laser-type li ght is generated. A Tunable Source of "Laser"Light A narrow beam of light, as generated by a laser, appears to offer many desirable qualities as a possible medium of communication. Individual lasers, however, operate at separate, discrete frequencies. For communications, tunable sources of light comparable to the variable-frequency oscillators used in radio work are useful. Recently, Bell Telephone Labora- tories scientists J. A. Giordmaine and R. C. Miller demonstrated an experi- mental tunable source of this type. Operating on parametric oscillation principles at optical freq ue11cies (see illustration below), the device uses a crystal of lithium metaniobate, which is "pumped" by a laser beam. The device emits two beams, each of which is tuned b y changing the temperature - of the crystal. With the pre ent model an 11 ° C temperature change pro- ... duces a 6 percent change in output wavelength of each of the beams. Tunable, coherent sources represent a versatile scientific tool of importance for optical spectroscopy. In oth er ap- r - plications. they could fun ction as local oscillators in optical-frequency super- heterodyne receivers. Operating features of tunable source based on parametric oscillation at optical frequencies: " pump" light from laser enters lithium metaniobate crystal at left, and, as a consequence of parametric oscillation, two additional beams are produced in the crystal. End surfaces of crystal, to which dielectric coatings have been applied, are partially reflecting. From right end emerge the two beams, plus the pump light, which is blocked by the f ilter. The principles governing parametric oscillation include the conservation of the energy and moment um of the interacting photons. As a consequence of energy conser vation, the sum of the two out put frequencies equals that of the pump. These output frequencies vary with temperature since the cryst al 's temperature-dependent index of refraction controls phot on momentum in the beams. In current work, the second harmonic of a pulsed calci um tungstate/ neodymium-doped laser provides the required 7 kilowatts of pump power. Pump fr equency of 5 .7 x 105 gigacycles (5290A wavelength) produces output frequencies ranging from about 2.6 x 105 gigacycles (11,SOOA) to 3 .1 x 105 gigacycles (9700A), depending on temperature. Lithium metaniobate, whose unique optical prope rtie s are essentia l to this effect, was fi rst i nvestigated i n detail at Bell La boratori es where, al so, large optical -qual ity cry st a l s fo r t h is ex peri m ent were grown. LITHIUM . - METANIOBATE METAL BLOCK CRYSTAL TEMPERATURE CONTROL FOR TUNING FILTER PUMP LIGHT BLOCKED BY FILTER Bell Telephone Laboratories Research and Development Unit of the Bell System simple. The circuits , h e points out, are designed in a manner su itable for c0mputer layout. Scaling of the elech·odes determines device function , whereas diffusion geometries arc th e determinant in bipolar devices. Farina's comment on th e MOS speed question was: 5 Mc with current-mode switchin g today, 20 Mc with improved processing in two years. IV. Millions of tests Tes tin g conven ti onal and com- plex IC's is child's play comp ared . with the tes ts th at must be per- - form ed on large arrays. Th e co mplex circuits can be given fun c- tional tes ts sim il ar to conventi onal IC's . In fact , Sylvania tes ts both types with th e same automatic test sys tems, once b efore packaging and once after packaging. - .. An array of 100 circuits can take 1~ up to eight hours to tes t, accordin g .. to Joseph Logue, manager of ad- , vanced logic technology at IBM 's East Fishkill, N.Y. , facility. To ex- -. cite every poss ibl e combination of th e 38 inputs, h e points ou t, would take 238 tests-not including alter- nating-current tes ts. To test an ar- ray th a t contains sequenti al logic requires a test sys tem with a mem- ory, b ecause the tes ts must b e made in an exact order and each res ult depend s on th e results pre- ..- ceding it. It's still a module. Lo gue's solu- tion is essentially one th at co m- puter manufacturers have adopted. Hi s suggestion-don't attempt to make all possibl e tes ts. D efin e th e . essential tests and perform them by -. csercising th e array in a computer. The computer can run through sev- eral programs that will check out th e array, or can choose the states that will excite th e array in almost every combination it will encounter - . in use. The customers, according to Logu e, h ave to b e edu cated to ac- cept this. Other companies agree. Motorola find s th at an array can b e tes ted . mu ch like a conventional logic assembly, with several hundred tes ts made by a stored-program com- puter. The tes ts are more extensive . than for an ordinary IC because th e storage capability of the array requires sequential tes tin g. TI ex- - pects 200 to 300 tests to check out a 100-gate array. GM e also exer- ~ Vee. + 4. 5 TO+ 5.5 VOLTS Xz x y r------ ADO RES S 1 11 LI NE---1 LINES Vee I K Active memory element, with 16 flip-flop storage circuits, is made on a single chip by Texas Instruments In corporated . Block diagram is below. ciscs each ga te as though it were tes tin g a conventional printed circuit assembly. No tes ts at th e cell level were made on th e F airchild MOS array on page 146 b efore th e wiring was fabricated. It was tested functionally. however. Fairchild hopes to convince its customers that testing all th e components of th e array is not necessary. Oth erwi se, some circui ts would require fi ve million tes ts. Cell by cell. Th e co mputer-pro gramed wiring method requires tes ts of each cell on th e slice b efore the wirin g pattern is fabricated. Tes ters similar to those which tes t conventional IC's are generally employed. IBM's researchers, who are attempting to defin e essential tes ts, have b een making an elaborate se- ries of 31 kinds of tes ts on everv cell in th e MOS arrays. With th ~ aid of a tes t wiring pattern th a t is la ter removed, they test not on ly the electrical ch aracteristics of th e MOS devices, but th e oxide and oth er materi als as well. Th en th ey tes t again to make sure th at the te;t currents didn't cause any damage to th e materials. After wirin g, each of th e 80 cell s is tes ted again and the entire array is giv n a series of functional tes ts. Th e entire process takes several hours wi th th e laboratory tes t equipment. If IBM decides to produce arrays, it will build high-speed testing systems. Beam or masks? IBM fabrica tes the wiring by a method that avoids th e preparation of etching contact masks. Photoresist on th e metallized sli ce is exposed to a b eam of ADDRESS FLIP-F LOP FIRST STAGE ADDRESS DECODING CIRCUITRY SN5481/7481 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , I I I WRITE CIRCUITRY SECOND STAGE ADDRESS DECODING CIRCUITRY MEMOR Y.STORAGE I I I READ CIRCUITRY L - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -· __ J INFORMATION REGISTER Memory circuit, shown above and on page 147, can be connected wit h the circuits outside the dotted lines to form computer scratch pads. Electronics I March 21 , 1966 151 ULTRA CARBON CORPORAT I ON The shape of tomorrow, today For more than 20 years , Ultra Carbon consistently has provided industry with advanced graphite technology. " F" purity graphite for the AEC . .. semiconductor crystal crucibles, boats, headers and fixtures made from Ultra purity graphite - these are typical of our past contributions to the electronic industries. ULTRA/FGP® flat glass packs for integrated circuits in 14 lead 114 x 3/a inch and 10 lead 1/4 x 1/4 inch are now in production . Write Ultra Carbon Corporation, Box 747, Bay City, Michigan 48709. Array structure being developed by Motorola for fast memories . Second layer of wiring will connect this four· bit group to adjoining cell groups. . - ·- .. light th at is program ed b y th e de- ing p rodu ction arrays with contact ' sign computer. masks. It's sil er:ce on its masking The b eam is 0.002-inch square meth od s are an indication th a t it is ,... _ and can b e brought down to 0.0005 changin g its process. inch. Th e sli ce is placed on a tiny, V. Long-run circuits motor-driven tabl e th at jitters b ack and fo rth under the b eam at a rate Las t fall , on e IBM laboratory of 0.2 in ch per second. A shutter made n ews w ith a complex circuit interrupts the li ght a t th e end of th at had 148 components and did each lin e traced by th e motion of th e job of a 16-bit shift register . the table. [E lectroni cs, Nov. 1, 1965, p . 31] . T exas In struments uses its de- Off-th e-sh elf circuits were consid- - sign computer's output to run an ered big if th ey contained 6 or 8 automati c drafting machine th at ga tes. prepares th e artwork fo r conven- Phillips, of Sylvania, is con vin ced tional e tchin g ma sks. Tl's arrays that th e time is ripe to sell kin g- require up to three layers of wirin g sized circuits off the sh elf. " Regard- and as many masks. To speed up less of whose computer it is, it per- th e process, TI plans to prep are fo rm s certain stand ard fun ctions or actu al size masks with a Hyin g-spot opera tions." Th ose are th e fun c- scann er controlled by th e computer. ti ons Sylvania is sellin g. Th at would cut th e mask-makin g Hi s 40-in-l circuit, th e decade ,... - tim e to a few minutes. divid er, h as six stages. It di vides Motorol a says th at it is usin g analog and di gital si gnals w ith fre- . and developing the draftin g m a- q uencies from 5 cycles per second - chin e method and al so a meth od to 30 Mc. The first stage sh ap es the of directl y formin g th e patterns on pul se, th e next three divide b v fi ve, slices coated with metal and pho- th e next divides by two a nd th e t or es is t. fin al stage is a buffer th at gives E xtremely minute pattern s can a-c and d-c fan outs of 6 to 15. Th e b e form ed on th e sli ce w ith scan- sys tems can have a clock ra te of ning electron b eams. The W es ting- 25 Mc. hous e Electric Corp. has b een ex- Something for everybody. "W e .. perimentin g with thi s method for are aiming at a hi gh-volu me indus- three years [Electronics, Nov. 16, trial and military market," Phillips 1964, p. 82]. Research ers hoped to continu es. " \ Ve picked wh a t we b e makin g programed interconnec- consider the optimum size for now, tion s with an electron b eam in a four -bit builclin r; block. W e will 1966. W es tinghouse had b een mak- probably go to eight or 16 bits later, r.ircle 152 on reader service card Electronics I March 21. 1966 H1-Q... capacitors for critical ~ lunar shots - . and TV tuner trouble spots - .... .. -. -. We once received a letter that said, in part, " ... Ranger 6 ... in the more exotic developments of electronics for space. slammed into the moon on one of the most phenomenally But the things we learn in meeting these requirements are accurate shots ever achieved . .. your company has helped also reflected in the increasing performance and reliability to achieve an enviable record in space activities. Even greater of our "everyday" capacitors for less demanding uses. challenges await us in space ... your company will help meet So whatever your capacitor needs, check with a Hi·Q (them) with the same enthusiasm and dedication to quality .-- and reliability you have exhibited in the past." But it didn't change our ideas one bit about the importance of quality in " ordinary" capacitors for TV tuners too. That's why Hi·Q · capacitors are selected and specified most often for any kind of application-moon shot or mundane. Of course, our greatest challenges are usually generated catalog ... or check with a Hi-Q engineer. You'll find an answer with one or the other. H1-0: DIVISION AEROVOX CORPORATION MYRTLE BEACH SOUTH CAROLINA Visit Hl-Q IEEE Booths 2J48-50 Circle 153 on reader service card Three nice features and a surprise in Heinemann's new Series JA circuit breakers: 1. Natural shoulder packaging. The slim, Ivy League JA weighs in at just 2.5 ounces per pole, including hydraulic-magnetic actuating element, silver-alloy contacts and an uncommonly efficient arc-quenching device. 2. Pizazz-The JA is the first breaker with snap-on color-coding caps that you can mix or match for functional or decorative purposes. Also included: a very dressy white handle. 3. Convenience. The )A's 'universal' terminals are made to accept soldered, crimped-type, or screw-type connections; you can use whichever you're tooled for-or overstocked with. 4. Economy. This is the surprise. The JA actually costs less, model for model, than our Series AM12 breakers, which it can replace to your advantage. The )A is available in current ratings from 0.100 to 20 amps, at up to 250V AC or SOV DC. With a choice of time-delay or non-time-delay response. Specia l-function internal circuits, too. Bulletin 3350 will give you full technical data. Write, wire or shout for a copy. Heinemann Electric company 2600 Srunswick Pike, Trenton, N. J. 08602 154 Circle 154 on reader service card " We're taking away some designer's prerogatives .. " but nothing will be custom-made. "The big question facing every- one is how much can we integrate the integrated," he says. "The more you put in one package, the more you move toward custom-made." Mass-production with standardized interconnection patterns, not several layers of computerized wiring, is the way to cut costs and increase sales, he con- ~ tends. . - "vVe're taking away some of the designer's prerogatives and we're taking over some of the user's work," admi ts Joseph T. Nola, Sylvania's IC marketing specialist. "You can't expect progress toward low cost and high reliability if the logician and designer won't standardize." VI. Delicate subject The array scene has one foggy 1or · bottom-the relationship b etween ,... th e vendors and the buyers when the vendors are making subsys- tems. Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., is leery about working too closely with component vendors. "vVe've been burned before," says George ~ - H. Cramer, corporate director of ,_ electronics for the systems com- pany. "'Ve try to do business with · - those semiconductor manufacturers who are not in the systems busi- ness. The trouble is, most of them r are." LTV plans to buy complex cir- cu its, such as 50-bit MOS shift registers, and use th em in h ybrid memory systems. It will share some en gineerin g with its vendors , but plans to keep the critical design "' - work in -hou se. Cramer is h op ing ,_ the arrays will improve the reliabil- ity of electronic systems in deep- ~ ~ space probes. The Fairchild Semiconductor spokesman thinks th at arrays will 1- give small but "supremely techni- cal" compan ies the opportunity to I-- graduate into big-time systems ,. ..,, compan ies. On th e other hand, sub- sys tem manufacturers may find .. their business taken over by com- ponents companies. But, there's time to prepare. Fair- "' child doesn't expect large arrays to be a way of life until at least 1970. J. Electronics I March 21, 1966 -. -. -- . . Where can you go from here? We've gone about as far as you can go toward simplifying inter-rack harnesses and printed circuit board wiring. Now all you need to do is crimp a tab onto both ends of your lead; then it's a simple matter to put one end into an AMP-TAB* Printed Circuit board connector, the other end into an AMP-TAB Feed-thru Block. Wiring's done! And without solder, heat, or awkward combinations of wiring techniques. You stock only tabs, so right away your inventory is reduced. One tool crimps #26 thru #18 AWG wire, so you save valuable assembly time. Savings in space and applied costs are about three to one compared to other interconnection methods. It's easy to see how your installation costs come down with these AMP-TAB terminals and connectors. But you don't save by sacrificing quality. All AMP-TAB terminals and contacts have AM P's famous corrosionproof gold over nickel plating for better conductivity and long wear. Special attention to design-redundant wiping surfaces, insulation support "F" crimp, diallyl phthalate housings, closed entry-for high performance and reliability. An important feature allows you to change wiring from the rear of the printed circuit connector without removing the board. And there's no need for post-insulation because of the egg-crating design of both the AM P·TAB connector and feed-thru block. Look what else you have to gain : Terminals available in strip form for high -speed automachine production Contact spacing of .100", .125" or .156" available Dual or Quad printed circuit connectors; easy keying Contrasting cavity identification Low installed costs Write today and find out all the plus features of AMP-TAB printed circuit board connectors and Feed-thru blocks. ·Trademark of AMP INCORPORATED Ir----------------,I------,I rNDUSTRIAL I I SALES I I I N C 0 R P 0 RA T E D I DIVISION I I Harrisburg, Pennsylvania I I L----------------~------J A-MP* products and en1ineerin1 assistance available throu1h subsidiary companies in: Australia· Cana da · En1land · France · Holland · Italy · Japan · Mexico · Spain · West Germany Electronics I March 21, 1966 Ci;·cle 155 on reader service card 155 THE ONLY FIELD PROVEN .. . ·- I, - RECORDER / REPRODUCER P-5000 field history has established Fairchild / Winston as the leader in wideband portable instrumentation recorder I repro ducers. Results of extensive field applications have proven the P-5000's ability to consistently provide unparalleled perfor- mance. A combination of compactness and laboratory-quality performance, the P-5000 offers the most advanced instrumentation tape recorder/ reproducer in a truly portable package designed for predetection, telemetry and general instrumenta- tion - applicable to airborne, shipboard and mobile use. Bi-directional operation provides 50 minutes of 2.0 me recording. Qualified to military environmental and RFI specifications. · 2.0 me at 120 ips · Flutter - 0.3% peak-to-peak, .. - DC to 10 kc at 60 ips · Bi-directional operation · Five electrically selectable speeds · 7 or 14 track, /RIG configuration. · 140 pounds · 175/a x 24112 x 11 inches .. . . - ,.. .. - · r 156 Circle 156 on reader service ca rd .. Electronics I March 21 , 1966 Space electronics - ~ For Saturn stages, a stop in Mississippi NASA will test its lunar rockets with stationary f iring at a 220-square-mile facility nearing completion in Mississippi By Robert Henkel ~ -<I Space Electronics Editor -" -' -. A giant space proving ground, the Mississippi Tes t Facility, prepares this month for its fir st missionthe s tati c firing in April of a Saturn V booster stage. Its sound will boom over a 220-square-mile complex in a lon esome marshland near the Cu lf Coast. After a few more Sa turn tests at Huntsville, Ala. , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration will depend entirely on th e Mi ssissippi facility as a proving ground for the fir st and second stages of Saturn V-the big rocket th at will pro;Jcl United States astronauts toward th e moon. The facility is also a proving ground for an experim ent in private industry. For th e first time, one company-the General Electric Co. -will operate a major facility owned by th e space agency; GE will supply all the electronic support for stationary rocket tes ting. Clearing job. NASA has spent $265 million , so far, in spading th e proving ground from mi les of cypress swam ps and piney forests. Electronic equipment accounts for more than $30 million of th e spending. Thou gh th e agency stressed reliability in designing and selecting equipment, some electronic "firsts" did develop: · T elemetry test data will b e collected and redu ced in real tim e. · More than 2,500 chann els of data may be taken and recorded from one static firing. William M. Barrentin e, who heads the data handlin g center, boasts this is th e "only system like it in the country. Everything from the output of the data receiver back is computer controlled ." Th e com puter takes th e measurement data from a Bring, sampl es an d converts it to parallel digital form. This data is formatted and recorded, then played back, scaled and converted into usable engineering units. The data acquisition facility receives data signals from the vehicle and rocket stand by means of hard wiring through a concrete tunnel. Up to 2,540 channels of in strumentation will be acquired during a tes t. This makes th e facility the bigges t in terms of chann els of data received from a single rocket tes t, says Robert Young, acquisition facility manager. Much work remains at the space ). I Saturn moon rocket second stages wi ll soon be locked into th is huge test stand in Mississippi and test fired for NASA. Electronics I March 21, 1966 157 colla!Jt A ra 11dom collec1io11 o(fact, opi11io11 and 111i.1cel/a11y . .. some of ii a bla1a111 a11emp1 10 peddle 1he prod11c1s a11d capahi/i1ies of }vfo1oro/a\ Mili1aiy Elec1ronics Dil'is1011. UNAMBIGUOUS METEOROLOGICAL RADIOSONDES ·.. or, the frigh1ening pro!;pec1 of a big-busin ess giv eaway program Someone at our Wes tern Center must be kidding. Can you imagine anyone designing an "unambi guous ranging system with a CPE (circular probable error) of 150 feet maximum at 300 mile and a multi-channel telemetry link with 0.1 % accuracy" and then wanting to sell it rather than placing it on exhibit at the Smithsonian Instituti o n or someplace? Incredible, but they ay it' true. And it's all part of an advanced Meteorological Sounding System we designed for the Air Force Cambridge Research Lab. One of our brighter engineers claim s we can bring it off using a radiosonde design which, in large enough quantities, could be sold at the ridiculously low price of several for a hundred dollars . Since this is a paid ad, our legal buffs say that we must back up any claim made hereon. So, better order a carload quick ly before we go out of business. For details, write our Western Center. Continued on page 172 facility , which is 45 miles from New support force of 3,000. Orleans. Construction of 4 test The first of the big first-stage stands, 20 buildings, and a canal S-IC's to be ground tested will b e and railroad network b egan in May, the fourth flight booster now being 1963, and NASA hopes to have asse mbled at nearby Ylichoud. It construction wrapped up by the will be fired early in 1967, which r:- .. end of this year. Only NASA's will put the facility '.'well within Merrit Island complex at Cape schedule," a spokesman said. The Kennedy is a larger construction first three S-IC flight models will job in the United States right now. be tested at Huntsville, Ala. GE signed a five-year contract in June 1963, with the space agency, 111. Agency expects 15 rockets to run the facility as an extension Acceptance tests on the seven of its Apollo-support contract. S-IC boosters that are coming I. Site chosen in 1961 through will continue into 1969. Ten Saturn V's are under contract, The space agency had selected but an agency official said: ""'e the location in 1961 because of are reasonably sure of 15 vehicles ," " - natural water entries, for floating which pushes tests into the 1970's in hardware; the cheap land that at the Mississippi grounds. was available; sparse population The central recording facility for (2,600 residents moved out, five all test stands is the data acquisi- villages pulled down); and because tion facility , which is a windowless, the area is only 38 miles from the reinforced-concrete structure lo- Michaud Assembly' Facility where cated in the center of the four test- the Boeing Co. is building the Sat- stand complex.The test stands , into urn IC first-stage booster. which the rockets are locked for General Electric will control stationary firing, are designated everything except the actual static A-1, A-2, A-3 and A-4. tests , which will be clone by Boeing Data acquisition cable lengths and North American Aviation , Inc., range from 1,575 feet to A-2 stand second-stage builder. to 3,600 feet to the A-1 stand-de- Quick switch. With luck, early in scribed as the "longest cable April , North American will conduct lengths ever"-through concrete the first hot firing , a quick switch- tunnels. These distances caused ing on and off of an engine of the problems in procurement; cable Saturn V second stage, the S-II, a producers doubted that cable that million-pound thrust, liquid-hydro- long could be manufactured. Gen- gen booster. eral Electric finally consented to -... Early in 1967 Boeing will test splicing at the factory, but pro- fire the S-IC, the 138-foot Saturn hibited any splicing in the field. first stage, which delivers 7.5-mil- Took hard line. A hard line (wire) lion pounds of thrust. system was required rather than II. Companies cooperate a telemetry system because hard line is accurate to 1% or less and Paul W. Sage, who guides GE's because one wire carries the signal 650 support personnel, calls the from one transducer. A single project a genuine cooperative ef- radio-frequency telemetry failure fort. He has been spending a good could knock out 200 channels. deal of time on interface problems: A typical test of a flight model "Does GE do it, or Boeing?" will use 1,100 to 1,200 channels, but Though he foresees no major diffi- the acquisition facility, expandable . - culties among companies, Sage ac- to 4,000 channels, will record 1,700 knowledges that GE hasn't yet channels from the first S-II, be- worked in a pressure situation with cause it is a test model. the Saturn contractors. The present capacity includes So far, both GE and the space 792 analog-to-digital channels for agency appear satisfied with their recording quasi-static data from 0 unique relationship, with GE con- to 10 cycles per second, 760 chan- fiding it is realizing a good return nels with the digital-event recorder on its investment. for test events, 600 oscillographs The reduced role of the space for medium-frequency signals from agency is reflected in the fact that 10 cycles per second to 5 kc, 200 the agency expects to have only constant bandwidth (redundant 130 of its people in the permanent multiplexed channels) for 0 to 500 158 Circle 158 on reader service card Circle 159 on reader service card-+ If you u se wi·re, you need a Euhanl{s Eubanks automatic wire strippers will help you boost your profits by cutting your costs whether you are stripping leads for half a dozen black boxes or mass producing appliance harnesses. Let us send you complete informa- tion. Eubanks Engineering Company, P.O. Box 563, M onrovia, California. E uhanlis ENGINEERING COMPANY NOW GET 72 HOUR DELIVERY Circle 256 on reader service card NORTON SIZE f SIZE G SIZE H SIZE J SIZE H (Open} Size F Size G Size H Size J Size H (O pen } On sizes F, G, H & J (0 Series) Regulated DC Power Supplies FEATURES Magnetic Tape Heads · Fully Repairable · Large Quality Discounts · Low Cost · 0 .5 to 60 vdc Coverage By Model Selec- tion · 0 .05 % or 0 .5% Combined Regulation · Temperature coefficient from ±.01 % /° C · See 1965-66 EEM, page 1538 (Prices are obsolete) Contact our representative or the factory lor details IEEE Booth 3837 DYNAGE, INC. 390 CAPITOL AVENUE, H·RTFOAD, CONN. 0610& TU[PHOH[ (20JJ 2&9-5654 160 Circle 160 on reader service card 7507 - SERIES 7500 · CROSSTALK-4008 · +75°C Temperature Operation Send now for complete technical literature. NORTON ASSOC/A TES , INC. 240 Ol d Count ry Road. H1 cksv1ll e. N. Y. Circle 257 on reader service card cps analog data, 140 magnetic tape channels for high frequency in the 5 to 20 kc area, and 48 strip chart recorders channels for quasi-static data. The facility has a four analog-todigital data acquisition system, including four Beckman Instruments, Inc. 210 systems and four Beckman 420 digital computers. Its manager Young said: "We have had to install a large amount of equipment which was never tied together except on paper. Debugging has gone relatively smoothly. For example, a complete diagnostic program was being run on the Beckman systems two hours after the power was wired in." IV. For quick look The primary function of the data handling center is to provide the facility with a capability of reducing d-igital and analog data-both hard line and telemetry-to "quicklook" formats. The backup, for more detailed data reductions, is an agency computer center 12 miles southwes t, at Slidell, La. A little late. Th e data handlin g center is not on schedule. There have been "quite a few problems in interfacing" its various components and subsystems, a GE official said. One major component of the space center which has been accepted is the telemetry ground station. For receiving r-f telemetry from stage equipment, th e station will handle up to 12 f-m carriers in th e 215 to 260 megacycle band. demodulate them and output th e data in th e 0 to 2 Mc spectrum . A second part of the center is an analog analysis system, divided into computer-controlled "quick look and detailed analysis subsystems." The system does all vibration data analysis, receiving data from single-sideband telemetry or constant bandwidth units in the acquisition facility. The center's digital-data-handling sys tem is built around two medium scale Scientific Data Systems, Inc. 930 computers and peripheral equipmen t. This sys tem handles data reduction on a priority (interrupt) basis. To increase data-reduction runs during test firings, the integrated system automatically sets up and checks out its own equipment. Electronics I March 21, 1966 r- - 11 - ... - ' - --- -· . - -. -' Great editorial is something he takes to work .-- (What a climate for selling!) Electronics J March 21, 1966 Electronics A McGraw-Hill Market-Directed Publication 330\Vest 42nd Street, New York, N .Y.10036 1"1l"'BC<ic A U01 l l!u·CAUOrCtJICULAft0'15, A M(lllC A "l!UStN[SSP"C~S 16J. ·· - Subsonic. Supersonic. Hypersonic. ·- Where do you feel the greatest potential passenger transports , Lockheed is landing at earth bases after maneuvers in developmental aviation lies today? active in virtually every aspect of devel- in space. And also, they will lead to Which type of craft, which speed opmental aviation. high priority passenger and cargo regime, is personally most stimulating Lockheed is also hard at work on a transport at hypersonic speeds. ' to you? Subsonic? Supersonic? Hyper- new generation of high performance A large number of significant posi- sonic? No matter what your answer, aircraft in the upper supersonic speed tions are now open for engineers on '- you will find a breadth of opportunity range . At the same time, other remark- sub, super, and hypersonic programs. at Lockheed that is unmatched in the able aircraft, for Mach 3 flight , are For information concerning specific aerospace industry today. currently in development at Lockheed. opportunities, please write: Mr. E. W. The Army's Advanced Aerial Fire Additional work is continuing on super- Des Lauriers, Professional Placement Support System-AAFSS-is the first sonic V I STOL fighters , extremely Manager, Dept. 1503, 2404 North .. . . major compound helicopter award in advanced versions of the famed Hollywood Way, Burbank, California. history to enter development . It is F-104 Starfighter, and America's fixed- Lockheed is an equal opportunity at Lockheed. Revolutionary composite wing SST. employer. CO. LOCKHEED-CALIFORNIA vehicles able to stop, fold, or start Lockheed is using the SCRAMJET blades in forward flight are another approach in manned hypersonic test current Lockheed project . From heavy- and cruise vehicles. Designed to fly A DIVISION OF LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION lift helicopters for large cargo opera- many times the speed of sound, they tions to STOL and V/ STOL short-haul will help man achieve the capability of Boston Technical Publishers, Inc. announces an unprecedented offer of 10 FREE HARDCOVER BOOKS - ., .. -. --·· - ... - .. --·" -. .. . of your own choice on prepoid orders of ony 15 or more assorted titles of equa l o r higher prices. You will receive 25 books for th e price of l 5 (on orders of only 5 or more asso rted titles you wi II receive 2 FREE BOOKS). You may order single or multiple copies of any titles at our reduced prices, individually or jointly with your colleagues. Please send all orders with checks marked " ELECTRONICS Morch 1966 Offer." If you prefe r, you may pay in three or six equal monthly installmen ts. W e even pay all pos tage / handling expenses. FREE BOOKS OFFER EXPIRES APRIL 30, 1966. Choose from the li st of outstanding technical books reprinted and clothbound in USA 1964-66 . These were original ly published by Am e rico's leading publi shers a t 55 % to 140 % h igh er pri ces, a nd ore currently omong the most widely used and best known elec. engineering books. :ns. Boam and Wave El ec tro nics In Mi crowave T ubes. Hy IL C. 1-_;. ll uller, Chi('f l<_;n gi - rwer. Sp<>dal Tutx~ l}J)(>ra tion s. Syhania El ectric P roclunli, Jnc. ( l!HlOJ l'p. Illus. Cata log No. EM I .. . Or ig, Price: $10.75 ... Ou r Price: $6.50 Measuremen ts at Cen t imeter Wavelength . By D . D. Kin i.:-. Yir<" P resident and D in ctor l{ p~..('arch Dh·isio n , E lt><·t ro11k t 'ornrnu n il'at ion-.. Ine-. I'p. :~ 2i. 1llus. Cat alog No . EM 2 .... Orig . P r ice: $7.50 . . Our P rice: $4.50 Transient Circuit A na l ysis . B \ Y 11. h n, P1ol of 1_; 1t·ct 1a· al En gine(>J'inp, M oore School ot .El ('(' J<:n g1 1wt-> 11n g. 1' 111\ . 01 i'{'ru1 s) l \a111a. (1 !161) Pp .J41 Illus Cata log No . EM 3 .. . . Or ig . P rice: $ 13.00 . ... Ou r Price: $7.75 Foundations of El ect rodynamic s. H~· I ' . ,\l oon, A ssoc. 1-'rof. of .Elf'l', En gi n f'('J'i n g , ~~~i~~~111r~\~;~ 1~}s1 ~~:~~(~-~ i~:~:iii~~1!fcftj~; ~;~1 ~i 4."~-1171~~-11('C1~t ;~;;x·N [r0J-M~~ . ~~ri~1~: P rice : $9.75 . . . O ur P rice: $5 .75 Control E ngineer ing Hs t: . .I . .\l nn..1h.\'. I I9;"Hl) J>p. :{8;), Illu s. Catalog No . EM S. ... Orig. Price: $7.50 .. .. Our P rice : $4.75 Transient and Steady-State A nalysis of El ec tric Networks. Uy E . Pf'skin, Prof. of Jo:Jec. En Aill(>('r·inl!. S t<'n'n~ ln 'lt. of 'ft'<'hnology_ I l!Hil) l'p . 42:-l. JUus. Catalog No. EM6 . .. Orig. Price: $13.00 .... Our P ric e: $7.50 Functiona l Circu its and Osc illators . By II . ,J. ll.(·ich. Prof. of El f'<.·tri cal Enginl'f'ring a nd Appli ed SC'irnCf', Yal e L"nh'. fl !Hi l ) Pp. 4tW. Illus. Cata log No. EM 7.. .. Orig . Price : $ 12.50 .. . . Ou r P rice: $7.75 Microwave Th eory and Tec h niques . H~· I L .J. Hekh . P. F'. O rduni;, H ('ad. Dept. of J<:l<'('.. Engint'<."rin~. t 'nh of ('aliJ o rnia f ~anrn Barba ra.): II . l.J. K ralb. A l!'!OC. Pror. or Eire. .EnJ,>inN·Mn~. Yal t· t ·nh . ; an'I J . <: . Skalnik ..\ s:-o<-. l 'roL P.l('('. Eni:inwring Yale l'ni\'. Pv. !.102. J11s. Cata log No . EM S. . . Orig . P rice: $14 .25 . . Our P rice: $8 . 75 Fundamentals of Ra dio Communication . H,\· A . Slwiugold, .\ -;.:-o<K-. l'rof. of ElP('tronics and Physics. LT . 8 . Xn\'a) Poi-;t Graduate Schoo l. ::\10111en·.', Calif. Pp. H2, JJl u-;. Cata log No. EM 9 . . . Or ig . P rice: $7.95 . . .. Our Pri ce: $5.50 Very Hh1h Freque ncy T ec h ni qu es. l'1l·pa1w l b.\· the- Staff of the Ha<l io B1 ·:-.f'arch Laboratory, ll al'\'ard U11 i\f'r.;.it~. ~'. D . 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Pu. 222 . 111u .... Catalog No. MS3 .... Orig. P rice: $6.00 . .. Our Pri ce: $4.50 Airborne Radar. H,\ I) .J. l'O\(·j:-il, .D1rN'tor, ::'\(·\\ P ro<luct ~t· niet· ; H. S. Ha\'l'D, Advisory En "'itl N'il', \ Vrapon s ~,\'slt·Jlls J)(·\'l'IO Plll t-> 11 1. bot h at \V('sti n ~hOU'-(' Elff·trk Corp.; a nd I'. Wu1f'11nan. ll p:lft, Eq11ipnl('nt lfrs(·arC'h, l '. S. :\':Hal H<'"'<'nr('h Lab. (19f-il). l'p. 821. Jll us . Catalog No. AS 2 . Orig . P rice: $20.00 . .. Ou r P rice : $9.75 " Expense on books is on investment in knowl ed g e -in professional ond financial odvoncement!" If you r e mp loye r do es not rei mburse you it is a t ax d educt ible ex pense. Now you con hove your own HA RDCOVER BOOKS at almost PAP ERCOVER PRICES especially when you receive FREE BOOKS on large individual or group orders os offered above. BOSTON TECHN ICAL PUBLISHERS, INC. Ce ntra l Sq Box 111 E, Cambridge Ma ssach usett s 02139 Phone (6 17 ) 49 1-0 4 4 3 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY RADIATION LABORATORY SER IES Rada r System E ng i neer ing- ll. ide nour Cat = RLI Ori g, P rice: $12.50 Our P rice : $5 .50 Radar Aids to Naviga tio n- Hall Cat RL = 2 Orig. P rice: $ 10.00 Our P rice: SS.50 Ra d ar Beacons- n ol>E"l'Lo; Cat +:" RL3 Or ig. P rice: $9.50 Ou r P ri ce: $4.25 = Lora n- l 'i f'l'C' <' , McK enzie . and \ Vood \\anl Cat RL4 Orig . P r ice: $10.00 Our P rice: S-L50 Pul se Generators--<;laSOf' and l.A·ba.cqz Cat = RLS Orig . P rice: $ 12.50 Our P rice: $5.50 Microwave Magnetrons-('ollins Cat R L = 6 Orig . P rice : $13.50 Our P r ice: $5.75 Kly stron s and Microwave T riodesJl a milt on. Kn ipr~ and K uJ.*'I' Cat .:r RL 7 Orig . Pri ce: Sll.00 O ur P rice: $5.00 P rinci pl es of Microwave Circuits:\l ontgomN)'. D ickP, and Purcell Cat = RL8 Orig . Price: SI0.00 Ou r P rice: $4 .50 Microwave Transmission CircuitsHa ga n Cat :t RL9 Orig . P rice : $ 12.00 Ou r P rice : $5 .25 Wavegui de Handbook- )Ja1C'mitz Cat r RLI O Orig. P rice: $11.00 Our Pr ice : $5.00 T echni qu e of Mi crowave Measuremen ts -~I OntHOmPry Cat lr RLI I O rig . P rice: 14 .50 Our P rice: $6.00 Microwave Antenna T heory and Oesign- Sth·er Cat r RL1 2 Orig . Pri ce: $12 .50 Our Price: $5.50 Propagation of Short Radio Waves1-\ t·tT Cat :t RL1 3 Orig. P rice: $13.00 Our Pr ice : SS .SO = Mi cro wa ve Dup lexers-Smul lin and ]\J on q.,'Qrn('1",\ Cat RLl -1 Or iQ. P r ice: S9.50 O ur P rice: S-1.25 Cr:vsta l Rectifiers- Torrey and \V"hitnwr Cat .:: R LI 5 Or ig . Pri ce: $8.50 Our Pri ce: $4.00 = Mi cro wave Mixer s-- 1'ouncl Cat RLl 6 Ori g. P r ice: $8 .75 Our Price: $4 .00 Com ponents Handboo k- Hl a<·l\bum Cat = RLl 7 Or ig . Pri ce: $ 11. 50 Our P rice: 5.00 Vac uum T ube Amplift er s- Ya\lpy and Wallma n Cat .r: RL1 8 Or ig . P rice: $13.50 Our Pri ce: $5 .75 W aveforms--Cbance. IJUJ,\hf'.;.. M acNichol. Sayre. and \\'illiams Cat = RL1 9 Orig . 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P rice: $4 .50 Our P rice : $3 .25 New 1966 EDITION , coming o ff the press Mid April 1966 Integrated Circuit Engineering - Ba si c T ech nolog y by G. R. Medland, R. L. Pritchard , H. K . Dicken, D . B. Kret , R. D . Richardson and F. H. Bower of Integrated Circu it Engineering Corp., Phoenix, Ar izona . A major reference work embodying the findings and experience of a team of recognized integrated circuit specialist s-20 secti ons including 6 on p rocessing, 7 on design, 4 on reliability and test ing and 2 on management-406 pages, ove r 400 illustrations BY2 " x 11 ", clothbou nd POSTPUBLICATION PRICE $22.50 Cat #ICI . . . Prepaid , PRE- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , PUBLICATION PRICE $ 18.50 thru A pril 30, 1966. I Ord er Form : f f Fill in and send t o: Bost on Te chnicol Publis he rs, In c. I Central Sq . Box 111 E. I Cambridge, Ma ss. 02139 I I / We wish to pay for books Catalog # Rll RL 2 RL 3 RL 4 RL S I RL 6 RL 7 RLB RL 9 RL IO Rl l I RL l2 RL 13 RL l4 RL I S RL l6 I RL l7 RL 18 RL 19 RL 20 RL 21 RL 22 RL 23 RL24 RL25 RL 2 6 RL27 I R~ 8 EM I EM2 EM 3 EM4 EMS EM6 EM 7 EM S EM9 EM lO EM 12 I EM l4 EM IS EM 16 NS9 MS I MS3 AS 2 ICI I and recei ve a s FREE BOOKS Cat. # .... ... .... ..... ...... . .· I f Check enclosed $ f monthly installm ents . Balance wil l be paid in . . . . . . equal I I I Name ... .. ..· ·..... . .. ·..·. .. .· .. . .. Dote .... .·.. . . . . . Add ress . ·. . ·.. .. . .. . .. . ..·.. ..·. . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .·. . f !__city. .:.:.:..:.:..:..:.:..:. ·.:..:_:..:_· .:..:.~'.:'.~:_·..:..:.:..:..:..:..:.:..:..::_z~-=:'.'.'..::..:_::..:_·..:_::_J 30 DAYS UNCONDITIONAL REFUND PRIVILEGE ON ALL BOOKS Electronics I March 21 , 1966 Circle 163 on reader service card 163 r/ti< It - ,.. George Washington couldn't sleep here. ·- There's too much going on. ,. _ "Here" is IBM's Federal Systems As a member of our creative Federal packaging design· Electrical systems Center in Bethesda, Maryland. Systems Center team, you'll work design · Optical mechanical design. What's going on? Plenty! on some of the most advanced, IBM is an Equal Opportunity Employer Our principal mission is to develop and build special information sophisticated systems development problems we believe you've ever seen. Direct your resume in complete confidence to : . - processing equipment to solve If your discipline is listed below, Mr. J.B. Farrington, Dept. 554Pl, 4 - IBM individual and unique problems for we may have an immediate opening IBM Federal Systems Center, command/ intelligence, marine, for you. Look and see if your talent Federal Systems Division, tactical and communications and training are needed. 7220 Wisconsin Avenue, · ® systems. It's kind of great to get to the job when you know you're needed, important, and growing. Bethesda, Maryland. . ." .... Sonar systems design · Advanced communications systems design· Systems engineering · Digital and analog circuit design· Digital systems logic design · Mechanical 164 Circle 165 on reader service card -. -- .., . ,., -; - ... - ... - .,. - .. - ... WANTED People interested in recording: Applicants desired from industry, hospitals, schools, ELOCITY All usual fringe benefits available, plus signifi- laboratories; with almost any type of data acquisition problem. Special benefits available for people who once thought magnetic tape recording was too expensive or co mplicated. Successful applicants need only know how to pick up data and turn simple knobs. Need own so urce of power (110 volts; or 220; 48 to 400 cycles; or 12 vol ts DC) Wil l be allowed to operate in plant or lab, and have complete freedom to record in the field, TEMPERATURE WEIGHT VIBRATION FREQUENCY PRESSURE FLOW R~ M cant advantage in dealing with largest, oldest exclusive manufacturer of instrumentation tape recorders; designer of first solid-state recorder (1958), first portable instrumentation recorder (1958), first concentric reel recorder (1958), first satellite recorder (1960), first portable tele vision recorder (1962), first incremental recorder (1962). Send only name and present affiliation; Pl-6200 brochure. containing complete specifications will be in car, aircraft, submarine, or Land Rover. Can have any number from 1 to 8 data channels on a quarter inch of tape; will not be required to buy any more chan nels than needed. Will be able to change from Direct to FM reco rding, select one of three recording speeds in unique and highly useful speed ratios of 1:10:100 .. . all at the flip of a switch without changing electronic modu les. Must be prepared to reco rd and pl ay back in both directions, and be able to compress a whole night's opera tions into a 10-minute playback next morning, or expand a critical 3-minute event into 5 hours of detailed analysis. ·· · ACCELERATION BRAINWAVES DISTANCE P EATS HUMIDITY pH PO sToIuDES mailed immediately. Contact Pl-6200 Application Dept.,3170 Porter Drive Stanford Industrial Park, Palo Alto , California 94304 or call nearest representative for local interview. We're world wide. PRECISION INSTRUMENT @ Pl-6200 is an equal opportunity recorder, available to anyone regardless of sex, race, color, creed, or national origin. MOTION SALINITY FILM THICKNESS INTENSITY VISCOSITY ES You name it! No engineering degree required! - "' Pl -6200 magnetic tape recorder, easiest-to-use tape recorder ever designed; will help applicant fill any data acquisition job requirements. One way to check for power loss Visual inspection may sometimes reveal the source of a power loss . Most transmitters, however, require more sophisticated test equipment. Fortunately, the cost of wide-range power meters like Sierra's new Series 401A r-f termination wattmeters need not sound a sour note in your budget. At prices you can appreciate (see below) , Series 401A wattmeters make precise measurements of power on four selectable ranges up to 1,000 watts, with frequency coverage of 2 to 1000 Mc . Single-knob switching lets you read down to two watts on the 1,000-watt model. Sie rra 's " Twist -Off" connectors permit quick field changes of eight connector types. Permanent sealing eliminates coolant leakage. You can bring on a full range of data concerning Sierra Series 401A r-f wattmeters with a note to Sierra/Philco, 3885 Bohannon Drive, Menlo Park, California 94025. Sierra 401A R-F Termination Wattmeters 401A (120 w) $195.00 401A (500 w) $275.00 401A (250 w) $225.00 401A (1 ,000 w) $365.00 A better way from Sierra .. - SIERRA ELECTRONIC DIV. w PHILCO LOOK TO THE LEADER IN INTEGRATED CIRCUITS _.. Call EWror -- ... -. Immediate Delivery of -4 .. . · a ... Integrated Circuits rrom Tl -. For yo ur production systems, we offer immediate availabili- - ... ty - from stock - of 930 DTL Texas Instruments Series 15930 DTL integrated circui ts arc direct equivalents ... pin-for-pin and spec-for-spec ... of competitive types. Both militar y and industri al types arc in stock. Prices arc com- petitive. And we can deliver NOW! -,,- For you r new designs, take advantage of the improved performance of T[ Series 54 TTL integrated circuits - 48 % higher speed. 25 % higher fan -out. 15 '!l higher noise margin than DTL. What's more, TTL prices are competitive with DTL. And again, we can deliver both industrial and military types 10W! Call us today for further information, quotations and immediate delivery of either lin e. Lo gic Propagation Delay (Typical) Fan ·Out D-c Noise Margin (Guaranteed) Se1ies 54 TTL 13 nsec 10 930 -series DTL 25 nsec 8 400 rnV 350 rnV .:ei·····.·.··.··.·.··.··.··.··.·.··.--.·····r ·" "SERVI N G THE EN TIRE SOU THEA STERN U. S ." .=·..:.':.-·:.·: =.·· ... ., . . .. ~I ELECTRONIC WHOLESALERS INC. ~5551 !ill .!5. i:::i7 -· ...............·..·.. ,~II . ·!!!!!!!!!__ -: · ·' '"'···!····~ m WASHINGTON , D. C. BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 2345 Sherman Ave ., N.W. 3004 Wilkens Avenue Phone 202-483·5200 Pho ne 30 1-945·3400 WINSTON -SALEM, N. C. 938 Burke Street Phone 919-725·8711 MIAMI, FLORIDA 9390 N.W. 27th Avenue Pho ne 305-696 -1620 MEL BOUR NE, nORI DA 1301 Hibiscus Boulevard Phone 305-723 -1441 -+-Circle 166 on reader service card Circle 167 on reader service card 167 /t -r - . - ... - . - ... The small pin hole in the center of this circle is more then enough light for MT/ Image Orthicon Television Cameras. MTI is the world 's largest manufacturer of low light level TV systems. This simply means that low light levels are our specialty. Specifically, at 1 x 10- 5 foot candles of ambient light (approaching total darkness) MTI image Orthicon TV cameras will produce high resolution pictures. So the amount of light illustrated by the pin hole is ... - more than enough. There are hundreds of applications for MTI low light level equipment. Here are just a few: viewing nocturnal animals performing tasks, observing stars, examining small components such as transistors, diodes, capacitors and relays for minute flaws, and so on. In any application where low light levels are of prime importance, MTI can solve your problems. Seven different line scan frequencies are available "off the shelf". Specific details available on request. · If you have an application problem, call us. We can help. m t-i MARYLAND TELECOMMUN ICATIONS, INC. Yo rk & Video Roads, Cockeysville, M aryland/ Area code 301 , 666 -2727 WORLD'S LARGEST MAN UFACTUR ER of low lig ht l evel ima g e Orthicon camera s 16 8 Circle 168 on reader service card Electronics I March 21, 1966 - .. - .. · > - ... _, -. THE LOGIC OF IT ALL Fifth in a series of discussions on the advantages of Tally paper tape readers and per/orators from the user's point of view. Topic 5: Paper tape, magnetic tape or punched cards, ················ ·············································································· ······················ which media should you use? Choosing the right medium for a given EDP application is primary to optimum data system performance. As the maker of the world's most complete line of perforated tape processing equipment, we wish we could tell you paper tape is the only way to go. However, the problem doesn't lend itself to such a ready solution. In truth, paper tape, magnetic tape, and punched cards all have their place in collecting, storing, and processing data. Paper tape is the least costly medium, per se. Information is recorded in a non-volatile machine language form on paper, foil, or plastic tape. The message can be of any length. It's visible and will withstand rough handling. Code and formats are compatible with modern computers. Speed range is between cards and mag tape. Cost of equipment for recording, reading, and storage is the lowest of the three media. Magnetic tape mounted on ordinary reels will handle up to 90,000 characters per second. Information stored on magnetic tape is delicate, volatile, and invisible. Cost of magnetic tape digital data handling equipment is far higher than either paper tape or punched cards. Speed is the big advantage. Punched cards are the oldest and most widely understood of the three media. Cards have a fixed format which imposes a valuable preparation discipline. Further, they are sortable. These advantages, however, turn out to be a mixed blessing. Sortability is of no advantage in modern computers. Fixed format requires the whole card to be repunched whenever an error occurs. Fixed record length causes waste in both short and long messages. Short messages fail to use up the card's capacity. Long messages, exceeding 80 character columns, require duplication of indicator information again and again. Cards have a low data density (i.e., they use a lot of space to put the message down). Cards have a low mechanical efficiency in terms of the speed at which they can be processed and the amount of equipment necessary for the task. Summing up, if your problem is reading data at less than l ,000 characters per second or recording both long and short messages at up to 300 characters per second, paper tape will undoubtedly serve your needs better. If your problem is reading data serially above 1,000 characters per second or writing data serially above 300 characters per second, you should be looking at magnetic tape equipment. If your problem is handling units of recorded data With message lengths less than the capacity of the punched card and you must reorganize data blocks prior to processing, you should consider punched cards. If you would like to know more about Tally products, we would be pleased to send you complete information. Please address Mr. Ken Crawford, Tally Corporation, 1310 M ercer Street, Seattle, Washington 98109. Phone: (206) MA 4-0760. TWX: (910) 444-2039. In the U. K . and Europe, write our man in London, H. Ulijohn, Manager, Tally Europe Limited, Radnor House, 1272 London Road, London S.W. 16, England. Phone: POLlards 9199 . TALLY e Electronics March 21, 1966 Circle 169 on reader service card 169 . _ .-- ·- ·- . - ,- The 601 PE ... a particular shape for a particular need . Design with Mylar reliability in the size and shape of a disc! The slim, compact type 601 PE is tailored for printed circuits in military or industrial applications. In all you will find more than 200 design variations of reliable TRW Capacitors. Round or oval cross-sections. Axial or radial leads. Dipped, tape-wrapped, or metal enclosed cases. Essentially all these constructions are available in film-foil, in metalized Mylar * and polycarbonate dielectri c. In a tight spot? There's a TRW Capacitor to help you . Contact TRW Capacitors, Box 1000, Ogallala, Nebraska. ·tou Ponl Tr.idt:mark T R WCAPACITORS 170 Circle 170 on reader service card Electronics J March 21, 1966 New Products - ,, Multipurpose operational amplifier Unit can operate as a linear or logarithmic am plifier for signals from 10- 14 to 10- 2 ampere c- - .., > -. -.... An operational amplifier, using electrometer input tubes, is claimed by the manufacturer to have th e highest input impedance and the lowest current offset of any operational amplifier. Electrometer input tub es have less noise, better stability and are less sensitive to voltage transients than other high-impedance devices now available. Primarily a current amplifier, the model 300 has more current sensitivity than any other operational amplifier-says the manufacturer, Keithley Instruments of Cleveland, Ohio. It can operate as a lin ear or logarithmic amplifier, integrator or oth er current modifier for signals from IQ- 14 to l0- 2 ampere. Th e amplifier's high input impedan ce permits its operation as a linear current amplifier with resistors as high as 1013 ohms in th e feedback loop. This increases sensitivity) reduces drift and improves signal-tonoise ratio. Because of its low-current offset, noise and drift, th e model 300 can amplify signals as low as l0 - 13 ampere without using a special circuit to compensate for o ff set. ·with high megohm resis tors in th e model 300 feedback loop, large voltage signal s may be developed from very small currents. Th e model 300 operates with a 1-volt signal, since it can use a 1012 ohm feedback res is tor. Therefore, drift i very small compared to its output while other operational amplifiers will suffer from severe voltage drift problems as well as from current offset difficulties. Current offset of th e model 300 is less than 5 X 10- 14 ampere. This allows amplifica tion with ou t compensating circuits, even fo r currents as low as l0 - 13 ampere. Drift due to current offset is less than 10- 15 ampere per day. F or applica tions requirin g a wide dynamic current range, the model 300 can be easily connected to give a logarithmi c res ponse. As a logarithmic current amplifier, the model 300 is very us eful in nucl ear reac tor monitoring sys tems , health physics dosimetry, amplifying mass spectrometer currents and optical density measurements. As a logarithmi c amplifier, hi gh input impedance, low current off set and noise enable th e model 300 to operate in more sensitive ranges with more stability than other current amplifiers. Seven to nin e decades between abou t l0 - 12 to 10- 2 ampere can be covered without range switching usin g sili con diodes. The model 300 is an excellent impedance matching amplifier wh en used wi th a floatin g power supply for sign als from 10 millivolts to 10 volts. The high input impedance of th e model 300 allows it to be used with high source resistances with mm1rnum circuit loading. It is capable of withstanding 400-volt overloads withou t damage. Outpu t impedan ce is less than 0.05 ohm at d-c unity gain. Voltage drift is less than 500 microvolts per hour averaged over any 24-hour period after a 2-hour warm-up. With 100% feedback, this drift is less than 0.005% of full output per hour. Specifications D·c voltage gains (at 25 ' C) open loop Unloaded Greater th an 20,000 1000-ohm load Greater than 12,000 Input characteristics Resistance Greater than 1010 ohms Capacitance Less than 10 picofarads Current offset Less than 5 x 10-14 am pere Drift Less than 10-15 am p ere/24 hours Voltage offset Adjustable to zero Drift Less than 500 m icrovolts/ hour averaged over any 24·hour period after two hour warm.up Temperature coefficient Less than 500 micro- volts /' C Voltage noise (0.1-10 cps) Less than 5 microvolts rms (IO cps -100 kc) Less th an 5 millivolts rms Power require· ments ± 16 to ±25 volts unregu- lat ed Overload limit ±400 volts Frequency characteristics Closed loop unity gain D-c to 100 kc (-3 db) Operating temperature 0 to 50' C Dim ensio ns 3'h" high x 4" wide x llh " deep; Weight 13 ounces Price $200 Keithley Instruments, Cleveland , Ohio. Circle 350 on reader service card Electronics I March 21 , 1966 171 New Components and Hardware collagt Capacitor adjusts thermal coefficient .. - More Motorola mishmash, continued from page 158 Breaking the AMALOG \JAM with multi-purpose chips One ure way to get so-called integrated circuit specialists wishing they were back doing wiring Ii ts is to to s them a job having analog function . Transponders fall into thi category, but our die-hards weren't discouraged by the fact that off-the- helf integrated linear circuits are quite rare. So they upped and developed a family of flexible multi-purpose monolithic chips that do right well used with thin film and semiconductor components for quick fabrication of many different types of linear circuit for transponders and such. Thi eliminates the time and high cost u, ually required for customized circuits, and everyone is tickled. Our Western Center people are frothing to give you the details. Can there possibly be a use for a handsomely styled small box that does little else than silently disgorge great quantities of printed paper? Well , Sperry-Rand and NASA seem to think there is because they've ordered a slew of them as readout devices for the UNIVAC 1230 command and telemetry computers used in the Apollo program . The box in question is our TP-4000 high-speed, nonimpact teleprinter. It spews out 3000 wpm. is all solid state, AND incorporates l/C design of such reliability you wouldn't believe it. And it's so quiet you can't tell it's working except for the paper flying out. Our Chicago Center has the spew for you. Write them. Continued on page 226 172 Circle 172 on reader service card The unit measures 0.6 in. x 0.4 in. x 0.4 in. All metal parts are gold plated. Single units are priced at $4.00; quantity prices are lower. Delivery is immediate. Specifications An adjustable temperature coefficient is the unique feature of a 2.3 picofarad capacitor according to British Radio Electronics, Ltd., developers of the device. Although the component, called a Thermotrimmer, looks like a differential air-spaced trimmer with a ceramic base, adjustment of the rotor alters only the temperature + coefficient, to any desired value from 1700 ppm through zero to - 1700 ppm; the capacitance changes linearly with temperature. The variation in capacitance when the device is adjusted for maximum positive coefficient is from 2.3 picofarads at 20°C to 3.3 picofarads at 80°C. A similar negative coefficient is produced simply by turning the rotor through 180° . Thermal compensation of an uhf oscillator which incorporates a Thermotrimmer is quickly achieved, the supplier claims. The frequency is noted when the oscillator is switched on. After warmup, the oscillator is returned to its original "cold" frC'quC'ncy by positioning of the Thermotrimmer's rotor, thereby providing compensation for the oscillator's temperature range. This clirninatC's the need for tl'clio11s capacitor substitution. Frequency drift of tlw oscillator at an intermediate temperature is automatically corrected by the Thermotrirnmer. The Thcrmotrimnwr may find ;npl ication in drift compensation of" high-q11ality tclC'llWtry systems or military communications receivers. Capacitance 2.3 pf at 20' C Voltage 500 vdcw Dimensions 0.6 in x 0.4 in . x 0.4 in, Temperature range -40 ' C to + BO' C Range of temperature +1700 ppm/' C coeff. through zero to -1700 ppm/' C Blade resonance 3 ,000-4,000 cps British Radio Electronics Ltd., 1742 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., Washington, D:C. 20007. (351] Fuse extractor posts stop stray signals Two waterproof, radio-frequency shielded fuse extractor pas ts eliminate possible transmission or reception of stray r-f signals through the hole in the chassis used for the fuse post mounting. 'Vith 3A6 and 8A6 size fuses , the rest arc designed for military ground-support test equipment and for computers. The fuse extractor post that accommodates 3AC fuses-1% in. by % in. diameter-is part No. 340225. The fuse post for BAG fuscs-1 in. by % in.-is part No. 370011. The shielded fuse posts are made to meet qualified product listings, with the FIIN26G holder for 3 AG fuse and the FH:\.31C for SAG fuses. They arc ruggedly constructed to withstand environmental conditions such as salt spray, vibration, shock and water immersion. Mechanically, each of the t\\"o r-f Electronics I March 21, 1966 ,... - .. ·- . \ /- .. - . - fuse posts has a metal collar that fits over the mo lded fuse holder body and acts as a ground for the unit as well as a metal-to-m etal shielding, preventing radio fre- - )t quency interference. The metal collar is threaded to accommodate a '%-in. diameter brass-nickel plated cap that protects and tamper-proofs the fuse holder and a neoprene water seal " O" ring that - x waterproofs the unit. A metal keep chain, connected to the diamond knurled finish cap and the metal collar, prevents the cap from being misplaced when checking the fuse. Two wire mesh embedded sili con gaskets insure -· ...t complete r-f shielding and waterproofing. The gaskets are mounted in front of the panel. A hexagonal mounting nut that fits on the threaded molded fuse holder body holds the entire assembly to the - -. chass is panel. Price range for the two r-f ,. shielded fuse extractor posts is from $2 to $5, depending upon quantity. Delivery is from stock. Littel f use, Inc ., 800 E. No rthwest High· - ,. way, Des Plai nes, Ill. [352] There are about 140 companies marketing potentiometers in the U.S.A. Of these, only 72 claim to make precision pots. Of these, only 6 make conductive plastic and wirewound precision pots. Of these, only 1 has six or more years experience in both conductive plastic and wirewound ; has equal capability in both,and can objectively recommend either. That one is new england instrument company Ken dall Lane , Natic k, Massach use t ts Tel. 617 -655 -1411 , TWX . 617 -8 75 -4 261 MEMBER OF PRECISION POTENTIOMETER MANUFACTURERS ASSOC I ATION 10-turn potentiometer rated 2.5 w at 40 °C Worl d' s l ead ing line of Preci si on Single·Turn Pots Tho usands of Custom Desi gn s - .. A 10-turn, wirewound precision po- tentiometer has been announced. Designated model 3233, the %-in., bushing-mount unit is for instru- ment and control applications. 1odel 3233 has a resistance - ... range of 10 ohms to 200,000 ohms (± 3 %), ± 0.25 % linearity, and an operating temperature range of -55° to + 10s0 c. Mechanical life is 2 million revolutions, with a - A power rating of 2.5 w at 40°C. Other operating features include uniform torque with zero back- .... lash , and 100 oz.-in. stop strength. The unit is enclosed in a high- impact plastic housing secured by - . rugged clamp bands. Up to 46 taps can be accommodated. Construe- ~ Electronics I March 21, 1966 WAFE RPOls' " (in dustry's slimm est) Also, NE l 's ECONOPOTs'" are the world's only stock line of long life, infinite resolution, precision pots priced from $11.55! Disassembled ECDNOPOT, showing 3 basic assemblies ~ Standard Wirewound Resis tive E·le ments ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOPOT TEST MECHANICAL STRENGTH SHOCK VIBR ATI ON HUM IDITY SOLDER HEATING HIGH SPEED LIFE TEMPERATURE SHOCK FREE ON REQUEST Circ le 173 on reader service card 173 WITH FAIRCON®TRIMMERS _J Tiie Only Difference I· S Qaality&Price New Components tion features include welded lead termination s, gold-plated termin als - and non-corrosive brass front lid " and bushin g. Price is $7.13 in lots of 250 to 499 pieces. Duncan Electronics , Inc., 2865 Fair- vi ew Road, Costa Mesa, Calif. [353] .... - High-i mpedance -,. choppers, switches ;.. - AND WHAT A DIFFERENCE! FAIRCON square and rectangular trimmers are engineered and manufactured to provide quality and reliability exceeding MIL-R-27208 .What's more, they're designed to meet most portions of MIL-R-39015 - the new high reli ability specification. That's QUALITY. You'll be pleasantly surprised at our PRICES too. Write today for complete specifications. And for immediate delivery from stock . . . see ARCO. 1=.A.IRCHILCJ 174 o r A DIVIS IO N rA1 RC H 1lO CA M( R A ANO I N S IR U M E NI CO R PO RATI O N 225 PARK AVENUE , HICKSVILLE, L. I., NEW YORK TELEPHONE ' (51 6) 938-5600 ·TWX ' (510) 231-1854 CABLE ' FAIRCON-HICK5VILLE, NEW YORK, U .S. A. See Them at IEEE Show-Booth 2605 Circle 174 on re ader service card A series of three solid state Photocom choppers and switches has been developed with on-resistances greater than 1 megohm, and offresistances greater than 1011 for applications with source impedances up to 1,000 megohm s. Typical uses include: Ph meters, elcctrometer instruments, integrating amplifi ers, logarithm and high impedance servocontrol instruments, and oth er r- ultrahigh source impedance. low- signal input appli cation s. Tl1 ey can " - also b e used as series or shunt modulators, or solid state relays. Model C-4812 Photocom chopper is a complete 7-pin mini ature socket-plug-in modulator package, series shunt single-pole doublethrow. It has standard chopper con - ...__ tact arrangement. Th e high- speed photocell switching action provides break-b efore-make operation at modulating speeds up to 1 kc. Contact-to-case insulation res istance is maintained at 100,000 megohms minimum. The drive network has electrostatic isolation from th e contacts of b etter than 10- 4 pf. Th e chopper operates from 120 v a-c drive at frequ encies up to 3 kc and is capable of choppin g sig- I- · nal levels in th e l-µv range. Choppin g effi ciencies are greater than 85% in hi gh-impedance sys tems. No external associated drive circuitry is needed. The grey metal Electronics I March 21, 1966 - .I> ..),., Tinld of seen:h·ns for the riaht ..-,.. board to fit yo&tr _,.. tequitements1 1050 Key boards solve that problem with unsur· passed flexibility. Need numeric OI' ......., Service #Sl4 alphanumeric layout, special key arranpments. rack mounting or table top housing7 TheYrw all available m the 1050 ~ arcme with a chok:e of switt:h closure or ,.,._ i)utputs. diode matrix plug-int thilt ~ any cGded output up to 15 bits. and a vmtety of spec:lal output options So _ , . .tdlfnll 9Hd CQUfXln-we II -~ lO&C>SeiiesJnd kM Keys. - ... FEATURING · Linear or Log response · Solid State, Tube, and Ultra-miniature · RFI Pro- tected · IF and Video Outputs · MIL -" Grade · Matched Units RANGE OF SPECIFICATIONS I NAVCOR® I I Valley Forge Industrial Park Norristown, Pennsylvania ... ... .. - .J l 'M INTERESTED! Plea se send me technical data and prices on your 1050 Keyboards and KM Keys. I I Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Title:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Company_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I I Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ State, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Zip _ __ I Center Frequency: 5. to 160 MHz Bandwidth: .25 to 100 MHz Gain: to 100 db Noise Figure: to 1.4 db - ... Price: From $185 In addition to offering the widest line of off-the-shelf units in the Industry, an addi- tional 268 CUSTOM DESIGNS have been produced. The solution to your problem may be on file in our library now. - .. For specials, test our ONE-DAY·QUC?T~ Se.rvice. For standards, see complete listing in EEM Section 3400. _.., ~[}={]@ .. . Here's the key that outdates ordinary switches Magneti· c:illy actuated with minimum bounce. these switches are sealed in glass for environ· mental 1mmun1ty Life expectancy? Up to 100 m1lhon operations. And the mag hyster· es1s band prevents make/break m1crophon1CS. They're available with switch closure or pulse outputs, standard or special letters numerals and symbols, and require no special installation tools. You:tl save time, cost and head· aches with KM Keys. Send coupon for details RHG ELECTRONICS LABORATORY, INC. 94 Milbar Blvd., Farmingdale, N.Y. 11735 {516) 694-3100 MICROWAVE FM and AM RECEIVERS · MICROWAVE MIXER PREAMPS LINEAR and LOG IF AMPLIFIERS · RF and OCTAVE AMPLIFIERS . ....._,r.-ict NAVISATION COMPUTER CORPBRATION v. .,. ,.,._ lnclustrial Parll · Noulsto-, D9pt El~· TWX 215-666-0nt Phoao 215 666 6531 Circle 516 on reader service card Circle 175 on reader service card 175 NEW HYFLO ® EPOXY MOLDING POWDERS AUTOMATE ENCAPSULATION Encapsulate electrical-electronic components the new automated way with HYFLO ® Epoxy Molding Powders. Built-in automation eliminates weighing, mixing, liquid mess, ovens, long cure cycle, shelf life and pot life problems at no increase in material costs . Economical, low pressure HYFLO® Epoxy Transfer Molding Powders feature extreme toughness, low coefficient of expansion, high dielectric properties, excellent moisture protection, flame-out properties and outstanding thermal shock resistance. SAVE TlME AND MONEY. Write, wire or call for application engineering assistance today. l/111 J New Co mponents cylindrical package "vV" is 2 11,; in. high , with 1/4-in. long pins , and r' - has a 0.760-in. diam eter. Th e unit weighs 1.3 oz. Photocom models C-4840 and C-4841 are single-pole single- throw hi gh-s peed switches. Turn-on time is 750 µ,sec nominal. Turn-off time is 3 msec. Driven from 120 v a-c, they can be modulated synchro- nously or asynchronously. Isolation is lwtter th an l0- 4 pf. Signal levels are in th e 1-µ,v range. Model - ;.., C-4840, in the "A" package, is sup- pliC'd with printed-circuit board, f - gold-plated drive lead conn ections and a p-c board shielding lead. The cylindrical case has a H-in. diam- eter and is 11/z in. long. Th e C-4840 weighs less than 1/z oz. Model C-4841 is made with a shield ed pair drive cable for guarded-shield applications for th e ultimate in common mode rejection and electrostatic noise isolation. The cylindrical body is H in . in diameter w ith gold-plated leads ex- tending 1% in. from mounting sur- fa ce and shielded drive leads 6 in. long. It also weighs less than 1/z oz. Sample quantities of th e chop- pers and switches (up to 25 units) are available from stock. Produc- tion quantities are available in 4 to 5 weeks from receipt of order. Price range of the C-4812 chopper .r - is $39 to $15. Price range of the C-4840 hi gh-speed switch is from $6 to $4 in produ ction lots. Prices of th e C-4841 range from $7 to $5 in production lots. . - James Electronics, Inc., 4050 N. Rock· well St. , Chicago, Ill. , 60618 [354] · Tiny power rheostat handles 71/2 watts ... - ,. - H V S a M .a.#.. l rl -IJ 1.tg·IM -j -1-1.. iiifiji -M L HvsoL CO R POR ATION·OLEAN,NEWVORK +·a ····a:t +"±f·i· ··+ ·¥t ··3:e Las Angeles, California/Hysol CCanadaJ Ltd.· Ontario/Landan, England 176 Circle 176 on reader service card C onsiderably smaller than most 1/z watt composition potentiometers , th e unenclosed model C rheostat is rated 71/2 watts at 40° C ambient (104°F). The ceramic and metal Electronics I March 21, 1966 - ;. _ ,.. ... -· Reeves New 201G (C400) P. M. Torquer .___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __,rate-integrating Gyro. - "' Our C40D GYRO keeps your plans -~ strictly on the level Reeves stands ready to help you with many types of gyros, plus precision resolvers and synchros to 128 speed - ... -in any type you need, in any config. uration you require. Over one million Reeves components are in use today. Typical is the new C40D Gyro-whose permanent-magnet torquer rate-inte- grating characteristics are another prime example of Reeves ability to bring you top engineering develop- . ments at maximum economy. Low-cost is built-in (under $3000) . Design improvements permit us to - . pass production savings on to you. Fact is, all of the C40D Gyro is a triumph of Reeves engineering. Its D'arsonval torquer eliminates all Electronics [ March 21, 1966 error parameters. It has no magnetic restraints. No hysteresis, no non -linearities due to saturation. And the C40D's construction completely eliminates the power drain associated with reference field excitation. Its two-pole, high-speed wheel opera tion , with NYSORB bearings , increases functional performance, over-all reliability and dynamic life. (Reeves guarantees 5,000 hours as the dynamic wearout wheel-bearing life.) Moreover, the C40D's over-heat protection is equal to anything on the market, by using volume sampling as a criteria for safety. All this , and a new low price, too! What more is there? Except knowing more about our C40D and our other useful components. Discover them today. Write for Gyro Literature package, or just call us: 516-746-8100, Ext. 510. ~eeved : NSTRUMENT COMPANY Garden City, New York/ Division Dynamics Corporation of America DCA Circle 177 on reader service card 177 high-voltage workhorse VICTOREEN DIODES Regulator Pulse Coupler High-1 mpedance Voltage Divider High-Voltage Reference Victoreen GV1A Corotron diode actual size; other types available. You probably think of Victoreen Corotron diodes as highperformance thoroughbreds for exotic uses. And they are. But this is only part of the Corotron pedigree. They're also real workhorse diodes for everyday uses. As regulators and H-V references ... H-V pulse couplers ... high-impedance voltage dividers. And still we haven't run out of Corotron applications. So put your imagination to work. Savings in cost, complexity and weight can put you on velvet. Right away, write away for latest dope on Corotron diodes - high-voltage workhorse. Address Applications Engineering Department. Write for free copy of illustrated 40-page catalog of Victoreen diodes. THE VICTOREEN INSTRUMENT COMPANY 10101 WOODLAND AVENUE · CLEVELAND, OHIO 44104 EUROPE·· s·lES omcE . GROVE ·ousi. lo·oo· 10. oslEwonH, M1oolESEll. lltGLAHD VICTDREEN 178 Circle 178 on reader service card New Components rheostat measures 1/2 in. in diameter and 15/ 32 in. in depth behind the panel. Ylodel C will be available in values ranging from 10 ohms to .S,000 ohms in both the standard and locking bushing types. In addition, a high torque version will b e available that will hold its setting under ex treme conditions of vibration and shock. Enclosed versions of the model C rheostat are also available in standard and locking bushings. Ohmite Mfg . Co., 3670 Howard St., Skokie, Ill., 60076. [355] "' - -.- " - J.. I _j .. J 'f - Flat construction miniature inductors ~ 60 .o 40 20 J .5 2.0 lO F-REOUf NCY-KC Miniature inductors with B.at construction, designated FE, are considered ideal for transistor and printed-circuit applications. They have pin terminals and a maximum height of only 1/2 inch. The FE's are symmetrical toroids, providing maximum Q in minimum size. These inductors are guaranteed to be designed, manufactured, and successfully tested to all ~UL-T-27B environmental requirements. They are designated YIIL type TF5RX20ZZ. Specifications of stock items are: size, 15/ 16 by 15/ 16 by 112 in. maximum; weight, 0.7 oz.; inductance range, from 0.02 to 2 henries; maximum d-c, from 50 to 2 ma; maximum d-c resistance, from 5.1 to 500 ohms . FE inductors are adjusted at 1 v, 1 kc. Temperature stability is said to be unequalled from - 55 ° to +100° C. For specific inductance values, the manufacturer should be told the exact level, frequency and ,_ I ~- I ~ -1 >- I ! I I ... - .. - " Electronics I March 21, 1966 WHAT'S SC NEW ABOUT IT? t-tcw IS IT FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS? THAT1 S WHAT IT WAS DESIGNED FCRt ANOTHER COMCOR FIRST . .. AN ECONOM I CAL , SMALL· SCALE 100-VOLT ANALOG / HYBRID COMPUTER! Introduced at the Fall Joint Computer Conference, the a// new COMCOR Ci-175 is designed for industrial firms that require a small, economical computer for research, development, production and processing. Fast and accurate, the Ci-175 is solid-state 1965 Fall Joint Computer Conference throughout and will accommodate up to sev. enty-five 100-volt, 50-ma operational amplifiers. Ideal for "building block" expansion, units can be joined for multiple system requirements. If you missed it at the show see your COMCOR representative for full information or contact COMCOR direct. Telephone (714) 772-4510 · TWX 714 -7 76-2060. COMCOR A SUBS IDIARY OF ASTRODATA, INC. - ... l 335 SOUTH CLAUDINA STREET/ ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA 92803 Circl e 179 on read er service card FEATURES · Increased reliability with 10-3 · Switching time of 10 nano- or greater size reductions. seconds . · Low set-up and production costs. · Precision circuit parameters applicable to linear or digital circuits. · Clock rates of 10 megacycles. · Tracking temperature coefficient characteristics of 10 PPM for a typical resistance ratio of 3 to 1. Mepco's prototype processes permit rapid delivery of initial evaluation modules. Our high-volume production line can meet your most stringent delivery requirements. MEPCO ~ MANUFACTURERS OF PRECISION ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Write or call today for complete details MEPCO, INC. Columbia Road, Morristown , New Jersey 07960 (201) 539-2000 180 Circle 180 on reader service card New Components Q requirements to determine the suitability of the part in application. - These units are equally well suited ( for vacuum-tube application. United Transformer Corp., 150 Varick St., New York, N.Y., 10013. [356] " Time delay relay is easily adjustable A compact time delay relay fea- tures convenient screw terminal connections. The time delay period is adjusted by a single knob . Speci- f - fications for standard units include: double-pole, double-throw and switching of 10 amps ; operating voltage 85 to 130 v a-c or 20 to 32 r , v d-c; repeat accuracy, 10% or b et- ter over temperature and voltage range, or 2% at nominal voltage and room temperature; tempera- hire range, -40° to + 150°F; tim- ing ranges, 0.1 sec to 300 sec. Special order specifications in- clude other operating voltages, ._ _ longer timing ranges, and increased temperahue ranges. Units feature quality construction using tantalum capacitors and an scr in timing cir- cuits . Price range is approximately $25. AEMCO Division of Midtex Inc., 10 State r- St., Mankato, Minn . [357] .. - Polyea rbonate-ti Im ,_ miniature capacitors v- ,_ A series of miniature polycarbon- ate-film capacitors is rated at 50 v d-c. The Dimie series of hermeti- cally sealed capacitors is intended specifically for critical miniaturized electronic packaging. Typical of the volume efficiency: a 1.0-µ,f ca- pacitor in a volume of less than 0.07 cu in. The units are rated for operation at 50 v d-c up to a temperature of 125°C or 30 v a-c at 400 cps at 105°C. Standard capacitance val- ues range from 0.047 µ,f in a case with a 0.174 in. diameter by 0.531 in. long to 5.6 µ,f in a case with a 0.500 in. diameter by 1.125 in. long. Dearborn Electronics, Inc. , P.O. Box 530, Orlando, Fla. [358] Circle 181 on reader service card~ Look closely: - .,. These are true subminiature switches from a family of 274 different types. That's a lot of switches. -; And that's a lot more than most subminiature switch producers can say. Reason: Most subminiature switches are just scaled- down big switches. Arrow-Hart subminiature switches are dif- ferent. They 're true subminiatures from the drawing board up. For one thing, they use subminiature-rated components. For - .; another, they're much more versatile, more thrifty with space. Best of all, there are 274 different pushbutton and toggle types. All varieties of contact arrangements. All designed to deliver maximum performance, dependability, and ruggedness - in minimum envelope and weight.. If you need a special subminiature switch , Arrow -Hart's Innova tors in Switch Design can create it for you . . . and produce it quickly, efficiently, and economically. This broad line of subminiature switches and the specialists who can innovate creatively for you and your products ... are two of many reasons why you buy better electrically at Arrow.Hart. Write today for free folder. The Arrow -Hart & Hegeman Electric Co., 103 Hawthorn Street, Hartford, Conn. y BUY BETTER ELECTRICALLY e BUY BETTER ELECTRICALLY e BUY BETTER ELECTRICALLY e BU New Semiconductors Annular transistors in dual packages with a collector current of 100 µ.a d-c. The coll ector-emitter breakdown voltage for the MD3250 series is typically 70 v d-c. Th e maximum wideband noise figure limit for th e series is 3 db, and current gain is guaranteed from 10 p.a to 50 ma. Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc ., Box 955, Phoenix, Ariz., 85001. [ 361] Ultra low-noise Silicon annular transistors are now available in space saving, dual-device packages. The packages are being used to market three multiple device transistor series: MD2218, MD2904, and MD3250. Th e MD22 series-18, 18A, 19, and 19A-offers n-p-n transistors d esigned for high-speed switchin g circuits , d -c to vhf amplifier applications , and circuitry complementary with the MD2904 series. The transistors have a current gain specified from 0.1 ma to 300 ma d-c . Th e se ri es offers a high -current gain-bandwidth produ ct with f'I' b eing equal to 300 Mc minimum for the MD2219A. The leads of all de~ces in th e series arc electrically isolated from the low profile 6-lead T0-5 case for design flexibility . Th e MD29 series-04, 4A, 5 and 5A-is made up of dual-device p-n-p types des ign ed for applications similar to thos e of th e first series and circuitry complementary with the MD2218 series. The second series, featuring a high-voltage rating with a collec tor-emitter breakdown voltage as high as 60 v d-c minimum on th e MD2904A and MD2905A, offers a hi gh uniform beta over a current range from 0.1 ma to 300 ma, and has a high current gain-bandwidth product with a minimum f r of 200 Mc. Saturation voltage is low : 0.4 maximum at 150 ma. The MD32 series includes the 50, 50A, 51 , and 51A. Th e A versions are available with a beta match as tight as 0.9 to 1, and are es pecially d esigned for low-level, differential amplifier application s. Th e basevoltage differential for th e A versions is as low as 3 mv maximum silicon photodiode Model 4204 is an ultralow-noi sc silicon photodiode that comb ines widl' spectral res ponse, high speed, and low ca pacitance with extremely low dark or leakage currcn t. The u ltralow -nois c property is a cl irect res ult of th e low dark current; in applications where th e load resis tance is less th an 100 megohms , th e noi se co ntribution of th e diode is negligible. Noise equivalent power as a res ult of shot noise from dark current is less than 1.2 x 10- 14 watts per root cycle; excess noise appears only at fr equ encie s hl'lm,· 100 cps, and vari es approximately 1/ f. Th e device has a maximum dark current of 100 picoamps at - 10 v reverse bias at 25°C, a typi cal junction capacitance of 2 pf a t - 10 v revers e bias, a maxim11m SC'ries resistcnce of 50 ohms, and a typi cal cliodC' to case capacitance of 2 pf. T ypi cal res ponse at 0.77 mi cron at - 10 v revers e bias and 1 megohm load resistance is 0.5 µ.a/ µ. w. Typi cal speed of res ponse is 1 nsec or less at - 10 v revers e bias and 50 ohm load resistance. Th e 4204 is packaged in a 3-lead T0-18 size case with a glass window. The two diode leads are iso- 182 -( For Erie Componen ts In-Stock Call ··· ARIZONA Phoenix Kierrulff Electronics Corp.-273-7331 CALIFORN I A Glendale R. V. Weatherford Co.-849-3451 Ingle wood Newark Electronics Corp . -OR4 ·8441 Oakland Elmar Ele ct ronics , lnc.- TE4-3311 Palo Alto R. V. Weatherford Co.- DAl-5373 San Diego R. V. Weatherford Co.- BR8-7400 South Pasadena- Capacitors, I nc.- M U 2-3541 COLORADO Denver Newark-Denver Elect . Supply- 757 -3351 DISTRICT OF COLUMBI A Hyattsville, Maryland Milgray/ Washington, ln c.- UN4-6330 FLORIDA Orlando Crescent Elect . Sales Co . -423-8586 ILLINOIS Ch~cea.2~rk Electron ics Corp.- ST2-2944 INDIANA Indianapolis Graham Elect. Supply, lnc.-ME4-8486 MARYLAND BaJJ~l'so;eRadio Pts . Co ., lnc.- MU5·2134 MASSACHUSETTS 80o~0~ambro Electronics-783-1200 Cramer Electronics, lnc.- W09-7700 MICHIGAN Detroit Newark-Ferguson Elect ., I nc.- 548-0250 MINNESOTA Minneapolis 1, Stark Ele ctroni cs Supply Co.-FE2-1325 MISSOURI St. Louis Electron ic Components for Industry Kansas City Co.- 647-5505 ECI Semiconductor, lnc.- 931-0829 NEW MEXICO Alamogordo Kierrulff Ele ctronics Corp. - 437-0370 A/~~~~r~~yeElectronics Corp.- 268-3901 NEW YORK Buffalo Summit Distributor s Inc.-884-3450 New Yo rk Arrow Ele ctro ni cs-M Y4-6800 Newark Elect roni cs Center- 255-4600 M ii gray Ele ctroni cs, I nc . -YU9-1600 Rochester Rochester Radio Supply Co.- 454-7800 NORTH CAROLINA Winston -Sa/em Electronic Wholesalers, I nc.- PA5-8711 OHIO Cincinnati Newark-Herrlinger Elect. Corp.- Columbus 421 -5282 Electronics Marketing Corp.-299-4161 OKLAHOMA Tulsa Texas Instruments Supply Co. - PENNSYLVANIA LU3-81 21 Philadelphia Radio Elect . Serv. Co. of Pa ., Inc.- Pittsburgh WA5-5840 Cameradio Company- 391 -4000 T ENNESSEE Nashville Electra Distributin g Co.- AL5-8444 TEXAS Dallas Texas Instruments Supply-FL7-6121 H'?f:~~~ Instruments Supply- M06-2175 WASHINGTON Seattle Universal Electron ics Co.- MA3 -2783 CANADA Mon t real 12, Quebec Prelco Electronics Ltd 389-8051 Toronto, Ontario Alpha Aracon Radio Elect. Ltd. - 635-6181 Vancouver 2, B. C. Western Agencies Ltd . 685-7221 en3p !.IMM+11 EJ-1.i·!iiifJI IE ~ A - ·- ,.. - r - Circle 182 on reader service card _ ., IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT TO COMPON ENT ENGINEERS AND BUYERS FIRST TIME I . . . ERIE'S FULL LINE OF HIGH PERFORMANCE DISC CERAMIC CAPACITORS AUTHORlzrn available through your--- 1 ~ 1 in Quantities to--- DISTRIBUTOR -· 5000 Directly from Stocki 133 POPULAR VAL U E S S T O C K E D IN-DEPTH F O R IMM E D IA T E DELIVERY I C HA RACT ERIS TIC I~-R_AC_NA_GP_EA_AC_IVTAAI_NL_AC_BE_L_ E_ _ · High St abi lity Types: NPO .. . . . ...... . ... . ..... 5to100 pf. - ., · Temperature Compensating Typ es: N 750 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 to 100 pf. o Hi-K (General Purpose) Types : X5F .. .. . . ............... . X5R ... . ..... . ..... . ... . . . Z5U . . . ... ... . . . . . .. . . .. . 47 to 3300 pf. 4700 to 5000 pf. 10,000 to 20,000 pf. · Hi gh Capaci tan ce Low Voltage Types: 12 VO LT S..... . .. . .. ... 25 VOLTS.. ... . ... . . .. . 100 VOLTS ... . . ... ...... e MIL- C-11015C .05 to .47 mf. .01 t o .47 mf. .005 to .1 mt. ERIE TECHNOLOGICAL Call your authorized ERIE Distributor TODA YI PRODUCTS, INC. Adva nce d Com po nents T h ro ug h Increased Vo lu m etric Efficiency I Erie , Pennsylvania Electronics I March 21 , 1966 Circl e 183 o n reader service card 183 Control Products at IEEE Rotary Switches Broad new line of manual rotary switches, from I" to 2~Yir." diameter ; 12, 18, 20 & 24 positions. Ceramic, epoxy glass, kel-f, mycalex and phenolic insulation. WILMINGTON CONTROLS DIV., LEDEX INC. 360 South Nelson Road, Wilmington, Ohio 45177 Phone 513 / 382-3767 ':: 1rcle 506 on reader service card New Contactless Reed for Audio Tone Control Systems New Bramco resonant reed works as audio tone filter with sharp selectivity or as frequency source for stable audio tone generator. It has four terminals with isolated input and output. Frequency range is 80 to 3000 cps, accuracy ±. 15 %. A major state-of-the-art advance, the device has no mechanical contacts. lts life and reliability approach that of solid state circuitry. Sugar cubed size, plug-in package shown measures 1 % 2 x % x l?b BRAMCO CONTROLS DIV., LEDEX INC. College and South Streets, Piqua, Ohio RF20 Resonant Reed Phone 513/ 773-8271 Circle 507 on reader service card LED EX FLAT·FACE PLUNGER (Short Stroke) Push/ Pull Solenoids Precision built for rapid response, high force. Flat-face plunger for strokes to .030, conical for strokes -from .030 to .250. Force beyond output beyond 350 pounds. ow JO basic models to choose from. LED EX CONICAL PLUNGER (Med ium Stroke) New Semiconductors - lated from the case and the thi rd ... !Pad, connected to the case, is p ro- vided for maximum circuit fl exi- t' - bility. Th e sensitive arC'a of th e unit is 0.020 in. in diam eter. Spec- tral response-25 % points-ex- tends from 0.4 to 1.0 micron . Applications for which th e 4204 is particularly suitable includ e mon- itoring of low- and high -level laser output, tachometers or posi- tion encoders, spectrophotom- eters , and high-speed , li ght-acti- .. vated switches. The 4204 has a - noise equivalent power two orders of magnitude less th an a typi cal t - photomultiplier tube. Price in quantities of 1 to 99 units is $90. Availability is from stock. HP Associates , 620 Page Mill Road , Palo Alto, Calif., 94304. [ 362] ·- Schottky-barrier · mixer diodes ... - . - - Rotary Solenoids Our latest solution for space squeezed actuating application problems, this disc- shaped rotary solenoid has a I o/io" diameter and is only Yl6" thick. Torque is 20 ounce-inches at intermittent duty. Other rotary solenoids with torque to 98 poundinches, strokes from 20 to 95 degrees. Ledex endurance engineered solenoids have life of I 00,000,000 actuations and are now available from the shelf. Packag~d Control Solutions Here we put our disc· shaped solenoid to work as a driver for a miniaturized (4.5" x 1.3" x .550) 12-posi ti on stepping switch. Model shown is an armament control (i ntervalometer) . It is used to fire 19 rockets in pairs seque ntially, at JO ms intervals. We can tai lor one like it for your stepping or sequentially timed switch application. LEDEX INC., 123 WEBSTER STREET, DAYTON, OHIO 45402 Designers d Manufactur ers Electron ic & Eleclro· Mechanical Components & Remote Control Switching Systems Phone 513 / 224-9891 See these control products plus others at IEEE booths 4A39, 4A40 and 4A41. 184 Circle 184 on reader service card A series of high rc liah i~ity, Schottky-barrier junction mix er di · ._ _ ode's is designed for seri es mounting in str ip transmi ss ion linQ c ir- "- cuits. The manufacturer says these diodes gjvc improved reliability, ~ burnout protection, and bandwidth in Ill icrowavc mixers and detectors and arc r-f characterized to assure "" premium circuit performance. ~fountcd in low-loss microwave packages , th e diodes will withstand the mechanical and temperature requ irements of MIL-S -19.500 - and are capable of storage to ...... 250°C. Both axial wire leads and ribbon leads arc available. T ypi cal If · performance of th e new series is clc rnonstratC'd by th e MA-4855, which features a 0.5-w, c-w burnout rating, a 6.5-db noise figure at L (1.1- 1.7 Ge) and S (2.6-3.95 Ge) Elect ron ics I March 21, 1966 bands, and an 8.5-db noi se figure at X (8.2-12.4 Ge) band. Micro wave Associates, Inc., Burlingto n, Mass. [363] -· H-v rectifier diode withstands radiation - ..I. .· Glass-EPOXY through TAYLOR'S TOTAL RELIABILITY PLAN: Raw materials, panels or punched blanks to your reliability re· quirements. You get what you order from a fully integrated source· FAST DELIVERY from two fully equipped plants - one at Valley Forge, Pa., the other at La Verne, Calif. Or from warehouses in Chicago, lll. and other key locations . . . . FULL SIZE SHEETS, CUTTO-SIZE PANELS or PUNCHED BLANKS to satisfy fabricating and processing requirements. Ease of fabrication is a plus value in printed circuit production. -· A planar-passivated, high-voltage -·~ rectifier diode has a guaranteed for- - -. ward voltage after fast neutron rad iat ion. Th e FRR-300's design pro,·ides that th e forward conduct- an ce will not fall b elow th e s peci- fied guaranteed value, even after e"l:posu re to radiation environ- ments. It is th e only 350 v to 450 v radiatio n tolerant diode using planar process technology, accord- ing to th e manufacturer. Intended primarily for high radi- ation environments requiring high stability, the FRR-300 is ava il able as a single unit, or in any of the standard diode assemblies-series arrays for ex tremely high voltage, matched pairs, quads, brid ges, and other groupin gs. Guaranteed forward voltage is up to 1 vat 100 ma forward current after exposure to fast neutron ra- diation of 5 X 1014 neutron velocity X time (nvt); and up to 1.1 v at 100 ma forward current after e"l:- posu re to fast neutron radiation of 1 X 10 1 ~ nvt. Reverse current is no greater than 100 na at a reverse voltage of 250 v. Pri ce is $5 each in lots of 1 to 99, and $.3.30 each in lots of 100 and more. Fairc hild Semiconductor, a division of Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corp., 313 Fairchild Dr. , Mountain View, Calif. [364] Electronics I March 21 , 1966 .. . STANDARD AND ULTRATHIN FORMS. Standard sheets in all grades . Ultra-thin sheets and multilayer prepregs in GEC 500 (G-10 ) and Fireban 600 (G-10, FR-4). . . . WHITE GLOVE HAN DUNG in atmosphere-controlled white rooms, careful processing, extremely tight quality control and special packagi ng assure top performance. Taylor's copper-clad has proven total reliability demonstrated by an ever increasing number of major OEM's and commercial etchers. This acceptance substantiates our claim for unsurpassed quality, ease of fabrication and delivery to your scheduled requirements. Let us demonstrate this reliability to you. Ask for a sample (give grade designation and copper combination) and a copy of Bulletin GB-2. ···your assurance of quality TAYLOR CORPORATION · Valley Forge, Pa. 19481 Phone : 215-666-0300 TWX: 215-666-0659 West Coast Plant: La Verne, Calif. Also manufacturer of Taylor laminated plastics, Taylorite® vulcanized fibre and Tayloron® prepregs Ci rcle 185 on reader service card 185 ~ CALLON nurst-POWER YOUR F O R APPLICATI O N~urstsoOIN.OZ. HYSTERESIS REVERSIBLE SYNCHRONOUS INSTRUMENT MOTOR · HEAVY DUTY GEARING · NO LUBRICATION REQUIRED ·CAN BE STALLED WITHOUT OVERHEATING For long life and higher torque applications. Of· fers instrument manufacturers high performance and economy. Starting torque is uniform; smoothly, rapidly accelerates into synchroniza· tion. Capacitor included. llODILUI 1501N.OZ.OFTORQUE AT 1 RPM (Unidirectional) (EA) Open frame, shaded pole, extremely cool running. Bronze bearings, brass gears, hard· ened steel pinions and wheel shafts, stainless steel output shaft. For dependable, low-cost timing applications. Wide range of speeds. 120 IN. OZ. OF TORQUE AT 1 RPM (Reversible) (DA) Timing accuracy both clockwise and counter· clockwise. SPOT switching. Case 2 1h" diam., l l.4" long. Will not overheat. Capacitor included. lOOIN.OZ.OFTORQUE AT 1 RPM (Reversible) (CA) Features 1200 rpm rotor speed for quiet per· formance. Extremely versatile (animated dis· plays, program instruments, outdoor adver· tis i ng, etc .) Wide range of output speeds . Will not overheat. Capacitor included. RATED 40 IN. OZ. OF TORQUE AT 1 RPM (Unidirectional) (SM) For tough jobs demanding accurate timing. Excellent shock and v i bration resistance. Starts instantly at full torque. Will not over· heat. Wide range of output speeds. 401N.OZ.OFTORQUE AT 1 RPM (Unidirectional) (PC·SM) 1201N.OZ.OFTORQUE AT 1 RPM (Reversible) (PC-DA) Both are positive clutch and instantaneous brake motors. For extremely fast starts and stops. Motor runs continuously with clutch and brake controlled by switching actuator only. Clutch starts output shaft within 20 milliseconds; brake stops output shaft within 1/ 5° at 1 rpm; with 12' at 60 rpm . Motor on AC voltage ; actuator AC or DC . Either can be supplied in any voltage combination when motor is AC. Will not overheat. lOOIN.OZ.OFTORQUE AT 1 RPM (Reversible) (AR·DA) 40 IN. OZ. OF TORQUE AT 1 RPM (Unidirectional) (AR·SM) Automatic reset. Planetary-type clutch oper· ates d i rectly upon output shaft. When de· energized, shaft is manual or automatic reset. Addition of external return spring to output shaft provides automatic reset on either model. Motor on AC voltage; actuator on AC or DC. Either can be supplied in any voltage combination when motor is AC. Will not overheat. Capacitor included. STANDARD SPEEDS STOCKED B't YOUR HURST DISTRIBUTOR urst MFG. CORP. · PRINCETON, INOIANA 186 Circle 186 on reader service card -.._ ' - ... All you want is my PROBLEM? Right . .. just the problem! We're loaded with ·solutions to high temperature wiring problems. Quite likely one of them matches your problem exactly. So save yourself the trouble we've already had . .. put your wiring problem up to us the minute you spot it! If we don't have the right answer on tap, we'll find one. You can take our word for it . . . because we've been insulation specialists for 44 years. + - ,.. ·- .. HIGH TEMPERATURE ,.. WIRE AND CABLE A wide variety of standard leadwire constructions, insulated with Teflon (TFE and FEP) or silicone rubber, are available for applications up to 1000 V. and 200°C. FLEXLEAD can also be supplied in many special wire and cable constructions to meet your specific requirements. These may combine insulations (Teflon, silicone rubber, fiberglass, nylonshielding, fillers, liners, and jacket materials), and provide single, twisted pair or multiple conductors ... for any temperature from -90°C to 260°C. The line also includes both standard and special RG/U coaxial cables, fused twisted pair, and MB bondable Teflon wire. Ask for a FLEXLEAD Selector. Write ..· Circle 505 on reader service card New Instruments ._ . Self-adjusting oscilloscope .- ..t - ... " Alth ough that engineer on the lad- der can't reach the front panel of the oscilloscope, he isn't worried about th e setting of the scope's - .... vertical sensitivity and time b ase, despite the fact that he's analyzing a lot of different signal amplitudes and frequen cies. Equipped with a pair of plug-in units just made available b y T ek- tronix , Inc. , th e oscilloscope au to- - ,,, matically seeks and selects th e ap- - propriate vertical sensitivity and ,.. time base fo r any input signal on command actuated by a switch on the tes t probe, or option ally on th e front panel. Th e type 3A5 au to- matic amplifier and 3B5 automatic time base fit most of the com- - ,.. pan y's series 560 scopes. ..... Th e seeking fea ture is not on ly u sefu l when th e scope is located out of th e operator's reach but also fo r tests where both hands are otherwise occupied and in repeti- tive produ ction tes ts. The type 3A5 au tomatic/ pro- gram able amplifier operates over 12 calibrated ranges from 10 millivolts to 50 volts p er division with a fre- - ... quency response of d -c to 15 mega- cyc les per second . Also, there are two additional ran ges of one and two millivolts per division when the unit is used in th e manual mode, at reduced frequency response. Automatic seekin g in th e 3A5 is accomplished with a pair of pickoff diodes in a voltage comparator circuit. Th e numb er of divisions on th e oscilloscope screen that th e display will occupy is preset wi th a front-panel display s ize adju stment. This establish es a reference voltage in the comparator amplifier. If the peak signal voltage sensed by either of th e diodes is greater than th e reference, it will cause a blocking oscillator to fire. Th e resulting advance pulse activates a ring counter and switches the attenuator to a less sensitive setting. YVh en the signal is attenuated to th e point where neith er diode is turn ed on, switching stops. Operating on a similar principle. th e 3B5 tim e base seeks th e appropriate sweep rate for th e frequency of the input signal. The number of cycles of any input frequency th e operator desires displayed is set w ith a front-pan el control-a cycles per sweep adjustm ent. \Vh C'n acti vated, th e tim e bas e plug-in starts seeking at th e slowest sweep rate and switches to faster rates until it find s th e setting falling w ithin the preset limits. In th e automa ti c mode, sweep rates from 0.1 mi crosecond per division to 5 seconds per division can b e obtained. Other sweep rates , from 10 to 50 nano seconds per division, may be selected manu ally. On both units, readout windows tell the operator which settings h e is workin g with and wh eth er th e unit is in th e manual or seeking mode. In addition , a display on th e automati c amplifier shows if the amplifier is a-c or d-c coupled and if the variable volts per division adjustment us ed during manual operation is not in its calibrated position. Also, if the company's special P6030 probe is being used , the 3A5 compensates for th e probe multiplying factor of ten and lights up th e words "with probe" in the Electronics [ March 21, 1966 ./~. ~;;-:;r: ~Cii; g: I~ (j) z I gw~g:c~- :.·":§(cO1:i)-r oUI:..:l.::.li..1:,C-0..:+JiII::/l::)li t0c~3.~cC(1i).i'ic~-l.c·'I(0<:'l)l ::: -· :::i en.; en-a.~~~..,~ :JO> (") r- )> ~ <D.o Ig:~~~~ ~Q' ~~c~roo:::J=> · n~ Q' -, Q) (JI - · - C. Q_ ' A r+ :::0 :::i -. !" -1 ';<:;: 0 c.. ~ rr:+:o:v~:;r.·-!~il->Iall..0:-::,i- :::0 Q::::r-.c"O en ...... c - )> c 0 3 '(1)<C~l>r"Qo~~ . ll>wc:x n=m~S: (c1)nC:l::i>~t'~D(~ /l c::::mx -0<-~ 0...... r- )> o ~ en tn Q 3 Ill ::: 3 I/) 0.., ~ · I ~ ~- g: - · , , (1) OQ (1) :::i :- :::i-1/) aJ 0 :::0 )> -l 0 :::0 0 3- · _- (1) 'o< :J c 0> "O c ru :J Cii S- "O'-Q, :::i ~ w ~ n ·-I :::i- g - · ~::c:i:2\l Q::c;.:~m (f) :J .O:Q;::CcJ:O:r:+;:"Ow n "O :::J CD~ .-.....· n CD o 3 x (1) ~'<::::r ...... 0 'fil:-'o- g3 o · -""'m r+ . .., ~ ~ g l'T'1 y> :::,..-:tm CJ ~ - Q) :E c:~ll>w'< ~ _: ~ ~ ro z r> I/)~ =S: g (1) 3 r+ 0 -g iii' I/) :::i- ;;- ' ' CDCl>- -g ::;· 11>Q11>3.g (~') r+ :::i- (') ~ (1) (1) r+<t><t>-,ci. <..Tl "" g. (.;.) ~ao~ ~~~~ ~ :rr;;--:: 0 ;o "1 )> < :":1z c "1 o· :::i 5' ~ . 3 I\) :::i -1;:;: c. c. o < :::i oc.g-:::i-~ ui:::i s: ; ~ ~. ~ 0 ~ c: ~ ::;· c:r =z.:to::: c.~o ~o ~ I (/)OQ - · C» (1) ..., 0 "'T'1 ~Ill "O a eIlrl g;-c:;,..11>::;:3;o ::: rru+~ - Ill 0 Ill (1) - · ..,.:::i mo(/) ...,-..D>::stnUl tr; = :;· c. ~ Q (0 @ (0 0 ::- §-~ 6l' ~ ~ Cii :;· ~ s:2 0 "1 --":-i = o· ";O;- >< :·E- .., r+ :::i '"Tl 3 O> =: "' en S, I/) N. :~:::r :.: '< :::i n . ::0 c:: m :::i m ;:;:ow c:r mm c.m Q. 0 st =· Y..',CD-.i.A.,r(Oo."."_","o' '" cnO,....Cl> V1=>CV> C» t'D ~ ... ;:;; (/) · 0 r+-1::;: (1) :::J (1) (I) c:;:::i Q) I/) mnw:::i-:::i-w11>m'<oo- -i :0:z )> ~ :::JOr+(Oct>.,....CDQ. r+O ;3~3Cii(ij:::ic:;roO::;: , 11> Ia>/~)ll~>~o~"O"3O0:':(;1:) (1) ,..Ill :J Ill )> ::z 0 :? ::z "1 ~ -< 0 ;o ;::s;; :E s: a3 m "Tl§::":mi-gm..~zg.cc:. " :::i IQ ctl (IJ c ::a ru o c a> °'Q.OQ r+ ~ n == ... v; - !::!: IITTll""OO :::i Ill .., (1) - .., (>1<) c(1). :::i- (1) .(a1) Ill on :-:s· n '< w -~· ro · 00> cro r...+.,. if 3 c:-"'<:::i::J "C 0 !:!'. (1) OQ OQ :::i- iil g (1) I/) Ill IJ)Q)IJ)ll)OC:< · I · t -."O (0 I s: ~-<·.:'(J<') u 0 i I/) · (") ~ :=e · · ..~::..z..::..::..; ~....... ~ ~ "> ~ ::;j ~ t::;, .~...... s~:: ~ ~ ~ " :::; 3: Ci") ~ Circle 187 on reader service card 187 Can an engineer flunk Fortran and still find happiness? Happiness is finding a digital computer with a simple keyboard, whose language is algebra. Happiness is having 48 to 88 individually addressable storage registers plus 5 separate registers for arithmetic manipulations, 480 steps of program memory, and/or 18 optional prewired programs of 48 steps each, right in your own department. Happiness is not spending a million dollars for a digital computer, or $50,000, or $20,000, or even $10,000. Happiness is getting 8 to 9 significant digit accuracy with a 2 digit power of ten exponent, automatic decimal placement, paper tape readout, 100 column number capacity. Happiness is getting intelligent accessories, like a paper tape punch and reader, or a page printer. Happiness is a Mathatron 8-48 plus the new Auxi liary Program Storage. MATHATRONICS, INC. 257 Crescent Street Wa ltham, Mass. 02154 ( 617) 894-0835 New Instruments plug-in's window. In addition to the automatic seek mode, th e plug-ins may be operated manually or programed through a 37-pin connector on the front panel with an optional accessory, th e company's type 263 programer. Specifications Type 3A5 Bandwidth Programable function Price D·c to 15 Mc from 10 mv/ div. to 50 v / div. D-c to 5 Mc at 1 mv/ div . Volts/ div. settings, input coupling, positioning, x 10 probe attenuation, a·c trace stabilization. $760 Type 385 Sweep rates Programable functions Price 10 ns/ div. to 5 sec./div. Time/ div. settings, trigger· inq, positioning , delay time. $890 Tektronix, Inc., P.O. Box 500, Beaver· ton, Ore. 97005. [371] Low-cost multimeter measures E, I and R · 4 · 4 I. - + - . ' ·- " - .... - \o - 188 Circle 188 on reader service card from 1.1 ohms to 11 megohms full scale. The maximum limit of error on this function is ±0.l % of read- ing or 1 milliohm. The resolution on all three functions is normally bet- ter than 0.01% of reading. The compact unit is fully transis- torized and can be operated either from the power line or from inter- , nal rechargeable batteries. Automatically positioned decimal lights provide for error-free readout of the many functions. Accessories available for the unit include an a-c voltage adap ter, a high voltage d-c adapter, and a temperature measuring adapter. The latter de- - ..t vice covers the range from 0 to 100°C with four-place direct read- -- t out. The accuracy is better than ± 0.3 °C and the resolution is ± 0.005° C. Model A-50 differential multime- ter is priced at $550 and is ava il ahl · in 30 days after receipt of order. Medistor Instru ment Co., 1443 N. Nort hla ke Way, Seattle, Wash., [372] -· Capacitance tester with digital display THINKING AHEAD WITH RARE EARTHS -w ·· · · - . An instrument is announced for measuring capacitance and displaying the results in easy-to-read digital format. Model 5340 measures and provides in-line readout of capacitance, dissipation factor , equivalent series resistance and d-c leakage current over a dual frequency range of 120 cps or 1 kc. Capacitance is measured to an accuracy of % % of full scale, dissipation factor to ± 0.2%, equivalent series resistance to ±2%, and d-c 1eakage current to ± 1% . The solid state instrument utilizes an internal 0 to 100 v d-c bias supply with electronic current limiting for measurement of leakage current. An external supply to 300 v d-c may also be used. The 5340 provides constant amplitude tes t signals, has a 25% Electronics I March 21, 1966 AS LASER DOPANTS, NO OTHER MATERIALS DO THE JOB QUITE AS WELL AS ULTRA-HIGH PURITY RARE EARTHS. Rare earths have electronic properties as yet undiscovered, unexplored, unapplied. If you have interests in such areas as lasers, capacitors, semiconductors, garnets or phosphors, take a look at what rare earths can do for you. As the world's leading producer of high-purity and ultra-high purity rare earths, we have these materials available now, off-the-shelf, at relatively low prices. Our Special Products Department can work with you on a confidential basis, translating your research theories into actual working materials and accelerating your new product development from laboratory, to pilot plant, to production line. We're ready to send you the facts. · Write, wire, or call for detai led literature today! RARE EARTH DIVISION, West Chicago, Illinois 60 185. Phone 23 1-0760 (Area code 3 12). ~ AmericanPotash&Chemical Co171oratio11 Circle 189 on reader service card 189 New Instruments over-range on capacitance leakage current measurements gives true series capacitance and leakage current measurements independent of dissipation factor. It is fast and simple to use, ideally suited to produ ction installations. Price is $4,500; delivery , stock to 30 days. Micro Instrument Co., 13100 Crenshaw Blvd., Gardena, Calif. [373] Modulation meter covers 4 to 1,000 Mc the new Century lDlDLl has I I I chart speeds! The new CENTURY 447 has a highly precise electronic drive which permits a wide range of speeds. Specify the speeds you requireyou can quickly change to other speeds at any time. The new CENTURY 447 also features : · AUTOMATIC RECORD LENGTH based on time-the common base for all meas· urement. · CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE REMOTE SPEED CONTROL for optimum record analysis. Remote control oplions include START, STOP, and CHART SPEED DRIVE. Send for the Century 447 brochure containing detailed specifications. CENTURY ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTS Subsicli&l')' of Century Geophysical Corp. 8HO B. Apache St., Tulsa, Oklahoma 74115 A transistorized f-m/a-m modulation meter covers a frequ ency range from 4 Mc to 1,000 Mc. Model 2300 measures deviation in five ranges- ±5, ± 15, ±50, ± 150 and ±500 kc-at modulating frequencies up to 150 kc and is relatively unaffected by the presence of spurious a-m up to 80%. Th e local oscillator may be locked to harmonics of internal crystals anywhere in the range from 20 Mc to 1,000 Mc and provision is made for driving with an external local oscillator (for example, a programed synthesizer). De-emphasis circuits are provided and a 1.5-kc low pass filter may be switched in to limit th e demodulated signal bandwidth. Deviation due to f-m noise is less than 15 cps using 15-kc bandwidth and a crystal controlled local oscillator. A-m measurement is provided in two ranges of 30% and 95% ; peaks and troughs selected by a switch. Applications include broadcast signal measurement, tv sound, f-m stereo and narrow band and wideband modulation systems used in communications and telemetry. Price is $1,735; delivery, mid-1966. Marconi Instruments, division of English Electric Corp., 111 Cedar Lane, Englewood, N.J., 07631. [374] 190 Circle 190 on reader se rv ice card · ~I . . ...! all available ~ for sh.ipment ' ¥ _ 1 ID 3 DAYSI ,,.. -~ .. ·- !I .. _ J ... - '!- - Circle 517 on reader service card optimizing the art ... in delay lines Typical problems we've made look easy: 32-module iso- ·c thermal multidelay package (0.01 temperature stability) ature controllers, serial ultrasonic memories, and other advanced components. - 150 microsecond digital delays with 20 -80 db attenua· tion. We can do even better to meet your special needs - ·c 60 modules? 100? 0.001 thermal stability? 300-microsec· ond Zero T. C. (Temperature Coefficient) Memory System? In the microwave field , we've done tricky things in phase· locked and other oscillators , frequency and pulse stability testers, noise measurements , and other advanced instru· mentation. Oh , yes , since LFE " wrote the book" on delay So come to us for unusual requirements in glass , quartz, lines , we'll be happy to send you copies of our brochures electromagnetic and magnetostrictive delay lines, or in defining common terms and basic measurement techniques. associated electronics - transformers, amplifiers, temper· To OPtimize your design, OPT LFE. .. I ~ ~1:~N ~~~~~~~!!~~~ ~ WALTHAM . MASSACHUSETTS 0 21 54 Del11 Lines · Filters · Tronlformers · Amplifiers, and A11ociated Eleetroni'S Microw1Ye Me11urement " Sig.al GeneratiRn Equipment Circle 191 on reader service card Problem·~~;chion . clean Solvers..~ ~~~111fact11riug . research Wh ite·Bench Mob ile Down -Flow Module Convertible Laminar Flow Wo rk Station All our PROBLEM SOLVERS prov i de FEO STD No. 209 Cl ass 100 Abs olute Filtered Air For furth er informati on on th ese and oth er produc t s co ntac t : MATTHEWS mri RESEARCH , INC . - 4306 Wh eeler Avenu e Alexandria, Virg inia (703) 548-1600 192 Circ le 192 on reader service card New Subassemblies and Systems Scr's used in xenon power supply · A ..., . High-current xenon power su pply, half the size of other welder power su pplies , uses sili con controlled rectifiers for greater effic iency. With the introduction of new xenon lamps in th e 20-k ilowatt range at last year's IEEE show in New York, a need for stable, hi gh-power supplies was created. Adding to th eir existing lin e of xenon power supplies, th e Christie E lectric Corp. , of Los Angeles will introdu ce at thi s year's IEEE show two un its to satisfy the new demand. Christie power supply model CX12000-24S will opera te xenon lamps from 5 to 12 kw; model ICX25000-4S i<> design ed for lamps between 5 and 25 k w. High-power xenon lamps now in u se are usually energized by arc welding power suppli es . Th ese power supplies have certain di sadvantages su ch as current ripple, which shortens the life of th e xenon tube's elec trodes. Christie en gineers say that a 5% current ripple is typi cal in a welder power supply. Anoth er characteristi c harmful to th e electrodes is excessive overshoot in th e starting current. Th e two new Chri stie power supplies gu arantee a current ripple of less th an 1% and a startin g overshoot of less than three times running current. The n ew power supplies represent more th an just a b eefing-up of th e s tandard Chri stie lin e. Silicon controlled rec tifi ers replace th e magn e ti c contro l previously used, resulting in grea ter effi c iency \\'ith a s ize on ly half that of th e average welder power su pply. T aken fro m th e ir standard li ne, but unique to th e Chris tie E lec tri c C orp., is th e power slope con trol. Th e unit can b e adju sted to maintain a con s tant power level-th at is, to autom a ti caliy redu ce voltage proportion a tely as current fl o"' increases. Alternatively, a con stant current flo w can h e ma inta in ed despite voltage flu c tu a ti ons, or the contro l can b e se t to in crease po\\'er proportionately to input voltage. T he con s tant power feature is c1csirable when min or ch anges in lamp impedance occur b eca11 s(' of agin g. C onstant current control is usefu l wh en the lamp is ne\\' . to maintain a des ired light inten sitv. No units of the new mocl f'ls h ave b een subj<·c tcd to fkld operati ons ye t, but Ch ri sti e enginf'f' rs. on th e b as is of ca lc11 lation s ancl lab oratory tes ts , es tim a te th a t lam n life will b e in creas ed ah n11t .50%. \\' ith lamns costin g ah o11t 81.000 aniece, a .50 % incrf'ase in life will complete ly pay fo r th e powC'r supply w ith evC'rv clozen or so lamps it is used on, they say. Specifica t io ns Model CX 12000-24S Power 5 .000 to 12, 000 w atts Vo lt age 2 5 to 45 volt s Current adjustment 100 to 300 amperes Price About $4,000 M o del 1CX25000-4 S Power 5.000 to 25.000 watts Volta ge 25 to 55 volts Current adju stm e nt 100 to 60 0 a mperes Pr ice Abo ut $5 ,000 M a ximum cur rent ripple 1 °/o Delivery 60 to 90 d ays Ch ristie Electric Corp., 341 0 West 67 Street, Lo s An ge les, Calif . [38 1) Small power modules are solid state units A family of sm all-size power modu les is des igned for 60-cycle input power. The V0 5/H A05 series Electronics I March 2 1, 1966 · · +- ,_ r- ·- converts 115 v a-c to any required output voltage from 5 to 2,080 v d-c at 5 w. Lates t modular design techniques are employed in these converters to provide a package as · small as 2% in . x 4% in. x 31/z in ., weighing less than 4 lbs. These solid state devices utilize components that assure the high reliabi li ty and long service li fe re- quired in missi les and space ground-support ins tall ations , as w ell as in industrial and sh ipboa rd applications. H erm e ti call y scaled and encapsu lated , the units meet or exceed th e environm ental spC'cifica- tions of MIL-E-5272C. Operating temperature range is from - 4° to + 160°F . -t Shor t-circuit protection is built in on all H A05 units , and special fa il-safe short-circuit protection is avai lable on th e VOS mod els. De- sign characteristics insure close regulation (0.2 %) for lin e varia- tions of 105 to 125 v a-c. Output ripple is less th an 0.2 % rrns . Other ) features in clude complete isolation of outputs and inputs , and an ad- justment range of 12% from th e nominal output voltage. Price is as low as $14.S each ; de- livery, 3 to 4 weeks. Abbott T ra ns ist or Laboratories, i nc., 30 55 Buckingham Road, Los Angeles, Calif ., 90016. [38 2] Hybrid, flexible scr bridge assembly ... now! t.c. and vdc ... integrated reliably in these monolithic, space-saving capacitors These slim , trim thin line VY® Porcelain Capacitors offer design flex ibility unmatched by any capacitors of equ ivalent rating ! They offer a standard temperature coefficient of 0± 25 ppm/ ° C and voltage ratings to 500 vdc . Add to th is a cho ice of three lead configurations (axial , face rad ial, edge rad ial) ... and a wide range of capac itance values (0.5 pf to 10,000 pf) - and you have versatility you can work with ... performance you can depend on. A hybrid, silicon controlled rectifier bridge assembly now available was designed especiall y for maximum cooling and optimum performance _, under adverse conditions such as heat and du st. Valu abl e des ign features include simplified terminal attachment, accessible gate terminal blocks, and insulated rail mounting for utmost flexibility. Applications range from motor Electronics J Ma rch 2 1, 1966 Send fo r Data Sheet P10 fo r the complete story. · Capacitance Range : 0.5 pf to 10,000 pf · Temperature Range: -55 °Cto 125°C · Voltage Ratings: 50 to 500 VDC Booth Nos. 2006-2008 IEEE :··.·,: ............... . L TEMPERATU~E ·c I -l _l ··:':·'.· 1>0 Lu.-1N INVllOl'l f---+---f--+--f-----fJ-+1. -+--- ~y~::A~C:l';C-n·-NCJ+-,H<-.NC-<< -ss -Js -1s + s +2.S +4s +tts +as +10.s +ns +1.so © Vitramon, Inc. 1966 VITR AM ON, INCOR PORATED BOX 544 BRIDGEPORT, CONN . 06601 In Grea t er Europe co nta ct : VITRAMON EU ROPE Bourne End, Bucks, Englan d Circle 193 on reader service card 193 New Subassemblies CEl's NEW 900 SERIES VHF RECEIVERS NOW RE-DESIGNED FOR EVEN FINER PERFORMANCE State-of-the-a rt c irc uitry ad vances-plus im pro vements in rea dability an d re- setability-mark CEl ' s new and ou tstan d ing 900 Series VHF receiver s. A 26 " met al tape d ial provides inc reased precis io n an d rea dability in t uning, an d a local o sci ll ato r o utp ut to drive a dig ital counter (such as CEI Ty pe DR0 -300) has been add ed. A dd itional new features inclu de all solid state cir- cuitry except in th e front end, where n uvistors are em ployed fo r superi or sig nal han d ling perfo rmance an d to assure low intermod ulati o n p ro duc ts. T ypes 901 B, 904A , 905A an d 906A all receive AM , FM and CW fr o m 30 to 300 me, are identical except that the 904A include s a crystal marker oscillator (CMO ), the 905A co ntains a carrier o perated relay (COR) and the 906A contains both. Covering their range in two bands (30-90 and 60-300 me), they o ffe r selectable IF ban dwidths of 300 kc an d 20 kc, with a built-in BFO activated automatically in CW mode and operable in either bandwi dth. For full information about these feature-packed receivers, please CE/ contact: COMMUNICAT ION ELECTRON ICS INCORPORATED 6006 Execu ti ve Blvd ., Roc kville, M d. 20852 Pho ne: (301) 633-2800 TWX : 71 0-824-9603 controls, electric furnace and oven supplies, to a-c regulator power supp li es and motor an d generator excitation. The assembly is now available in single-phase or three-phase con figurations, wi th outpu ts up to 140 amps and prv ratings reaching · r 1,300 volts. International Rectifier Corp ., 233 Kan · · J sas St ., El Segu n do, Cal if . 90246 . (383] Lightweight camera for closed-circuit tv Circ le 509 on read er service ca rd A fully transistorized, closed-cir- ~Ll/2 "RUTAR cuit television camera, said to be the most compact, lightweight camera ever to be offered for nonmilitary professional use, the Tl-105 features low-power consumption and stable operation. It will not SWITCHES overheat even after hours of continuous use. The well stabilized circuitry produces very sharp pictures, with- ESTABLISHING ANEW SET OF PERFORMANCE STANDARDS! out interference ; nor is there need to keep adjusting the focus once it has been satisfactorily set. The camera remains stable even in · Up to 12 positions per deck with stops. situations where there may be a · As many as 6 poles per deck. · Shorting and non-shorting poles may be grouped on one deck in any combination. · All individual deck parts are self-contained, and are permanently molded into place. · Wiring to switches possible " in the flat". · Eas ily assembled and disassembled with µ.Mo&l.ol{ construction. sudden change in power voltage or a change in climate. Incorporated in the camera is an "elech·onic eye" which adjusts automatically to changes in object illuminations, thereby producing signals of constant output. Specifications include: number of scann ing lines, 525 or 630; number ( " Off-The-Shelf" Delivery of pictures per second, 30 or 25; in terlacing, random; object illumi- ·· nation required, 9.29 to 9,290 lu- mens per sq ft; resolutions, 300 or 420 lines; power-supply require- ment, 100 v a-c, 60/50 cps, at 10 v-a to 12 v-a; ambient temperature, 45°C maximum; pichire-tube used, 194 Circl e 194 on rea der serv ice card Electronics I March 2 1, 1966 NEC Vidicon 7735A ; outer dimensions, 3 in. wide x 5 in . high x 91/2 in . deep ; weight, 4% lbs. Nippon Electric Co., Ltd., Fuchu City, Tokyo, Japan. [384] Sample and hold - )t for data control . - ,. , Sample-and-hold amplifier model ... 101 memorizes analog input values for hours after input is removed, all owing manual control to take - over or preventing loss of data until service is res tored. The elec- > tronic device holds values to better th an 1%, yet it us es no unwieldy and expensive electromechanical arrangements. A capacitance-feed- back amplifier arrangemen t per- forms the required memory fun ction yet reduces cost at leas t 20% over th e neares t competing device on the market, · according -· to the manufacturer. Two modes of operation are offered: low-level, floating, hold - .. amplifier adjustable from 2.5 v down to 50 mv inputs full scale using a preamplifier; and single- . ended sample and hold with 2.5 - v fu 11 scale. Hi gher line voltages arc handled with voltage divider networks. Provision is made for either manual or automatic opera- tion with transfer being bumpless (n o discontinuity in signal level). Up/ clown push button switches and 011 tpu t meter all ow level to b e set manuall y to any point. Out- put current ranges are 1 to 5 ma ...- into 3,000-ohm loads (fl oating) and . 4 to 20 ma into 750-ohm loads ..; (floating). Stability is ± 0.5% full - ... scale or 15°F temperature change, up to 1 month time, and power - 'I variation s of 10%. Applications of the model 101 include a data transmission system wh ere loss of signal would cause dangerous or costly conditions. Microwave links and long lines to remotely controlled operations for power dam control, stream flow, I Electronics March 21, 1966 If you're still trying to strip potentiometers without an S. S. White Airbrasive unit, you're a victim of unfair competition. For 90 % of your competitors know how to do it the easy, cheap, fast, and uniform way-the Airbrasive way. Airbrasive directs a precisely-controlled jet of graded abrasive particles at supersonic speeds for cool, shockless, non-distorting abrasion. Cuts away varnish without altering the electrical properties of substrate winding wire. Result: Faster stripping; fewer rejects; more uniform product. One company cut rejects by 65 % ; time from 30 minutes to 2 minutes. This has been the typical experience of the industry. Other Airbrasive applications include: adjusting microresistors; lead cleaning; micromodule fabrication; dicing germanium; shaping semiconductor materials, all flashing and deburring operations. Airbrasive is easily automated, adapts to use with jigs, lathes, templates. It can cut, abrade, machine, drill, deburr any hard, brittle refractory material. Investment is low- less than $1,000 sets you up. If you're still skeptical, call us collect for an Airbrasive demonstration or send us samples of your problem-child for a free evaluation. All your competitors can't be wrong. S.S. WHITE INDUSTRIAL DIVISION Dept. EU, 201 East 42nd Street, N . Y., N. Y.10017 Circle 195 on reader service card 195 New Subassemblies gas and oil pumping are typical examples. A binary number can be converted to an analog value in conjunction wi th model 4010 D / A converter to extend the reliability of digital systems in the least expensive manner. · . - The sample-and-hold amplifier .. sells for $300 in small quantities and below $200 at 500 or better quantities. ,... Pa cific Data & Controls, 6406 Foster Road, Portland, Ore. [385] -~ Static inverters offer high stability · Available as single section only · 4500 volt peak flashover at 60 cps · 25 ampere current carrying capacity · Current car rying members heavily silver plated · Low loss silicone impregnated steatite stator and rotor · Nylon detent wheel · Sleeve bearing MARLBORO, NEW JERSEY Tel. 462·6100 (Area Code 201) ·- ,_ --------------------------------------C-i-rc-le--5-1-0 -o-n-r-ea-d-e-r-s-e-rv-ic-e-c-a-rd- GRAPHIC VISUAL CONTROL You SEE How To Get Things Done With The BOARDMASTER System You see a Graphic Picture of your operations , s p otlighted in color. You have facts at Eye Level. Saves time, cuts costs and prevents errors. Ideal for Production, Maintenance, S cheduling, Inventory, Sales, Traffic , Personnel and many other uses. S imple and flexible tool. You write or type on card s and post on board. All cards are interchangeable. Compact and Attractive . Made of Aluminum . Over 1,000,000 in use. $49 Complete Price 50 Including Cards ~ 24-Page BOOKLET No. C-10 ~ Mailed Without Obligation Write T o day fo r Your C o p y GRAPHIC SYSTEMS 925 Danville Road ·Yanceyville, N.C. 196 Circle 196 on reader service card As a prime source ... WE HAVE D IN PROCESSING WE ARE THE ORIGINAL FABRICATORS OF INDIUM WE KNOW HOW TO USE INDIUM · Ind ium metal and alloys - standard and high purity grades · Indium pellets · Indium wire · Indium foil · Ind i um oxide all purities · Indium plating solutions · Indium salts · Indium powders · Ind ium ribbon · Indium spheres · Gallium SOLDER KIT 13 lndalloy solders and 5 fluxes plus full instrucfi ons and an Indium test chart. $16.50. Write Dept. El. we welcome your inqu iries INDIUM Corporation of America 1676 Lincoln Avenue Dept. El · Utica, New York Since 1934 . ·. pioneers in the Development and Applications of Indium for Industry Circle 511 on reader service card The PD series represents a complete line of static inverters now in foll production. A 115-v a-c output voltage with power levels of 125, 250 or 500 v-a at 60 cps, and 125, 250, 500 or 1,000 v-a at 400 cps are standard. Frequ e ncy s tability is ± 1% over an ambient temperature range of -40° to + 60°C. Th e output voltage regul a tion is ± 2% for load changes from no load to full ra ted load and with the d -c input voltage chan ging from 24 v to 30 v. The output wave shape is a sinewave having a nominal distortion of 3% total rm s. Th e output frequ en cy is controlled b y a temperature-stabilized oscillator. To insure high conversion effi ciency at all input voltages, output voltage regul a tion is achieved b y pul se-width con trol techniqu es . A high Q, h alf-secti on constant K 61ter provides a lowdistortion sinewave, even into switching loads. The inverter is protected again st ex ternal shorts or overloads b y self-resettin g electronic circuitry. To insure lon gterm reliability under all p oss ible operating conditi ons, no scr's are ·- .- · ... - ... - ,,. , Electronics I March 21, 1966 used. All semiconductors are silicon. The PD series of static inverters has been designed to meet the environmental conditions of MILE-5272C. Prot ran Co ., Inc., 7 Co mmerc ial St., Hic ksville, L.1. , N.Y. [386] - .,, Power control module eliminates relays - .. * - ... _.,. ' .. -·· --· - "' '" - 1J" Power and logic control modules known as CoZmo units are miniaturized solid state devices that contain mu ltip le control circuits. They eliminate th e need for bulky relay con trol boxes. Many installations of power control and limit switching are compact enough to be packaged in the operator control box on the machine. The series is d esign ed for 117 v a-c operation at 500 w and includes : power control modules PCM-1 normally open, PCM-2 normally closed, PCM-3 for singlepole double-throw applications, and logic circuit module LCM multiple switching unit and TCM timer control module for zero to one-second delay switching. All CoZmo modules are designed with visual indication of switching positions and with a base plug for standard octal sockets. They require a power supply of any simple b ell transform er. As many as 50 modules can be operated from one transformer. Applications covered are: logic memory units for lock on, lock off or momentary switching, isol ated turn-on against ground and multiple combinations of th ese operations. Each module meas ures 1% in. x 1% in. x 4 in. hi gh and is herm etically sealed for operation in any type of environment. Prices range from $17.50 to $45. Techrand Corp. of America, Muskegon, Mich . [387] *A word we have coined to dramatize exactly how unique P..hY..sically stable Phelps Electronics Styroflex coaxial cable actually is. Essentially an air dielectric cable, Styroflex inherently exhibits lower attenuation and higher propagation than solid dielec· tric types. The effect of temperature cycling on at· tenuation is minute and results from changes in metal resistivities amounting to less than 1°/o per 5°C temperature change. Continuous support assures perfect centering of the conductor during the load cycling. If you are concerned with circuit design in AM, FM, VHF and UHF transmission, CATV, mic rowave communications, radar, forward scatter systems and telemetering, multichannel long line telephone net· works or general pulse work, here is a coaxial cable worth knowing more about. Available, from stock, in 3/s", ' /~", 7/s", 15/s", 31/s" diameters in 50 ohm imped· ance, on 1000' reels, custom cut lengths or specially fabricated assemblies. PHELPS DODGE ELECTRON IC PRODUCT S NORTH HAV EN, CONNECTICUT I Electron ics March 21 , 1966 Circle 197 on reader service card 197 New Microwave Common supply cuts amplifier cost '.... ~-- ·l;J · Q· ; · J. H-r ~ .: .i - . 1£ ··lt JiJ. j{ I( """!:.-::.--~ =-·- By using a common power supply to operate five different h·avelingwave tn hes, a rnultibancL microwave amplifier operating from 1 to 18 gigacycles per second frequency may be purchased at a substantial savings. Its manufacturer, the Alto Scientific Co. Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif., claims that eliminating additional power supplies permits five amplifiers to be purchased for the price that three amplifiers would usually cost. It further claims that it is the least expensive rnultibancl amplifier offering medium pow<'r output over such an e:dC'nded frequency range. Alto's model 135 consists of a power supply section that provides all operating voltages, metering and gain control and a radio-frequency section that houses the twt's and has provisions for cooling as well as for optional inputs to modulate,.. the amplified signal. Both amplitude and serrodyne-modulation inputs are available. Serrodyne modulation is a form of phase ._ modulation in which a linear sawtooth voltage is applied to the twt's ~ helix to vary the output phase over a 360° range. The amplifier has a small signal gain of 35 decibels and a noise figur<' of less than 35 db in each of the five bands included in the 1 to ._ 18 Ge frequency range. Three twt's, each capable of an octave bandwidth and 18 watts of power output, provide amplification in the " 1 to 8 Ge region. Two other twt's- ._ one operating from 8 to 12.4 Ge and the other from 12.4 to 18 Ge-have ._ an 8-watt power output. An option offers 50 db of small signal gain at all frequencies except the 12.4 to ~ 18 Ge band. To switch bands, a plug from the power supply is connected to the FOR-WARD MARCH TO c c c: c The T otally Int egrated T erm ination System! The central element in this system concept is the rear release contact which makes it possible to maintain uniform application standards throughout an entire interconnection system. The Deutsch Rear-Release Terminal Junction Series replaces terminal strips with lightweight, low~cost modules which operate even in the harshest environments, are a perfect termination interface between any type of electrical connector and the advanced Deutsch Rear-Release connectors. For even more integration, the Deutsch NAS 1599/1600 Series Bayonet-lock and the DBA 70 Series P.ushPull Coupling intermate and interchange with existing MIL-C26500 and MIL-C-26482 connectors. The Deutsch 460 Series Bayonet coupling MIL-C-26482 type is interchangeable and intermateable with all MS 3120 through 26 bayonet styles; including the Deutsch NAS 1599/1600 Series. Find a crowded corner and upgrade your system with the Deutsch RE Series of rectangular subminiatures or the RTK and RSM Series of cylindrical subminiatures, environmental and non-environmental. For complete information on Deutsch devices that make up the Deutsch Total Integration Termination System, contact the Deutsch Company, or call for your local Deutschman. " REAR-RELEAS E ADVANCED TERMINAL JUNCTIONS Terminal Junction Multi-Module Units . ·:\. I :; -~ . j l ... l.;,: Watch for the Deutschman at IEEE show at the Barbizon Plaza March 21-23 Prices reduced on all Radi ation digital equipment Increased reliability and accu- racy offered by digital data ac- quisition and processing is now practical for all your require- ments. Prices on industry's fin- est line of digital equipment ., have been substantially reduced. That's because of increased pro- NOW 12-BIT 50KC duction, and lower cost of Radiation plug-in logic modules used in the design of these units. Dconverter:$ .0251 For example, Radiation's Model 5516 A/ D Converter is priced at only $3,025, and Model 5610 D/ A Converter at only $3,050. In addition: Model 5710 Multiplexer Programmer 12 CHANNEL 8-BIT D/A CONVERTER: $3,050 is now $1,225, Model 5416 16Channel Unity Gain Multiplexer is $1,350. Model 5817 Read/ _,. Write Electronics (for 7-track requ irements) has been reduced to $3,350, and Model 5819 (for 9-track) to $3, 790. RADIATION Write for data sheets on Radiation digital equipment, or INCORPORATED phone for detailed information. CONTROL AN D COMMUNICATION DIVISION · DEPT.EL-03 ·P.O. BOX 430 ·M ELBOURNE, FLORIDA 32902. PHONE: (30 5) 727-3711 Circle 508 on reader service card HE REAR WITH DEUTSCH REAR-RELEASE HIGH PERFORMANCE CONNECTORS I\ REAR ·RELE AS E 'CYLINDRICAL MINIATURES "- 1599/ 1600 Bayonet Coupling O""BA 70 Push-Pull Coupling t·.~ c 460 Bayonet Coupling REAR -RE LEASE RECTANGULAR SUBMINIATURES REAR-RELEASE CYLI NDRICA·L SUBM INIATURES ONE FOR ALL ALL FOR ONE RE Jackscrew Coupling RTK Bayonet Coupling Environmental/ Non.environmental RSM Push-Pull Coupling Environmental/ Non-environmental One standard hand crimp tool and one assembly procedure. One plastic, expendable "failsafe" insertion/ removal tool. Can't harm connector interfaces because contacts are inserted and removed from the rear - even in a mated condition. ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS DIVISION Municipal Airport Banning, California Circle 199 on reader service card COMBINED MULTIPLEXER IND A/D CONVERTER n o o o o o o o o o o ~- ., ·· ... .. ti .. · · · ' From 510 1oo analoa inpuls UP 10 1··bit blnarr or · BCD +sian &ataUdpd1l0spulaJ.·Of OUIPUI tor anr inPUI channel con11rs1ons per second F.E.T. ·Hcnas--100maaonm1npu1 impedance opuonal s1mu11aneous binarr and BCD ou1pu1s 1111 nanosecond aper1ure on sample and hold OnlJ 7lncnes Of panel helaht Widest variety of laminated plastic tubes ... .. We are able to offer you the widest variety of lami- nated plastic tube shapes and sizes in the industry. We make tubes from %'2" ID up to 26 ~~ " OD. We make -- them round, square, oval, rectangular or you name it. Call Synthane fi rst for your tubing requirements. · Many popular sizes, shapes and grades available immediately from our Instant Stock. Synthane Cor- poration, 36 River Road, Oaks, Pa . 666-5011 (Area Code 215). Circle 503 on reader service card Synthane copper-clad laminates in stock for fast delivery! ...lass lhan '4· IOr mosl models Electronic Engineering Company o/ Califorrua 1601 bsl Cllesl!lul A"nue (llol 58> Santa Ana. C1hlorn11 92 702 flllone: 111111w 1, 7-5501 (71 4> · TWX; 714-531·5711 200 Circle 200 on reader service card First quality Synthane copper-clad laminates, made under clean room conditions, are now stocked in many grades, and in many sheet laminate and foil thicknesses for quick delivery. If your specific requirements are not in stock they can be pressed quickly from our huge stock of semi-finished materials. Write for folder on Synthane copper-clad laminates and for a quotation on your ne eds . Synthane Corpora ti on, 36 River Road, Oa ks, Pa. Laminated Plastic Sheets, Rods, Tubes and Fabricated Parts Circle 504 on reader service card New Microwave -· - ... - .. -· ~ -"' appropriate tube and the voltage levels are adjusted for that tube. The amplifier is intended mainly for applications that utilize the entire available frequency band. Although the tubes may be purchased separately, price savings are realized only with four or more tubes. The model 135 may be mounted on a standard 19-inch rack or may be purchased as bench unit. Prices start at $6,600. A unit with five tubes costs $22,300. Specifications Frequency r a nges A . 1-2 Ge @ 18 watts B. 2-4 Ge @ 18 watts C. 4-8 Ge @ 18 watts D. 8-12 .4 Ge @ 18 watts E. 12.4-18 Ge @ 8 watts Tubes Periodic permanent magnet (PPM) focused twt's Sm all sig nal gain 35 db nominal Satu rated gain Typically 3 to 6 db below- small signal gain Noise figure 30 db nominal, 35 db maxi- mum Gai n control range Impedance Connectors 6 db minimum 50 ohms input and output 1 through 12 .4 Ge, type N female 12.4 through 18, UG- 419/U waveguide Metering Helix, beam , and collector current and beam voltage Over-all size (inches) R-f section l 7h x 19w x 21d Power section 8 % h x 19w Input power x 2ld 105 to 125 vac. 60 cps, single phase Price (with 5 tubes) $22 ,300 Alto Scientific Co., 4083 Transport St.. Palo Alto, Calif. [391 ] Moving Electronic Equipment? HAD SHAMROCK B·EEN IN THE PICTURE... "OUR MENINGREENWOULD HAVEMADEBIG THINGS HAPPEN" Emotional ,train while millions of dollars of electronic equipment needs to be delivered and install ed in some distant city. The customer is calling and everyone from engi neerin g to top managemem is looking to the traffic manager for a solution. What's more, this delicate equipment must be moved under rigid temperature control s or it cou ld be seriously damaged. If the traffic manager had known abou t Shamrock's revo1utionary Climatic Control Vans there wou ld have been no loss of time in talking to other carriers. Shamrock is the pioneer in this field . After Shamrock's efficient Men in Green gently load and secure the equipment in the unique Climatic Control Van, it will be tran ported to its desti nation under regulated temperatures at any degree, regardless of season. Add Shamrock's rapid centralized dispatch system and the traffic manager would have been the man of the hour. For the best move you've ever made, put your e lectronic equipment in the careful hand s of Shamrock's Men in Green. Tiny rotary joint covers d-c to 18 Ge Model 345 is a d-c to 18 Ge, con- tacting-junction rotary joint fea- turing maximum vswr of 1.30, max- -.. imum insertion loss of 0.2 db, and maximum wow of 0.1 db/360 °. Un- like round rotary joints, which re- quire special mounting flanges, the joint's body is square in cross-sec- tion and is drilled and tapped for direct mounting. The unit is 1.06 in. long by 0.50 in. square and weighs 1 oz. Con- .. nections mate with all standard miniature types. Unit price is $175 in small quantities. Sage Laboratories, Inc., 3 Huron Drive, Natick, Mass., 01762. [ 392] Electron ics I March 21 , 1966 Circle 201 on reader service card To order reprints: Fill in , cut out coupon below, insert in envel ope and mail to: Electronics Reprint Dept., 330 W. 42nd Street, New York, N.Y. 10036 Reprint order form For listi ng of reprints ava ilabl e see the Reader Service Card . The Overlay Transistor Se nd me reprints of Key no. R-78 at 75¢ each . For reprints of previous special reports fill in below: Send me reprints of Key No.(s) @ (For prices, see Reader Service Card) Name Number of street City, St ate, Zi p code ¢ each . 201 LOW-INDUCTANCE New Production Equipment triggered discharge Converging air blocks dirt ~. SWITCH welding. .For bell-jar deposition , the back wall can be a vertical halfcylinder wrapped around th e bell jar. The bench will be displayed for ·-, . the B.rst time at th e IEEE Show in i\'ew York this week. Specifications ~ - Width Cleanliness Price Delivery 4 or 6 feet Exceeds Class 100. Federal Standard 209 Approximately $1,500 (de- pending on choice of lights, sinks, etc .) 6 weeks Air Control , Inc .. 125 Noble St. , Norristown , Pa . [401] Nozzle tips improve air-abrasive tool - ... - ,. - Operating voltage: 20 kilovolts · Peak current: 750 kiloamperes · Energy transfer: 3000 joules · Self-inductance: 5 nanohenries · Life: 10,000 discharges The TOBE Model SBG-5 Switch is of multi-channel spark-gap configuration , with a unique method of simultaneous gap-firing that achieves a SO-nanosecond delay, with total system-jitter below 5 nanoseconds. The high-voltage trigger-system furnished with the switch fires on a 250-volt positive pulse. The necessary charge of 10 kv at 1 ma. can easily be taken from the 20-kv capacitor-charging supply, through a suitable dropping resistor. Detailed information about dimensions, acceptance tests, and mountings is given in Bulletin EB365-60 available, on request. TOBE DEUTSCHMANN rfnl\LD CANTON, LABORATORIES MASSACHUSETTS 02021 ~ Telephone (617) 828-3366 202 Circle 202 on reader service card The cleanest of clean benches, claims Air Control, Inc., is a new model lhal directs converging streams of filtered air toward the outer edge of the work area. The company considers the converging Row a major improvement over the r - laminar type of Row which is now generally used in clean-air work stations for semiconductor produc- -;.. tion. In laminar-Row work stations, filtered air is forced through a per- forated, vertical wall at the back of the work bench. If bulky objects, The increased use of microm1ma- such as test or bonding equipment, turc devices for the electronics field are placed in the air stream, says has resulted in the need for devel - the company, the resulting turbu- opment of a broad line of tough lence may draw unfiltered air into tungsten carbide nozzle tips for the work area. the manufacturer's Airbrasive tool. ,. In the converging-Row work sta- The Airbrasive is a cutting instru- tion, the filtered air goes through a ment that uses a controlled, gascurving wall, so that the breeze propelled, high-speed stream of .. surrounds th e equipment on the abrasive particles that quickly cut, bench. The air pattern is more clean, etch, abrade, and debur hard, stable, the company says, prevent- brittle materials. ing aspiration of dirty air. A clean- A prime example is in resistor liness of less than 100 particles of trimming, an application that is 0.3 micron size per cubic foot can precisely accomplished by means be maintained. of computerized automatic ma- The shape of the perforated wall chines equipped with clusters of can be made to suit lhe shape of Airbrasive nozzles which can trim the equipment on the bench. The as many as six resistors simultane- bench illustrated is suitable for op- ously. Rectangular nozzle tips for erations like mask alignment and this operation , ranging in size from Electronics March 21, 1966 _.. Who designed and constructed -· the world's highest power RF feed-through bushing? - ... Lapp Insulator Company Lapp? Yes , Lapp Insulator of LeRoy, N. Y. Matter of fact Lapp has been designing and producing Feed-Through Bushings for 42 years. They get bigger, and more intricate, all the time. Demand- ing , unusual specifications don 't bother us. Why? - o; Because when it comes to radio frequency insu- lating components we 've got plenty of " kno""'.how" ... and ingenuity . . . and ability to produc~ the finished product. Getting back to that " world 's highest power" bushing , we designed and made three of these for Continental Electronics Manufacturing Company. -. They are a vital part of the U. S. Navy VLF transmitter at Northwest Cape, Australia. Each one is rated for 2545 amperes continuous duty at 140 kv RMS at 15.5 kc and is both internally and exter- - .. nally graded to assure uniform voltage distribu- tion. These bushings are approximately 16 feet tall and weigh about 7000 pounds each . - :. Two other Feed-Through Bushings we've made are shown here. But there have been hundreds of others. Write or call us with any radio frequency insulating problem. Radio Specialties Division, -· Lapp Insulator Co. , Inc., Dept. E, LeRoy, N.Y.14482 . -. -. ... .... -. Elect ronics March 21 , 1966 Lapp Circle 203 on reader service card 203 99.9990/a pure wire (how do you handle it?) The wire which Secon supplies to the Semiconductor industry is generally contamination free and can be spectrographically 99.999 % pure. It is produced an<l spooled in "'white rooms" under extreme care and controlled conditions. 5. When you de-spool always start from end marked "START THIS END" on the label. 6. Be extremely careful when placing the wire in bonders. In order to maintain this standard at your faci lity - here's what our Engineers recommend: 1. Use extreme care when removing spoo ls from shipping containers. 2. Do not remove spool from package for 7. Do not under any circumstances place fingers on wire. Hold the spool by the flanges-not only will the fingers introduce contaminates, they may -bruise or damage the fine wire. visual inspection - new transparent lf your requirements are for very high blister package was designed to permit quality, fine e lectronic wire or ribbon, you visual inspection without removal. should have a copy of our comprehensive 3. Store spooled wire with barrel of spool 48 page brochure Wire Products For The in a horizontal position. Semiconductor Industry. It lists the physi- 4. Inspection spools should never be used cal and electrical properties of available· for production. Be careful not to mar materials. Please write on your letterhead; -sSEC ON or stretch wire during de-spooling. no obligation of course. ME TALS CORPORATION 7 INTERVALE STREET, WHITE PLAINS, N. Y. · (914) WH 9.4757 Circle 204 on rea der service card To order rep rints: Fill in, cut out coupon below, insert in envelope and mail to: Electronics Reprint Dept. , 330 W. 42nd Street, New York, N.Y. 10036 Reprint order form For listing of reprints available see t he Reader Service Ca rd. Computer Time Sharing Part II Send me . reprints of Key no. R-86 at 50¢ each. For reprints of previous special reports fill in below: Send me reprints of Key No.(s) @ (For prices. see Reader Service Card) Name Number of street City, State, Zip code . ¢ each. 204 Production Equipment 0.006 in. x 0.020 in. to 0.007 in. x 0.150 in., with many sizes in between, are used for this highly sophisticated procedure. Variations in length of nozzle tip orifice correspond to the path of abrasive necessary to trim various width resistors. For resistors too tiny for even the smallest rectangular tips, the manufacturer has developed a round orifice with a diameter of only 0.005 in. Abrading larger areas of work led to the need for a very large rectangular tip of 0.007 in. x 0.150 in. The smallest nozzle available at present is 0.003 in. x 0.020 in., but the company points out that the technology of extruding tungsten carbide nozzle tips has advanced to the point where any size nozzle tip can be produced to meet any demand or application. There is even a square nozzle tip available (0.026 in. x 0.026 in. ). The average life of the carbide tips under bombardment by the abrasive particles is approximately 30 hours. However, the manufacturer also supplies a nozzle with a synthetic sapphire tip, which outwears carbide tips by a considerable margin. These tips are available with a round orifice only, and are considerably more expensive than the carbide-tipped nozzle. S.S. White Industrial Division, 201 E. 42nd St. , New York, N.Y.. 10017. [ 402] . - .. - ... - . - . - .. - r . - Cleaning tool for component leads . A low-cost component lead cleaner. .. . designated as catalog No. 'V-14, is designed to comply with the requirements of NASA NPC 200-4 soldering techniques. This tool cleans the oxide layer off pretinned component leads to assure better quality of solder joints. List price .., Electronics I March 21, 1966 is $1.49 each with substantial quantity discounts. Consolidat ed Instrument Corp., Box - .., 1030, St amford, Conn. [403] Ultrasonic bonder welds power devices .. - ... - ... -. . - Using ultrasonics, th e model WU- 100 wire bonder welds a wide range of power transistors such as T0-3's, T0-66's, stud packs and other large devices. It bonds wire - _, from .') to 40 mils. Automatic wire feed and cut-off arc included. Th e unit's Microposi- tioner has a 10-to-l redu ction with a 1-in. motion and 360° rotation. The chuck is a strong, spring- ]oadcd clamp, adaptable to a wide . .., variety of headers, stud packs and special shapes. - .... Optics arc Bausch and Lomb. 7X-.30X magnification ; icholas ilium inator; 100-watt ultrasonic generator. Bonder dimensions arc 24 in . wide x 20 in. deep. Th e generator is 24 in. wide x 15 in. -.. deep. The Axion Corp., 6 Commerce Park, Danbury, Conn., 06810. [404] - ...., -.. Automatic console solders microscircuits A micro-soldering console has been designed for hands-o ff soldering of integrated circuits and other microcirc11 itry devices. Using th e pr in- Electron ics J March 21, 1966 · · · · 0 · ., " "·. · --··,. ~ 'i>v'v .,_. .... MODEL 5340 DIGITAL CAPACITOR TESTER · Meas ures true se ries capacitance · Direct digital display with long-life Nixie ® tubes · Tests capacitance, leakage, OF, and ESR · Test frequencies of 120 cps and 1 kc · Internal de bias supply with electronic current limiting The dual-frequency 5340 provides an exceptionally flexible instrument for accurately measuring a wide range of capacitance, leakage, dissipation factor and equivalent series resistance values. Results (in picofarads, nanofarads, microfarads) are displayed immediately on a 4-digit Nixie ® readout, with a separate 3-digit readout of DF or ESR. Five terminal guarded measurements prevent stray capacitance and lead resistance errors. A 25 % over-range capability facilitates test operation procedures. Since capacitors are always specified in terms of series capacitance by the manufacturer, direct series capacitance measurements on the Model 5340 DCT are therefore much faster and easier. No need for conversion formulae. No table look-ups. Reduced operator error. Priced at $4500.00. Single frequency capacitor testers from $1995.00. For complete information, including a new 4-page technical paper entitled "Theory and Application of Capacitance Measurements", contact the Micro Instrument representative near you or write directly to us. 13100 CRENSHAW BLVD., GARDENA, CALIFORN IA 90249 P H ONES : (213) 323 - 2700 & 321 - 5704 / TWX (213) 327- 1312 ON DFMONSTRATION AT IEEE SHOW IN BOOTH 4 M 31 Circle 205 on reader service card 205 Production Equipment Model 886-101 C.AJW V(RllllER ·1.f"IO SIX REASONS YOU'LL GET BETTER PERFORMANCE WITH ASTRODATA'S NEW WIDEBAND DIFFERENTIAL DC AMPLIFIER Here's a solid-state amplifier for superior performance in numerous signal conditioning applications, low-level multiplexed data gathering, high-level multiplexed data gathering, and one-amplifier-per-channel systems where fast transients must be faithfully amplified to high levels for recording. 1. Because it offers wide bandwidth, fa st settling time, low output impedance, and fast recovery from large input overloads. 2. Because chopper stabilization achieves drift rates, temperature coefficients, and low input current unequalled by any other techniques. 3. Because solid-state FET switching in chopper stabilizing circuit assures high reliability and long mean-time-between-failures. 4. Because high common mode rejection is achieved with up to 1000 ohms source unbalance in either input leg. 5. Because the input circuit is floating, guarded and isolated from the output and power ground circuits. 6. Because the output is compatible with both a-to-d data systems and galvanometer recorders. SP E CIFICAT I ON S BANDWIDTH: de to 50 kc. SETTLING TIME: Less than 100 µsecs to within ± 0.05 % of final value (either polarity). OVERLOAD RECOVERY: Recovers from overloads up to ± 10 times full scale to within ± 0.05% of final value in 200 1,secs or less at any gain. OUTPUT IMPEDANCE: Less than 0.1 ohm in series with 50 µh. Complete specifications and technical data available upon request. - - -& - - P. 0. Box 3003 · 240 E. Palais Road, Anaheim, Ccilifornia · 92808 206 Circle 206 on reader service card ciple of precision controlled resis tance heating, the unit permits pin-point soldering with absolute repeatability. Operator error and inconsistency are eliminated. Faster production, fewer rejects, and superior quality standards are said to be the hallmark of this console. All operations are foot-controlled, leaving the operator's hands free for other operations. Th e Microbond II console has integrated into its design precision lOX binocular optics and a high-intensity light source. Precision-ground, high-temperature stainless steel electrodes permit solder temperatures to 1,000 °. Res istance probes are of a unique parallel gap design featuring independent Hexing and controlled work pressure. Price is $590, including lOX optics. Browne Engineering Co., 2003 State St., Santa Barbara, Calif., 93105. [405] .. ,... - . - Cutter and former for transistor leads The Leadmaster, model H-132, au- tomatically cuts transistor lead wires or forms dimples for stand- off insertion into printed-ci rcuit hoards or does both. Stand-off dim- pling improves ventilation and eliminates the need for transis tor pads. Savings in costs enable th e rna chinc to pay for itself in less than 20 hours of operation , th e manufacturer says. The unit handles case sizes in the order of T0-5 and T0-18, with thn e leads . Process ing is strain- free and impact-free. Th e input of th e machin e demonstrates a high tolerance for bent leads . SPparate, continuously variable controls are included for the Jpngth of leads, positioning of dimples - and height of case. Top-side indi- cators traverse engraved scales for ,_ positive, eye-level locating of cut- . . ting and forming dies. .,. r Standard Leadmaster models operate on llO v, 50-60 cps a-c, with 220-v models availabl e. Proc- c·ssing rate is up to 2,500 transis - tors per hour. Heller Industries Inc., 30 N. 15th St. , East Orange, N.J., 07017. [406] Elect ronics J March 21 , 1966 CR* batteries *CHARGE RETAINING Dependable Power ... for a Year Without Recharging or Maintenance · Typical applications are instruments, buoys, deep sea de · vices and systems requirin g uniform voltage characteristics ·over prolonged , unattended operating periods . · Permit continuous or intermittent discharge at high or low rates. 85 % of capacity available after one-year idle stand at 80 ° F - more at lower temperatures . · May be charged and discharged repeatedly with little change in characteristics. Voltage practically linear between 2.12 and 1.95 per cell. e All the proven dependability and cost advantages of the lead·acid battery plus charge retent ion. Five sizes available: 26 to 600 ampere hours. FOR COMPLETE IN FORMATI ON WRITE: - .. WISCO f§ The Electric Storage Battery Co. DIV IS I 0 N 1222 - 18th Street. Racine. Wis. 53403 Circle 512 on reader service card INTRODUCING DELTA BOND 152 THERMALLY CONDUCTIVE ADHESIVE . . . To be used: - For bonding thermally , yet isolating clecl ricall y. semiconductors to anodized or hard -coa ted chass is heat s inks. - As a gene ral adhesive. i .e. fabricating thermal links. - For bondin g wh en a th ermall y co ndu cti ve interface is required . - .. B eing 1003 solid adhesive. it is efTecti ve on poro us a nd non-poro us s urfaces. F eat ures ... hi gh thermal conductivity. excellent dielectric strength . a coefficient of thermal expa ns ion si mil ar to Al a nd C u. a nd produces a ri gid hi gh s trengt h bond to most materials - -I when cured . -" Available in 4 oz. kits or 15 lb. cans ... from aut hor- ized WAKEFIELD El ec tronic Dist ributo rs . Write for BULLETIN 152. -.. WAKEFIELD E NGINE E RING , INC . DIVISION 139 FOUNDRY ST. I WAKUl[LO , MASS (6 17) l 4S 5900 ·TWX 611145 9113 .,.. Circle 513 on reader service card Now! a NEW HIGH STABILITY CERAMIC CAPACITOR Typical NY / ca p Sta bility 5941-t-t-++--t--t-1-t-+-+--t-+-11-+-t--+--t-t-11-+-t-H---t-t-l--1 5901-t-t-++--t--t-1-t-+-+--t-+-11-+-t--+--t-t-11-+-t-H---t-t-l--1 ~f-+-H+-1f-+-t-t-+-t--t-f-+-+--t-+-l--+-+-t-H-t-~ f-F~r-... -55 - 40 -20 t 20 ·40 ' 60 I IKJ I 100 + 125 t l50 Temperature ( °C) The NEW NY/cap Temperature Coefficient: Within 1% envelope over temperature range of - ss 0 c to +125°C. The new NYTcap now offers the design engineer these important advantages: Package size 0.350 x 0.250 x 0.1; Capacitance· range lOOpf. to l OOOpf.; Capac itance tolerance ± 10%; Standard E.l.A. values; Loss (at 1 kc) less than 0.001 at 25 °C, less th a n 0.002 at 125°C; Voltage rating 200 Volts de; and Insula t ion resistance at 25 °C 1,000,000 megohms, and 125 °C 10,000 megohms. 24 hour delivery. The NYTcap is the newest product to join the Nytronics subminiature family of inductors, ceramic capacitors, precision wire wound resistors, thin film resistors, crystal filte rs, L-C filters, t ransformers , and de lay Ii nes. Use coupon for engineering data! N'~J . R C > i l # 'Z t : : S DesignLeaders - STANDARD Components to Meet CUSTOM Requirements 550 Springfield Ave ., Berk eley H eigh t s . N . J . MAIL COUPON TODAY FOR COMPLETE DATA! ~-------------------------------------~ TO : NYTRONICS , I NC. Dept E 550 Spr ingfield Avenue , Berkel ey Heights, N. J . Plea se send complete engineering data on the NYTcap NAME/TITLE FIRM ADDRESS CITY/STATE/ZIP ~-------------------------------------~ Circle 207 on reader service card 207 New Parameters In Pulse Expansion/ Compression OElECON New Materials Metals and alloys for thin-film devices done in vacuum or under inert gas to preserve these purities. Materials Research Corp., Orangeburg, N.Y., 10962. [407] Flexible epoxy copper clad laminate DELECON Isa newconceptwhich has extended the current stateof-the·art. Devices using this new concept extend performance, lower cost, reduce physical size and improve reliability. DELE· CON Is available in custom con· figurations as well as a variety of off-the-shelf packages. Typical of a standard unit is DELECON Model P451, priced at $42,000 f.o.b. Hartford, Connect· icut, with delivery quoted at 120 days. Model P451 DELECON PulH Expan· slon/Compreulon Sy-m compression ratio: frequency: bandwidth: delay dlsperslo.n: sldelobes: volume: ,, weight: 400:1 45 Mc: 20 Mc: 20 µ.sec:. .35 db 1.5 cu. ft. 25 lbs. Ask Andersen Labs about DELECON, and other advanced signal and data processing systems for radar, sonar, communication, telemetry, slmu/a; tlon, navigation and analysis. ANDERSEN LABORATORIES-, INC. NEW PARK AVENUE, WEST HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT 08110 · -· ·· l ~ li A line of vapor deposition and sputtering materials is offered in purity levels heretofore unavailable commercially according to the manufacturer. Improved metal purification and alloying techniqu es have made these high-purity materials available at prices that are competitive in electronic circuit and device production applications. Th e materials offer four advantages to producers of thin-film circuits: 1) a decrease in th e number of GT-8500, a thin glass epoxy type copper clad, is b ein g offered as part of a series of Rexihk electrical laminates us ed in printed circuitry, etched Rat cable, fk·-:ibl e-to-rigi<l combination circuits, and printed compon ents su ch as fus es and capacitor and res istor arrays. Single or doubl e clads of 1-oz or 2-oz copper are off<'r<'cl on the 3-mil continu ous filam ent glass epoxy substrate. \\Tith excellent resi stan ce to d eform a tion at d evatc·d tc ·mpera tures, . - production variables; 2) more uniform electrical characteristi cs of deposited film s; 3) hi gher integrity GT-8500 offers superior solderability in addition to high b ond strength , uniqu e Rex ibility, and of thin-film circuits and devices; high dimensional stability. The ma- and 4) reduced rejection rates of fini shed circuits and devices, with terial is available as a standard item in roll s and sh eets up to 17 -,,_ resultant cost reductions. inch es in width. Both pure metals and alloys are Electrical Products division , G.T. Schjel· dahl Co., Northfield, Minn . [408) availabl e in rod, wire, sh ee t and foil form . P urity levels of elemental metals are up to 99.999%. Signifi- cant in the purity statement is that One-component .. - th e fi gure includes gas impurities which many suppliers of materials solder resist do not include in th eir claims of purity, accordin g to th e manufac- A fa st-drying, one-component turer. All oys are provided with a maskin g ma terial resists sold erin g compositi onal toleran ce of ± 0.l %. temperatures and strips off easily Th e material s are prepared from after dry in g. Called Stripcoa t ~o. hi gh-purity starting stock which 931, thi s produ ct was developed to h as b een electron-b eam zone re- act as a tem porary solde r stop-o ff fin ed or vacuum out-gassed to min- during clip or wave solderin g. Th e ... - imize both interstitial and substi- versatile coating can be u sed over tutional impurities. Alloying is gold-pla ted contact surfaces on 208 Circle 208 on reader service card Electronics I March 21 , 1966 p-c boards; component contact sur- faces ; for temporarily masking board holes to prevent plugging with solder; for partial, selective soldering of metallic surfaces and leads and for similar applications . Stripcoat No. 931 may b e ap- plied by brushing, dippin g or fl.ow- - .., ing over any smoo th metallic or nonmetallic surface. A 5-10 mil - .. film is suitable for most appli cations. For b es t results , the Stripcoat should air dry at room tem- pera ture for 10 to 20 minutes , th en .. cure in a low-.temperature oven at - 150° to 200°F for 10 to 15 min- u tcs. Rep eated dipping after dry- . ing is feasible. After curing, the - coating is ready for use. ., The dry Stripcoat, before and after soldering, can eas ily b e re- moved . It is simply lifted in one corner and peeled off in on e mo- tion . Alpha Met als, Inc., 56 Water St., Jersey City, N.J., 07304. [ 409] - .. Vacuum -stable solid lubricant Niobium diselenide is a solid lubri- cant that possesses the combina- tion of electri cal condu ctivity and high vacuum/high temperature ... stability. Th e powdered lubri cant dc·rnon - strates greater electrical conduc- tivity than graphite. Volume resis- tivity is 0.535 X 10-:i ohrn-cm, while graphite's resistivity meas- . .., ures 2.64 X 10- :i ohm-cm. Niobium diselenide has shown - ' excell ent res istance to outgassing in vacuums as high as l0 - 12 torr and in this res pec t h as greater vacuum stability than molybdenum and tungsten disulfides (non-con- du ctors) . Graphite is not stable in - .. vacuum or in air under low moisture conditions . The new lubricant is vacuum stable from - 430°F to over 2400°F , and in air commences ox idati on at 650°F , at which te m- perature graphite and molybdenum clisulfide commence oxidation. The combination of properties described makes niobium diselenide an attractive lubricant for many - ... aerospace, electromechanical, and instrumentation applications. Bernal Inc., P.O. Box 11, Newton, Mass., 02164 [4 10] Electron ics I March 21, 1966 , Zenith demands Zen ith power transformer for color TV. If Scotchp~f. polyester film is thin enough for transformers ... how about your needs? Zenith Radio Corporation demanded a thin .001" insulation for trans- former coils that had outstanding dielectric properties ... plus physical strength ... plus resistance to moisture and solvents. "Scotchpar" polyester film answered all their requirements. Now think how well this thin, tough, dielectric film can give you more volts per mil per insulation dollar. Besides its strength and thinness, it offers stability over a wide range of temperatures. It's nonhygroscopic. It won't get brittle with age. Resistant to oils, impregnants, varnish, refrigeran t s. 3m It's inert to fungus and won't corrode copper. There is a thickness and type of "Scotchpar" polyester film to match your exact needs. Call or write: Film & Allied Products Div., 3M Co., 2501 Hudson Rd., St. Paul, Minn. 55119. Dept. ICL-36. CllDIPANY Circle 209 on reader service card 209 WHAT WORKS IN ANY Technical Abstracts One side of the 1.5-in. square ampliner substrate is glazed to pro- ENVIRONMENT? Microwave amplifier vide a smooth surface, which is necessary for high-quality fllm components. The board is first cov- An integrated 4-GHz balanced transistor amplifier T.E. Saunders and P.D. Stark ered with reactively sputtered tantalum nitride film with a res istivity of 15 ohms per square and thin Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. Murray Hill, N.J. layers of chromium and gold. The conductor pattern and resistor and A broadband 4-megacycle balanced capacitor areas are then denned by transistor amplifier has been built photoresist techniques and selec- using tantalum thin films on a tive etching. glazed alumina substrate. Electrolytic anodization is em- The single-stage amplifier con- ployed to trim the resistors to th eir sists of two electrically similar final value and to form a thin layer t - transistors , two 3-db directional of Ta20 r. dielectric on the capacitor couplers, and bias and decoupling electrodes. The conductor areas are circuits. The incoming signal is then electroplated with copper to split equally between the transis- a thickness of 0.4 mil, which is tors by the input coupler, and the equivalent to several skin depths at amplifier outputs of the transistors 4 Ge. Vapor deposition of one SiO are recombined in the output cou- dielectric and the gold countcrelec- pler. If the transistors are similar, trodes of the capacitors completes but not necess arily well-matched the thin-film process. Final assem- to the 50-ohm circuit impedance, bly includes the attachment of The RUGGED S-1 Digital Magnetic the amplifier will have a low vswr at its terminals because most of the refl ected signal from the transistors is absorbed in the 50-ohm coupler transistors, coupler ceramics, and grounding springs. The single-stage amplifiers typicallv have gains of 2.5 db to .3 ..5 db . - Tape Drive terminations. Th e vswr is low, so at 4 Cc with a variation of about that several units can b e cascaded 0.5 db over the 3.7-Gc to 4.2-Cc for high gain with little interaction. band. The input and output vswr ARCTIC COLD - DESERT HEAT STEAMING JUNGLE AIRBORNE · SHIPBOARD · UNDERSEAS The amplifier uses 50-ohm shielded stripline circuitry deposited on a 0.024-in. thick, 1.5-in. square ceramic substrate supported values arc typically less than 1.25 over this hand. Four single-stage units were assembled into a four-stage arnnlificr ,._ IN THE FIELD · VEHICULAR b e tween ground planes spaced that gave 12 db of gain at 4 Cc and 0.125 in. apart. Th e thin-film com- was flat to within ± 0.5 db over the ponents include two 50-ohm micro- 3.7 to 4.2 Ge band. Th e reverse lo ss ,._ _ wave term inations, four bypass ca- was greater than 4.5 db over this pacitors, and four distributed RC band. No gain compression was com ponents. The quarter wave line evident at an output power level in th e base circuit, collector induc- of 0 dbm. Increasing the output tor, and all conductors are copper- level to + 10 dbm resulted in a plated for low los s. On e conductor decrease in gain of 0.5 db. of each coupler is on a separate Th e b es t measured noise figure ,,_ - smaller ceramic which is appliqued of a single-stage amplifier was b e- to th e amplifier board during final low 6 db , with a gain of 3 dh. This assembly. Holes are provided in implies that multistage high-gain I · Compare this high-performance, fast stop-start S-1 tape drive with anything you've ever owned or heard of. Compatible with IBM and other standard computers, this transistorized the substrate to position the transistors, which are sold ered to the circuit. The transistors and coupler ceramics are epoxy-bonded to the main substrate. Gold-plated beryl- amplifiers with noise figures of about 8 db are possible with this design. The transistors are experimental gen11anium planar devices mounted DT-03 series is qualified under Mil E-5400 and Mil 1-26600. Write for fully illustrated catalog No. 3 lium copper springs and bellows provide bias and grounding connections and also support the amplifier in its enclosure. in an " inverted R" package. Th e maximum available gain is typically 4 db at 4 Ge with an em itter current of 5 to 10 milliamperes and a S-I A significant feature of the de- coll ector-to-emitter voltage of 6 sign is that no tuning adjustm ents volts. are required. The base capacitor The amplifier represents the first ELECTRONICS, INC. and collector inductor were chosen practical transistor amplifier devel- 103 PARK AVE., NUTLEY, N. J . 07110 (201 ) 667-0055 TWX 710-483-4454 to match the average transistor to oped for use above 3 Ge and also the circuit. represents the first application of 210 Circle 210 on reader service card Electronics I March 21, 1966 Precision vou can trust, -. because it's built in. ±50 ppm TC. 112%and 1%tolerances. <0.5% load-lite AR guaranteed. - .. Mil·R·10509E, Char. c. -.. New CORNING®NC-stvle Resistors. NC4-1/10 watt at 125 ° C. , 49.9 ohms ta 150K NC5-1/8 watt at 125 ° C., 49.9 ohms to 499K NC6-1 /4 watt ol 125 ° C., 49.9 ohms to 1 Meg. True precision resistors with all the long-term reliability you've come to expect from CORNING glass-tin oxide film. And not just tested into some. Nor sorted out of many. But precision that's built in ... in a continuous manufacturing process that provides the highest inherent reliability of any re- sistor made today. Here's how: The tin oxide film is bonded molecularly to a glass cane sub- strate at red heat .. . it isn't plastered on, or sputtered on. - _,, Temperature coefficient of film and substrate match perfectly. The substrate is chemically inert to the film. Once cooled, the film compares in hardness to high-carbon tool steel ... you can't scrape it off. We make CORNING NC-styles with these materials and this technique to guarantee you constant resistivity, constant quality ··. precision that's built in. Call your CORNING distributor for technical data and samples or send the coupon today. Evaluate the new NC-styles, and see how their built-in precision gives you new design confidence, CORNI N G GLASS WORKS, 3913 Electronics Dr., Raleigh, N.C. Please send me new NC-style Resistors data and samples. Name._____ .. _________ ...________________ .______________ ___ ______ TitIe.____________ ___ .. __ __ ___ _.............. _______ .. CompanY------------------------------------------- --- ----------------------------------------------------------·--··-· Address ·-------------------------------------------··------------------------------------------------------------------City....................................------·--------- State ________________________ Zip............................. - ... CORNING ELECTRONICS --------···························--··----------------------- Electronics I March 21, 1966 Circle 211 on reader service card 211 ''bugged'' BY A PRINTED CIRCUIT PRODUCTION PROBLEM? / Technical Abstracts ,_.._ tantalum thin-film integrated circuitry for use above 1.5 Ge. Presented at the 1966 Inte rn a tiona l Solid Stat e Circ uits Conference, Phil a d elphi a , Fe b . 9 to 11. BRING IT TO CHEMCUT Whether it's a microminiature or mammoth board, Chemcut has the spray etcher to produce it for you-accurately and economically. Chemcut, the pioneer and leader in the spray etching field, has units ranging in size from laboratory models to fully automatic, conveyorized systems for high volume production. (Model 502 horizontal, conveyorized etcher is shown at left.) Also available is a complete line of Chemcut equipment for printing, developing, resist removal and other auxiliary functions. There are over 1800 units in use throughout the world. One that will fill your production needs is available through your nearby Chemcut distributor. HOW ABOUT PART PRODUCTION? With continued emphasis on miniaturization, manufacturers of electronic devices are finding spray etchers ideally suited to the production of a variety of parts. We welcome the opporflmity of exploring your part production problems with you. CHEMCUT C ~ Corporation 500 Science Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801. Circle 212 on reader service card To order reprints: Fill in, cut out coupon below, insert in envelope and mail to: Electronics Reprint Dept., 330 W. 42nd Street, New York, N.Y. 10036 Reprint order form For listing of reprints available see the Reader Service Card. Computer Time Sharing Send me reprints of Key no. R·86 at 50¢ each. For reprints of previous special reports fill in below: Send me reprints of Key No.(s) ....... . @ .. . . ... . ¢ each. (For prices, see Reader Service Card) Name Number of street . . .... .. . . . . ..·.. . .. . . .. ... .. ... . .. . ·.... . .. .· · . .... . .·.. City, State, Zip Code .. . . ....... . ·.... . .... . . .. .... . .. . .. .. ·· . ..... . .·.. . . . .. . 212 Avalanche-diode noise I.. . Potential applications and the noise problem in the Read avalanche diode Marion Hines Microwave Associates, Inc. Burlington , Mass. Noise in Read and oth er aval an ch e transit-tim e (ATT) m icrowave gcn- erat,n·s is very large compared with that of kl ystrons, crystal-controlled harmonic generators, or hmn el di- ode oscillators. Noise of about 40 db has been measured in low-level, ATT amplifiers with about a 10-db gain. Th e noise problem is impor- ,.. tant b ecause it will limit tlw num- .- b er of possible applications of ATT diodes. A partial solution to this probl em is th e us e of a high-Q- 2,000 to .3,000--transmission cavity. . F or example, at a frequ en cy of 10 Ge, a power output of 10 rnw , and - a Q of 100, no ise sh ould b e 90 db and th e lin ewidth 35 cps. F -m noise devi a tion would b e 3,360 cp s (rm s) . U nder similar condition s, with Q in creased to 1,000, nois e should be 99.6 <lb and lin ewidth 0.35 cps. F-m noise deviation would b e 336 cps (rms). Thu s, increasing th e Q from 100 to 1,000 improves amplitude noise by 9.6 db, f-m deviation by 20 db and linewidth by 40 db. By carefully choosing devi ce parameters, improved performance and reduced noise are possible, but the use of stable local oscillator (stalo) techniques is expected to b e most e ffective for reducin g noi se. However, such techniques will severely limit th e electronic tunin g ran ge of ATT devices. The author indicates potential applications for Head and related structures as receiver local oscil- !- lators in pulsed and doppl er rad ar, and in f-m communications . They might also b e suitable for sweep frequ ency sources and b en ch oscil- lators, but as low-noise amplifiers, ATT diodes cannot be used . Presented at the 1966 International Solid State Circuits Conference, Philadelphia, Feb. 9·11. "' - Electronics I March 21, 1966 D~ RECT - ..., L ~ NE _.., . - ~ to classified 41 advertis ing results. (' Call th e McGraw-Hill office nearest you. - .. -. - .., -. 404-875-0523 1375 Peachtree St., N.E . Atlanta 30309 617-262-1160 607 Boylston St. Boston 02116 312 -664-5800 645 N. Michigan Ave. Chicago 60611 216-781 -7000 55 Public Square Cleveland 44113 214-747-9721 1800 Repub lic Nat' I Bank Tower Dallas 75201 303 -255-2981 1700 Broadway Denver80202 313 -962 -1793 856 Penobsco t Bldg. Detroit 48226 713 -224-8381 2270 Humble Bldg. Houston 77002 213-482-5450 1125 W. 6th St. Los Ang eles 90017 212-971 -3594 500 Fifth Ave . New York 10036 215-568-6161 Six Penn Center Plaza Philadelphia 19103 412-391 -1314 4 Gateway Center Pittsburgl1 15222 314-725-7285 Clayton Tower 7751 Carondelet Ave. St. Louis 63105 4 1 5 - 3 6 2 -4 6 0 0 255 Cali fornia St. San Francisco 941 11 Career Opportunities for Engineers, Physicists Rapid progress in advanced nuclear rea ctor, linear accelerator and electromagnetic pulse technology at General Atomi c Division of General Dynamics has created several career opportun it ies for electrical and electronic engineers and physi cists . Here you will work in a creative atmosphere conduc i ve to ma x imum development of your capab ilities. The San Diego cl imate is one of the best in the world. Nearby academ ic facilities provide opportun ity for graduate work. Im mediate requ irements include the follow ing: SENIOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEER Lead development programs to advance state -of -the-a rt in MAGNEFORM ® electromagnetic pulse forming technology . General Atomic Div ision is developing and marketing the revolution · ary MAGNEFORM commercial manufacturing machines for the assembly and forming of metal parts using electro-magnetic pulses. Advanced studies and technical project planning . MS / PhD EE , Physics, and at least 8 years' ex· perience , including creative appli cation of basic EM theory in the design or development of machin· ery and components. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS Design of control and other circuitry in f ield of electromagnetic pulse technology - MAGNEFORM. BS / MS EE , 2 -3 years ' product. oriented experience. EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICIST Determine radiation vulnerability and develop hardening techn iques for solid state ci rcuits and systems. MS/ PhD with sound foundation and experience in solid state circuitry design and analysis. EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICIST Perform research in solid state physics and radiation effects. MS/ PhD. ELECTRICAL ENGINEER For linear accelerator ope rations. Wil l be respons ible for ma intenance and new development at LINAC. In · tens ive development experience in high power pulse modulators, con trol systems , high voltage power suppl ies or high power radar trans· mitter . ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS For analysis and experiments lead· ing toward development of rad ia· t ion ·hardened circuits and systems. Shou ld be experienced either in rad iat ion effects analysis , experiments or design of mi litary electronic systems. EE or Physics degree. CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEER Apply commercial instruments to the measurement and control of turbo-machinery and/ or nuclear power plants, conceive control and safety systems , sketch P/ I and logic diagrams and prepare instrument procurement speci fications . BS ME, ChE , or EE and 2-5 years ' experi· ence . If these kinds of challenging assign ments appeal to you , apply for a career pos it ion with General Atom ic Division . Send your resume in con· f idence to Manager of Employment, Dept. 43 - P. 0. Box 608 , San Diego, California 92112 . An Equal Opportun ity Employer M/ F GENERAL DYNAMICS General Atomic Division I Electronics Ma rch 2 1, 1966 213 EMPLOYMENT Electronics OPPORTUNITIES QUALIFICATION FORM FOR POSITIONS AVAILABLE ATTENTION: ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS, PHYSICISTS This Qualification Form is designed to help you advance in the electronics industry . It is un ique and compact. Designed with the assistance of professional personnel management, it isolates specific experience in electronics and deals only in essential background information . The advertisers listed here are seeking professional experience . Fill in the Qualification Form below . STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL : Your Qualification form will be handled as " Strictly Confidential " by Electronics. Our processing system is such that your form will be forwarded within 24 hours to the proper executives in the compan ies you select. You will be contacted at your home by the in terested companies. WHAT TO DO . (1 .) Review the positions in the advertisements . (2.) Select those for wh ich you qualify. (3 .) Notice the key numbers. (4 .) Circle the corresponding key number below the Quali... Ii cation Form . (5 .) Fill out the form completely . Please print clearly . (6 .) Mail to: Classified Ad- vtg . Div., Electronics, Box 12, N. Y. 10036. COMPANY Page # KEY # ABBOTT ' S OF BOSTON 282 *_ _ _1 - AMPEX CORP. -~-----=292 ' _ _2_ ATOMIC PERSONNEL INC. BAUSCH & LOMB 288 · 3 290 '- -4- BOOZ ALLEN APPLIED =~'-~=-~=c~:::~.,:.:~,:c~::,:H.:E_N'1-'~.:.;C::Oo_F_T_H=E-N~A~V~Y--~~~· 6 U.S. Navy Burea u of Ships DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT 310 ' Misa il es & Space Div. ELECTRO - MEC_H_A_N_l_C_A_L_ _ _ __ RESEARCH INC. 291' GENERAL DYNAMICS 2 15 El ec tro nics Division GENERAL DYNAMICS Fort Worth Divi sion 130 10 GENERAL OYNAMI CS 2 13 11 General Atomi c Division GENERAL ELECT ~c o-.---~2-1 5=-- _1_2 _ GENERAL M-OTOR S CORP. - - -134- - 13 Del co Radio Div . I NTERNATIONAL BU SINE SS MA C HINES 164 14 KAI SER EN GINEERS 2 14 15 KING W HITNEY . JR . 288 16 KOLLSMAN INSTRUMENT CORP. 287_*_ _17 LAWREN CE RADIATION L ABORATORY 288* 18 LO C KHEED C ALIFORNI~ 126 19 LO CK H EED MISSILES& - - - S PACE CO. 162 20 MITRE CORP. 309· 21 PHILADELPHIA NAVAL SHIPYARD 288* 22 SANDER S A SS OCIAT ES INC . 289*_ _ 23 TELEDYNE INDUSTRIES_ _ __ 2 1 8 ~ 24 Geoteth D iv. UNITED CONTROL 28-S-- 25 U.S. NAVY 29 N avy Over seas Empl oy men t Offi ce XEROX CORP. - 272-273' 26- pp 88669827 _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 228981*' 27 28 'Tlu·so actvertist·HH'n t~ ap1:warerl in lh l' M11r<'h 7t h PERSONAL BACKGROUND Nome .. .. .. . . .................... · · · · · · ·· · Home Address ...........................·. City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zone . . . . State ...... . Home Telephone . . . . . . . . . .... . ....·. EDUCATION Professional Degree(s) .. . ......... .. . .... . . Major(s) .... . . . .... ... .... · ..· ... ....... . . University ..... ...... ... · .. . .... . .. . ... ... Date(s) .... .. ....... . .·.... ·. . ... · ·. · · · · · · FIELDS OF EXPERIENCE (Please Check ) 3 / 21 / 66 O Aerospace §Antennas ASW Circuits 0 Medicine 0 Microwave BNavigation Ope ralio n Research 8Communications Components §Compulers ECM Electron Tubes 8Engineer i ng Writing Fire Contro l O Human Factors §Optics Packaging Radar 0 Radio-TV 8Simu lators Solid State 8Telemetry Transforme rs BInfrared In strumentation O Othe r .. . ...·· ·. .. 0 ............. .. .. . CATEGORY OF SPECIALIZATION Please Indicate number of monrh1 experience on proper lines. RESEARCH (pure, fundamenlal, basic) Technical Experi· ence (Months) Supervisory Experi ence (Months) RESEARCH (Applied) SYSTEMS (New Concep t s) DEVELOPMENT (Model) DESIGN (Products) MANUFACTURING (P roducl) Fl ELD (Servi ce ) SALES (Proposa ls & Producls) CIRCLE KEY NUMBERS OF ABOVE COMPANIES' POSITIONS THAT INTEREST YOU 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 .,. _ I.. ,. .. - COMPUTER ENGINEERS Graduate eng ineers fam iliar with computers to develop and implement computer appl ications in mechanical, civil, electrica l and other design disciplines. 2-3 years design experience desirable. LIBERAL BENEFITS INCLUDE: MEDICAL PROGRAM LIFE INSURANCE RETIREMENT PROGRAM SICK LEAVE PAID VACATION Please send detailed resume including salary requirements to: KAISER ENGINEERS 300 Lakeside Drive, Oakland, California An Eq ua l Opp o rtunity Emp loyer 214 Do you need electronics engi- neers or technical manage- ment men? Electronics mag- azine is the way to recruit ... · them. Electronics is designed specifically for the working engineer. 68,000 suhscrihcrs and an additional 133,000 pass-along readers turn to it to keep up with their imlus- try. You can find the rnan that· meets your qualifications with an advertisement in the Employment Opportunities Section. For rates & information write: Electronics, a McGraw· Hill Publication. Classified Advertising Division, Pos t Office Box 12, New York 10036. Electronics I March 21 , 1966 --"' Wtien it comes to talking down -... to misguided submarines, our - ...., .... - systems engineers speak with unprecedented authority. When it comes to the proliferating activities of our ASW Laboratory, the systems engineers concerned not only have a great deal that's unique to say , they have a great deal of say so! Coming up with the authoritative answer is bound to be easier when, like our ASW systems people , you enjoy the services of three sepa· rate transducer departments-Hydroacoustics, Electroacoustics - and Special Development-each with its own techni cal facilities and staff . This is particularly true when your facilities include items like a half-million gallon test tank 48 feet in diameter and instrumented to the hilt, on the premises . And on a nearby lake-600 feet deep and ice free-a completely instrumented , self-propelled , 165 -foot barge capable of testing transducers that weigh up to 35 tons . Among the newest and most intriguing programs you might find - 11>- yourself working on are: an advanced marker I launcher system for USW; an advanced integrated sonar system for surface ships; and the use of special hydroacoustic sources for deep submergence sonar. With all this, if you get the impression that we are profoundly and permanently committed to an ever expanding ASW program, you are 100 % right. This is not to say we aren't also expanding our other activitiesstudy an d development programs in AGE , radio communications, data equipment , reconnaissance & countermeasures, space com· munications & navigation aids, and tracking systems-we are. Briefly our roster of openings includes opportunities in sonar sys· terns analysis and integration , signal processing, digital logic, acoustic systems , transducer/amplifiers, TACAN, electrical design for receivers, transmitters & displays, high power linear amplifier - "' des ign, SSB equipment, input-output devices, MODEMS and equip· ment pa ckaging. Direct your re sume, in confi den ce, to Mr. L.A . Corwin, Dept.113. (Are you reading us?) ,. -. Electronics I March 21 , 1966 GENERAL DYNAMICS Electronics Division 1400 N. Goodman St. Rochester, New York 14601 An Equal Opportunity Employe r, M&F 215 . 0CONSUMER ELECTRONIC S OPPORTUNITIES In electronics it's Electronics magazine TV j CR T ENG INEER I NG AND MANU FACTU RI NG to sell used 'r - G.E.'S TELEVISION RECEIVER DEPARTMENT OFFERS YOU: eouipmentl · Avariety of career openings in professional engineering · Achance to couple your personal progress with our long-range business growth Your advertisement will produce Results in Electronics. Engineers turn to Electronics magazine for the latest technical developments - and for the latest buying information. You can reach them inexpensively in Electronics SearchIight Section. · Full G.E. benefits - including advanced For information: education and stock/savings plan Searchlight Section Classified Advertising Division Post Office Box 12 · Agood place to live and work in Syracuse, New York 10036 .. - N. Y. or Portsmouth, Va. · At Television Receiver Department, you'll be part of General Electric's broadly diversified consumer electronics business-contributing professionally to a growth curve that's on a steep upswing. We've always tried to encourage innovation , and it's paying off in new designs like our new Porta-color TV; our battery portable; the 12" personal portable, (plus a lot of other things due soon or a long way ou t that you' ll be in the thick of). G.E. benefits are liberal - up to four weeks vacation, pension, insurance, and include a Savings and Security plan where the Company matches half your savings. TVR is headquartered at beautiful Electronics Park in Syracuse-a campus-like electronics center near one of Upstate New York's most progressive cities. And a positive indication of growth: our new plant in Portsmouth, Va. (right on the seashore V2 hour from Virginia Beach.) · REVIEW THIS PARTIAL LIST OF OPENINGS. · Signal Circuit Design: conceive, develop and apply signal processing circuits to development of monochrome and color TV. · Deflection Ci rcuit Design: develop deflection and convergence circuits for TV receivers. Requires experience in design of deflection yokes and related magnetic deflection components. · Mechanical Product Design: requires 2-4 years experience in consumer electro-mechanical product design and packaging. · Component Design and / or Application : conceive, design and apply electronic components for monochrome and color TV receivers. Needs 2-4 years component design or application experience. · TV QC, Process Control and Mfg. Engineering: establish , plan and attain QC programs. Apply QC principles to engineering design; develop plan; determine quality capabi l ities methods, testing, evaluating; analyze failure data ; recommend action. BSEE plus QC or TV production · CRT Design , Mfg, Process and Quality Control Engineering: Design and develop cathode ray tube products for both monochrome and colo r, including element, materials app l ication, mfg. techniques, and QC. 2-10 years related experience needed. · FOR MORE INFORMATION, OR TO ARRANGE A PERSONAL INTERVIEW, send a resume in confidence to Mr. M. H. FitzGibbons, Television Receiver Dept., Box 119, General Etectric Co., Electronics Park, Syracuse, N. Y. 13201. An Equal Opportunity Employer (M / F) m-12 GENERA Lf j ELECTRIC 216 ... . Electronics I March 21, 1966 _.., - ... POSITION VA CANT Instructors wanted in the fi e ld of Ele ctronics and Radio-Television servicing. Age opensalary open-must possess a college degree or equivalent. Preference will be given to individuals with an EE Degree with Electronics option. Year round employment in South eastern United States-excellent opportunity in growing institution. Send complete resume of education, personal data, and experience to Robert E. Paap, Pres ident, Catawba Valley Technical Institute, Hickory, North Carolina. i fCLASSIFIED ADVERTISING E!~~~~l!~o~T~N~~E~ION USED OR SURPLUS EQUIPMENT CIRCLE 951 ON READER SERVICE CARD - ,. .. - ...( SURPLUS F ield T el ephon e Set Two-W ay T elephone co m m uni cati on or sign a li ng t o multipl e stati ons. Ran ge, 2 mil es. Utilizes st an dard co nn ecting t eleph one line-Featu res: Local or remot e con trol. Battery powere d . AN / GR A -6 MONMOUTH ELECTRIC CO ., INC . 1805 Corl iss Av e. Neptun e. N. J . ~~,~~*"""Ph"o"ne'- _20_1· 7.76.-5.30.0 ~~~""'""'· CIRCLE 952 ON READER SERVICE CARD . - - - - - ' · SEMICO NDUCTORS ,,_ _ _..., I_ MAJOR BRANDS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS · DIF. AMPS DAR· LINGTONS · PO W ER DIODES & TRANSISTORS · SPECIAL DEVICES Wrire for Caralog 5-1 SEMICONDUCTOR SALES OF CALIF. 1063 Perry Annex Whittler. Callf. (213) 696-7544 CIRCLE 953 ON READER SERVICE CARD : FREE ~------------------------'? M. l.T. Radiation Series Index Vol.: ' 28-Hard covers-orig. Price $4.50. ' ' Send only 50¢ handling/ postage expense, Also, ' ' FREE Catalog of outstanding hard cover p~ys- ' I ics/ electronics books at greatly reduced pr1ces. I __ ___________________ :~_,BOSTO,N, TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS, INC. ~: 'Box 111E, Central Sq. Cambridge, Mass . 02139' CIRCLE 954 ON READER SERVICE CARD - 'I RADAR AUTO-TRACK & TELEMETRY ANTENNA PEDESTALS 3 & 10 CM. SCR 584 AUTOTRACK RADARS. M ·33 RADAR TPS-lD SEARCH . A?S-45 TPS-100 HT. FINDERS. WX RADARS. FPN -32GCA. APS-10 APS-158 APS-27 (AMTI) SEARCH . · · APN ·l02 DOPPLER. DOZENS MORE. CARCINOTRONS . PFN ' S. .25-.5-1 -2·3·6 MEGAWATT PULSE MODULATORS. CAVITIES. PULSE TRANSFORMERS. IF STRIPS. WAVEGUIDE. BENDS 200 MC. 1 KMC . 3 KMC . 6 KMC. 9 KMC. 24 KMC . RF PKGS. RADIO RESEARCH INSTRUMENT CO. 550 STH AVE., NEW YORK 36, N . V. JU 6-4691 CIRCLE 955 ON READER SERVICE CARD EQUIP M ENT FOR Advertise in S A LE? - .. Electronics Searchlight Section for fast resultst Electronics I March 21 , 1966 engineering management opportunities with U.S. NAVY-BUREAU OF SHIPS 1· n : ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE The Navy's high-priority anti-submarine warfare program, involving multi-million dollar contracts with industry, needs qualified engineers for program management involving research, development, test· ing, evaluation, procurement planning , production, installation and maintenance in these fields: ·SURFACE SHIP, VARIABLE DEPTH AND SUB· MARINE SONAR SYSTEMS e UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATIONS AND IFF SYSTEMS eO.CEANOGRAPHY · DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING ·Transportable Underwater Ocean Area Surveillance Systems ·Acoustic Navigation And Mine Avoidance Equipments · Inshore Undersea Warfare Equipment · Mine And Torpedo Detection Sonar · ASW Target Classification · Transducer Design · Non-Acoustic Detection of Submerged Submarines · Display Engineering ·Systems Analysis AND OTHER FIELDS: NAVAL ARCHITECTURE; MARINE, ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN-SHI PS DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE; MACHINERY DESIGN; RADAR, COMMUNICATIONS, TEST EQUIPMENT, QUALITY ASSURANCE & RELIABILITY. These positions, which are in Washington, D.C., involve travel and considerable contact with industrial organizations. Degree in mechanical or electro/electrical engineering and related experience desirable. Starting salaries range from $7,987 to$14 ,680 depending on experience. Most positions are at $10,619 and $12,510. Relocation expenses paid . These are career Civil Service positions with full benefits, regular salary increases. Send resume or SF-57 to: Civilian Personnel Division Bureau of Ships, Code 263R-07 Department of the Navy, Room 2435 Washington, D.C. 20360 An £qua/ Opportuni ty Employer 217 r ENGINEERING OPPORTUNITIES 'r - IN HAWAII "THE PARADISE OF THE PACIFIC" Electronic, Electrical, Marine, Mechanical, General, Nuclear Power Engineers and Naval Architects STARTING SALARIES $7,987, $9,267 or $10,619 Dqic11di11g on E x perienc e Plus 15% Tax-Free Cost-of-Living Allowance Opportunities for professional growth and for exceptionally pleasant living for you and your family are offered by the expansion of the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard, the largest industrial organization in the Pacific. The Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard plays, and will continue to play, a vital role in today's nuclear Navy. The activities of the Yard in ship modification and construction create a broad range of aRsignments for engineers and naval architects. Hawaii boasts world-famous beaches, a sub-tropical climate free from unpleasant extremes, and sunshine virtually every day of the year. Shopping facilities, schools, hospitals and other services compare favorably with those on the mainland. Transportation to Hawaii and back provided for employees and their dependents. A generous amount of household effects will be shipped at government expense. Transportation for home leave provided if employment agreement is renewed after three years. These are career Civil Service positions with regular salary increases, generous benefits, liberal retirement plan, and will be filled on an Equal Opportunity basis. Send resume of professional experience or Standard Form 57 to: Navy Overseas Employment Office (Pacific) Federal Office Building, 50 Fulton Street San Francisco, California 94102 "------------------------_/ 218 We are expanding our capability to provide analog and digital data acquisition and processing sys- tems in all areas of applied geo- physics, marine science, and industrial instrumentation. This growth requires the addition of a number of professional person- nel to our staff. We need engi- ... neers and scientists with experi- ence in: GEOPHYSICS · STATISTICS ,. - · OPTICS · MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDING · SMALL MECHANISM DESIGN If you think you can become as ,1.. enthusiastic as we are about the chances for an outstanding future, please send me your qualifications. Vice President, General Manager TELEDYNE INDUSTRIES ..-g.... ~E';~(o~.c!"! o ,0s1~~~~~~ c; A R L A N D , T E X AS 7 5O4 0 "~ '"Geotech Serves the Sciences" Electronics I March 21, 1966 New Literature - ... - ,.. -. Germa nium diodes. Nucleonic Products Co., 3133 E. 12th St., Los Angeles, Calif., 90023. A catalog specification sheet describes miniature glass germanium gold bond diodes and german· ium point contact diodes. Circle 4 20 on reader service card. Synthesized power zeners. Semiconductor Division of Trio Laboratories, Inc., Dupont St., Pl ainview, N.Y. , offers a two-page technical bulletin illustrating and describing its line of Super/reg synthesized power zener diodes in the very low voltage region. (421] Coil -wi ndi ng mach ine. Associated American Winding Machinery, Inc ., 750 St. Ann's Ave., Bronx, N.Y., 10456, has available a two·page bulletin on the Rotawinder Mark IV, a coil-winding machine that employs the automatic trans· fer principle to reduce winding costs by as much as 80 % to 90 % . [422] Precis ion t emperature co ntrols. Metals & Controls Inc., a corporate division of Texas Instruments Incorporated, 34 Forest St., Attleboro, Mass., 02703 . The complete line of Klixon electro· mechanical thermal switches and solid state temperature controllers and com· ponent ovens is described in bulletin PRET-100. [423] Telemetry equipment. General Elec· tronic Laboratories, Inc ., 1085 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass., 02215. has published a catalog on telemetry receivers, ancillary and accessory equipment for the military, industrial and scientific markets. (424] Curve resolver. Instrument Products Division , DuPont Co. , Wilmington, Del., 19898. An instrument that resolves spectra , chromatograms and other complex analytical data into component peaks is described in bulletin CRB . [425] Encapsulated batteries. Gulton Industries, Inc., 212 Durham Ave ., Metuchen, N.J., 0 8840, has issued a four-page il lustrated brochure on the VO series of encapsulated alkaline batteries. [426] Glass capacitor test data. Westinghouse Electronic Capacitor Department, Box 130, Irwin, Pa. An eight-page booklet lists a wealth of technical data result· ing from various tests on the type CY glass capacitors. [427] Pressure transducers. Taber Instrument Corp., 107 Goundry St., North Tona wanda , N.Y., has published an illustrated bulletin presenting the latest addition to its Teledyne line of pressure transd ucers. [ 428] Varistors. The Carborundum Co ., P.O. Box 339, Niagara Falls . N.Y. A brochure on varistors i n ~ 1 .. -· ~ s r haracteristics, applications, and complete physical and electrical specifications. [ 429] Com ponent testing. Teradyne, Inc., 87 Summer St., Boston, Mass., 02110, has avai lable a 32-page, illustrated booklet entitled "Automatic Test Instruments for Electronic Components." [430] Ferrite core memories. Electronic Engi · neering Co. of California, 1601 E. Chestnut Ave., Santa Ana, Calif., 92702 . Random access, sequential access, and sequential interlace ferrite core mem · ories are described in a four-page , technical data sheet. [ 431] Plug-in power supply. Acopian Corp., Easton , Pa . A four-page brochure dis· cusses the Pow-A-Meter, an adjustable plug -in power supply with its own volt· meter. [432] Quartz crysta l units. Reeves-Hoffman Division of Dynamics Corp. of America. 400 W. North St.. Carlisle, Pa ., 17013. Bulletin QX65 describes and illustrates steps in manufacturing from raw quartz to finished crystal units for filters and oscillators. (433] Magnetic tape heads. Michigan Magneti cs, Inc ., Vermontville , Mich ., 49096, has issued a 10-page catalog covering a complete line of its mass-produced tape recording heads . [ 4 34] Traveling-wave-tu be amplifier. WatkinsJoh nson Co. , 3333 Hillview Ave ., Stan· ford Industrial Park. Palo Alto, Calif. , 94304, has available a technical bulletin on a 2.2 to 2.3 Ge , low-noise. permanent-magnet twt amplifier with integral power supply. [435] Advanced communicat ions systems. Fairchild Hiller Corp., 5006 Jackson St., Bladensburg, Md., 20710, offers an eight-page brochure entitled "Advanced Communications Systems." [436] l·f amplifier microcircuit. Microtek-Electronics Inc., 138 Alewife Brook Park· way, Cambridge, Mass.. has published a data sheet on a thick-film hybrid mi· crocircuit that contains all of the non· selective elements of a linear i·f ampli· fier stage with provision for age. (437] Med ium-power transmitting capacitors. Electronic Products Division of Corning Glass Works, Raleigh, N.C. Reference file CE-1.03 illustrates and describes glass-dielectric, medium-power trans· mitting capacitors. [438] Portable instrumentation recorder. KRS Instruments, division of Datapulse Inc., 780 S. Arroyo Parkway, Pasadena, Calif., 91105. Complete specifications for a programable, multicartridge portable data recorder are provided in technical bulletin DR-2 . [439] I Electron ics March 21 , 1966 What'sin it for you when you order SILICON SLICES and EPITAXIAL SLICES from the nation's Number 1specialist? 0 / CONSISTENT QUALITY, FASTEST DEtlVERY 0 And the most com p lete line in Crystals and Slices . .. as sliced, lapped, etched, polished, diced and epitaxial in N/ N+, P/ P+, mul t i layer, oxidized. Top source for Germanium, too. You can safely (and profitably) lower your own inventory when you order from Semi metals. Try us and see for yoursel f. ~IMETAl.a·-. ~ 172 Spruce Street Westb ury, L.I., N.Y. 516-333-8400 Circle 219 on reader service card 219 CIRCUIT CONTROL AND PROTECTION BY AIRPAX r COMPLETELY MAGNETIC TIME DELAY AND TRIP. CONTAINS NO HEATING ELEMENTS. AVAILABLE 50 MA TO 50 AMPERES AC OR DC . 50, 60 AND 400 CYCLES. TRIP TIME IN SECONDS vs. PERCENT OF RATED CURRENT 100% 125% 200% 400% 800% 1000% De lay 60 No Trip .120 ma x. .035 max. .030 max. .020 max. .018 max. De lay 61 No Trip 1.0 . 6.0 .240 ..800 .040 . .180 .012 ..050 .010 ..040 De lay 62 No Trip 15.0 . 70.0 3.0 . 9.0 .30 . 1.50 .018 . .080 .010 . .040 .. . TYPE APLl IS UNDERWRITERS' LABORATORY RECOGNIZED FOR APPLIANCE PROTECTION. 20A, 50V 15A, 115V 7.5A, 240V AIRPAX ELECTRONICS incorporated Cambridge, Maryla nd (301) 228-4600 AIRPAX ELECTRONICS incorporated Ft. Lauderdale, Fla . (305) 587-1100 AIRPAX ELECTRONICS incorporated Van Nuys, Calif. (213) 781 ·2821 4 · AIR PAX ELECT R0NI CS incorporated Cambridge Division, Cambridge, Maryland 220 Circle 220 on reader service card Electronics I Ma rcr 21, '966 +· March 21 , 1966 Electronics Abroad Volume 39 Number 6 Great Britain ,. Thin-film , color-tv camera Thin films almost certainly will mean a thick slice of the U. S. color television camera market for the Marconi Co. , Ltd., of England. Marconi will demonstrate its four-tube camera with thin-film cir- cuits for th e first tim e in the United States next week at the National Association of Broadcasters' con- vention in Chicago. But enough broadcasters have seen-and liked -the camera in Britain over the past few months that the company already has a fat backlog of more than 180 orders, more than half from the U. S. For Marconi, th ere's no mystery Th in-film circu its produced by Marconi Co., Ltd ., of England are key to high stability of the company's new color-tv camera. about why the sheaf of orders has grown so thick so fast. Sixty-five low th e acceptable level for image- eight different types of thin-film thin-film modules make the camera orthicon tubes. circuit modules used in the camera. so stable that engineering adjust- The Plumbicon tube was devel- The circuits are built up three at ments are needed only once a day oped by Philips Clocilampenfa- a time in five stages of deposition ., even though there are four chan- brieken N.\'. of the ;'\Jetherl a nds . without breaking th e vacuum. This - nels to keep matched. That amounts It uses a photocondu ctive layer of rules out contamination during to "hands off" operation exce pt for lead monoxide instead of th e anti- fabrication and largely because of studio artistic co ntrols like iris mony su lfid e or selenium normally this , Marconi gets yield s b etter opening, black ]pvel, and gain. found in a vidicon tube. Th e North than 70% . Registered colors. Th e four-tu b e Am erican Philips Co., an affiliate, The process starts with a chem- approach makes color registration was first on th e marke t with a ical cleaning of th e glass su bstrate, less critical because th e black-and- camera using Plumbicons, and fo ll owed by ionic cleaning und l'r white luminan ce s ignal does n't Radio Corp. of America has a four- vacuum. Then nichrome resi stor have to b e pu li ed out of the color tubc camera [Elech·onics , April 5, patterns are deposited on th e sub- -.... signals as in three-tube cameras. 1965, p. 29] ; but Ma rconi is the strate through masks carried b~· a Incoming light is split up by a first to combine a four-tube camera turre t. After this stage, th e turret prism behind the fi eld lens. The and Plurnbicons. moves a new mask over th e sub- prism beams part of the light onto Inside job. In its design studies stra tes and nichrom e gold connec- the luminance tube; th e remainder for the "hands off" co lor-tv camera, tions are put clown . is split into red , green and blue Marconi found it would need re- After th e resistors come the ca- components by dichroic surfaces sistors and capacitors with tem- pacitors. First aluminum is de- on the prism and each component perature coefficients in the order of posited to form th e lower elec- is transmitted to th e associated 15 parts per mi ll ion per degree trodes. A silicon oxide deposi t tube. For monochrome operations , centigrade to obtain high enough fo ll ows; it forms th e capacitor di- the prism can be set so all the light camera stabi lity. Thin-film compo- electric and at the same time gives passes to th e luminance tube. nents were the answer. But in a th e resistors a protective covering. ~That's more, th e tubes used in shopping tour around British com- Then the upper capacitor ekc- the camera are Plumbicons, notable ponents makers, Marconi turned up trodes are deposited. Finally, the for their ability to work with rela- no one who could mee t its tight whole thin-film ci rcuit is covered tively little light. With an iris aper- specifications in production quan- with a protective layer before the - ... ture of fl 4, good color images can tities. So Marconi makes its own. vacuum is released. be picked up at light levels down The company developed a once- The circuits are made into mod- to 30 foot-candles . This is well be- through process to turn out the ules by adding active components 221 Electronics Abroad and then potting the units. With Britain and West Germany tons. Along with calculations on Using this once-through process, solidly in the PAL camp and the flying time and the By-b y program Marconi turns out resistors with French-backed by the Eastern near th e planet, Boelkow assessed values from 50 ohms to 50 kilohm s. bloc cou ntries-holding ou t stead- the requirements for power sup- Range for capacitors is 10 p ico- fastly for Secam , a deadlock seems p lies and control sys tems a w ell as farads to 0.01 mi crofarad . Both re- in evitable. If Secam, contrary to radio com munica tion and data sis tan ce and capacitor values are expectati ons, does get the nod, transmission sys tems. monitored during depositing, which Britain of course wou ld use that Th e com pany hopes that with stops wh en th e ri ght value is sys tem . U.S. h elp a German -built probe reached. The tolerances on value Th is slight hitch doesn't particu- could b e laun ch ed by 1973. Accord- run around 5%, bu t 2.5% is pos- larly trouble the indu stry. The £rm ing to the Boelkow tim etabl e, Bight sible for key components. Above decision to start color broadcasts analysis and spacecraft des ign all, temperature coefficients are already has caused tub and re- wou ld take abou t two year . D evel- w ell within the 15 ppm/C 0 Mar- ceiver makers to revis e th eir plans. opm ent work cou ld b egin in 1968. coni needs for camera stability. Mullarcl Ltd., for example, has Anoth er cand ida te fo r Jupiter had a pilot shadow mask tube pro- probes is D evelopm ent Group Color them happy duction lin e for som e tim e. But orth , a joint venture of Ver inigte earlier this year th e company Flugtechni sche W erke GmbH and T elevision se t and component mak- turn ed clown a $5.6 million order Hamburger Flugzeugbau GmbH. ers dropped their traditional British from U. S. set makers fo r color Th e group wants to develop a reserve this month after Pos tmaster tubes. vVith no home market to 1,430-poun d probe with a scientin c General Anthony W edgewood Benn count on at the tim e, Mu llard payload of 220 pounds. Th e experi- set a la te-1967 date for starting couldn' t see its way cl ear to a ma- ment package for a fly-by mission color television broadcasts in Grea t jor inves tment in a production wou ld in clude a television cam era. Britain. Th e industry, its black and p lant. \ Vith color tv now around Flight tim e along a 720-billion-mile . - white market sa turated, waxed th e corn er in Britain, the com pany path would b e ab out 850 days. jubilant even though th e date is is moving ah ead with plans for Satellite first. If a Jupiter project more than 18 months olf and live produ ction capacity of 100,000 jells, it w ill b e th e second joint color programing at th e outset tu h es a year. will b e a scant four hours a w eek. space effort by th e U. S. and W es t German y. F or th e next peak p eriod Said one executive, "It's the £rst of solar Bare activity in 1968 th e bit of reasonable news the indus- Germans have scheduled a lau nch- try has had for a year." According to government esti- West Germany ing of a small scientinc satelli te r wi th a NASA Scout Boos ter at the mates, th e number of color sets in . S. Air Force \Vestern T es t operation at the end of the £rst tw o years of broadcas tin g sh ou ld Place in space Range. Boelkow looks like the leadin g run close to 150,000. Over th e £rst Th e Apollo project to put a man on con tend er for the prime contract, four years , th e marke t es timate is the moon by the encl of th e decade but much of th e work will b e a total of $280 million. Th e sets may turn out to b e a boon for th e farm ed out to oth er companies to will cos t ab out $700 each initiall y. fl edglin g \ Ves t German aerospace spread space kn ow-h ow as widely As expected, vVedgewood Benn indu stry. Becau se of heavy sp end- as possible throu gh th e indu s try. confirmed that Britain p lan ned to ing for Apoll o, th e Nat ional Aero- Boelkow's latest version of th e r- - adopt the PAL sys tem and a 625- nautics and Space Admini stration sa tellite, th e 625-Al , calls for a line standard for its color broad- has less fund s for oth er programs. li ghter overall weight and payload casts. PAL is a W est German de- To stre tch th em out, NASA is en- th an th e £rst des ign [Electronics, velopment, an offshoot of th e a- couraging jointly finan ced space Mar. 22, 1965, p. 185] alth ou gh tional Television Standards Com- efforts w ith European countries th e mi ss ion remain s th e same- mittee (NTSC) system used for and th e indu stry sees a strong pos- measure con centration and energy color broadcasting in th e United sib ility of United States -German spectra of proton s and elec trons tates and Japan . deep-space missions. within the earth's inner radiation Th ere is , however, one slight Already th e \ Ves t Germans have b elts. Th e 625-Al design specin es s tring attached to th e British deci- singled out what might b e th eir a 132-pound vehicl e 30 in ch es in sion to go ah ead with PAL. Th e place in deep space-probes at diam eter and 46 in ch es high . Its In ternational Radio Consulative Jupiter. In fact, preli min ary work scientinc payload would w eigh Committee (CCIR ) will meet nex t on Jupiter probes finan ced by th e 26.4 pounds . June in Oslo in a last try for an mini stry for scientifi c research has Th e satellite wou ld have two agreement on a common color-tv b een completed. transmitters , one for trackin g and system for Europe. Along with Boelkow GmbH of Munich direct data tran smission , th e oth er ~ . PAL, th e other seriou s contender checked into three types of prob es for transmittin g stored data. D a ta is th e French Secam sys tem. ranging from 770 pounds to several Bow would b e 40 bits p er second. 222 +· Electronics [ March 21 , 1966 __..., .. ... -- _, . ' ... Electronics Abroad Japan Making waves In their bid for world leadership in solid state microwave hardware, the Japanese have diodes as trumps. Already E saki diodes and Kita diodes are at work in Japan's microwave link network-the densest anywhere. Now the Mizuno diode [Electronics, F eb. 21, 1966, p. 25] seems likely to strengthen the Japanese hand in years to come. Th e diode, made of germanium, genera tes millim eter waves when biased in the revers e-breakdown region. In ex perim ents so far , it has been operated in a puls ed mode at frequencies up to 90 gigacycles, with outputs cl ose to 10 milliwatts in th e 10 to 20 Ge ran ge. Key to the oscillation is a high ly doped pn jun ction with impurity concentration well above the 1015 atoms per cubic centim eter found in commercial german ium diodes. The mechanism by which it oscillates ha s yet to b e full y explained, but th e new diode can't be classed as a lucky accident. Hiroyuki ~1izuno , who spearheaded th e development, b elieved that a millimeter-wave oscillator could be obtained with a semiconductor equivalent of a klystron, where high -frequency operation is made possible through velocity modulation of the electron stream. Mizuno leads a research group working in th e laboratories of th e Matsushita E lectronics Corp. Matsushita is a joint venture of Matsush ita Electric Industrial Co. of Japan and Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken N.V. of th e eth erlands. But Mizuno reasoned it couldn't be done with a transistor. Interaction be tween th e semiconductor latti ce and th e current carriers is far greater than th e interaction amon g th e carriers th emselves in a transistor. For velocity modulation effects , hot electrons are necessary; th eir temperature, or speed, is high enough for carrier-carrier interaction to predominate over carrier-lattice interaction. Hot carriers. In the Mizuno di- ode, the highly doped pn junotion injects hot carriers into th e bulk semiconductor, where they interact. Wh en an input pulse biases th e diode, th e carriers tunn el and th e diode breaks down , triggerin g th e oscillation. The output pulse lags the input pulse b y about one microsecond. For th e higher frequencies Mizun o has obtained , breakdown voltage was well b elow 20 volts , th e level where avalanche breakdown begins. In avalanche breakdown , th e current carriers col- Hiroyuki Mizuno leads research grou p that developed a millimet er-wave germani um d iode. lide with lattice elec trons and th e ioni za tion that rcs uIts multipli es th e number of carriers. Mizuno's tunneling ge rmanium diode differs in two major res pects from Bell Telephon e Laboratories' microwave diode [Elec tronics, Nov. 1, 1965, p. 24]. Bell's is silicon and it operates by avalance breakdown . These differences, Mizuno thinks , may give his diode th e edge over silicon microwave diodes. Th eoretically, tunn eling is less noisy than avalanche breakdown so th e s ignal-to-noise ratio should be inherently high er. Based on ex peri ence with tran sistors, the germanium diodes probably can be pushed to higher frequen cies than s ilicon diodes. The 90-Gc top frequency recorded by Mizuno's group was the upper limit of its tes t gear and not necessarily the diode's. But with germanium there is a major obstacle-heat dissipationto overcom e before Mizuno's group can achieve continuous wave oscillation. Silicon has better heat conductivity and this makes heat dissipation eas ier. Th e Nippon Electric Co., anoth er entrant in th e interna tional race to develop a commercial solid sta te oscilla tor, already has solved a hea t-removal problem with a special cartridge mount for its gallium-arsenide Gunn-effect oscillator [Electronics, Nov. 1, 1965, p. 157]. Soviet Union Touch of Venus Soviet scientists st ill haven't written off Venu s 2, th e spacecraft that went dead last month as it sped past its namesake planet at a distance of 15,000 miles. Although th ey haven' t revea led how, th e Ru ssians say th ey hope to get Venus 2 back on th e air again. Th ey want to retrieve clos e-up television pictures and scientific data stored on board. So far , no one has managed to revive a blacked-out interplan etary spacecraft. If th e Soviets can turn th e tri ck, th ey'll have another impress ive Rrst in space electroni cs, es pecially if th ey "repair" Venus 2 by bypassing a faulty com mand circuit. Th e American T eleph one and Telegraph Co. did this with its Telstar 1 communications satelJite, but with Venus 2 th e difference in distance vvould b e as tronomica l. Like its sister spacecraft, Venus 3, Venus 2 stopped transmitting as it entered Venus' atmosphere. Just before it went silent, temperature started to rise well above pred icted levels. Th en wh en th e command signal to switch to automatic research regim e was sent, th e ship didn't acknowledge. But the Soviets assume that the command signal reached th e spacecraft. Probing. The main experiment in Venus 2 was designed to obtain close-up tv pictures of the planet. The camera was paired with a I .Electronics March 21, 1966 223 Electronics Abroad ;>-. - special transmitter operating at munications sessions-out of a elevator drive system-cables, a centimeter wavelength. Venus 3, total of 31 with Venu s 3-to pick powered drum and counterweight th e probe th at steered right onto up the data needed to plan the cor- -tilted over on its sides. Trouble th e plane t, also had an experiment rection man euver. More than 1,300 is, th e mass ive loads of the 6,000- package. Its purpose was to take reading of distan ce, 5,000 of sp eed, ton tanks and the 5700-ton counter- readings like temperature and den- and 7,000 of angle-to-earth were weights make th e cables act like si ty on Venus' atmosphere. This taken before th e signal to start th e sprin gs. package was a 36-in ch sphere de- correction was sent. No dawdling. Tanks, counter- signed for ejection from the space- Pointed. The spacecraft teleme- weights and cabl es form an oscil- craft. Russian space offi cials say it tered th ese and other data to the lating sys tem that can develop had a parachute and a th ermal ground sta tion s through a highly cable-snapping forces if accelera- shi eld. directional parabolic antenna that tion isn't closely controll ed . At the ·with th e tv pictures and th e transm itted at both decimeter and same time, the tanks can 't dawdle atmosph eri c data, the Sovie ts centim eter wavelengths. This an- at startup since th e operating hoped to unravel part of th e mys- tenna locked on to the Earth only sch edule calls for th em to acceler- tery surroun ding th e hi gh tem- during data-sending sessions. To ate from zero to a constant runnin g peratures of Venu s. They have a aim it, th e spa cecraft swung speed of 3.9 fee t per second in 2112 hunch th e surface is cons iderably around its su n axis on command minutes . cooler than th e 800°F record ed b y from a grou nd sta ti on . For the ACEC's sys tem automatically Marin er 2 as it passed by th e planet swing, the orientation system over- control s th e speed characteristic of at a di stance of 22,000 miles. rode th e solar lock that kep t the th e six 170-horsepower mo tor-genMarin er, th ey b elieve, pi cked up solar-cell panels pointed toward erator sets that drive each tank. th e temperature of th e outer region th e sun except when th e spacecraft Th e key signal is developed in a of the atmosphere. transm itted data. special two-stage slope generator. Along with the planet ex peri - A semidirectional receiving an- It consis ts essenti ally of two tran· ... - ments, th e t"vo Ru ss ian Venu s tenna picked up com mand signals. sis tor amplifier modules originally p robes meas ured interpl anetary H owever, this antenna was de- des igned for an ACEC analog com- magneti c fi elds and cosmic radia- sign ed as a b ackup transmitting puter. Th e two amplifiers are ar- tion as th ey sped through space. antenna for decimeter wavelength s. ranged as integrators and con- Super steering. Many U. S. Th e id ea was to keep the space- n ected in series. spacecraft can perform th e same craft on the air if the orientation Th e first amplifier produces a sort of experim ents, but th ey've sys te m fai led and th e parabolic trapezoidal waveform th a t imposes never b een steered wi th th e same antenna thus cou ldn' t b e aim ed at an acceleration limit on th e over- precision that put Venus 3 down th e earth. Th e Ru ssians may b e all speed control sys tem. To obtain on th e plan et ab out 300 mil es from cou ntin g on th e backup antenna as th e required accuracy, th e refer- its plann ed impact point. Th e land- th ey attempt to reactivate Venu s 2. ence voltage used for th e integra- ing's timing was ju st 4 minutes off tion is stabilized to ± 0.l %. schedul e. Timing was important Output of th e first stage is not b ecause th e Soviets wanted to have applied directly to th e regulation ;.. - th eir ground stations facin g th e planet when the probe hit. Belgium circuits . In stead, th e trapezoidal waveform is integrated in the sec- Touchies t phas e of th e inflight s teering was th e midcourse correc- Long haul tion that pu t Venu s 3 on target. ond stage of the slope gen erator to obtain a voltage analog of th e i' speed characteris ti c. This signal is Un like Venus 2, which moved out Toward th e end of th e year, b arges applied to th e regulation circuits of its parking orbit headed for th e plying th e canal b etween Bru ssels where it is compared to th e output t . near-miss th e Ru ssians aim ed at, and Charleroi will start getting a of a tachom eter to obtain a com- Venus 3 was on a course that wou ld strange lift. In stead of passing mon control signal for the six h ave mi ssed b y 40,000 miles. To through a series of locks, th ey'll motor-gen erator sets. put it back on target, a trajectory ride in tanks haul ed along an in- Because the two-s tage slope gen- change accurate to a few minutes clined plane nearly a mile long. erator is so crucial to th e speed of arc was made. Th e vertical lift is 220 feet. control sys tem , ACEC designed th e \ . Venus 3 locked on the star Cano- Th e hand at th e throttle of the sys tem with three of th em in par- pus for th e correction man euver. tanks, so to speak, will be an el ec- allel. Outputs of all three are comSpeed and distance data developed tronic con trol system des igned by pared in a resistance network. If by an onboard Doppler-effect Ateliers de Constru ction s Elec- th e slope generator switch ed onto transceiver was fed to several triqu es de Charleroi . ACEC engi - the regulation circuits d eviates ground computin g centers that cal- neers say it was one of th e trickiest from th e average more than the ... culated th e angle for the correction jobs they've yet handled. other two, it is cu t out automat- jets and th e required thru st. Soviet At first glance th e problem looks ically and th e outpu t of one of the r ground sta tions h eld 16 radio com- simple, not much more than an other two is applied. +· 224 Electronics I March 21, 1966 ... / ' - ... -i ·· .. Ci rcle 246 on reader service card ....... MicroSystem is a new, simpli· tied method of interconnecting flat pack integrated circuits in "sticks," each containing as many as 10 l.C. flat packs with standard, multilayer, intercon· necting matrices. ....... Complete hardware for EECo· Logic consists of: swing-out card files, card drawers, power supplies and all necessary accessories. EECoLogi ~mmoo un request. ENGINEERED ELECTRONICS Company l441 E.ast Chestnut Avenue, Santa Ana, Call!. 92702 Phone: (714) 547-5651 TWX: 714-531-5522 Cable ENGELEX Circle 225 on reader service card 225 'I Electronics advertisers March 21· 1966 - ,)· More Motorola mishmash, continuedfrom page 172 ¢. Q ~~~v Y/ :tHJ, 0. 1~\ 1>.~~~~ (and leave on your beard) This eems to be our month for pu hing Motorola's integrated circuitry capabilities. Don't be offended. If you could apply I/C like we do. you'd brag too. And if you can. our employment office ha a ured us you won't have to shave off vour beard or even take a Rorch;ch. Anyway. now we want to speak of RIC. or Radar Interceptor Calculator for the Rome Air Development Center. What's so elegant (to use PhD talk) about RIC is that it uses 3.000 integrated circuits to do the work of 12.000 conventional circuits. Unless you happen to be in the conventional circuit biz, you'd have to admit thi i great. The calculator works with a PPI scope to furnish a semiautomatic target tracking and intercept prediction capability. It's only ~i cu. foot small. If we sold them by the pound we'd go broke. Write Chicago Center for details. Get off the dime! And send it to us: we can use the busine s. Matter of fact, if we get your business - you get your dime (the one you got off of) - back. You would make our marketingtype people very happy if you would write for some of the beautiful brochures they produce. They cover everything we've pitched on these pages. not to mention digital and microwave communications, command receivers and so forth. MOTOROLA M ilitary Electronlcs Division CHICAGO CENTER 1450 N. Cicero Ave.. Dept 2. Chicago. llhno1s WESTERN CENTER 8201 E McDowell Rd .. Dept . 2, Scottsdale. Arizona · AMP Incorpora ted 1 55 Garceau , H argrave & McCullough Inc. · Acme Electric Corporation Scheel Advertising Agency Acopian Corporation Mort Barish Associa tes Inc. 149 l 9D Aerovox Corporation 153 Lescarboura Advertising Inc. Airpa x Electronics , Inc. 220 Welch, Mirabile & Compa ny In c. ·Air Produc ts & Chem icals Inc. 143 A rthur Falconer Ass oc i at es Corp. Alco Electronics 2 25 M arketron ics ad v. Amelco Semiconductor Corp. 35 Sturges As sociates American Potash & Chemica l Cor pora - tion 189 Walker Brooks & Associates Inc. Andersen Laboratories Inc. Sm it h, Dorian & Burm an Inc. 2 D8 · Andrew Corporation 60 The Fens holt Advertisi ng Agency The Arrow-Hart & Hegeman Electric Company 181 Ch ir urg & Ca irns Inc. · Astrodata 206 Bonfield Associates Inc. Mylar Division 59 B atten, B art on, Durstine & Osborn Inc. Dynage Incorporated 160 Th e F. W . Prelle Company E·Z Hook Test Products 228 Eastman Kodak Compa ny 129 The Rumrill Company EIMAC 132 Hoefer, Dieterich & Brown Inc. Electro Motive Mfg. Co. Inc. 6 Cory Snow Inc. Electronic Engineering Company of California 200 Jansen Associates Inc. Electronic Specialty Company 100 Gaynor & Ducas Inc. Enginee,-ed Electronics Jansen Associates Inc. 22 5 Erie Technological Products, Inc. 182, 183 A ltman·Hall Associates Esterline Angus Instrument Co. Inc. 82 Caldwell Larkin & Sidener Van Riper Inc. Eubanks Engineering Company 160 Moore·Bergstrom Company Bell Telephone Laboratories 150 N .W . Ayer & Son Inc orporated Bendix Corporation, Scintilla Division 79 Mc M anus, John Adams Inc. Boston Technical Publishers Inc. Boston Tec h nical Consultants Inc. 163 Brush Instruments, Div. of Clevite Corpo r ation 3rd Cover Ca rr L iggett Advertising Inc. · Fairc hild Control s 174 Dunwoodie Associates Inc. · Fairchild Semiconductor Corporat ion 12, 13, 136 Faust / Day Inc. Advertis ing Fenwal Electronics 113 Larcom Rand all Advertising Inc. Fluke Mfg. Co. Inc. John 15 B onfi eld Associates Inc. · CSF Celanese Corporation of America West, We ir & Bartel Inc. OAS 1 78 · Centralab Div. of Globe Union Inc. Stra l Ad vertising Company Inc. OAS 4 Century Elec tronics & Instruments Inc. 190 Writ ing and Advertising Inc. Chemcut Corporation 2 12 Ad ams Assoc iates I n c. Clarostat Mfg . Co. In c. 65 Lescarboura Adverti sing Inc . · Clifton Precision Product s Co. Inc. 24 Ivey Ad verti ~ ing In c . General Dynamic s Elec tronic s, Fort Worth Division Glenn Adv. Inc. 130 · General Electric Electronic Components Division 131 George R. Nelson Inc. General Electric Co. Silicone Products Dept. 108 Ross Roy Inc. Advertising General Radio Company K. E. Morang Company 2nd Cover Granger Associates 8 West Associa tes Graphic Systems Inc. 196 Caswell Advertising Agency Comcor Inc. 194 M arket i n g D irec t ions Inc. Communication s Eler: t""oni c s Inc . S. G. Stackin Inc . Computer Test Corpora tion Jam es Lees Adverti sing Consolidated Avioni :s Corporation Th e Sta n ley Sc hwa rt z Company Consolidated Elcrtrodynamics Corp. H ixson & Jo r f) ensen Inc. Consolidated Vacuum Corporation Wolff Associates Inc. Controls Company of America Th e H arry P. Bridge Company Corning Glass Works, Electronics Division Th e Rumri ll Company 194 159 104 64 67 69 211 Heinemann Electric Company 154 Tho m as R. Su ndheim Incorpora ted · Hewlett Packard l ennen & N ew ell Inc. l , 2, 47 · Hewlett Packard, Moseley Division 61 Len nen & Newell Inc. ·Hughes Aircraft Company 81 Foot e, Cone & Beld ing Inc Hurst Mfg. Corporation 186 H athaw ay and Associates Inc. Hysol Corporation 1 76 B a rber & D rul la rd Inc. Coors Porcelain Company 127 T a lla nt Yates Ad ve r tising Inc. H. Cross Company M ilc ha r Ad vertis ing Inc. 228 Industrial Electronic Engineers Inc. 225 Gu mper tz, Bent ley & Dola n Advertising Indiana General Corporation 135 The Griswold & Eshlem an Com pany Indium Corporation 196 { Darvoe, B reck & M acFar la nd Inc. Delco Radio Division of General Motors Corp. 134 H . L. Ross Ad v . Inc. Dale Electronics Inc. 70 Swa n son , Sin key, El li s Inc. Ad vertis ing Deutsch Company, The Jo rd a n Fa r re ll In co rpo r ated 198, 199 · For more information on complete product line see advertisement in the latest Elec- Digital Equipment Corporation 22 tronics Buyers' Guide. Ka lb & Sc hn ei der Inc . DuPont de Nemours & Company Inc. O Advertiser i n Overseas Edition r 226 Circle 226 on reader service card Electronics I March 21 , 1966 Electronics advertisers March 21, 1966 - - .. .. . ... IBM Corporation Benton Bowles Inc. Interstate Electronics Corporation H ixson & Jergen sen Inc. 164 147 Jerrold Electronics Corporation 14 Lescarboura Advertisi ng Inc. Kay Electric Company 58 Josephson, Cuffari & Company Lapp Insulator Company Inc. Wolff Associates Inc. Ledex Inc. Yeck and Yeck Ledex Inc. Bramco Control Division Yeck & Yec k LFE H epler & Gib ney Inc. Lockheed California Co. McCann·Erickson Inc. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. McCann-Erickson Inc. 203 184 46 191 126 162 Machlett Laboratories Inc. 9 Fuller & Smith & Ross Inc. · Magnetics Inc. 45 Lando Advertising Inc. Magnetics Metals Company 148 Jo h n B . Ferguso n Jr. Adve rt isi ng M a llory & Company Inc. P.R. A itkin -Kynett Company Inc. 7 3, 76, 77 Marconi Instrument Ltd. 80 Armand Ric hard s Ad vertising Agency Markel & Sons, L. Frank 186 George M oll Advertisi ng Inc. Maryland Telecommunication Incorporated Raymond E. Finn Advertising 168 Mathatronics Inc. 188 Kalb & Schneider Inc. Matthews Research Inc. 192 Com pton Jones Assoc iat es McCoy Electronics Company 48 Buchen Advertising Inc. McGraw Hill Book Company 128 Mepco Inc. 180 Ray Ell is Ad vertising Corporation Micro Instrument Company 205 Bon field Assoc iat es Inc . M i nnesota Mining & Mfg. Company, Scotchpar Electrical 209 Klau -Van Pietersom -Dunl ap Inc. Motorola Inc. 158, 172, 226 Cha rl es Bow es Advertising Inc. Mullard Ltd. 55 Rol es & Pa rker Ltd. N ational Company 66 J. J. Joslin Advertising N avigation Computer Corporation 175 Industria l Publ ic Relat ions Inc. N ew England Instrume nt Company 173 Impact Advertising North Atlantic Industries Inc. 146 Murray Heyert Ad vertising Norton Company 160 J. J. Coppo Company Nytronics Inc. 207 The Stukalin Ad vertising A gency Inc. Phelps Dodge Electronic Products Cor p. 197 Smith, Dorian & Burman Inc. Philco Corporation, Lansdale Div. 36 Batten, Ba rton , Durst ine & Osborn Inc. Philco Corporation, Sierra Div. 166 Hal Lawrence Incorporated O Plessey Oas 2 & 3 Potter Instrument Company 49 M ichel Cather Inc . Precision Instrument Company 165 H al Lawrence Incorporated Radiation Inc. 199 Basford Incorpora t ed Radio Switch Corporation 196 George Homer M a rtin Associa t es Radio Corporation of America Al Paul Left on Compa n y 4th Cover Raytheon Company Fuller & Sm it h & Ross Inc . 74. 75 RCL Electronics Inc. 194 M orvay Adverti sing Agency Reeves Instrument Corp. 177 Duncan Brooks Inc. · O Ribet -DesJardins OAS 7 RHG Electronics La b. 175 S. M . Sac hs & A ssociates Inc. Sangamo Electric Company 68 Winius-Bra ndon Company Secon Metals Corporation 204 Walter J. Zimm erman Associates Inc. Semimetals Inc. 21 9 Duncan Brooks Inc. Shamrock Va n Lines Inc. 20 1 West ern Brands Inc. S-1 Electronics 21 0 Hea ly Advertising Agency Sigma Instruments Inc. The M arsch alk Company Inc. 19 , 20 Signetics Corporation Cunningha m & Walsh Inc. 51 t o 54 O Siliconix Ph d M ac tagart Ad v. OAS 5 Sinclair Radio Laboratories Inc. 187 John E. Hayes Compa ny Inc. Solitron Devices Inc. 50 H asel mire Pea rson Ad vertising Sorensen A Unit of Raytheon Company 11 J am es Ad vertising Inc. D Souriau & Cie Ari a ne Publicite OAS 6 Spectral Dynamics Corporation 63 Teawell Inc. Advertisi ng Spectral Electronics Corporation 17 Jones, Maher, Roberts Adv. Speer Carbon Company 43 Haza rd Advertis ing Compa ny Inc. Sprague Electric Company Ha rry P. Bridge Com pa ny 5, 10, 16 Stackpole Carbon Company 62 M ee k an d Thomas Inc. Sylvania Electric Products Inc. Tatham-Laird & Kudner Inc. 27 to 34 Synthane Corporation 200 A rnd t Prest on Cha p in Lam b & Keen Inc. TRW Electronics 170 Fuller & Smith & Ross Inc. Tally Corporation 169 Bonfield Associates Inc. Taylor Corporation 185 Gray & Rogers Inc. ·Tektronix Inc. H ugh Dwight Ad v. Inc. 20, 2 1 Texas Instruments Incorporated Semiconductor Divisio n 167 Don L. Baxte r In c . Thermal American Fused Qua rtz Co. Inc. 44 Kniep Associates Inc. Tobe Deutschmann Laboratories 202 Eng ineered Adverti sing Transformer Electronics Company 7 Dacey, Wolff Associates Inc. Ultra Carbon Corporation 152 C hurc h a nd Guisew ite Ad vertisi ng Inc . Union Carbide Corporation Linde Division 125 J . M . M athes Incorporation Unitrode Corporation 41 Elect ronic M arketing As sistance United Aircraft Corporation, Vector Division 133 Cunningham & Wa lsh Inc. Victoreen Instrument Company Pa lm & Patterson Inc. Vitra mon T ed Somm ers Inc. 178 193 Wakefield Engineering Inc. Sales Promotion Services Wanlass Electric Company Leland Ol iver Company Inc. White Company, S. S. W . L. Towne Company Inc. Winston Research Corporation Jord a n Farr ell Adv. Wisco Division, The Electric Storage B attery Co. E. L. Spee r Advertisin g Agency 207 114 195 156 207 Classified advertising F. J. Eberle, Business M g r . EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES Equipment (Used or Surplu s New) For Sa le 213-218 2 17 ADVERTISERS INDEX Boston Technical Consulta nts Inc. Department of the Navy U.S. Navy Bureau of Shi ps Fishm a n Co ., P. Genera l Dynamics Electronics Di vision Gener a l Dynamics Genera l Atomic Division Ge neral Electric Co. Geotechnica l Corp. Kaiser Engineers Monmouth Electric Co., Inc. Radio Research Instrument Co. Semiconductor Sales of Ca lif. U.S. Navy N avy Overseas Employment Office 21 7 2 17 21 7 215 213 2 16 2 18 21 4 217 21 7 217 218 · For more i nformation on complete product line see a dvertisement in the latest Electronics Buyers' Guide O Advertisers in Overseas Edition Execut ive, editorial, circulation anct advertising offices: McG ra~·Hill Building, 330 West 42nd Street, New York , N.Y.· 10036. Telephone (2 12) 971-3333. Telety pe TWX N .'(. 2_12 640-4646. Cable: McGrawh1ll. N.Y. Officers o f the McGraw- Hill Publi cations: Joseph H. All en, President; Vice Presidents: J. El t on Tu ohig, Operations; John R. Ca llaham, Editorial; Ervin E. OeGraff, Circulation; Donald C. M cGraw, Jr.· A dvertisin g Sales; A n~elo R. Venez 1an, Marketing. Officers of the Corpo ration: Donald C. McGraw, Chai rman of t he Boa rd ; Shelton Fisher, President ; L. Keith Goodrich, Hugh J . Kelly and Robert E. Slaughte r , Executive Vice Presidents; John J . Cooke, Vice President and Secretary; John L. McGraw, Tr~asurer. Title R registered U . S. Paten t Office; © copyright 1966 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved, including the right to rep rod uce the co ntents of th i s public ation , in whole or m part. Electronics I March 21, 1966 227 Rolled Metal Ribbon &Sirius (THINK OF CROSS FIRST) MAJOR MICROWAVE MANUFACTURERS DO! Top manufacturers like Microwave Associates, Watkins-Johnson, Varian Associates and Raytheon use CROSS -rolled ribbons for their most f inicky chores .That's because CROSS rolls molybdenum and tungsten down to tolerances of ± .0001. CROSS is the only company to do so on a production basis. CROSS rolls tantalum , columbium , zirconium, rhenium moly, titanium , vanadium , coppe r, n i ckel , alloys and standard metals. CROSS will roll strips to precise order, meet any demand for precision metals. There 's a good reason why top companies think of CROSS first-because if CROSS does it - it 's right the first time! Join the top manufacturers who ' ve found out how perfectly CROSS meets your most exacting metal requirements. Phone or write today. H. CROSS CO. 363 Park Ave. Weehawken, N. J. 201-UNion 3-1134 Advertising sales staff Gordon Jones [212) 971 -2210 Advertising sales manager Atlanta, Ga. 30309: Gus H. Krimsier, Michael H . M iller, 1375 Peachtree St. N.E., [404] TR 5-0523 Boston, Mass. 02116: William S. Hodgkin son c o McGraw-H ill Bu il ding , Copley Square, [617] 2-1160 Chicago, Ill. 60611: Robert M. Denmead, J. Bradley MacKimm 645 North Michigan Avenue, [312] MO 4-5800 Cleveland, Ohio 44113: Paul T. Fegley, 55 Public Square, [216] SU 1-7000 Dallas, Texas 75201 : Richard P. Poole. The Vaughn Building, 1712 Commerce Street, [2 14] RI 7-9721 Denver, Colo. 80202: Joseph C. Page, David M . Watson, Tower Bldg ., 1700 Broadway, [303] 255-5484 Detroit, Michigan 48226: Paul T. Fegley 856 Penobscot Building [313] 962-1793 Houston, Texas 77002: Kenneth George, 2270 Humb le Bld g ., [713] CA 4-8381 Los Angeles, Calif. 90017: Ian C. Hill , John G . Z isch , 1125 W. 6th St., [213] HU 2-5450 Minneapolis, Minn. 55402: J. Bradley MacKimm 1104 Northstar Center (612) 332-7425 New York, N . Y. 10036: Donald R. Furth [212] 971 -3 615 Frank LeBeau [212] 971 -3615 George F. Werner [212] 971 -3615 500 Fifth Avenue Phlladelphla, Pa. 19103: William J. Boyle, Warren H . Gardne r, 6 Penn Center Plaza, [215] LO 8 -6161 Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222: Paul T. Fegley, 4 Gateway Center, (412) 391 -1314 Portland, Ore. 97204: James T. Hau ptl i, Pacific Build ing, Yamhill Street, (503) CA3-5 ll 8 St. Louis, Mo. 63105: Robert M . Denmead The Clayton Tower, 7751 Carondelet Ave. [314] PA5-7285 San Francisco, Calif. 94111: James T. Hauptli, 255 Cal ifornia Street, [415] DO 2-4600 London Wl : John W. Patten, Edwin S. Murphy Jr., 34 Dover Street, Hyde Park 1451 Miian: 1, via Baracch ini Phone: 86-90-617 86-90-6 56 Frankfurt/Main: Gerd Hinske, Joseph Wuensch, 85 Westendstrasse Phone: 77 26 65 and 77 30 59 Geneva : M ichae l R. Zeyne, l, rue du Temple Phone : 31 95 60 Paris VIII: Den is Jacob, 17 Avenue Matignon ALMA-0452 Tokyo: Nobuyuki Sato, 1, Kotoh iracho Shi b a, Minato-Ku (502) 0656 Osaka: Ryosi Kobayash i, 163, Umegee-cho, Kilta -ku [362] 8771 Hugh J. Quinn: [212] 971 -2335 Manager Electronics Buyers' Guide David M . Tempest: [212] 971 -3 139 Promotion manager Milton Drake: [212] 971 -3485 Market research manager Wallace C. Carmichael [212] 971-3191 Business manager Stephen R. Weiss [212] 971 -2044 Production manager 228 Circle 228 on reader service card MINIATURE CLIP ~~k~ "~~~s~~,, Connections $_1jl$ Make test connecti ans never before possible with world's smallest connector . . . actually reach 13/s " through -iii " hole . reach V· " through .080 slot. Insures positive hook-up ... won ' t jump off . Fully insulated t o prevent shorting out. Ideal for printed circuits , transistor sets, CB transceivers , computer units , an d for temporary muscle and nerve connections in (Heart) surgery. No. XlOO E-Z-M ini- HOOK " Q" Ball Cl i p only, 49c . . . No. AX -1 Test Lead (. 080 t i p), B9c ea . No. BX -1 Lead (banana tip) 94< ea. Unique Design HARNESS BOARD CLIP 1 Saves on board con- struction. Saves on cable assembly . . . increases production, improves quality. Write for reprint telling how a firm estimates savings at $20 ,000 annually with this clip. Only 14<' each in 250 quantity. Both i t ems cataloged in EEM Radio Master, VSMF. Satisfaction guaranteed . Order from distributor or direct. No. 81-1 E-Z- HOOK " Nai l " Clip CUse T-20 Tooll 24C ea. - 10 for 1.98 No. K8150T-l " Nai l " Cl i p Ki t (50 Clips Tool & Instr.) Wt. 2 oz. - ea. B.95 No. T-20 E-Z- HOOK " Nai l " Cli p Driving Too l Wt. i , oz. - ea. .35 E-Z-HOOK® BOX 105, COVINGTON , KY. 41012 Circle 230 on reader service card Reprint order form Send to: Electronics Reprint Dept. 330 West 42nd Street New York, N. Y. 10036 For listing of reprints available see the reader service card. To help expedite mailing of your reprints please send cash, check or money order with your order. For reprints of the latest special report: U. S. Electronics Markets 1966 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Send me reprints of key no R-85 at 50¢ each. '> - !:::, For reprints of previous special reports fill in below: Send me no.(s) reprints of key ' at ¢each . ' For prices see the reader service card. Name ..... . . . . . ..... .. .... . ... . . Number & Street . . .. .. ...... . ... . City, State Zip code Electronics I March 21 , 1966 -t