Piping away heat for reliability 94 LSI: determining optimum complexity 126 Federal budget puts crunch on electronics 141 · I $1 .00 A McGraw-Hill Publication February 16, 1970 Use the 1882 l·MHz Automatic Capacitance Bridge from General Radio·· with accuracy specified at the unknown! At 1-MHz, the typical 3-terminal capacitance tester, with a 4-foot cable to a 1000-pF unknown, adds about a 4-percent error to the readout. GR's 1682 has four-terminal Kelvin connections that minimize lead-impedance effects and preserve the accuracy of the bridge at the component, even with low-impedance unknowns. And an additional guard terminal provides a similar safeguard for high impedances, whose measurement might be affected by stray capacitance to ground. The true accuracy of the 1682 is 0.1% of the unknown value from 1 to 2000 pF and 1% up to 20 n F. Conductance accuracy is 1% from 1 to 2000 µmhos ; 10% up to 20 millimhos. The front panel displays 5 digits of capacitance and 4 digits of conductance simultaneously, plus automatic decimal points and units of measurement. 20 measurements per second can be made for ±10%of-full-scale differences in unknowns, and up to 50 per second for closer tolerance components. An internal bias of 0 to 100 V is supplied; up to 200 V can be applied externally. Low-level or high-level BCD output and remote programmability can be added. Test fixtures are available for axial leads and GR900® or GR874® terminals. Prices in U.S. start at $3940 ; quantity discounts are available for lots of two or more. For more information write General Radio Company, West Concord , Mass. 01781 or telephone (617) 369-4400. In Europe write Postfach 124, CH 8034 Zurich, I Switzerland. GENERAL RADIO ~ Circle 900 on reader service card I The best gets better. The HP 5248 General-Purpose Counter can now measure to 3 GHz with a single plug-in-without any gaps. This is made possible by our new 150 MHz to 3 GHz Heterodyne Converter, Model 5254C, and by extending the direct counting range of the 5248 counter mainframe to 150 MHz. There's another benefit unique to these instruments that's not immediately apparent. Converter and counter ranges actually overlap so you derive the final answer by merely adding the converter dial reading and counter reading. There's no need to remember to subtract readings over any part of the frequency range. Even before the latest improvements, no other counter could match the usefulness and flexibility of the 524 5 Series. We now offer fourteen different plug-ins to help you make all the measurements you need. These include six frequency converters ; transfer oscillator to 18 GHz ; two time interval units; two prescalers; video amplifier; DVM; and preset unit. And you can't beat the 5245 line for reliability either. Its remarkable dependability has made it extremely popular, particularly with rental firms-some of our best customers. When their clients rent an HP counter, rental firms know they won't lose rental fees because of downtime. The price of the new 5254C Heterodyne Converter is $825. The 5248L counter is $2900. You won't find a more economical single-package solution to your de to 3 GHz counter needs. Your local HP field office has all the details. Give them a call. Or write to Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, California 94304; Europe: 1217 Meyrin-Geneva, Switzerland. ·r. ... k!.~I .:· o c :. e . -· HEWLETT"' PACKARD ELECTRONIC COUNTERS 0 2 91 8 Circle 1 on reader service card There's a new reason why this continues tO be the world's most popular counter line. 149987. l~) SENS illi/Tf !VOLTS RM S) · L\~[ . .. GrE :~ Rrro 11.J;G!N ·ryE SASE OVEN '"'' 101911 Jmt 10 111 '" l;1s U T 011.., ·RESE' FJ~CTION 525 4C FREQUENCY CON VERTER .15-3.0 GHZ @el] HEWLETT . PACKARD Aux ouT 1-50 MHz 1~ I I ' \ '\ \ .· ' ~ INPUT 500 CAUTION +20 DBM MAX Now you can make frequency measurements instantaneously. You're looking at the frequency of an information-carrying pulse measured the instant it occurred. Another important breakthrough made possible by the HP 5360A Computing Counter. This counter is ideal for measuring the frequency profile of even the most advanced communications systems, such as chi rp radar and other pulse compression types. As well as pulsed RF, tone bursts and transient signals. You can measure the Doppler effect on a pulse, and check the incidental FM within the burst. And do it all with accuracy. Unlike other methods, measurement with the 5360A is not duty-cycle-limited. So you can catch a single pulse, like the one pictured below. And even in short bursts of a microsecond, four digits of frequency information can be obtained. You can measure the frequency of an RF burst automatically. Also, by triggering the counter, direct instantaneous measurements may be made anywhere with in the RF envelope. This feature allows, for example, the frequency profile of a Doppler radar pulse to be measured with ease and accuracy. With the 5360A mainframe, you can measure from .01 Hz to 320 MHz. Add plug-ins from the popular 5245 counter series, and you can go all the way to 18 GHz. And if you wish, order the 5375A Keyboard which adds extra versatility in programming the counter and in computation involving the measurements as variables. And the 5379A plug-in affords unprecedented versatility and accuracy in time interval measurement, with resolution to 100 picoseconds. If you'd like to see how easily the 5360A Computing Counter can handle your frequencies for $6500, just call your local HP field office. Or write to Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, California 94304 ; Europe: 1217 Meyrin-Geneva, Switzerland. HEWLETT"' PACKARD ELECTRONIC COUNTERS 02919 Circle 2 on reader service card L · -_j MA~NOR~ CYCLE RATE 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 JO II AUTO FU NCTI ON ··. . . , , . . -- PCRIOO I INP U T I SLOPE AUT · t . . + · XIO 0 XI I Electronics Volume No. 43. Number 4 February 16, 1970 Features Probing the News 141 Federal budget: Fiscal 1970 plans will cut deeply into electronics 142 Military electronics: Politics, inflation to take heavy toll in defense spending 146 Space electronics: Space age shifts into a lower gear 159 Government electronics: Best bets are police and air traffic control U.S. Reports 43 Computers: Memory goes step past mainframe 44 Space electronics: Millimeter-wave experiment for ATS-F 45 Memories: Unique technique for encoding information 46 Medical electronics: Ultrasonic tooth decay detector 48 Commercial electronics: Sensors to measure water poHution 50 Displays: Circuitry for flat-faced cathode-ray tube 52 Communications: IFCC ·rulings boon to private CATV operators 54 Components: Detector diode with wide temperature range 57 For the record Electronics International 71 Japan: Radiation and electricity alter MAS memory 72 France: Fashioning a model 73 Great Britain: Two crt's help read the stars 73 West Germany: Fast printout 74 Poland: Reckoning on computers New Products 157 In the spotlight 157 Analyzer bares junctions' secrets 163 Production equipment review 163 Compact CO, laser delivers 300 w 168 Probe checks flatness of substrate 170 Subassemblies review 170 Mask aligner accurate to 1 micron 175 Instruments review 175 Counters measure up to 500 Mhz 178 Modulator, synthesizer combined 181 Semiconductor review 181 MOS memory is bipolar-compatible 184 Scratchpad outputs to TTL, DTL 188 New materials Title R registered U.S. Patent Office; © copyright 1970 by McGraw-Hill Inc. All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce the contents of this publication In whole or In part. Electronics I February 16, 1970 Articles Industrial 94 Heat pipes-a cool way to cool circuitry electronics Heat transfer devices rely on vapor heat transfer and capillary action C.H. Dutcher Jr. and M.R. Burke, Electronic Communications Inc. Data 101 processing Laser recorders pick up where magnetic machines leave off in speed, capacity Capable of recording 21.8 million bits per second, laser systems promise to have a strong impact on high-volume data processing Stanley Parnas of Synergistics, and C.J. Peters Circuit design 104 Designer's casebook · Feedback circuit checks thermal resistance ·Zener diode in op amp's loop allows symmetrical clipping ·!C's gate FET's for roll rate data Memories 109 Random-access MOS memory packs more bits to the chip Eliminating separate feedback for each bit in the design of a 1,024-bit memory leads to major cost reductions Lee Boysel, Wallace Chan, and Jack Faith, Four-Phase Systems Packaging 116 Multilayer p-c boards are both rigid and flexible in all the right places Available materials, including polyimide films, can open up new design options Raymond A. Grueninger, International Business Machines Corp. Instrumentation 122 Frequency meter, comparator, phase meter in one box Crystal -controlled unit for calibration and measurement is portable and compact Arthur Delagrange and Robert Davis, Naval Ordnance Laboratory Integrated 120 electronics What level of LSI is best for you? Mathematical models can determine what's best suited for your design G.E. Moore, Intel Corp. Departments 4 Editorial Comment 69 International Newsletter 5 Readers Comment 83 Washington Newsletter 9 Who's Who in this issue 190 New Books 14 Who's Who in electronics 194 Technical Abstracts 22 Meetings 199 New Literature 33 Electronics Newsletter 3 Electronics Editor-in-Chief: Donald Christiansen Senior staff editors Technical: Stephen E. Scrupski News: Robert Henkel International: Arthur Erikson Art director: Gerald Ferguson Assistant managing editors: H. Thomas Maguire, Howard Wolff, William Bucci, Richard Gundlach, Frederick Corey Special projects editor: Roger Kenneth Field Senior staff writer: John Johnsrud Reader communications manager: John Drummond February 16, 1970 Department editors Senior associate editors: Joseph Mittleman, Harry R. Karp; Advanced technology: Laurence Altman; Communications: Leon M.Magill; Computers: Wallace B. Riley, George Weiss; Design theory: Joseph Mittleman; Industrial electronics: Harry R. Karp; Instrumentation: Owen Doyle; Military/Aerospace: Alfred Rosenblatt; New products: William P. O'Brien; Solid state: George Watson, Stephen Wm. Fields Copy editors: Edward Flinn, William S. Weiss Assistant art director: Charles Ciatto Production editors: Susan Hurlburt, Arthur C. Miller; Editorial research: Virginia Mundt; Edi· torial secretaries: Claire Goodlin, Bernice Pawlak, Barbara Razulis, Vickie Green, Terri O'Neill. Field bureaus Boston: James Brinton, manager; Gail Farrell; Los Angeles: Lawrence Curran, manager; Ralph Selph; New York: Peter Schuyten; San Francisco: Stephen Wm. Fields, Marilyn Howey; Washington: Ray Connolly, manager; Robert Westgate, Lois Vermillion; Frankfurt: John Gosch; London: Michael Payne; Paris: Arthur Erikson; Tokyo: Charles Cohen Reprints: Virginia Mundt; Circulation: lsaaca Siegel Publisher: Gordon Jones Associate publisher: Dan McMillan Assistanttothe publisher: Wallace C. Carmichael Japan: Down with rice, up with computers e Japan's successes in the electronics markets it already has tackled are spurring the country to even more ambitious plans. In just a few years, Japan expects to supply nearly all of its large-scale computer requirements; it already produces three-quarters of the computers for its domestic market, representing about half the dollar volume. And the nation hopes to enhance its worldwide position in consumer electronics, and to penetrate industrial markets. Among the major factors that suggest Japan's ambitious goals will be fulfilled are these: ~The Japanese Finance Ministry favors sharply increased military spending as well as substantial outlays for developments in science and technology. ~ The government continues its strong role in defining major technological goals and takes a hand in guiding those developments aimed at meeting them. It wants to spend less money to subsidize production of such traditional products as rice (which for years has been in excess supply), and spend more to develop products with high-technology content. ~Japan has embarked upon a government-supported supercomputer project whose charter is to develop high-performance computers that make extensive use of integrated circuits. The project is expected to set the pace for computer developments, if not lead to a commercial large-scale computer. ~Japan continues to strongly support protection of its electronics industry, particularly computers, IC's, and defenserelated products. The proposed boost in military spending to $1.6 billion, while a pittance by U.S. standards, nevertheless represents a significant 17.7 % increase over the 1969 outlay. This could portend important developments in surface-to-air missiles, naval vessels, aircraft, and tanks. In the consumer sector, Japan continues to push state-ofthe-art boundaries by assigning its top-notch engineers to equipment design. As the nation advances into new consumer areas, it should not be surprising to find Japanese engineers leap-frogging U.S. designs. Clearly, these factors represent a strong challenge to the U.S. electronics business. In particular, the burning desire of the Japanese to spend their limited funds wisely and apply their resources efficiently should give pause to many e a U.S. technologist.-D.C. Sermon on the launchpad e Back in 1938, Franklin D. Roosevelt called the concentra- tion of economic power in the U.S. a threat to the nation. And in so doing, he aligned himself with those whose "basic thesis is not that the system of free private enterprise for profit has failed in this generation, but that it has not yet been tried." FDR addressed those words to America's industries. But apply those words to America's governmental bodies at every level and they come close to the views of the present White House occupant. Richard Nixon contends he wants to break down "big government," with its associated inefficiencies, over-regulation, and expense. One significant step back from excessive regulation has just been taken in the Administration's recommendation to the Federal Communications Commission that domestic Published every other Monday by. McGraw-Hiii, Inc. Founder: James H. McGraw 1860-1948. Publlcatlon oftlce 99 North Broadway, Albany, N. y. 12202; second class postage paid at Albany, N. Y. and additional malling offices. Executive, editorial, circulation and advertising addresses: Electronics, McGraw-Hiii Building, 330 w. 42nd Str'eet, New Yor"k, N. Y. 10036. Telephone {212) 971·3333. Teletype TWX N. Y. 710-581-4235. Cable address: MCGRAW H I LL N. Y. Subscriptions sollclted only from those professionally engaged In electronics technology. Subscription rates: quallfled subscribers In the United States and possessions and Canada, $8.00 one year, $12.00 two years, $16.00 three years; all other countries $25.00 one year. Non.qualified subscribers in the u.s. and possessions and Canada, $25.00 one year; all other countries $50.00. Air freight service to Japan $50.00 one year. Single copies: united States and possessions and Canada, $1.00; all other countries, $1.75. Officers of McGiraw·Hlll Publlcatlons Company: Joseph H. Allen, President; John R. Emery, J. Elton Tuohlg, Senior Vice Presidents: Gordon L. Jones Jr., Group Vice President; Vice Presidents: John R. Callaham, Editorial; John M. Holden, Marketing; oa·vld G. Jensen, Manufacturing; Jerome D. Luntz, Planning & Development; Robert F. Marshall, Administration; Robert M. Wiiheim)', Finance; Director of Circulation: Ralph Blackburn. Officers of the Corporation: Shelton Fisher, President and Chief Executive Officer; John J. Cooke. senior Vice President and Secretary; Cordon W. McKinley. Vice President and Treasurer. !:N.~oJ!i t~~g~~t~~=~t l~f ~;,:;::::~"!w°n~1:.e: © Cop)'rlght 1970 by McGraw.Hiii, Inc. All rights reserved, The contents of this publication mav not be reproduced either In whole or In part Subscribers: The publisher, upon written request to our New York office from an)' subscriber, agrees to refund that part of the subscription price applying to ·copies not vet malled. Please send change of address notices or complaints to Fulflllment Manager; subscription orders to Clrculatlon .Manager, Electronlcs at address below. Change of address notices should provide old as well as new address, Including postal zip code number. If possible, attach address label from recent Issue. Allow one month for change to become effective. Postmaster: Please send form 3579 to Fulfillment Manager, Electronics, P.O. Box 430, Hightstown, New Jerse)' 08520. 4 I Electronics February 16, 1790 Readers Comment ~ satellite systems · be opened to competitive development. Except for the Communications Satellite Corp., just about everyone in the communications industry hailed the White House proposal. General Electric's Richard P. Gifford, one of industry's leading communications planners, called it "a breath of fresh air." The American Telephone & Telegraph Co. deigned to call the White House view "consistent" with its own, and indicated it plans to file for a satellite system, pending FCC approval. Broadcasters indicated similar plans for tv-signal transmission using their own satel1ite, and the Electronic Industries Association praised the White House statement as one with "sound philosophic and economic underpinnings." Clearly, the White House recommendation seems to be a good one. Assuming the FCC will adopt it as policy for the three-to-five-year interim period proposed, the Administration might do well to look at the commission that will administer the plan. The undermanned, underfunded FCC is badly in need of reorganization itself. Though chairman Dean Burch has said he recognizes this need, a successful revamping requires the broader perspective that only the White House can give it. The need to bring a moribund FCC into the space age deserves the serious and outspoken consideration of the communications industry, too. It's no secret that the commission has long been alleged to be the tool of the industries it serves. Obtaining freedom from the bonds of excessive regulation is one thing. But substituting another, and, hopefully, better e system is something else.-R.C. McGraw-Hill News Service Director: Arthur L. Moore; Atlanta: Fran Ridgway; Chicago: Robert E. Lee; Cleveland: Arthur Zimmerman; Dallas: Marvin Reid;.Detroit: James Wargo; Houston: Barbara LaRouax; Los Angeles: Michael Murphy; San Francisco: Margaret Dressel, Tyler Marshall; Seattle: Ray Bloomberg; Washington: Charles Gardner, James Canan, Herbert W. Cheshire, Seth Payne, Warren Burkett, William D. Hickman; Bonn: Robert F. Ingersoll; Brussels: James Smith; Hong Kong: Kate Mattock; London: John Shinn; Mexico City: Gerald Parkinson; Milan: Jack Star; Moscow: Jack Winkler; Paris: Robert E. Farrell, Stewart Toy; Tokyo: Marvin Petal Electronics I February 16, 1970 In search of quality To the Editor: I found your special feature on communica- tions [Nov. 24, 1969, p. 73] very interesting. All the dreams described were great. But, why do I have so much trouble finding a communications receiver to replace my National NC 57? It is now 20 years old, with a FET Q multiplier, and still does the job. By contrast, I had to return a "modern" receiver for unsatisfactory performance. Even if I were to spend $1,600 for a National HRO 500, some important features would still be missing. This general falloff in quality was highlighted recently by a notice from one of my favorite suppliers that the Drake SPR-4 has been delayed in manufacture due to the lack of quality components. It isn't necessary to have an engineering degree to realize that if good components can't be located, good circuits can't be built-at any price. I believe this to be a sorry situation. What is the value of all this new technology, if the end product is just about worthless. James E. Davis Washington Unknown to many To the Editor: In your examination of technology in the 1970's [Jan. 5, p. 105], you say that only when mixer diodes have a constant impedence with frequency will the multi-octave mixers become a reality. You further add that this isn't likely to occur in 1970. I would like to point out that this projection is incorrect as RHG Electronics Laboratory developed such a mixer in 1969 and is currently promoting this device. The beam-lead Schottky diodes used in this mixer are being provided by Sylvania and are being manufactured to specifications jointly arrived at by RHG and Sylvania. Ronald B.Hirsch President, RHG Electronics Laboratory Inc. Farmingdale, N.Y. ·Communications engineers interviewed for Electronics' technology report were not aware of RHG's multi-octave mixer, which operates between 0.5 and 8 gigahertz. A 0.5-to-12-Ghz mixer is now in the works at RHG. Arithmetic, too To the Editor: Your new products section announced a new computer, DEC PDP-11 [Jan. 5, p. 161], using a common bus structure upon which subsystems are connected. While the article (continued on p. 6) 5 Increasingly important in military equipment philosophy is the field or line replacement module. With this Curtis Elapsed Time Indicator mounted on each functional replaceable module of your system you have an accurate record of operating hours for each individual module regardless of its installation history. Operating time record becomes part of module . Unit is extremely small, weighs little, uses little power, and is not expensive! For full details, ask for information on Model 620-PC. Meets require ments of MS 3311 (AS). 6 Circle 6 on reader service card Readers Comment The GRI 909-aimed at OEM market. references the contributions made to this concept by our own GRI-909 computer, I feel the statement, "the GRI-909 has no arithmetic unit in its standard model," is misleading. Indeed, in most configurations multiple or special arithmetic, or both, and logic operators are included with considerably more computing power than is found in most computers in the miniclass. The GRI-909 actually represents a full family of computers. The version we define as standard contains two arithmetic units. One performs simple arithmetic operations on data being transferred on the Hy from register to register. The other unit contains two independent registers that allow arithmetic and logical operations to be performed without altering the input operands. In its most basic form, the GRI-909 can be provided without the latter arithmetic operator for control operations involving limited or no arithmetic-such as in communication terminals. It is not necessary to purchase an arithmetic operator unless actually required. By contrast, more complex operations might utilize multiple arithmetic operators or special plug-in operators such as multiplyI divide, square root or byte manipulation hardware which add instructions to the basic computer on a modular basis, and also add computing power. The modular concept of the GRI-909, therefore, allows the user to choose exactly what he needs. Irwin M. Stone Director of marketing, GRI Computer Corp. Newton, Mass. Profit motive To the Editor When the Soviet Union wishes to advance economically, it looks to the West for technological assistance. Now, Soviet planners are looking to increase the state of automation in their country by purchasing modern computing machinery from Western companies [Jan. 19, p. 137]. I don't believe that businessmen in vVestern countries should be so eager to sell their equipment-thereby rendering assistance to the Soviet Union-when that country seems to ignore the individual rights of its people. I think that these profit-oriented businessmen should also consider whether it is morally correct to sell their equipment to the Soviet Union. Ernst F. Germann Austin, Texas ,.----------- -------------, SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE 1--~~~~~~~~~--i l Please include an Electronics Magazine address label to insure prompt service whenever you write us about your subscription. Mall toi Fulfillment Manager Electronics P.O. Box 430 Hichtstown, N.J. 08520 ATTHAECRHE CHANGE'-OF-A-DD-RES-S --- 1IIIII LABEL If you are moving, please let us know five weeks before changing your.address. Place magazine address label here, print your new address below. To subscribe mail this form with your payment and check O new subscription D renew my present subscription Subscription rates: qualified subscribers in the U.S.: 1 year $8; two years, $12; three yea.rs, L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ $16. Non-qualified: 1 year $25. Subscription rites for foreicn countries available on request. ~-~~-~~~~~1 name -add-res-s -------------~II ~~~~~~~~~~I - - - - - - - - - - - city · state zip code _J Electronics I February 16, 1970 T0-3 T0-63 To the eye, the only difference between Pirgo power transistors and other makes is the name behind them. But that's quite a difference. Pirgo is a new company-not committed to old ways of doing things. We have the most modern equipment and quality control facilities for the production of NPN and PNP planar silicon transistors rated from 2 thru 90 amps. Pirgo's management group grew up with the semiconductor industry. We are staffed with skilled management and engineers of the highest technical capability. Pirgo is an affiliate of the Sprague Electric Company, and draws upon the full resources and sales staff of Sprague. All of this translates to high reliability, outstanding service, and on-time delivery. Even our low price policy is unusual. Don't take our word for it. Ask for a copy of our new catalog, then send us your toughest spec. Or contact your local Sprague Electric sales engineer. We'll show you what a difference a name makes. Pirgo products are available from authorized Sprague semiconductor distributors. ELECTRONICS INC. A Sprague Electric Company Affiliate 130 CENTRAL AVENUE FARMINGDALE, NEW YORK 11735 Tel.: 516-694-9880 Electronics I February 16, 1970 Circle 7 on reader service card 7 m.ore functions in less space radiation hardened magnetic Flat Pak modulators, analog multipliers, demodulators mount directly on IC cards. · Flat Pak design only 0.1 " thick. · Zero Hysteresis. ·Hybrid assemblies mount directly on IC cards. · Space saver design ... typical dimensions 0.1 " thick x 0.5" x 0.75" . ·Rugged design, extreme reliability. MTBF design goal 0.25 per million hours. · Extremely low drift over -55 ° to + 125°C range. · Not affected by high intensity nuclear radiation. · Capable of operating on carrier frequencies as high as five Mhz. · One or more isolated or floating input signals may be used for modulating, multiplying, dividing, squaring or extracting a root. ·No external nulling or offset adjustments. · No additional components or compensation required . ·No external operational amplifiers required. ·Standard ± 15 V DC power supplier unless otherwise specified. As an Analog Multiplier of a Bipolar DC signal times an AC signal , the output product accuracy is 1% of point, or 2 MV, wtiichever is greater over a dynamic range of 10,000 :1 in each quadrant. + Over the temperature range of - 55 °C to 125 °C, the following parameters hold : 1) Zero Point Drift : ... Less than 2 MV of in phase component 2)Gain Slope Stability : ..................... .. .. Less than 2% ch ange 3) Dynamic range and output wave quality independent of temperature variations Typical input/output parameters: X Signal: .............................. ............... ................ ......... O to ± 5V Y Signal : ............................................ .. ........................ Oto ± 5V Output: ... .... ........... O to 5V RMS across 5K or greater load impedance Magnetic DC x DC Multiplier Squaring Square Root MAGNETIC MULTIPLIERS Dynamic Product Range so db Magnetic Modulators Dynamic Range: 60 db Division Amplitude Modulation There is No Substitute for Reliability · 1-+J · ~ GENERAL MAGNETICS, INC. 135 Bloomfield Avenue, Bloomfield , New Jersey 07003 Who's Who in this issue Burke Dutcher A varied background is one of the strongest assets of Clinton H. Dutcher Jr., author of the article that begins on page 94. A group leader at Electronic Communications Inc.'s R&D division, Dutcher worked on spectral analysis of f-m noise at Bell Labs prior to earning a Ph.D. from Florida University. Co-author Michael R. Burke, who holds a degree from the University of Illinois, now is with Honeyweli's Aerospace division. Moore Firsts have been a specialty of Gordon E. Moore, author of the article starting on page 126. Under his direction, the Fairchild Semiconductor R&D laboratory scored several firsts, including planar !Cs. Moore is now an Intel vice president. Grueninger A stickler for selecting the right materials and processes for multilayer circuit boards _is Raymond A. Grueninger, who wrote the article starting on page 116. He's with IBM's Electronics Systems Center, and studied chemical engineering. Boysel Chan Faith The art of the possible isn't con.fined to politics alone, as Lee Boysel, Wallace Chan, and Jack Faith point out in the article beginning on page 109. All three delved into the possibilities inherent in MOS/ LSI at Fairchild Semiconductor before moving to Four-Phase Systems. Boysel, president, founded the firm in 1968. Then he recruited Chan, who heads the MOS/LSI design section, and Faith, who is Four-Phase's chief engineer. Stanley Parnas and Jack Peters, authors of the article beginning on page 101, both are veterans of Sylvania's Applied Research Laboratory. When Synergistics bought the lab in 1969, Peters left to form a consulting firm, while Parnas stayed on. Peters joined Sylvania in 1957; Parnas signed on in 1968. +Circle 8 on reader service card Arthur Delagrange and Robert Davis, who wrote the article that starts on page 122, met at MIT, where they received MS degrees in electrical engineering. Both men returned to the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, where they had worked as students. Now they work on digital and analog design at NOL. 9 ----=-=--=-::: - California builds a giant water faucet and F&M Systems turns i·t on... with 7,000 logic assemblies from TI Supply. Californi a is building a gigantic "water faucet." It's a statewide, 444mile aqueduct utilizing a complex control syst e m to govern the delivery of water down the fertile San Joaquin Valley to the Los Angeles basin. F & M Systems Co. (Dallas), a division of Fischbach and Moore, Incorporated, is prime contractor for the major portion of the control system for the California Aqueduct of the State Water Project. This portion includes 37 remote, unmanned sites and two area control centers, each of which will scan all functions at the remote sites under its jurisdiction in less than a minute. For so complex a control system, F & M Systems not only needed a dependable supply of electronic components but also a reliable source for assembling the 7,000 logic cards. Photo courtesy State of California, Department of Water Resources. They found it at TI Supply. From stock, we furnished DTL integrated circuits, discrete semiconductors, capacitors and resistors, removing the inventory burden from F & M Systems. We also provided the capabi lity for testing all components, assembling them on P/C boards, testing the completed assemb li es and delivering on time. On budget. If that's your idea of service, then call on us. For we offer more. Custom -m arking and connector assembly to save time and money. "Burn-in" services to assure highreliability semiconductors. In-depth stocks of electronic components and industrial supplies that keep what yo u n eed on our shelves and not on yours. The point is, we're out to solve your problems and help you grow. And we've got 51 world-wide location s to back up our promise. Isn't that worth a call? At TI Supply: a DTL reservoir. Tap it, like F&M Systems did, to start a stream of DTL ICs flowing your way. All you want, in the quantities you want at the time you want. Our pipelines keep ou1· reservoir full to the brim on all of Tl's 33 DTL functions. That's a broad choice that makes selection simple; delivery that saves time, trouble and money. Even more money when you order DTL ICs from us in the economical, reliable plastic dual-in-line package. And if you want technical literature, cross-reference data, application ass istance or other problem-solving help, you can get that, too. To tap TI Supply call yo ur nearest branch office or write TI Supply Co., P.O. Box 35486, Dallas, Texas 75235. ~ Tl SUPPL Y... the problem solvers. EAST Boston (Canton). Mass. (617) 828-5020 Clark. New Jersey (201) 382-6400 New York , New York (212) 895·0803 or (516) 488·3300 Ph1ladelph1a (2 15) 664·1 t32 MIDWEST Kansas City. Missouri (816) 753-4750 Minneapolis (Edina). Minn. (612) 941-5020 Chicago (Rosemont), Ill. (312) 296· 7187 Wichita (Derby) . Kansas (316) 788· 1714 Electronics J February 16, 1970 SOUTHWEST Aust in. Texas (512) 454-2531 Dallas, Texas (214) 357-6121 Fort Worth , Texas (817) 332-9361 Houston . Texas (713) 785-4800 Tulsa . Oklahoma (918) 437-4555 WEST Los Angeles. California (213) 776-4490 Denver. Colorado (303) 757-7671 San Francisco (Sunnyvale) . Calif. (408) 732 -5555 CANADA Montreal (St. Laurent) , P.O. (5.14) 332-3550 Toronto (Richmond Hill), P.O. (416) 889-0844 Ottawa. P.O. (613) 825-3716 11 r------------------------, I TIL 0 2 DECODING I I I I I OM8830 TTL 0 1 DECOC ING I I I I I I : I L------------------------~ 40pt 200pf 11 0 IN 12 NH0012C 40pf 11 12 NH0012C ~-----i6 200pt 0 0UT Vss= + 12V 2K MM510 Vu=-6V ----, .----- 1 I I I MM510 I I I I L...----- I ----~ ----, r----- 1 I : MM510 I I I I L...----- - - - - - 'I r-----------, I I : MM510 : I I I I L._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ...J HIGH SPEED MOS CLOCK DRIVER C1 0 .01 ~F LINE DRIVER Vee is 4.SV to 5.SV for both !he OM7820 and DM7830 2 l OTL/TIL ( LOGIC ) INPUTS 4 EXPANDER INPUT RELAY COIL RELAY DRIVER 10 OUTPUT 327 LAMPS 3 4 SRTEAR~T ETI OUTPUT STROBE LINE RECEIVER T5005m0v A ALARM 10 Vee NH0018CN -------~-------------- --, I I I I I I I I I __ JI LATCH INPUT TO POWER SUPPLY \ - !'USH TO .l_TEST LAMP DRIVER WITH EXPANDED INPUTS 12 ~ 600 3T05V POWER SUPPLY MONITOR Electronics I February 16, 1970 A B c D DTL OR TIL CLOCK o--.BIFILAR STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER FOR CLOSED LOOP STEPPER MOTOR Vu= + SV MM5050/ MM5051 STATIC REGISTER r-----------------------, I I I +s I I I I I 10 I I I I I NH0007C I L------- - ------------- - -~ DRIVING STATIC MOS REGISTERS C 1N r---1 I I I I I I IL ___ _ I I I I V. DM7830/ DMB830 I -------------~ ~--.- 0 0UT DRIVING DYNAMIC MOS REGISTERS Vss =+ 5V Voo =- 12V v+ V++ s 24V L1 OVERRIDE LEVEL DETECTOR AND LAMP DRIVER Leave the driving to us. Interface at th e output of a TTL sys tem calls fo r wrcuits capabl e of handling up to 1 amp or lOO volts. From th ere, you can dri ve a lin e, trigger a relay, control a motor or light your lamps. Similarl y, your MOS memory requires MOS cl ock dri ve rs to deli ve r precision pulses to registers fo r a compl etely compati ble TTL sy tern (our registers are already TTL compa ti ble at data in put/ output) . For total di gital sys tems- DTL, TT L or MOS, Nati onal dri ve rs come in T0-5s or molded sili cone dual in-lines . Electronics I February 16, 1970 Th ey' re part of th e Nati onal scene, low cos t and ready to go fr om distributors' stocks. Call , write, TWX or honk fo r our drivers guide with charts, specs and appli ca ti ons notes . Na ti onal Semi cond u ct or, 2900 Se mi co ndu c tor Dri ve, Sa nta Clara, Cali fo rnia 95051 (408) 732 -5000 T WX: 910-339-9240 Telex : 346-353 Cabl es: NATSEMICO . National/ Digital Circle 13 on reader service card 13 Who's Who in electronics 14 Circle 14 on reader service card Men who manage the military's electronic systems are not necessarily a breed apart from their counterparts in industry, as George E. Rippey and William J. Regner demonstrate. Both are Army colonels, and have assumed new middle management posts with the Strategic Communications Commana (Stratcom) at Ft. Huachuca, Ariz. Rippey, an EE from the University of Kansas, takes over as director of Stratcom's communicat;ons engineering directorate following duty since 1967 as commander of the Army Satellite Communications Agency at Ft. Monmouth, N.J. That job included the second hat of satellite communications project manager for Satcom's parent, the Army Materiel Command. Regner is chief of staff for Stratcoin's Safeguard Communications Agency, succeeding Col. Paul C. Day, who moves up to agency deputy commander. Here, Regner Hnally should be able to capitalize on his University of Oregon business administration degree after 25 years of service-largely as an infantry commander. Greek honor. .Rippey, a Sie:nal Corps alumnus, continued his Held duty after the second world war with a 1949 tour as signai advisor to the Greek 9th Mountain Division, an assignment that brought him the Greek War Cross. After that, he moved into Army communications management posts, including two in Washington-one as chief of the Defense Communications Agency's systems engineering division. Both Regner and Rippey have put in time on the R&D side of military systems development. Stratcom chief Regner served three years as an instructor and later was chief of weapons research and analysis at Ft. Benning, Ga., while communications specialist Rippey has been cited by Who's Who in Engineering as a leader and teacher in that Held, as well as for outstanding contributions in research and development. Rippey's other claims to fame are two .daughters-Sandy, a graduate of the American University in Washington, D.C., and now the wife of a Marine Corps Hghter pilot, and Lorraine, recently commissioned in the Army Nurse Corps. Topping Regner's outside interests are sports. At golf he once achieved a 386-yard hole-in-one. Equally intriguing is the way he managed to escape being drafted by the National Football League's Philadelphia Eagles at the end of his college career: he enlisted in the Army. "Sometimes people get the impression that this is an anti-patent activity," worries Richard H. Stern, chief of the new patent unit in the Justice Department's antitrust division. '"We're here to protect the patent system, not attack it," he asserts. The patent unit was set up by Assistant Attorney General Richard McLaren in January to fill a void existing in the Justice Department for 15 or 20 years since the old Patent and Cartel Section was abolislied. "The Held has sort of been ignored for years," says Stern. This will change, though, he notes, as the unit makes sure businesses don't take unfair advantage of other businesses by abusing the patent system. Stern, 38, is an honors graduate of the Yale Law School and holds a BSEE from Columbia University. He values his engineering degree, becai1se "I don't see how anyone could do work in the patent Held without some kind of technical background." Of the Hve other staff attorneys in the unit, four are errgineers in various Helds. Restraint. The new Justice unit will be handling cases where a patent-holder attempts to place unreasonable restrictions on how licensees use the patent rights, or where the holder tries to restrict use of the patented product after sale. As an example, Stern recalls the case of a patented coffin lid in which the holder licensed the lid Circle 15 on reader service card -+ · Five full digits plus "1" for 20% overranging · Basic unit measures 0 to 1100 volts de in three ranges ·Auto ranging and polarity with active 3-pole switchable filter · 25 millisecond sampling speed ·Full systems capability with timing signals and ready indicator · Low cost options include ac voltage, millivolt-ohms, external reference (ratio) and fully isolated remote programming and data output. The first really new DVM in a decade Announcing the Fluke 8300A, a 0.005 °/o digital voltmeter with full systems capability for $1295 There are a lot of good DVM's around. All but one share a common set of faults-overwhelming complexity and high cost. And as you might guess, the DVM that beats the others cold is the new Fluke 8300A. Why? Because Fluke uses a new A to D technique which reduces componentry by up to 500 percent. Obviously, when components are eliminated, good things happen. Power requirements go down, reliability goes up, circuitry is simplified, troubleshooting is speeded and reduced. Most important to the system designer, lowered costs mean we can invest some of the savings in features you need in a DVM. With all its features and accuracy, the Fluke 5-digit DVM sells for less than many 4-digit units. We price the options low, too. A fully loaded Fluke 8300A sells for $2995. Comparable bl.it not equal competitive instruments cost as much as $5000. And when the Fluke names goes on the front you know you're getting quality instrumentation ... in keeping with the Fluke philosophy of bringing you standards lab performance in portable instrumentation. I F L U K E I Fluke, Box 7428, Seattle, Washington 98133. Phone: (206) 774-2211. TWX: 910-449- 2850. In Europe, address Fluke Nederland (N.V.), P.O. Box 5053, Tilburg, Holland. Phone: (04250) 70130. Telex: 884-50237. In the U. K., address Fluke International ® Corp., Garnett Close, Watford, WD2 4TT. Phone : Watford , 27769. Telex: 934583. SEE US AT IEEE ... "..".. "" 11ndpH1 prtMnt1tlon ot I 200-400 MHI ·m· plltltr u IHtffl with "'"' I YS·SO, HM·SO, Ind LN·tO IOI 1mp. Master of hundreds of applications in the FM radio, VHF TV and TV IF, and most communication bands, the Texscan VS-50 can cover the 200- 400 MHz range in a single sweep-and add 300 MHz of extra coverage. As the above frequency plot of a 200-400 MHz a.mplifier bandpass presentation shows, the oversweep permits out-of-band tune-ups and slope characteristics to be measured easily in a single test. Descriptive literature covering all technical details of this unique in· strument- available only from Texscan-is yours for the asking, free on request. STATE-OF-THE-ART LEADERSHIP RF Output: RF output is at least 1 vrms into a 50 ohm load. Sweep Width: The sweep width is continuously variable from 500 KHz to 500 MHz at any center frequency, but the unit will not sweep above 500 MHz at rated output. The unit is also provided with a CW output mode for signal generator applications. Frequency Range: The unit can be centered at any frequency between 2 MHz and 500 MHz and sweep anywhere with that range. ~ 7~ATION ~ 2446 NORTH SHADELAND AVENUE INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 46219 16 Circle 16 on reader service card Who's Who in electronics to persons who agreed not to sell it for use within 50 miles of Boston. He had sold someone else the rights in Boston, thereby eliminating competition. The same principle applies to electronic inventions, says Stern, though there are no such cases on file with the unit now. But he emphasizes that this could change soon, because "when you get a fast technology area generating more patents, you get more licensing and, thereby, more illegal licensing." Most cases now on file with the unit arc chemical, "which I regret," says Stern. With his technical background, he would feel more at home with cases involving electronics. Solomon on the Potomac. An example of the kind of case that might come before the unit is one in which a patent holder of a microcircuit which is adaptable to television, radio, or sound production, grants rights to one manufach1rer of tv's costing less than $200, other rights to a maker of sets over $200, and so on into the radio and sound equipment. On the other hand, an inventor with an antenna adaptable to tv, citizens' band, and f-m might b e allowed to restrict use to CB and f-m , since breaking into the commercial tv market is so expensive. In a case like this, "where it's the only way to get the product or new technology on the market," the practice is acceptable, he says. The unit's effort is aimed at preventing industrial enterprises that use patents from hampering free enterprise, an area which Stern concedes could fall under the jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission. The Sherman Antitmst Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act cover much the same ground in different language, he says, but the FTC is not likely to be very active in patent litigation. Stern who is married and has five children, was most recently director of the compliance division of the Commerce Department's Office of Foreign Direct Investments. Prior to that he was a trial attorney in the Justice Department's antitrust division. Circle 17 on reader service card~ Several hundred thousand unfair advantages. There you are, busting your back trying to beat another company to market with a new, improved electronic Thing. Everything looks good- up to the point where sub-assembly X has to be connected to board B. And you've never seen a connection like that before. Sweat not. We're sitting over here with several hundred thousand different connectors. Most were specials, once. Many are patented. All of them are ready. Now. Card edge connectors. Two-piece PC connectors. Board-to-board connectors. Miniatures. Sub- miniatures. Dual-in-Line receptacles. Back panel metal plates. Rack and panel connectors. Mil spec cylindrical connectors. Tube and transistor sockets. Even new MojoTM modular card edge connectors which you sort of invent as you go along. All available with the respected VariconTM metal-tometal connection that fully meets Mil-E-5400. Because they're ready, you get a jump ori your competitor. Because they're standard, you put your Thing together for less money than he can. It's unfair, but it's fun. And profitable. But what if we don't have a standard for you? Still no problem. With hundreds of thousands of different connectors already be- hind us, your special will just be a not-quite-standard. We have several pounds of catalog, containing more informa- tion about connectors than you probably care to have. So don't just send back a reader informa- tion card. Call, write, wire, or TWX us, and tell us either your specific problem or your general field of interest. We'll send you the pertinent few ounce~.. Elco Corporation, . Willow Grove, Pa. 19090. (215) 659-7000 TWX 510-665-5573. ELCO Connectors See us at IEEE '70. Booth 4G07-4G09. One of these panels any capital ·sone. 18 I Electronics February 16, 1970 was wired without investment. It was wired with AMP's unique TERMl-POINT* point-to-point automatic machine wiring. The other panel was wired with wraptype terminations. Which required a considerable capital investment. There's no capital investment with the AMP method because you don't have to buy any wiring machine. And the system is faster, more reliable, and easily maintainable. Two types of AMP application tools One is a numerically controlled and fully automated machine. It wires panels on a pre-determined pattern by means of a programmed tape. On a grid of .001". For example, on a .156" by .188" edge connector cabled to an 10 connector having .200" by .200" grid . This machine can duplicate your present wire routings and produce up to 1000 leads per hour. The other tool is a hand gun. It holds a reel of clips and operates pneumatically. It's ideal for prototype, standard production, or onthe-spot servicing. Metal clips swage the wire against the post And the wire can be either solid or stranded . The clips are fed from one reel ; the wire from another. They're applied to the post simultaneously. The clips hold with a spring action. The stored energy of this clip keeps the connection gas tight. And compensates for conductor creep. The clip keeps resistance low, too, because of the high force it exerts on the wire. In short, the clip assures greater reliability. *Trademark of AMP Incorpo rate d Electronics I February 16, 1970 TERMl-POINT terminations are easier to test, maintain and service The termination can be inspected visually. And the tensile strength is tested (non-destructively) using a simple spring force gauge. There can be up to three terminations per post. Yet you can remove any one without disturbing the others. A simple hand extraction tool makes it easy. You'll need to know more If the lower costs and greater reliability of our point-to-point wiring system makes sense to you, learn more about it and its associated connectors and accessories. Write to Industrial Division, AMP Incorporated, Harrisburg, Pa. 17105. p INCORPORATED Circle 19 on reader service card 19 TIS quiet revolution in LinearlCs TTL SYSTEMS ·PLANAR FILM MEMORY PLATED W\RE. MEMORY CORE MEMORY TRANSMISSION LINE ANALOG SYSTEMS 20 Electronics I February 16, 1970 Here's your biggest choice for systeID interface design-10 sense aIDps, 2 tneIDory drivers, 6 line circuits. System interface designers have long needed an IC line big enough to work with. Tl's quiet revolution in Computer Interface has provided the answer-the biggest family now available. Choose from 18 proven functions - all in stock. The 10 sense amps (Series 7520N) offer you a selection of three basic circuit designs - three versions of dual preamplifiers driving common-output circuits, or two complete sense amps in a single package. You gain low propagation delay, fast overload recovery, high d-c noise margin, individual channel strobing, TTL compatible out- puts-and substantial cost savings. From the group of six drivers and receivers, you can pick dual line receivers which translate transmission line signals to logic signals or perform level shifting operations (SN75107/SN75108). Or receivers which can be applied as differential or single-ended receivers or as comparators (SN75100/ SN75120). Or pick dual channel line drivers useful in balanced, unbalanced and party line systems (SN75109/SN75110). Of the two memory drivers, the SN75303-a 150 mA transistor array-interfaces between bipolar logic levels and magnetic memory systems. The SN75324 replaces traditional discrete high-current transistor-transformer circuits in magnetic memory systems. If you're ready to whip interface problems the IC way, we'll send you our new brochure on our Computer System Interface Circuits. Circle 288 on the Reader Service Card or write Texas Instruments Incorporated, P.O. Box 5012, M.S. 308, Dallas, Texas 75222. That's iJ where the quiet r e v - 4 P olution is going on. Or call your authorized TI Distributor. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED Electronics I February 16, 1970 21 design inspirations ·Prices shown are single lot. Inquire about quantities. Utilizes reliable reed switches. Mechanical lockout feature allows simplified circuitry. 11 keys 0-9 and period. SB-033 CIRCLE NO. 325 Single plane 9-segment neon for brighter, wider viewing. +. - , 0.41 " dia. Has mount for PC wiring. Displays 0-9 , some alpha & decimal. Longlife operation. MG-19. $4.95 2.99 each , in 1000 lots CIRCLE NO. 326 Transistorized Neon Logilite Neon pilot operates from lowvol tage SVDC supply. Self-contained transistorized generator provides hi-voltage to excite neon. Bushing 'Ml". LVN-ML. CIRCLE NO. 327 Terminal Strip Kit 10.95 * For safe , shock- free remote control circu it operation. Compact plastic case.115 VAC input * SA capability. FR-101. 3.85 CIRCLE NO. 329 Straight Knurl Aluminum Knobs High lustre , machined alumi num knobs with smooth, precision serrations . Natural satin finish. KN Series. Y2 " dia. 55¢ , 1" dia. 70¢ ea . 22 Meetings Look out, 1970's, here comes the IEEE For the electronics engineer, the seventh decade of the 20th Century will start in New York on March 23. That's when the IEEE International Convention and Exhibition opens, and that's what the IEEE ambitiously declares on the cover of the advance program for its annual four-day meeting. For the skeptics, the IEEE can point proudly to sessions such as those on electro-acousto-opto-magnetoelasto interactions (as 1970ish as a title can get), satellite communications, and computer techniques in urban management. But the strong point of the meeting-putting aside the restaurants, theaters, museums, and other fringe benefits-will be the tutorial sessions, an area that each year has continued to gain in emphasis. Dubbed the technical applications program, the sessions will be offered this year at the Coliseum rather than the New York Hilton Hotel, a few block to the south. Beginning with a timely and ambitious discussion-"How to Get Started in Hybrid IC's"-the subjects range from "Design and Application of Microstrip Circuits," to "Applications of Microwave Semiconductor Devices," "How to Reduce Interference in Electronic Equipment," "Applications of Infrared Radiation," "Time-Shared Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis," and "Using Small Computers." Touching the bases. The sessions will be thorough. For example, the hybrid IC section, organized by D.W. Cottle of Raytheon, will cover almost everything except how to arrange financing. Listed are subsessions on how to get started with a vendor and the experience of one user in that direction, what's needed to get into thick and thin films; how to prepare low-cost artwork and masks; handling of active elements; packaging; and the experience of a user in getting started with thick films. In setting the convention's theme -"Launching the Spectacular '70's in Electrical and Electronics Engineering,''-the IEEE has tried to project the device technologies that the EE will have to deal with into the next 10 years. Thus, it will cover silicon IC's, memory systems, microwave devices, and consumer IC's. Of course, the 'bread-and-butter subjects will not be ignoredpower high-speed circuits, for instance, or oceanography. The winner of the IEEE's medal of honor will he Dennis Gabor of London University, generally acknowledged to be the father of holography. And what about that electroopto-magneto etc.? Well, it's Session IA, scheduled for the Hilton's Trianon Ballroom on March 23 at 9:30 a.m. It will delve into Bell Labs' magnetic bubble domains [Electronics, Sept. 1, 1969, p. 83], applications of nonlinear optics, what RCA's lab terms a new technique for converting infrared to visible image called "upconverting,'' and acoustoelectric interactions. For further information contact IEEE Head· quarters, 345 E. 47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017. Calendar International Solid State Circuits Conference, IEEE, University of Pennsylvania; Sheraton Hotel and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Feb. 18-20, 1970. Scintillation & Semiconductor Counter Symposium, IEEE; Shoreham Hotel, Washington, March 11·13. International Seminar on Digital Processing of Analog Signals, IEEE; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland, March 11·13. Symposium on Management and Economics in the Electronics Industry, IEE; University of Edinburgh, Scotland, March 17·20, 1970. International Convention, IEEE; New (Continued on p. 24) Circle 23 on reader service card+ Champagne .... / quality RFl/EMC filters at beer prices A toast! May you and your products benefit from finer, lower-cost filters from Captor Corporation. Captor combines knowledgeable application engineering with a quality assurance program that extends through every manufacturing step from order entry to final packaging . Costs are closely controlled because production is geared to a specific electronic components family : miniature RFl / EMC filtars , communications and security filters, and custom designed filters and assemblies. Captor's new environmentally conditioned plant is designed expressly for fast, efficient manufacture of this integrated product line. Write for our capabilities brochure today and drink in the whole story. ~~~ Electronics Division 5040 Dixie Highway, Tipp City, Ohio 45371 , Phone : (513) 667-8484 24 Circle 24 on reader service card Meetings (Continued from p. 22) York Hilton Hotel and the New York Coliseum, March 23-26, 1970. Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Statler Hilton Hotel, Boston, Mar. 23-25, 1970. Symposium on Submillimeter Waves, IEEE, Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, New York, March 31-April 2, 1970. Communications Satellite Systems Conference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; International Hotel, Los Angeles, April 6-8, 1970. Reliability Physics Symposium, IEEE; Stardust Hotel and Country Club, Las Vegas, Nevada, April 7-9, 1970. Meeting and Technical Conference, Nume1ical Control Society; Statler Hi lton, Boston, April 8-10, 1970. Computer Graphics International Symposium, IEE; Uxbridge, Middlesex, England, April 13-16, 1970. International Geoscience Electronics Symposium, IEEE; Manatt Twin Bridges Motor Hotel, Washington, April 14-17. 1970. USNC/URSJ-IEEE Spring Meeting; Statler Hilton Hotel, Washington, April 16-19. American Power Conference, IEEE; Sherman House, Chicago, April 21-23, 1970. International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG), IEEE; Statler Hilton Hotel, Washington, April 21-24, 1970. Southwestern IEEE Conference & Exhibition; Memorial Auditorium, Dallas, April 22-24. Annual Frequency Control Symposium, U.S. Army Electronics Command; Shelburne Hotel, Atlantic City, N.J., April 27-29, 1970. National Telemetering Conference, IEEE; Statler Hilton Hotel, Los Angeles, April 27-30, 1970. National Relay Conference, Oklahoma State University and the National Association of Relay Manufacturers; Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, April 28-29, 1970. Transducer Conference, IEEE; National Bureau of Standards, Washington, May 4-5, 1970. National Appliance Technical (Continued on p. 26) Circle 25 on reader service card-+- another AB resistor ters the Here's the latest Allen-Bradley resistor -the Type BB % watt- to meet the requirements of MIL-R-39008 Established Reliability Speci fications at the highest level-the S level. Now, A-B provides this "peak" performance in all four ratings-the 1 watt, % watt, Y.. watt, and % watt. A clear demonstration of the type of leadership you 've come to expect from Allen-Bradley. A-B hot-molded fixed resistors are available in all standard resistances and tolerances, plus values above and below standard limits. Meet MIL-R-39008 at S level for all values from 2.7 ohms to 22 megohms, except Type BB which is from 10 ohms to 22 megohms. Shown actual size. An exclusive Allen-Bradley hot-molding technique ensures high uniformity from resistor to resistor-billion after billion. Their predictable performance makes them ideal for critical military applications. For immediate delivery at factory prices, call your authorized A-B Industrial Electronics Distributor. For technical specifications write Marketing Dept., Electronics Div., Allen-Bradley Co., 1201 South Second Street, Milwaukee, Wis. 53204. Export Office: 1293 Broad Street, Bloomfield, N. J., U.S.A. 07003. In Canada: Allen - Bradley Canada Limited. RCR20 1I4 watt RCR07 1/8 watt RCROS C Aiie n- Bradiey Co mpany 1969 EC 69·97 GENERATION Meetings (Coninued from p. 24> Conference, IEEE; Leland Motor Hotel, Mansfield, Ohio, May 5·6, 1970. ~ DISC PACKAGED REGENERATIVE GATM SCR5 Operation to 20 KHz with low switching losses ® di/dt capability to 800 A/µsec . ® low power gate drive $ dv /dt capability to 500 V/µsec . ® 175 and 370 amperes RMS ® turn -off time capability to 10 µsec . ® also available in stud type package to 470 amperes RMS . For additional information and application assistance. write or call National Electronics. Inc.. a varian subsidiary. Geneva. Ill. 60134. phone (312) 232-4300. NATIONAL ELECTRONICS, INC. a varian subsidiary 7969 COMPETITION WINNER Cited by Industrial Research In c. as one of the 100 most significant technical products of the year. *A NATIONAL® exclusive. Patent Pending. 26 Circle 26 on reader service card Short courses Safe-Life Design Practices: Practical Applications of Fracture Mechanics, Engineering 879.4; Boelter Hall, Room 4442, University of California, Los Angeles, March 16·20, $285 fee. Thermal Pollution Seminar, Institute of Environmental Sciences; Sheraton· Plaza Hotel, Boston, April 16-18. $150 fee. System Engineering, Engineering and Physical Sciences Extension University Extension, University of California at Los Angeles, April 20-24. $285 fee. Laser Fundamentals and Communications; Rice University, Houston, Texas, May 4·6. $300 fee. Call for papers Government Microcircuit Applications Confe,·ence: GOMAC, U.S. Army Electronics Command, Ft. Monmouth, N.J., Oct. 6·8. March 18 is deadline for submission of summaries and abstracts to Robert D. Larson, Air Force Avionics Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433. Conference on Applications of Simulation, IEEE, Association for Computing Machinery, American Institute of Industrial Engineers, The Institute of Management Science; Waldorf-Astoria, New York, Dec. 9·11. March 31 is deadline for submission of papers to Michel Araten, Celanese Chemical Co., 245 Park Ave., New York 10017. Fall Joint Computer Conference, IEEE, American Federation of Information Processing Societies; Astrohall, Houston, Nov. 17·19. April 10 is deadline for submission of papers to L.E. Axson , Chairman, Technical Program Committee, 1970 Fall Joint Computer Conference, P.O. Box 6-449, Houston 77061. Systems Science and Cybernetics Conference, IEEE Systems Science and Cybernetics Group; Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 14-16. April 15 is deadline for submitting abstracts to Prof. A. Lavi, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213. Electronics J February 16, 1970 When you want radar as pure and coherent as a laser beam ... bring ERIE in early. 31,000 feet ... heavy traffic ... ugly weather over the Plains. This isn't the time for "noise" in the radar. But, no sweat! RCA's exciting new AVQ-30X Weather Radar is up front, sweeping the sky . .. protected from EMI by 39 special ERIE filters. No other airborne radar has ever approached the single or dual system reliability of the AVQ-30. From the start, RCA has called on the outstanding research and component capability of ERIE TECHNOLOGICAL to help in the development of this great new unit. Proof, once again, that it pays to bring ERIE in early. Symbolic electronic signal undistorted by EM! photographed by Howard Sochurek ERIE TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS, INC. 644 West 12th Street, Erie, Pennsylvania 16512 (814) 456-8592 Circle 27 on reader service card To make Decoders that can drive every major display device, Three Fairchild MSI decoder/drivers cover the requirements of every major military and industrial display device on the market. The 9315. The 9317. And the brand new 9327. Each device has a built-in driver stage - an important feature that means smaller, lower-cost systems with higher reliability. NIXIE - The 9315 One-of-Ten Decoder/Driver accepts decimal inputs and provides ten mutually exclusive outputs which directly drive NIXIE · tubes. Stable high-voltage output characteristics also make the 9315 ideal for driving relays, lamps and similar devices. SEVEN-SEGMENT-Fairchild's 9317 and 9327 Seven-Segment Decoder/Drivers convert 4 inputs in 8421 BCD code into appropriate outputs for driving seven-segment numerical displays. The 9317 is designed for use with incandescent 9315 ONE-OF-TEN DECODER 5 lamps, neon, electroluminescent and CRT displays, as well as light emitting diode indicators. The 9327 is used for DIGIVAC S/G** - - - - - - - - - - - - vacuum fluorescent readouts. Both devices feature automatic ripple blanking, lamp intensity modulation, lamp test facility, and blanking output. Outputs are disabled by codes in excess of binar y 9. Flags 9317 SEVEN-SEGMENT DECODER 3 are removed on the 6 and 9, which reduces the number of ambiguous states. *NIXIE is a registered Trademark of Burroughs Corporation. **DIGIVAC S/G is a registered Trademark of Wagner Electric Corporation. To order these Decoder/Drivers, call your Fairchild Distributor or ask for: PART NUMBER TEMPERATURE PACKAGE RANGE PRICE (1-24) (25-99) U4L931551X U4L931559X U6B931551X U6B931559X U4L9317513 U4L9317593 U7B9317Gl3 U7B9317593 U4L9327591 U7B 9327591 Flat Flat DIP DIP Flat Flat DIP DIP Flat DIP -55°C to + 125°C 0°C to + 75°C -55°C to + 125°C 0°C to + 75°C -55°C to + 125°C 0°C to+ 75°C -55°C to + 125°C 0°C to+ 75°C 0°c to + 75°C 0°C to+ 75°C $22.00 11.00 20.00 10.00 28.00 14.00 25.40 12.70 13.05 11.90 $17.60 8.80 16.00 8 .0 0 22.40 11.20 20.30 10.15 10.50 9.55 (100999) $14.65 7.30 13.30 6.65 18.70 9.35 17.00 8.50 8.80 8.00 28 B SEVEN~GMENT DECODER Electronics I February 16, 1970 you have to get serious about MSI family planning. We put together a family plan by taking systems apart. All kinds of digital systems. Thousands of them. Firstwe looked for functional categories.We found them.Time after time,in a clear and recurrent pattern,seven basic categories popped up: Registers.Decod- ers and demultiplexers. Counters. Multiplexers. Encoders. Operators. Latches. Inside each of the seven categories, we sifted by application. We wanted to design the minimum number of devices that could do the maximum number of things. That's why, for example, Fairchild MSI registers can be used in storage, in shifting, in counting and in conversion applications. And you'll find this sort of versatility throughout our entire MSI line. Finally, we studied ancillary logic requirements and OPERATORS 9304 - Dual Full Adder /Parity Generator packed, wherever possible, our MSI devices with input and output decoding, buffering and complementing functions. That's why Fairchild MSI reduces- in many cases eliminates- the need for additional logic packages. The Fal.rCh1'ld MSI .icaml'lY p1an. A new approach to MSI REGISTERS 9300 -4-Bit Shift Register 9328 -Dual 8-Bit Shift Register that's as old as the industrial revolution. It started with functional simplicity, MULTIPLEXERS 9309 -Dual 4-Input Digital Multiplexer 9312 -8-Input Digital Multiplexer . LATCHES 9308 -Dual 4-Bit Latch 9314 -Quad Latch extended through multi-use component parts, and concluded with a sharp reduction in add-ons. Simplicity.Versatility. Compatibility. Available now. In military or industrial temperature ranges. In hermetic DIPs and Flatpaks. From any Fairchild Distributor. ENCODERS 9318 -Priority 8-Input Encoder COUNTERS 9306 -Decade Up/ Down Counter 9310 -Decade Counter 9316 -Hexidecimal Counter DECODERS AND DEMULTIPLEXERS 9301-0ne-Of-Ten Decoder 9315 -One-Of-Ten Decoder /Driver 9307 -Seven-Segment Decoder 9311-0ne-Of-1 6 Decoder 9317 -Seven-Segment Decoder /Driver 9327 -Seven-Segment Decoder /Driver FAIRCHILCJ SEMICONDUCTOR FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR A Division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation Mountain View, California 94040, (41 5) 962-5011 TWX : 910-379-6435 Electronics I February 16, 1970 Circle 29 on reader service card 29 Branching and looping flexibility provided by " IF" keys expands programming capability. "w" z "m··"'Y Dynamic range 10 ··to s.JJ6ffJ!:1s as { ~~~~~~r~1e 109 ' , nearly 200 dec- ades. Observation of math operations on 3 displayed registers. Up to 16 more registers tor data storage. 8 Trig functions covering al l quad- tan x rants and any size angle in degrees or radians. @ Complex and vector arithmetic simp lified with coordinate transformation keys, rectangular-topolar and vice-versa, in mil liseconds. 1;:;·-- { I / / // ------ ' Program from the keyboard. Record and store 196-step programs on credit·card-size magnetic cards for repeated use. (.;,:\ Edit programs easily. Single-step ~ through programs to check and de-bug. Address an individual step and make corrections without reentering the entire program. Circle 31 on reader service card Hewlett-Packard P.O. Box 301 Loveland, Colorado 80537 Please send: D 22-page, Full-Color Brochure on HP 9100 Calculator System. D 6-Page Brochure, "Can a comput- ing calculator make your operation more profitable?" ' Name·~~~~~~~~~~ Now the emancipator ..~ Title_ _ _ _ _ __ computes, plots and ' Company_ _ __ _ Prints 'Address "-City-== Quietly <;~_ ' State__ The HP 9100A/ B Calculator frees you from the drudgery of complex problem solving. · The HP 9125A Plotter frees you from the tedium of hand-plotting graphs. And now, the quiet HP 9120A Printer frees you from the manual transfer of data. Add up these three capabilities, and what do you have? THE ONLY TOTAL GRAPHIC COMPUTING SYSTEM AVAILABLE TODAY FOR $204 PER MONTH! With this new electro-sensitive printer you speed up your computations by eliminating the need to record results. You get a permanent record of all inputs-a record that makes error tracing quicker and easier. And, you have printed proof of all your computations. The 9120A printer gives you maximum flexibility in what you print. You can print all of the displayed information; a complete listing of the program instructions stored in memory; or only the information you specify. The 9120A does this printing at the rate of 3 lines per second -without the distracting noise of a mechanical printer. You get completely documented calculator programs that are specifically designed for use with the plotter and printer. And, you can put this system to work for you today, not sometime in the distant future. If you want a printer that operates quietly in an office environment - if you want a low-cost system that gives you total graphic solutions - call for a quiet demonstration of the complete emancipator today. To put this total system to work for you even faster, send your purchase order to any Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service office (located in principal cities throughout the world). For a 22-page brochure, write Hewlett-Packard, P. 0. Box 301, Loveland, Colorado 80537. Europe: 1217 Meyrin-Geneva, Switzerland. Price: HP 9100A Calculator, $4,400; HP 9100 B Calculator, $4,900; HP 9120A Printer, $975; HP 9125A Plotter, $2,475. Lease/rental plans start as low as $1.50/computing hour based on average usage. (Wqf JU i i HEWLETT PACKARD Electronics Newsletter February 16, 1970 Viatron, AMI sign $21 million MOS deal In what may be the largest single semiconductor contract in the history of electronic data processing, American Microsystems Inc. has agreed to make $21 million worth of metal oxide semiconductor LSI devices for Viatron Computer Systems over the next year to 18 months. But an even larger deal may be brewing: Texas Instruments president Mark Shepard is said to be negotiating with Viatron on a contract involving both MOS and discrete semiconductors. Furthermore, Viatron also is said to be on the verge of a $15 million contract with Fairchild Semiconductor for MOS and discrete devices. Finally, it's believed that Steven Levy, vice president and gener:d manager of Motorola's semiconductor operation, already has signed a $9 million deal, mostly for discretes and some MOS. Asked for confirmation, Viatron spokesmen admit only that the company's relationship with North American Rockwell's Autonetics division has broken down "because of Autonetics' dramatically rising prices," and the firm is turning to its list of second sources. Confirming this is a change in the arrays Viatron is putting into its System 21 data entry consoles-instead of the four-phase MOS to have been supplied by Autonetics, the arrays now are two-phase MOS-the type made by AMI, Motorola, Fairchild, and TI. Slliconix to offer Siliconix is entering the microwave semiconductor field. The first devices microwave devices ··· will be field effect transistors that can handle 10 to 12 watts at 2 gigahertz or one watt at X band. The chips for these new devices, however, are existing units that will be recharacterized and repackaged for micro- wave applications. Down the road are new FETs and bipolar devices, and a line of multiplier varactors and tuning varactors. Also in the works at Siliconix is a new type of device-a binary varac- tor. It replaces p-i-n diodes in phased-array radars and requires much less power-a 40,000..element array using p-i-n's needs about 2,000 watts for switching power, but with binary varactors, only 10 watts is needed. Siliconix has been working on microwave devices for some time; but the pace was increased in November when Robert Johnson and Bernard Siegal went to Siliconix from Microwave Associates (West) after that firm transferred its California operation to Burlington, Mass. · . . as instrument makers add lines Three instrument makers-Datapulse, Dana, and Tektronix-are moving into new areas. Long a manufacturer of pulse generators, the Datapulse division of Systron-Donner will bring its first function generators, the $400 model 401 and the $1,000 model 410 to the IEEE show in New York, March 23-26. Hewlett-Packard and Wavetek have had the function-generator business to themselves. Dana, known as a maker of $1,000-and-up digital voltmeters, will go after the low-price market with its $400 model 3800, a 3%-digit multimeter. Tektronix, which has quietly been building up its systems section, will show at IEEE the S-3150, a computer-controlled unit that runs static and dynamic tests on digital integrated circuits. And back at Beaverton, Ore., Tektronix engineers are building a prototype of a metal oxide semiconductor IC test system. +~rc:le 32 on "'8"·r service card 33 Electronics Newsletter Hughes prepares to sell I/MOS Hughes Aircraft is ready to graduate from R&D to production with ion implantation to boost the speed of MOS devices. A dual 64-bit dynamic shift register using ion implantation (I/MOS) is set to be introduced next month; quantity price will be about 20% to 25% more than that of conventional p-channel devices. Hughes will probably specify the unit at a minimum of 10 megahertz. The fastest conventional p-channel shift registers on the market are rated at 5 Mhz. · Hughes introduced its first I/MOS unit, a single 64-bit dynamic shift register, last fall [Electronics, Oct. 13, 1969, p. 52], but that device was available only in sample quantities; the new shift register will be a production item. Meanwhile, back in the lab, the Hughes MOS division is working on an I/MOS 2,048-hit read-only memory with an access time that Hughes predicts as between 100 nanoseconds and 200 nsec. Most con- ventional MOS read-only memories nm at 1 microsecond, with some faster units on the market at about 500 nsec. But Hughes will come in significantly under that speed. The device, strictly a research and devel- opment item now, is expected to be available in sample quantities some- time in the second half of the year. Budget pinching accelerates layoffs As the Nixon Administration's fiscal policies begin to take hold, and as the Federal budget reflects resulting slashes [see p. 141], more and more electronics facilities engaged in Government-funded activities are being forced to pare work complements. . . For example, the Sandia Corp. is preparing for what may be the first layoffs in its history. Reacting to decreased Federal R&D .outlays; Sandia plans to use attrition, retirement, and then outright layoffs to cut the pay- rolls at its Albuquerque, N.M., and Livermore, Calif., research facilities by at least 5%. Personnel cubacks at EG&G in Bedford Mass., another casualty of Federal budget balancing, are to reach between 200 and 300 within weeks. Many of those laid off will be leaving the Bedford headquarters and research layout, hut more are slated to go when EG&G closes its Laboratory Products division in Goleta, Calif., and its Santa Monica, Calif., division. The latter, formerly E. H. Plesset, is heavily involved in classified optical research. There also was some shrinkage when only a few of the 50 employees at a Bedford support operation moved with it to Los Alamos. NASA cuts require revised ATS bids 34 General Electric and Fairchild-Hiller have been ordered back to the drawing boards by NASA to revise proposals for the F and G models of the Applications Technology Satellite. The companies are being asked to reflect the fiscal 1971 budget cutting the program 20% to $31 million and delaying launches to 1973 and 1975. John E. Naugle of NASA's Office of Space Sciences and Applications says proposal revisions should take four weeks with four to six weeks more for NASA reevaluation, followed by a contract award about May instead of this month. At the same time, NASA put down rumors of slippage in the Earth Resources Technology Satellite. An ERTS program official says contracts will be on schedule in late June or early July if GE and TRW are on time with their Phase B and C studies. ERTS funds are scheduled to double to $52.5 million in fiscal 1971 and the 1972-73 launch dates for the satellite are unchanged. Electronles I February 16, 1970 lntearated Circuit FROM SYLVANIA How SUHL circuits Improve avionics srstams. Computer family uses our ICs and functional arrays to obtain powerful, compact, airborne navigation package. A small, lightweight, computer using Sylvania SUHL circuits has been selected for use in the navigation system of the new Lockheed TriStar passenger jet. The computer is a member of Micro-D family designed and developed by the Arma Division of Ambac Industries. Both computers in the family depend on SUHL logic for high-speed operation and design flexibility. One of the computers, a serial type, is being used in inertial navigation sys- tems, airborne loran receivers and cockpit displays for area navigation sys- tems. The computer uses 342 Sylvania SUHL circuits of 10 different types. Arma selected SUHL TTL circuits for their design because they offered high noise immunity, excellent fan-out/ fan-in capability and high reliability. On the latter point, Arma is assuring a MTBF of 10,000 hours on every computer. The computer operates at 1.5 MHz clock speed, weighs 5.7 pounds and occu- pies less than 0.1 cubic foot of space. An optional high-speed clock provides a 50 % increase in computation speed. Packaging of the computer uses nine multilayer circuit boards that plug into a multilayer mother board. The memory stack and associated electronics occupy five of the nine boards, three boards are used for logic and control operations, and the last includes clock and timing circuitry. The rugged pack- age can withstand 35 g's in all three axes. (continu ed on next page ) This issue in CIDSUIB MSI Applications Read-only memory features on-chip decoding. IC Specifications Where we stand on MIL-STD 883. IC Applications Interface family solves transmissionline noise problems. LSI Developments Uni-Cell LSI flies high in airborne computer. Manager's Corner Where will the next price break come in ICs? The second SUHL equipped Arma computer is an 18-bit word, parallel-organized system that weighs in at 9 pounds and takes up 0.2 cubic foot of space. This is the computer selected for use in the area navigation system of the new Lockheed L-1011 TriStar passenger jet. This computer uses 495 SUHL circuits of 9 different types, including a number of functional arrays. Again, Arma selected SUHL TTL circuits for their high noise immunity, fan-in/ fan-out capability and high reliability. According to Arma, the liberal use of Sylvania functional arrays provides an extra measure of flexibility in speed and architecture. The multiplicity of flip-flops and gates in the MSI packages permits compact packaging without compromising reliability and economy. The central processor contains 13 registers for manipulation of instructions and data. Two 18-bit registers form a double-length accumulator to provide double precision computation. Three 15-bit registers are also available to insure efficiency of programming and memory conservation. Like all of the SUHL TTL circuits used in these computers, both systems are available off-the-shelf. CIRCLE NUMBER 300 Read-on1r memorr features on-chiP decoding. Single-chip 256-bit device has typical ac- cess time of 35 ns. Sylvania's new SM-320 read-only memory has a 256-bit capacity arranged in 32-word x 8-bit format. All decoding is done directly on the chip. The outputs have free collectors, thus making it easy to parallel devices to expand system capacity. A 5-bit address code enables the selection of any one of 32 8-bit words stored in the memory. The SM-320 read-only memory is shown in block diagram form in Fig. 1. The input address gates and chip enable gate are located in section A, the address decoder matrix (5 bits for 32 words) is located in section B, and the memory storage area (256 bits) is located in section C. Section D contains the output transistors which have open collectors to facilitate feeding data onto a common bus. Pull-up resistors can be added externally. Operation of the memory can be seen from Fig. 2. Selection of any one of the 32 8-bit words stored in the memory is implemented by 32 5-input emitter selector transistors. Only one word may be selected at a time. The chip enable signal controls selection or inhibition of all words in the memory. In a larger system using more than one device, the chip enable can be used to select individual units or groups of units. In this manner, for example, data in multiples of 8 bits can be sequenced onto a serial bus line. Decoding of appropriate units, as in character generation, can also be implemented in this manner. The 5 emitters of each selector transistor accepts appropriate inputs from the address gates. In the unselected state, at least one emitter on all 32 decoding transistors will be at logic "O" due to the chip enable inhibiting that partic~lar a~dress bit. If, for example, the network Qi, Q2, Q3 is considered, the emitter of Qi, which has a logic "O" presented to it, will allow current to flow through it to ground. !his insures, through the VBE drops of Qi and Q2, that Q3 is turned off. Therefore, no current will flow in any of the 8 emitters of Qa. Thus, transistors Q4 through Q11 will be turned _off, causing a logic "l" condition to appear at the outputs. In the "selected" state all 5 emitters of Qi would go to a logic "1" condition by appropriate application of input signals and by the chip enable line enabling the address gates. This causes Qa to turn on, allowing current to flow in all 8 emitters. In turn, transistors Q4 through Qn turn on, setting all 8 outputs to the logic "O" state. This condition would be true, however, only if all 8 emitters of the word selected are connected to their individual bit lines. If any emitter is not connected, no current will flow into the base of its corresponding output transistor. That transistor will not turn on and a logic "1" will appear at the output. Thus, to set up a logic "1" in any of the 8-bit positions in a word, the appropriate emitter connection must be broken or etched away. A logic "1" is obtained by breaking the connection between the emitter and the bit line, and a logic "O" is obtained by allowing the linkage to remain intact. The SM-320 read-only memory has a typical access time of less than 35 ns and provides an output current of 10 mA at 450 mV. Input load current is typically 1.4 mA. The SM-320 comes in a 16-lead dual in-line package using ceramic or CerDip construction. CIRCLE NUMBER 301 SM-320 read-only memory 16 15 14 13 12. 11 10 9 CHIP ENABLE INPUT ADORESS GATES A WORD 32. SELECTED BY lltll WORD 31 SELECTED BY 11110 32. WORD ADDRESS DECODER B WORD I SELECTED BY 00000 WORDS 32·1 OUTPUT TRANSISTORS WORD 2 SELECTED BY 00001 BIT 5 BIT4 BIT3 BITZ BIT I 234 5678 Fig. 1. Organization of SM-320 read-only memory in block form. 8 8 BUS BARS TYPICAL 8 OUTPUT TRANS ISTORS (04·011l OPEN COLLECTORS . 32. WORD TRANSISTORS Fig. 2. Circuit configuration of SM-320 read-only memory. Where we stand on MIL-STD-883 There has been a lot of confusion about MI L-STD-883. Here's achartthatwill clarify Sylvania's position on this important document. Like its predecessors, MIL-STD-883 contains a wide variety of options as to stress levels and methods of testing. The chart shown here gives Sylvania's standard reliability specifications for the three reliability levels called for in MIL-STD-883. The five-digit numbers shown in many of the boxes refer to specific sections of Sylvania's standard reliability manual where full test procedures are detailed. Of the three levels of reliability, option A is the most stringent and is designed for circuits to be used where repair is difficult or impossible and where high reliability is imperative. Option B circuits are intended for applications where repair is less difficult to perform but high reliability is still required. The standard reliability level is actually the test procedures applied to all off-the-shelf Sylvania SUHL logic circuits. These circuits should be selected where repairs can readily be made but high reliability is desirable. CIRCLE NUMBER 302 Table 1. General Reliability Specification I. Production Screens Pr·seal Visual Inspection OptlonA lOOCJ> (91-928) llellalllllt.r ...... Optloll B 1~ (91-917) lland·nl Sample (91-910/91-913) ....rb 91928 lclentlcal to 883 Method 2010 Teat Cond. A except for l level 75Xma1- Electrlc:al Verification DCat25-C 5/2 ACat25-C 5/2 DC at High 10/3 Temperature DC at low 10/3 Temperature 10/3 10/3 Not Required Not Required 10/3 10/3 Not Required Not Required Conditions ·nd llmlts on test spec sheet for appropriate type Mechanical Verification 5/2 (91-908) 10 I 3 10 I 3 Meets 883 (91-908) (91-908) Method 2009 Fine & Gross Leak Verification 10 I 1 (91-911) Process Process 883 Method 1014 Control Control (See Table l) = *LTPD Lot tolerance percent defective a (max) = Maximum acceptance number 88-200 Group B 88-200 Grou c 10/ 3 10 / 3 10 / 3 Table 4. Traceability A Lottravel card from pre-seal visual inspec. Reliability Level B Lottravel card from pre-seal visual in spec. .......I ......... approprtalB enaaa Std. Date code 1n1er1ace 1amHr solves transmission-line noise problems. Line driver and two receivers are completely compatible with SUHL logic and othertypes of TTL. Here is a family of circuits specifically designed for digital data transmission in high-noise environments. The family consists of a quad logic-level driver to transmit digital signals and two types of receivers. One receiver is a quad single-ended type and the other is a dual differential receiver. When used together, these devices provide high system noise immunity due to an increased logic "1" level of the driver and increased thresholds of the receivers. The two receivers feature diode decoupling of the inputs +12V ~---+------a+sv Rt I.Ok Fig. 1. Single transmitter unit of quad logic-level driver. +12V +5V SS-342 series quad high-threshold logic receiver. -5V Fig. 2. Receiving element used in quad logic-level receiver. Fig. 3. Complete circuit of dual differential receiver. to protect against power-down conditions. Thus, if driver + power is turned on before receiver power, the devices will not be damaged by transmitted levels of up to 11 V refere~ced to receiver ground. The SS-207/-208 logic-level driver, shown in Fig. l, consists of four identical inverters integrated on one monolithic chip. The main advantage of this driver over a typical TTL integrated-circuit gate is that it has a high logic "1" level, allowing greater system noise immunity. Each inverter is capable of driving six single-ended receivers or four differential receivers while maintaining a logic "l" level of 4.5 V. Input loading of each device is equivalent to four SUHL I gates and is typically 4.0 mA at logic "O" and 160 µA maximum at the logic "1" level. Although the input threshold of the logic-level drivers is approximately the same as SUHL I, the output logic "l" is about 1 V higher than TTL logic. This is achieved by + two variations from conventional TTL circuitry. First, the base of the upper cascode is returned to 12 V through R2, resulting in a high static logic "1". Second, the ratfo of collector-to-emitter resistor is about 5 to 1 virtually eliminating the "1" level sag observed in typical TTL logic. The logic-level receiver package, SS-209/-210, contains four independent single-ended receivers. (Fig. 2) When used with SS-207/-208, logic-level driver, this design allows ± 1.5 V of noise rejection. Output circuitry of the receivers is similar to SUHL I circuitry and displays the same basic characteristics. The input circuitry is a departure from_ TTL design that provides higher thresholds. Basically, the input threshold is established by a current source which is compensated to obtain a stable transfer characteristic over the temperature range. The receiver is designed to drive directly SUHL logic and other types of TTL. The design of the SS-194/-206 dual differential receiver allows for large shifts in ground and Vcc levels between the +n line driver and receiver. The input of each of the two in- dependent differential switches can swing from to -5.25 V, referenced to receiver ground. The differential receiver is normally driven by two complementing logic signals. These could be derived from the Q, Qoutputs of a flip-flop, the input and output signals of a NAND gate or the input and output of a logic-level driver. The output of the receiver will go to a logic level "l" when the non-inverting input voltage is at least 1.5 V more positive than the inverting input voltage, within specified input voltage limits. Conversely, a logic "O" will appear at the output when the inverting input is at least 1.5 V more positive than the non-inverting input voltage. Thus, the receiver responds to the difference between the two input signals rather than their absolute magnitudes. This is especially valuable in high-noise environments. All three devices in our interface family come in 14-lead flat packs and are available in both commercial and military temperature ranges. CIRCLE NUMBER 303 Uni-Cell LSI flies hilh in airborne computer. Adaptive four-bit shift register replaces 28 standard ICs in compact lightweight system. Sylvania's approach to LSI, Uni-Cell, got its first real test in Raytheon's new AS-80 airborne computer. And it came through with flying colors. The compact computer uses a Sylvania-designed adaptive four-bit shift register. Using only three control lines, the register can shift right or left, count up or down, clear, hold, read-in paralleled data and complement. Raytheon designed the AS-80 computer to make use of the latest state-of-the-art LSI and MSI circuits. The result is a small, high-speed fourth generation machine. The unit is a high-speed 16-bit parallel processor incorporating a 32-word 100 ns scratchpad memory, programmed input-output channel and a convenient repertoire of 25 instructions. The unit weighs only 10 pounds and occupies 0.3 cu. ft. of space. The four-bit shift register made for the Raytheon computer consists of 20 Uni-Cells-;the equivalent of 80 logic gates. This LSI package replaces 28 discrete ICs and reduces external connections from 292 to 28. Inside the device, the reduction of wire bonds from 586 to 56 enhances system reliability. Other advantages gained over the use of discrete ICs are a reduction in clock interval from 125 ns to 60 ns, a decrease in power from 1.4 W to 0.75 W, and a speedpower product lowered from 175 ns-W to 45 ns-W. Sylvania's Uni-Cell design is a highly flexible approach to LSI. A typical uncommitted Uni-Cell wafer is shown in Fig. 1. Each basic Uni-Cell element contains the equivalent of four gate functions and a sufficient number of components to permit metallization of any one of eight different logic functions. When you use the Uni-Cell approach, all you have to do is define the logic function you want, partition the system and deliver the functional logic diagrams to our semiconductor facility at Woburn, Mass. We'll take it from there. Our engineers will convert your diagrams into Uni-Cell groups and determine the minimum array size. Then they will prepare the metallization patterns. The first layer of metallization interconnects the Uni-Cell components to define the lowest sub-logic to be performed. The second layer metallization (Fig. 2) defines cell interconnections in the horizontal direction. The third metallization layer (Fig. 3) defines the signal paths in the vertical direction and brings terminal points to bonding pads for connection to package leads. A typical Uni-Cell device mounted in a 28-lead package is shown in Fig. 4 ready for testing and capping. If you think LSI is the way to go in your next project, show us your logic diagrams and we'll show you what UniCell can do for you. CIRCLE NUMBER 304 Fig. 1. Section of an uncommitted Uni-Cell wafer ready for metallization. Fig. 2. Uni-Cell wafer with first and second metallization steps completed. Fig. 3. Third metallization step brings connections out to bonding pads. Fig. 4. Completed Uni-Cell circuit mounted in 28-lead package ready for testing and capping. & HOT LINE INQUIRY SERVICE Need information in a hurry? Use Sylvania's "Hot Line" inquiry service. It's easy and it's free. Just circle the reader service number(s) you're most interested in. Then fill in your name, title, company and address. We'll do the rest and see that you get further information by return mail. You can also get information by using the pub· lication's inquiry card elsewhere in this issue. However, using the card shown here will simplify handling and save time. Ill Ill eenn 00 N > ... 5(.) z 0 i 0 ·e... ~ eIn- u:0: QI :::J Q. al ...J < :!: '.!::: ~ .>- "' ...J "'QJ "' ... Q. IJJ uQJ G> e...n.. z 0: a. "O QJ en E., ~:3 en Ci) CD IJJ QJ .c z ..till ... c: -en t; o a. ·."O! z ::J 0 ·.-. al ~ u .ce..n. c Q) c m>c <a. IJJ m...... ~ en ....u :::i "O .... a0...... ·;u::: .... .... .... u Q) jjj 0c. E 0 (.) .!::! c .0... u Q) jjj Q) Q...). en c en 0 N .<..:.t. .:...:.:. >0 - ~ zQ) N N IJJ Cl < eIn- 0a. - .!!! c .!!! c IV ~ !ii. e>I>nV. e>I>nV. o0.......... IV :::i ID UJ .; c. cQ) MANAGER'S CORN ER Where will the next price break come in ICs? Higher yields and improved technology have been instrumental in knocking down the prices of ·integrated circuits to their present low levels. But, there is a limit as to what can be done in these areas to further improve the price picture. One of the key cost factors remaining in the present state of the IC art is the cost of connecting the chip to the outside world. In the vast majority of circuits produced today, thermocompression or ultrasonic bonding techniques are used. Both of these methods involve high labor cost because of the skill required by the operator and the fact that each pad on the chip must be connected individually. The fact that many manufacturers use overseas plants in low-cost labor areas indicated the importance of this step in the overall IC cost picture. Obviously, the area of chip mounting and bonding is ripe for technological advances. And there are a number of these advances now in the development stage. Among these techniques are flip-chip, spider bonding and beamleading._ All three methods place some restriction on the layout of the chip and all three are only suitable for high-volume production. Beamleading promises to be one of the most effective approaches to the problems of lower device cost and greater design flexibility. Unlike flip-chip, beamlead devices are mounted face-up thus making testing easier. Beamleads also have a limited degree of flexibility that permits bonding to surfaces that are not perfectly flat. Because of advanced masking techniques and the perfection of batch processing methods, it is easier to attain exacting precision with beamleads than with spider bonds. Sylvania has been working on the beamlead process for over three years and has developed many special pieces of equipment for handling and mounting these devices. We see beamleading as a major answer to lower costs in automated high-volume production runs. H.K. lshler Director, Integrated Circuit Engineering This information in Sylvania ideas is furnished without assuming any obligations. Iam especially interested in ICs for following application(s) _____________ NAME·------------------------------- TITLE----------------------------~ COMPANY_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ADDRESS·- - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CITY_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~STAT.._ _ _ _ _ _ _ZIP_ _ __ Circle Numbers Corresponding to Product Item 300 301 302 303 304 E2 o o Please have a Sales Engineer contact me. Visit Phone ··· Phone No._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,..rea Code._ _ _ _ __ U. S. Reports February 16, 1970 Memory hops 0 1ne step past mainframe Semiconductor-to compete with big territe-core arrays-functions much like a drum but cuts waiting time dramatically While semiconductor manufacturers churn out memory modules for scratch pads and high-speed buffers, they confidently predict-and some ferrite-core stack makers reluctantly agree-that semiconductors will be a major factor in computer mainframe memories in two or three years. But one semiconductor house has taken a different route. Advanced Memory Systems Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif., has neatly leapfrogged all the others to bring out a semiconductor mass memory, one step beyond the mainframe memory, in the area now occupied almost exclusively by large and slow ferrite-core arrays. Furthermore, the new unit, dubbed the semiconductor storage unit, or SSU, will sell for less than a cent a bit in large quantities, instead of the 3 to 5 cents for present-day mass core memories. The SSU has an average access time of 131 microseconds, and a maximum access time of 525 µ.sec, following which it produces or accepts data in sequential locations at the rate of 16 bytes every µ.sec. This contrasts with a typical extended core memory, which has a uniform access time of about 4 µ.sec and a c;ycle time of 8 µ.sec for all data, whether in sequential or random locations; and with typical 1 µ.sec or less for mainframe memories. A lot in a hurry. Typical applications for the SSU are the same as those for extended core unitswhere large blocks or programs or data are needed quickly and often. For example, in a timeshared system, programs in active use are kept in the main memory; but whenever a user finishes with a major part of his program and requests another, or requires tern- porai·y use of a subroutine or com- great advantages this unit has piler, . these large programs are over an electromechanical magnetic interchanged rapidly with segments drum. Any 128-register clock can in the main memo~-y. Disks and ope.rate at either of two frequencies , drums are sometimes used directly and can change from speed to for such storage; but because these speed aln1ost instantly. No mag- electromechanical devices have netic drurh can do this; the drum long intrinsic delays, they are more always works at constant speed. often used as a backup store for But the operating frequency of inactive programs-such as those a dynamic MOS shift register need of users who are not "on the air" only be sufficient to restore the at a particular time-while the charge on the leaky capacitances active swapping or "sloshing" takes that store the data in such a reg- place between the main metnory ister; any frequency high~r than and a mass memory. this minimum, up to a point, works The SSU is based on a continu- just as , well as the miniinum. So ously operating shift register that the 1-Mhz rate is only for the con- rotates data from its output back venience of the user; the registers to its input. The access time, re- can loaf along at as little as 10 quired for the desired data to ap- kiloheitz and still keep the data pear at the output, averages half valid and conserve power. the length of time to traverse the Staying in shape. Thus, those full length of the shift register. This 16,000 shift registers merely jog access time is never more than half along at 10 khz until a request to a millisecond, and is usually much read or store data is received. Then less. Thus, functionally, the SSU a block of 128 out of the 16,000 looks much like a drum; but a suddenly begins sprinting at 1 drum's access time is much longer Mhz-100 times the jogging speed -sometimes 30 msec or more. Once -until the desired location appears the access time has elapsed, both at the shift register outputs. After the drum and the SSU can transfer transferring the first group of 16 data rapidly until the capacity of bytes, the shift registers return to the track or of one shift register the jogging rate-that is, they ef- is exhausted. fectively stop and wait for the next MOS circuits. Each shift register data transfer time. If the computer in the SSU is a dynamic metal oxide is fast enough, the sprinting con- semiconductor circuit driven by a tinues until the operation is com- I-megahertz clock. Each register · plete. But few computers can contains 1,024 bits continuously match the maximum 16-bytes-per cycling through it at the 1-Mhz µ.sec rate of the ssu, so the registers rate; 128 registers operate in paral- usually revert immediately to the lel to provide 128 bits, or 16 eight- jogging rate, to await the next bit bytes, at the output every µ.sec . group of bytes. It's unlikely that In the smallest SSU model, with they'll have to take more than one a capacity of about two miliion jogging step, because few com- bytes, there are more than 16,000 puters are so slow that the next of these 1,024-bit shift registers all data location will pass them by at chugging along together. the 10-khz rate. But they're not necessarily all in The SSU comes with a controller step-and therein lies one of the that is tailor-made to match the Electronics I February 16, 1970 43 U.S. Reports storage unit with the computerbe it an IBM System 360, Univac 1108, Control Data 6600, or what have you. Two million, four million or eight million bytes come with the controller; up to eight million more can be connected externally to the controller, and up to eight controllers-128 million bytes-can be connected together on one channel. No commercially available system today can handle 16 bytes at a time; one of the controller's functions is to match the computer's channel speed to that of the SSU. But if anybody invents a computer that can inhale 16 bytes at a time without strangling, the SSU is ready for it. A disadvantage of the SSU not suffered by conventional extended core units or magnetic drums is that its contents must be dumped onto some other memory mediumcore or drum, for example-before power is shut down. This could be a real nuisance in installations ·where everybody goes home every night, or over the weekend. But, installations big enough to justify using a mass memory are usually on the air 24 hours a day, seven days a week, so that the dump would have to occur only for maintenance or in an emergency situation. Space electronics Finding a place Crowding of the frequency spectrum isn't exclusively a terrestrial problem. It's a growing concern in space communications, with potential users struggling to get frequencies assigned in existing bands up to 12 gigahertz. So NASA is going to two regions that aren't fully allocated-20 Ghz and 30 Ghz -for an advanced millimeter-wave communications experiment that will be part of the mission of the ATS-F satellite scheduled to be launched in 1973. The Hughes Aircraft Co.'s Space System division will build the 85pound millimeter-wave experiment package, which includes four transmitters, two operating at 20 Ghz CRYS. OSGI LLA TOR AND MULTIPLIERS ATS-F C-BAND TRANSPONDER I I II-F I MIXERS AND SWITCHING CRYS. OSGI LLATOR AND MULTIPLIERS Flying high. The millimeter-wave communications experiment for ATS-Fis more sophisticated than the one aboard the currently orbiting ATS. Hughes package includes a high-gain parabolic dish ta beam wideband signals back to earth after giving transmission area propagation profile. Redundant multiplier chains, line generators, and transmitters will be included at the two frequencies. and two at 30 Ghz. NASA's Goddard Spaceflight Center has awarded Hughes the contract, worth $2.83 million, which is intended to develop a model of the reflection characteristics of the atmosphere at these two frequencies in various kinds of weather. NASA is particularly interested in finding out how badly heavy rainfall attenuates signals at these frequencies. More to come. The experiment will be more ambitious than a similar one aboard ATS-5 (known as ATS-E before orbit). That satellite has been returning some useful millimeter-wave communications data even though it went into an undesirable spin aften launch last fall. However, the ground receiver can only lock onto the signal for about 40 milliseconds during a 780msec revolution of the antenna. So a good deal of data is being lost. In addition, when that experiment was designed by Martin-Orlando for a space-to-ground (or downlink) frequency of 15.3 Ghz, spaceborne solid state circuit technology wasn't able to deliver enough power at higher frequencies. To cope with this problem a groundto-space link (or uplink) at 31.65 Ghz was used from NASA's facility at Rosman, N.C., to measure propagation characteristics at that frequency, using a I-kilowatt ground transmitter. However, use of the uplink, in addition to tying up the ground transmitter, dictates data analysis aboard the satellite. This analysis won't be necessary with the Hughes experiment on ATS-F. On the preceding ATS, the experiment provided for a minimum of 200 milliwatts that could be beamed from the satellite on the 15.3-Ghz downlink because of the desire to stick with solid state circuitry. Ben V. Thompson, project manager for the millimeter-wave experiment at Hughes, says the components, including waveguides and antennas, can be made small and light enough to provide good gains at these shorter wavelengths. By going to 20 Gin (15 millimeters) and 30 Ghz (10 mm). Thompson is going to be teamed with Louis Ippolito, the principal investigator for this experiment at Goddard. Thompson says the Hughes system will operate in three modes. In the continuouswave mode, the output will be 2 watts from traveling wave tubes that serve as the final stage in the transmitters, feeding two kinds of 44 Electronics I February 16, 1790 U.S. Reports antennas. One will be a high-gain be used with ATS-F. On the return (38 to 40 decibels) parabolic dish trip, two routes are open. It could that will be 1 foot to 1.5 feet in di- be sent either at baseband from ameter. One of the 20-Ghz trans- the C-band transponder through a mitters and one of the 20-Ghz units voltage-controlled oscilaltor, or at will feed this antenna. an intermediate frequency, then put Countrywide. Another of the 20- through the mixer and switching Ghz transmitters will feed a horn circuitry. antenna covering the U.S., with a Thompson expects that all the gain of 27.5 db, and the other 30- data the ATS-F millimeter-wave ex- Ghz transmitter will feed the same periment should generate, espe- kind of horn. In the continuous cially wideband data, will aid a sys- mode, two unmodulated crystal- tems designer who wants to design controlled carriers can be sent, one a satellite communications link. He at each frequency, to obtain prop- · should be able to do so anticipating agation measurements. There's a the amount of reflection and scat- water-vapor absorption band be- tering caused by heary rain at these tween 20 and 30 Ghz, but there are frequencies. windows at each end of that range. All of the circuitry is solid state, In the modulated (or multitone) up to the traveling-wave tubes, mode, as Hughes calls it, the horns which are being built by the will become a nine-line spectrum Hughes Electron Dynamics divi- of signals spaced 187.5 megahertz sion. Thompson says a space-quali- from each other across 1.5-Ghz fied 2-watt twt at these frequencies bands centered at 20 Ghz and 30 is something new. A crystal-con- Ghz. The power output at each of trolled oscillator is the initial source these sidebands will be 60 milli- of energy, and its 5-Mhz output is watts. "They're far enough apart," multiplied up through several Thompson says, "so that the stages of a multiplier chain to 10 ground equipment [Rosman again Ghz. The Schottky-barrier diodes will be the prime site] will be able are used as two times and three to pick them out and measure fad- times multipliers to get on to 20 ing at selected frequencies." and 30 Ghz. The propagation characteristics will be correlated with observed and measured weather conditions along the satellite's path (90° to Memories 100° west longitude). Finally, after the synchronous-orbiting satellite Gate code has been up long enough to get baseline information on propaga- When Electronic Arrays Inc. an- tion characteristics through the at- nounced its 4,096-bit read-only mosphere, especially in heavy rain- memory last month, the chip's small fall, comes the proof of the pud- dimensions-94 by 88 mils-were ding. This calls for the third mode characterized as good design prac- and will include the actual beam- tice, which usually indicates effi- ing of wideband communications cient arrangement of devices on the (40-Mhz bandwidth) at 20 Ghz and chip. But with Electronic Arrays, 30 Ghz using the high-gain dish it also means an unusual method antenna putting out 2 watts. This of encoding information in the is a bonus not included in the ATS-5 memory. millimeter-wave experiment. In most metal oxide semicon- Gamut. In the communications ductor read-only memories, the mode using the high-gain antenna, gate regions of the transistors lie such signals as video, wideband between a grid of p-channel lines data, "and other representative sig- (or columns) and metal lines (or nals that might be used in a wide- rows). The oxide over each gate re- band communications link might be gion is thinned even if it is not used," Thompson says. The wide- going to hold a bit of information. band communications signal will Coding is done by depositing metal be sent to the satellite probably on -which contacts the metal rows- a C-band (4 to 8 Ghz) uplink to over the thinned gate region; thus, when the device is addressed, it turns on, representing a 1. The gate metal and the metal rows are defined at the same time. Devices which are to remain off have no metal over their gate regions. According to Michael McCoy, manager of advanced product development at Electronic Arrays, this process requires lots of chip area because space is needed for the gate metal, and to reduce the surface charge. "Since all of the devices have a thin gate region," McCoy says, "they may inadvertently be turned on-even if they do not have metal over their gates -if adjacent devices are on." This is due to surface-charge buildup and can be eliminated by spacing the transistors farther apart. Skinny digit. Electronic Arrays' approach is to put the gate regions under the metal rows, and to code the memory by thinning the gate oxide only on the devices that are GATE METAL OVER GATE REGION ROW ADDRESS LINES (METALl THINNED OUT OXIDE OVER GATE Slim. Denser, smaller chips are made (bottom) by thinning oxide only over devices where 1 is to be stored. Metal connection between gate area, row isn't needed. Usual method (top) thins oxide over all transistors, stores 1 by depositing metal over device. Electronics I February 16, 1970 45 U.S. Reports to represent a 1. Because the oxide is thick over the 0 or olf devices, they are immune to the surfacecharge problem and thus remain off. And because the space between the rows and columns isn't needed for the gate area, the rows and columns can be closer together, resulting in a smaller chip. McCoy says, "We don't fight the area battle just to fight something. It's because we can pack in more bits, and our yields are higher with the smaller chips." This is also in line with Electronic Arrays' philosophy of sticking to only one process-high-threshold MOS. "Others," according to McCoy, "say that high-threshold MOS is dead, but we think that there is a lot more we can do with it, and this is one example." The EA3300 is now being sampled in the form of an ASCII to EBCDIC, and an EBCDIC to ASCII converter-both on the same chip. According to Earl Gregory, vice president of marketing at Electronic Arrays, this converter is available elsewhere in one form or the other-tvvo packages are needed to go both ways. Gregory says that in addition to the demand for the converter, "it demonstrates that we really can produce the device." He adds that the 3300 is the most complex chip available. In volume production, Gregory expects to sell Small talk. IBM is offering this portable audio computer terminal that rents for $20 a month. Compatible with IBM's System 360 and labeled the 2721, it will accept alphanumeric data and can be used with any standard phone line. The keyboard-60 flat, pressure-sensitive keyscan be customized simply by slipping a plastic matrix atop the standard arrangement. And the 2721 fits into an attache case. the memory for less than a penny a bit, and volume production will begin soon. Medical electronics Sound of a hole Can sound waves detect unsound teeth? Dr. Sidney Lees, head of the bioengineering department of Boston's Forsyth Dental Center, thinks so, and is using ultrasonics to study tooth decay. "By findling out what lrappens during decay we may speed up the procedure for evaluating dental treatmenlts," says Lees. Also, his study may lead to a more precise definition of a cavity. "Right now it's di.Hiicuft to get two dentists to agree on what a cavity is," he says. "Opinions are sulbjective." Ultras'onic reflections from healthy and demineralized tooth enamelenamel about to decay-differ, and Lees want·s to finrl out why. Healthy enamel consists of calcium crystals surrounded by a layer of organic matter, which can replace minerals if they are lost. Without this network, demineralization eventually becomes decay. But the earliest stages of decay may be reversible if detected in time, since the enamel is in chemical equilibrium with the so-called oral environment. Rod. Lees' ultrasonic system uses a piezoelectric transducer of lead zirconate titan'ate. In experiments, a soni·c pulse at 7.5 to 15 megahertz originates in the transducer and is sen't through an aluminum rod to a layer of tooth enamel mounted on it. Lees hopes to work on living teeth in the future. The pulse is reflected by the enamel and reenters the rod, and returns to the transducer, generating an electrical signal corresponding to the echo. This output is displayed on an oscilloscope and the wave shapes photographed. The high-energy pulses formerly used to study teeth have been at frequencies over 30 megahertz, and were hard to achieve efficiently. And since the long~term effects of frequency and wave shape on teeth are unlmown, Lees prefers pulses 46 Electronics I February 16, 1790 (from any other Op Amp) tor 117.85* RA-2600 Input Bias Current= 2nA Input lmpedance=200 Mg Voltage Gain = 200,000 V /V Slew Rate= + 7 V/µs (Av= 1) Input Offset Voltage = 2mV Fully Compensated Short Circuit Protected *100 unit price tor 127.25* RA"2520 Slew Rate=±120 V/µs (Av=2) Input Offset Voltage=4mV Voltage Gain = 15,000 V /V Large Signal Bandwith = 2000 kHz Input Impedance = 100 MO Our RA-2510 has a slew rate of ± 60VI µ,s and our RA-2500 has a slew rate of ± 30 VI µs with similar characteristics and equally low prices. We're calling our linear line the no-compromise op amps because you don't have to compromise your design to stay within budget. In fact, with performance characteristics such as we offer, your design job is easier, and you end up with a more reliable circuit, too. Get off-the-shelf delivery of these monolithic op amps that exceed hybrid performance. We build them to full military temperature range and to comply with MIL-STD-883. (If you don't need military temperature range, our commercial version, 0°C to +75°C, devices are available at even greater savings.) Ask your nearest Radiation sales engineer about our no-compromise linear line. He'll help you pick the best IC for the job. Lexington, Massachusetts (817) 882-1055 Norwalk, Connecticut (203) 853-3846 Frederick, Maryland (301) 662-5400 Oaklawn, Illinois (312) 423-6010 Dallas, Texas (214) 231 -9031 Albuquerque, New Mexico (505) 268-3549 Palo Alto, California (415) 321-2280 Long Beach, California (213) 428-7687 P. 0. Box 37, Melbourne, Florida 32901 (306) 727-5430 Electronics \ February 16, 1970 RADIATION INCORPORATED SU BSIDIARY OF HARRIS INTER TYPE CORPORA TIDN Circle 47 on reader service card 47 U.S. Reports using less energy and fower frequencies. The enamel layer on the rod will be immersed in a weak acid, which demineralizes it, so the wave shape before and after demineralization can be compared. "We can see a change in pulse sh'ape due to the acid," says Lees, "but we want to find out why it changes. Nobody has had a dynamic situation where you can see what actually happens as the surface is etched away." Therefore, Lees also plans to bounce sound waves off the enamel while it is in the acid, simulating the environment in the moulth. Making changes. Reflections from the enamel might be changed in several ways. "When a tooth is etched with acid, the nature of the reflecting smface ch·anges," says Lees, "which means that the wave shape and amplitude of the pulse change. And if the transducer is rotated in relall:ion to the enamel, the wave shape changes according to the molecular configuration, and this enables you to see the nature of calcium formations at t>he tooth's surface." By finding out what happens to enamel it will be possible to see how and why fluoride treatments work, and determine the effects of foods and fuod additives. "If we could add the right th'ings to food," Lees says, "we could prevent cavities." The measurement system is intended as a laboraltory tool for now, and not for the dentist's office. Lees thinks th:at if more funds for development were available, ultrasonic instruments could be sold to dentists within 2 or 3 years. But little money is available for dental resear~h. He feels fortunate to have received $247,435 from the John H . Hartford Foundation in New York. Lees says that it will take two years to develop his system and another three or so before it is accepted by the dental profession. The total system cost may be between $50,000 and $100,000. Lees IV. p.p. lV. p.p ENCODED SIGNAL NTSC DECODER COLOR CORRECTED ENCODED SIGNAL (ENCODED ERROR SIGNAL) NTSC COLOR CORRECTOR Shade of meaning. CBS Laboratories has developed a device designed to correct color variations in tv programs after they have been encoded and before transmittal to viewers. Differences caused by use of different cameras, changes in lighting, and mixing of video tape and film would be balanced out by adjusting each of the three primary colors-red, blue, and green-rather than by adjusting one at the expense of the other two. The Color Corrector, as it's called, has five controls: for highlighting, lowlighting, red and blue midrange, amount of color, and intensity of all colors without affecting white balance. The encoded signal is divided into two parts, 1 volt peak-to-peak. One part is decoded. A correction vector is added to each color signal in a differential amplifier. Each signal is then remodulated and combined with the other two. The encoded error signal is fed into a summing circuit-a grounded base amplifier-as is the original encoded signal, where error is canceled. Corrections can be fed into a small computer, and then to the unit to correct programing color variations. The Color Corrector will be avail- able to the tv industry in April for under $3,000. finds the general lack of financial support frustrating, since he says, "a pay-off is imminent; we have ideas on how to look into teeth and we know what to do." Commercial electronics Bye-bye bucket Sensor makers will find a growing market at the Interior Department as the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA) moves toward use of more electronic sensors-replacing "glorified bucket" samplers and wet chemistry sensors-in its water-quality monitoring network. The funding request for FWPCA's pollution control operations and research budget, a large part of which is spent on pollution surveillance and aid to state and local agencies, is up to $98 million in fiscal 1971 from $86 million in fiscal 1970. The network, with monitoring stations in all major streams and rivers across the country, will be similar to the air-quality monitoring system set up bv the Department of H ealth , Education, and Welfare's National Air Pollution Control Administration rElectronics, Dec. 8, 1969, p. 137] when completed. The network is a Federal-state effort, with greatest funding coming from the states. The tentative target date for completion of the water-monitoring program is 1974. Subdivisions. The FWPCA has divided the country into nine regions, each to set up a monitoring system with a central data bank. The Federal Government hopes to build some 2,400 monitoring stations also feedin~ water-quality information into the network, says William Sayers, chief of the Water Quality Surveillance Systems of the FWPCA. Currently, the Government operates about 700 stations, such as those on rivers and streams which are on state lines and in coastal waters. Federal stations operate, for example, on the Potomac, Missouri, and Mississippi Rivers, and in the Great Lakes. The states are required to set up their own sta- 48 Electronics I February 16, 1790 New-from the industry leader in Solid-State Power: TA7625 Hybrid Power Circuit From the latest advances in power hybrid technology, RCA introduces the TA7625 7A linear amplifier-a complete, all-silicon power module for industrial, military and commercial applications. The solid-state TA7625 is ruggedly packaged ... so small it fits in the palm of your hand. It will offer you new opportunities in design-new economies in systems production. As for design features: · 7 amperes of peak load current capability · single or split power supply (30-75 volts) e load line limiting · > 60 dB power gain · provision for external feed· back control The RCA developmental TA7625 is now available for your engineering evaluation. Its potential uses are numerous and challenging: ·servo-motor driver (AC, DC, or pulse-width modulated) · positive and negative out· put power supply ·self-excited and driver in· verter e linear amplifier · power Op Amp ·bridge amplifier · audio power amplifier For more information on RCA Hybrid Power Circuits, see your local RCA Representative. For technical data, write RCA Electronic Components, Commercial Engineering, Section l·N-2 /UC1, Harrison, N. J. 07029. In Europe: RCA International Marketing S.A., 2-4 rue du Lievre, 1227 Geneva, Switzerland. Circle 49 on reader service card U.S. Reports tions on estuaries flowing through digital signal and transmitted via Displays a state. phone lines or radioed to a central About 350 of the current stations are equipped with electronic sensors, but there is an increasing need for electronics in the sys.tern. The need increases directly with the need to monitor water quality at shorter intervals· of time-or with the inevitable increase in pollution potential from more power plants. The tradeoff is in cost. If a government has to send a man on a boat with his· glorified bucket to sample water more than two or three times a day, increasing also the required number of laboratory personnel to analyze the water sample, it becomes more economical to use electronic sensors and telemetering equipment, says Sayers. Water quality sensors at remote sites, housed in protective shelters, consist of a flow chamber for water intake, an analyzer, and output phase. A to d. To measure the pH factor in water, the sensor package consists of a glass electrode and a silver-silver chloride reference electrode plus an automatic temperature compensator, active analyzer, and panel meter. The measured analog signal of unfiltered river water, for example, is converted to a data unit. Straight faced The FWPCA is using IBM 1130's in its nine regional centers, with There's a good reason for the the larger IBM 360/65 at Washing- scarcity of cathode-ray tubes with ton processing data from all nine flat faces-the electron beam that regions. Water quality data travels excites ·a display tube's phosphor at extremely slow rates. In the Ohio must play over a spherical surface Basin, for example, water quality lest pichires, alphanumerics, and data from the Great Miami and graphics be distorted. On a flat Little Miami Rivers travels at only face, a square comes out looking about 40 bits per second to the · like a pillow or pincushion; hence central data unit in Cincinnati. the name, pincushion distortion. Each monitoring station meas- But the interest in flat-faced ures eight pollution factors: acidity, crt's is growing. Phototypesetters temperature, dissolved oxygen, need a flat face from which to conductivity, chlorides, turbidity, transfer copy without losing resolu- oxidation reduction potential, and tion; computer engineers would like solar radiation that directly affects to combine data entry tablets with the activity of algae. A four-param- flat crt's to offset parallax error eter electronic-equipped monitoring or data misinterpretation; and mili- station costs an average of $7,000. tary planners would like to lay A more sophisticated station with transparent charts or graphs over telemetry equipment and pumping flat screens for easy comparison intake would cost $15,000, says with displayed data. Sayers. Major suppliers are Schnei- Footage. But pincushion distor- der Instruments in Cincinnati, Au- tion has slowed these applications. tomated Environmental Systems For a faceplate to be large, the Instruments, and Fairchild. electron beam deflection has to be The FWPCA and the states would narrow, say less than 50°, necessi- welcome development of a cheaper tating a very long tube. And for monitor-buoy-type, battery-oper- many uses, 2 or 3 feet of cathode- ated, or, better yet, one which ray tube is simply 1 or 2 feet too would float, says Sayers. much. Intronics Inc. of Newton, Mass., may have enlarged the small mar- ket in wide-angle, flat-faced tubes with a new circuit which, the com- pany says, can compensate for pin- cushion distortion even in very shallow tubes with deflection an- gles of almost 140°. Intronics got interested when such customers as Collins Radio, Radiation Inc., RCA, and Brush Instrument said they wanted large- area, flat-faced crt's. They added that, while the tubes could be cus- tom-built, pincushion distortion was a problem. Much of the problem is caused by the old method of correcting for pincushion distortion. Some flat displays used cumbersome mag- netic field coils or plates to twist Wet regions. Of these nine water quality regions, the Ohio Basin, Middle the electron beam back into posi- Atlantic, and Pacific Northwest (including Alaska ) have submitted plan s to tion. A more common approach is the FWPCA for a five-year program to complete the monitoring system. Data to use analog circuihy to distort banks will be set up in each of the cities shown, transmitting water quality data the deflection signal so that the to Washington. The FWPCA hopes to have its national water quality net physical and electronic distortions fully operational by 1974. cancel and pincushion disappears; 50 Electronics I February 16, 1790 Customizing a magnetic alloy Bell Laboratories scientists have custom tailored a magnetic alloy for the "piggyback twistor," a memory device used in electronic switching systems . In this device, metal tapes (enlarged 225 times above) are wound into a tight spiral-subjecting them to considerable mechanical stress. The magnetic properties of the alloys must be essentially independent of such stress. That is, they must have low magnetostriction. In addition , the outer tape mu st be magnetically "hard" -with high coercive force (resistance to change in direction of magnetization). And finally, it must be ductile enough to be formed into tape. No known alloy had this combination of properties. So, E. A. Nesbitt, G. Y. Chin, and D. Jaffe of Bell Laboratories made one to order. Tailoring the new alloy for the outer tape required a precise knowledge of the relationship between the magnetic behavior of materials and their structure . So, the Bel I Labora tories scientists began with 90% cobalt and 10% iron, a composition they knew had the necessary ductility and low magnetostriction- two of the essential requirements . But, since the coercive force of the composition wa s inadequate, they were faced with another knotty problem. To solve it, they went back again to a basic principle-a precipitate in an alloy impedes the motion of magnetic domain walls when a field is applied to reverse the magnetic polarity. With that foundation, the scientists formulated a composition of 4% gold, 84% cobalt, and 12% iron. (The gold is the precipitate.) When this new alloy was cold- drawn to produce a 97.5°/o reduction in cross section and then heat treated, its coercive force increased to the point required for piggyback twistors. By simplifying the manufacture of piggyback twistors for use in the electronic switching systems now being built by Western Electric, the new magnetic alloy puts basic research in metallurgy at the service of telephone customers. From the Research and Development Unit of @ the Bell System- Bell Labs WHAT? Still chopping light with a wheel? .Hey Mister, get a FORK! ' Many engineers already use Bulova/ American Time Products tuning forks to chop light and similar energy beams. Those who are not are a bit behind the times, and should know the fork's tremendous advantages over motor-driven light choppers - No wearing parts I No lubrication needed Low power requirements I Much longer life . More 'efficient light handling I Smaller and lighter How is all this achieved? By attaching to a fork 's tines a pair of vanes slotted, notched, or pierced, to suit ttie need. Then the vibrating fork chops light or similar energy beams to produce optical effects never before achieved. What's more, it's all done in a very, very small package. For example, a 2 cubic inch package can chop 1,000 times per second! Another variation is a scanner that uses a torsional fork scanning at a uniform repeat rate. A mirror or other optical device can be attached to vibrate the device torsionally. Whatever your application, from burglar alarms to infrared spectrophotometers, if you've got some light to chop or scan , call American Time Products 212-335-6000, see EEM Section 3800, or write - BULOVA BULOVA _ _ _O_l_p_. TAIMMEERPICRAONDUCTS Electronics Div ision of Bulova Wat ch Co.. Inc. 61-20 Woodside Ave., Woodside. N. Y. 11377 (212) 335-6000 Go Bulova, and leave the designing to us! 52 Circle 52 on reader service card U.S. Reports unfortunately, this solution hasn't worked well for wide deHection angles. Tough cure. One of the most widely used schemes is approximation through linear segmentsadding a little more correction for each added amount of x or y axis de'Hection. Electronically, this means a diode-resistor ladder network-simple in concept but redundant, very complex, and costly for high accuracy. The other major method uses a mathematical model. It's an ap- + proximation to an infinite power series-the quantity x2 y2 raised to ever increasing powers. This was harder to conceptualize but easier to build, consisting mostly of analog multipliers and so-called squarers in combination. The :Haw in this approach is that it simply can't correct for deflection angles of 80° to 90° or more. Intronics' approach, developed by James B. Knitter, analog design manager, is still 'being patented, so he's not saying much about hardware. He admits, however, that he works not only with the deflection values of x and y, but also with l, or dynamic focus. Thus his module not only corrects for pincushion, but keeps phosphor dot brightness and size constant over the entire tube face. Omnibus. He calls the heart of his circuit a "square-rooter," a piece of hardware he specifically developed to manipulate the sum of x2, y2, and 12 as a single quantity-not handling the terms separately as do other circuits. Whatever the electronics, the results claimed are impressive. Knitter says that his circuitry can erase pincushion distortion 10 to 15 times more accurately than former techniques used with narrow-scan tubes. And for wide d~Hections about 100°-there's no real competition, he says. And it's about 20 times more accurate than no correction at all. First units will be sold to purchasers with special applications, and Knitter estimates that his breadboard will translate into production units at about $400 each. But he's hopeful that once quantity increases, and tube makers find that they can take advantage of the easier way to make a :Hatfaced tube, Intronics' circuit could even find its way into consumer products. "The combination -0f curved face and curved shadowmasks-plus convergence problems·-is largely what causes so much 'off-color' tv," he says. "A Hat face could simplify design, and keep color true at the picture edges , to-0." Communications A-bit more cable The FCC, in three decisions on cable television, has opened new market possibilities through a move toward competitive networks. Two of the rulings favor community antenna tv carriers over regulated phone companies, while the third permits transmission in the 4 to 6 gigahertz bandwidth in areas where there is no foreseeable spectrum congestion. In one ruling, the Federal Communication Commission holds that telephone companies cannot own CATV systems, either directly or through an affiliate, in areas where they are providing local telephone service, though they can still lease distribution facilities to independent operators on a nondiscriminatory basis. Telephone companies now providing such service have until 1974 to discontinue operations. The only exception, the FCC says, will be in sparsely populated areas where CATV systems could not exist without the local phone company. Monopoly. One reason for the action is the favoritism the companies sometimes display for their own CATV affiliates in providing access to telephone poles. The FCC says it fears the phone companies might be tempted to extend the monopoly to other cable uses, such as data transmission. Industry sources say the action encourages development of independent CATV and microwave networks that will buy equipment from suppliers other than AT&T. And, as these networks develop to the Circle 53 on reader service card-+ ora choice cut This new, computer-controlled Astrodata -0.t· Acquisition and Control system is a low·co·J.; expandable unit based on over ten years of Aa~ data experience in data systems. A basic ADAC system will accept up to 10 low-level sipa a [expandable to 500), amplify, ftlter, condition, Pl~ tiplex, convert, compute, control and record tliem, for lesi than $30,000. What's also convenient about the ADAC con* is that you buy only as much system as you n now, with low-cost plug-in. expandability for future functions. Or perhaps your requirements are for ADAC components only. Look at the selectipp: Wltht1utADAC, 1:DU tiave a Choice of A1tro- data'1 Model 9llO Low-Level Mal- tlplexer which C8D accept 10 to 100 faputl (Ulbls to-channel 111*'··1t:ilmn raDf81 from ±& to ±100 mv, 10 kH&. OR Aatrodata'1 new f.'{11~,_. wider dynamic raqe and ;'., :111!.Jt. :'.:l Bither can be provided with et voltqe. Conv..._ ::~t1::,.Mifir'.tif.. .ta1 The ADC fa this aystem ls an ASTROVBR'l'ER data convertel'- aad does It .,.... form I Tliro111h- pl1t rate Is 100 kHz with an accuracy of ·.....-:1c-~···~'la least siplflcant dipt. bits plua sip. But the . . . . more than an ADC. By h:w cards, the ASTROVBRa U9-channel fdsh-speed taoua sample-and-hold as the total Interface tal llpals. Its sreat flexl- ditltlzlntl and low coat the system dealper. The 1election of a computer allows the ADAC system to be fitted more preclaelf to the application. By havlns more than 40 com- putiq devlcn from . _ tq. select, Astrodata enatneers can supplJ ......._.., what's required, allowing for fiitute ex- ~- end reducln1 overall ayatem cost. If you ~ kav1 a computer at your lnatallatlon, so mudb 1he batter, interfacing la our middle illUlle· Wlt1a. · ltali of nearly 100, Astrodata's 1oftware ,OQf 1iOUJ cp dev.iop any, rea an)', type of pro- IMll application may require, from aimple data _.ltlOn to a hlghlr Involved control dODl. . . . . Thafa ADAC ita parts and ita entity, all procl11cta of Aetrodata, its people and ita ~ Call ue now if you want more data, Write fol" the ADAC brochure, or request ...,.,. . . on apeclftc system components. ASTRODATA INC., 240 E. P·lale Rd., AMhelm, d.11. &noa; (714) 171-1ilo0 U.S. Reports point where they begin to interconnect, microwave equipment suppliers will find a new market. In another action, AT&T, General Telephone & Electronics, United Utilities Inc., and the Continental Telephone Corp., were told to delay planned substantial increases in CATV distribution charges until the FCC has time to decide whether a formal filing is required. Opening the band. The final decision permits CATV microwave common carriers to operate in the 4 to 6 Ghz bandwidth-they were formerly restricted to 10.7 to 11.7 Ghz. The deciding factors in the ruling were the possible development of a microwave network for CATV systems, development of domestic satellite communications programs sharing the 4 to 6 Ghz bands, development of additional nationwide networks for data and other specialized services such as the MCI network, and new facilities for cheaper educational television relay. This is not the FCC's final action, however, as it plans to make what it calls a "more intelligent determination" on the use of these bands within the next year, as development of microwave and satellite networks progresses. CATV carriers operating in 4 to 6 Ghz will have equal status with general common carrier operations and satellite earth stations in the same band until the decision is made, preferably before Feb. 1, 1971, the FCC says, when the CATV carriers may be pushed down to secondary status in the band. Components Solution seeking problem What do you do with a detector diode that works from liquid-nitrogen temperatures all the way up to metal-melting heat? NASA's Electronics Research Center is trying to find out. The device, called a backward diode, is made of silicon carbide. And although its semiconductor qualities are poor compared to those of silicon semiconductors, it can't be touched for temperattire range. At room temperature, says its developer, NASA engineer Richard Farrell, it can detect 15 megahertz r-f with 585 millivolts/milliwatt sensitivity. Losing cool. Cranking the temperature to 700°C drops sensitivity by two-thirds to about 190 mv/mw. Beyond this temperature, the package parts begin to melt. Cooling the detector to the 77°K temperature of liquid nitrogen doubles sensitivity. Farrell says that th e diode has worked up in X band (8 Gigahertz to 12.4 Ghz), too. He's measured room temperature sensitivities of llO mv/mv at 50 Mhz and 0.5 mv/ mw at 8.8 Ghz. But extrapolating from these measurements, he figures the diode's usefulness should cut off in L band, between 1 and 2 Ghz. Making them sounds simple. Farrell takes a chip of silicon carbide and deposits a lump of silicon on top. He then heats the combination to about 2,100°C in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen. The heat liquifies the silicon lump and some of the silicon carbide, and the liquid takes nitrogen from the atmosphere, creating a junction during regrowth and cooldown. Packaging looks standard, but isn't. The usual whisker contact is used to pin out from the silicon lump, but instead of gold, it's made of copper-plated molybdenum to withstand operating temperahues. Unforhmately, the waveguide and other r-f conducting components available don't withstand heat as well as the diode and this is sure to limit its usefulness-for instance, to Venus-probe radiometry or radar applications. It is also possible that high-temperature process-control sensors might use the diode, and it also might :6nd its way into re-enti"y vehicles in spots where insulation isn't practical. More needed. But wide application appears to await development of other high-temperature components-passive components like resistors and capacitors-and active ones like transistors. As yet, there's little to match the diode's tempera- 54 COMES WITH EVERY GE CAPACITOR Dependable Distributor Service General Electric Distributors help you solve the tough ones with capacitors from local stock: EAST AND NORTHEAST Cramer/Washington, Inc. 692 Loftstrand Lane Rockville, Maryland 20850 Tel' 301-424-2700 Gerber Electronics, Inc. ~52 Providence Highway ed~=t~k~~~-~l~a26 Rome Electronics, Inc. 108 Spring St. Rome, N. Y. 13440 Tel' 315-337-5400 Schweber Electronics, Inc. Jericho Highway Westbury, N, Y. 11591 Teh 516-334-7474 5640 Fisher Lah e Rockville, Maryland 20852 Tel ' 301-427-4977 213 Third Ave. Waltham, Mass. 02154 Teh 617-891-8484 Semiconductor Specialists, Inc. 2011 Waverly St. Pittsburgh, Pa. 15218 Te l' 412-351-3611 Standard Electronics, Inc. 1501 Main St. Buffalo, N. Y. 14209 Teh 315-883-5006 SOUTHEAST Cramer/ Florida Electronics 4141 N.E. 6th Ave. Ft. ~:r,d!Jg_i~eil~:i 33308 Jackson Electronics Co. P.O. Box 19837 Atlanta, Ga. 30318 Tel, 404-355-2223 Schweber Electronics, Inc. 2830 N. 28th Terrace Hollywodtf, Fla. 33020 Tel ' 305-927-0511 Southeastern Radio Supply Company 414 Hill sboro St. Rale;gh, N. C. 27603 Teh 919-828-2311 MIDWEST Electronics Marketing Corp. 814 W. 3rd Ave. Columbus, Ohio 43212 Tel' 614-299-4161 Ha~~~o~. ~=~~~o~~les Addison, Ill. 60101 Tel' 312-543-8500 1400 W. 46th Ave. Denver, Colorado 80216 Tel, 303-433-8551 Lew Bonn 7275 Bush Lake Road Edina, Minn. 55435 Semiconductor Specialists, Inc. P.O. Box 66125 Chicago, 111. 60666 Tel' 313-255-0300 25127 w. Six Mile Road Redford, Mich. 48240 Teh 313-279-1000 SOUTHWEST Arco Electron ics, Inc. P.O. Box 34772 Dalla s, Texas 75234 Tel; 214-239-9123 Ha~i.~~i;~efJ~~ 7Sales Dallas, Texas 75207 Tel ' 214-638-0900 1216 W. Clay St. Houston, Texas 77019 Tel, 713-526-4661 1741 N. 28th St. Pho~nix, Arizona 85009 Tel' 602-272-2601 WEST & NORTHWEST Elmar Electronics, Inc. 2288 Charleston Rd. Mt. View, Calif. 94041 Teh 415-961-3611 Ha"fb~r~ ~~e~~~h~~~~gn Blvd. Culver City, Calif. 90230 Tel, 213-870'-7171 2320 6th Ave. Seattle, Wash. 98121 Tel: 206-442-2011 5567 Kearny Villa Rd. San Diego, Calif. 92123 Te h 714-279-2421 340 Middlefield Rd. Mt. View , Calif. 94041 Tel, 415-961-7000 Kimball Electronics, Inc. 350 Pierpont Ave. Salt Lake City, Utah 84101 Tel, 801-328-2075 G. S. Marshall Co. 9674 Telstar Ave. El Monte, Calif. 91731 Tel' 213-686-1500 Electronic Capacitor & Battery Dept., Irmo, S. C. GENERA L· ELE CT R4~~ Circle 54 on reader service card If your product has to be cleaned completely, safely, efficiently, you should be using FREON®cleaning agents. Here's why··· 1. Low boiling point (under 120° F) for low-temperature vapor degreasing. Eliminates cooling time for post-cleaning processes ... no damage to heat-sensitive parts. Minimal heat passed into work environment. 2. High density combined with low surface tension evacuates soil from pores, crevices and cracks-ft.oats away contaminants. 3. Clean without damage. Compatible with widely used materials of construction. Clean completed assemblies instead of individual parts. 4. Chemically pure and stable. No acid acceptance and scratch test s necessary. No inhibitors needed. Parts dry residue-free. 5. Safe to people, as well as to material-nonflammable, nonexplosive, low order of toxicity. 6. Lower overall cleaning costs possible. FREON solvents a1·e recove1·able for reuse indefinitely. Very low power requirements in vapor degreasing because of a low heat of vaporization. Better cleaning results in fewer production rejects. Du Pont FREON cleaning agents have been used to solve critical cleaning problems in the electronics and aerospace industries for many years. If you have a critical cleaning problem, or are looking for a better cleaning system, write today to Du Pont Company, Ro0m 8703-F, Wilmington, Delaware 19898. 56 Circle 56 on reader service card ~FREON ® ~l ... u. s. r.u ofr SOLVENTS Electronics I February 16, 1970 U.S. Reports ture range in any of these categories. Why no silicon carbide transistors? "Mobility in silicon carbide is two to three times lower than that for silicon," says Farrell, "and the same is true of carrier effective mass- it's two to three times higher than for silicon." That's the rub. Until the material problems are solved, Farrell won't be holding his breath awaiting a silicon carbide transistor. There's hope, however, in research at the Air Force Cambridge Research Labs and at the Stanford Research Institute. These and other labs are trying to develop what's called beta silicon carbide, a material with much more favorable mobility and carrier mass characteristics. Data on beta silicon carbide isn't sidewalk conversation material yet, though, and the probability of its soon becoming available in amounts large enough for widespread research is low. For the record l:lienveim ... wilkommen ... The Elech·onic Industries Association has started smoothing the way for foreign companies to participate in its statistical programs. Noting that a U.S. corporation manufacturing electronic products in this country is eligible for EIA membership even though it might be foreign owned, the EtA's board of governors has approved statistical participation. But foreign companies will be allowed to take part only if the governors and the EIA division responsible for a particular program both give their okay. Come and see. Optical character readers, limited to the large corporations that can afford to spend half a million dollars and up for the equipment, are finding favor with smaller firms. But they don't have to buy or even rent the gear because of the proliferation of service centers that provide readers on a piecework basis. One of the biggest makers of optical character readers, Recognition Equipment, I Electronics February 16, 1970 Looking for an economical system building block? REDCOR 720 MUX/A-D CONVERTER REDCOR's Model 720 Multiplexer/ A-D Converter is an economical and versatile system-building block that accepts up to 32 channels of analog data. Time-shared multiplexing and successive approximation analog-to-digital conversion are utilized to process the analog input data into a format suitable for inputting directly into a computer. The basic 720 contains modular multiplexers, high-input impedance buffers, a sample and hold, an ADC, power supplies, and a voltage reference . The 720 Multiplexer/ A-D Converter offers distinct cost-performance advantages for a wide variety of data-acquisition problems where high resolution and attendant accuracy must be compared to system cost and throughput rates. The 720 is available in 8 to 12 bits binary, with system throughput rates ranging from 40 KHz to 20 KHz. Either Single-ended or differential inputs are provided, with full-scale input ranges from 5v to 20v in bipolar or unipolar configurations. The 720 is completely self-contained in a forced-air-cooled 19-inch chassis that requires only 13/4 inches of panel space. Modular concepts are employed throughout the instrument, with all circuitry contained on plug-in circuit modules that are removable from the master interconriect mother PC board. All test points required for system test t:alibrat!on and maintenance are available from the swing-out front panel. The modular structure of the 720 ensures ease of maintenance and simplifies field expandability of channels. Simplified operation , low-cost, ease of interfacing, and guaranteed system performance specifications make the Model 720 Multiplexer/ A-D Converter attractive for any computer-controlled data-acquisition or processcontrol application. mmREDCOR CORPORATION Complete Systems Capability I 7800 Deering Avenue, P.O. Box 1031, Canoga Park, California 91304- (213) 348-5892 Circle 57 on reader service card 57 READOUTS New! The Bright One. The new TEC-LITE TSR-71 Series is designed for exceptional readability - bright, wide viewing angle and large segmented incandescent characters (.61 " ) that come on strong, even in direct sunlight. Operates from IC signals - and keeps operating - minimum life is 100,000 hours. Features include low voltage supply (3.5 to 5.0 volts de) , unlimited filter color selection and four logic function options: (1) decimal decoder/driver logic only (2) decoder/driver plus buffer memory (3) decoder/driver, memory and decade counter (4) decoder/driver plus decade counter. Each of these options is also available with blanking zero. There are two basic models: TSR-71A with input logic levels of Logic "1 " OV to + 0.4V, Logic " O" + 1.5V to + 4.0V. And TSR-71 B with levels of Logic " 1" + 2.0V to + 5.0V, Logic " O" ov to + a.av. Readability is the big news. But the price is newsworthy, too: as low as $16.85 in quantities of 100 499. For complete information on the TSR-71 - or any member of the TEC family of readouts , switches, indicators, display panels, keyboards or data terminals write : TEC, Incorporated, 6700 So. Washington Avenue, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55343. (612) 941-1100. INCORPORATED 58 Circle 58 on reader service card U.S. Reports now has a dozen such centers operating; it plans to have 26 to 28 op en by the end of the year with more to follow. The centers , plann ed for Europe and Canada as well as most major U.S. cities, will be equipped with Recognition Equipment's Input-2 systems. At th e same time, the company has changed its marketing approach. The idea is to push the Input-2, a half-million-dollar version of its original gear that costs about a million dollars, to small and medimn-size users. Rental for Input-2 is $13,000 a month; its big brother rents for $18,000. Into business. The North American Philips Corp. has formed a separate corporation to widen its push into the business products field. Arthur L. Hanrahan has been named president of the new comp any, to b e called Philips Business Sys tems Inc. North American Philips, a subsidiary of Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken of the Netherlands, makes Norelco systems. Last year, th e company introduced two integrated-circuit calculators-the P-251 and the P-350. The latter seri es of small computers is designed to replace accountin g and in voicing equipment. Bumpy road. Sys tem Development Corp ., which shed its nonprofit status las t August and became a for-profit, taxpaying comp any [Electronics, Aug. 18, 1969, p. 36], almost immediately ran into a roadblock called the Association of Independent Software Companies. The association claimed that SDC was unfair competition because of tax benefits plus Air Force guidance and supervision available through its previous nonprofit status. It maintained that all Air Force contracts given earlier to SDC should be rebid. However, the Pentagon has pointed out that SDC won the contracts in bidding against other firms in the first place. And, although about 100 emplayees have b een laid off in the p ast six month s, mainly b ecause of cutbacks in air defen se activities, SDC vice president Charles A. Alders says operations are "very stable." Electronics I February 16, 1970 ... higher power for telemetry, ECM, NAVAIDS, Radar TRW has added still another member to its Gigahertz family. PT8610 provides 10 watts output power at 2 GHz, with ?dB gain and 15%bandwidth. It is a singlechip device in a new low parasitic MIC package. The broadband capability of the device provides circuit design simplicity and insures repeatable system-to-system per- Electronics I February 16, 1970 formance with a minimum of circuit tuning elements. Designed for use in commonbase circuits, PT861 O can be cascaded with other TRW broadband devices to extend reliable sol id state power at 2 GHz. Companion transistors are the 5 watt 2N5768,2.5watt 2N5767 and the 1 Watt 2N5766. For further information .contact any TRW distributor or TRW Semiconductor Division, 14520 Aviation Boulevard, Lawndale, California 90260. Phone (213) 679-4561 . TWX : 910-325-6206. Act ual S iz~ TRW. Circle 59 on reader service card 59 1· sasource - -~es ·t.·an otoroa. .. ' 60 Electronics I February 16, 1970 T2L procurement problems? Look to Motorola for a first choice or second-source answer. Five T2L families offer packaging variety, function selectivity, and availability to meet your schedules. Choose from MTTL Families I and II, interchangeable with SUHL I and II. Or consider Motorola's MTIL Ill, the advanced form of high speed T2L, completely compatible with MOTL and SN54H/74H Series devices. Economize with MC4000 MSI complex functions to lower overal I system costs. And Motorola's comprehensive selection of 5400/7400 devices are all interchangeable with Series 54/74 types. --,..,··-·- ---,--·-.·-·~ ·--~- -_-,.·... _.__ ... ... ... ,... ,.,.,_,.,., ...1... 1'J,N c-.· ,· _- ),·_- -_................ _-·· --_··'--_·"-°-- ..... .. , ,..... .......u........a........ -- -........... -··--..... ....., - . . ~.-. ::, ~f§§~ c·- ~;;::- ·.····................................. MTTl, MOTL Trodemorh of Motoroh1 Inc:. SUH L I, SUH l II Trod.mark· of Sylvania El.ctric: Productt, Inc. MOTOROLA Integrated Circuits Electronics I February 16, 1970 Circle 61 on reader service card 61 THESE hermetically sealed ELECTRICAL THERMOSTATS · · · solve temperature control problems G - V OFFER PRECISE TEMPERATURE CONTROL, RAPID RESPONSE, MINIMAL DIFFERENT·IAL ·· · liw~ G-V offers a wide selection ·of electrical thermostats for over and under temperature indication, alarm or cut-off service. They are designed to meet the rugged and precise requirements of both military and commercial applications including missiles, data processing equipment, etc. Both surface sensing and immersion types are available. For surface temperature sensing, crystal can size VE Series features a tolerance of ±3°C, a differential of +l.5°C. Various models cover settings between -55°C and +150 °C. The CB Series cartridge immersion or air sensing thermostats are available with a variety of mounting brackets and terminals. They are supplied with a setting tolerance of +5°F (±3°C}, and repetitive operation within ± 1° F can be expected. These units will withstand indefinite exposures to terpperatures of - 65°F to +300° F without damage. The CB Series can be adjusted without damage to the hermetic seal. Contact ratings: VE Series, up to 3 amps; CB Series up to 5 amps. CIRCLE 331 ON READERS SERVICE CARD G-V CONTROLS INC. LIVINGSTON, NEW JERSEY 07039 c > 201 992_6200 ·AIR PLGW SDS. . SWITCll ·IUCTlllCAI. TllDMOSTATS FOii INDUSTlllAI. USE DIBCT.UNK PID.D DQINKKRIN8 SllllVICK A new design conc8f.t and technique is utilized to monitor presence of air flow. When air flow drops below a safe level, it °"'8tes an alann or automatic shut-off. Used in electronic equipment, cooH111 PICka&eS. air conditioners, computers, etc. Features: Operates in any plane, no moving parts. No special adjustments. ·Recoanlud Under Tiie COllUIOnents .....,.m · Of Underwriter's ....,.._....., hlO. The 08 Series is suitable for a wide range of temperature control applications, offering exceptional stability. Since the encasing shell is the temperature sensing element, response to temperature change is very rapid. Fntu.-: contact ratings up to 5 amps, operating range -65° to +300°F. ·Recoplntl Under Tiie Components Pntpam Of Underwrltel'"· La1M111118rlea, Inc. CIRCLE 3SS ON READERS SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 336 ON R_EADERS SllMCE CARD G-V assistance is always available to help you design and produce a better product. G-V Reiional Field EnJineers in your area will assist you and your desllf1 poup in new applications and proper selection of your controls. G-V Product E111ineers will help you with special applications. When you require experience, products and services in electro-mechanical and solid-state controls · · · call your man from G-V. 801 CIRCLE 317 ON RIADERS SERVICE CARD This new acoustic coupler delivers data al ive and well over lines noisier and 10 times weaker than other couplers can tolerate . We 've found a way to virtually eliminate a problem that has been plaguing acoustic couplers for years-second harmonic distortion. This means you no longer have to worry about the transmit signal generating interference with the receive signal. We 've all but cancelled that problem by adding a signal component that offsets distortion , bring ing harmony to data transmission. As a result, we can transmit at higher power than other couplers . Afld we can receive much weaker signals than other couplers. One or two other things . Normally, a computer has no way to verify the accuracy of its transmission to a remote teletype . With our remote echo option , the coupler will send received data back to the computer for verification . This option operates under direct computer control. If there is an error, the computer will let you know. Also , with our parallel inputjoutput option, the interface between our acoustic coupler and your equipment may be parallel, rather than our standard TIY or EIA serial data interfaces. In short, there is no longer any reason for your data not to survive. Perish the thought. Another innovation from the company that specializes in ADDS data commun ications systems. Applied Digital Data Systems, Inc. r----- Patents pending --------------------1 Mr. Richard Kaufman , Dept. 24 Applied Digital Data Systems, Inc. 89 Marcus Boulevard Hauppauge, New York 11787 Please send more information . Name Title__________ ________ Company~--------------~ Adqress ________________ City State ip_ __ L-------------------------~ Circle 65 on reader service card ryuseGE epoX)I T0-18 transistors? Here are 19 new reasons including~ D PNP/NPN complementary pairs D PNP devices D Low-level am·plifiers General Electric now offers 19 new reasons to get you started using epoxy transistors in your circuits. Nineteen new JEDEC types with T0-18 lead configuration- including PNP/NPN complementary pairs, PNP types and low-level amplifiers, a// designed for industrial applications. Each one offers all the advantages of rugged epoxy encapsulation. This means greater resistance to damage due to shock, acceleration and similar environmental stresses. In addition , GE's new epoxy transistors will cost you less than metal case devices. 0 0 0 General Electric's epoxy package can dissipate up to 500 mW and offers breakdown voltages as high as 60 volts. These new designs feature excellent beta linearity from 1 to 750 ma. with a saturation voltage of .75 volts at 500 ma. With the introduction of these 19 new types, General Electric provides you with a selection of T0-18 based epoxy transistors superior to any other encapsulated device you may have used previously. If you need more proof, order a sample from the table at right, and prove to yourself that GE's new epoxy transistors meet your application requirements. You 'll soon be "designing in " these new devices all the way from input to output. And you 'll find that they 're readily available off the shelf at your authorized, full-line General Electric semiconductor distributor. If you 'd like more information about GE's (T0-18) epoxy transistors or GE's " specials" capability, or if you desire a sample device for testing, write on your firm 's letterhead to General Electric Company, Section 220-80, 1 River Road, Schenectady, New York 12305. In Canada : Canadian General Electric, 189 Dufferin St., Toronto, Ont. Export: Electronic Sales, IGE Export Division , 159 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10016. GENERAL. ELE CTR 1£ Circle 66 on reader service card HELIAX COAXIAL CABLE... unique design and performance The coaxial cable with the corrugated outer conductor. Better than braided coax because H ELIAX has perfect shielding, precise electrical characteristics, lower attenuation and freedom from age deterioration. Better than smooth wall coax because HELIAX is more flexible, easier to install, stronger, lighter, free from differential expansion and comes in extremely long continuous lengths. Available from stock in 35 types and sizes down to ~". Foam or air dielectric. Teflon too. Connectors for all standard interfaces. For full details, communicate with Andrew. ANDREW CORPORATION , 10500 W. 153RD STREET, ORLAND PARK, ILLINOIS 60462, PHONE (312) 349·3300 2-70 International Newsletter February 16, 1970 New Toyota changes gears electronically Electronic controls are taking over more and more work in automobiles. Now, even that bastion of mechanical and hydraulic ingenuity, the transmission, is falling to electronics. Last week, Toyota's new Corona cars arrived on the market with an electronically controlled automatic transmission. The major advantage that Toyota claims for the new control system is that it makes possible more than one speed pattern for shifting. The new transmissions have two patterns, one with conventional speed shift points and one for sport, high-performance driving. In the sport pattern, the second gear range is much wider and only shifts into drive gear at high speeds. This sport pattern is also advantageous in mountain driving and other situations where an ordinary hydromechanical trans- mission might tend to hunt. · Developed in cooperation with Nippon Denso Ltd., which also makes the electronic components, the transmission costs about $55 more than a regular automatic. The electronic package replaces about hall the hydraulic components usual1y needed. Its computer section uses five monolithic IC's and seven hybrid IC's. At present, there are no plans to export cars with the new transmission to the United States. BBC tests pcm to send tv audio The British Broadcasting Corp.'s technique for carrying a television audio signal in pulse-code modulated form within the video wave form [Electronics, Sept. 30, 1968, p. llE] will go into operation on a trial basis in May. If the trial on the cable distribution link between London, Birmingham and Manchester is successful, the system will be extended to include the whole BBC tv distribution network between studio and final broadcast transmitter. Costs can be cut because, by combining audio and video signals, only one distribution cable or r-f frequency carrier is required. The BBC has granted a manufacturing license for the instruments to Pye TVT Ltd. of Cambridge, a Philips subsidiary, and is negotiating with others. Pye expects to charge up to $7,500 for an input-output equipment set. Likely customers are Britain's commercial television stations, and many European networks-the system has been tested and recommended by the European Broadcasting Union. Sanyo to supply GE with personal tv's General Electric, in the latest of a series of moves to strengthen its consumer electronic position, is close to signing a contract with Japan's Sanyo Electric Co. for small portable television sets. Sanyo says it expects to clinch the deal this week and will supply 30,000 transistorized tv sets-both 9-inch and 12-inch models-to GE. Last November Sanyo and General Electric concluded an agreement under which the Japanese company will supply General Electric with cassette-type audio tape recorders. Yugoslavs eye role as world supplier Yugoslav firms are trying hard to cut themselves in on a larger share of electronics markets around the world. Radio Industries of Zagreb (RIZ), for example, is now readying four radio transmitters and related gear for shipment to Saudi Arabia, India, and Ceylon. This multiJ:p.illion ~Circle 68 on reader service card 69 International Newsletter dollar shipment comes hard on the heels of deliveries of $2 million worth of similar equipment to other countries, mainly West Germany. This year RIZ also expects to export 40,000 tape recorders and intends to soon enter foreign markets with color tv sets built under license from West Germany's Blaupunkt GmbH. Equally active in sales abroad is Nikola Tesla, another Zagreb-based firm. Last year the company delivered $6 million worth of telecommunications equipment to the Soviet Union. A new agreement calls for the shipment of $6.5 million worth of similar gear to the Soviet Union this year and $7.5 million next year. Okinawa's newest fndustry: IC's There's a buildup afoot in the manufacture of semiconductors on Okinawa. Latest to apply for permission to set up production is National Semiconductor, which reportedly requested government approval for both manufacture and export of IC's as well as other semiconductor products. Initial investment would be on the order of $1.9 million. Local estimates put annual business after five years at $14.5 million and employment at more than 1,000 Okinawans. The move is even larger than last year's startup of semiconductor operations by Fairchild, which planned initial investment only about one third that of National. Elliott to build flight data computer Though British avionics products are fairly advanced, so far no English company has put its chips on a digital air data computer. Now, though, Elliott Flight Automation, armed with a government contract, will take the plunge. Its airborne computer system will process most of the inputs needed for navigation and Hight control. It will borrow some of the digital technology the company has acquired in other avionics contracts, particularly on the LTV A-7 Corsair. The transducers, however, will be new; Elliott claims they are much simpler than those commonly used. Elliott sees two big markets for its computer system. The first is the United States, where the company has already established a solid foothold. But even more significant is the European market, and Elliott is keeping a sharp eye on the British-German-Italian multi-role comb~t aircraft. Elliott's system almost certainly will be the only digital air data computer both suitable for the MRCA and originating from within the cooperating countries. Canadians develop flat-screen tv 70 When flat-screen tv displays come of age, Canada may be one of the suppliers. A Hat screen has been developed jointly by Autotelic Industries Ltd., Fort Elie, Ont., and the University of Waterloo's Industrial Research Institute. The first pilot model for tv manufacturer evaluation should be available in from three to six months. Both Canadian Motorola and Canadian General Electric have expressed an interest in the device, says Autotelic. The company's display uses a deposited gold grid, ~hich it says is similar to the Panasonic unit but not as complex. Instead of one video amplifier per line, the Canadian unit requires just a diode and a resistor for each line. For computer read-out and video-phone applications, the developers are currently building up solid state boards for a 6-inch square panel. Electronics I February 16, 1970 Electronics International February 16, 1970 Radiation1 and electricity can alter MAS read-o:nly memory from Japan Key is positive shift of threshold voltage when gate bias exceeds a critical voltage; team at Nippon Electric used metal alumina semiconductors to form tightly packed 256-bit memory with high mutual conductance, 50 nsec cycle time MAS transistors form the basis· for a read-only memory, which is alterable both electrically and by radiation, being developed in Japan. A Nippon Electric Co. team under Sho Nakanuma, using a threedimensional wiring scheme, has built a 256Jbit memory using only 256 metal-alumina-semiconductor transistors for storage. Another 16 transistors are used in the reading circuit to improve the signal-tonoise ratio. Nonetheless, the Japanese approach allows reading and writing selection of any one of the 256 bits with only 34 terminals. The alumina film has a higher dielectric constant than many other oxides, and, therefore, the mutual conductance of the MAS transistors is nearly twice as large as it is in conventional MOS transistors. This, in turn, means that circuit components can be tightly packed into a structure that allows. high-speed operation. A cycle time of 50 nanoseconds for reading out data has already been achieved. Shifty. The key to the memory's storage ability lies in the fact that the threshold voltage of the MAS transistors shows a positive shift when gate bias exceeds a critical voltage. What's more, the gate voltage can be negative, positive, a-c, d-c or pulses. Although the shifted threshold voltage decays, it decays so slowly-its half life is 1014 hours -that the shift is essentially permanent. However, X rays can cancel the shift in voltage with no damage to the silicon-alumina interface properties. This ability to be altered by radiation indicates that the threshold voltage shift is probably YI Y2 Y3 Ym DI Rf 3-D. Wiring scheme for MAS memory needs only one terminal per line plus a read and a write terminal. not caused by ionic charge phenomena, but by electron activity. Most likely, says the team, electrons from the metal or silicon are captured by traps in the alumina. The mechanism of writing selection and the actual writing itself are fairly simple. For channel writing, +30 volts is applied to the selected X terminal, and - 30 volts is applied through a resistor to the selected Y terminal. The X voltage is applied to all gates in a row; but, it cannot write information into the transistors because the voltage is below the critical value. The voltage does, however, cause formation of an n channel under all gates connected to the selected X line. Since Dl terminal connected to the substrate is at 0 volts, it is not possible to maintain the selected Y line at - 30 volts. Current flows in the forward~biased diodes between the n sources of transistors connected to Y lines and the p substrate. Hence, source-to-substrate voltages are less thart 1 volt. To store a 1, the potential of the Dl terminal is maintained at 0 volts and no change takes place. To store a 0, a -30-volt pulse is applied to the Dl terminal. Both substrate and selected Y line fall to -30 volts, because there is no longer any source-to-substrate current flow. Since the -30 volts connected to the source extends under the gate via the channel, voltage difference between the gate and channel is 60 volts-which is sufficient to write in a zero. Other transistors connected to the selected Y line, but not connected to the selected X line, have a potential of 0 volts on their gates. The only voltage connected to these transistors is the -30 volts on their sources and on the substrate, which is below the critical value. Other transistors connected to the selected X line, but not connected to the selected Y line, have a potential of 0 volts on their sources. This potential extends under the gate via the channel, and, thus, shields the alumina under the gate from the -30 volts connected to the substrate. Thus, the potential difference across the alumina remains below the critical voltage. For readout, 5 volt pulses are supplied to selected X and Y lines. The 5 volts on the X line is applied to the gates of selected transistors. This is more than the threshold voltage if stored information is 1. The readout voltage on the Y line Electronics I February 16, 1970 71 Electronics International is applied to the gates of the readout transistors and the sources of the selected storage transistors. Since 5 volts is applied to both gate and source of selected transistor, it conducts, and a positive voltage is applied to source of the E readout transistor. Since positive voltages are applied to gate and source of the readout transistor, it also conducts, and a positive voltage pulse appears across a load resistor connected between terminal RI and ground. a' - ill De Iz c' Re ~ c RtE Rte Os OL France The inside story The semiconductor industry has parlayed its products into the backbone of modern technology, while knowing precious little about the innards of the tiny chips it churns out by the millions. Until the integrated circuits era, precise insights into the role of a transistor's physical characteristics in producing a given electrical output were not so important. Transistors were cheap enough that manufacturers could toss out those that didn't perform right. Lack of knowledge "troubled the human spirit," but not corporate profits, says Gerald Rey, a French solid state researcher. However, the spirits of Rey and a colleague, Henri Martinot, were troubled enough to make them give semiconductors a long and penetrating look. The result is new mathematical models that tie electrical characteristics of a single transistor or a complex integrated circuit to precise physical parameters. And, the equations used with the models are simple enough to be solved without a computer. Engineers of French semiconductor firms say they know of no other model so simple to apply yet so accurate in dissecting a transistor. Two-year job. Working at a space automation laboratory in Toulouse, Rey, Martinot and a team of more than a dozen researchers have been puzzling over transistor models for close to two years. So far they've developed a-c and d-c models for B a~: INTRIN SIC CURRENT GAIN AT FORWARD BIAS. a~: INTRINSIC CURRENT GAIN AT REVERSE BIAS. DE: INTRINSIC EMITTER-BASE DIODE (ACTIVE ZONE!. DL: DIODE REPRESENTING PASSIVE COLLECTOR-BASE JUNCTION 8 SURFACE RECOMBINATION PHENOMENA. De : DIODE REPRESENTING STATIC BASE RESISTANCE. De: INTRINSIC COLLECTOR-BASE DIODE (ACTIVE ZONE). R1c,ANO R1E: EARLY-EFFECT RESISTANCE. Ds : DIODE REPRESENTING SURFACE RECOMBINATION PHENOMENA. Re : OHMIC RESISTANCE OF COLLECTOR ZONE. Fashioning a model. Toulouse team views a transistor along lines of this model and ties physical to electrical characteristics with 12 formulas. bipolar transistors. Both can be used equally well on the transistors and diodes that constitute integrated circuits. The team is now working on what it expects will be the first complete model of MOS circuits, to be ready next year. The Toulouse group has tested the d-c bipolar model against some 50 transistors of major manufacturers. These test transistors covered a power range of I watt to IO milliwatts, a cutoff frequency range of 30 megahertz to 2 gigahertz and included rectangular, circular, star, and other mask shapes. Electrical parameter curves predicted by the model, based on the transistors' physical characteristics, hit actual curves right on the nose in most cases. At worst, error went to only 10%, which compares with an error margin of up to 50% for other models, says Rey. La Radiotechnique, the French components subsidiary of Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken, plans to use the bipolar model to control quality on its transistor assembly line. The model ties each electrical parameter to a physical characteristic and, hence, to a technological process. Radiotechnique engineers will know, for example, that if a tran- sistor's gain measures wrong, the culprit is the diffusion oven's temperature, a low-quality chip, or some other precise problem. Radiotechniquc design engineers also plan to use the model to simulate TTL-gate and multi-emitter !C's. Thomson-CSF is using the Toulouse model to develop tiny "nano transistor" IC's, 1,000 times smaller than standard circuits, to cut power consumption and speed access time in computers. Mathematical models of semiconductor components are not new, of course. A basic transistor model was developed way back in 1954 by J.J. Ebers and J.L. Moll of Bell Telephone Laboratories. A unidimensional model concerned only with a transistor's depth profile, it was modified in 1966 by an IBM team led by H.N. Ghosh, who added the transversal currents that also greatly affect performance. Too raw. The IBM model, while a big improvement, is highly complex. Designers must feed lengthy raw equations into a computer each time they want to conjur up an imaginary transistor. Designing an IC this way makes the computer work long hours. And since results may be only approximate, designers 72 Electronics I February 16, 1970 Electronics International must couple this theoretical work with deductive juggling. The Toulouse team boiled down such equations into relatively simple formulas that can be solved manually. The bulk of mathematical calculation has been done "once and for all," says Rey, who thinks it is "ridiculous" to make a computer solve the same equations each time a parameter is changed. The number of essential parameters that must be fed into the model is only 12, half a dozen less than most other models require. These parameters are all constant and are tied to physical characteristics. The model, thus, follows a set of tidy laws: the saturation current of diode Dn is proportional to the base doping, and so forth. Though parameters are fewer, the model gives all the information of earlier models, and then some. Rey says it is the only one that furnishes data on current gain variation as a function of the bias current and simulates output characteristics. Big role. Rey forecasts a big role for the Toulouse models in studying the physical parameters that set the upper limits on transistor power and frequency. For example, impedance saturation problems that crimp the signal amplitude a transistor can put out at high freuencies will now be much easier to study that in the past. And, the lab is using the model to see how radiation affects different transistor parameters, under a French military conh·act. Great Britain Seeing stars Ash·onomers spend precious little time actually looking through telescopes. In fact star-gazing for many astronomers amounts to laborious analysis of photographs. A photo covering an area a few times the size of the moon contains tens of thousand of stars, most of which have to be ignored in studies of star motion, fluctuations in brightness and other changes. Now the Royal Observatory at Edinburgh has automated the chore of star-field analysis. In collaboration with Faul-Coradi Scotland Ltd., the observatory has developed a completely automatic computercontrolled analyzer that has pinpointed and measured the brightness of 1,000 stars an hour. During its first three months of operation, it has fixed the position of over a quarter million stars. What's more, it has measured the brightness and temperature-deduced from star color, using different filters-of about 40,000 stars. The system, which Faul-Coradi plans to market for about $300,000, is called Galaxy. Galaxy works by scanning each photograph twice. During the first scan, a precision spot on a cathode-ray tube, is further focussed down-to about 16 microns-and scanned across the photo, which is actually a negative. ·when a star image is encountered -the image may be anything from tens to hundreds of microns across -a photocell behind the plate detects a reduction in incoming light, and triggers an x-y coordinate recorder. The coordinate measuring system uses conventional glass gratings and, with a 16-micron spot, gives a first-stage position accuracy Tabled. Motion of star photo and crt scan give position to 0.5 micron. to 32 microns. The plates are searched at the rate of 30 square millimeters per minute, equivalent to fixing the positions of about 10,000 stars in an hour. The search is effected by combining linear scan on the crt and mechanical indexing of the base carriage. The recorder punches out the coordinates on eight-channel paper tape. Taped out. This tape controls the second, more complex, scan, which measures precise position and brightness. The plate is rescanned using a I-micron spot generated in a second crt. Every pair of tape coordinates is read, in turn, by a photoelectric tape reader, which brings th e relevant image under a concentric circular grid containing 256 circles with one-eighth of a micron between adjacent circles. Initially the image probably will be off-center, and a photomultiplier registers the error against the circles. The carriage is shifted until the image is centered, while the necessary movement is measured. Checking experiments at the observatory show that absolute image position is fixed to within 0.5 micron. At the same time, the dens- · ity and profile of the image ii1 the circles is compared with 1,024 reference profiles stored in the Elliott computer that cont_rols the system. By this methocf image size accuracy is refined to one-quarter of a micron, says the observatory. The code of the matching profile and precise position coordinates are punched out on a second eightchannel tape. This second scanning pass takes a maximum of four seconds, allowing about 1,000 measurements in an hour. The data output is so great, says the observatory, that the problem now is to devise computer programs to process it for further study. West Germany Head start A relatively unknown West German company will soon give both foreign and domestic producers of data-printout euipment a run for their money. HCH-Electronic, a I Electronics February 16, 1970 73 Electronics International Type cast. An array of solenoids at one end of type head push pins at other end to generate characters. small firm in Bavaria, is now preparing to market a printer that can produce characters at a rate of 100 per second-the highest rate yet achieved with a serial-type printing device, although electrostatic printers work much faster. At that speed, the new printer is 2.5 ,times faster than th e one introduced by Texas Instruments last year [Electronics, May 12, 1969, p. 178]. At its present state of development, the printer is only slightly faster than the printing mechanism Philips designed for its P251 desk calculator [Electronics, May 26, 1969, p. 185]. However, the HCH device can be modified for printing up to 300 characters per second, its developer says. Also, while the Philips unit produces only numerical symbols, the HCH unit prints both letters and numbers. HCH-Electronic is a 24-man company founded last year in Vilshofen, a small town on the Danube river not far from the Czech border. The company, which is financially backed by two Americans, is headed by D.J. Hueppe, who invented the new printer. The company's work force is likely to triple, Hueppe says, when orders start to pour in. At the fair. The new printer, which is already being produced in small runs, will debut at the Hanover Fair in May. It will be marketed throughout Western Europe and overseas by Controls and Instruments GmbH, German subsidiary of the American firm. Hueppe says a follow-up model that can produce characters at the 300-per-second clip may be introduced at next year's Hanover Fair. The printer's key part is its printing head, a 290-gram plastic device that moves along a sliding mechanism just in front of the paper. Installed on this unit are 35 solenoid coils which activate steel pins set in a five by seven plastic matrix. Each pin travels forward through a small hole at the tip of the unit, producing a dot on the paper. The pin, which travels only 1.2 millimeters, is pulled back into its channel by spring action. When ~ combination of pins shoot forward, a complete character composed of an arrangement of dots is generated. Although the head's basic mechanical principles are roughly the same as those in the Philips printer, the Philips device generates each symbol in steps as its printing head moves in small increments from left to right. In th e HCH device complete characters are produced in one step, with all pins necessary for generating a character hitting the paper at the same time. Quiet. The plastic consh·uction of the head not only makes for almost noiseless operation, but also reduces wear. The head has shown only negligible wear even after 108 steps in a durability test. The printer's small number of moving parts-only 11-also contribute to noiseless operation. Characters are produced on pressure-sensitive paper as the head moves along the sliding mechanism. Regular paper can also be used, but a carhon ribbon is necessary. The force behind the pins-about 300 grams-is enough to produce several carbon copies. The head's control circuitry uses conventional digital techniques, with coding and decoding units supplying the necessary inputs-0 and 1 levels originating at a computer, for example-for the printer's power unit. This unit contains 35 driver stages, one for each solenoid. In addition to the control circuitry the printer has two stepping motors; one moves the printer head along the slide, the other advances the paper on the cylinder. Poland Reckoning on computers In Poland computers are a growth industry, at least by East-Bloc standards. Despite a pressing need to develop more sophisticated electronics hardware including components, the Poles have, nevertheless, been remarkably successful in producing commercial computers. Now they are generally considered well up front in this £eld among eastern nations. At Wroclaw, on the country's western border, the Polish government has been building a computer manufacturing complex that is now one of the largest in the Soviet Bloc. Here, at the Elwro Works, some 4,000 people are busy turning out the ODRA-1204, a secondgeneration, general-purpose machine widely used in the East. The Poles, who at present have an estimated 170 systems in use, are now planning to complete this year a country-wide computer network comprising 27 data processing centers with a total of 57 computers. Eager to maintain their growth rate, officials are currently negotiating with the French for a license to produce integrated circuits. Parallel with their efforts in the general-computer fl.eld, the Poles are developing machines aimed at special functions and applications. Work in this area is concentrated largely at the Computer Development Institute of Warsaw's Technical University. Tl1e institute, before turning its attention to special machines, concerned itself mainly with designing commercial systems for the industry. Of the special computers the institute has built so far, two systems stand out. One, dubbed Anops, is designed for biomedical applications, and th e other called GE0-2, is used for solving mathematical problems encountered in geodesy. 74 Electronics I February 16, 1970 Courtesy of National Environmental Satellite Center ·-W ashington, O. C . FROM Weather 11Bird11 · TO Trope-scatter in one quick frequency change MCL's 2-1/2-KW PLUG-IN CAVITY Giving a big assist to the Department of Commerce's Satellite tracking command is MCL's 2.5KW plug-in amplifier, an integral part of the up-link command transmitter. This high-powered cavity unit supplies the signal power so vital to the telemetry communications of the ESSA Satellite (Environmental Survey Satellite) or the Weather Bird. Adaptability to a wide range of frequencies gives the MCL amplifier system almost limitless applications in other command oommunication channels. Tropo-Scatter, for example, is used by oil companies as a communications' link in the Sahara desert. Other applications include testing equipment for checking out antennae, laboratory and field testing. A conference call to MCL engineers just might put you on the right wave length regarding your application needs. Call (312) 354-4350 or send for MICROWAVE MARKETPLACE CATALOG-Edition "A". Electronics \ February 16, 1970 10 North Beach Avenue, LaGrange, Illinois 60525 Circle 75 on reader service card 75 RCA Solid-State Data for Designers Switching regulator otters The switciling regulator is basic- high efficiency Where space and weight are important factors, the switching regulator has some impressive advantages. Here's why: ally a relaxation oscillator (positive feedback is introduced via R,) and, unlike conventional Class A de regulators, it's either in the "Off " statewith essentially zero internal dissi- pation-or saturated in the "On" state with low dissipation. Thus the operating efficiency is high. Voo r The regulator's state is determined by the volt- age difference between the internal reference 0.1 l.6 KO .r (pin 5) and the sense input (pin 6). When the 01- IN1763A 01 - 2NSJ22 IMn - 0.7 VOLT RLIMIT ; \_DESIRED (NFERES) I Kn L1-l,5 mH ( IOOTURNS 1:: 22Qfll- l 15"0 . D S 8" 1.0 . TOROIDAL CORE i SWITCHING REGULATOR USING RCA·CA3055 sense input is more negative than the reference, the regulator is on. Conversely, if the reference is more negative, the regulator is off. The RCA-CA3055 makes an excellent switching regulator. Its load and line regulation capability is 0.025% and it can deliver up to 100 mA. It has an input voltage range of 7.5 V to 40 V and an adjustable output from 1.8 V to 34 V. Circle Reader Service No. 315. Typical operating characteristics: Output Impedance Line Regulation Efficiency Rise Time Switching Frequency Output Voltage Output Current < 0.15n .03% 76.5% 1 µ.S 60 kHz 11 v 400 mA No trade-off on power capability with two new high voltage types RCA 's 2N5804 and 2N5805 are two new triple-diffused silicon n-p-n transistors that offer the best in highvoltage, high power characteristics (Pr= 110 W)-in an economical T0-3 package. Especially useful in efficient power conversions, the 2N5804 and 2N5805 will find design applica- £i on in switching inverters, series regulators, linear amplifiers, deflection amplifiers, and motor controls . Designed primarily for use in the industrial and military markets, these devices round out a line that already makes RCA the silicon power leader in the industry. The 2N5804 features VcEO (sus) of 225 V (max.) , while 2N5805 offers VcEO (sus) of 300 V (max.). Both silicon power transistors have a current capability of 8 A and are beta controlled at 5 A Circle Reader Service No. 316. New COS/MOS 4-Bit Full Adder is significantly faster than P-MOS adders RCA's CD4008D is a new generation 4-Bit Full Adder featuring a fast lookahead carry capability . The CD4008D combines low quiescent power dissi pation-5 1J.W (typ)-with highspeed operation where sum propagation delay is typically 400 ns and carry-in to carry-out delay is 50 ns. This rapid carry feature is especially valuable in assembling multiple adder stages such as a 16-bit full adder where all sum outputs will settle to final values in 660 ns. The new COS/MOS adder will operate with a single power supply over a wide voltage range-6 to 15 V -and with power consumption sev- eral orders of magnitude lower than bipolar adders. The circuit shown here is a typical (i) RIG HT SHIFT INPUT computer application of a CD4008D. SHIFT RIGHT CO NTROL It also incorporates two other COS/ MOS integrated cir- BUS I N cuit types - the CD4013D Dual D-Type Set/ Reset Flip/ Flop and the Developmental TA5652 Quad AND- BUS CONTROL "e" R EGISTER CONTROL OR Select Gate. Registers "A" and TRU E " B" are each 4-bits COMPLE MENT long.The true comple- ment select gate gates information from the "A" register c, to the four "A" inputs of the adder. The Bus/ COS/MOS 4- BIT ARITHMETIC UNIT B register select gate LEF T SHIFT INP UT SHI FT LEFT CON TR OL Co BUS OUT ® feeds the "B" register with in- formation from either the Bus line or the SHR/SHL select gate G) and the "B" register, in turn , passes this in- formation to the four " B" inRuts of the adder. The select gate G) pro- vides a means for shifting the " B" register information one position either left or right, thus permitting multiplication or division by two. The CD4008D adder's output is the sum of its " A" and " B" inputs. When the " A" input from true/complement ® select gate is true, the adder's output is " A" plus " B" ; conversely, when the "A" input from the true/ complement select gate is the com- plement, the adder's output is "B " minus "A". Circle Reader Service No. 317. Ultra reliable: RCA's radiation-hard transistors Reliability was the hallmark of the successful lunar landing of Apollo 12's " Intrepid " and the redocking maneuver with the "Yankee Clipper. " One of Apollo's most important systems-the Rendezvous Radar-uses an ultra-high-reliability version of RCA 's 2N2857 family of radiationtolerant, low-noise UHF amplifiers. For applications demanding radiation-tolerant devices, RCA 's pioneering low-noise, ultra-high frequency 2N2857 family has demonstrated its tolerance to a severe radiation environment consisting of steady-state fast-neutron radiation with near-fission spectrum (E > 0.1 MeV); fluence 1.2 x 1014 n/ cm· accompanied by reactor gamma radiation (E~1.0 MeV) ; gamma dose 1.5 x 1O' rads. Peak pri mary photo current (lpp) for a dos- age rate of 1o· rad/ sec is about 0.006 ampere. The following table depicts the survivability of the 2N2857 family: Device unbiased during irradiation Parameter Test Condition Pre-Irradiation hFe h1. lcso VI BRI CBO VIBRI CEO VcE GPE NF Cobo VcE= 1 V, lc= 3 mA VcE= 6 V, lc= 5 mA f=100 MHz Vc8=15 V, IE= O lc= 1 µ.A, IE= O lc= 3 mA, IE= O lc= 10 mA, 18 = 1 mA VcE= 6V, lc= 1.5mA f = 450 MHz VcE= 6 V, lc= 1.5 mA f = 450 MHz Vc8= 10 V, f = 1 MHz 80 18 0.008 nA 33V 20V 0.16 v 13.4 dB 4.4 dB 1.1 pF Post-Irradiation 20 18 0.35 nA 36 v 27V 0.37V 13.0 dB 4.5dB 1.1 pF Contact your local RCA Representative who will be pleased to work with you on your high-reliability requirements. For further data on the 2N2857 family , circle Reader Service No. 318. For price and availability information on all solid-state devices, see your local RCA Representative or your RCA Distributor. For specific technical data, write RCA Electronic Components, Commercial Engineering, Section B19-3 / UM4, Harrison , N.J. 07029. In Europe : RCA International Marketing S.A., 2-'4 rue du Lievre, 1227 Geneva, Switzerland. The key to intrusion alarmsRCA GaAs laser diodes Alarms using RCA's developmental type TA7699 (or its TA7699R reverse polarity counterpart) gallium arsenide (GaAs) laser diodes disclose many intruders. These laser diodes are designed into protective systems for both military and commercial applications. 16 x .08 mils source , dimensions ,-' TA7699 (actual size) Single laser diode assembly The TA7699 and TA7699R are "Close Confinement" laser diodes. (Close Confinement is a manufacturing technique that limits radiation to the junction area and results in lower threshold currents and greater efficiency.) They operate in the near infrared region (9050 angstroms) , and are capable of 15 watts (minimum) output. Here are three big reasons for using the TA7699 and TA7699R: 1)' operating range in excess of 1000 feet ; 2) readily available sil icon photodetectors can be used for receivers ; 3) relatively low drive current required-so battery life can be a year or more. Also available are selected RCA GaAs " CC " diodes that have outputs up to 25 watts at the same low drive current as the TA7699 - as well as the following " CC " diode types : Ch ara ct e r istics TA7606 TA7608 TA7610 High Radiant Peak Powe r Output (Watts) 1 (min .) 5 (min.) 10 (min.) 2 (typ.) 6 (typ ,) 13 (typ.) Source Di mensio n (Mi ls) 3 Typica l Threshold Curre nt, Ith (Am pe res) 4 Low Drive Current, I FM (Ampe res) 10 6 9 7 10 25 40 Circle Reader Service No. 319. RCll What do you really want in your scope? HP asked practicing engineers this question for a reason. The answers were used to give you what you need and want in a scope .. . not just what happens to be available. The result is the 180 Scope System . Some of your suggestions ... like infinite bandwidth ... were impossible to meet. But as a result of trying , HP did hit 250 MHz, about twice the realtime frequency of any other generalpurpose scope available today! And , by carefully screening the many suggestions, a definite pattern of preference emerged. Most engineers wanted : 1. Highest possible performance. 2. Plug-in versatility. 3. Ease of operation . 4. Capability of future expansion, to prevent early obsolescence. 5. The smallest possible package, with largest CRT display. 78 Naturally, we feel that 180 scope system is today's best answer to these requirements. However, you may want more information before making your decision . Consider the following facts. "We want performance." The introduction of the 183A scope -with its 250 MHz real-time bandwidth and 10 mV sensitivity-gives you the undisputed leader in highfrequency , real time measurements. The true performance champ! But 250 MHz real-time is only part of the story. With the 180 series you start with a choice of three mainframes, in either rack or cabinet configuration . The HP 180A Mainframe is designed for general use through 100 MHz real-time and 12.4 GHz sampling. You have your choice of 9 plug-in units. With this combination you can tailor a 180 to meet your present requirements-and still have the ability to expand in the future. Big picture CRT display is a full 8 x 10 cm . Yet, front-panel size is no larger than this page. (Small package to eliminate clutter - big CRT to increase measurement accuracy.) The HP 181A Mainframe brings storage to the 180 System . It is the only mainframe that offers both variable persistence, and storage - and it is the only storage scope in the 50 or 100 MHz range. For versatility, the 181 A accepts all plug-ins that the 180A uses. The HP 183A Mainframe CRT is an HP exclusive . Utilizing a unique transmission line deflection system in the CRT, the mainframe provides realtime bandwidth beyond 500 MHz. This means you will not be mainframe-limited tomorrow, when new, state - of - the - art plug - ins become available. Right now, all 11 of the present 180 series plug-ins operate in the 183A mainframe, at their specs. (Another example of HP's fight against obsolescence.) "We want easy operation." As for ease of operation , a quick glance at the front panel is your best assurance of that. The 180 system is Electronics I February 16, 1970 The Performance Champs · · · · · · · .. - ·I~S@~'·IS·-...\'.t!·.:-.I:.\·.. 7·7 human-engineered to give you maximum performance with minimum confusion. Significant contributions have been made in simplifying controls: Single-control triggering for the 250 MHz time base ; selective use of push-buttons; single-switch signal averaging in the sampling plug-in to reduce noise and jitter. Exclusive HP mixed sweep control lets you expand a selected portion of the signal for precise measurements in areas of critical importance. Carry the rugged 180 Scopes anywhere you need it-with plug-ins, weight is only 30 to 35 pounds. Put it on your bench without crowdingtakes only 8" x 20" of space. Use it in racks where space is at a premium - rack version is only 5Y4'' high. "We want plug-in versatility." Plug-in compatibility is one of the many plus features you suggested . All the high-performance capabilities of the 11 plug-ins can 't be covered in Electronics I February 16, 1970 a short space. But just to give you an idea of system versatility, you can get: Calibrated time domain reflectometry with 35 ps risetime. 12.4 GHz sampling with 28 ps risetime. Choice of regular or delayed sweep time bases. 50 MHz four-channel with 20 mV/ div sensitivity. 100 MHz dual-channel with 3.5 ns risetime, no capacitive distortion and 250 MHz real-time dual-channel with 10 mV /div sensitivity. "Now, and in the future ..." To prevent mainframe obsolescence in the 180 Series, HP has adopted a design philosophy of driving the CRT vertical plates directly from the vertical plug-in. This design approa9h keeps the full capability of the CRT available to future plug-ins, so you can take advantage of tomorrow's technology in today's mainframe. (The 183A Mainframe is an example of this philosophy in action -when 500 MHz vertical amplifiers are designed, they will work in this existing mainframe.) Today oscilloscope technology is at a crossroads. The system you choose now is the one you will have to live with for a good many years to come. The HP direction points to getting the best, now ; at a low price ; with assurance of increased measurement capabilities down the road, using existing mainframes. If you have read this far, you probably agree with at least some of the . .. ...... -···@ @I.@ @ ···(i~}@·· · · · points mentioned. If you are not completely convinced, we're willing to rest our case on a side-by-side comparison with any other high - frequency scope you may be considering. If you think the other scope is better ... buy it! Conversely ... To arrange a comparison, call your local HP field engineer. Ask him about HP's new concept of oscilloscope service ... have him show you HP's video training tapes. Or, for a complete full-color 180 system brochure, write to HewlettPackard, Palo Alto , California 94304. Europe: 1217 Meyrin-Geneva, Switzerland . Price examples : 50 MHz system , $2065; 250 MHz system , $3150. ... ,, HEWLETT. PACKARD OSCILLOSCOPE SYSTEMS Circle 79 on reader service card 79 · SERIES 7400 PRICING GUIDE* -TEXAS INSTRUMENTS SIGNETICS MOTOROLA PART NUMBER PRICE NUMBER PRICE NUMBER PRICE Quadruple 2 Input Positive NANO Gates Quadruple 2 Input Positive NANO Gates (w/open col) Quadruple 2 Input Positive NOR Gates Quadruple 2 Input Positive NANO Gates (w/o(?en col) HEX Inverter HEX Inverter (w/open-col) Quadruple 2 Input Positive AND Gate Triple 3 Input Positive NANO Gates Triple 3 Input Positive AND Gate Dual 4 Input Positive NANO Gates 8 Input Positive NANO Gates Dual 4 Input Positive NANO Buffers BCD-to-Decimal Decoder/Driver Expandable Dual 2-Wide 2 Input AND-OR-INVERT Gates Dual 2-Wide 2 Input AND-OR-INVERT Gates Expandable 4-Wide 2 Input AND-OR-INVERT Gates 4-Wide 2 Input AND-OR-INVERT Gates Dual 4-lnput Expander Positive Edge-Triggered JK F.F. (AND Inputs) J-K Master Slave F.F. (AND Inputs) Dual J-K Master Slave Flip Flops Dual D-Type Edge-Triggered Flip Flops Dual J-K Master Slave F.F. w/Preset & Clear Dual J-K Master Slave F.F. {Vcc-14, Gnd 7) SN 7400N SN 7401N SN 7402N SN 7403N SN 7404N SN 7405N 1.26 1.26 1.45 1.26 1.58 1.58 SN 7410N 1.26 SN 7420N SN 7430N SN 7440N SN 7441AN 1.07 1.07 1.45 7.03 SN 7450N SN 7451 N SN 7453N SN 7454N SN 7460N SN 7470N SN 7472N SN 7473N SN 7474N SN 7476N SN 74107N 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 .94 1.90 1.77 2.91 2.52 3.06 2.91 N7400A 1.20 N7401A 1.20 N7402A 1.38 N7410A 1.20 N7420A N7430A N7440A N7441 B 1.02 1.02 1.38 6.70 N7450A N7451A N7453A N7454A N7460A N7470A N7472A N7473A N7474A N7476B 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 .90 1.81 1.69 2.77 2.40 2.92 MC7400P MC7401P MC7402P 1.10 1.10 1.26 MC7404P 1.36 MC7405P 1.36 MC7410P 1.10 MC7420P MC7430P MC7440P MC7441AP 1.10 1.10 1.26 6.20 MC7450P MC7451P MC7453P MC7454P MC7460P 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 .88 MC7472P 1.50 MC7473P 2.55 MC7476P 2.70 *DIP O"C to 70"C. Prices as of January 10, 1970. 80 Electronics I February 16, 1970 FAIRCHILD NUMBER U6A740059X U6A740159X U6A740259X U6A740359X U6A740459X U6A740559X U6A740859X U6A741059X U6A741159X U6A742059X U6A743059X U6A744059X U68744159X PRICE .85 .85 .97 .85 1.07 1.07 1.10 .85 1.10 .85 .85 .97 6.65 U6A745059X U6A745159X U6A745359X U6A745459X U6A746059X U6A747059X U6A747259X U6A747359X U6A747459X U68747659X U6A7410759X .85 .85 .85 .85 .77 1.41 1.31 2.15 1.88 2.28 2.15 Electronics I February 16, 1970 This looks like an ad about prices. It isn't. It's an ad about production. Mechanized, high-yield production. Production that is turning out 2-miHion Series 7400 circuits per month. Production that allows us to price our Series 7400s far below anybody else in the business. And production that allows us to promise that you can get the 7400s you need, in the quantity you need them, delivered when you need them, from any Fairchild Distributor. Today. FAIRCHILC> SEMICONDUCTOR Fairchild Semiconductor I A Division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation/ Mountain View, California 94040, (415) 962-5011 /TWX : 910-379-6435. For Distributor Listing, turn page. Circle 81 on reader service card 81 FAIRCHILD STOCKING DISTRIBUTORS ALABAMA SCHWEBER ELECTRONICS Huntsville Tel : 205-539-2756 ARIZONA HYER ELECTRONICS COMPANY Phoenix Tel : 602-263-1112 HAMILTON ELECTRO OF ARIZONA Phoenix Tel : 602-272-2601 CALIFORNIA AVNET ELECTRONICS Culver City Tel : 213-836-7200 HAMILTON ELECTRO SALES Culver City Tel : 213-870-7171 HAMILTON ELECTRO SALES-NORTH Mountain View Tel : 415-961-7000 HAMILTON ELECTRO OF SAN DIEGO San Diego Tel : 714-279-2421 G. S. MARSHALL COMPANY El Monte Tel: 213-579-1500 G. S. MARSHALL COMPANY San Diego Tel : 714-278-6350 G. S. MARSHALL COMPANY Sunnyvale Tel: 408-732-1100 COLORADO HAMILTON ELECTRO SALES Denver Tel : 303-433-8551 HYER ELECTRONICS COMPANY Englewood Tel : 303-771-5285 CONNECTICUT CRAMER ELECTRONICS, INC. North Haven Tel : 203-239-5641 FLORIDA POWELL-FLORIDA Orlando Tel : 305-423-8586 CRAMER FLORIDA, INC. Fort Lauderdale Tel: 305-566-7511 HALL MARK ELECTRONICS Orlando Tel : 305-855-4020 SCHWEBER ELECTRONICS Hollywood Tel : 305-927-0511 GEORGIA CRAMER ELECTRONICS, INC. Atlanta Tel : 404-451-5421 ILLINOIS F-J-R ELECTRONICS Rosemont Tel : 312-678-8560 PACE/AVNET ELECTRONICS Schiller Park Tel : 312-678-6310 SEMICONDUCTOR SPECIALISTS, INC. Chicago Tel : 312-279-1000 IN DIANA SEMICONDUCTOR SPECIALISTS, INC. Indianapolis Tel : 317-243-8271 KANSAS AVNET ELECTRONICS Prairie Village Tel: 913-362-3250 LOUISIANA STERLING ELECTRONICS CORPORATION New Orleans Tel : 504-522-8726 MARYLAND HAMILTON ELECTRO SALES Baltimore Tel : 301-796-5000 SCHWEBER ELECTRONICS Rockville Tel : 301-427-4977 CRAMER/WASHINGTON Rockville Tel : 301-424-2700 MASSACHUSETTS CRAMER ELECTRONICS, INC. Newton Tel : 617-969-7700 SCHLEY ELECTRONICS CORP. Watertown Tel : 617-924-1500 SCHWEBER ELECTRONICS Waltham Tel : 617-891-8484 MICHIGAN SEMICONDUCTOR SPECIALISTS , INC. Detroit Tel : 313-255-0300 SHERIDAN SALES CO. Southfield Tel : 313-358-3333 MINNESOTA PACE/AVNET- MINNEAPOLIS Minneapolis Tel : 612-920-5866 SEMICONDUCTOR SPECIALISTS, INC. Minneapolis Tel : 612-861-3400 MISSOURI HAMILTON ELECTRO SALES Hazlewood Tel : 314-731-1144 SEMICONDUCTOR SPECIALISTS, INC. St. Louis Tel : 314-423-6500 NEW JERSEY HAMILTON ELECTRO SALES Cherry Hill Tel : 609-662-9337 SCHLEY ELECTRONICS CORP. Rutherford Tel: 201-935-2120 NEW MEXICO HYER ELECTRONICS CO. Albuquerque Tel : 505-265-5767 NEW YORK CRAMER ELECTRONICS Rochester Tel : 716-275-0300 CRAMER ELECTRONICS, INC. Syracuse Tel : 315-455-6641 SUMMIT DISTRIBUTORS, INC. Buffalo Tel : 716-884-3450 HAMILTON ELECTRO SALES Syracuse Tel : 315-437-2641 SCHWEBER ELECTRONICS Westbury, Long Island Tel: 516-334-7474 TAYLOR ELECTRONIC CORPORATION Baldwin, Long Island Tel : 516-223-8000 NORTH CAROLINA HAMILTON ELECTRO SALES Greensboro Tel : 919-275-9969 OHIO F-J-R ELECTRONICS Dayfon Tel : 513-278-9411 SCHWEBER ELECTRONICS Cleveland Tel : 216-333-7020 SHERIDAN SALES CO. Cincinnati Tel : 513-761 -5432 SHERIDAN SALES CO . Cleveland Tel : 216-524-8120 OREGON HAMILTON ELECTRO SALES Portland Tel: 503-255-8550 PENNSYLVANIA POWELL ELECTRONICS, INC. Philadelphia Tel : 215-724-1900 SHERIDAN SALES CO. Pittsburgh Tel : 412-243-6655 TENNESSEE POWELL ELECTRONICS, INC. Fayetteville Tel : 615-433-5737 TEXAS ARCO ELECTRONICS INC. Dallas Tel : 214-239-9123 HAMILTON ELECTRO SALES Houston Tel : 713-526-4661 NORVELL ELECTRONICS, INC. Dallas Tel : 214-357-6451 NORVELL ELECTRONICS, INC. Houston Tel : 713-774-2568 UTAH HYER ELECTRONICS CO. Salt Lake City Tel : 801-487-3681 WASHINGTON HAMILTON ELECTRO SALES Seattle Tel : 206-624-5930 KIERULFF ELECTRONICS Seattle Tel : 206-763-1550 CANADA AVNET ELECTRONICS OF CANADA, LTD. Toronto Tel : 416-789-1838 AVNET ELECTRONICS OF CANADA, LTD. Montreal Tel : 514-381-9126 R.A.E. INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, LTD. Vancouver Tel : 604-253-8494 SCHWEBER ELECTRONICS Toronto Tel : 416-925-2471 82 Electronics \ February 16, 1970 Washington Newsletter February 16, 1970 Congress docile on tight Nixon rein for communications ··· Little Congressional opposition is forecast for President Nixon's plan to replace the Office of Telecommunications Management with a stronger Office of Telecommunications Policy [Electronics, Aug. 4, 1969, p. 56]. OTP will be directly responsible to the President; it will be his "principal adviser on telecommunications policy;" and will make policy for the National Communications System-a responsibility now held by the Secretary of Defense. The reorganization is being handled under provisions of the U.S. Code, which requires no new legislation. Only a negative action on Capitol Hill can prevent the White House plan from going into effect. This is highly unlikely despite some criticism of the President's aggregation of additional direct power and his unwillingness to spell out the cost. · ··. Commerce Dept. gets research role The Nixon reorganization proposal paid off only slightly for the Commerce Department, despite its effort to achieve total telecommunications authority in the Executive Branch [Electronics, Nov. 10, 1969, p. 51]. What Maurice Stans's department will get is a role supporting OTP by coordinating Federal frequency uses and assignments through a central research and engineering capability; providing telecommunications research and analysis; and developing and operating a National Electromagnetic Compatibi1ity Analysis Facility. Money for NECAF already is requested in fiscal 1971 budget (see p. 150). May we compete with Ma Bell? irate Comsat asks Obviously displeased with the White House recommendation for competitive development of domestic satellite systems [Electronics, Feb. 2, p. 125], the Communications Satellite Corp. is reorienting its technological, political, and economic outlook to compete in the U.S. systems market. Comsat operations vice president George P. Sampson says the company is prepared to place in synchronous orbit "a multiple purpose system or ... a series of special-purpose systems-each geared to the peculiar needs of a single user or several users." Previously, Comsat was firm in calling for a multipurpose system for all tasks except aircraft navigation. On the political side, Comsat is suggesting-hut will not directly askfor a Congressional look at the White House ruling. For example, Sampson notes the 1962 satellite act creating Comsat requires competitive procurement, division of Comsat stock ownership, and-by FCC orderlimiting its services to common carriers and NASA. Citing the White House recommendation for competition without restriction, Sampson asks, "Are these restrictions now lifted from us?" And in an obvious reference to AT&T's announced domestic satellite plan, Sampson raises this question: "If others may now go into the satellite business domestically, is Comsat free to enter competitively into the terrestrial communications business?" Earth station radomes doomed Radomes that protect ground station antennas for satellite communications are hindering reception of color-television signals and are on their way out. This is one reason for Communications Satellite Corp.'s request for proposals from 35 antenna companies for a new 97-foot-diameter Electronics I February 16, 1970 83 Washington Newsletter dish at Andover, Me., to replace the pioneering horn installation developed in 1962 by AT&T for use with its Telstar satellite. Though Comsat won't admit it, the Andover horn was receiving smeared signals or losing pictures altogether when its radome was wet with rain or snow. Specifications for the new antenna, to be ready for operation in the spring of 1971, call for de-icing equipment but no radome. Economics is a second element in the Comsat Andover plan. The original AT&T installation cost about $15 million and required a staff of more than 50, but Comsat estimates that new stations with greater capabilities now cost about $3.5 million and need a crew of 12 to 14. For a simple, unmanned, receive-only earth station in a domestic system, Comsat predicts costs will drop to $65,000. Intelsat parley frets over manager issue The issue of who shall manage the International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium is a prickly one at the 73-country Intelsat negotia- tions for a permanent agreement, now underway in the Capital. Hightechnology countries, mostly European, are still adamant that the Communications Satellite Corp. be dumped from the management role. The Nixon Administration appears to have backed oH from the firm position of its predecessors that Comsat be retained as permanent manager. Now the U.S. position is that Comsat should continue as technical manager until an international study can survey the options and report in a couple of years. France, Germany, and Switzerland, however, want to specifically exclude Comsat as permanent manager. Agency war looms over pollution battle An administrative war will probably break out in this session of Congress over management of President Nixon's environment cleanup programs. The work should be combined in an independent Environmental Qual- ity Administration, says Senate Minority Leader Hugh Scott (R., Pa.). Scott is pushing legislation creating an EQA to combine the 90-plus Federal programs now dealing with environmental preservation. Obvious agencies are the National Air Pollution Control Administration in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and the Interior Depart- ment's Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, both of which have electronic pollution-surveillance programs. · Other operations that might be in the EQA, and which Scott's staff concedes were not included in the proposal due to oversight, are NASA's environmental aerial-mapping program and air-pollution activities in the Commerce Department's ESSA. Though the Government will spend less in fiscal 1971 on pollution- control R&D than it did in 1970, the share for electronics will rise $1.4 million, to $59.1 million. FCC's Burch unplugs Ask Federal Communications commissioner Nicholas Johnson why he is maverick Johnson conspicuously absent from FCC's latest list of committee assignments, and his own suggestion is that he has become overly outspoken. Johnson seems to have been effectively unplugged by chairman Dean Burch from participation in any of the IO committees. At the same time, Burch's own assignments give a good reading of his interests. His committees include space, the chairmanship of the telephone and telegraph unit, and FCC representative to the executive committee of the National Association of Railroad and Utilities Commissioners. Circle 85 on reader service car~ Introducing The Electronics Network. Channel 1: Sells the decision-making market. Electronics is the worldwide electronics marketing channel. Use it to build a market position for your products. To create acceptance for your advanced technology. Orsi mply to sel I ideas. Many of Electronics 81 ,000 subscribers cannot be reached through any other publication. Sixty-seven per cent buy anywhere from $10,000 to over $1 ,000,000 worth of products each year. And many of them never see salesmen. 40 skilled editors located in the key market · areas and an annual editorial budget in excess of $1 ,000,000 provide Electronics readers with broadband technical information to help them do their jobs better. Channel 2: Covers the mass market. Electronics New Product Preview is the low-cost, mass-coverage channel to the U.S. market (where approximately 70%of the worldwide market is located). Use it as cooperative direct mail to merchandise off-the-shelf products, promote established low profit-margin items. Or use it to generate quick inquiries for your catalogs and specification sheets. (Our first issue produced over 50,000 inquiries.) ENPP reaches 100,000 U.S. recipients (without duplicating the circulation of Electronics). It publishes more newproduct information than any other electronics publication and presents it in ten product sections. Four channels designed to work together to make your advertising budget go farther. Channel3: Reaches the ready-to-buy market. Electronics Buyers' Guide is the channel to use for reaching customers who are actively seeking sources of supply. EBG goes to 85,000 engineers and purchasing men, but is used by more than 375,000 of them. (It's borrowed a lot.) The "yellow pages" gives the buyers all the information they need in one reference: sources, product and advertisements. Prime users tell us they prefer EBG two to one over all other directories, catalogs and registers because it is so complete and easy to use. Channel4: Provides custom marketing services. Electronics/Management Center can develop a customized information program to help you reach your markets. It can probe market potentials, test new product ideas, improve old products, even design a complete marketing strategy. Electronics/Management Center has the people and facilities to provide you with custom-information in the areas of management, marketing and engineering consultation. Write for the E/MC brochure, "A full-circle information resource:· The Electronics Network. A market-directed communications service from McGraw-Hi//. Electronics. Electronics New Product Preview. Electronics Buyers' Guide. Electronics/Management Center. 330 West42nd Street, New York, N. Y.10036. Internal or external compensation? ... Use either of these high input impedance op amps with no compromise of other performance characteristics. Building from the 741, the best all-around op amp previously available, Transitron now offers the broadest range of derivatives available ... families that let you match the op amp to your design, instead of vice versa . Dual units, special input configurations and compensation arrangements, and a variety of temperature ratings and package configurations (dual-in-line, T0-5, flat pack) are available. Need a 741 with internal compensation, plus 20X lower input bias current, 20X lower input offset current, 1OX higher input Z? The basic TOA 7741 gives you min . input Z of 3 megohms, max. input bias current of 30nA, max. input offset current of 10nA. Need a 741 with variable bandwidth to 5 MHz and variable slew rate to 1OV I µs , PLUS 20X lower in- put bias ; 20X lower input offset current ; 1OX higher input Z? The incomparable TOA 7748 does the trick, with an external capacitor for performance flexibility , plus input characteristics equal to the TOA 7741 . * Typical input impedance ALSO ... Transitron manufactures all these popular industry linear IC types , each available in both military and industrial temperature ratings, and representing a broad family of derivative types: 709 (including duals) .................................. Op amp 741 (including duals) .................................. Op amp 748 (including duals) .................................. Op amp 710 .................................... Differential comparator 711 ............................ Dual differential comparator 8711 ...... Dual output dual differential comparator 723 .............................................. Voltage regulator TVR2000 ... Highest performance voltage regulator SN7524 .................................. Dual sense amplifier Send for your FREE copy of Transitron's new, complete LINEAR IC INDUSTRY INTERCHANGEABILITY CHART. Transitron electronic corporation 168 Albion Street, Wakefield, Mass. 01880 88 Circle 88 on reader service card Electronics I February 16, 1970 EVEN SQUINTING WON'T HELP. No use, fellas. You need a microscope to see the world's most densely packed LSI circuit. That's what Electronic Arrays has done this time. 4692 transistors (4096 bits of memory) on a single 88 x 94 mil chip. Since that kind of density is not available elsewhere, may we take this hallowed moment to proudly proclaim our EA 3300 (a 512 word , 8 bit/word ROM) the champion of the LSI world. We didn't, however, design the EA 3300 this way just to show off. EA 3300 has the most functional complexity of any product available today in a 24 pin package. That reduces cost. A smaller die further reduces costs by giving you higher yields and greater product performance and reliability. Our entire line of Registers, RO M's, Read/Write RAM 's and Logic circuits is made in production quantities with t.he same close-tolerance MOS technology as the EA 3300. And all products are available immediately from 24 distributors nationwide, and 6 international distributors. To see is to believe. Do both by addressing your purchase orders to your nearest EA distributor or to Electronic Arrays, Inc., 501 Ellis Street, Mountain View, California 94040. (415) 964-4321. (fil] lllClrtllC lrmtllC. Proven MOS products delvered In lo'Olume. Forms for your specialized bit patterns are available from any of our representative offices or directly from the factory. The EA 3307, which is an EA 3300 already programmed to be an EBCDIC to ASCII and ASCII to EBCDIC code converter, is available from distributor and factory stock. Features include two output inhibit controls that give 1024 4/bit words; Dine input addresses; all decoding on the chip; power requirements less than 100 milliwatts; synchronous 2-phase clock, 24 pin hermetic dual-in-line package. Circle 89 on reader service card ~checkout ELECTR0 1 S New Low Cost M1N1-PROX Compact Proximity Sensing System for Non-contact, Detection and Control of Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals D LOW COST D ASSURED SENSING DISTANCE ACCURACY D TEMPERATURE-STABLE D NO MOVING PARTS IN ELECTRONIC OUTPUT MODEL D PLUG-IN CONVENIENCE MANY MONEY SAVING APPLICATIONS PACKAGING COUNTING SPEED CONTROL Conveyor Control · Cut-Off Control · Missing Parts Detection · and many others Accuracy of sensing distance is often a critical factor in sensing and control applications. Mini-Prox accuracy can be depended upon in any environment; heat to+160°F or cold to -30°F at either probe or control. Line voltage variations from 105to130 volts-dust-moisture-vibration, none of these affect its accuracy. You can set it and forget it. Plug-in design provides for easy wiring. Unitized construction eliminates soldering or wiring of sensitivity controls. Connections for power, sensing head and relays are .made to screw-type socket terminals. Operations up to 600 per minute may be controlled or monitored by the Model 55125 illustrated . Electronic output models for higher speeds are also available. Five standard sensing heads are presently available with sensing ranges of ·.050" to .250", .100" to .500", .300" to 1.000". ELECTRO with 15 years field experience in proximity switches has designed-in reliability, assuring you of years of trouble-free performance. Compare with others of similar size and price. One look at the quality of construction tells the difference. ELECTRO representatives are experienced in assisting with proximity switch applications. Most carry local stocks to service your requirements immediately. Write for bulletin giving complete specifications and the name of your nearest EPL representative. ELECTRO PROXIMITY SWITCHES ELECTRO PRODUCTS LABORATORIES, INC. 6126 West Howard St., Chicago, Ill. 60648 · 312/847-8744 90 Circle 90 on reader service card Circle 91 on reader service card -+- "We have the capability of conducting on-wafer tests, both digital functional and parameter, at speeds to 2MHz ... prior to packaging. The MD200 is able to do this because the analysis is done at the probe head, not in a computer 30-50 feet away. With as many as 16 stations of 64 probe pins controlled by a single computer, we've had to automate everything ..· including mechanical functions such as probe down sensing, off-wafer detection and inking; making our MD200 the fastest fully-automated system available. "To simplify programming, and significantly reduce test time, we've created TOIL (Test-Oriented, Interactive Language). Included in TOIL are all the necessary parameter and functional tests to evaluate both the logic and the circuits on the wafer. Most importantly, programming is reduced to a series of questions and answers. Therefore, minimal training of personnel is required. "Macrodata's MD200 has the capability of performing a detailed analysis of your complete MOS/LSI design and production cycle ..· based on factual test results. Additionally, we've included a complete complement of test aids ·.. test generation programs, and yield evaluation mapping programs, to reduce total test and evaluation time. "The MD200 is available now. We'll be delighted to demonstrate it for you. Or write for our 16 page brochure describing Macrodata's MD200 Diagnostic Test System in detail." Dr. William C. W. Mow President Macrodata Company Macrodata Company Test Systems Division 20440 Corisco Street, Chatsworth, California 91311 There isllt another like it. A 1/4-inch, single-pole, six position, 28-vdc. Helipot switch for PC boards. Beckman · INSTRUMENTS , INC . HELIPOT DIVISION Fullerton, California 92634 INTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIARIES: AMSTERDAM ; CAPE TOWN ; GENEVA; GLENROTHES. SCOTLAND; LONDON ; MEXICO CITY; MUNICH; PARIS; STOCKHOLM ; TOKYO; VI ENNA Model 374H $3.00 (1 -9 pieces) Model 374 $2.75 (l -9 pi eces) ., 92 Circle 92 on reader service card I Electronics February 16, 1970 February 16, 1970 I Highlights of this issue Technical Articles Heat pipesa cool way to cool circuitry page 94 Laser recorders boast high speed and big capacity page 101 Random-access MOS memory packs more bits to the chip page 109 Multilayer p-c boards are rigid , flexible page 116 Frequency meter, comparator, and phase meter in one box page 122 What level of LSI is best for you? page 126 Need a new method of removing heat from electronic components and systems? Try the heat pipe, which works on the principles of evaporation and condensation to provide thermal stability in electronics. Available in various shapes, they've operated in a range of --200° Cup to +2,000° C. With magnetic recorders already pushed to the limit of their storage capability, laser machines, which store much more data and transfer it faster, look like the wave of the future. They split the beam of a c-w gas laser into 36 units, modulate each one, and shine the modulated beams onto films . E-"_",-_l"e.·-._-c··.-.t-..r·.-_-o,-n..·.. lcs An MOS random-access memory that packs 1,024 bits plus decoding circuitry on a chip 150 mils square achieves its density by eliminating the separate feedback required to refresh each bit. A modified version of a dynamic one-bit shift register, the new de- sign shares the refresh portion of the mem- ory cell among many bits, leaving more room for strictly data-storing circuitry. In three years, the cost of this dense array is projected to dip to a fraction of a cent per bit. Cover photo by Henry Reis. Innovation in electronics extends to packaging, too. Thanks to new fabrication techniques and films , multilayer printed-circuit boards can be built that are both rigid and flexible wherever the user wants these properties. For only about $150 worth of parts, an instrument can be built that acts as a frequency meter, a comparator, and a phase meter. The crystal-controlled calibration-measurement device packs all these functions into a portable and compact box that weighs only two pounds. IC prices can be accurately predicted from mathematical models based on the density and distribution of reject-causing defects, and how fast defects are diminishing as the process matures. With these models, designers can select IC's now that will be economical when production starts. Alphanumeric displays Coming Alphanumeric displays are being revolutionized as equipment designers turn to new and improved digital readout devices. In the next issue Electronics will present articles on a GaAsP dot-matrix; a GaAsP seven-segment character, and two updated versions of the glow-discharge tube. Electronics I February 16, 1970 93 Heat pipes-a cool way to cool circuitry These heat-transfer devices can solve thermal problems in many applications, say C. H. Dutcher Jr. and M. R. Burke,* both of Electronic Communications Inc.; vapor heat transfer and ca pi Ilary action combine to pipe heat away from circuits e Out of the laboratory little more than a year, heat pipes-thermal conductance devices-are now moving into production. And once these devices become available in sizeable quantities, electronics engineers will be able to take advantage of the devices' capabilities and avoid, in some cases, the use of liquid or forced-air cooling. Yet another advantage would be smaller packaging. Heat pipes have operated at temperahues ranging from -200°C to +2,000°C, and have transported as much as 25 kilowatts per inch square of heat flux. This capability stems in large part from the use of new internal structures and a variety of fluids that range from liquid nitrogen to liquid silver. Although these devices can, and often do, act as heat radiators, they are usually used as transporters of heat to an external heat sink. Thus, they allow the engineer to place the sinks in locations that can /be far more desirable. An r-f power transistor for example, can be mounted, without cooling fins, on a flat heat pipe and the heat sink can he located at the edge of the circuit module. There are, of course, other examples of where heat pipes are advantageous. In some instances: travelingwave h1bes will no longer require cumbersome liquid cooling; flat packs will be mounted directly on flat heat pipes; high-power tetrodes will no longer need bulky cooling fins; printed-circuit boards can be kept cool by ringing them with small tubular heat pipes; and whole structures, such as microwave antennas, can be built with heat pipes serving a dual purpose-heat transfer and structural support. In effect, just about every type of electronic device that has to be cooled can be cooled with heat pipes. There is yet another advantage to using heat pipes, one that is very dear to the hearts of electronic engineers -reliability. By keeping temperature virtually constant, heat pipes eliminate thermal gradients that cause mechanical stresses, which, in turn, cause interconnection failures in electronic devices. The elimination of these gradients can lead to as much as an eightfold improvement in device reliability.1 As for the heat pipes themselves, there are but two types-one that transports heat only and one that maintains a constant temperature while it transports heat. Both types, however, employ the same basic principles of physics-vapor heat transfer and capillary action. The basic heat pipe, or transport-only type, is made up of a containment vessel (usually made of copper, nickel, or stainless steel) and a porous wick structure (such as a wire mesh made of either copper or nickel) that lines the containment vessel. The wick is saturated with a liquid, the most common being water or methanol. When heat is applied by conduction at one end of ~ SI ~t ~ EVAPORATOR ----- --- -- ·- ~ - - - ·- ~ '·· CONDENSER )) ~ I I I VESSEL I l l EVAPORATOR WICK VAPOR ~ ~ { CONDENSER · Mr. Burke is presently employed by Honeywell lnc.'s Aerospace division. Capillary action. Attractive forces between the liquid and vessel combine with surface tension to move the liquid back to the evaporator section of the heat pipe. l NONCONDENSIBLE GAS I ~ \ I I ACTIVE I 1CONDENSER 1 1 Il ' NONCONDENSIBLE GAS RESERVOIR Temperature leveler. The noncondensible gas in the constant temperature heat pipe effectively shortens the condenser section by creating a gas-vapor interface to provide temperature stabilization. 94 Electronics l February 16, 1970 the heat pipe, the evaporator section, the liquid vaporizes and the heat is carried down the length of the vessel to the other end of the pipe, the condenser section. Condensation then occurs and the heat is transferred out of the pipe by conduction. The working fluid is drawn hack along the wick to the evaporator section by capillary action. Since the latent heat of the working fluid's evaporation is carried by the vapor from the evaporator section to the condenser section, heat transfer is achieved with almost no temperature drop across the heat pipe. The constant temperature heat pipe differs from the transport-only type only in that it includes a reservoir attached to the condenser section. This reservoir holds a noncondensible gas, which provides t~mperature leveling. The gas is distributed uniformly with the working fluid vapor throughout the heat pipe. When heat is applied to the evaporator, both the working fluid's vapor and the noncondensible gas are driven toward the condenser. However, the working fluid has a return path while the noncondensible gas does not and an interface is established between the two, thus, dividing the condenser into two sections. Temperature leveling comes about because heat pipes are designed to operate on the exponentially shaped portion of the working fluid vapor-liquid equilibrium curve, while the pressure of the noncondensible gas is Cooling. The rectangular heat pipe, left, cools the 25-watt uhf thin-film amplifier by carrying its heat to the flat heat sink. Electronics I February 16, 1970 95 WICK Heat pipe system. An antenna structure is constructed of many heat pipes for isothermalization and strength. Open-channel and heat pipe-to-heat pipe interconnections are utilized in this design . Flat pack cooler. Heat pipes support the flat packs and transfer their heat to other pipes in the main frame, which, in turn, transfers the heat to an external heat sink. 96 HEAT PIPE TO HEAT PIPE PREFABRICATED VESSEL WALL OPEN CHANNEL PLUG IN HEAT PIPE CONNECTORS HEAT PIPE BONDED TO CONNECTOR BOARD Electronics I February 16, 1970 by the substrate, Pv and Pn are the heat powers generated per unit volume and area, respectively, and A is the area of interface behveen the substrate and the heat pipe. Substituting P/Pn into the volume equation for the combination yields p p V= -P,. r+ -Pa t The power density of the package is finally written as p PvWLr v WLr + WLt governed by the linear ideal-gas law. Thus, a small change in temperature has a large effect on the effective condenser area, which tends to level the heat pipe's temperature. In one version of the constant-temperature device, the noncondensible gas revervoir is placed in contact with the heat pipe's center section. Called the variable-conductance, constant-temperature heat pipe, this device serves a dual purpose-it carries away the waste heat of device being cooled, and performs a temperature regulation function. The latter function, however, depends upon the ratio of the reservoir volume to the effective condenser volume. For example, if the power into a variable-conductance heat pipe varied from 70 to 320 watts, th e temperature variation would be 2.18°C for a ratio of 5. But for a ratio of 100, the variation would be 0.06°C. Thus, because of both its flexibility and capability, the heat pipe is a logical substitute for the solid conductor wherever heat is to be transferred; the heat pipe is far more efficient. A heat pipe 2 feet long and 0.5 inch in diameter for instance, can handle 200 watts at 100°C with · a temperature drop during heat transfer of 0.5°C. If a solid copper bar of the same dimensions were used to perform this function, it could transport only 5 watts if both ends of the bar were kept at a temperature differential of 70°C. Should 200 watts be forced through it, the copper bar's temperature differential would rise to 2,550°C. And if the bar diameter were increased to handle the 200 watts at the 70°C differential, the bar would weigh 53 pounds. The heat pipe would weigh but 12 ounces. The question that must be answered, of course, is: How is the best device-heat pipe combination selected? For the best combination, the heat pipe must be designed so that the requirements of the device are accommodated. The limits on linear heat transfer set the limits on the size of electronic modules, or alternatively, their packaging densities. Thermal limits depend upon the volume and power density of the electronics package. For example, consider a substrate mounted on a flat heat pipe. The dimensions of the substrate are W, L, and r while those of the heat pipe are 'vV, L, and t. = + The volume of the substrate-heat pipe combination is V 'vVLr WLt, while the maximum power transfer = = is P P,V PuA, where Pis the total power generated and it is readily seen that neither the volume of the package nor its power density can be optimized without reducing the substrate dimension to zero. The design objective is to mount the electronics onto the heat pipe in such a manner so that the heat enters the pipe directly. An unfortunate characteristic of heat transfer from a device to a transfer element which could be either a heat pipe or a heat sink, is that an interface exists between the two objects. This interface has a thermal resistance, which causes a drop in the temperature across it. Even if thermal grease is used to lower the thermal resistance, the temperature drop across the interface will fall between 0.05° and 0.20°Cinch2 /watt. The heat pipe does not lower the interface temperature drop. But by allowing the sink, together with its fins, to be moved away from the electronics module, the heat pipe leads to a more efficient electrical and thermal design. Components, such as power transistors, can be screwed onto flat heat pipes directly. Threaded inserts are placed into the heat pipe prior to the working fluid. And Teflon insulating plugs can be used as inserts for T0-3 and T0-5 packages to accept electrical connections. This method of interfacing doesn't pose major problems for wiring and interconnecting components. Nevertheless, care must be taken to prevent fluid leakage from the heat pipe, for just one leak is sufficient to halt heat transfer. Rigorous checking for leaks is therefore of paramount importance during fabrication. Another example of electronic package-to-heat pipe design is the interlacing of heat pipes with the electronics package. Flat packs can be mounted directly on a flat heat pipe that has plug-in connectors. These plug-ins, themselves heat pipes, fit into flat heat pipes that are mounted on the main frame. Channels are formed in the flat pipes to accept connector boards; the flat pack leads attach to these connector boards that plug into multilayer boards in the main frame. Some electronics applications require the use of heat pipes that are shaped differently, but are connected in series. Consider the removal of heat from an electronics module used in a satellite. A rectangular shaped module, measuring about 10 by 3 by 7.5 inches, is mounted on a large flat ring that is a heat pipe in itself. A cylindrical heat pipe is inserted into the edge of the ring, connecting the ring to a rectangular heat pipe radiator mounted outside of the satellite. The cylindrical heat pipe is called a heat pipe extender, and the rectangular Electronics J February 16, 1970 97 Warming up to heat pipes Headed by George M. Grover, one of the leading exponents of heat pipes, the Los Alamos, N.M. Scientific Laboratory is perhaps furthest ahead in the development of these thermal-conductance devices. The lab has been doing a great deal of work on high-temperature heat pipes, using liquid metals as the working liquid. But primarily because of lab's association with the Atomic Energy Commission, most of the work has dealt with reactor cooling. Other applications, however, are also being studied-among them, the use of heat pipes for rocket cooling. But where Los Alamos is primarily concerned with using heat pipes as cooling device, others-notably Energy Conversion Systems Inc. of Albequerque, N.M.-are using the pipes to add heat. In fact, ECS is manufacturing a heat-pipe device called the Thermal Magic Cooking Pin. As implied by its name, the device is used for cooking. The pin is inserted into meat, which when placed into an oven, cooks from the inside out. But by and large, cooling-particularly of electronicsis probably the most far reaching application of heat pipes. At the Hughes Aircraft Co. in Torrance, Calif., heat pipes are used to cool printed-circuit boards. In fact, Hughes is also experimenting with dielectric heat pipes to cool traveling-wave tubes. At TRW Systems in Redondo Beach, Calif., power transistors are cooled by placing the chips inside finned heat pipes. And at Electronic Communications Inc. in St. Petersburg, Fla., power amplifiers have been mounted on Hat heat pipes. Another company that's moving ahead in its development of heat pipes is RCA, which has already developed a 250ampere silicon rectifier that employs an integral heat pipe to cool the chip. The heat pipe eliminates the need for forced air cooling. Besides the rectifier, RCA has also developed a transmitter that is cooled by heat pipes. The trasmitter was designed for use on the C-5A transport. And the list of companies working on these devices goes on and on. Varian Associates' Eimac division in San Carlos, Calif., uses heat pipe principles to cool a 50-kilowatt tetrode, while Litton Industries Electron Tube division, also in San Carlos, uses heat pipes to cool highpower vacuum tubes. And McDonald Douglas' Donald W. Douglas Laboratory in Richmond, Wash., used heat pipes to cool an electronics deck on an Advanced Technology Satellite. Isotopes Inc. of Middle River, Md., is also Heat pipe flies on the C-5A. using heat pipes to cool spacecraft systems. Long heat pipes were wrapped around an Atlas rocket to cool its equipment. Also involved in heat-pipe work for spacecraft is the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. Philco-Ford's Aero-Nutronics division in Newport Beach, Calif., uses heat pipes to cool high performance automatic weaponry for the military. Some electronics applications require the use of heat pipes that are shaped differently. but are connected in series. 98 Electronics I February 16, 1970 TO 63 PACKAGE FINNED SURFACE WICK STRUCTURE TRANSISTOR CHIP Eliminating bulk. T0-63 package, is screwed directly into a flat heat pipe, which coo ls the packa ge, wh ile the power-transistor chip is mounted inside a heat pipe for th erma l reliability. Data furnished by K.T. Feldman of Energy Conversion Systems. -200to -80 -70to +60 -45to +120 +5to +230 +.190 to +550 liquid nitrogen stainless steel liquid ammonia nickel, aluminum, stainless steel methanol water mercury2 +.02% magnesium + .001% tantalum copper, nickel,· ·stainless steer stainless steel 2.9@ 100°c1 162@360°C4 +400to +800 potassium2 hickel, stainless steel 36@7500C +500to +900 sodium2 nickel, stainless steel 60@850°C +900 to + 1,500 lithium2 niobium + 1%zirconium 13@ 1,2so0 c 1,500 to + 2,000 silver2 tantalum 26 +5% tungsten ·Varies with temperature ZTested at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory JUslng threaded artery wick 4Measured value based on reaching the sonic limit of mercury in the heat pipe Electronics I February 16, 1970 1,110@ 360°c 1,110 @ 1so0 c 1,443 @ 760°C 1,334 @ 1,2500C 2,665 99 heat pipe radiator is the heat sink The temperature of the ring-shaped device must be determined from the temperature of the heat sink, which must operate at a fixed temperature if all the power is to be passed. This fixed, radiated temperature is calculated from Stefan's law-assuming deep space radiation to be 0° Kelvin. [ . Jl/4 ~! = Tradiator = = where Q power radiated, emissivity of the radiator; u = Stefan-Boltzmann Constant (36.6 X 10-12 watts/in2 °K4); and A = radiator area. For example, if the power radiated is 120 watts, the radiator emissivity is 0.9, and the radiator area is 144 inches square. The resulting radiator temperature is 398°K or 125°C. However, the heat How from the module to the radiator will cause temperature drops at the interfaces of the heat pipes themselves. In this example, all the heat pipes are considered to be copper-water, with a thermal resistivity of 0.18°C inch2/watt. The significant thermal drops in a copper water heat pipe are across the liquid-wick matrix interfaces. Summing the thermal drops of all the heat pipes results in a total thermal resistance of 0.084°C/watt. And, when the total power to be removed in the form of heat is 120 watts, the temperature difference between the heat-pipe ring and the heat-pipe radiator will be 10°C. This means that the heat-pipe ring must be designed to operate at 135°C. Basically, to form a heat-pipe system, there are but two methods of interconnection-open channel and heat pipe to hea t pipe. With the former, two heat pipes use a common wick and vapor transport channel to yield a single, long heat pipe that has a complicated geometry. This approach, although advantageous in that it has vapor heat transfer between the two pipes, is not without drawbacks. For one thing, the capillary pumping length is increased; for another, the common wick requires a porous conformal coating to provide continuity of the wick structure. This can be difficult to achieve. ' Vith a heat pipe-to-heat pipe interconnection, an interface-rather than a common wick and vapor channel-is used, with the contact area made large enough so that the interface thermal drops are small. One way to increase the contact area is to remove part of each heat pipe using an axial slice, where each is to be joined. But like the open-channel method, this, too, is not without its drawbacks. Because a part of each pipe is cut away, the crosssectional area of each heat pipe is reduced by half. Moreover, the effective length of the heat pipe comlbination is also shortened. The combined two-pipe system thus does not use the full cylindrical-surface area available to transfer heat. There is, however, a heat pipe-to-heat pipe interconnection method that both maintains effective length and provides good heat transfer. But this approach requires a third heat pipe. Two heat pipes are butted together, end to end, and the third pipe, in the form of an annulus, is placed in a manner surrounding the junction. In such a configuration, it is at the interface of the two joined heat pipes' outer diameters and the annular-shaped pipe's inner diameter that the greatest temperature drop occurs. For example, two heat pipes whose outer diameters measure 0.75 inch are ringed by a third annular heat pipe that is 8.5 inches long (4.25 inches on each side of the butt joint), and the air gap between the annulus and the two joined pipes is 0.0005 inch. With an input power of 100 watts, the temperature difference for a typical copper-water heat pipe is about 15°C between the input surface temperature and the output surface temperature. It is important to note that no thermal grease is used. If a solid copper connector were used in place of the third heat pipe, the temperature difference would be 45 °C. An entire heat pipe system can be envisaged with this heat pipe-to-heat pipe configuration. Consider, for example, the cooling of electronic equipment in a van. Here, the ultimate heat sink would be an air conditioner located atop the van-an optimal location since all heat sources are located below the final heat sink Gravitational forces would aid the capillary pumping in all vertical How paths. A number of "trunk" heat pipes would interface with the electronics equipment and interconnect with the ultimate heat sink, thus removing the heat and cooling the equipment. e References 1. Grumman Aerospace Corp., "Effects on Electronic Equipment Reliability of Temperature Cycling in Equipment," 1969. Bibliography K.T. Feldman and G.H . Whiting, "The Heat Pipe," Mechanical Engineering, February 1967. G.Y. Eastman, "The Heat Pipe," Scientific American, May 1968. T.D. Sheppard, "Heat Pipes and Their Application to Thermal Control in Electronic Equipment," Proceedings of Nepcon West, February 1969. 100 Electronics I February 16, 1970 Laser iecorders pick up where magnetic machines leave off ia speed, capacity They record 21.8 million bits I second; Stanley Parnas of Synergistics and C. J. Peters tell what laser systems mean to high-volume data processing e Because computer designers are demanding data transfer rates beyond the capabilities of magnetic recorders, an increasing share of the digital-data storage work now done magnetically will be taken over by laser recorders. Moreover, the laser recorder's highstorage densities should appeal to people, such as research engineers and insurance executives, who have plenty of data to permanently store and don't want rooms filled with reels of tape. For a number of years, engineers have been building experimental models of laser recorders; some have found their way into in-house systems and a few recorders have been sold. But million-dollar price tags have kept them out of all but the most eager hands. Things are changing though, at least where fast access times aren't needed. Laser recorders of the nonscanning variety are coming to market with prices that are within hailing distance of magnetic-recorder prices. Magnetic recorders put around 7,200 bits onto an inch of tape by laying down nine tracks, each with 800 bits per inch. Some advanced machines double this density by recording at 1,600 bits per inch. The best transfer rate is about 1 million bits per second. Chances are small that these figures will improve by much. On the other hand, laser recorders store hundreds of thousands of bits per inch, and their transfer rates go up to millions of bits per second. They're improving, too. ·within five years a storage density of millions of bits per inch and transfer rates of 30 or 40 million bits per second will be seen. Two types of laser recorders have evolved. First to appear were scanning recorders which store data by shooting their laser at a sheet of some transparent material, such as Mylar, on which is a thin film of metal. The sheet sits up like a target on a rifle range, allowing the laser to quickly zero in on any point on the sheet; hence, recorders of this type have fast access times. The beam burns 5-micron-wide holes in the metal; the presence or absence of a hole at a particular spot is interpreted as a 1 or a 0. Scanners store about 20 million hits per square inch, transfer data at a rate around 800,000 bits per second, and have access times in the 50-millisecond range. But because the circuits and mechanical gear that aim the laser are expensive, scanning recorders have a high price-$500,000 up to a few million dollars. Nonscanning recorders, in which photographic film moves through a stationary beam, offer a less expensive alternative. Their storage capacity is as good as and their transfer rate is better than those found in scanning units, an.d their price is much closer to the $25,000 that a high-quality magnetic recorder costs. For example, Syhergistics Inc.'s PDR-5, the first nonscanning laser recorder to be commercially available, sells for $65,000. It uses commercial laser film, such as Agfa makes, which costs $60-a-reel to buy and $1 to develop. By way of contrast, sheets for a scanning laser cost about 25¢ per square inch, and magnetic tape costs $15 to $20 for a 2,400-foot reel. Access time is the one area where nonscanning units can't match the scanners. Since they look for data by searching through a reel of film, much like a magnetic recorder searches through a reel of tape, a nonscanning recorder has an access time that ranges from a few milliseconds to a few minutes. But on the plus side, nonscanning recorders can look and, in many ways, act like a magnetic recorder, making it easy to train people to use them. The PDR-5 strongly resembles the upright two-reel recorders found on the floors of most computer centers. Its controls are almost identical, and its operation appears to be similar. Film, mounted on standard-size reels, moves past what could be called the record-reproduce head, Electronics I February 16, 1970 101 LASER BEAM LENSES OUTPUT CABLE - - - - - ' L ......."-.+..., _ _ _ n _ _ r - t _ ....,,,,,,._~ Bits onto film. Driven by the recorder's 36 input signals, the modulator converts a single laser beam into 36 information -carrying beams, which are focused onto the film. One beam; one diode. With its column of 36 GaAs diodes, the recorder's photodetector turns the incoming beams into 15-mv outputs. Familiar face. Looking much like a magnetic tape recorder, this nonscanning laser recorder puts onto one reel of film enough bits to fill 40 reels of tape . 102 I Electronics February 16, 1970 In effect, the single KD 0 P crystal acts as if it were 36 separate electro-optic crystals. A pulse coming from a drive circuit changes the crystal's index of refraction in only a localized region, and just the light in that region has its polarization changed. Coming out of the modulator is what appears to be a single beam, 18 mm by 0.5 mm, but which actually are 36 smaller beams, some with their polarization changed. This stack of beams strikes a piece of polarized glass, which, depending on its orientation, either passes those beams with changed polarization and absorbs the others, or vice versa. The beams that do get through are focused onto the film. If, for example, all 36 beams are passed, the stack that hits the 8-mm high film is 6 mm high and 0.005 mm (5 microns) wide. Since the film is transparent, the beams pass through it, and travel on to another series of lenses, which focuses each of the beams onto one of 36 gallium- arsenide diodes in the recorder's photodetector. When which actually is the spot where the laser beam is focused a beam hits a diode, it sends a 15-millivolt signal to one on the film. of the recorder's 36 output terminals, giving the recordier The differences show up in performance. The PDR-5 a real-time readout. Even though the diodes share the can put as much as 360,000 bits onto an inch of film; same substrate, the isolation between channels on the it records 36 tracks on film about as wide as standard photodetector is 60 db. magnetic tape; and its top transfer rate is 21.8 million The final recording step is to develop the film, which bits per second. Put another way, a 2,000-foot reel is done by standard photographic means. A developer, of film holds 8.6 billion bits, which is enough data to designed to handle PDR-5's film, processes a 2,000-foot fill 40 reels of magnetic tape. reel in less than a half hour. Any spot a beam struck Another big difference is that, like all laser recorders, is transparent on the developed film. the PDR-5 has a frequency response that's flat from d-c Playback differs little from recording. The laser beam, out to 600 kilohertz, per track. Magnetic digital recorders flattened, split but unmodulated, is focused onto the ' have a much narrower bandwidth and are never flat down film. The beams passing through transparent areas go to d-c. Because of its flat response, the PDR-5 can record onto the photodetector, generating the output signals. at one speed and playback at another. Thus, it can A popular use for these signals is reloading a multi- accept data that comes in slowly, as it does from a billion-bit disk memory after a power failure or computer communications line, and then feed the data directly malfunction has emptied it. For a tape recorder, this is to a computer as quickly as the computer can accept it. a three- or four-hour job; the laser recorder does it in 30 There's no need for a buffer memory. minutes without help from a computer. It works the other way too. At intelligence installations, Film holds more data than tape for two reasons: a transmitted information arrives in high-speed bursts given width of film has more tracks, and a given length and is then analyzed at slower speeds. Magnetic re- of a film's track hold more data. corders that store this incoming data have to play it More tracks can be squeezed onto film because film is back into a memory which then feeds it to the analysis bothered less by crosstalk. Isolation between tracks equipment at the slower speed. The laser unit can on the PDR-5's film is 40 db, about what it is for tape. do the whole job by itself. Yet the film tracks have a center-to-center distance of The PDR-5 uses a continuous-wave gas laser that puts 7 mils, 10 to 15 times less than that for tape. out 15 milliwatts. The beam, red in color and 0.8 milli- The tracks being so close results in another benefit, meters in diameter, passes through a series of lenses besides the obvious one of more tracks. In much the which flatten it into an upright rectangle, 18 mm by same way that magnetic tape moves past a head, film 0.5 mm. The ,flattened beam goes to the modulator, a moves through the laser beam always slightly skewed, KD 0 P (deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate) crys- or tilted. As a result data is recorded at one point on tal, whose window is as high and as wide as the incoming one track slightly before or after data is recorded at beam. The crystal electro-optically splits this lbeam into an adjacent point on another track. During playback, a stack of 36 beams, each 0.5 mm high and 0.5 mm wide, all bits supposedly recorded at one time should arrive and each with an equal share of energy. Although the at the output simultaneously. But they don't because beams have no gaps between them, they do have 40 of this skewing effect. decibels of isolation. Although the exact differences in arrival times can't The crystal modulates each beam by changing or not be predicted, the peak difference for bits from adjacent changing its polarity in response to a signal coming tracks is directly proportional to the center-to-center from one of the recorder's 36 input terminals. Connect- distance. Engineers usually eliminate the effects of skew ing each terminal to the crystal is a drive circuit, which by making the minimum pulse length for a bit several sends 100-volt pulses to the crystal when triggered by times longer than this peak difference. Since film the input. Whenever a driver sends a pulse, the crystal tracks are 10 to 15 times closer, the recording pulses changes the polarization of the beam associated with can be similarly shorter. This. allows 10 to 15 times as that driver. many bits to fit onto a given length of track. e Electronics I February 16, 1970 103 Circuit design Designer's casebook Designer's casebook is a regular feature in Electronics. Readers are invited to submit novel circuit ideas and unusual solutions to design problems. Descriptions should be clear. We'll pay $50 for each item published. Feedback circuit checks thermal resistance By Pau l Cade Internat ional Business Machines Corp., Essex Jun cti on, Vt. Thermal resistance between two points usually can be determined by measuring the power dissipated through the thermal path and the temperatures at the path's two end points. But gauging a transistor's junction-to-case thermal resistance presents a problem: although collector dissipation and ambient temperature can be measured easily, checking the actual junction temperature is difficult. This measurement can be avoided if two, instead of one, ambient temperatures and associated power dissipation readings are taken under a constant junction temperature. Thermal resistance in this case is O· - TAI - TA2 10 - Ie(Vcb2 - Vcbt) where TAl and TA!! are ambient temperatures, 10 is emitter current and V c02, and V cbl are collectorbase voltages. With constant current, the voltage drop across a forward-biased p-n junction (in this case, the transistor's base-emitter junction) is a decreasing function of temperature. However, if voltage is kept constant through a feedback arrangement, the baseemitter junction temperature of the transistor will remain constant, regardless of ambient temperature changes, as will the temperature of the nearby collector-base junction. Thus, by varying collector voltages to maintain constant emitter voltage on the transistor in different temperature environments, junction temperature can be maintained fairly accurately and the thermal resistance can be determined from the given equation. In the feedback circuit, both the constant-current supply and the reference voltage are adjusted for the desired emitter current and voltages for a particular transistor family. The transistor is immersed in a temperature-regulated water or oil bath and V cb is noted. Then the transistor is immersed in a second bath, the new V cb is noted, and the tempera- CONSTANT CURRENT SUPPLY NPN TRANSISTOR UNDER TEST Veb + t---'VVv---~--+--1 REFERENCE VOLTAGE SUPPLY VOLTAGES REVERSED FOR PNP TRANSISTORS 104 Electronics I February 16, 1970 tures and voltages are substituted into the equation to obtain OJc· A decrease in tihe emitter-base junction tempera- ture will cause a rise in Veb, which is sampled by a high input-impedance, unity-gain amplifier, A1. This, in turn, feeds the summing junction of A2, where the signal is compared to the reference volt- age. The error lbetWeen the reference voltage and the increasingly negative v.b (when TA1 > TA2) is inverted by A2· A2' s signal drives a power am- plifier, A3, which drives Vcb to a greater positive voltage. The increasing Vcb causes an increase in the collector-to.Jbase junction temperature, due to greater power diss'ipation. This, in tum, drives the emitter-base temperature up and v.b back to its nominal value. The operator does not have to readjust the Vcb each time the transistor is placed in a new temperature environment. Large batch-type measurements can be automated by recording the Vcb on tape or cards. Zener diode in op amp's loop enables symmetrical clipping +15v By Raymond Liu Perkin-Elmer Corp., Norwalk, Conn. An operational amplifier, with a bridged zener diode network in its feedback loop, clips and squares the edges of a-c inputs with fast transitions each time the zero crossover of the a-c input signal is detected. The circuit is especially useful in phase-sensitive demodulation networks. The common approach that employs back-to-back zener diodes in the feedback path of the op amp is less effective because of the decreased circuit gain that occurs when the diodes operate below the knee of the zener curve at low input signals. Often, the pulse transitions are unsymmetrical for leading and trailing edges, and the rise and fall times are slower. In the bridged network, positive amplitudes of the input generate a negative pulse, while negative inputs generate a positive voltage level. The zener diode provides a stable floatingreference voltage with the aid of the positive and negative supply voltages and the two 6.8-kilohm resistors. When the amplifier saturates, the two terminals of the zener are connected to the summing node and output of the op amp. Since a :'.O' OUTPUT/ / t ? ' f ( stable voltage across the zener can always be established without reducing the op amp's high forward gain, the circuit will produce symmetrical hard-amplitude clipping with sharp zero crossover, even at low input signals. IC's gate FET's for roll rate data By W.A. Cooke Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Sunnyvale, Calif. Electronics I February 16, 1970 Electromechanical gyroscopes, used to stabilize the flight of space vehicles, are expensive and consume a great deal of power. An electronic counterpart, made of reference sensors, ilC amplifiers, and field effect transistors, eliminates these two problems. In addition, the electronic version is a much lighter package. The circuit, called a derived-rate circuit, gen- 105 erates an output voltage that corresponds to the roll rate of the vehicle. Sensors-either solar cells or magnetometers-provide input information for the circuit. As the vehicle rolls, the sensors, which are located in quadrature around the perimeter of the vehicle, generate a sinusoidal wave whose frequency is proportional to the roll rate of the vehicle. The waveforms are combined and converted to yield an output voltage with a scale factor of 0.1 volt per radian per second. In the derived-rate circuit, the sinusoids arriving at the Si and S2 inputs are 90° out of phase with each other and have constant amplitudes. Two input signals are differentiated to produce new signals whose amplitudes are proportional to the angular frequency w and shifted 90°. Hence, this voltage is dependent on input frequency or spin rate of the vehicle. Only the negative-half cycles are inverted by an amplifier and then summed with the positive-half cycles to produce the output waveform shown below. The two input IC's, MC1519's, are differential amplifiers which clip the input sinusoids and use them as gating signals to the field effect transistors, Qi and Q2. At the same time, the two sinusoids from Si and S2 are differentiated by the networks, Ri-Ci and R2-C2, to generate the frequency-dependent relation. The differentiated signals are delivered to the source of the dual FET's. The positive-half cycles of the differentiated Si and S2 signals are channeled by Qi and Q2 directly to the output amplifier A. Negative-half cycles of the differentiated signals are channelled by Q1 and Q2 through inverting amplifier A3. The amplifier inverts the negative cycles of the differentiated signals and feeds them to the output amplifier where they are summed with the positive cycles. /("'A cos Wt s, .........--.... ~ · TI ME S2 ~A sin wt S2 ~ : J A2 PIN 9 -v L St = i A2 PIN3 F A1 PIN9 At PIN 3 :d lE: PIN1 0 2 PIN4 ON ON ON ON .. ~:~ ~ Ot _O'-N-- "-'ON'-+l- O-N-0_N_ 100k 0.0 4 7 µ f · OUTPU T 7 24.9 k 24.9k 24.9k As ~ OUTPUT -" - ~TOTA L A ~ OUTPU T 4 OUTPUT DERIVED RATECIRCUIT WAVEFORM S AXI TMWAOGNE- S~PROB E TOMETER ' ---- · DIRECTION OF St s2 MAGNETIC FIELD MAGNETOMETER ORIENTATION ----LIGHT RAYS S1 SIGNAL SOLAR CELL OR IEN TATI ON AND CIRCUI T 106 Electronics I February 16, 1970 _oo a screen, e aP..M1.li.P.~ PM3200 0-IOMHr ~~~ PM3200 - fllGGEllNG - ... 1· , ., '"' ,~ I '°' t .. nr X DUI. m 10MHz 2mV /div $480 HF ··1 UNI flMEt di'tl. I ..TRIGG · ...... "" X INPUf INUNS . fOCUS More of the Unbeatable Philips Scopes PM 3231 15 MHz: 10mV Dual Beam Delay Lines $975 PM 3250 50 MHz: 2mV Dual Trace $1995 Three fewer controls mean you spend more time measuring, less twiddling. De balance, trigger stability and manual level are out. So triggering is fully automatic. Explanation. When waveforms start looking like this: all other automatic trigger circuits stop triggering . So you have to switch to manual and start knob twiddling. With the PM 3200 you switch from "mean" to " top " and stay with signal-derived, fully automatic triggering . In either position automatic means automatic over the whole of the 1OM Hz range. And then on to at least twice this nominal bandwidth figure. This unique Philips circuit has yet another feature . Whatever the signal, even no signal and whatever the sweep speed, the trace is always clearly visible. There's no de balance control because none is needed . Drift is fedback and virtually eliminated. (At max. sensitivity (1 /4div/24hours). The PM 3200 is highly portable (11.7 lbs.). Battery pack optional. For information, contact: Philips Electronic Instruments, 750 S. Fulton Ave ., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. 10550 PHILIPS ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS 750 S . FUL TON AVE ~ MT. VERNON. N .Y. 10550 A DIVISION OF PEPI. INC Electronics I February 16, 1970 Circle 107 on reader service card 107 Singer has advanced the state-of-the-art with a signal generator so New it almost requires a new name. The Model SG-1000 obsoletes every other signal generator within its frequency range . . . singly or in combination. Its performance is so superior that no other instrument available can equal or even approach it. That's why we call it the Innovator. Here's why you'll call it unbelievable ... · Digital readout of frequency. · Broadband frequency coverage from 61 kHz to 512MHz (to 1024MHz with a simple passive doubler) in a small 5%" high package. · Exceptional frequency accuracy and resolution ... typically 0.005% ... and no human readout errors. ·Full modulation capability AM D FM D Pulse D Video D Internal 1,000Hz modulation D ... and combinations of the above. · Output levels from + 20dBM to - 146dBM. · An automatically leveled output ... within ± 0.5dB over the entire frequency range. ·Use it as a 2MHz counter for counting modulating signals or rep rates directly. ·A spectrally pure output signal approaching that of a crystal . .. extremely low residual and incidental FM. ·Total elimination of dial tracking errors. · The availability of BCD frequency output and a 108 Circle 108 on reader service card programmable attenuator to assure system integration. This is only part of the SG-1000 story. A more complete technical description is available in Singer Application/ Data Bulletin SG-10 upon request. For additional information contact your local Singer Representative, or write or call- The Singer Company Instrumentation Division 915 Pembroke Street Bridgeport, Conn. 06608. 203-366-3201. In Europe contact: Singer Sewing Machine Company, Instrumentation Division, P.O. Box 301, 8034 Zurich, Switzerland, Telephone: (051) 47 25 10 TWX 710-453-3483 SINGER INSTRUMENTATION Electronics I February 16, 1970 'andom-access MOS memory packs more bits to Iha chiD Lee Boysel, Wallace Chan and Jack Faith of Four-Phase Systems eliminated the separate feedback for each bit in the design of a 1,024-bit memory; within three years, the cost per bit could be as low as a fraction of a cent . e To manufacturers of semiconductor memories, the name of the game is putting more and more memory capacity on a single silicon chip. Ground rules usually call for more components for more capacity. But now, what may be the most compact memory array yet produced in quantity-a 1,024-bit random-access memory that fits , with decoding circuitry, on a 150-mil-square chip-achieves its greater capacity without a substantial increase in circuitry. The trick is elimination of separate feedback stages for each bit. The metal oxide semiconductor memory is based on a modified dynamic memory cell whose stored information must be periodically refreshed. Generally, this is accomplished, as in a dynamic shift register, with a separate charge-refreshing feedback stage for each bit. But in Four-Phase Systems ' new design, separate feedback stages are eliminated because a single feedback stage is shared among many bits. The result: a very dense array that occupies 20% less chip area than even a conventional 1,024-bit dynamic shift register, and with four times the random access capacity of monolithic semiconductor arrays now on the market. The 4,500 active components on the memory chip, which will be available in a low-cost computer system, are organized into 1,024 1-bit words in a 32-by-32 word array. Access time is 1 microsecond (full cycle time is 2 microseconds) and the chip dissipates about 200 milli- v watts. Within three years, the cost per bit will approach a few tenths of a cent, about an order-of-magnitude improvement over the cost of large-scale random access core memories available now. Thus far, large-scale integration of MOS arrays has been too costly for anything but limited scratch-pad applications.1 One of the common MOS arrays uses a familiar resetset, or RS, flip-flop in its memory cell, as shown b elow. This basic cell has not changed in the five years since it was developed,2 though new decoding schemes have been developed for moving data.3·4 The resistor-like symbol in this and subsequent schematics represents an MOS transistor which functions as a gated impedance. Its impedance is relatively high100 kilohms, against 20 kilohms in the usual four-phase MOS transistor-and it is switched on and off by its gate connection. The high impedance is obtained by laying out the transistor on the silicon chip with a very long, but quite narrow, channel. The long channel takes up much more space on the chip than those of transistors used simply for logic functions. In the RS flip-flop, data is stored statically in a cross coupled pair of NOR gates using transistors with both high and low impedance. With MOS technology, the low impedance transistors occupy a large area because conductance is proportional to the area-and hence the width-of the conducting channel between the Old standby. Conventional reset-set MOS flip-flop which stores data statically OFF ON takes up too much area and dissipates too much power, limiting the number of units that can be put on a single chip. The resistor-like symbol represents an MOS transistor which functions as a gated impedance. I Electronics February 16, 1970 109 v INPUT __,I __ ...L Cz '1' I I .....J..- v --;------OUTPUT TIME SLOT 3 - - - FEEDBACK PATH 4 2 CLOCK PULSE cf>3 _ _ _ __ fl ----------------1 cf>2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___. Dynamic standard. Feeding back one bit of a dynamic MOS shift-register cell yields a dynamic memory cell. Data held on capacitor C1 (and redundant data on C3 ) is refreshed by charge from the large output capacitors C2 and C4· The four clock pulses occur during a single memory cycle. Color tint block identifies the basic storage unit; gray tint identifies the feedback circuit that refreshes the charge on the dataholding capacitor, C1. Cz, C4 »ch C3 source and drain. This type of cell also dissipates a lot of power and requires high-voltage and high-current line drivers to get data in and out in a typical coincidentcurrent memory scheme. These factors, combined with the requirement for external decoding, drive, and sense circuits, appear to limit at 256 the number of bits on a chip, and the cost from going much below 2 to 3 cents per bit. To break this price barrier, Four-Phase Systems' new design approach is based on the dynamic storage scheme found in a conventional MOS shift-register cell, shown at the left with the four-phase clocking waveform needed for operation. In a dynamic cell data, stored in the form of a charge on a parasitic capacitor, must be periodically refreshed because it tends to leak off. But the big advantage is offered by relatively high transistor impedances so the area occupied by each transistor is small. (In this and in the figures to follow, capacitors drawn with dashed lines are parasitic. Capacitors drawn with solid lines, although also technically parasitic, have been purposely augmented to increase their value by enlarging the P+ region of the silicon in their vicinity.) The operation of this shift register cell, which actually consists of two inverter stages, starts with the precharging during the first phase of the four-phase clock cycle of capacitors C1 and C2· These capacitors are discharged later in the cycle, but the discharge is con- Reading and writing. A row-address decoder selects the row in the memory that's to be read out. This read-row signal also triggers a delayed write row circuit that rewrites the readout data, restoring the voltage level of the signal on the storage capacitor. 110 Electronics J February 16, 1970 v Sharing the stage. The redundant stage of the dynamic shift register memory element is shared among more than one data-holding capacitor in FourPhase Systems' design. The feedback stages refresh the charge levels on capacitor C0, C1, C2, and Cs, each storing one information bit within a memory cell containing three active elements. Color and gray tints identify storage and feedback circuits as in the dynamic cell shown on page 110. READ ROW 0 READ ROW1 ditional-whether they are discharged depends upon the data stored in the memory cell. The precharging occurs during the first clock pulse, cf>s. Transistor Q1 is turned on and capacitor C1 is charged to the input signal voltage level-either a logic 1 or a 0. Simultaneously, Q2 is turned on and C2, the output signal-holding capacitor of the first inverter stage, is charged to the supply voltage level, V. Conditional discharging occurs next. When clock pulse <Pa goes to 0, pulse cp4 comes up, turning on Q4· If the charge on C1 is at the high, logic-I level, Qa turns on and C2 discharges to ground through Qs and Q4· But if the input and the ~harge on C1 had been a logic 0, capacitor C2 would not have discharged; a charge equivalent to a logic 1 would have remained. Passing the signal on C2 through the other half of the cell reinverts it, restoring the original signal level at the cell's output. And tying the output back to the input, as shown by the solid feedback line in the sche- matic shown on page 110, converts this one~bit shift reg- ister into a binary memory element-a dynamic flip-Hop that stores one bit of information. However, there's a basic information redundancy in form. this Hip-flop cell-the basic information bit held on C1 is also held on Ca, although in complement Cs and the second half of the flip-flop bit keep restoring or refreshing the charge on C1, which otherwise would WRITE ROW 2 ---1~---...., READ ROW 2 READ ROW 3 DATA FEEDBACK LINE; _j f4 DECODER_j SIGNALS J v I I~FEEDDATBAACK I PATH ----I c v v 1-- - -- WRITE ROW READ - -- - __ ROW ----~i--1 - - - _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _. ROW ADDRESS DECODER Electronics I February 16, 1970 THREE-ACTIVE-DEVI CE MEMORY CELL ROW REWRITE DELAY !ONE FOR EACH ROW) 111 leak off within a few milliseconds. For shift registers Write the first time. To change the and other dynamic circuits on the market today, the contents of the memory, new data is maximum charge-holding time is about 100 p.sec. This placed on the data feedback path means the minimum clock frequency for restoring data must be 10 kilohertz. To reduce this information redundancy, Four-Phase Systems shared a common feedback, or charge-restoring, stage among many shift-register bits as shown at the right of page 111. Each memory cell contains three active devices and one data-holding capacitor. In this -cell, the through this feedback circuit, which 'ii replaces the feedback stage shown at the right of page 111. PFDEAATETHDABACK ------..V second, or redundant, stage of the conventional shiftregister flip-flop has been replaced by the single feedback stage shown at the bottom of the schematic. This NEW DATA INPUT ;:Fc7 ....L.. stage refreshes each of the four data-holding capacitors, C0, C1, C 2, and C3 in sequence u_nder control of the read row gates, which have been added to the basic dynamic cell. Only four memory cells are shown for illustrative purposes. However, in the actual memory, WRITE SIGNAL FOR a single feedback stage refreshes a column of 32 cells. NEW DATA A memory sequence begins when the fourth clock pulse, <f>4, comes up. Read row 0 also is high at the same time, so that the signal on Co conditionally discharges C5 INVERTER previously charged to the supply voltage during <f>3 · The charge on C5 is transferred to C6 durin.g q,1 and then is inverted and placed on the data feedback-return line capacitor, C7, during the q,2 pulse. The write row 0 line rises, and during the q,3 pulse the charge on C7 is transferred to C 0, restoring its original level. CLOCK The process repeats itself during the next sequence of four clock pulses. But the read row 1 line is activated during q,4, and Cr. is conditionally discharged by the data-storing capacitor, C1. This sequence, restoring the last bit interrogated and reading out the next sequential bit, is repeated continually. Thus, four bits of informa- tion can be stored with only 18 transistors-three for RESTORE each cell, five in the feedback stage, and one to charge COUNTER C5 at q,3-rather than the 32 required if each bit were stored in a single shift-register cell. The actual circuit mechanism that generates signals on the read row and write row lines is shown at the bot- tom of page 111. Each of the 32 rows is addressed through a standard decoder network consisting, at each row line, of five transistors in parallel. Each transistor is connected to one address bit or its complement. When the q,2 pulse is present, the output of the 20 EXTERNAL ADDRESS 21 MEMORY INPUTS parasitic capacitance, Cs, at the output of the decoder network~ is prccharged to the supply voltage. This precharge is retained on the read row line until q,3, when the five-bit address supplied to the decoder discharges Cs on 31 of the 32 lines through one or more of the five parallel transistors connected between each read row and ground. On the remaining row, the address keeps all five transistors off. Capacitor C8 on this row retains its charge, and the corresponding read Reading and restoring. Charges on the data-holding capacitors are restored periodically by switching the memory's row inputs to a binary refresh counter. Restore cycles are alternated with command cycles which come to the random-access memory from the computer. row stays high. During the next clock pulse, q,4, the charge enables the capacitors in each of the memory storage cells to discharge conditionally. c9 Also during cp3, the state of the one read row that's high is transferred to in the restore-delay circuit, which stores it long enough to ibring up the one cor- responding write row line 1 p.sec later during the next cycle. The read row actually is inverted twice, by precharging C10 at q,1 and then conditionally discharging it at </>2. At the next q,3 pulse, if C10 were discharged, FROM MEMORY CELL DATA OUTPUT DATA a CONTROL LINES 112 Electronics I February 16, 1970 Electronics I February 16, 1970 Full chip. Some 4,500 devices squeezed into a 150-by150-mil-square silicon chip form a complete 1,024, 1-bit-word, four-phase random-access memory. Included on the chip are full binary decoding, chip selection gates, and read-write circuits. 3,072 8-bit-bytes of memory flt on a single 8-by-11-inch printed circuit card (see cover) that includes clock generation and driver circuitry and memory-buffer registers. At a 1-megahertz clock rate, the card dissipates only about 7 watts of power, low enough so that the memory can be driven by a battery in the event of a power failure. Entire computer for which the memory is designed will dissipate only 10 to 15 watts. 113 ADDRESS INPUTS~ 2N 2N ROW ADDRESS DECODERS ~32 PER CHIP) v f13 _J DATA _j INPUT - "· _J v f13 _J WRITE DATA _J CONTROL fl4 _J - DATA AND WRITE LOGIC (t PER CHIP l ( 32 PER CHIP) v v v I BASIC MEMORY CELL ( 1,024 PER CHIP) RESTORE DELAY CIRCUITS (32 PER CHIP) v - f14 _J 'f ~ v COLUMN _j ADDRESS DECODE '""'{_J GATES FROM OTHER COLUMNS _j v - "·_J LOGIC FOR COLUMN DECODE AND CELL RESTORE ( 32 PER CHIP) DATA OUTPUT GATING AND BUFFER (1 PER CHIP) One-chip design. The memory contains all of the circuits required for a 32-row by 32-column random-access memory on a single silicon chip-including one write data input logic stage, one output buffer, and 64 row- and column-selection gates. 114 Electronics I February 16, 1970 ADDRESS INl'UTS ROW ADDRESS DECODER L:-..... ..- - MEMORY CAPACITOR STORAGE ELEMENT DATA FEEDBACK PATH v I-__ r{_ I· rJff ITT - v COMMON P-REGION SHARED BY TWO ADJACENT CELLS / CONDUCTIVE P REGION ACTIVE DEVICE OR GATE -D P REGION TO METAL CONTACT RESTORE DELAY GATES METAL LINES [--, Making the cell. Three-device storage element of the memory occupies 8.9 square mils. Metal row-select and rowrefresh lines run horizontally, with the column readout and data feedback lines formed by the vertical p+ regions which act as conductors. the write row line would rise to restore the charge in the memory cell. If C10 were not discharged the write row line would stay down. The line's level is controlled by the 30:1 ratio of impedances Qa to Qb, which form a voltage divider. This voltage-divider or ratio circuitry depends on the ratio of two MOS impedances; it's an old form of MOS logic. It takes up more room than four-phase logic because the different impedances are obtained by varying the chip area occupied by the individual transistors. However, the ratio circuitry is needed to control the write row lines in spite of the extra space it occupies. This is because the write row lines cannot be controlled by precharging, as are the read row lines, during the four-phase clock times. The memory system would need either extra clock phases, or additional logic to insure that precharging the write rows would not interfere with other aspects of the memory's operation. The ratio logic approach actually is the simplest way to control the write row line. And there are so few of the circuits on the chip-32 out of thousands-that the extra space required is negligible. New data may be written into the memory merely by putting it on the feedback path using the circuit shown at the top of page 112. With this circuit, the memory could perform all of the functions of a true random access memory. The integrity of the stored data levels must be assured by interrogating and then refreshing each row at least once every 100 µ.sec. To make certain the data will be restored within the allotted 100 µ.sec each active random-access cycle con- sisting of the four clock pulses cp1 thru cp4 is followed by a row-restore cycle. Over a long period, data is available from the memory only half the time. It's similar to the situation in a destructive readout core memory, where full cycle time is twice as long as access timethe dead time is needed to rewrite the data that was held in the core location. In the Four-Phase MOS memory, this dead time-during which the next four clock pulses occur-is used to refresh the data somewhere in the memory. Successive rows are refreshed in successive restore cycles. And these are alternated with random-access cycles. The addresses of the rows to be refreshed are generated by alternately switching the memory's row inputs between a binary restore counter and the actual address input coming from the computer, as shown on page 112. The entire memory contains 32 vertical columns, with 32 memory cells in each column. Every column is selfcontained and automatically restores its own bits. An entire horizontal row of 32 cells is refreshed during every refresh cycle. This also applies to multiple-chip configurations where chip-select lines are used. Write data input logic and the output buffer appear only once on the chip. There are 32 row address decoder gates, 32 column decoders and 32 restore-delay circuits. Since only rows are refreshed, one five-stage binary counter connected to the row address is all that is needed to cycle through the rows, irrespective of the number of words in the memory. The memory cell is laid out with the metal row lines running left to right and the p regions, which act like another conductor strip, running up and down, as shown above. Cell size is about 9 square mils, compared to 20 to ~O square mils for a shift register bit. · References 1. Lee Boysel, "Cutting system cost with MOS," Electronics, Jan. 20, 1969, p. 105 2. Jack Schmidt, "Integrated MOS Transistor Random Access Memory," Solid State Design, January 1965, p. 21. 3. Jack Schmidt, T. Asai, and J. H. Freidrich, "Hybrid LSI Memory," IEEE Computer Convention, Los Angeles, June 1968. 4. Lee Boysel and Joe Murphy, "100-Nanosecond Memory: 4¢ Techniques Used in High Speed Logic," EON, June 1968. 5. Lee Boysel, "Memory on a chip: A step toward LSI," Electronics, Feb. 6, 1967, p. 92. Electronics \ February 16, 1970 115 Mullaver n-c boards are bolh riuid and llexible in all lhe riuhl nlaces Available materials, including polyimide films, can open up new design options, says Raymond A. Grueninger of IBM, without major changes in board-production equipment e Unquestionably, a multilayer circuit board with rigid and flexible sections would be far more versatile than a conventional, all-rigid board. Yet, for all its advantageslow weight, high package density, and reliability superior to that of all-rigid boards-the composite unit has made little headway within the electronics industry. This is despite the feasibility that was made possible several years ago by the availa!bility of copper-clad flexible dielectric films. A pioneer in the development of multilayered composite boards, the International Business Machines Corp.'s Electronics Systems Center in Owego, N.Y., has built a variety of large and complex packages-including rigid back panels and integral flexible cable extensions, and others with rigid connector areas and flexible sections mounted in radial bends. IBM also has developed integral-cable multilayer interconnection boardsa board is rigid for mounting rows of circuit-module connectors. The unbonded cable extensions remain flexible to a large, round plug-in connector, to which they are bonded and rigidized. In effect, these boards are proof of the composite board's versatility; sections on the same board can be made rigid or more flexible where needed. Compared with all-rigid boards, composite boards weigh as much as 30% less because the flexible film is less dense and thinner than rigid epoxy glass. An 0.002-inch-thick flexible polyimide film, for example, is used in place of a 0.004-inch-thick epoxy-glass layer. In some designs it's possible to eliminate connectors at what would have been the board-cable interface. This, too, cuts down on weight. And by eliminating the need for interface connectors, both the packaging density and circuit reliability can increase by up to 50%. Even manufacturing costs can ibe trimmed by as much as 30%, because of lower inspection and wiring costs, particularly if the design eliminates a discrete-wire harness. Finally, the availability of some flexible materials in roll form could justify high-volume, high-speed continuous production over present batch fabrication methods. To take advantage of the virtues of these boards, the jumping-off spot is selection of a flexible dielectric laminate material. Mechanical, electrical, and processing performance characteristics must be considered. Among the mechanical factors that must be weighed are degree of flexibility, tensile and impact strength, tear initiation resistance, and ease of machining. Electrical considerations include dielectric constant, dissipation factor, and volume and surface resistivity. Processing factors are resistance to solvents and other process solutions, platability, and adhesive bonding characteristics. Of the flexible substrate materials available commercially, polyimide films are best for meeting such a lnterconnector. Rigid for mounting rows of small connectors, this integral cable multilayer board has unbonded cable extensions that remain flexible to round connector, where they are bonded and rigidized. cuTouT--+-- - ;;Jliillm11111m:i:zm:m11J ; ; i oo I oo I ·· I oo I oo I '11='<"=====-Io o I '\.( ·· I \ ··I·· I oo I ,_ _ _ _ __.!!J COPPER-CLAD EPOXY GLASS 0 broad range of requirements. Copper-clad polyimides used as circuit layers come in a variety of film thicknesses and copper weights, and employ various adhesive materials to bind the copper to the film. Glass-fabricsupported copper-clad polyimide substrates, a newer material, should be useful for high-temperature circuit operation. Interlayer materials available for joining polyimide laminates include polyimide films coated with B-staged (mixed, semicured, and ready for thermosetting) adhesives such as modified epoxies and polyesters; glasssupported epoxy preimpregated (prepreg) adhesives; and unsupported B-stag~d adhesive films such as polyvinyl butyl. Unsupported adhesive films and B-staged adhesive coatings may soften from the heat generated during drilling of the through holes. Since the adhesive is extremely difficult to remove, plating of the through-holes in the laminated composite can be complicated. The epoxy glass prepreg adhesive layers perform better in drilling and plating-and epoxy smear can be removed fairly easily with an acid solution. But using an epoxy-glass prepreg as an interlayer adhesive in a multilayer hybrid construction does have same disadvantag~s. The prepreg's operating temperature is less than that of the polyimide layers in a composite. And overall stiffness increases as the number Lay up. Layers of polyimide fllm, interlayer adhesive, and epoxy glass are assembled, then squeezed under heat and pressure to form a multilayer circuit board like the one shown at the bottom. Note how sections of the rigid epoxy-glass layers have been removed to form a flexible area. Electronics I February 16, 1970 -:, POLY/MID£ FILM ADHESIVE C04T£D COPPER-CLAD POLYIMID£ CIRCUIT LAYER \ ' \. \· \ \ ' c ~· ~\ POLYIMID£ FILM ADHESIVE COATED TOOLING AND REGISTRATION HOLES FLEXIBLE POLYIMIDE CIRCUITRY SECTION RIGIDIZED EPOXY GLASS CONNECTOR MOUNTING SECTIONS - -- - 117 Eight steps. Fabricating a multilayer flexible-rigid printed circuit board involves few changes from the conventional techniques. Two of the first three steps, destressing and cutting the epoxy-glass layers, are routine, while applying the conductor patterns requires special care, as does ... of epoxy-glass prepreg layers increases. Conventional copper-clad, glass-supported epoxy laminates can be combined with copper-clad polyimides and adhesive-coated polyimide films. This can be accomplished without incurring major modifications in the standard, plated-through-hole multilayer circuit board fabrication process. The same is true for unsupported adhesive films or epoxy prcprcgs. A typical processing sequence for fabricating a flexible-rigid hybrid multilayer composite applies to those employing copper-clad polyimide film with a cladding adhesive, adhesive-coated polyimide interlayer bonding, and copper-clad G-10 epoxy glass rigidizing layers. With modifications, the sequence also applies to composite structures consisting of copper-clad polyimide layers employing cladding adhesive and epoxy glass prepreg interlayer adhesive. The flexible-rigid fabrication process ·-requires eight steps: destressing the film, cutting the epoxy glass, applying the conductor patterns, laminating the layers, drilling the through holes, plating the through holes, personalizing, and profiling. Most of these are straightforward, but a few, such as applying the conductor patterns on flexible films and drilling and plating of through holes, are more complicated. The eight steps, with emphasis on the factors that distinguish them from the fabrication of all-rigid multilayer circuit boards, are: ~ Desh·essing the film. Most copper-clad polyimide laminates are produced by roll-lamination and are stocked in roll form. Then layers are cut to size from the roll, and are heated and pressurized in a flat-'bed hydraulic lamination press to release the cladding adhesive bond. Cooling the laminate while it's still under pressure re-establishes the bond, but with minimum stress. ~ Cutting the epoxy glass. Copper-clad epoxy-glass circuit layers make the composite rigid. But, all intended flexible areas of the composite are cut from the epoxyglass layer. Then registration holes are punched into all composite layers. ~ Applying the conductor patterns. Photoresist techniques for rigid and flexible layers in a composite board are similar to those used on all-rigid units, but flexible polyimide layers require special care. Positive or negative liquid resists or negative film resists are used. And film or glass artwork yields the conductor pattern. 118 I Electronics February 16, 1970 ... laminating the layers in a hydraulic press under controlled pressure and temperature. Drilling the through holes must be done carefully to avoid adhesive smear which could affect the bonding of the electroplated copper to the hole walls and to the copper layers ... First the layers are chemically cleaned to remove surface contaminants and to aid adhesion of the photoresist material, applied next. Then, after exposure to high-intensity light the image is developed and etched to remove unwanted copper. Finally, the remaining photoresist is removed by a solvent. To obtain smooth, clean edges for polyimide films, particular attention must be paid to resist-pattern touchup. Otherwise, manual removal of excess copper after etching may cause permanent damage to the polyimide layer. These layers also require care while they're in the solvent, particularly if the solvent is chlorinated. Solventimmersion time must be controlled closely because the cladding adhesives in copper-clad polyimide materials can soften and swell. If left in the solvent too long, the copper circuit could lift right off the substrate. And the solvent must be completely removed by air drying or baking to avoid blistering and poor bonding later. One side of each of the two circuit layers that will form the composite's outside surface is not photoresisted at this stage. Instead, the conductor patterns are photoetched after the through-hole-plating operation. ~ Laminating the layers. Lamination is the most critical production step. Lamination pressure must be closely controlled-too-low pressures cause voiding, while under too-high pressures, circuit shifting or conductor fracturing can occur. Because sections representing :flexible areas were cut from epoxy-glass rigidizing layers, in their place sections of a nonbonding fluoroplastic, such as Teflon, must be inserted. These inserts, identical in thickness and size to the removed epoxy-glass sections, will not stick to the interlayer adhesive and can be extracted from the composite after profiling. When epoxy-glass rigidizing layers are not used and :flexible and un'bonded composite sections are desired, areas of the interlayer adhesive are removed prior to lamination. Then fluoroplastic release sheets are inserted to maintain uniform thicknesses. All composite layers are chemically cleaned prior to layup to remove surface contaminants and insure adhesion. Layup is performed under semi-clean-room conditions. After layup, the composite goes into the press, where pressure and heat are applied immediately. The How I Electronics February 16, 1970 ... and to the outer pattern of conductors that are photoetched during the personalizing step. The final step, profiling, involves shearing, milling, and drilling. The result is, for example, a composite (bottom) that's flexible enough to be bent radially but rigid enough to prevent stress at connector pins. characteristics of the selected interlayer adhesive determine the rate of increase in pressure and heat. For high-flowing adhesives, a short minimal pressure may be used to flow before full pressure is applied. For lowor non-flowing adhesives, a rapid rise to maximum pressure is recommended. The composite remains under maximum pressure and temperature for as long as it takes to achieve full cure of the interlayer adhesive, generally not more than two hours. Then the press is cooled, but the highest lamination pressure is maintained until the press reaches room temperature to avoid warping. ~ Drilling the through holes. After lamination, the composite is drilled to the required through-hole pattern. Unlike all-rigids boards, flexible-rigid units require experience and trial-and-error procedures to determine the drill speed that will produce smoothest through holes with minimum adhesive smear. Through-hole quality is affected by the relative number of polyirnide and adhesive layers in the composite, as well as by the nature of the interlayer adhesive. Numerically controlled drills with variable rotation speeds have been successfully used here. As in all-rigid assemblies, all copper burrs must be removed from drilled hole rims mechanically. Then the composite is vapor blasted to remove loose material from inside the drilled holes and to prepare its two outside copper-clad surfaces and the through holes for copper plating. ~ Plating the through holes. Three essential modifications to through-hole copper plating operations for epoxy-glass must be made to achieve acceptable plating of a polyimide hybrid structure. The first, alkaline cleaning before through-hole-plating of polyimide structures, serves two purposes: removal of organic contaminants from the copper surfaces, and formation of irregular surfaces-etch backs-so the plating will better adhere to the walls. The operation requires a weak alkaline solution and a carefully timed cleaning cycle so that etch back doesn't eat away too much of the polyimide. The polyimide could be cleaned in an acid bath, but etch back wouldn't occur because polyimide is impervious to acid. Then, electroless (chemical) copper deposition must be used to plate the walls, because the polyimide doesn't conduct electricity. The electroless deposition operation essentially is the same as that used for plating holes in 120 Electronics I February 16, 1790 epoxy-glass layers. The main difference is that for poly· imide films such chemical-bath parameters as temperature and pH must be closely controlled-to within 2%, compared with the conventional 5%. And deposition of copper in polyimide holes takes about twice as long as in epoxy-glass holes. Next, copper electroplating is accomplished through an acid-copper bath at room temperature. The acid bath's parameters must be more carefully controlled than the alkaline hath that has been used with epoxyglass layers. A major consideration in using acid-bath electroplating is that the plating tanks must be able to withstand any attack by the acid solution. Thus existing tanks of stainless steel, fiberglass , or similar materials may have to be replaced or coated with a material impervious to the acid. One type of tank that will perform satisfactorily consists of a fiber-glass body lined with polyvinyl dichloride. ~ Personalizing. The two outside surfaces of the laminated composite, which still are completely copper coated, are photoresisted, developed, etched, and cleaned to produce the personalized conductor patterns that interconnect the plated through holes. ~ Profiling. Finally, the hybrid multilayer board is shaped and completed by shearing to approximate size, milling to exact size and shape, and drilling to provide mounting holes or to reduce weight. · Smooth or smear. Plated-hole wall (top) through six copper-clad circuit layers and l 0 epoxy-glass adhesive layers, is fairly smooth because adhesive doesn't extrude during drilling. But smear occurs (below) in sandwich consisting of one polymide circuit layer between two epoxy-glass layers. Hole diameter is 0.028 inch. White surfaces in cross section are clad or electrodeposited copper. Electronics I February 16, 1970 121 Arthur Delagrange and Robert Davis of the Naval Ordnance Lab tell how they designed a crystal-controlled unit for calibration and measurement that's portable, compact and, versatile and costs only about $150 to build e Combining versatility and low cost in a calibration- measurement instrument is nice work if you can get it- and you can get it for only $150 in parts and some assembly time. The fruit of your labor will be a battery- powered, fist-size device that can compare unknown frequencies against accurate reference frequencies; de- termine frequency or phase; compare two unknown frequencies with each other; and supply many different reference frequencies. Furthermore, the accuracy and stability of these reference frequencies depends on only one crystal. · The instrument originally was designed for calibrating carrier oscillators in f-m tape recorders. However, its multiple capabilities and its portability allow the device to be used in the field for such jobs as checking signal sources, synchronizing generators, and adjusting filters. The instrument has four sections: an input network, comprising an operational amplifier and a differentiating circuit; a comparator; a frequency divider made of J-K Hip-flops; and a crystal-controlled oscillator. The di- vider and oscillator act as a synthesizer. They put out a number of reference frequencies whose accuracy and stability are governed by a single crystal. One reference frequency is compared with the unknown frequency of the signal fed to the instrument's input jack. The instru- ment can handle almost any waveform; however, the signal to be processed must be periodic. The input signal goes through a blocking capacitor and a current-limiting resistor to the operational amplifier, which is protected by back-to-back diodes. The signal overdrives the amplifier, causing it to put out a square wave whose frequency is equal to the unknown frequency. At the amplifier's output is a resistance-capacitance network, buffered on each side by a gate. The first gate inverts the square wave. Then it is differentiated by the RC network, producing a train of alternately positive and negative pulses. The second gate blocks the positive pulses and inverts the others. The result is a train of posmve pulses, one of which occurs each time the input to the instrument goes negative. These pulses feed one side of the comparator. Fed to the other side is a similar pulse train generated by the reference signal, which originates in the crystal-controlled oscillator. The oscillator's output passes through a gate to the divider, comprising a chain or chains of J-<K Hip-flops. These produce the reference frequencies. In the simplest example, a series of Hip1lops each dividing the frequency of its input by 2, a switch connected to the outputs of all the Hip-flops could pick a reference frequency equal to fc/ 2, fcl4, down to fc/2N, where N is ·the number of flip-flops in series and fc is the frequency of the crystal-controlled oscillator. INPUT ~TWORK In the beginning. Although it can measure frequency and phase, the instrument was first built to calibrate carrier oscillators in f-m tape recorders. When the crystal's frequency, fc is 5.184 Mhz, the reference frequency, fn, is either a center frequency or a -40% deviation frequency associated with one of the seven standard tape speeds. In this example the comparator's R-S flip-flop is made from two gates to ensure a sufficient voltage swing across the meter. ·fx INPUT +4.SV [:>- I' A702 C I FAIRCHILD) OR EQUIVALENT D MC 714G (MOTOROLA) OR EQUIVALENT COMPARATOR 100k 100- -1 µo D MC 720G OR EQUIVALENT MC 723G OR EQUIVALENT 122 Electronics I February 16, 1790 The original. The first device built around the synthesizer-comparator scheme shown at the bottom is this calibrator for the oscillators in f-m tape recorders. But the instrument also measures frequency or phase, or compares two unknown frequencies. The selected reference goes through a buffered RC network, identical to the one that handles the input signal, and into the comparator, which consists of an R-S flip-flop and a zero-center d-c meter. There the two pulse trains-one generated by the unknown frequency and the other by the reference frequency-are compared. The unknown-frequency pulses set the flip-flop; the reference-frequency pulses reset it. The meter is connected between the flip-flop's output terminals so that when the flip-flop is set, the meter's pointer moves to the right of zero and when it's reset, the pointer moves to the left of zero. If the unknown frequency is higher than the reference frequency, the comparator receives more set than reset pulses, and the pointer moves to the right a distance related to the difference between the unknown and the reference frequency. And if the unknown is lower than the reference, the pointer shifts to the left. When the frequencies are within a few hertz of each other, the instrument, in effect, switches from a coarse- to a fineadjustment mode. The pointer starts oscillating about zero, indicating that the frequencies· are close. As the unknown is brought yet closer to the reference, the pointer oscillates at a slower speed. The idea is to slow down the pointer as much as possible. When this is done, the unknown frequency is within a fraction of a percent of the reference. For example, if the reference DIVIDER -+3- 7!5 3.75 1.875 ----iBATT. CHK. TAPE SPEfD ( 1.P.S.I I Electronics February 16, 1970 DEVIATION FREQUENCY ---+s--- CRYSTAL CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR f c D 100K 123 Frequency or phase. When an unknown and a reference frequency go to the comparator, the amount of meter deflection is proportional to the unknown frequency. If the inputs to the f_x_ INPUT NETWORK i-- COMPARATOR . 14- INPUT NETWORK comparator have the same frequency, f r the deflection is a measurement of the phase difference. f 1 =fr(l+D) _, 0 D is 100 kilohertz, the unknown can be brought to within 1 hertz, or 0.001%, of it; on the other hand, if the reference is 1 khz, the unknown can only be brought to within 0.02%. In the ideal case, when the unknown frequency is exactly equal to and in phase with the reference, the pointer comes to rest at zero. If, as in synchronizing generators, two unknown fre+f quencies are to be compared, an additional input net- work is connected to the comparator in place of the oscillator-divider network. After the second unknown frequency signal is fed to this input network, the user synchronizes one of the unknowns to the other by adjusting either frequency while looking at the meter. The instrument also yields an approximate measurement of the value of a frequency not equal to a reference. With the synthesizer connected to the comparator the user selects the reference frequency that causes the smallest meter deflection. Calling the distance between zero and either end of the scale ± 1, the user measures the deflection, D. With the right-hand deflection (0 L D L l) indicating that the unknown frequency, fx, is greater than the reference, fR, fx is A(., T) ..... INPUT NETWORK COMPARATOR I- INPUT NETWORK +A(wT) = PERIOD FUNCTION =PHASE ANGLE "' t 360° A (w T + 4>) fx = fR/(1 - D) If the deflection is to the left (-1 L D L 0), fx is + fx = fR(l D) The phase difference between two signals of equal frequency can be found in a similar manner. If Ai((l)t) is the periodic input signal and A((l)t + cf>) is the other input, the phase difference, cf>, between them is cf> = 180°1(1 - D) += 1ao0 (1-0J -.t D 124 The instrument operates on three voltages-+4.5 volts, + 7.5 volts, and -3 volts-supplied by seven 1.5 volt batteries. It's possible to use the instrument to check its own batteries by switching one R-S Hip-flop input to ground. This forces the Hip-flop to remain either set or reset, and the pointer then will deflect full scale if the 4.5-volt supply is delivering rated power. Since the +f 4.5-volt supply delivers the most current, if its batteries are good, the others will be, too. e Electronics I February 16, 1970 -A~ Auto ScaleFactor Readout means faster measurements with fewer errors The New Tektronix 7000-Series Oscilloscope System has AUTO SCALE-FACTOR READOUT-just one of many new convenience features which refine waveform measurement ease. Auto ScaleFactor Readout labels the oscilloscope graph with deflection factors and sweep speeds, invert and uncalibrated symbols, and identifies the trace and its data. When magnified sweeps and the New P6052 or P6053 10X probes are used, the readout is automatically corrected. Press either a probe-tip or front-panel switch, the trace shifts vertically and its deflection factor is replaced by the word IDENTIFY to associate waveforms with scale factors. Scale factors of inverted and uncalibrated displays are prefixed by invert (-.!- ) and uncalibrate (> ) symbols. Now, you can forget the inconvenience of hand labeling photographs. With AUTO SCALE-FACTOR READOUT you look in only one place for accurate data. On the CRT where it's displayed automatically . . . with the waveforms! New Convenience, a Wider Performance Spectrum, and Four PlugIn Flexibility are some factors which make the New Tektronix 7000-Series Oscilloscopes an asset to your. measurement capabilities. Prices of Instruments shown: 7704 DC-150 MHz Four Plug-In Oscilloscope . .... .. $2500 7A12 Dual-Trace Amplifier Plug-In . .. .. .. .... . .... $ 700 7A16 Single Trace Amplifier Plug-In . . .... . ....... $ 600 7B71 Time-Base Plug-In ....... . ...... .. ....... . . . $ 685 7B70 Time-Base Plug-In .... . .. . .. . ...... . . . ... . .. $ 600 Note: 7504 DC - 90 MHz Four Plug-In Oscilloscope with Auto Scale-Factor Readout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2000 U.S. Sales Prices FOB Beaverton , Oregon For information, call your local Tektronix Field Engineer or write: Tektronix, Inc., P. 0. Box 500, Beaverton, Oregon 97005. The Readout System presently displays up to 49 symbols and responds to various functional instructions. Less than half of the symbols are needed for today's plug-ins. I Electronics February 16, 1970 Tektronix, Inc. committed to progress in waveform measurement Circle 125 on reader service card 125 What level of LSI You don't need a crystal ball to help you decide, says Intel's G. E. Moore; mathematical models can determine what's best suited for your design by forecasting the cost per function well in advance of your actual production 1 2 4 3 0 2 2 2· 1 3 2 f 2 20 0 2 22 12 4 I 44 0 0 I 3 322 02332030 D 0 0 0 0 I 0 2 I 0 2 2 I I 2 2 0 3 2 0 1 3 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 00 0 I 20 23 10 0 10 0 3 0 09 00 0 000 I I 0 I0 0 0 0 0 0000000 00000100 0000 000 I 00 020 I 1 000 0 000 0000 I 00 0 02 000I 0 I 0000 0 0 0 00 0 20 0 0 0 000 0 00 20 I 000 0 0000000000 0 0000 I 00 0 0 0 000 0000 0 0 00000 · Everyone agrees that the cost of an integrated circuit will drop as the manufacturer gains experience in making it. But how much will the cost drop? This is a crucial question to the IC user-the equipment or system manufacturer-who must choose circuits for a product years before it's in production. Is it better to select IC's of great complexity and hope for reasonable costs by the time quantity orders are placed? Or should the user play it safe and design with simpler IC's whose cost is already known? Fortunately, a method of prediction has been devised to eliminate the guesswork from such decisions. Working with IC manufacturers, the user can plot cost per function for integrated circuits of various complexities over the next several years. On the basis of these plots, the user can then decide which IC will give minimum cost per function when the equipment design is ready for production. Such forecasts can have profound and far-reaching effects. In memories, for example, the designer can now make a rational choice behveen cores and IC's, between 64-bit arrays and 256-bit arrays. The IC manufacturer, too, has a vital interest in forecasting. It helps to resolve the dilemma of setting a price for a significantly new product: a safe, overly conservative quote can make customers di~appear; on the other hand, an overly optimistic, unrealistically low estimate . 160RMORE 6-15 Dl-5 Do Top to bottom. Distribution of defects on a half-wafer after a single critical process operation shows a gradient from top to bottom. The gradient varies in magnitude and orientation with the operation, so it's difficult to decide on an overall defect distribution . Numbers indicate defects in the area that a single IC will occupy. The empty space near the center is occupied by a test pattern. 126 Electronics J February 16, 1970 is best for vou? Do AND D · f(x) Y=f(A/A0 ) YIELD VS AREA can lead to financial loss. AREA Briefly, the forecast procedure is as follows: 2 ~The IC manufacturer determines the number of de- fects that occur on the silicon wafers during the produc- tion process, how they are distributed on the wafers, and how the number and distribution of defects are varying with time. INCREASING AREA ~From this data, an equation for IC chip yield as a function of chip area is developed. From the equation, a plot of yield versus area is made for each year in YIELD VS TIME the forecast period. ~Next, a curve of yield versus time is drawn for vari- ous IC's of different complexity. These plots are based on the yield-versus-area plots-knowing the chip area of an IC, one can find its estimated yield at any given time. YEAR ~Finally, the plot of cost versus time is drawn for each 3 IC by coil!Verting yield to cost (this takes into account chip processing cost and packaging cost, and obviously only the manufacturer can do it). For a comparison of alternatives, this can be reduced to a plot of cost per function (i.e., cents per gate, cents per bit, etc.). z 0 To understand the nature of the prediction procedure, it's necessary to go back to the basic factor affecting IC costs and prices-yield, the percentage of acceptable j:: u z .:...:...I. IC's produced by the process. An IC chip could be discarded for having pinholes in t; u 0 COST PER FUNCTION VS TIME oxide layers, extra metal resulting from scratches in masks, or any variety of defects formed during the growth of epitaxial films-a complete list of possible de- YEAR fects would fill a library. Each process in the complicated 4 IC fabrication sequence can introduce defects, and if these are of a serious type and fall in an active portion of the structure, they make the IC a reject. Not all loss of yield results from defects. The IC de- sign may require a tolerance on resistance or beta that Silicon crystal gazing. To forecast IC cost, average defect density and defect density distribution (1) are used to the process can't maintain, for example. Such designs develop equation and plot for yield as can result in vanishingly small yields even though no a function of relative chip area (2). processing defects whatsoever occur. Then there are the Knowing the chip area of various IC's, mistakes that can wipe out an entire local population: it's possible then to draw yield curves a process can be omitted, a mask misaligned, or a wafer for them as a function of time (3). left in the etch bath too long. But, these are the kind · Finally, from process and packaging of nom1al design and manufacturing problems that are data, cost per function is plotted against universal in industry. The special problems of the IC time for each IC (4). The equipment manufacturer relate to yield-limiting, process-induced designer should select the IC that gives flaws. the lowest cost per function at the time Incidentally, there is no fundamental reason why the equipment goes into production. Electronics J February 16, 1970 127 100 · · .,e 0 10 -w-' >w <"(' a: w > <( 0 .>...-. ::; ID <( ID 0 a0 : Q_ w .~.... <( w--' a: Less than exponential. For the vast majority of IC's yield falls off at a less- · than exponential rate as active area increases. This indicates that the defects are clustered on the wafer, not distributed at random. 2 3 4 RELATIVE ACTIVE AREA 5 yield should not be 100%. IC manufacturing isn't like chemical manufacturing where the laws of thermodynamics limit the yield for converting one material to another. Instead, every rejected IC represents a flaw that theoretically could have been avoided. The relationship of IC yield to wafer defects depends on IC area. Consider an IC production line-a sequence of Sxed processes-turning out a family of circuits that differ only in the photolithographic masks employed. The number of potential flaws a circuit is exposed to is a function of the area it occupies on the wafer or, more precisely, a function of the active area exclusive of borders and other nonsensitive regions. In other words, the more complex members of a given family, because they occupy a larger area, are more likely to include defects and, therefore, are prone to lower yields. A plot of yield versus active area reveals the crux of IC cost prediction. If defects were randomly distributed over the wafer surface, yield would drop off exponentially as active area is increased. But, this is not the case; as shown at top left, yield drops off, but at a rate considerably less than exponential. In real life, therefore, the defects are not distributed randomly over the wafer. Cost prediction hinges on the determination and description of this distribution. Adding to the overall difficulty of this task is the fact Models. To account for the nonrandom occurrence of defects, several defect-density probability distribution functions have been proposed . The bell-shaped curve developed by Murphy is a compromise between rectangular and triangular distribution . Seeds' distribution, at the bottom, is based on the premise that the probability is greatest of finding no defects, and that the curve decreases exponentially as the defect density increases. D0 represents the average deleterious defect density. O'--~~~~~~~~---'~~~~~~~~~-J..~ 0 Do DEFECT DENSITY 128 Electronics I February 16, 1970 o'! 20 0 .J 10 w :;;:: ~ 5 :r u 2 1 0 2 3 4 5 RELATIVE CHIP AREA, A/A0 Year by year. Right now, yield is related to chip area as indicated by the 1970 curve, which is based on Intel's mathematical model. The other curves are predictions for two and four years from now based on the model and a 40% per year decrease in defect density. o'! 0 .J w ;:: :ac.. u Another slice. The lower the initial yield, the more the yield improves. IC 4, for example, increases 15 times in yield over a four year period , but IC 1 increases only 4.5 times. !C's 1, 2, 3, and 4 are circuits of increasing complexity and, therefore, increasing chip area. that the orientation of the wafer as it goes through a certain process may affect the dish·ibution of flaws that result from that process. There may be a top-to-bottom gradient of defects, as shown on page 126- a systematic variation in defect density produced by one critical process. Subjecting the wafer to an additional process can superimpose another such defect-density gradient. The com:bined defect distribution depends on the relative orientations of the crystal during the processes, and it can be drastically different from either distribution. In spite of the difficulties, it's possible for a manufacturer to arrive at an average deleterious defect density by observing the production line over a period of time, taking into account wafer-to-wafer and day-to-day variations. At the same time, the manufacturer can also come up with a model that relates yield to the probability distribution function for various random defect densities. Then, by observing the longer-term variation in average defect density, the manufacturer can establish a trend for yield as process technology matures and can use this trend in the model to predict yields and costs years in advance. What models are appropriate? If the probability of a defect occurring in any part of a processed wafer is constant, there is equal probability that two areas of the same size will not contain a defect. For twice the ..... 05 10 0w:: a.. 7 w"u.z...'. 5 2 1 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 It takes time. Larger, more complex chips will cost less per function- less per bit for the memory circuits illustrated here--but this lower cost will be attained at a later time. area, the probabilities for no defects are multiplied ; the net probability is therefore smaller since the quantities multiplied are less than unity. Yield th erefore drops off with increasing active area according to the = equation Y Y0 A/ Ao, where A0 is the original area corresponding to yield Y0 and A is the new area. For a = yield of 1/e for A0 , the equation becomes the familiar exponential model Y exp (-A/ A0 ). But, the unrandomly distributed defects demand more realistic description. Available models are attempts to do this. In his model, B.T. Murphy of Bell Telephone Laboratories decided that, for constant area, the prdbability of finding a given defect density is somewhere between the extremes of constant probability and a triangularly distributed probability about the mean, as shown on the opposite page.1 In Murphy's view, a bellshaped curve most accurately depicts the defect-density probability distribution. Taking another tack, R.B. Seeds of Fairchild Semiconductor assumed in his model that th.e probability is greatest for finding no defects in a given area; the probability of finding a higher defect density decreases exponentially as the magnitude of the defect density increases, as shown opposite.2 Seeds refined his model by considering the possibility that several process steps, each with an independent probability distribution that varies exponentially with the defect density, contribute to yield loss. Further, he assigned weighting factors to each step according to the importance df the defects it causes. The detailed assumptions in his model were adjusted to fit empirical data. A.G.F. Dingwall of RCA Electronic Components introduced an adjustable parameter in his model; this parameter can be used to vary the probability distribution curve.3 Dingwall's model rests on much more complex statistical mathematics than the other models. In any case, all the models can be scaled :by means of the average deleterious defect density D0 (the total number of deleterious defects in the population divided by the total silicon area) combined with a probability distribution function to suggest how the defects spread geometrically. These relationships are then used to calculate the curve of expected yield versus chip size. In the model used at the Intel Corp., for the large areas occupied by LSI chips, yield drops off exponentially with the square root of increasing relative area: I Electronics February 16, 1970 129 Y = exp (-yA/ A0 ). The model was selected as the most representative of Intel's processing. The corresponding defect-density probability distribution is complicated, but it approximates that selected by Seeds, on the opposite page. The curve must be calculated often as the technology evolves because both the defect density distribution and the average defect density are dynamic functions. In particular, the distribution is always strongly influenced by the process step that introduces the dominant number of defects. An improvement in that step can greatly reduce defect density and completely change the defect distribution. For the purpose of discussion, a value for the rate-ofchange of the average deleterious defect density can be estimated from the increase in IC complexity over the last few years. It works out to a decrease of about 40% per year, if it's assumed that improvements in defect density account for half the observed increase in IC complexity. (The other half is attributable to greater packing density.) Using the Intel model for yield versus area and extrapolating at the 40% per year rate-of-change of defect density, it's evident that a rapid imprpvement can be expected for products that presently have low yields, as shown on the preceding page, top left. In fact, the lower the initial yield, the greater the improvement will be. To illustrate this point, the diagram shown on the preceding page, top right, cuts the yield-versus-area-versus-time pie another way; it shows the increase of yield with time for four different products. The yield improvement for the product with 10% yield in 1970 is something over fourfold in 1974. But in the same period, yield of a product with 1% yield in 1970 would increase fifteen times. To figure the overall cost decrease, the packaging cost is also taken into account. When the yield is very low, the cost of the silicon chip completely dominates the cost of the IC. As higher and higher yields are obtained, the cost of packaging (including testing) becomes an increasingly larger fraction of the total cost. In the vicinity of 20 to 30% yield, usually, the chip and packaging costs are about equal, and cost per function drops to a minimum level. The equipment designer should then try to use IC's that will be in the minimum cost per function range when the equipment reaches the production phase. For example, if volume production is scheduled for 1972, IC's that now have a yield of 10% or higher would be the likely choice. On the other hand, if 1974 is the date, a more ambitious approach would be advisable; IC's that now have only a few percent yield would provide the minimum cost per function at the time that it's most important in the cost of the equipment. For the sake of concreteness, consider semiconductor memories. Intel's i-3101 64-bit bipolar memory today sells for about 40 cents per bit in moderate quantitiesa high unit cost that suggests that chip cost dominates. For the sake of argument, suppose the present yield for this circuit is 5% . The yield-versus-year plot shown on the preceding page predicts that over the next four years, yield will increase some six times, and chip cost will, therefore, decrease by the same amount. So in 1974, the i-3101 will decrease in price to about 7 cents per bit as shown at bottom of preceding page. Based on experience, it's reasonable to assume that the functions that can be packed into a unit area should roughly double during the same time period. In four years, the chip that now holds 64 bits should be able to accommodate 256 bits of fully decoded memory, for a price per bit of about 2 cents. A somewhat more complex IC, perhaps one with 512 bits on a chip, would extrapolate to still lower price, although the chips would be larger than in the 3101. The same mathematical model can be used to predict MOS memory prices. The MOS i-1101, for instance," contains 256 bits of fully decoded random-access memory on the same size chips as the 64-bit bipolar memory. Since the 1101 now costs about the same as the bipolar IC, the cost per bit is about one-quarter that of the bipolar circuit. This extrapolates to one-half cent per bit in 1974 for a MOS random-access memory of 1,024 or 2,048 bits per chip. e References 1. B.T. Murphy, "Cost-Size Optima of Monolithic Integrated Circuits," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 52, pp. 1537-1545 (1964) 2. R.B. Seeds, "Yield and Cost Analysis of Bipolar LSI," IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, Washington, October 1967. 3. A.G.F. Dingwall, "High-Yield-Processed Bipolar LSI Arrays," IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, Washington, October 1968. 130 I Electronics February 16, 1970 . eewaysto make more sense: {:~ INPUTS STROBE A INPUTS { :~ · ~~-_:........____,.-, STROBE GATE B n----' Y e>---------~ N7522/23B OUTPUT Y INPUTS{A1~ A2 OUTPUT A STROBE A INPUTs{B1 ~ B2 OUTPUT B STROBE B N7524/25B INPUTS { AA12 I"'-___..,. STROBE A u---""" INPUTS { :~ ,.,____.,~.......__r-, STROBE B n - - - - ' GATE Q u - - - - - - - - _ . GATE Q 0-------------..J N7520/2 l B OUTPUT 0 Electronics I February 16, 1970 Starting today, E. D. P. makes more sense than ever - with these dual core memory sense amplifiers. They're all second-generation. All just arrived. And they're all from Signetics. 7520/21 ... dual pre-amplifie_!.s connected to a common output stage. They have both Q and Q outputs to allow flip/flop or register functions. 7522/23 ... a dual pre-amplifier which has a common open collector output stage that permits collector logic and use as an expander for the 7520/21. 7524/25 ... with two completely independent sense channels. Both feature a common threshold adjustment, separate outputs and strobe inputs. All of these new sense amplifiers feature high speed and full TTL compatibility. (Incidentally, the even numbers boast ±4mV threshhold uncertainty; odd numbers, ±7mV.) For specs, more data, applications, we hope you'll write or call us. Now; today. In fact, with linears like these, we think it makes all sorts of sense! ,.~..·--~"·a«....,Sfgneti~s.lil Circle 131 on reader service card 131 Hybrids in a hurry... from the Philco Hybrid Hunters. We'll have a hybrid microcircuit designed to your specifications on your desk four weeks after receipt of your order. You can get that kind of service at Philco-Ford because of ... ... Independence from outside suppliers: we also manufacture a broad line of Philco® MOS, bipolar, microwave, and electro-optical devices as well as the packages to put them in. This device technology coupled with our thiak- and thin-film capability results in an unbeatable team . . . . State-of-the-art achievements: we're proud of things like saying, "Yes," to guaranteed 1% resistor tolerances; putting 21 1% resistors in a package; and, by means of our MLI (multilayer interconnect) tech- niques, achieving the highest in density while eliminating bonded crossovers which results in increased overall reliability. ... Variety in packaging: to us this means tailoring the package to the job ... from all-hermetic flatpacks or cans for highest reliability in the toughest environments, to plastic DI P's and conformal coats for highvolume industrial applications. So, get a hybrid in a hurry by putting Philco-Ford's inhouse resources to work for your in-house needs. Call 215-646-9100 and ask for Dick Sorensen. Or, write Philco-Ford Corporation, Microelectronics Division, Hybrid Products Marketing, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania 19422. PHILCO e » » The better idea people in hybrid circuits. 5-channel TTL-to-MOS interface: triple, dual-in-line, molded epoxy package. Dual-channel comparator with three-substrate design, MU techniques, in modified To:a case. Butler oscillator: multi plate, T0-5 package. 132 Circle 132 on reader service card Triple detector with MU conductors, 13 1% resistors, 6 capacitors with 1% tracking over temp. range, 19 active devices in 1 x 1-in. hermetic flatpack. Electronics I February 16, 1970 6x30=180 Now- specify 30 pattern panels, or ony multiple up to 180 patterns - all standard catalog items. Unique new l.C. packaging concept results in far greater flexibility, plus sizeable savings in space, time and money. Modular panels are available in continuous rows of · contacts for universal use, as well as 14 and 16-pin configuration. Accessories include plugs with cable for interfacing and 1.0. connections, and adaptors for mounting discrete components. Close tolerances permit simplified mounting of single or multiple panels automatically wire wrapped on one plane - a service provided by Augat. jU,11 Let us show you the new approach to breadboarding, prototyping and production. Call us, (617) 222-2202, or write for new Catalog No. 266, Augat, Inc., 33 Perry Avenue, Attleboro, Massachusetts 02703. 1NC. Circle 133 on reader service card Heat, built up by high-frequency voltage variations, can melt molding compounds made of organic plastic. So the semiconductor devices they enclose can fail. But they won't fail if they're encapsulated in Dow Corning®silicone molding compounds. Dow Corning silicone molding compounds are stable over a wide range of temperature and humidity conditions. Dielectric losses at high frequencies, junctions operating at high temperatures and soldering baths are not a problem with Dow Corning molding compounds. They are stable over a wide range of frequencies and temperatures, and are self-extinguishing, chemically compatible and easy to mold. They can make a significant contribution to your product's reliability. 134 Circle 134 on reader service card For more information, write Dow Corning Corporation , Dept. B-9356, Midland, Michigan 48640. Molding Compounds from DOW CORNING 1·PJl8'"·'4'4* Electronics I February 16, 1970 "1 OU' 1 O ' <Jf"" ';") ', v ,JJ tlJJ GO"''.J I v oooooo o oo o oo u ouoon ~ Gv OOOOO O OQ (J·,o o ce;,~o c. ·. (, y 00} .J 0000000 ?O '1 1 1 1 11 14 .t. 11 1 1111 11 1 I I t I 0( r 0000000 h Jft, Now take a peek at the world's Outclasses the competition ten ways! This new CMC Model 415 Printer is so good, we don't want to obscure the facts with advertising rhetoric, so here are ten reasons why the 415 is your best buy: 1. The mechanical printing mechanism is good for more than 5,000,000 cycles without an adjustment, is replaceable in the field, and provides legibility of an electric typewriter. 2. Floating decimal point and automatic 7.ero suppression are standard features. 3. Line capacity from 7 to 21 columns is offered; and red/black printing with color selection by numerical field is provided. 4. Internal programming is included to allow printing any input data character into any printed column. 5. Controls can be programmed remotely. 6. Unique "print-command" feature allows priority control over the 3 input channels 7. Prints 3 lines-per-second-more speed than needed for most applications-and allows use of either paper tape or fan-fold stock. 8. Fun IC design provides accurate reliable performance, and IC sockets make maintenance easier. 8. Measuring only 8~" w x 7~ "h x 17~" d, this hand- some, lightweight instrument is designed for a vast diversity of data logging applications. 10. And to top it all - this great little printer sells for as low as $12951 For the full specs, circle the readerservice number; and for a demonstration, contact your local CMC representative. COMPUTER MEASUREMENTS A DIVISION OF NEWELL INDUSTRIES 12970 a...., I SM Fenwldo, Cellf.11842 / (21S) 317-2111 /TWX 91.,....1487 Circle 135 on reader service card SPEC\r\L DEL\\£R'i Size· Emulsion· Specification Reorder Expires You'll get the direct print paper on the right faster. There's no need for " hurry" stamps on Astroprint oscillographic papers. Easy ordering and direct delivery are part of the package. You also get a direct print, orthochromatic paper unsurpassed for trace density, instant pop-up (less than 1 second), excellent image stability and sharp contrast. On mercury vapor, Xenon , and cathode ray light sources. Astroprint DP 90 (for open magazine applications) and DP 80 (for closed magazines). As a starter, test us for delivery and cost. Just call your local Xerox Product Specialist or write to Xerox Corporation , Dept. HL, Rochester, New York 14603. The paper will prove itself. XEROX Xerox and Astroprint are registered trademarks of Xerox Corporation. 136 Circle 136 on reader service card Electronics I February 16, 1970 ...with one new API meter API Series 7000 panel meters, styled for the '70s, offer the greatest versa- tility ever built into a single meter design. You can front mount, bezel mount or lens mount. Change the slide-in scale in the field, without damage, to reduce inventory requirements. Enhance your panel design with "stick-on" front color plates. · Taut band and 1% tracking are standard in the most pop- ular DC ranges. Phenolic cases incorporate glass windows that are scratch- proof, free of static electricity. Low OEM quantity prices. · Ask for Bulletin 67. First showing- IEEE ooth Nos. 2G34·l6 I I INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Chesterland. Ohio 44026 (216) 729-1611 Circle 137 on reader service card New S. S. White system trims microelectronic hybrid resistors at 1,000 per hour ... or more machine that trims four resistors simultaneously, monitors, and inspects them at the breathtaking rate of 4,000 per hour. And if that's not fast enough for you, buy two. All the S. S. White resistor trim- IF you're into hybrid circuitry in a big way, or hope to be, our Model AT-701AR may be just what you need. It offers high capacity, accurate trims, high yield - or, just what you need to keep your customers and your comptroller happy. Model AT-701AR is similar to our highly successful Model AT-701A, but with the addition of a rotary feeding system which lets operator load and unload substrates during the machine's trimming cycle. Capacity is limited only by the man- Model AT-701AR ual dexterity of your operator. Accuracy of the AT-701AR is guaranteed-within 0.5%. 0.1% is attainable with care and some sacrifice of speed. Trimming is monitored by a precision system of electronics featuring a four-wire Kelvin bridge, and tolerances may be programmed from ± 0.1 % through ± 11 % . (No use making them better than the specs require!) But suppose the Model AT701AR is too big or too small for you? Call us anyway. If you can get by with something like 600 accurate trims an hour, we can offer you our Model AT-701A, to which you can add the turntable feature later. If you're still experimenting, we have Model LAT-100 for breadboarding. It is accurate to 1 % better, takes substrates up to 4 x 4 inches and sells for only $5,950. If you're really big, there's the Model AT -704A, a rotary-feed ming systems are based on the proven Airbrasive ® method of removing resistance material which produces neither heat nor shock, does not alter the substrate. Call 212-661-3320 to arrange for a live demonstration. Speak to Hal Skurnick or Nick LaCourt. These same gentlemen will be demonstrating the Model AT-701AR and the Model LAT-100 atmaj or electronics trade shows around the country, and if that's not quick enough for you, we will arrange for you to visit our factory. We have also prepared an extensive technical bulletin on this equipment, called, rather cryptically, the " RT-14", a copy of which is yours for the asking. RT-14 Write to S. S. White Division, Pennwalt Corporation, Dept. B, 201 East 42nd Street, N.Y., N.Y. Tel.: 212-661-3320 SEE US AT BOOTH 362 NEPCON WEST l'iJE~T ~ S.S.Wl-llTE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS 138 Circle 138 on reader service card Electronics I February 16, 1970 00 00 00 Wi·1lle11er Ele11r··i11 - their obsession with precision is solving tomorrow's problems today. Problems-like connectors requiring post true positioning to within a mere .020 of an inch-won't stump Winchester Electronics. They've been mak- consistently meets the contact true position tolerances required by automatic wire terminating machines. ing AccurFrame® as close to perfection as modern Now, if that doesn't say something for Winchester wire terminating machines demand. Electronics' AccurFrame, perhaps you have a con- \ N I N C H E S T E R And this fact proves the point: Of the various types of wire terminating connect- nectar requirement that does. Want to take us up on it? Write or call Win- ors, only the HW Series by Winchester Electronics, ELECTRONICS chester Electronics, Main Stree~ and Hillside Avenue, positioned in AccurFrame, Oakville, Conn. 06779. U T IE Electronics I February ·16, 1970 Circle 139 on reader service card 139 Need a helpful ally, taking on Mil-Spec contracts? When it comes to military contracts, Brand-Rex can make getting the proper wire and cable the easy part of the job. We offer an unusually broad range of products from tiny hook-up wires to mighty umbilical cables. Polyethylene, PVC, Kapton, Kynar, Teflon TFE and FEP are a few of the insulations we use regularly. Brand-Rex's quality control procedures, welfknown and accepted by military and aerospace people, simplifies meeting MIL, NAS and other requirements. Need an ally in a tough market? Contact the people who've been there for years, supplying cable for practically every major missile system and space shot. Whether your cable requirements are large or small write for the new Brand-Rex Military Specification Wire and Cable catalog. Brand-Rex Division, American Enka Corp., Willimantic, Conn. 06226, (203) 423-7771 Connect for tomorrow. BRAND-REX Circle 140 on reader service card Probing the news February 16, 1970 Nixo1n's budget scalpel cuts electro,nics deeply Caught between inflation and election-year politics, Nixon's first budget, the biggest ever, also is a tight one; electronics, with few exceptions, will feel the pinch e Electronics companies will be taking their share of the lumps dealt out in the fiscal 1971 budget. At $200.8 billion, President Nixon's first budget generated from scratch is the biggest ever-and one of the tightest as well. Drafted with one eye toward stopping inflation and the other toward the legislative penny-pinching that is certain in a Congressional election year, the new budget offers slimmer pickings for sales of electronics to government agencies. But among the proposed sharp cuts in defense and space spending some conspicuously outstanding increases are being sought. Democratic Majority Leader Mike Mansfield already has risen to the $1.5 billion bait proposed to expand the Safeguard anti-ballistic missile defense system. Broad Democratic opposition to the Army's ABM planwhich slipped through the Senate last year on Vice President Agnew's tie-breaking vote-already is evident. And the suspicion has been raised that these funds are being sought to divert Congress' attention from other programs sought by the Pentagon. Similarly, Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird's request to program money for the Navy's third Nimitzclass nuclear carrier and a final purchase of the Air Force's illstarred F-111 interceptor tends to support the view that such controversial and highly visible programs may be negotiable during the tough legislative infighting ahead. Though Safeguard is one sys tem on which the President and Con- gress are certain to go to the mat, one of Richard Nixon's overall advantages lies in the sharp cuts he has made already in Melvin Laird's defense spending and in Tom Paine's NASA request as well. Another advantage may be realized from his clever consolidation of virtually every spending program other than defense and space into a new, all-purpose "Human Resources" category. Thus the Administration is able to demonstrate its "changing priorities" where 41% of the Federal spending plan tops defense outlays for the first time in recent history. From the view of the electronics industry, 1970 has truly become a year of changing priorities. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's programs were cut sharply in the budget battle to $3.6 billion and then cut again the last minute to $3.3 billion, forcing stretchouts and cancellations in virtually every area. The Department of Defense is launching some new programs, but the gradual withdrawal from Vietnam-coupled with a prolonged inflation affecting equipment costs that has not been matched by comparable gains in performance-has inevitably produced a high degree of caution among military customers. That combination of events will result in some 640,000 fewer jobs among defense suppliers in the 24 months ending July 1, 1971. Both corporate and academic engineers and scientists face at least as tough a year in terms of Federal funding as do production special- ists. Last year's Congressional requirement that military R&D relate directly to a military requirement continues in effect, eliminating a great deal of basic research. And though the President has programed new and larger funds to cope with such urban ills as crime and pollution, they hardly compensate for the reduction in military and aerospace. But the President has made it clear that his desires to control inflation and broaden his political base have priority over everything else. Thus does the Federal budget for fiscal 1971, with its promise "to meet today's needs and to anticipate tomorrow's challenges," read like the opening speech in a yearlong campaign. I Electronics February 16, 1970 141 Politics, i.nflation taking a heavy toll in defense spending e Sensing a moment of economic truth added to strong Congressional pressures, President Nixon has turned in a fiscal 1971 defense budget that calls for outlays of $71.79 billion, 12% below the last LBJ defense budget submitted a year ago. And the administration itself trimmed that budget by $4.6 billion before Congress took out its own ax. From research to production, every level of the defense electronics community will feel the pinch. Even before the Democratic-controlled Congress performs the surgery likely in a campaign year, the Nixon-Laird package calls for a manpower reduction of 1.3 million in the 24 months ending June 30, 1971. This figure includes 640,000 jobs at Defense Department contractors. Layoffs to date have only reached the 40,000 level, but defense officials indicate this figure will begin to rise sharply sometime this summer as contracts are completed and not replaced. The total projected job decline represents about 30% of the defense industry labor force. Adding military and civilian personnel to be dropped by' the Pentagon in the same period, the military-industrial complex will put manpower back into the labor market equivalent to a staggering 1.6% of the nation labor force. But significant increases are proposed for the controversial Safeguard ballistic missile defense system; a variety of.Navy ships, including long lead-time items for a third Nimitz-class nuclear carrier, CVAN70, plus the Navy F-14 and Air Force F-15-replacements for the trouble-plagued General Dynamics Corp. swing-wing fighter. Eleven other major weapons systems are slated for significant funding increases, too, while an equal number will experience sharp cuts. The F-111 itself falls into the latter category; it's programed for $567 million or $364 million less than in the current budget. But defense officials suggest that all F-111 money may be withdrawn pending another study of the effort. Secretary Melvin Laird has tied a string to the F-111 money, officials say, noting that he is not committed to buy any additional planes. Whether or not the F-111 is cancelled is not a critical factor in an industry anxious for new ground electronics and avionics business in what is sure to be a lean year. The more than 50% budget increaseto $1.5 billion-for moving Safeguard from the first to second phase with acquisition of new sites in the northeast, northwest, the vVashington, D.C., area, and at the Minuteman ICBM site at Whiteman Air Force Base is sure to create a Congressional uproar. Escalation of the Safeguard request in the new fiscal year from the currently approved $892 million is not all bricks-and-mortar money, however. Defense officials say about $600 million of the new funds will go toward phase 2 startups which Laird plans to outline shortly. Much of the remainder will go for new hardware and hardware studies of such items as Raytheon's Missile Site Radar (MSR); an increased effort on GE's Perimeter Acquisition Radar (PAR) for longrange tracking; Burroughs' displays for both radars; Sperry Univac's high-speed data processors for the radars, plus continued development and evaluation of large-scale integrated circuits being produced by RCA, Motorola and Texas Instruments. Advanced electronic data processing studies also are expected to mean fresh money as well for IBM Federal Systems Division and Control Data Corp. if funding is approved. Excepting the B-lA advanced strategic bomber, which will be held at the $100 million level under the new budget proposal, only a handful of other strategic systems have got Nixon approval for spend- 142 I Electronics February 16, 1970 ing increases. Though Boeing, North American Rockwell, and General Dynamics are still expected to come up with B-lA designs within two to three months, potential avionics suppliers are not optimistic about prospects over the short or long hauls. Leading the latter group are IBM Federal Systems and North Ameri- Department of Defense: Where procurement dollars go (Millions of dollars) Fiscal 1969 Aircraft . . ....... . . 8,008 Missiles .. . ........ .. . . 3,282 Shi~ .... . ....... ...... . ... . 1,070 Tracked combat vehicles 542 Ordnance, vehicles, and related equipment . 6,603 Electronics and communications 1,514 Other procurement 2,090 Total procurement ... 23,108 1970 6,449 3,203 2,632 ·359 4,488 1,147 2,022 20,300 1971 6,327 3,670 2,579 330 3,260 893 1,590 18,649 can Autonetics division, with Hughes and a handful of others coming on. As an official at one bilities. Hughes and Lockheed Mis- Six subs out of a planned 10 are of the companies expresses it, "The siles & Space are expected to push now budgeted. outlook isn't good for the plane for further study money even Also in the anti-submarine war- and we're not counting on it. Con- though no contract timetable is fare (ASW) market, DOD raised gress isn't convinced we need it, scheduled yet. Though there is funds for the Mark 48 antisubma- and I'm suspicious that it's being Congressional opposition to this rine rocket by some $6 million to held back for bargaining at the up- program, too, it could be held as a $160 million-an indication of the coming Vienna arms limitation good bargaining element in the Navy's concern for what it believes talks." Administration's arms limitation is a rising Soviet underseas threat. The prospects are somewhat b et- negotiations. Funded for the Naval Ordnance ter for the Airborne Warning and Support for this argument is Systems Command effort are prime Control System (AWACS), for which being read into the Nixon request contractor Honeywell Inc., using new budget funding is nearly dou- to convert six more Polaris sub- GE's torpedo, General Precision/ bled to $87 million. Nevertheless, marines to accept the Poseidon mis- Librascope's fire control and San- the program has been moving sile and its controversial multiple gamo Electric's sonar subsystems. slowly in the past two years and warheads. This is double the fiscal For surface ships, Laird wants has been seven years in develop- 1970 figure and it's suggested that to fund six more DD-963 class de- ment. It suffered at the hands of the Pentagon wanted to proceed stroyers above the three already Congress in the last session, and even faster-the $1.68 billion ap- budgeted, and has scheduled $119 Air Force officials are unhappy that proved for the program represents million more than last year for a they did not get substantially more a cut of $33 million. Total cost of $460 million total in fiscal 1971. money than the Pentagon finally the eventual conversion of 31 of Scheduled to run to 30 ships, the allotted. Nevertheless, USAF still the 41 Polaris boats is figured at award may be split between the wants to fly a brassboard radar this $5.6 billion, including Lockheed's Bath Iron vVorks in Maine and year and Westinghouse is said to missile costs. The conversion ef- Litton's Ingalls division in Missis- have the inside track. fort is expected to continue to help sippi. A $150 million budget for a Coming along steadily and contractors ranging from Texas In- second nuclear-powered frigate of quietly is the Navy's Underseas struments, the prime component the DLGN-38 class also was author- Long-Range Missile System supplier, up through Control Data's ized to follow Newport News Ship- (ULMS), which grew from $10 mil- fire-control computers in the Gen- building's first ship. Advance funds lion to $24 million this year with eral Electric fire-control system. for a third CVAN-70 carrier are also reprogramed money and is up for Though money for the new high- programed, but are b eing held back $44 million in the new budget. Still speed, deep-diving attack sub pending Congressional and DOD studied as a follow-on to the Pos- dubbed SSN688 was cut back by studies of the long-range need and eidon/ Polaris program, a new class $147 million to $476 million, the value of carriers in general. of bigger and more expensive ULMS Pentagon says the Navy has enough As a weapons category, fixed- submarines would carry missiles for three more boats, whose design and rotary-wing aircraft are likely with 5,000-plus-mile range, and has been completed by General to generate the least flak on Capitol would have multiple warhead capa- Dynamics/Electric Boat division. Hill, as well as offering the great- est avionics opporhmity in fiscal 1971. Though the number of planes Where defense research dollars go purchased will drop to 456 from 676 last year, and helicopters will (Millions of dollars) fall to a neat 1,000 from 1,259, some Military sciences Aircraft . . Missiles . . . . . . . . . Military astronautics . . . .. .. .... . .. . . .. .. Ships and small craft Ordnance, vehicles, and related equipment Other equipment .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Program management and support Emergency fund Total research, development, testing, and evaluation ...... .. . Fiscal 1969 599 1,161 2,518 1.074 354 366 1,178 507 7,756 1970 557 1,598 2,284 674 297 323 1,106 525 75 7,439 1971 585 1,624 2,230 481 379 321 1,163 514 50 7,346 of these dips represent completely normal procurement cycles, such as the highly successful McDonnell Douglas F-4J for the Navy. No purchases are planned next year, and the Air Force is cutting back on its acquisition of the E model. Similarly, the Boeing Vertol CH46 helicopter is being dropped. But Electronics I February 16, 1970 143 Cinch introduced 39 new products last year ... but we won't sell you any of them. because every one was custom designed for a Cinch customer. And each one was designed to meet a special requirement. It may have been an extra-tight tolerance, unusual plating configurations, or even price. No matter what your special requirement might be, Cinch can not only design the connector you need - but we can build it too - on dependa ble delivery schedules. Cinch production capabilities, in plastic molding, selective plating and assembly are unequaled. Why not let us build a connector for you that we won't sell to anyone else? Contact any Cinch Electronics Group sales office or Cinch Manufacturiag Company, 1501 Morse Ave., Elk Grove cine~ I Village, Illinois, 60007 (312) 439-8800 CINCH I A D I v I s I 0 N 0 F TR w IN C. c -6916 ELECTRONICS GROUP. DIVISIONS OF TRW INC. CINCH MANUFACTURING, CINCH GRAPHIK. CINCH-MONADNOCK AND CINCH-NULINE 144 Circle 144 on reader service card Electronics I February 16, 1970 the upswing in such new programs as the Lockheed S-3A ASW aircraft for the Navy, the Grumman F-14 replacement for the Navy's cancelled F-lllB, and the McDonnell F-15 air superiority fighter for the Air Force will help take up the technological slack in the fixedwing market. But the amount of tactical helicopter systems will decline as Vietnam activity declines and military inventories continue to rise. The Marine Corp's drive for vertical/ short takeoff and landing strike aircraft has led DOD to approve the purchase of 18 more Budget for aircraft and missiles (in millions of dollars) Maker, model and mission Fiscal 1971 Aircraft LTV A-7D light attack .. ...... . . 253 McDonnell F-4E interceptor ........... . ....... . .... . 76 McDonnell F-4J fighter .... . 0 Grumman F-144A/C fleet defense ....... . . . .. ..... .. . 938 McDonnell F-lSA air superiority .......... . 370 Lockheed S·3A antisubmarine warfare 310 LTV A-7D light attack . . .. . ... . ........ . . 254 LTV A-7E light attack . . ....... . ...... .. ... . ... . . 133 Grumman EA·6B electronic warfare .......... . 198 B-lA strategic bomber . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ..... . . 100 Hawker Siddeley P.1127 V /STOL fighter . 118 LTV-A-7D light attack .. 253 LTV A-7E light attack . ....... . 133 Lockheed C·5A cargo ............ . .... . . . 624 General Dynamics FlllF air defense ..... . ..... .. . 567 Bell UH-lH tactical helicopter 21 Boeing CH-46F aircontrol and support helicopter. 0 Change from fiscal 1970 + 0 50 -146 +496 +195 +160 -143 - 31 - 40 + 0 61 -143 - 31 -285 -364 - 40 - 33 Hawker Siddeley Harriers. Total Missiles value of the British order in the new fiscal year now stands at $118 million, or $61 million more than a year ago when a first purchase of 12 planes was approved. Two U.S. avionics producers are profiting from the program, however. Boeing/TRW Minuteman 2/3 ICBM .......... . . ·Lockheed Polaris/Poseidon ballistic missile (SLBM) . Hughes Phoenix long-range air-to-air .. NAR Condor (AGH-53A) tactical standoff Hughes Phoenix (AIM-54A) long-range air-to-air RCA Aegis surface fleet defense ............. . ....... . AT&T Safeguard antiballistic missile ULMS Advanced SLBM . .............. . . . .. . ... . . . Martin Shillelagh (MGM-51A) anti-tank . ... . .. . . · includes submarine modifications. 797 1,680 100 52 100 75 1.450 44 6 -151 - 33 + 82 + 44 + 82 + 40 ++598 20 - 50 Hoffman Electronics is supplying the ANI ARN-91 Tacan navigation package while Sperry Rand's U.K. affiliate-Sperry Gyroscope Co.-is biggest lumps, though the Army of "other equipment"-an area providing automatic stabilization runs a closed second. Its procure- heavily oriented to electronics gen- as well as other avionics instru- ment requirements are expected to erally and data processing systems mentation packages. drop as sharply as they grew dur- in particular-the money sought Though new avionics potential ing the Vietnam escalation. for this equipment is down mark- appears relatively bright, it's only Army's C&E funding is pegged edly, too, from more than $2 bil- because other military electronics at $273 million, compared with its lion to a sum of less than $1.6 procurement and the research, de- $315 million procurement budget billion. velopment, test and engineering this year. Navy drops to $305 mil- The thrust of this cutback will area look so grim. Though the lion from $385 million while USAF affect major efforts in the area of Nixon Administration boasted ma- -the only service to get more electronic warfare, for example, jor savings on the personnel and money in the current year-is budg- and night vision in particular as logistics sides as the pace of Viet- eted for $128 million slash, to $301 well as tactical processing, airborne nam activity diminishes, there are million. Defense agencies such as warning and control, undersea sur- some significant cuts in hardware, the Directorate of Defense Re- veillance and laboratory hardware too. search and Engineering (DDR&E), purchases for Federal contract re- DOD purchases of communica- Advanced Research Projects search centers and military in- tions and electronics systems, for Agency (ARPA) and others under house operations. example, are being chopped 22% the purview of the Secretary are Though major prime contractors to $893 million compared with scheduled for no more than $13 will find tough competition for the $1,147 billion this fiscal year. As million in the new fiscal year. relatively limited number of new for distribution throughout the Though the procurement totals starts, there will be opportunities services, the Air Force takes the are bolstered in the DOD category for suppliers of military subsys- tems in DOD's plan to improve the performance of existing military in- Defense budget by mission ventories. Tactical missile guidance, airborne search and fire con- (Billions of dollars) trol radars, laser and infrared hom- Fiscal 1969 Strategic forces . . . . ......... . 8.6 General-purpose forces ................... . 30.7 Intelligence and communications 5.8 Airlift and sealift .... 1.6 Guard and reserve forces .................·. 2.1 Research and development .......... . . 4.7 Central supply and maintenance ........ . 9.4 Training, medical, etc. . . . . . .. ............. . 12.4 Administration and associated activities 1.3 Military assistance ..... . 2.2 Total obligational authority 78.7 1970 7.5 27.8 5.6 1.7 2.5 4.8 9.4 13.0 1.5 2.4 76.4 1971 ing systems all require improve- 7.9 24.7 ment, in the view of defense project 5.2 managers. Industry suppliers may 1.5 2.5 find new bidding opportunities, 5.4 either in production or final devel- 8.4 12.6 opment phases where they believed 1.5 competition was already fore- 2.5 72.3 closed. Military research, development, Electronics I February 16, 1970 145 test, and evaluation presents a significantly smaller and very mixed bag. While fiscal 1971 RDT&E funding requests are off only $93 million from last year, the $7.35 billion total is sure to buy less in the marketplace under present inflationary conditions. RDT&E money for military sciences-a category embracing everything from the related areas of oceanography, submarines andASW systems to "elech·onics research to increase performance and reliability" of systems and componentsis up significantly to $585 million. Most of the money is being held at the DOD level, although each service's share is also slightly higher. The same can be said for aircraft, with a $26 million boost to $1.6 billion covering beginning pro- grams such as F-14 and F-15. Though Navy's share of RDT&E money is off nearly $100 million to $695 million, it still has $274 million programed for continued F -14 development. A sharp decline in astronautics RDT&E stems largely from last year's cancellation of the Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory. But the cut of nearly $200 million still leaves more than $480 million-a figure most defense officials believe is sufficient to continue with few changes the development of secondary power sources, navigation and guidance systems, sensors, and re-entry and missile propulsion systems. Comparisons of these programs show clearly that there will be a large gap in overall Federal R&D that cannot be filled by increases in nonmilitary budgets. Military and aerospace contract researchers, for example, can find little solace in Presidential science adviser Lee DuBridge's hailing a $73 million increase in fiscal 1971 for the National Science Foundation. The money will be used .for environmental studies at the university level. DuBridge anticipates a continuing downward trend in military R&D. And a senior DOD official concedes that any so-called "peace dividend" achieved by a cutback in Vietnam outlays will not work its way back into other military programs. "Chances are we'll never see any of it, if there is any," says another highly-placed Pentagon staffer. Space age shifts i1nto a lower gear e The ational Aeronautics and Space Administration "is putting into motion . . . a program which does not advance toward a single climactic event," said NASA administrator Thomas 0. Paine, introducing the agency's $3.33 b@on budget for fiscal 1971 at a press conference. With these words, Paine officially marked the end of an era whose single-minded and costly dedication to a goal in space-landing men on the moon-is unlikely to be duplicated in this country again. The new budget's austerity results from White House and Budget Bureau directives that chopped NASA's initial $4.l billion request at the very last minute. What's left is the lowest space agency budget since fiscal 1962; NASA contractors may lay off as many as 45,000 people by June, 1971. Action on major programs in the coming fiscal year is described in slowdown terms-words such as "reduced," "suspend," and "defer," appear everywhere. Thus, decisions have been made to: ~ Defer the Apollo Applications 146 Electronics I February 16, 1970 Program three-man space workshop six months to a launch in late 1972. The program's budget is up $64.2 million to $346.3 million and the initial launch will be followed in 1973 by three visits by astronaut teams. ~Defer Project Viking, the effort to orbit and then land on Mars, to 1975 as announced earlier. However, asked when NASA plans to actually land on Mars, Paine replied that the agency has no target date "whatever." Although the prime contractors-NASA's Langley Research Center for the lander, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the orbiter and space bus-will be able to keep busy, Martin~Marietta, the prime systems contractor, may have to lay off people in Denver as its project integration contract is stretched out. ~Defer the launch of Advanced Technology Satellites F and G by one year to 1973 in the wake of an $8 million fund reduction to $31.1 million. The choice by NASA between Fairchild Hiller and General Electric to fabricate the satellites is imminent. ~Suspend production of Saturn 5 launch vehicles after the 15th unit is produced, as well as Apollo spacecraft. Although the production halt was ~xpected many months ago, many contractor employees will be affected, especially those at Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, North American Rockwell, and Grumman Aerospace-the major contractorsand the chief electronics suppliers -AC/Electronics, Raytheon, and IBM. NASA had hoped that after the original production order for Apollo Spacecraft was completed it could buy long lead items for three Apollo launches dul'hl.g the year after Apollo 19 was sent off. But next year's pinched budget quashed that possibility. ~Stretch out lunar missions to five or six month intervals following the launch in April of Apollo 13. NASA space science and app!ications (Thousands of dollars) Fiscal 1969 Physics and astronomy .......... . .... . Supporting research/technology Airborne research Data analysis . . . . ... ...... . . Sounding rockets ............. . .. . . Solar observatories .... . Astronomical observatories ........... . Geophysical observatories Explorers ........ .. ....... 128,850 22,497 1,000 3,412 19,234 13,812 36,392 13,072 19,431 1970 111,835 17,500 1,600 3,000 18,500 14,700 31,600 6,000 18,935 Lunar and planetary exploration . .. .. Supporting research/technology Data analysis .. ........... . Pioneer . . .. ...... .. . Mariner-Mars 1969 .... . Mariner-Mars 1971 Viking . ... . ........... . Mariner-Mercury 1973 .... . Planetary astronomy .. ........... .... . 87,923 18,571 2,337 4,700 26,130 20,058 12,427 3,700 151,013 17,980 2,600 20,800 4,491 60,342 40,000 1,000 3,800 Bioscience ....... . Supporting research/technology Planetary quarantine Biosatellites .. . .. . . 37,900 8,900 1,300 27,000 19,670 11,170 2,500 6,000 Space applications . . . . . . . .... Supporting research/technology Tiros/TOS improvements .. ...... . Nimbus Meteorological soundings Cooperative applications satellite Applications technology satellites Geodetic satellites .............. .. . . Earth resources survey: Aircraft program ............. . ..... . Earth resources technology satellite . . Synchronous meteorological satellites Navigation and traffic control satellite studies Global atmospheric research program study . 98,665 19,600 5,800 31,800 3,000 100 24,700 2,465 11,200 (8,900) (2,300) 128,400 24,900 3,700 27,300 3,000 100 39,000 1,700 26,000 (11,000) (15,000) 2,700 Launch vehicle procurement Support research/technology ...... .. . Scout .......... . Delta . . Agena Centaur .. . ... .. .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . .. . Titan 3 C 99,900 4,400 12,600 24,300 11,300 44,200 3,100 108,800 4,000 13,700 32,100 5,300 50,000 3,700 Total 453,238 519,718 1971 116,000 17,500 3,000 3,000 18,500 16,100 27,100 5,200 25,600 144,900 17,400 3,900 32,900 200 29,600 35,000 21,100 4,800 12,900 9,400 2,000 1,500 167,000 25,900 3,200 28,000 3,100 100 31,100 3,500 52,500 (11,000) (41,500) 15,600 3,000 1,000 124,900 3,000 15,100 34,000 68,100 4,700 565,700 Original plans were to launch missions every three to four months. Lunar missions also will be suspended during the Apollo Applications Program, cutting Apollo costs during this period almost in half (to $956.5 million). ~Reduce NASA's operational base by closing the Electronics Research Center by June 30, as reported earlier. However, most of the 800plus employees are expected to be able to continue their projectssuch programs as navigation satellites and electromagnetic compatibility-at other government agencies and NASA centers. Also to be closed: the Michoud Assembly Plant in Mississippi and the Mississippi Test Facility, with still other centers also under consideration. Space program bud~ets for other Federal agencies, led by the Department of Defense, will drop somewhat in fiscal 1971 to $1.8 billion. Of this, $1.67 billion will go for military reconnaissance, and navigation and communications satellite programs, including launch vehicle and range-operation costs. For companies already sharing in the military satellite work, business probably will keep up with last year's pace. TRW Systems Group, feels that none of its on-going satellite projects will be affected by cuts in the fiscal 1971 budget. However, one program that TRW had high hopes for in 1970-the triservice, navigation satellite system (Navsat)-appears headed for more delays before it moves into the hardware stage. Technical problems as well as insufficient funds are cited as reasons for the delay. Still more funds for space developments will be available from the Environmental Science Services Administration, which wants $26 million to cover meteorological satellite activity. And the Atomic Energy Commission is budgeting $99 million to develop the Nerva nuclear rocket engine and nuclear space power sources. Whatever light shines through the budget-cutting figures centers around NASA's desire, according to Paine, to preserve "a strong future capability in space." A critical factor will be development of a "reusable space transportation system, including the space shuttle, the Electronics I February 16, 1970 147 space station, and the reusable nu- "Hundred-million-dollar studies areas through 1974. North Ameri- clear rocket," he says. In addition, sound impressive, but with a pro- can still has five lunar missioh NASA is continuing a broad un- gram like this they can go on for spacecraft to be completed at its manned space exploration program years without resulting in anything Downey, Calif., plant, and four -a Mariner Mercury-Venus flyby flyable," says one space program Apollo Applications Program space- for 1973 received strong support- consultant. "The feasibility of the craft. Two already are at Cape Ken- and is expanding its work in the reusable shuttle is at the same level nedy, and a third is awaiting ship- Office of Space Science and Appli- of uncertainty as was the develop- ment. cations, a reaction, in part, to Con- ment of Saturn 5 when it was begun Another spokesman says most gressional criticism that space tech- in 1960." Development and Hight of subsystems for the current Apollo nology isn't being used for the pub- the space shuttle could take more program already have been deliv- lic good. OSSA's budget request for than $5 billion, he notes, adding ered by subcontractors, but adds the next fiscal year is up $26 mil- that this kind of money just isn't that some undelivered systems may lion to $565.7 million, the largest in available right now. be affected by the planned program four years. Some of the larger NASA prime stretch-out. NASA is allocating some $ll0 contractors see little immediate im- Subcontractors who might be af- million for the development of the pact from the agency's reduced fis- fected include Collins Radio, sup- space station and shuttle, up more cal 1971 budget in terms of on- plier of the communications sys- than six-fold over the year-ago fig- going development and production tem ; Honeywell, which produces an ure. McDonnell Douglas and North work. Others want to wait and see electrical system for manually Hy- American Rockwell already are what Congress finally does to the ing the spacecraft; and Dalmo Vic- working on $2.9 million contracts budget. A spokesman at North tor, maker of the high-antenna. awarded last July for the 12-man American Rockwell's Space divi- At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, phase B, or design definition, earth- sions says the funding cutback it- delay of the Viking Orbiter-Lander orbiting station; request for pro- self won't have a noticeable effect, launch until 1975 will have only a posals on phase B studies on the explaining that the company has minor impact on work levels, pri- space shuttle are expected soon. been in a gradual decline for the marily because most of the slack "So far the general feeling is that past couple of years as work on will be taken up by the 1973 Mari- the space shuttle program is going Saturn and Apollo has decreased. ner Mercury-Venus flyby. The Vik- to receive sufficient support," says "We plan to decrease employment ing program stretchout will result a source at Lockheed Missiles & for the foreseeable future, but don't in a personnel reduction of about Space, a team leader in the space know exactly now what this will 100 in th e laboratory's 4,200-man shuttle bidding. He cites the elimi- mean in terms of people," he notes. work force, according to a JPL nation of one "and possibly two The official says the company is spokesman. It's too early to say Apollo flights" in favor of funding now studying the number of people which subcontractors may b enefit for the space shuttle. that will be required for the S-2 from th e Mariner Mercury-Venus But funding soon will have to Sah1rn and Apollo support effort. project, since the project office still jump drastically if the shuttle is to Indications are that support pro- is being set up and no subs have move into the hardware stage. grams will be required in those been selected, they indicate. The newes t NASA program with the most immediate potential bene- fit to the civilian sector is the Earth NASA research and development Resources Technology System program. Both General Electric and (Thousands of dollars) TRW are working on design sh1dies Fiscal 1969 Manned space flight .. ..... 2,177,500 Apollo ............ . . .. 2,025,000 Space flight operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000 Advanced missions 2,500 Space science and applications Physics and astronomy .............. . Lunar and planetary exploration Bioscience . . . Space applications ......... . ..... . Launch vehicle procurement 453,238 128,850 87,923 37,900 98,665 99,900 1970 2,031,745 1,686,145 343,100 2,500 519,718 111,835 151,013 19,670 128,400 108,800 1971 1,474,200 956,500 515,200 2,500 565,700 116,000 144,900 12,900 167,000 124,900 for the ERTS A & B satellite systems and the necessary ground equipment. With a budget request for next year of $52.5 million, double the fiscal 1970 funding, ERTS is well on its way to launches in 1972 and 1973. The satellites will survey the earth, through a Hughes Air- Advanced research and technology Basic research ................ . Space vehicle systems ................... . Electronics systems Human factor systems ............... . Space power/electric propulsion systems Nuclear rockets ..... Chemical propulsion Aeronautical vehicles ........... . 278,220 20,220 31,349 34.460 19,402 38,787 33,502 25,752 74,748 Tracking and data acquisition 279,672 University affairs 9,000 Technology utilization 3,800 272,302 18,902 30,670 33,500 21,900 34,450 36,500 20,480 75,900 278,000 7,000 5,000 264,200 17,600 30,000 22,400 17,900 30,900 38,000 20,300 87,100 298,000 4,000 craft multispectral scanner and RCA return-beam vidicon cameras, seeking out resources in and on the land and seas. There is also $2.1 million available for a national earth resources laboratory to be established at Goddard Space Flight Center. Weather satellite programs also are receiving support in the budget Total new obligational authority . . .. 3,201,430 3,113,765 2,606,100 for the Synchronous Meteorological Satellite, stepped up to almost $13 148 I Electronics February 16, 1970 million, after last year's $2.7 million start. The first SMS could be Deltalaunched late next year and take position 23,000 miles up over the equator and above the eastern Pacific ocean; a second launch is planned for 1972. Eventually, the SMS will be operated by the Environmental Sciences Services Administration. Contracts worth about $20 million for design, testing and production should be awarded soon after the new fiscal year starts. The pace on the Nimbus program also will pick up-to the tune of $28 million-and so will work on the geodetic satellites, budgeted at $3.5 million. Two new efforts will begin in fiscal 1971 with $3 million for navigation and air traffic control satellites and $1 million for a Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) study. Requests for studies on phase B feasibility, definition and design studies should go out sometime this year for both programs. Eventually, GARP-sponsm:ed by the World Meteorological Organization and the International Council of Scientific Unions-may launch two satellites to study techniques for long-range weather prediction. In navigation and air traffic control, studies will continue on the capability of two satellites over the Atlantic to serve as relays for these services, which are needed by both American and European airlines. NASA's efforts in planetary exploration, other than Viking, will be backed by a smaller $109.9 million budget. Although funds for the Mariner-Mars orbiter in 1971 were cut by more than half, to $29.6 million, most of the contracts already had been awarded. The orbital spacecraft still will be launched next year to relay photographic, spectrographic and radiometric observations of the red planet's temperature, ahnosphere, surface, and weather. Some insight into the "wave of darkening" that spreads over the Martian surface and a better knowledge of the planet's gravity may be obtained. JPL is the prime contractor; GE and Honeywell's Radiation Center are developing attitude scanners, Motorola, the radio subsystems and Litton, data automation. The space agency has also asked for almost $33 million for the Pioneer F&G voyages to Jupiter in 1972 and 1973 which will explore interplanetary space. The flights will gain data that could be helpful to engineers designing spacecraft for the outer-planet "grand tour." Bleak budget's best bets: Police, air traffic control · The departments of Justice, Transportation, and Health, Education, and Welfare will be making important commitments to new and improved elech·onic systems and hardware in the fiscal year beginning July 1. However, overall sales to each of these agencies will be limited by the stem constraints outlined in President Nixon's first budget. Anxious to control inflation but unwilling to impose new taxes in a Congressional campaign year, the Administration had no choice but to limit the funds available for applying new technology to resolve the problems facing a troubled na- tion. These troubles may be reflected in the fact that electronics technology will make perhaps its greatest new impact in the Department of Justice. Attorney General John Mitchell's agency is scheduled for a $279 million budget boost in the Nixon budget, raising its total funding to $1.12 billion. Potentially the largest electronics customer within Mitchell's bailiwick is the Law Enforcement Assistance Admini- stration (LEAA), with a proposed $480 million program, double that of the current fiscal year. But some of this largess will be forthcoming at state and municipal levels under LEAA's matching grant program. Most of the matching grants go to police departments on a 60-40 basis, with the Federal Government supplying the larger share. The money for matching grants-$~85.9 million in the new budget, up $97.5 million-will help improve lawenforcement methods, including police communications equipment such as radios and teleprinters, and to establish computer systems for allocating manpower and other services. At $11.3 million, the funding request for the LEAA's National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice is almost triple the $4 million received in fiscal 1970. The institute hopes to develop improved police detection and apprehension equipment, including night-viewing devices, voice-print gear, and better police radio and communications equipment. Re- Electronics I February 16, 1970 149 search also will continue on development of compact teleprinters that could fit into police cars. Project SEARCH (System for Electronic Analysis and Retrieval of Criminal Statistics)-a multistate project for sharing criminal case histories-is budgeted for $3 million in fiscal 1971. SEARCH is a prototype for a future national system with each state filing its own cases and providing them on request over interstate data links. Ten states-Arizona, California, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Connecticut, Florida, Texas, and Washington-are participating. LEAA plans to bring in from three to five more states during the next fiscal year, probably including Pennsylvania, Ohio and Illinois. Although the SEARCH program is slated for a final feasibility demonstration in late spring or early summer, LEAA already is con- fident it will be successful. Eventually the system will tie together 40 of the nation's highest-crime states. Each state system office will have a computer with capability at least equal to a Burroughs 5500 or an IBM 360/40 and their associated hardware and software. Also in the Justice department, the Federal Bureau of Investigation plans to expand its computerbased (IBM 360/ 50) national crime information center, which provides data on stolen items and at-large criminals, by adding more interfaces with state law-enforcement agencies. Expansion of the information center generally results from state agencies replacing manual criminal-fili.ng systems with computerized operations. And, in addition, some states want to expand their criminal file operations to service more of their own agencies. The FBI data bank, with 24 computer interfaces, is slated to double m size by December. But the interstate expansion eventually will open up access to the data bank to "hundreds more agencies," says the FBI. The Treasury Department also has begun installing a criminal information network as part of its operation to halt marijuana and drug smuggling from Mexico. A $2 million Burroughs B5500 computer system, tied to teletype terminals set up on roads leading from the California-Mexico border, will be installed by the Bureau of Customs in San Diego. The system, which also will communicate with the FBI's data bank, will supply information on wanted criminals and stolen motor vehicles based on license plate numbers and personal identification data supplied by customs officers. Eventually, the system may be expanded to cover the Texas-Mexico and Canadian borders. FCC and OTM: managing the spectrum A modest $925,000 increase in the perenially underfunded Federal Communications Commission budget has been requested by the White House, raising the Fee's bankroll to $24.9" million in fiscal 1971. At the same time, the Administration wants to nearly doub~e the budget of the Office of Telecommunications Management to $3.3 million. Both budgets-which have important implications for t)1e communications industry-are likely to pass Congress easily because of their- relatively small size and the haste with which the legislators will be obliged to move on appropriations in this election year. However, if Congressmen take the time to look carefully at the duplication of effort implicit in the spending plans of the two independent offices, one agency could find some of its appropriations scrubbed. The proposed doubling of OTM's funding, officials say, is based almost entirely on its plan to create a National Elech·omagnetic Compatibility Analysis Facility (NECAF) to "provide for more emphasis on radio-frequency analysis." The facility's tasks resemble those of the Defense Department's Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center at Annapolis, Md. And, says one Washington communications specialist, "it sounds to me like an FCC function." But "NECAF will only be dealing with problems in government,'' an OTM official explains. More specifically, they will be only those compatibility problems not related to Defense. Typicial NECAF customers will be the Federal Aviation Administration, the Environmental Science Services Administration, the Atomic Energy Commission, the Forest Service, and agencies dealing in electric power distribution, and in communication systems associated with combatting air and water pollution. Using $906,000 of its requested funding increase, OTM expects to add 40 people to NECAF's staff in fiscal 1971, building toward a total of approximately 100 employees within two years. The facility's ultimate size and structure "will be determined by the volume of problems that come to it," the OTM official says. The staff will consist of communications and electronics engineers, computer programmers, mathematicians, and specialists in electromagnetic compatibility. Along similar lines, the FCC says that with its $925,000 increase it will "continue development of a prototype radio spectrum management center to relieve congestion and interference in mobile com- munications." The program was recommended by Stanford Research Institute in its contract study to Fee last year. FCC chairman Dean Burch indicates the commission plans to make the prototype center do double duty as the first regional spectrum-management center. The center will develop systems engineering and spectrum manage- ment procedures for boosting the useful efficiency of the land mobile spectrum. These techniques could be applied, it's hoped, to other fre- quency users. An important part of the center's initial work, the FCC says, will be development of a data base for the land mobile service. will Initially, the center be based in FCC headquarters in Washington but a new center will be built in 1972, probably in the Washington- Baltimore area, says the FCC. Even- tually, the center will be staffed by 25 to 35 people, mostly engi- neers and data processing experts, with some attorneys, and the usual clerical support. Congress is expected to approve the center, though a fight is called likely from those on Capitol Hill who think the problem can be solved by moving parts of land mobile communications to the UHF sector. 150 Circle 151 on reader service card-+- A cross-section of DuMont Customers: AEL Products Inc. American Airlines Applied Device Corporation Applied Technology Inc. Atlantic Technology Ball Brothers Research Corporation Barnes Engineering Company Bell Aero Systems Company Bell Telephone Labs Bendix Corporation Beta Instrument Corporation Bunker Ramo Corporation Burroughs Corporation Collins Radio Company Computer Industries Inc. Computer Micro Data Systems Conductron Inc. Control Data Corporation Datascope Corporation Defense Electronics Inc. Digital Equipment Corporation E. I. DuPont de Nemours Company Eagle Signal Eastman Kodak Company EG&G Electronic Associates Inc: Elliott Brothers Ltd. Finnigan Instruments Corporation Fisher Scientific Company General Dynamics General Electric Company General Electrodynamics Corporation General Precision Systems Inc. General Time Goodyear Hamilton Standard Harshaw Chemical Company Hazeltine Corporation Heath Company Honeywell Inc. Hughes Aircraft Corporation IBM Corporation Interstate Electronics Corporation Itek Corporation ITI Federal Labs LTV Litton Systems Inc. Lockheed Loral Electronics Magnavox Company Mann Russell Electronics Inc. Martin Marietta McDonnell Douglas Corporation Medical Electronics Melpar Inc. Motorola National Cash Register Company Norden North American Rockwell Corporation Northwest Orient Airlines Nuclear Chicago Corporation Nuclear Corporation of America Packard Instrument Company Perkin Elmer Sanders Associates Inc. Sandia Corporation .Sperry Gyroscope Company Stewart Warner Sylvania TRW Systems Taylor Winfield Corporation United States Government Univac Watkins Johnson Company Western Electric Company Xerox Corporation where the tube action i~ Air Sockets Cathode Ray Tubes Custom Power Tube Connectors Direct View Storage Tubes Display Tubes Electrical Readout Storage Tubes Electron Multipliers Fiber Optic Face Plate Tubes Flying Spot Scanners Image Converters Image Intensifiers Give us the problem ... and see Instrument Tu bes Ionization Gauges Microwave Source Holders Noise Sources Oscilloscope Tubes Particle Detectors Photomultiplier Tubes Power Diodes Power Triodes Scan Converters SPM Structures Thyratrons For immediate action, call, write or TWX. (201) 773-2000. 750 Bloomfield Ave., Clifton, N. J. 07015 TWX 710-989-7149. Air traffic control HEW's big ticket: processing in the National Airspace system, trying to place under com- may get off ground puter control such functions as the flow of aircraft approaching a ter- Air-pollution control minal, and handing over flight plans from one en-route center to A chronically underfunded Federal Aviation Administration at last may start to get the money it claims is needed to breathe life into the shaky air traffic control system. The Nixon budget alone calls for $1.76 billion and the FAA's parent, the Department of Transportation, has $10 million for R&D in air traffic control plus $57.5 million that may be available from supplemental fiscal 1970 funds. The total FAA the next. The new budget also seeks $231 million for grants-in-aid to airports-largely for construction programs-and a total of $90.5 million for R&D. A big chunk of this money-$34.2 million-will go to upgrading the en-route and terminal air traffic control system. For the future, the FAA is studying the requirements of the air traffic control system of the 1980's, concen- In the Department of Health, Education and Welfare the most promising area for electronics lies in air pollution controls [Electronics, Dec. 8, 1969, p. 137]. The development and installation of such equipment is budgeted in fiscal 1971 for $106 million, up $10.4 million from fiscal 1970. Most of this increase is in the National Air Pollution Control Administration's (NAPCA) R&D budget, at $62.3 bankroll could reach more than trating on scanning beam micro- million. This sum is allocated for $1.83 billion-up $500 million from wave instrument landing systems, development of technology for con- the agency's total in the current an addressable radar beacon sys- trolling sulfur oxides in the atmosfiscal year. Added to this record- tem, and time-frequency techniques phere. Research also will be setting figure could be the proceeds for controlling aircraft [Electronics, performed on more efficient com- of an airport user tax incorporated Oct 27, 1969, p.127]. bustion of fuels and also into the in special legislation pending be- The supersonic transport again fast-growing field of new, cleaner fore Congress. will be delayed due to lower fund- vehicular power. The new budget request calls for ing in the new fiscal year. The SST President Nixon could request FAA outlays of $276 million for is slated for $290 million, a goodly additional funding in his upcoming new facilities and equipment- sum by most standards but less message on the environment, but much of it to complete the 21 con- than the $314 million the FAA re- he'll likely seek to strengthen en- trol centers that make up the semi- quested. The result: prime contrac- forcement authorities. This ap- automated en-route air traffic con- tor Boeing may have to sh·etch out proach will require that polluting trol system. Delays in making the the flight of the first prototypes industries and state governments, system operational are expected to by four months to the first quarter rather than the Federal Govern- draw heavy fire from Congress. of 1973. However, there's hope that ment, buy control and measurement Chief sharpshooter is likely to be if budgets are increased in subse- devices. And there will be increased Texas Democrat Jack Brooks, quent years, the first operationa1 activity in developing economic whose subcommittee on govern- model could be delivered in 1978 incentives to stop industry and ment activities is investigating the or 1979. consumers from polluting the en- progress, or lack of it, in complet- The Coast Guard also has a few vironment. ing the computerized National Air- items of interest to the electronics The Clean Air Act of 1967 space System. According to Brooks, industry in its $24 million R&D places emphasis on regional, not the FAA's troubles in implementing budget, up more than $9 million Federal, control of air pollution. the national air traffic control sys- from a year ago. Most of the Federal action is only involved in tem are due not only to lack of funds-$13.5 million-will go to the designating the cooperating regions funds but to unsolved technical advanced development of the na- and in assisting the development problems and "inadequacies in con- tional oceanographic data buoy of state enforcement standards and tractor support." program, with $5 million slated for procedures. The Congressman undoubtedly the buoy's communications and NAPCA's program also proposes has in mind the problems encoun- sensors. The first prototype buoys to help the states establish effective tered by Raytheon in developing will be deployed by 1973. Another control programs, and to designate displays for the en-route system, Coast Guard development program 23 more air quality control regions and by IBM in developing software with sizable market potential is an in fiscal 1971. Each region will have for the system. all-weather harbor approach and to buy sensing, telemetry, and data- In addition to the en-route auto- navigation system. The Guard will processing equipment to tie into mation, FAA will be anxious, if user also evaluate airborne systems for the National Air Pollution Control tax money becomes available, to measuring the extent, thickness, Administration's national monitor- install instrument landing systems and movement of polar ice. ing network. at commercial airports, to add Electronics equipment procure- The National Institute of Health's more distance measuring equip- ment by the service includes ship- Library of Medicine will further ment sites, and to upgrade the board and navigation electronics develop its Medical Literature accuracy of the very-high fre- for a new polar icebreaker, avionics Analysis and Retrieval System quency omnirange (VOR) naviga- for six Sikorsky HH-3F helicopters, (MEDLARS), with part of a $7.6 mil- tion stations. The agency also will and $5.65 million for updating lion operational budget. MEDLARS, be examining ways to extend data loran navigation stations. a computer-based bibliographic in- 152 I Electronics February 16, 1970 AC OC GNO .;,~ ~ A I PL;l DUAL TRACE MODEL ILLUSTRATED SINGLE TRACE $725 CR0-5000 DUAL TRACE $995 CR0-5002 · DC to 25MHz · All Solid State · Vertical Delay Line · Light, Portable, Reliable These new oscilloscopes give you the most for your dollar. No frills. Just performance. You owe it to your budget to see Hickok before you buy any other. In stock at franchised electronic distributors. Call the. one nearest you for a detailed brochure and a demonstration. The Hickok Electrical Instrument Company 10514 Dupont Avenue · Cleveland, Ohio 44108 Electronics I February 16, 1970 Circle 153 on reader service card 153 formation storage and retrieval system, is undergoing conversion from a Honeywell 800-200 to a thirdgeneration IBM 360/50. The system ties in 10 medical libraries, both at universities across the country and overseas. Some expansion is foreseen in fiscal 1971 but officials hesitate to offer firmer estimates. The library also has budgeted $906,000 to continue the development of a national biomedical communications network that will deliver data to doctors and other health professionals. Included is a remote access device linking the physician's office to a central information· source. This source will allow the physician, for example, to receive programs for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures by telephone. The development of such a system, experts agree, could provide a lucrative medical electronics market in the future. In other NIH research areas, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences plans to spend a small part of its $19.8 million budget request on biomedical instrumentation. The National Heart and Lung Institute, with a $171.7 million budget, seeks an extra $10 million for R&D in artificial hearts, drug studies, blood resqurces, and other organic studies. NH&LI also will spend a small amount on instrumentation to diagnose heart and lung diseases. In all, NIH plans to spend $165 million on collaborative R&D projects-those conducted by NIH people and researchers in other institutions and drug companies. Grants will total $546.4 million, more than requested in fiscal 1970, but less than the actual 1969 outlay of $555.3 million. Total health research funding requested for all Federal agencies is $1.66 billion, with 72% from HEW. Only 12% of this is available to industry. The bulk of Federally funded health research is performed by universities, medical schools, and non-profit institutions. HEW's Hill-Burton program for hospital construction and modernization is budgeted at $30 million for grants to publicly owned hospitals. The program is still in a House-Senate conference. It contains a $5 million request for an interest-subsidy program for privately owned hospitals, expected to Merry mailmen-with OCR With White House plans for restructurii:ig the postal system in the works, the Post Office Department is saying little about its fiscal 1971 plans, awaiting an expected Presidential message to Congress. Guesses are that the resh·uctured postal system-including rate increases-will not go as far as the private postal corporation proposed in a task force study completed under former President Johnson. Whatever President Nixon proposes, the department's spending for electronics research and engineering is expected to rise. As of last month, the deparhnent had 192 active research conh·acts in force, and it is seeking $55 million for research in the new fiscal year -an increase of $13.3 million. And about 10% of the deparhnent's planned $221 million procurement in fiscal 1971 will be for electronics equipment, including about $2.5 million for data processing units. The biggest single segment of the R&D funds will go for improved optical character readers which scan and distribute letters and packages whose addresses are printed in a wide variety of type faces. So far, more than $15 million has been spent on developing the systems. Study contracts continuing in 1970 include those held by Burroughs, Philco-Ford, IBM, and Recognition Equipment. The deparhnent also will take a closer look at encoding systems which put letters in the sequence in which a carrier walks his route. generate some $400 million worth of loans. Only about 15% of the total program is slated for equipment, with a lesser percentage going for computer billing services, patient monitoring, and closed-circuit television systems. An HEW official says hospitals tend to buy the "newest, shiniest and jazziest" equipment with their money. The new budget request for HEW's Office of Education contains little for electronics. Equipment and construction programs were cut ill both fiscal 1970 and 1971 budgets, largely due to priorities in other areas and inflation, HEW says. A small fraction of the $1.3 billion requested for elementary and secondary education may be spent on computer aids for deprived children. The Education Office's $186 million R&D budget contains $25 million for experimental schools and individualized instruction, but little of this will go for sophisticated equipment. Doing something about the weather The Commerce Department's Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) wants to spend almost $40 million more in fiscal 1971. A total of $208.2 million is requested for its efforts to do something about the weather, or at least to better predict it. The request includes $146.7 million-a $16.7 million increase-primarily for improved weather and flood forecasts, and for expanding weather services connected with l?andling air pollution. Also included are $29.7 million for R&D-a $4.2 million rise -in improved severe-storm forecasting techniques and investigation of weather modification effects due to air pollution; $6 million for replacement of equipment and expansion of observation and analysis capabilities; and $25.8 million -a big boost of $18.4 million-for continued support of the weather satellite program. In addition, ESSA will purchase some of the IBM 360/30 computers it is renting at its National Meteorological Center in Suitland, Md. Although NASA provides much of the technical management and all of the procurement for ESSA's satellite operations, the weathermen want to take over some of these functions themselves. They have asked for $25.8 million to buy two improved-Tiros operational satellites (ITOS) and a Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) . Included in both these purchases will be command and data-acquisition ground equipment for these satellites and for ATS satellites aheady in orbit. This special report was written 1by Electronics' Washington bureau: Ray Connolly, manager, Robert Westgate and Lois Vermillion. It was ed ited in Ne.w York by Alfred Rosenblatt, mili· tary/aerospace editor. 154 I Electronics February 16, 1970 EAGLE ... where the state ofthe art is the standard .ofthe industry Specialists in Precision Potentiometers and Elements Gamewell® Rotary Potentiometers Precision conductive plastic, resistance element potentiometers with metal housings and side or rear terminals in diameters of V2" to 3". Exceed the most demanding specifications of industry and the military. Available in both linear and non-linear outputs. Also available: A wide variety of physical configurations including subassemblies which mate them with other components for greater packaging and operating efficiency. For virtually infinite resolution, extremely long life, excellent output smoothness, almost unlimited accuracy without catastrophic failure, negligible phase shift. And we offer a wide variety of wirewound styles, too! Gamewell® Translatory Potentiometers For military and industrial control applications requiring highly accurate measurement of linear motion. Available with single or dual resistance, wirewound or conductive plastic elements with separate contacting brushes and terminals. Stainless-steel shaft can be rotated 360 ° without affecting operation . Rigid housings of anodized aluminum withstand vibration, shock. Contacting elements are of precision metal. Both linear and non-linear resistance elements available in standard configurations; special configurations for special requirements. Taps supplied if desired. Standard stroke lengths V2" to 24". Non-standard also available. Gamewell® Resistive Elements The single most important components in a potentiometer. Gamewell conductive plastic elements are carefully molded from resins and powders as one-piece units. Production is strictly controlled in our own facility. Wirewound elements use alloys with resistivities ranging from 29 to 800 ohms/cir. mil. ft., wound on insulated copper mandrels using Class F insulation for operation up to 150 °C. GET THE SPECS and full details ... more than $1 million in Eagle time/ count controls, relays, Gamewell potentiometers ... waiting to serve you in 35 major areas throughout the world .. . including U.S.A., S.A. , Europe, U.K., Canada and Australia. Electronics I February 16, 1970 Eagle Signal a systems division of GULF + WESTERN INDUSTRIES . INC . 925 Lake St/Baraboo, Wisc. 53913 Circle 155 on reader service card 155 New Products February 16, 1970 Analyzer uncovers ju1nctions' secrets By detecting 'undetectable' radiation, noncontact instrument spots current bunching, shallow diffusions, and other faults in IC chips; failure analysis seen as initial application By James Brinton Electronics staff Some of today's integrated circuits are more complex than most earlier devices that required a chassis full of space, and the reduction in size has complicated the test process. Testing an IC is largely a matter of noting whether it works or not; the "why" is much harder to get at because there is nothing like a tube or transistor tester that can be used on individual junctions in an IC. What's needed is equipment capable of tracing a signal from junction to junction and noting how each one performs. Vanzetti Infrared & Computer Systems Inc. is introducing an instrument that may fill this requirement. It's the first piece of test gear that can inspect junctions without the possibility of damaging them. Electron microscopes and laser inspection tools can change the operating characteristics and make the data suspect. Company president Riccardo Vanzetti calls the instrument a semiconductor junction analyzer, and says that it takes advantage of faint infrared emissions called recombination radiation. These emissions are given off when a carrier electron loses energy, drops out of its excited state, and recombines with an atom. And, since the number of excited electrons is a direct function of applied current, recombination radiation should give investigators at least a qualitative reading of applied current, current density, and other current-related parameters. Less intense. Because recombina- tion radiation is about 10-5 less intense than thermal infrared emissions, Vanzetti had a hard time convincing his onetime superiors at the Raytheon Co. that it could be detected. But he got some NASA research funding and built a crude demonstrator that worked [Electronics, Nov. 25, 1968, p. 51]. The production model is the grandson of this device. Both reject the longer-wavelength thermal IR in favor of shorter-wavelength recombination radiation. There's still some question as to whether the instrument is detecting so-called true recombination radiation, or is picking up an emission caused by some other poorly understood mechanism. But nevertheless, what it detects varies proportionally with current and, thus, is useful {see panel, p. 159). The analyzer is a benchtop unit with micrometer positioning controls that can spot a junction or part of a junction below the instrument's infrared detector system. The business end of the detector is a metal-sheathed optical fiber that is positioned a few thousandths of an inch (or less) above junctions, and can be passed back and forth along their length. The chip to be inspected is mounted and connected but not covered or encapsulated. Either cans or flatpacks can be plugged into the analyzer with their contacts piped out to a back-panel connector where signals can be fed in to stimulate operation. For the maximum degree of sensitivity, pulse repetition rates of Inspection. Fiber-optic probe reaches down to chip (atop red fixture) to pick up IR emissions. Electronics I February 16, 1970 Sperry Rand's PACT (Progress in Advanced Circuit Technology) program has taken a new look at microwave signal switching and developed the first complex circulator module. It began with a major system contractor's effort to boost the reliability of a hand-held radar by provid ing redundant transmitters, receivers and local oscillators. Since a working radar set needs only one of each, the extras ride along as spares until a malfunction of a primary element calls them to duty. Sperry's mission was to develop a super-reliable switching module capable of selecting either transmitter and either receiver and hooking them into the antenna duplexer circuit. Solid state was the only answer to the reliability requirement. Sperry's solution is a single rectangular module, one inch by 1.8 inch, on a substrate 0.055 inch thick. Four circulators, a termination load and two DC blocking elements coexist on the module. One of the fixed circulators serves as the antenna duplexer, shunting transmitter and receiver signal paths. The other fixed circulator F>rovides an antenna termination load to protect the downstream components against bursts of reflected transmitter energy. Latching circulators allow operator selection of either of the two transmitters and receivers. Our latching circulators switch with as little as 200 microjoules of energy, a negligible drain on the power supply. Sperry's circulators perform well. Measurements taken at 9.0 GHz show minimum isolation of 28 db and maximum insertion loss of 0.7 db at 27°C. And all four circulators do their jobs with negligible interaction even though they share a common substrate. Sperry is the expert for integrated microwave modules and we welcome your system challenge. To help start a conversation , we have a new module planning sheet you can get free . Send for it, fill in the blocks to describe your requirement, then send it back and we 'll be in business. ACTUAL SIZE Sperry Microwave's solid-state switching module provides a common substrate for four circulators, two DC blocking elements and a termination load. For faster microwave progress, make a PACT with people who know microwaves. s1=c~v MICROWAVE ELECTRONICS DIVISION CLEARWATER, FLORIDA 158 Circle 158 on reader service card Electronics I February 16, 1970 ... electronics for signal processing may be included in later models ... 1 to 2 kilohertz are recommended, and pulse widths of 2 to 100 microseconds. But, the bandwidth of the detector circuitry is wide enough to accommodate repetition rates up to about 350 khz and narrower pulses. Sensitivity on the job will vary with these values and, to a degree, with the optical fiber used; but, detection of emissions from junctions running at about 10 to 100 microamperes is par. Behind the optical fiber is a proprietary diode detector. The original device used a cryogenically cooled avalanche photodiode; but the production unit doesn't need to be cooled and is said to be two orders of magnitude more sensitive. The detector's output is fed to a FET-input amplifier with a gain of about 10; this amp is a customized unit and is followed by a Fairchild 751C wideband op amp with a gain of about 500. The 751C feeds a Fairchild 715 (gain is about 10), which in ·turn outputs to another amp used primarily to load the 715 (gain is 2 to 4) and then to a sample-and-hold network. This integrating sample-and-hold circuit settles in about 100 microsecondsa time that's the result of a tradeoff between noise and pulse response. The readout is a digital panel meter that displays the amplitude of the detector's output, and thus gives a reading of pulse amplitude as indicated by infrared emissions. Basic black. This is the basic model, and Vanzetti expects many users to get along without anything more complex. But those who want more than a numerical readout of pulse amplitude can use an analog output jack on the front panel to feed what's called a waveform eductor. The eductor is a specialized integrating device that subtracts much of the noise from the faint signal and yields a cleanly defined pulse shape suitable for oscilloscope display. There are hints that some such signal-processing electronics will be included in later versions of the junction analyzer. For testing, the instrument is a ... by any name Solid state specialists don't agree about what it is that Vanzetti's detector detects. Vanzetti believes it is recombination radiation emitted by carriers throughout the volume of the junction; but a former colleague from Raytheon insists that, in theory, recombination radiation in silicon should be too weak to find. However, the same engineer admits that Vanzetti is looking at something that fits the classic description. The body of theory and math which would either support or deny Vanzetti's contention doesn't exist. But Vanzetti has proven experimentally that the radiation he's working with is proportional to current density. And, for most applications, he feels this is all the data needed to make the technique useful. Mrs. Jayne Partridge, an engineer at MIT's Draper Laboratory who is a specialist in the physics of failure in semiconductors, has a hunch that Vanzetti may be detecting a surface-state emission. "Mobility, trapping and activation sites, and recombination itself, each differ slightly at the surface from the same things in the bulk of the material," she says, hinting that this may be how the analyzer beats the odds against it. Existing theory says that recombination radiation should be soaked up within the junction in phonon, or thermal interactions. What's needed, she adds, is a more accurate mathematical model of the junction, not just to explain Vanzetti's results but also to make them more useful. She says the difficulty now entailed in the precise computation of carrier lifetimes would be eased considerably-if the exact nature of Vanzetti's detected emissions were known. Meanwhile, Mrs. Partridge hopes that the analyzer wilI prove helpful in semiconductor reseach. It may help measure the relative radiation hardness of semiconductor devices, and determine why transistor characteristics drift with time. BUG KILLER FACT® (Flexible Automatic Circuit Tester), Hughes' random access system hunts down electronic " bugs:" shorts, opens, defective insulation, poor solder connections. In any type system: spaceborne, airborne, underwater communication, control, computer, support, telephonic switching. In any type assembly. And to insure the results are always accurate, FACT "de-bugs" itself. FACT. Quick delivery. Order now. Lease/rental plans available. Contact: L. W. Risner FACT Systems Hughes Aircraft Company P. 0 . Box 92904 Los Angeles, California 90009 (213) 670-9040 r------------------, I I : HUGHES: IL------------------jI HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY P'ACT SYSTKMS , Electronics j February 16, 1970 Circle 159 on reader service card 159 IEMII* A.= l,650-8,500+A0 ENI= 2x10·13 Im. ... for incoming inspection purposes, analyzer can spot variations within lots very intimate tool, says Vanzetti. The optical fiber is from 0.0005 to 0.0025 inch in diameter, with the finest commonly used fiber 0.001 inch in diameter. This means that the analyzer can easily view junctions only 0.001 inch wide, and track along their length to detect variations in performance. Vanzetti figures that dimensional resolution already is1 good enough for most anticipated LSI checkout applications. At first, he expects the analyzer to be used in failure analysis to probe for faults, junction by junction, throughout an IC. Quality con- Benefits. "For the first time," says Vanzetti, "design engineers will be able to detect crosstalk, proximity effects, and (with waveform eductors) pulse distortion. Large-scale integrated circuits tell us less about their internal operation than almost any other electronic assembly. With only a transfer characteristic to work on, lots of questions about inner workings are left unanswered. Perhaps the analyzer can be of some help in clearing things up." Vanzetti expects that eventually pulse shape analysis and junction performance studies will be made The9558Q Photomultiplier eliminates ... the nuisance of multiple detectors! One EMI photomultiplier type 9558Q covers UV, visible and infra red. The 9558Q is a two inch diameter end window tube with eleven venetian blind dynodes having highly stable CsSb secondary emitting surface's. The Spectrasil window gives better transmission of UV than natural quartz. The photocath· ode is the s.20 (tri·alkali) type employing unique EMI geometry. The results are high quantum efficiency (23·25% at peak) and exceedingly low dark current, (typically .002uA. at 200 A/L). Where the exact wavelength is unknown, or the entire spectrum is under investigation, the 9558Q enables the work to proceed without changing detectors. Where the red sensitivity of the tri-alkali photocathode is most important, and the UV region is not, the 9558B, with a pyrex window (but all the other desirable characteristics of the 9558Q) may be substituted at much lower cost. Tubes can be specially selected for difficult astronomical tasks, laser range finders, red channels of flying spot scanners, etc. Write for details on S-20 tubes in a com· plete range of sizes. GENCOM DIVISION varian/EMI 80 EXPRESS STREET. PLAINVIEW. N . Y . 11803 TELEPHONE: (516) 433-5900 160 Circle 160 on reader service card On site. Optical fiber sheathed in metal detects IR radiation from a section of IC chip. trol engineers should also be interested in the instrument since recombination radiation is higher as current density is increased. Thus it becomes possible to detect shallow diffusion or bunching of current into small areas within a junction. This application has already helped a maker of microwave switching diodes. Using Vanzetti's prototype, the maker inspected a new p-i-n diode and found 80% of the applied current bunching into only 20% of the length of the junction. The product was pulled out of the production schedule as a result; if the diode had been built in quantity, this bunching could have led to widespread unreliability due to a failure mechanism nearly impossible to track down by normal means. as a matter of course before new circuits or devices are released for production. This should be especially true of large digital circuits which clock at high rates; with engineers moving to coaxial or strip transmission line to preserve pulse shape, Vanzetti figures that they'll be just as eager to spot degradation within LSI devices themselves. The analyzer can be an incoming test device, checking vendors' products against one another by spotting semiconductor-junction variations within lots. The price is $9,850 for a single analyzer; in lots of 50, the price falls to $8,350. Delivery time is three months. Vanzetti Infrared & Computer Systems Inc., 515 Providence Hwy, Dedham, Mass. 02026 [338] Electronics \ February 16, 1970 I Electronics February 16, 1970 ~re right on the edge of somet~ing small I Finding just the right edge-board connector for your sub-miniature pc boards can be a very small matter once you decide which type of connector in our TRIAC-50 Series can do the best job for you. Standard units feature 20, 40, 60 or 80 contacts on .050 centers for I/32" or I/ 16" double-sided boards. "Bellows" design ~maximizes contact area, and triple spring action assures firm electrical connections and minimizes board wear. (There's practically no limit to the number of insertions and removals possible.) The special body design guards contacts against harm from mis-aligned insertions, too. Available either with solder hooks or straight pin terminals. You say you need a more exotic configuration? Then call or write us today-our custom-designers have some good news for you! ~ IFAR~ll ® 1r~I~ L.i.D NATIONAL CONNECTOR DIVISION 9210 Science Center Drive Minneapolis, Minn. 55428 Phone 612-533-5361 TWX 910-576-2866 Circle 161 on reader service card 161 IRIG CBW CS CBW Production equipment Compact C02 laser puts out 300 watts In modular design, tubes are stacked in oscillator pairs for desired power; first models used to cut ceramic substrates for hybrid circuits The customary way of boosting the power output of a carbon dioxide laser is to make the tube longer, since the power goes up at about 60 watts per meter of length. A new heat-transfer technique announced last year allows higher output per unit length [Electronics, Sept. 29, 1969, p. 154]. Now, the Korad department of Union Carbide Corp. takes a third approach-a two-tube version in which the tubes are stacked one above the other and connected optically in series by two 45°-angle mirrors in a machined mirror mount. Each of these mirrors bends the beam, turning it around and sending it back through the other tube. These two tubes act as an oscillator pair, their 50-watt outputs combining to give a 100-watt out- put. Two or more tubes, each five feet long, are housed in a compact head that measures 67 inches in length. In this modular approach, the head can be made wider to accommodate additional tubes, and as many as six are used in one model. The first four models in the new series have outputs ranging from 50 to 300 watts. Besides being compact, one of the 'Real-time tape control automates production of IC and LSI stepand-repeat photomasks in any pattern. Placement of images Is fully automatic in both the X and Y axes and may be programed as desired on 1-mil centers. Mixed arrays of different images with random periodicity between image centers can be produced automatically. The Jade Corp., Huntingdon Valley, Pa. 19006 [4211 Autopulse soldering system model 150 is for delicate hybrid IC soldering processes. It is supplied complete with a stepless variac power supply, foot switch actuator, micro-loop hand probe, microgap tungsten resistance hand probe, and a full assortment of replacement tip elements. Price is $175. Browne Engineering Co., Coast Village Circle, Santa Barbara, Calif. [4221 Designed for the automated dispensing of 500 micrograms to 500 milligrams of reactive resins and chemicals, the Picoshot adapter is for precision bonding, potting, and junction coating in the semiconductor and components industry, and for precision application of adhesive products in assembly operations. Fluidyne Instrumentation, Mt. Diablo Blvd., Lafayette, Calif. [4231 Fully automatic mask alignment system called Autolign 2686 is designed for integrated circuit production. It accommodates wafers up to 3 in. in diameter and positions mask-to-wafer with an accuracy of better than l micron. Typical alignment time is 4 to 6 seconds versus the conventional 20 to 30 seconds. Price is $29,750. Kulicke & Soffa Inc., Fort Washington, Pa. 19034 [424] Screen printer model 1200-TT is a fully automatic machine tooled for high speed printing of conductor and resistor patterns on ceramic substrates. It screens fine lines-down to 0.003 in.-at rates up to 1,600 pieces per hour with ±0.001 in . repeatability, even on substrates with a 20% variation in thickness. Wells Electronics Inc., 1701 S. Main St., South Bend, Ind. 46623 [4251 Bench type wave-soldering system model 94 is designed for fully automated production of chips, substrates, micromodules, flatpacks, or p-c boards up to 6 in . wide. It consists of a foam fluxer, preheater, soldering unit, boardholder carrier and conveyor. It operates at temperatures up to 600°F. Price is µnder $3,000. Electrovert Inc., 85 Hartford Ave., Mt. Vernon, N.Y. [426] +Circle 162 on reader service card Automatic plasma machine !PC 2003 is designed for wafer stripping and photoresist removal. It contains two 3-x-6-in. plasma reactors, and a single reactor window 'covers both reactors. It has three automatic cycles, each of which can be set at 0-300 watts, 0-900 cc per minute gas flow, and 0-99 minutes. Monte Tool Associates, 25222 Cypress St., Hayward, Calif. [427] High-temperature Cin excess of 1,300° Fl silver soldering pot eliminates need for chemical or abrasive removal of film insulation and use of soft solder and soldering iron when joining magnet wires to leads. Dipping wires into molten solder simultaneously strips insulation and encases them in a permanent silver solder coating. Precision Electronics Corp., Marshfield, Mass. [4281 163 more than a power supplv You get more than a power supply when you specify this or any Hewlett Packard power supply. An international network of 220 sales/service offices are at your disposal ... the most comprehensive service manuals detailing every aspect of the supply from theory and operation to troubleshooting ... protection circuitry including an internal overvoltage "crowbar" to safeguard delicate loads, standard on this Low Voltage Rack (LVR) Series. OUTPUTS: 10V@ 20, 50, or 100A; 20V@ 10, 20, or 50A; 40V@ 3, 5, 10, 30, or 50A; 60V@ 3 or 15A. RIPPLE AND NOISE: typically 200µ.V rms, 10mV p-p. Remote Programming and lots more. Prices start at $350. and vou can customize it with these options ... · 10-Turn Output Voltage and Current Controls · Chassis Slides · 3-Digit Graduated Decadial for Voltage or Current · 115V, 208V, or 230Vac Inputs · 50Hz Input. HEWLETT. PACKARD POWER SUPPLIES Over 100 power supplies are described in the 1970 HP Electronics Catalog. Write for your copy. 100 Locust Avenue, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey 07922 (201) 464-1234 Sec POWER From 10µ.V to 4000V From 1µA to 2000A From $90 to $3,500 From manual to computer controlled. - ·' . .---~i-.- -·-- .· .-· ... -- - . · -" ,,. ~ LOW COST SUPPLIES Compact laboratory power supplies can be stacked or rack mounted. Choose from 6 well- regulated models: 10V @ 1A; 25V @ .4A ; SOV @ .2A. Three Constant Voltage/Current limiting models - $90. Three Constant Voltage/Constant Current models - $11S. Constant Voltage/Constant Current with Automatic Crosso11er, Remote Programming, Remote Sensing, A~o-Serles or Parallel, Optional Internal 011er1101tage "Crowbar" MEDIUM POWER I TRANSISTOR 0 REGULATED Precisely regulated. Programming speeds as fast as SOOps. 20 models: 7.SV @ 3 or SA; 10V @ 10A; 20V @ 1.S, 3, S, or 10A; 30V @ 1A; 40V @ .7S, 1.S, 3, or SA; 60V @ 1 or 3A ; 100V @ .75A; 160V @ .2A; 320V@ .1A. $144 to $39S. Korad units, the KG-26, is said to be the most powerful C02 laser operating in the fundamental mode (single mode) that is commercially available. Its continuous-wave output is 300 watts in the fundamental mode, which is designated by the expression TEM 00. Brian Woodcock, Korad product line manager for gas lasers and the designer of this new series, says the closest commercially available competitor is a laser made by Coherent Radiation Laboratories that puts out 200 watts c-w in the fundamental :mode, and is 10 feet long. Woodcock says he decided that if the laser tubes could he built in pairs, the power could be boosted by linking up additional frames of two-tube units. Thus Korad settled on a basic two-tube design, and incorporated it in the KG22, a unit that puts out 100 watts c-w in the fundamental mode r(each model in the series has about 25% greater power in multimode operation) for an input of 50 amperes. Beam diameter is 8 millimeters and beam diver- Power pack. Gas laser head houses tubes stacked in oscillator pairs for compact power. MEDIUM POWER I SCR REGULATED 8 models: 20V @ 15 or 45A, 40V @ 10 or 25A ; 60V @ 5 or 15A, 120V @ 2.5A ; 600V @ 1.5A. $360 to $550. HIGH POWER/SCR REGULATED 12 Models: 4V @ 2000A; 8V @ 1000A; 18V @ 500A; 36V @ 300A; 64V @ 150A; 110V @ 100A; 220V @ 50A; 300V @ 35A ; 600V @ 15A. $1275 to $3500. ci· ~ I~ G e G ,. gence is just 2 milliradians in the fundamental mode. The KC22 sells for $12,550. A one-tube version has been housed in the same head as the KG22. It's designated KG21, puts out 50 watts c-w in the fundamental mode with a 30-amp input, and costs $8,200. Adding up. The KG24 has a frame of four tubes and is mounted in a head 24 inches wide vs. the KG22's 12-inch width. The KG24's c-w output in the fundamental mode is 200 watts with a 70-amp input. Its beam diameter is 8mm and beam divergence is 2 milliradians. The price is $21,400. The most powerful in the series, the KG26, is the 30watt unit (100-amp input) that requires six tubes, is 26 inches wide, has a 9-mm beam diameter and a beam divergence of less than 2 milliradians. It costs $28,500. This modular approach is unusual in lasers, says Woodcock, who maintains that the design is stable enough to go to 500 watts. "Which is about as much as anyone needs in industrial applications," he says. Mechanical stability is critical to the Korad "add-a-frame" approach to boosting laser power. "To be able to line up a number of tubes this way," Woodcock e~plains, "we need very stable mirror +Circle 165 on reader service card 165 Every year a million dollars go down the drain because "bugs" are big business in components. Buggy coils and transformers can cause many costly breakdowns. It's enough to bug anyone! And it's about time bugs were stamped out. For years Delevan has been waging an intensive campaign to exterminate this threat. That's why Delevan uses X-Ray and fluoroscopic equipment to insure consistent quality and long life in its magnetic components. Long ago, Delevan adopted rigorous manufacturing controls in order to meet stringent military standards. A continuous audit of these controls is con- ducted by our Defense Supply Agency ap- proved environmental laboratory. That's why Delevan is testing to the latest revision on Mil C 15305 rev. D-testing that includes 2,000 hr. life test, 15 g force vibration, 50 g force impact, 10 day moisture resistance, and temperature cycling. And that's how · Delevan catches the bugs before they catch YOU. Send fo r a Catalog of Ou r " bugless" Products. Delevan ~· ~ AMERICAN PRECISION D/11l·lon INDUSTRIES INC. 27D QUAKE R' R D. / EA ST AUROR A, N . Y. 14052 TELEPHONE 718/8!52· 3800 TELEX 091· 293 OTHER DIVIS ION S OF AMERICAN PREC ISION 1NDUSTAIES INC .: BASCO. ousnx. MOHlEA INSTRUMENT CO · OllFOAD CORP ·TRUCK EQUIPMIHT CO 166 Circle 166 on reader service card mounts and a minimum of adjustments. We've built a very rigid framework for the section holding the tubes." Woodcock singles out two other features for the series as being significant. It uses electrically isolated power supplies; and a versatile electronic controller enables the ser.ies to have a wide range of pulse lengths and repetition rates. The controller also helps adjust the current "to get maximum benefit from short pulses," Woodcock notes. He says electrically isolated power supplies-isolated from each other and from ground-are important because the gas discharge in a C02 laser is an unsta!ble phenomenon. "We have to isolate the tubes from each other because we want to pulse them and control the tube current accurately," he says. When a gas laser is pulsed, the gas must break down instantaneously; and, if the tube is producing coronas, they can cause timing problems and varia!bility in performance. "Grounding one end of the tube eliminates the coronas," Woodcock asserts, "and also contributes to greater operator safety." Cut-up role. The units have been used b y Korad to cut apart ceramic substrates bearing thin film Nichrome resistors and gold interconnects. These are substrates up to 2 inches square (some as large as 6 inches square) in which the passive component pattern is repeated in much the same way as it is on a silicon wafer for integrated circuits. The laser cuts the substrate into its smaller parts, on which active semiconductor dice can be mounted. Korad officials maintain that laser cutting gives better yields than diamond cutting, and offers lower hourly operating costs than diamond cutting, even though the latter is less expensive initially. Korad is also working with customers in an application that uses the lasers to weld hybrid circuit lids to the packages, with no heat reaching the components. The units all have a wavelength of 10.6 microns, a pulse length from 200 microseconds to 1 second, and a pulse repetition rate from one to 5,000 pulses per second. Korad Department, Union Carbide Corp., 2520 Colorado Ave., · Santa Monica, Calif. 90406 [429] Electronics I February 16, 1970 RCA COS/MOS makes MSI also mean multiple-saving integration 0001...0100...0011...0111 0001...0100...0011...0111 0001...0100...0011...0lll 0 01...0100...0 11...0111 001...0100...0 11...0111 RCA COS/MOS digital IC' s provide: 0 Operation from a single power supply-6 to 15 V 0 Low quiescent power dissipation - 5 µ.W (typ) 0 High noise immunity-45 % of Voo (typ) Think of these characteristics in terms of system reliability, minimum package size and elimination of extra circuits and components. Low power means simpler, less expensive power supply circuits; lighter packaging density (no special cooling devices required) . COS/MOS IC's mean greater tolerances to power-s upply voltage and signal amplitude variations. And the high noise-immunity characteristic eliminates the need for special noise-suppressing circuits. COS/MOS has other logic system design advantages, too : medium speed operation [fc, = 2.5 MHz (typ) at Voo-Vss = 10 VJ; fully static operation; full military temperature range, and single phase clocking. E!ectronics I February 16, 1970 CD4014D (formerly Dev. No. TA5578) is an 8-stage synchronous parallel-input/serial-output register; CD4015D (formerly Dev. No. TA5579) is a dual 4-stage serial-input/parallel-output register. Each device is available in 16-lead OIL ceramic packages at $13.60 (1000 or more units). For furth er details on the two new COS /MOS Registers and RCA's growing COS/MOS line, see your local RCA Representative or your RCA Distributor. For the technical data bulletins on the new Registers (File Numbers 415 and 416) and a new COS/MOS Reliability Report {RIC-101), write to RCA Electronic Components, Commercial Engineering, Section tC N2-2, Harrison, N. J. 07029. In Europe: RCA International Marketing S.A., 2-4 rue du Lievre, 1227 Geneva, Switzerland. nn If[) rm ln_teg~ated U~l!OUU Circuits Circle 167 on reader service card 167 THE COCKY LITTLE TRANSIENT QUENCHER FROM JOSLYN .. Transients have never been able to knock off .., solid-state electronics when Joslyn precision pro- tection devices are on guard duty. *Never! They quick- ly extinguish damaging transients with extreme accur- acy, nano-second response, and high repeatability over an unequaled period of time. Ideal for protecting AC and DC input lines, RF systems (transmitting or re- ceiving), balanced and unbalanced transmission lines, radar modulators, traveling wave tubes, and cathode ray tubes. Contact Joslyn today for full information and delivery from stock for the field-proven cocky little spark gap that will solve your particular protec- tion problem. Full line includes surge protectors and lightning arresters. ·when properly selected and connected JOSlYD ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Joslyn Electronic Systems O Santa Barbara Research Park 0 P.O. Box 817 O Goleta, Calif. 93017 0 Tel. (805) 968-3 551 181 3 168 Circle 168 on reader service card Production equipment Substrate flatness, thickness checked Instrument can measure nine values including metal-film variations To make sure that hybrid integrated circuits perform in accordance with design, it is important that substrates be as uniform as possible. A universal ceramic-substrate checking instrument has been developed by Aremco Products to help microcircuit engineers with this job. The unit, called the CeramaProbe 118, consists of a dial indicator capable of reading to 0.0001 inch, a vacuum manifold for holding the ceramic substrate, and an x-y table used to move from point to point in increments of 0.001 inch. In a few minutes, the microcircuit engineer can check: thickness of a substrate, variation of thickness over the surface of the substrate, relative flatness, or camber; thickness of thick-film metalization, variation of thickness, hole locations, line widths and variation of thickfilm metalization, spacing of metalization thickness, and variations of thickness. The model 118-A, which permits checking all of these values, is priced at $545. The .118-B, which sells for $285, does not have the micrometer-controlled x-y platform and is used primarily for rapid checking of substrate and metalization thickness. Aremco Products Inc., P.O. Box 145, Briarcliff Manor, N.Y. 10510 [430] Electronics I February 16, 1970 If you'd just as soon skip a spicy conversation with the Data & Systems people, have a quiet one with Allied instead. Allied Van Lines has highlytrained professionals who know just how to move your electronics equipment-safely and on schedule. And our Electronic Vans are just as good as our personnel. They have a special bracing that keeps your computer from shifting ... an air suspension system that soaks up jolts and bumps along the way. Call the highly-trained Allied Agent in your area. '~ ., ALLIED VAN LINES We make the kind of moves you never hear about Circle 213 on reader service card New subassemblies Automatic mask aligner is accurate to 1 micron Electronic technique for production of integrated circuits eliminates operator error, does job in a few seconds In the photochemica·I process of manufacturing integrated circuits, one of the toughest decisions an operator faces is determining when the mask is properly aligned with the wafer. For each layer, the operator inserts a mask that contains the electrical pattern to be deposited, and clamps the mask to the wafer when he thinks the mask is correctly aligned with the other de- posited layers. At best, this method is limited by operator skill. But an automatic mask aligner, called the Autolign 2686, removes the inconsistency and error due to the operator's judgment and skills. Besides speeding ·the operation-a mask can now be aligned in a few seconds, compared to the 30 seconds required in manual methods-the Autolign guarantees align- ment to within 1 micron. The Autolign was developed by the Computer Vision Corp. of Burlington, Mass., and is marketed by Kulicke and Soffa. Mask alignment is similar to multicolor printing where several colors are positioned with respect to a registration mark to produce a composite picture of color patterns. In IC manufacturing the elements or D/A converter model 320 contains a complete set of switches and and a resistance ladder. Full scale output is 15 ma which may be converted to a voltage by means of a resistor to ground. The unit's fast settling of 750 nsec for 10 bits and 200 nsec for 8 bits makes it suitable for use In graphic display systems. Hybrid Systems Corp., 95 Terrace Hall Ave ., Burlington, Mass. 01803 [381] Chopperless, differential operational amplifier model 1018 features low drift. It employs dualinput transistors with a precision metal-film resistor and a bias current compensation network. This results in high thermal stability and low static: offsets. Typical gain is 2,000,000; output, ±3.5 ma at ±13 v. Philbrick/ Nexus Research, Allied Dr. at Route 128, Dedham, Mass. [382] Synchro-to-sine/cosine converter series 421 features automatic voltage compensation. It will accept the output of a standard three-wire synchro and provide two isolated d-c voltages: one corresponding to the sine of the rotor shaft angle, and one corresponding to the cosine. Price is about $400-$450. Natel Engineering Co., 8944 Mason Ave., Canoga Park, Calif. [383] Operational amplifier OA201 features a 150-ma output at 10 v. Packaged in dual in-line configuration it is also available as a hermetically sealed unit. The amplifier is short circuit proof. It operates at a very low input bias current, 200 na. Offset voltage is 25 1Lv/°C, and open loop gain is greater than 100,000. Quantum Devices, 15 W. Main St., Bergenfield, N.J. [384] Encapsulated power supply model 527 provides two 15 v power supplies capable of common external connections with an accuracy of l %. Each separately regulated supply provides a full 50 ma of output current. Output regulation, line or load is ±0.2%. Temperature stability is ±0.02 % /°C. Price is $39; delivery, stock to four weeks. Burr-Brown Research Corp., Tucson [3851 170 High input impedance, wideband video amplifier 4376 offers high gain and low equivalent input noise. It is useful for amplifying signals from high impedance sources and for increasing the sensitivity of lab instruments such as a wideband oscilloscope or an r-f voltmeter. It features built-In protection circuitry. Price is $395. C-Cor Electronics Inc., State College, Pa. [386] Power amplifier model 310L can provide over 10 watts of r-f power output from 250 khz to 110 Mhz. Its flat 50 db gain permits it to be driven to its full power output by all signal and sweep generators . Applications are in antenna testing, transmitter design, laser modulation and rfi/ emi testing. Electronic Navigation Industries Inc., Main St. East, Rochester, N.Y. [3871 Plug-in power supplies series J feature an isolation factor of 10,000 megohms with l pf maximum capacitance. They are for use with medical instruments, machine tool controls, strain gauge bridges, and transducers. Series includes both single and dual d-c outputs at 10, 12, and 15 v and 50, 100 and 200 ma. Semiconductor Circuits Inc., Merrimac St., Woburn, Mass. [3881 Electronics I February 16, 1970 Hugle Industries offers unequalledcapacity and performance in silicon epitaxial reactors. . · . · . · . . · . Fulfill y_our silicon epitaxial production requirements with Hugle Industries VERTICAL BARREL REACTORS. The Hugle Industries Vertical Barrel Reactor has the proven combination of high production rates and close tolerances required for modern semiconductor operations. UNIFORMITY The unique flow pattern of the Hugle Industries Vertical Barrel Reactor has provided remarkably uniform silicon epitaxial deposits. In evaluation tests for a leading semiconductor manufacturer at the Hugle Industries Applications Laboratory, the reactor pictured above produced silicon epitaxial deposits with better than 3% average thickness deviation at 7 microns and better than 12% average resistivity variation at 11 ohm-cm on a full 40 wafer susceptor load. FEATURES The Hugle Industries Vertical Barrel Reactor incorporates several unique features such as D Reactor Con- trol Unit which permits virtually 100% time utilization of the generator and programmer through its unique pre-purge and post-purge system D Water-cooled stainless steel shell which absorbs 100% of the radiated energy, thus reducing the air conditioning requirements to less than 25% of competitive units D Injection Block System which provides rapid gas change, low maintenance, and independent vent/deposit capability for each flow- llne D A newly updated Real Time Auto- matic Program Controller which permits program changes in any time interval without affecting the remaining time in- tervals. CAPACITY Each susceptor of the Hugle Industries Vertical Barrel Reactor will hold 40 two-inch wafers in outward facing pockets designed for easy wafer removal. With automatic pre-purging and post-purging of N, and H, programmed by the Hugle Industries Reactor Control Unit, a dual barrel system is capable of 120 two-inch wafers per hour with a 15 minute deposition time. This high capacity Is available with only 75 KW of 10 KHz power. No additional air conditioning is required because the entire deposition system Is contained within a watercooled stainless steel bell-jar. Make an appointment! Bring your samples to the Hugle Industries Applications Laboratory for demonstration on our Vertical Barrel and Horizontal Epitaxial Reactors. 750 North Pastoria Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94086, (408) 738-1700. Other Hugle Industries products include D Diffusion Doping Systems D Model 100 Infrared Microscope D Model 1350 Ultrasonic Wire Bonder D Model 1400 Beam Lead Bonder D Model 2100 Universal Assembly Machine D Model 2000 Flip Chip Bonder D Die Attachers D Fully Automated Assembly Lines. Hugle Industries, Inc. Electronics \ February 16, 1970 First In ael'llce to aemlconductor manufacturers Circle 171 on reader service card 171 How Small is Big Enough? tu re ssis Mount Resistors NEW from SAGE! PROBLEM: To produce, for aerospace application, outboard resistive components for use with hybrid and/or integrated circuits which combine minimum size with maximum efficiency and reliability; also to provide mounting ease and flexibility using component clips, clamps or high temperature epoxy bonding materials SOLUTION : The new Sage Ultra-Miniature Chassis Mount Resistors shown here! STYLE 8111: 7 WATIS CHASSIS MOUNTED-3.5 WATIS FREE AIR- LESS THAN 0.015 IN3 VOLUME STYLE 8112: 5 WATIS CHASSIS MOUNTED-2.5 WATIS FREE AIR- LESS THAN 0.009 IN3 VOLUME Part Length Width Height Standard Ranges Resistance 8111 0.430" ± 0.015" 0.156" ± 0.005" 0.165" Max . .05!l-13K!l 8112 0.305" ± 0.015" 0.156" ± 0.005" 0.165" Max. .05!l-6K!l ACCURACY: Tolerance to± 0.05% PERFORMANCE: Meet or exceed all applicable requirements of MIL-R-18546 Free air rating is based on maximum surface hot spot temperature of 275° C. Chassis mount power rating is based on maximum surface hot spot temperature of 150° C when mounted on 4" x 4" x 0.040" aluminum chassis. For complete engineering data on these new Sage achieve- ments in miniaturized electronic products, write ... SAGE ELECTRONICS CORP. · BOX 3926 ROCHESTER, N. Y. 14610 ·Phone: (716) S86-8010 Precision Power Resistors SAGE ELECTRONICS SUBSIDIARY Of GULTON INDUSTRIES, INC. 172 Circle 172 on reader service card Arranger. Instrument aligns mask and wafer for manufacture of !C's layers that are applied are the conductor wiring patterns and component parts such as collector and emitter junctions. As many as nine layers are used to build IC's·. In the Autolign process, a special recognition pattern is impressed on a small amount of silicon, typically less than 1%. This pattern serves as the registration mark and enables the machine to align each mask by scanning the marks and converting the information received from the scan into x, y, and angular error signals corresponding to cartesian and polar coordinates. The error signals drive servo motors which position the mask until the error is nulled and proper alignment is achieved. The first layer of the IC need not be positioned very precisely-it is not being aligned with respect to any other layers. On this layer are deposited, typically, 500 identical patterns which eventually will become part of the IC. In two of these 500 positions, special machine patterns are substituted. When the machine scans the next layer, it looks only for the two special patterns and disregards the other 498 patterns. When it recognizes the two patterns, it generates signals corresponding to their location. Once the pattern is recognized, it takes only a few seconds to align the mask to within 1 micron of its proper position. After the mask is aligned, the Autolign exposes the water to prepare it for the diffusiion and metalization processes; the wafer is withdrawn and a new one substituted; and the proces·s is repeated. Price of the Autolign 2686 is about $30,000. Kul·icke and Soffa, PLP Division, 135 Commerce Drive, Fort Washington, Pa. [389] Electronics I February 16, 1970 Servo Motors ~~""'~-~«':J~,"iiY.,'d~l!l~f:)':N~,. '\f'~ When it comes to Components ~ and Avionic Assemblies f ~u ~tt'l~ tlt! Electronics I February 16, 1970 We have it or we'll make it From the most basic rotating components to complex avionic assemblies, you can depend on Clifton quality, versatility and variety. In synchros, what do you need in the way of accuracy, size, type, temperature, radiation or corrosion resistance, terminals or leads, double ended shafts, tandems, gyro pick-off or BuWeps types? We have everything! In servo motors (AC, DC or stepper) and sophisticated motor rate tachometers, Clifton is an acknowledged leader. In avionic assemblies, we use quality components coupled with creative design and offer sophisticated avionic systems, actuators, analog computers, simulators, switches, and indicators. Finally, in the solid state technologies which are in some cases replacing electromechanical assemblies, look to Clifton for the latest in A/D Converters, digital readouts, solid state servo repeaters. For a willing response to your inquiry, contact your Local Clifton Sales Office or (215) 9.Sl~t~T!leST~ rn 622-1000, Clifton Heights, Pa. Circle 173 on reader service card 173 Looking for a special power supply system? Acopian will ship it in just 9 days! When you're looking for a multiple-output power supply system, and you need it in a hurry, look no further. Acopian will design it, build it, test it, and ship it ... fully wired ... in just 9 days! Call 'hot line' 2 I 5-258-5441. Simply tell us the DC voltages and currents you need. We'll discuss-on the phone-the power modules, the panel size, accessories such as meters, terminations, test jacks, rotary switches or any other feature you feel is important. Then-on the phone-we'll give you a firm price-and get the order going for guaranteed 9-day shipment. Others make promises. Acopian makes power supplies. Power modules in 3 days, and now power systems in 9 days. For immediate service, call 215258-5441. For literature, write Acopian Corporation, ~-··r Easton, Pa. 18042. Circle 174 on reader service card New instruments Counter line measures up to 500 Mhz Dana Laboratories enters manual-control market with 5 models; top-of-line has sensitivity of 500 microvolts, 10-nsec resolution Last summer, Dana Laboratories introduced its series 8100 automatic counters, designed for users who require more performance than a low-cost manual counter can offer, but don't need as much as the higher-cost automatic counters can supply. It was Dana's first entry into the counter business. Now the firm is invading the market for manual counters, too, with the in- troduction of five models in a series designated 8000. The aim is to offer instruments that compete with the lower-cost manual counters. The top-of-<theline model 8035 measures frequencies up to 500 megahertz, has a sensitivity of 500 microvolts and a time-interval resolution of 10 nanoseconds. Dana says that competing units measure up to 512 Mhz with a 10nsec time interval resolution, but their sensitivity is listed at 50 millivolts, significantly higher than the signals at which the Dana unit will trigger. In addition, Dana spokesmen say, the competing machines require two plug-ins to achieve the 10-nsec time interval resolution while also measuring up to 512 Mhz; the Dana model 8035 offers :p:: ',. Phase angle voltmeter model 210 adds flexibility to field testing . It measures a-c voltages from 3 mv to 300 v full scale, in the range 20 hz to 40,000 hz. It also splits total input voltage into inphase, quadrature, and fundamental voltage components, and measures phase angle between input and an arbitrary reference signal. North Atlantic Industries Inc., Plainview, N.Y. [361] Function generator model 743 provides low distortion sine, square, and triangular waves over a dial-controllable range reaching 2 megahertz, with an output of up to 20 v p-p from a SO-ohm source impedance. In the frequency-modulation mode it is possible to sweep from l hz to 4 Mhz. Clark-Hess Communication Research Corp., 43 W. 16th St., New York 10011 [3621 Audio-video phase meter model 3S2 has an extended low frequency response down to O.S hz with a high frequency response of 2 Mhz. A phase reference switch permits positive or negative phase measurements about 0° or 180° without phase discontinuities. Phase reading discrimination is 0.1°. Price is $1,190. Wiltron Co., 930 E. Meadow Dr., Palo Alto, Calif. [3631 Miniature transducers models 3120, 3-131, and 3-143 sense rectilinear displacements with an acc uracy of O.S%. They range in size from 3/ e to 3/4 in. o-d and have a life up to a million cycles and a resolution to 0.0006 in. Rugged and insensitive to shock and vibration, units are suited for military applications. Edcliff Instruments, 1711 S. Mountain Ave ., Monrovia, Calif. [364] ,,a Qn§~I · · 1 .. .d"76 & . Pulse generator model PB-3 is designed to test amplifiers, analog-digital converters, and multichannel pulse height analyzers. It offers ±Q.OOS% integral linearity, ±10 ppm/' C stability and operates at a repetition rate up to 100 khz. It features adjustable rise time from so nsec to 2 1tsec. Price is $1,lSO. Berkeley Nucleonics Corp., 1198 Tenth St., Berkeley, Calif. [365J Automatic circuit test set APS03 is for both production line and maintenance applications to reduce test labor costs by providing quick and accurate checks of cable conductors. Test ranges include l to 99 ohms for continuity checks, and 10 to 90 megohms at voltages to l ,SOO v d-c for hipot/ insulation resistance checks. TeleSciences Inc., Moorestown, N.J. [3661 Electronics I February 16, 1970 Variable d-c voltage standard model V-2000 features l !LV resolution and O.OOS% accuracy. Output range is up to ±11.1110 v in s decades. Front-mounted rotary switches control illuminated readout. A ±1 mv vernier switch aids range control. Output current of SO ma increases versatility. Price is $62S. Esterline Angus Division of Esterline Corp., Box 24000, Indianapolis 46224 [367J Digital multimeter model 262 is a complete test instrument with a basic d-c accuracy of 0.1 % of reading. Nineteen ranges are available to measure d-c volts, a-c volts, d-c current and ohms. All d-c ranges are autopolarity for in-circuit testing convenience. The small and lightweight unit is priced at $37S. United Systems Corp., 918 Woodley Rd., Dayton, Ohio 4S403 [368J 175 ... automatic-gain feature permits signal tracking .·. both features built in, and costs $3,095 vs. a price of $3,800 for two of the best known competitors in the industry. Dana models 8020 and 8030 also offer frequency measurement to 500 Mhz with a sensitivity of 500 µ.v. The 8020 sells for $2,295, and the 8030 has a price tag of $2,595. The lowest-cost Dana model is the 8010, a counter-timer that measures up to 120 Mhz with a timeinterval resolution of 100 nsec, sells for $1,495, and will compete with at least five other instruments. But Dana spokesmen claim its 50mv sensitivity is better than all but one of the competirtors, and its oscillator stability of three parts in 109 per day is better than three of the others and equal to that of the other two. Resolution. The model 8015 is the other Dana instrument that offers a The world's most un-diversified company manufactures a standard or custom size and type for every requirement. VACTEC, INC. 2423 Northline Ind. Blvd. Maryland Heights. Mo. 63043 Phone (314) 872-8300 Write for Bulletin PCD-4 describing Cds and CdSe cells; for photocell lamp or LED modules request Vactrol Bulletin SPV-4A for Se types; or see EBG under "Semiconductors" or EEM Sec. 3700. 176 Circle 176 on reader service card Accurate count. New series measures frequencies up to 500 Mhz. 10-nsec time-interval resolution, the same as its principal competitors. Dana's unit is rated at 120 Mhz. It has a sensitivity of 50 mv and includes a highly stable trigger amplifier. Dana is specifying a stability for this amplifier of 5% fullscale. The stability is achieved partly through the use of differenrtial amplifiers that are temperaturecompensated for low drift under changing temperature conditions, and partly by employing low-leakage clamp diodes on the input. The model 8015 :;ells for $2,095. An automatic gain feature on the three 500-Mhz machines allows them to track signals varying between 500 µ.V and 300 mv. Delivery takes 90 to 120 days after receipt of order. High-Freque.ncy Division, Dana Laboratories Inc., 2401 Campus Drive, Irvine, Calif. 92664 [369] I Electronics February 16, 1970 Winter on Colorado's front range? No . Winters on Colorado's Front Range of Science and Technology - the 150-mile span where the high plains meet the mountains - are dry, mild. sunny and warm. / What you are seeing here is 50 miles away. in the higher elevations of the Rocky Mountains . . . where " Ski Country. USA" is the world 's winter playground. It's something else. While skiers are on the slopes. there's shirtsleeve golf and tennis in Metro Denver and other Front Range com munities. There's more sunshine than most places. It's a great place to be. And that's part of the reason that IBM . Kodak. Honeywell. Western Electric. Martin Marietta. DENVER IN WINTER: WARM, DRY, SUNNY. HOW IS IT WHERE YOU'RE AT? Maximum Daily Temp. Averag e Average Mo. Prec 1p11 a11o n Average Pct. Avai lab le Sunshine October 66 .6 1.01 75 November 51 .6 . 69 66 December 45 .2 .47 68 January 42. 1 .55 73 February 44 .6 .69 71 March 49 .9 1.2 1 71 50.0' F 4.62 70 .6% Sourc e: National Weather Record Center. Ashvill e. North Carol ina Hewlett-Packard. Sundstrand . Litton. Monsanto. Beech Aircraft. Ball Corporation . Bell Telephone Laboratories. Gulf & Western. and other blue-chip companies are here. W RITE TODAY - There's a very pleasa nt economic cl im ate. too . If yo u are looki ng for a si ngle loca ti on fo r a new plan t site. research fac il ity, ad ministrative head qu arters. or distr ibuti on cen ter .. . or fo r a large unit tract of land . . . Forwa rd M etro .De nver wi ll give yo u complete informa ti on. Everythi ng in abso lute con fidence.Write M anager. Forward M etro Denver. Departmen t 264, 1301 Wel ton Street. Denver. Colorado 80204 . Pho ne: (303) 534-32 11. FORTVARD A-1-E T R O DENVER I Electronics February 16, 1970 Circle 177 on reader service card 177 New instruments Modulator combines with a synthesizer What makes low-cost Dia/ig_ht readouts sorfiliable and easy-to-read? Reliable because of simple module construction and long life lamps. Designed for use with neon or incandescent lamps to meet circuit voltage requirements. Easy-to-read from any viewing angle. 1" high characters are formed by unique patented light-gathering cells, and may be read from distances of 30 feet. Sharp contrast makes for easy viewing under high ambieflt lighting conditions. Dialight Readout Features 1. Operate at low power. 2. 6V AC-DC, 10V AC-DC, 14-16V AC-DC, 24-28V AC-DC, 150-160V DC or 110-125V AC. 3. Non-glare viewing windows in a choice of colors. 4. Available with RFl-EMI suppression screen. 5. Available with universal BCD to 7 line translator driver. 6. Can be used with integrated circuit decoder devices now universally available. 7. Caption modules available; each can display 6 messages. Send for catalog llUIEl!tllU. . Catalog-folder contains complete specifying and ordering data on numeric and caption modules, translator drivers, mounting accessories. Dial ight Corporation, 60 Stewart Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11237. Phone: (212) 497-7600. DIAL/GI-IT DT-126 178 Circle 178 on reader service card Unit for measurements in communications systems covers 10 khz-100 Mhz range For testing and calibrating highaccuracy communications equipment, you need a frequency synthesize, an a-m/f-m modulator, and an attenuator. The Rohde and Schwarz Co. thinks the most economical way to provide the required capabilities is to put all of these instruments in one packageas it does in its MSlOOM a-m/f-m signal generator. The unit delivers crystal-controlled frequencies from 10 kilohertz to 100 megahertz and permits both a-m and f-m operation. Frequency adjustment can be remotely programed, and sweep operation is possible. The MSlOOM supplies frequencies in 1-hz steps through eight decade switches. If output frequency is to be controlled by a program, the adjustment of all decade steps is connected by a common switch to the program lines of the eight multipoint connectors at the rear of the set. By simple contact closing, individual decades can be remotely controlled in the l-out-of-10 code via a common return circuit. Amplitude- and frequency-modulation of the output signal can be accomplished over the instrument's entire range. Output can ibe amplitude-modulated up to a maximum of 95%, and the percentage, continuously adjustable by a control knob, is indicated by a panel meter. The modulation signal is either fed from an external source with a frequency of 20 hz to 20 khz or is derived from an internal 1-khz generator. Simultaneously a-m and f-m is possible. The MSlOOM, which is expected to be used principally for narrowchannel measurement, is priced at $7,650. Rohde and Schwarz Co., 111 Lexington Ave., Passaic, N.J. 07055 [370] Circle 179 on reader service card+ R.M.S. VOLTS--the scale says-but what about the circuits behind that scale? All of us have been making rms readings of ac voltages for years. We know we have, it says so right on the front of the meter. If someone were to ask what we mean by rms voltage, we could quickly explain the concept of "root mean square." In the interest of accuracy we might add that the rms voltage indication on most meters is true only for a sinusoidal wave. Unfortunately, most measurements are not made on true sinusoidal waves. However, for many applications, average responding meters are adequate. But it would seem logical , where accuracy is important, to use a meter that measures true rms voltage no matter what the wave shape-a true rms voltmeter. Why isn't this done more often? Well, until recently, most true rms voltmeters were expensive, limited in capability and rather slow responding. Now Hewlett-Packard has adapted the thermocouple concept used in standard laboratories; added protective amplifiers to insure overload protection (800 V p-p); and reduced final-value step function response to less than 5 seconds. When you combine these features with a low price of $575, it adds up to the HP 3400A-the first practical true rms voltmeter for general use in the 10 Hz to 10 MHz range. .And, a high crest factor (ratio of peak to rms) allows you to measure noise and other non-sinusoidal wave forms at a ratio of 10:1 full scale or 100:1 at 10% of full scale. You get accurate noise and pulse measurements without having to make non-standard corrections. The 3400 isn 't just a fine true rms voltmeter-although that's plenty in itself. It can also be used as an ac I de converter and a current meter. Typical de output accuracy is 0.75%. of full scale from 50 Hz to 1 MHz. Use the HP 456A AC Current Probe ($250) and you get quick dependable current measurements. The 456A probe has a 1 mA to 1 mV conversion allowing direct readings up to 1 amp rms. So, if all your measurements aren't made on true sinusoidal wave shapes and if you like direct accurate rms voltage indication no matter what you're measuring, it's time to check into the HP 3400A true rms voltmeter. For more information, contact your local HP field engineer. Or, write to Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, California 94304. Europe: 1217 Meyrin-Geneva, .Switzerland. °"'"" j l HEWLETT PACKARD ANALOG VOLTMETERS APPLICATION c Class AB, B, & VHF Amplifiers DEVICE FlHU ENCY (11111) MODULATION POWEi OUT (WATIS) PDWEI IAIN (MIN. di) EFFICIENCY MIN. (%) Ti 2N5589 175 2N5590 175 2N5591 175 2N5641 175 2N5642 175 2N5643 175 FM 3 .0 8.2 FM 10.0 5.2 FM 25.0 4.4 FM 7.0 8 AM 5.0 Typ. FM 20 .0 8 AM 10.0 Typ. FM 40.0 7.5 AM 20.0 Typ. 50 200 50 200 50 200 60 200 60 200 60 200 v.. 13.6 13.6 13.6 28 13.6 28 13.6 28 13.6 CASE T0-71 T0-72 T0-72 T0-71 T0-72 T0-72 · Large signal specifications · Low inductance stripline packages ·Tantalum nitride emitter ballasting resistors These latest members of the growing famil.y of United Aircraft RF power transistors have beeh optimized for peak performance at 13.6 volts. Like the three models we introduced in November (see chart), these new devices-the 2N5589, 2N5590, and 2N5591-are designed for FM I VHF mobile communications equipment. Also available: 2N4429, 2N4430 and 2N4431 RF power transistors in stripline and hermetic packages. Our latest RF catalog lists data on these and other devices in our line including: 2N3553, 2N3632, 2N3866, 2N5090, 2N3375, 2N3733, 2N4440, 2N5016, 2N4428, and 2N4012. For RF power transistors for all VHF, UHF and microwave applications, write or call: Electronic United Components O·V·SONOF A®ircraft TREVOSE, PENNSYLVANIA Tel. 215-355-5000 TWX: 510-667-1717 West Coast Office : 128 E. Katella Ave., Orange, Calif. (714) 639-4030 DESIGNERS AND PRODUCERS OF· RF AND MICROWAVE TRANSISTORS ·CUSTOM HYBRID CIRCUITS· MONOLITHIC INTEGRATED 'CIRCUITS · SEMICONDUCTOR DICE 180 Circle 180 on reader service card Electronics I February 16, 1970 New semiconductors MOS memory is bipolar-compatible Static read-only unit of 1024 bits has typical a·ccess time of 500 nsec, can drive standard TIL and DTL circuits without additional components It's fairly routine for an MOS readonly memory to be oompatible with typical input/ output levels of bipolar logic circuits, but not so routine for an ROM to be compatible even with worst-case situations. That's the claim that Solitron Devices makes for its new ROM, designated model UC 6525/7525. It has an access time of 500 nanoseconds, and is directly compatible with bipolar circuits without the need for translators or external pull-on resistors. It can drive, or be driven from, standard series 54/74 transistor-transistor logic and series 830/930 diode-trans-istor logic circuits. With the addition of external resistors, most ROM's can handle bipolar output, but can't accommodate bipolar input logic levels, says Robert S. Goldin, man- ager of MOS products at Solitron's San Diego plant. Worst-case compatibility {logic 1 input 2.4 volts minimum, and logic 0 input 0.4 volt maximum) is achieved by optimization of a low threshold p-channel enhancement mode technology, according to Goldin. The threshold is held to between -1.4 volts and -2.2 volts. Process control parameters and Sense amplifiers series 7520 offer typical threshold voltage temperature coefficient of -15 JLV/' C over the full military range. Units are in wide use for design of core memories. They detect bipolar differential- input signals from core arrays and provide logic-level outputs for interfacing with TTL or DTL logic. Silicon General Inc., Bolsa Ave ., Westminster, Calif. [4361 Gallium arsenide i-r emitting diode FLO 100 is suited for use In conjunction with silicon photo sensors since their spectral peaks are closely matched. Forward voltage is 1.35 v; reverse voltage, 8.3 v; wavelength at peak, 9,000 angstroms; angle between half intensity points and peak axis, 65° . Fairchild Microwave and Optoelectronics, 2513 Charleston Rd., Mtn. View, Calif. [4371 Silicon rectifier series MHR can handle 300 amp surges at 100° C. Voltage ratings at 100-1,000 v piv are standard . Units meet or exceed requirements of Mil-Std202B method 103A and all other specifications of NEMA-EIA Class A2. Prices start at 23 cents each in 1,000 lot quantities for the MHRlOO. Micro Semiconductor Corp., 11250 Playa Court, Culver City, Calif. 90230 [4381 High-power light-emitting diodes series ME2 and ME5 are large area, gallium arsenide units with spectral emissions in the near infrared range peaking at 9,000 angstroms. At l ampere continuous input cu rrent they have a total radiated minimum output power of 10 mw from a 50-x-50mil emitting area. Monsanto Electronic Special Products, 10131 Bubb Rd., Cupertino, Calif. [4391 Low-cost varactor diodes with high Q, linear response and a spread of 5 to l at 3 to 30 v are for use in solid state tv tuners, instrumentation, and microwave circuits. The completely passivated devices provide superior mechanical shock resistance through solid junction-to-lead construction. Kollstan Semiconductors, 111 New York Ave., Westbury, N.Y. [4401 R-f power transistor type 2 N5016 is a silicon npn interdigitated device. It is capable of 15 w output power at an operating frequency of 400 Mhz. It can dissipate 30 w at case temperature of up to 50° C and has a saturated output power of 21 w. Price is $35.10 each in quantities of l to 99. Solitron Devices Inc., 1177 Blue Heron Blvd., Riviera Beach, Fla. 33404 [4411 Electronics I February 16, 1970 Silicon controlled rectifier called Astro-Pack, with a 48-mm pellet diameter, can supply up to 1,500 amps and up to 1,200 v. It offers 12T up to l million. It supplies up to 2,000 amps rms in an a-c switch in a water cooled configuration. Applications include motor controls and electromechanical power supplies. Power Semiconductors Inc., 90 Munson St., Devon, Conn. 06460 [4421 Fast recovery 100-ampere rectifiers series lOlKL and lOlKLR come in a D0-8 Rock-top package. Reverse recovery times are 1.5 JLsec and 2 JLsec with up to 100 amps at voltages from 400 to 1,300 v. Applications include inverters, phase-controlled SCR assemblies, and other areas requiring h-f fast recovery rectification. International Rectifier, El Segundo, Calif. [4431 181 SC-1 -69 Try me. Whether you build stacks or buy 'em... we'll show you how westinghouse Gold-Line rectifier assemblies yield more power per dollar. Send for the proof. After you've tried our assemblies, you'll ask yourself why you bother to build. · Because Westinghouse Gold-Line rectifier assemblies give you simplified design and standardization; fewer parts; bonus output amps. And you'll save on inventories, parts, labor, testing, rejects and down-ratings. What's more, we guarantee the current rating of Gold-Line rectifier pre-assembled pack· ages. They're compact in de- sign with a wide range of distinct current and voltage ratings and circuit configurations. Let us analyze your real costs, and prove that Westinghouse can save you money. But first write for our 54-300 catalog and our 54-021 price list. You'll see how our stacks stack up. Then you'll try us. Write Westinghouse Semiconductor Division, Youngwood, Pa. 15697. You can be sure ... if it's Westinghouse@ Westinghouse Industrial Semiconductor Distributors Alabama ACK Semiconductors, Inc. Birmin·gham · 205 322-0588 Electronic Wholesalers, Inc. Huntsville 205 534-5722 Arizona Hamilton Electro of Arizona Phoenix 602 272-2601 Kierulff Electronics Corp. Phoenix 602 273-7331 California Newark Electronics Inglewood 213 674-8440 Hamilton Electro Sales Los Angeles 213 870-7171 K-Tronics Los Angeles 213 685-5888 Elmar Elecronics, Inc. Mountain View 415 961-3611 Hamilton Electro Sales-North Mountain View 415 961-7000 Hamilton Electro of San Diego San Diego 714 279-2421 Colorado Electronic Parts Co. Denver Hamilton Denver Denver 303 266-3755 303 934-5508 Connecticut Cramer Electronics, Inc. North Haven 203 239-5641 Florida Cramer Electronics, Inc. Fort Lauderdale 305 566-7511 Electronic Wholesalers, Inc. Orlando 305 841-1550 Georgia Specialty Distributing Atlanta 404-873-2521 Illinois Semiconductor Specialists, Inc. Chicago 312 279-1000 Pace/ Avnet Electronics Schiller Park 312 678-6310 Indiana Fort Wayne Electronics Supply, Inc. Fort Wayne 210 742-4346 Ra-Dis-Co. Indianapolis 317 637-5571 Radio Distributing Co. South Bend 210 287-2911 Maryland Pyttronic Inc. Baltimore 301 727-5100 Hamilton Electro Sales Baltimore 301 796-5000 Cramer Electronics, Inc. Rockville 301 424-2700 Massachusetts Cramer Electronics, Inc. Newton Ctr . 617 969-7700 Schweber Electronics Waltham 617 891-8484 Michigan Semiconductor Specialists, Inc. Detroit 313 255-0300 Minnesota Semiconductor Specialists, Inc. Minneapolis 612 866-3434 Stark Electronic Supply Minneapolis 612 332-1325 Missouri Electronic Components for Industry Co. Kansas City 816 421-8400 Electronic Components for Industry Co. St. Louis 314 647-5505 Hall-Mark Electronics Corp. St. Louis 314 521-3800 New Jersey General Radio Supply Co., Inc. Camden 609 964-8560 Angus, Inc. Moorestown 609 235-1900 Sterling Electronics, Inc. Perth Amboy 201-HI 2-8000 New Mexico Kierulff Electronics Corp. Albuquerque 505 247-1055 New York Stack Industrial Electronics Binghamton 607 723-6326 Summit Distributors Buffalo 716 884-3450 Cramer/Eastern East Syracuse 315437-tl671 Schweber Electronics Long Island 516 334-7474 Mi lg ray Electronics, Inc . New York 212 989-1600 Ohio Sheridan Sales Cincinnati Sheridan Sales Cleveland Hughes-Peters, Inc. Columbus Mentronics, Inc. Mentor 513 761-5432 216 524-8120 614 294-5351 216 946-3058 Oklahoma Hall-Mark Electronics Corp. Tulsa 918 835-8458 Pennsylvania Cameradio Company Pittsburgh 412 391-4000 South Carolina Sawyer Electronics Corp. Greenville 803 235-0438 Texas Hall-Mark Electronics Corp. Dallas 214 231-6111 Midland Specialty Co. El Paso 912 533-9555 Hall-Mark Electronics Corp. Houston 713 781-6100 Lenert Company Houston 713 225-1465 The Altair Co. Richardson 214 231-5166 Washington Hamilton Electro Sales of the Pacific Northwest Seattle 206 624-5930 Kierulff Electronics Corp. Seattle 206 725-1550 West Virginia Charleston Electrical Supply Company Charleston 304 346-0321 Wisconsin Taylor Electric Company Milwaukee 414 964-4321 Canada Canadian Westinghouse Hamilton, Ontario 416 528-8811 European Headquarters Westinghouse Electric International , S.A. London , S.W. 1 Whitehall 2704 Westinghouse Semiconductor Division Youngwood, Pennsylvania 15697 Circle 183 on reader service card ... 4 types of word-bit organization offered ... other processing steps also "were held just a little tighter," he says. While the static ROM takes more power-240 milliwatts compared with as little as 80 mw for some dynamic ROM's-it also avoids the timing restrictions' imposed by externally generated clock inputs required for dynamic systems, according to Goldin. "You also have to consider the power consumed in the clock generations themselves; the power advantage is with the dynamic ROM only when a large number of memories is being used," he says. Takes the heat. Dynamic ROM's now on the market are temperaturelimited to a maximum of 85°C, and have outputs that are true only during specified clock-phase periods. In contrast, the static ROM Accommodating. MOS memory is compatible with bipolar logic. (UC 6525) built to meet military specifications has an operating temperature range of from -55°C to +125°C. Both ceramic dual-inline and rectangular flatpack 24lead configurations are available. Basic chip size is llO by ll3 mils. Four different memory organizations are offered, including 128 words by eight bits, 256 words by four bits, 512 words by two bits, and 1024 words by one bit. Word expansion is provided by four programable chip-select inputs, which can be specified by the buyer. Up to 16 ROM's of 128 words by eight bits each can be arranged in a wired-OR fashion to make a 2048word by eight-bit system that 183 Does H(BEEP) P(BEEP) really lose sleep over us? They would if they knew about the 1028. 184 Our new 1028 1s th e world's lowest priced 1s constant over the 1 Hz to 12.9 MHz frequency synthesizer. For $1990. 11 does range . The pnce 1s guaranteed to give virtual ly everything their $8000 model you-know-who insomnia . For specs on does . Frequency and amplitude are fully the 1028 Frequency Synthesizer. write : programmable. Sine wave and. . . Pac1f1c Measurements Inc .. square wave output may be 940 Industrial Avenue. used simultaneously. Five d191t frequency resolution I I I I I I@ Palo Alto. Cal1forn1a 94303. We gona be bener. PACIFIC MEASUREMENTS Circle 184 on reader service card doesn't require an external decoder. A one-time masking charge of $400 covers the cost of generating a gate oxide mask to meet a customer's program requirements. The minimum order is 15 pieces; the UC6525 Mil Spec version costs $103.50 in quantities under 25; $95.40 for under 100; and $82.00 for under 1,000. In the same lots, the uc7525 commercial model sells for $67.00; $56.25; and $47.75, respectively. Delivery time is four weeks. Solitron Devices Inc., 8888 Balboa Ave., San Diego, Calif. 92123 [444] New semiconductors Scratchpad memory is TTL-compatible 64-bit random access unit has 40-nsec access time; can be used as buffer Semiconductor memories for mainframe computer applications may be about a year away, but according to Dave Conrad, vice president of marketing at Computer Microtechnology Inc., there are many applications that can benefit now from a new semiconductor memory -the bipolar scratchpad. One of the newest scratchpads is CMI's model CM2100. The CM2100 is a 64-bit device organized in a 16-word by fourbit configuration. It can be used as a high-speed scratchpad memory40-nanosecond access time-or as a buffer memory. The buffer, or cache as IBM calls it, is a small, fast memory placed in front of the slower main memory. It's used to store information that the computer processor uses frequently. The total computer system looks faster than it really is because the buffer supplies its information at a much faster rate than the mainframe core memory [Electronics, Oct. 13, 1969, p. 105]. Another application for the CM2100 is in computer peripheral equipment and instrumentation. Conrad says that the "smart" ter- Circle 185 on reader service card ~ NOW... YOU CAN PUT THEM TO WORK IN MORE PLACES ,. , / ~ ;. / /' ·.. unit provides storage for peripheral devices ··· minal is becoming more popular and so are "smart" instruments. "The storage requirements of these devices are increasing and they are becoming intelligent systems." Memories larger than 64 bits can be set up by using the CM2100 as a building block Conrad says it's relatively easy because of the chipselect input and the fact that the outputs can be connected to make a wired-OR function. Total power dissipation for the CM2100 is 360 milliwatts, and it is compatible with diode-transistor and transistor-transistor logic- the outputs can drive 10 unit loads. In- DELTAFILM®LP88 POLYCARBONATE CAPACITORS now available with capacitance values up to 9 times higher! get the big advantages of metallized polycarbonate-film in smaller capacitors! · EXCEPTIONAL PERFORMANCE: Extended life characteristics. Very low temperature coefficient. High insulation resistance. Low dissipation factor (high Q). Excellent resistance to shock and vibration. maximum seal efficiency. Casing is nonconductive, fungus-proof, corrosionproof, and humidity resistant. ·OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE: -55 C to +125 C ·CAPACITANCE VALUES: from .027 to 50 µF. ·VOLTAGE RATINGS: 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 voe. · FUZ-ION SEALED®: Heat-shrinkable plastic case is fused to epoxy for · IDEAL FOR A-C AND D-C APPLICATIONS For complete technical clata, request Engineering Bulletin 154A by writing lo Dearborn Electronics, Inc., Box 530, Orlanclo, Fla. 32802. Electronics, inc. (a subsidiary of the Sprague Electric Company) FOREMOST IN l'ILM CAPACITORS 186 Circle 186 on reader service card Scratchpad. Semiconductor memory stores data until system needs it. put clamp diodes reduce line ringing to a minimum and input leakage current is 40 microamperes maximum. Other specifications include an output leakage current of 100 p.a; operating temperature range of 0° to 70°C; recovery time from chip enable input of 30 nsec; and a minimum write pulse width of 12 nsec. The package is a standard 16-pin ceramic dip. The 64-bit random-access device comes complete with address buffer, decoder, and write- and senseamplifl.er. Computer Microtechnology expects that the scratchpad memory will be used principally to buffer mainframe core memories and as storage for peripherals. Delivery time is one week after receipt of order. The memory costs $38.50 in quantities of 100. Computer Microtechnology Inc., 610 Pastoria, Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086 [445] Electronics I February 16, 1970 The Hickok digital measuring system has a big hole in it. It's designed that way. With one end always open. You buy only the Main Frame and a plug-in unit for whatever it is you want to measure. Volts, Capacitance, Frequency, Time. Whatever your project calls for. The plug-in determines the application. The Main Frame shows you the reading digitally. When you want to measure something else, ohms, for instance, you don't buy everything all over again. You buy just the individual ohmmeter and plug it into your Main Frame. That's the beauty of plug-ins. They bring the cost of digital readout down to where it should be. The system isn't obsolete when new plug-ins are developed. Just plug them in as they come. There's now a total of ten. For DC volts, events, period, frequency, ohms, time interval, capacitance, DC microvolts, AC volts and DC current. The system can also drive a digital printer. As well as a set-point controller. When the system's got a hole in it, it does a lot more than what you'd expect. In a smaller space and for a lot less money. Contact your Hickok distributor for more information and a demonstration or write us at 10514 Dupont Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44108. Overseas, write to Hughes Aircraft Company, International Sales, P.O. Box 92927, Los Angeles, California 90009, U.S.A. Electronics I February 16, 1970 Circle 187 on reader service card 187 New materials Epoxy bonds device, substrate fq) Loo~ing '.or a lit~le ~ack? ( ~ Hows this for size. Actual Size We've been making miniature jacks for over 10 years . But this new one is half again as small as any horizontal mounting type we've offered before. It accepts a 0.080" diameter tip plug on either end and has a maximum current capacity of 5 amperes. Operating voltage is 1500 volts RMS at sea level, 350 at 50,000 feet. Contact resistance is less than 2 milliohms. Capacitance between adjacent jacks is less than 1 pF at 1 MHz. Comes in 10 colors meeting Federal Standard #595. Johnson makes hundreds of different jacks and plugs ... and carries most of them in stock for immediate delivery. Or perhaps you have a unique need. Our engineers will work it out for you. Just give us a call. Meanwhile, return the coupon . E. F. JOHNSON COMPANY/3002 Tenth Ave. S.W./Waseca, Minnesota 56093 D Send me a sample of your new miniature jack and complete design details. D Send me information on your complet e connector line and other Johnson components. NAME TITLE FIRM ADDRESS ZIP l:UMPANY 188 Circle 188 on reader service card Fritz.Copper is a two-component, airdrying, copper-epoxy adhesive developing a tensile strength of 5,000-6,000 psi. Designed for hybrid IC's, it can be used to attach active devices to passive, metalized alumina substrates. Production quantities are available at approximately 60 cents per oz. Starnetics Co., 10639 Riverside, N. Hollywood, Calif. 91602 [341] Single-component, silver-fi'lled epoxy ink designated SS-570 serves as a conductive resin. The liquid material can be silk-screened directly onto matr·ix boards and ceramic wafers to provide conductive paths. It can also be sprayed or ·brushed on for shielding and grounding applications. It features low-temperature cure cycles (94° 'to 160°C), low resistivity (less than 0.01 ohm·cm) and up to 12-month shelf 'life. Sample 2-oz jars or syringes are availaable at $15. Rogers Corp., Rogers, Conn. 06263 [342] Two-component, silver-filled epoxy compound Epo-Tek H21 is designed for bonding of passive components and leadless inverted devices in hybrid circuit fa1brication. It ·is a 100% solids system with properties permitting rapid and reliable positioning of chip resistors, chip capacitors, leadless inverted devices, inductors and other devices. It ·can be used ·in the 300° to 400°C range for intermittent service, and will withstand continuous operating temperature of 250°C. Epoxy Technology Inc., 65 Grove St., Watertown, Mass. 02172 [343] Absorb-R is a series of flexi'ble foam sheet microwave absorbers designed to provide 'less than 1 % reflection, over a broad frequency range, occupying a minimum of space. Performance is relatively insensitive to polarization, or angle of incidence. Useful temperature range is -70° to +150°C. Custom Materials Inc., Alpha Industrial Park, Chelmsford, Mass. 01824 [344] I Electronics February 16, 1970 Heat-shrinkable, electrically-conductive tubing is constructed of spirally wound vacuum -metalized Mylar, and is ava ilable with inside diameters from 0.09 to 1 in., and in lengths of 36 in. An insulating layer of Mylar or other desired film can be wound on the inside of the conducting layer, on the outside, or both. Niemand Bros. Inc., 45-10 94th St. , Elmhurst, N.Y. 11373 [345] Silicone molding compounds MS2644, MS2646E and MS2647E are designed for use with transfer molding equipment to encapsulate semiconductors, resistors, capacitors and other electronic devices. Their fast cure suits them for use with multicavity molds where high production rates are required. Temperature range is -65 ° to +350 °C, with extreme resistance to thermal shock. Midsil Corp., Box 475, Emerson, N.J. 07630 [346] Single-crystal gallium phosphide is available in either Czochralski ingots (undoped or tellurium or sulfur doped), or dendrites grown from solution. The ingots are available in sizes ranging from 10-100 grams, sometimes larger. The dendrites measure from 5-12 mm· x approximately 1 mm thick. Single· crystal gallium phosphide is priced from $50-$100 per gram depending on sizes and quantity ordered . Atomergic Chemetals Co. , 584 Mineola Ave., Carle Place, N.Y. 11514 [347] Flexible electrical conductive coating called Polycomp 21-301 can provide shielding for substrates subject to flex· ural stresses, such as tubing and flatribbon cable. It also can serve as a gen· eral-purpose conductive coating with high impact resistance. It may be applied by brush, spray, or dip coating. The material is available in 3-oz. jars and 1-, 2-, and 5-lb cans. Polymer Com · posites, 1068 Clinton Ave., Irvington, N.J. 07111 [348] Precision gauged polyurethane film is available 18 and 36 in. wide in thicknesses of 0.010 to 0.030 in. in con tinuous length rolls. The film has all of the outstanding properties of thermoplastic polyurethane, including outstanding resistance to low temperatures, abrasion, cutting, weather, oils, fuels and most chemicals. It contains no plasticizers. Molded Products Co. , Easthampton, Mass. 01027 [349] High dielectric constant casting resin called Stycast HiK Castable can be cast in place into circuit modules, antenna cavities, transmission line components and other electrical/electronic devices. It is available in a wide range of dielectric constants and is extremely low in Joss. Dielectric constants from about 3 to 20 are available. Loss tangents are below 0 .002. Price is about $20 per pound depending on quantity ordered . Emerson & Cuming Inc., Canton, Mass. 02021 [350] I Electronics February 16, 1970 What happened when doctors and eng·ineers got together: Doctors told engineers how they were using electronics and revealed their most urgent needs. I Engineers described and demon- ! 1 l strated their newest equipment for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. And hinted at things l to come. ~ Their complete dialogue, with ! illustrations, makes pretty l informative reading on a vital and growing market. Here are some of the things it contains: ~ Iii Computers: How they're joining the medical team. What computers are doing in diagnosis. In communications. The small computer as a paramedical aid. Instrumentation: What's needed. What's available. Patient management. Protection. Standards and safety. Electronics in the Hospital: The surgeon, the hospital, the instruments. What the administrator wants. Prescription for large-scale health care.The surgery department. Electronics/Management Center 330 West 42nd Street New York, N.Y. 10036 D Enclosed is $12 for a copy of the Proceedings of the First National Conference on Electronics in Medicine. D Send the Proceedings and bill me later. P.O. # _ _ __ _ _ _ __ Name_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Company_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address________________ _ _ City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State_ _ _ Zip_ _ Circle 189 on reader service card 189 New Books Find itjast! in tlie FREE NEW 1970 Newark industrial electronic catalog A $9,000,000 INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC INVENTORY 720 PAGES· OVER 70,000 ITEMS; 500 MAJORLINES Immediate delivery from stock-factory OEM prices -fast efficient service from 11 Newark warehouses. One source for the products you need, in the quantities ':~~!--~-!-~ you need. For your free catalog write to: Main Office & Warehouse lIAilJJ]EWn'"RK CELOERCPTORROANTICIOSN 500 North Pulaski Chicago, Illinois 60624 (312) 638-4411 * WAREHOUSES IN Minneapolis. Minn. Los Angeles Area tit (612) 331-6350 (213) 678-0441 Cincinnati, Ohio Grand Rapids, Michigan · · (513) 421-5282 (616) 452-1411 · Denver, Colorado Dallas, Texas (303) 757-3351 (214) 271-2511 - Detroit, Michigan Houston, Texas tl- · (313) 548-0250 (713) 78 2 -4800 New York City · (212) 255-4600 190 Circle 190 on reader service card Magnetism and semiconductors Structure and Application of Galvanomagnetic Devices H. Weiss Pergamon Press, 362 pp., $18. Galvanomagnetism was an effect looking for an application up until recently. But now that semiconductor materials such as indium antimonide, indium arsenide, and indium phosphide are readily available, new uses for galvanomagnetism are continually being found. This book explores these applications at length, after explaining the basic physics of galvanomagnetic devices, their characteristics, and their design and fabrication. There are two galvanomagnetic effects: the Hall effect, in which a magnetic fleld induces a voltage in a semiconductor, and magnetoresistance, in which the resistance of the semiconductor depends on the magnetic field intensity. Both effects are being utilized in a variety of applications-measurement of magnetic fields, measurement of material properties, transducing, modulation, conversion of d-c to a-c, analog multiplication, and for such devices as isolators, gyrators, and circulators. About half of this book coyers such applications. The approach, however, is more satisfying than simple case histories because underlying principles are analyzed to indicate more general applications and pitfalls in reducing physical effects to practice. A section on contactless signal generation, for example, discusses ways of using the Hall effect to obtain information about the relative positions of two moving objects. Such diverse applications are described as a scheme for routing pneumatic-tube mail carriers and a method for automatically positioning car bodies for production-line operations. For all applications, the relation of the geometrical arrangement of Hall device and magnetic fleld to the nature of the output signal is discussed. Thus the equipment designer can select a geometry that will be most useful in his application-a sharply peaked, sin- gle-polarity electrical output, for example, or perhaps one that gives a large positive pulse preceded and followed by smaller negative pulses. Such factors as the required magnetic fleld intensity and temperature variations also are considered. Fitting machine to man Man-machine Simulation Models Arthur L Siegel and J. Jay Wolf Wiley-lnterscience, 177 pp., $9.95 During the past few years development of various systems of extraordinary size and complexity has been almost staggering. Included are airplanes that carry 500 people, spacecraft to carry men to the moon, systems for military offense on the national, as opposed to the battalion, level, and many others. Expensive as these have been, they have cost much less than they would have if designers had not learned to compute the systems' response to various stimuli before achrnlly build~ng them, and to alter design in line with simulation results. But after having built such systems, the designers occasionally discovered that their simulation had omitted an important factorthe shape, size, and behavior of the people who use the system. Recognizing this, the authors have undertaken to show how these factors can and should be included in a simulation. They describe models that include one or two operators, and those that include groups of people. They take into account two dozen or more factors that affect or are involved in human performance. For single operators they include such items as stress threshold and individuality factors; for groups they include capability of crosstraining for more than one specialty, morale threshold, pay level, and sickness. One-man examples described in detail include landing an airplane on an aircraft carrier and launching an air-to-air missile; two-man examples are in-flight refueling and I Electronics February 16, 1970 Hughes introduces the all-in-one aircraft-spotting, target-identifying, targettracking, tnissile-shooting, low-level navigating, and terrain-tnapping storage tube. How can one storage tube perform the combined duties of an observer, navigator and gunner in a jet fighter's cramped cockpit? The Hughes MultiMode TONOTRON* tube does because it's unique. One difference: selective erasure. Any portion of the image can be wiped out at will. The pilot has continuous viewing at maximum brightness. Stored information is retained without fading until new data are presented. And writethrough information can be provided in a non-stored presentation. Another difference: simultaneous presentation of new and stored information. Still another difference: high-resolution writing. And display tones are reversible without affecting contrast and resolution. See why we call it a newgeneration storage tube? Product advances like our Multi-Mode Tonotron help e?<plain why we're No. 1 in directview storage tube sales. Reliability is part of it, too. We've proved ours by building 14,000 Hughes guidance and control systems for jet fighters and missiles. And weather radar tubes for commercial aviation. We offer application engineering and system design assistance, in addition to advanced products. May we send you more information? Our all-in-one reference catalog describes the broad Hughes line of storage tubes, plus related systems. Write: Hughes, Vacuum Tube Products Division, 2020 Oceanside Blvd., Oceanside, California 92054. r------------------, I I : HUGHES: I I L------------------J H UG H E S AIRCRAFT COMPANY VACUUM TU·E P'RODUCT8 DIV. OCEAN8IDE0 CALl ..ORNIA *TONOTRON is a trademark of Hughes Aircraft Company Circle 191 on reader service card OPTICAL SCANNING ? Convert Your TV Camera (or ours) into a highly Versatile computer input device with the CVI model 321 Video Analyser! Sampling bandwidth compression allows convenient low rate digitization of wide band video signals with line or raster scanning, X-Y-Z point analysis, noise reduction, and other significant operations. cv ·I COLORADO VIDEO, INCORPORATED P 0 BOX 928 BOULDER , COLO. 80302 PHONE (303) 444-3972 Video Data Acquisition-Processing - Display - Transmission Circle 214 on reader service card SHIELDED BOXES with CARD GUIDES Rugged die-cast aluminum boxes, slotted to accept Kt circuit boards and shielding dividers. Excellent for packaging electronic circuitry. Boxes have removable top and bottom covers. Useable inside space : 4"x2"x1 V2". Several models with various connectors. Write for 1Q69 Catalog POMONA ELECTRONICS CO., INC. 1500 E. Ninth Street, Pomona, California 91766 192 Circle 192 on reader service card New Books intercepting an intruding aircraft. The group example is a nuclear submarine with ballistic missiles and its crew; a 22-page flow chart describes the submarine simulation. Readers who habitually skip prefaces will, in this case, fail to learn that the U.S. Navy paid for the research described in the book. But by the time they finish the examples, they should have guessed where the money came from. The book is interesting, but very impersonally written-it has too many passive verbs-and this is unfortunate, considering the personal factors which make up the subject matter. Sensor selections Handbook of Transducers for Electronic Measuring Systems Harry Norton Prentice-Hall Inc., 704 pp., $26.00 One of the most important requirements for any book designed to be used as a reference is organization -the reader must have information at his disposal quickly, and in an immediately recognizable format. Happily, organization is a strong point of this valuable reference. For example, the author devotes the first 100 pages to general descriptions of measuring systems and transducers, and then organizes the remaining 600 pages into 14 chapters broken down alphabetically according to what's being measured. Thus chapter 7 covers light, chapter 8, liquid level, and chapter 9, nuclear radiation. He also subdivides each chapter into sections covering basic concepts and methods of design, operation , calibration, and testing of various transducers and of special measuring devices. And he follows each chapter with two or three pages of bibliography. The book does have some shortcomings for those who will want to use it as a text as well as a reference. The chapter on sound, for instance, begins with three pages of definitions that are quite distracting. Most readers won't wonder what peak sound pressure or free-field normal incidence re- Electronics I February 16, 1970 sponse means until they encounter these terms in a paragraph. At that point, they'd tend to flip to the back for definitions. Otherwise, this chapter shares all the virtues of the book. It follows the definitions with a brief but adequate explanation of the physical laws of sound and of the basic measurement units. Then it describes the five types of sound transducers - capacitive, electromagnetic, inductive, piezoelectric, and reluctive-discusses the applications each w as designed for, and offers tips on selecting and calibrating the right transducer for a particular jab . Discussions are compact and informative-just right for the working engineer. Illustrations are ample and well done, as are the photographs. A bonus for anyone who ever had trouble remembering how to convert a temperature from one scale to another is the nine-page table showing the centigrade, F ahrenheit, Kelvin and Rankine equivalents from absolute zero (-495.7°F) to well over the melting point of tungsten (3,653°K). Appendices contain a discussion of units, a collection of symbols, and an 11-page glossary. lie t~ermistors VECO pro~uces Will suffer a lot of a~uses. ~ T~ey ~uic~ly ~eteat Any ~ro~lems of ~eat In Mil. &ln~ustrial uses. * Got a special thermistor application problem? Victory Engineering's complete lines of thermistor disks and rods are manufactured to meet or exceed MIL·T-23648 standards. Instant response coupled with precision measurement makes them ideal for temperature control uses, such as transistor circuitry. VECO produces positive and negative temperature coefficient thermistors in a wide range of body styles and resistance values. Every Victory thermistor is 0 I backed by a long-held reputation as the industry leader solely devoted to the research, development and manufacture of tern· perature and voltage sensitive components. *ENGINEERS ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT VECO LIMERICKS. BEST WILL RECEIVE A VECO THERMISTOR DESIGN KIT AND/OR HAVE LIMERICK APPEAR IN FUTURE ADVERTISING. VICTORY ENGINEERING CORPORATION VICTORY ROAD, SPRINGFIELD, NEW JERSEY 07081 · (201 ) 379-5900 ·TWX 7 10 -983 -4430 Ci rcle 215 on reader service card Recently Published Design of Resonant Piezoelectric De· vices, Richard Holland and E.P. EerNisse, MIT Press, $12.50 Emphasis of the book is on mathemat· ical techniques. Many of the discus· sions pertain to ferroelectric ceramic de· vices, the simplest device class to represent analytically. Matrix Analysis of Discontinuous Con· trol Systems, P.V. Bromberg, American Elsevier, $18.75 Aimed at graduate·level students, the book discusses the application of matrix algebra to the solution of linear differential and finite-difference equations with constant coefficients. Formal Languages and their Relation to Automata, John E. Hoperoft and Jeffery D. Ullman, Addison Wesley, $11.95 This volume covers concepts of a language, its finite representations and grammars as well as types of automata. It is intended for use in graduate-level courses. Electronics J February 16, 1970 UNBELIEVABLE ADHESIVE It's a fact: EASTMAN 910® Adhesive can form remarkably strong , long-lasting bonds between just about any materials you can think of - and do it with surprising speed, without the need for any mixing, heat, solvents, catalysts or more than contact pressure. Hard to believe? Find out for yourself what this unique adhesive can. do, and how it can help you cut assembly costs. Get your copy of the EASTMAN 910 Adhesive information kit by writing to Chemicals Division , EASTMAN CHEMICAL PRooucTs, INc., Kingsport, Tennessee. Circle 193 on reader service card 193 Technical Abstracts NEW! from DIGITAL STOP WATCH With data (BCD) output and resolution to .001 seconds! The series 200 models are available in a wide range of full scale values and resolutions. They feature easy-touse remote control provisions plus convenient front .panel controls. Standard models come equipped with either a precision internal oscillator or external 60 HZ time base. Design is such that the user can cascade multiple units. ·COMPACT ·LOW PRICE Part of a full line of elapsed time or time of day monitoring and display instruments made and marketed by Starmark Electronics. For further information, call Bob Rush or Bob Lynn (816) 931-7367. T.M. 3710 Main Street Kansas City, Missouri 64111 Sharing the tasks input address. Design of digital filters using readonly memories Allen D. Sypherd Autonetics division of North American As a multiple-input adder, consider a 1,024-bit ROM organized into 256 words of 4 bits. The eight = address bits (28 256) represent Rockwell Corp. Anaheim, Calif. the numbers to be added. The output will be the sum plus carries. Read-only memories have capabili- If the number of inputs to be ties that make them particularly summed is £ve or less, the read- suited to the addition, multiplica- tion, timing, and control functions needed to build digital filters. The one-word delay, also needed in digital filters, is more readily im- plemented with a shift register. Al- though these same functions can be performed by standard inte- grated circuits, the read-only mem- ory offers improved performance and versatility with reduced hard- ware. The digital £lter implements the transfer function representing any of a variety of analog filters. (See "Happy algorithm", Electron- ics, Dec. 22, 1969, p. 160.) Basi- cally, the analog transfer function is converted into discrete, or digi- tal, form using, for example, z- transform notation. Then, to ease design, the digital transfer function is converted, by partial fraction ex- pansion, into a sum of first-order z-transform terms: ' only memory is encoded to output the sum and three carries of an 8bit input, 3 bits of which are delayed carry-in bits. Using standard µitegrated circuits, such a multipleinput function would require seven full adders and six delay units. As a multiplier, the ROM can take on three different configurations: parallel-parallel for fixed coefficients; parallel-parallel for variable coefficients; and serial-parallel for slower-speed, m~nimum hardware, multiply-variable-coefficient applications. The ROM serial-parallel multiplier is probably the most interesting form. It can be used, for example, in applications where the multiplier is time-shared with multiple inputs and multiple outputs. A variable-pole £lter is a case in point. Time delay through such a filter is not critical, so .inputs can be switched into the filter, proc- n L ~: G(z) = 1 - z-1 essed and stored in a feedback register, circulated internally over and over again by the properly k=l timed switching of inputs and out- The z-term represents a oneword delay, done in a shift register. The R- and B-terms are coefficients, which more than likely have a different value at each discrete interval for each of the summed factors. In that event multiplication by variable coefficients would be called for, and this can be accomplished puts as needed to obtain the desired response, and switched to the output at the proper time. Different poles can be realized at each pass of the digital information within the ,filter by using a read-only memory coefficient store that modifies the serial-parallel ROM multiplier. Presented at NEC, Chicago, Dec. 8-10, 1969. in the read-only memory. The sum- mation of all the terms, from 1 through n, requires a multiple-in- Illuminating put adder, and a ROM can also carry out this task. Read-only memories perform A silicon-diode camera tube Thomas R. Kohler, Joze Kostelec Edward Stupp, Egans Rasmanis many types of tasks, such as code conversion, microprograming, function generation, and table lookup. Philips Laboratory; Amperex Electronic Corp. Briarcliff Manor N.Y.; s1·atersville R.'I. However, the operation is always A television camera tulbe u·sing an the same: an address is sent to the array of disicrete, reverse~biased ROM, and the output is a prepro- silicon dti:odes as the image sensing gramed word corresponding to the target shows significanlt improve- 194 Circle 194 on reader service card Electronics \ February 16, 1970 ments over current vidicon-type tubes for applioations in low-lightlevel tv and near-infrared tv. The silicon-camel'a tube has a wider s·pectral response .and higher quantum efficiency, and isn't damaged by brighit lights. The silicon tube differs from the Plumbiaon and conventional vidicons in that the sensing element is an away of planar diodes fabricated in a wafer of single-crystal silicon, instead of a deposited layer of lead oxide or antimony trisulfide. The array consists of a matrix of about 500,000 p-type islands diffused into n-itype silicon. The diodes are fabricated by plianar-silicon technology, and therefore, the surface between the diodes is passivated with a thermally grown silicon-dioxide layer. This oxide also serves to prevent the electron beam from striking the n-type subst11ate. To prevent the silicon-dioxide insulator from excessively ch1arging negatively (and therefore preventing the beam from landing properly on the diodes), a resistive sea is deposited over the whole surface. This resistive layer is critidal tio the tube's opel'ation since it mus't be low enough to prevent excessive surface charging yet be high enough to prevent resvlution deterioration arising from conductivity between the diodes. The photolithographic process for forming the diode pattern on the wafer consists of coating the surface of an oxidized wafer with a photoresist material, followed by the conventional photographic procedures. The exposure of the photosensitive film is generatly accomplished by exposure to ultraviolet lighit through a ph1otomask. The ph'otoresist is then developed, the oxide etched, andthe resist s·tripped off. Then the p-n junctions are formed by boron diffusion. Boron is diffused through the windows in the oxide, which were opened in the photolithographic pmcess. Subsequent to this diffusion , the imaging area of the wafer is thinned to the desired thickness. The n+ layer for reducing smface recombin1ation is then formed by phos- Electronics I February 16, 1970 Pert Mag, the PERMAG girl, says: "Handling ' is ehore·less with Magnets!" And Permag has just the right magnet for your material handling problem. Permag offers permanent magnets, assemblies, electrical alloys, flexible · magnets, soft magnetic materials and ferrites. Also, special p recision grinding and cutting. And full magnetizing and engineering fac ili ties. Distributor of Gordos Reed Switches. PERMAG SIERRA CORP. 3721 HAVEN AVENUE . MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA 94025 · (415 ) 369·0303 PER MAG PACIFIC CORP. 5441WEST104th ST., LOS ANGELES . CALIF. 90045·(213 ) 776-5656 ·T WX (910] 328-6547 PERMAG SOUTHWEST CORP. 2720 TAYLOR STREET. DALLAS. TEXAS 75226 · (2 14) 748-6909 PERMAG CENTRAL CORP. 1213 ESTES AVE .. ELK GROVE VILLAGE , ILL. 60007·(312 ) 956·114D PERMAG MAGNETICS CORP. (formerly EMPIRE MAGNETICS)3130 SOUTH AVE., TOLEDO. OHIO 43609·(419 ) 385-4621 PERMAG NORTHEAST CORP. 50 THAYER ROAD, WALTHAM, MASSACHUSETTS 02154 · 16171484-0550 PER MAG CORP. 88-06 VAN WYCK EXPRESSWAY , JAMAICA. N.Y. 11418· (212) 657-1818 ·TWX [710] 582·2952 Circle 216 on reader service card This announcement is neither an offer to sell nor the solicitation of an offer to buy any of these securities. The offering is made only by the Prospectus. 320,000 Shares Wang Laboratories, Inc. Common Stock (S.50 Par Value) · Price $43.25 per Share Copies of the Prospectus may be obtained in any Stace only from such of the several underwriters as may lawfully offer the securities in such State. White, Weld & Co. Blyth & Co., Inc. Tucker, Anthony& R.L.Day Eastman Dillon, Union Securities & Co. Goldman, Sachs & Co. Kidder, Peabody &Co. Incorporated Salomon Brothers & Hutzler Stone & Webster Securities Corporation Glore Forgan Staats Incorporated Lehman Brothers Smith, Barney & Co. Incorporated Wertheim & Co. January 28. 1970 Circle 195 on reader service card 195 NEW PACKAGING STANDARD FOR RADIAL LEAD COMPONENTS · . .- . .-. -· If you've been looking for packaging mination and stand-off feet for PC improvement in radial lead compo- mounting to allow solder fillet fornents, here is an answer to your pro- mation and flush cleaning of flux blem ....An expanded family of radial residues after leads are soldered. lead component encapsulation shells Precision molding assures consistenavailable from Robison Electronics. cy of size and appearance throughout Produced from glass-filled Diallyl the range of shells. Perfect for packPhthalate, these shells range in size aging resistors, capacitors, inductors, from .100 Wide x .250 Long x .250 and other miniature components. Deep to 1.200 Wide x 2.400 Long x Available from stock or within 2 1.350 Deep. All shells in this family weeks ARO. Contact factory for incorporate two holes for lead ter- complete information. ~ ROBISON ELECTRONICS, INC. 2134 W. Rosecrans Ave., Gardena, Calif. 90249, ph. (213) 321-0080, 327-5661 Circle 217 on reader service card PRECISION ,-------, I I I FREE ~ I SAMPLES ~ I T~I An accurate, compact, battery operated source of DC Millivoltages suitable for general calibration and testing. SPECIFICATIONS: · Full Scale Output Voltage: Resolution 0 to ± 1000 mv full scale ... < 1 mv 0 to ± 100 mv full scale ... < 0.1 mv Ota ± 10mvfullscale ... < 10 µ v ·Open Circuit Accuracy: 0.20'/. + drift · Open Circuit Linearity: 0.1 % Open Circuit Stability: 0.5 % max. from turn on, 0.1 % max. per 8 hours in continuous operation after 2-haur warm-up, 0.25 '/. max. per 1 week I in continuous operation. · Output Impedance: 0 to 100 ohms maximum (derived from drop across a 100 ohm ten turn potentiometer.) DM MONROE ELECTRONICS. INC. E'3 >+--5- V·~o-ST,I"-"' M-mow'O-.N ,, t-YwoR--lK 196 Circle 196 on reader service card ~I JW0I00M0i0 §jj11~I I I I I I I Yours - free for the asking - a trial sample packet of By-Buk time saving pressure sensitive printed wiring drafting aids. Discover the efficiency of this partner to faster, inore accurate artwork production. By-Buk offers thousands of ideas in printed wiring shapes, patterns and tapes. Individually die cut on quick release backing paper. Easy to apply. Available in e opaque black, transparent red and transparent blue. I I I I I I I I II See these cost savers for your- self. Send for your free samples, plus 20 page product line catalog. I I... BY-BUK COMPANY 0 4326 W. Pico Blvd. Los Angeles, Calif. 90019 (213) 937.3511 I I 6 ~-------" Circle 218 on reader service card Technical Abstracts phorus dliffusfon. Two films are deposited after another oxide etching is made to open the ooilltacts. One is an anti- refleotion coating which minimizes the reflection losses, and the other the is the resistive sea which com- pletely covers oxide surface and the diodes. The wafer is then tested and mounted in the tube s tru:oture. The silioon tube has promise in color tv applications. The speotl'al sens'itivity of the silicon tube is such that a much improved red response is possible over conven- tional tuibes. In theory, the silicon tuibe's response in the red channel is better than the XQ1023 Plumbi- con by a faotor of three. Sinice the luminance s·ignal is composed of signials from the red, green, and blue channels, an improved sign-al- to-noise ratio as wefil as bellter colbr reception is assured. The tube also m1akes an excellent receptor when co·herent sources such as lase11s are used as illuminators. Presented at NEC, Chicago, Dec. 8-10. Tv and the 3 R's Transmitting audio-visual ·information on f-m subcarriers Harold R. Walker Educasting Systems Inc. New York, N.Y. Standard television equipment operating at standard scan rates is used in a new educational-tv system in which video information is sampled and transmitted on f-m subcarriers at a reduce frame rate, conforming to any allowable bandwidth. The system was approved by the FCC for experimental use and was tested in Flint, Mich. The most difficult aspect of any slow-scan tv system is synchronization of camera and receiver. In this system, a local tv station with good area coverage is used as the unknowing helper. A receiver at the educational tv transmitter picks up the local high-energy vertical and horizontal pulses. These are used to gei:ierate the camera deflection voltages and drive the sampling circuits. Interlaced scanning is automatically provided to the lowcost camera used in the system. Horizontal pulses from the syn- Electronics I February 16, 1970 Opportunities for CIRCUIT DESIGNERS Expanding activity on long-range programs and advanced projects has created many stimulating growth-assignments for Circuit Designers at Hughes. Some of our most urgent requirements exist in the following areas: · Development of high-power airborne radar transmitters, the design of which involves the use of the most advanced components · Design of low-noise radar receivers using parametric amplifiers and other advanced microwave components ·Design of digital radar signal processing subsystem circuits, including range and speed trackers, doppler filter banks and a variety of display circuits · Design of high-efficiency power supplies for airborne and space electronic systems · Development of telemetering and command circuits for space vehicles and communications satellites Requirements: an accredited Engineering degree, a minimum of two years of directly relatable experience and U.S. citizenship. For immediate consideration, please airmail your resume to : MR. ROBERT A. MARTIN Head of Employment Hughes Aerospace Divisions Dept. 54 11940 W. Jefferson Blvd. Culver City, Calif. 90230 r------------------, I I I HUGHES I IL __________________ JI HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY AEROSPACE DIVISIONS An equal opportunity employer-M & F I Electronics February 16, 1970 Technical Abstracts chronizing receiver are applied to a sawtooth generator in the transmitter. Then an emitter follower reduces loading on a bypass capacitor and drives an operational amplifier. Vertical pulses are applied to a digital countdown circuit whose output generates another sawtooth. This second waveform may be 266 to 152 times slower than the vertical scan rate. The two sawtooth waveforms are compared in an operational amplifier and used to generate a 0.2-microsecond pulse when coincidence occurs. This pulse samples the video signal from the camera; it is held by a boxcar detector for 63 µ.sec until the next sample is received. The output of the boxcar detector is filtered and delayed so that the video emerges as a 7,875hertz sine wave with amplitude modulation. This is the signal sent to the receiver. The receiver has similar circuits to generate the sampling pulse, and because of the positive synchronization, the sample pulse will appear at the receiver at the transmitter. The video is delayed by 63 µ.sec, one horizontal line, causing the displayed data to appear one scan line lower on the screen. Because of the slow scan rateone picture occurs every 8-10 seconds-some storage method is necessary. A tv camera with an r-f output views the receiver with its normal P4 phosphor-both are placed in a light-tight box. The output of the vidicon-in this case a Westinghouse Permacon-is fed to ordinary receivers in classrooms. "Educasting" uses a special purpose f-m/f-m multiplexer with four subcarrier channels centered at 23.375, 55.125, and 70.875 kilohertz. The upper two channels are used for voice. The fact that synchronization pulses are not carried with the video allows the use of two clear sound channels. The synchronization information, obtained from the local tv station, is transmitted at 39.375 khz and tone bursts used to erase the images are carried at 23.625 khz. A single-side band system could have been used advantageously had the FCC allowed it. Presented at NEC, Chicago, Dec. 8-10, 1969. Circle 197 on reader service card-+ Circle 220 on reader service card m1l1 ry THE LEADER in power conversion designs for every application. Off-the-shelf, custom-tailored or complete power systems ... economy with high reliability . Our applications engineers will be happy to assist you . Phone, write or use inquiry card in this magazine. rn SPECIAL PRODUCTS - Data Systems Division · Litton Industries 9001 Fullbright Ave., Chatsworth, Calif. 91311 OVER 1,000,000 SIZES MILITARY CASES COMBINATION · TRANSIT · INSTRUMENT MIL·T-945A, T·4734, T·21200, STD-108, C·4150 Complete services are offered to repackage and manufacture your discrete circuit in hybrid thick film form or manufacture your thick film design in production quantities. Printed and fired thick film circuits feature: · Miniaturization · High Reliability · Low Cost Fast turn around prototype capability allows quick evaluation of your requirement. Astro-Space Laboratories, Inc. @ 110 Wynn Drive, N.W. / Huntsville, Alabama 35806 205/ 837-5830 198 Circle 198 on reader service card Choose from over 1,000,000 variations in dimensions, proportions, metals, finishes, and custom accessories. Whatever your need, the MM (multi-measure) method gives you high production savings even on custom runs as low as 25 units. Send your print or requirements. Manufacturers representatives in all major cities. SEND FOR FREE CATALOG & DIMENSION SPECIFICATION SHEETS. -"·mm ELECTRONIC ENCLOSURES, Inc. 111 Bloomingdale Rd ., Hicksville, N.Y. 11801 · 516.935 ·9400 Circle 221 on reader service card New Literature Indicator selection. Dialight Corp., 60 Stewart Ave., Brooklyn, N.Y. 11237, announces a 56-page product selector guide that aids in the selection and pro· curement of more than a million and a half indicator lights, readouts, and illuminated push-button switches. Circle 446 on reader service card. Power supplies. Trygon Electronics Inc., 111 Pleasant Ave., Roosevelt, L.I., N.Y. 11575, has published a 16-page new product supplement to its power supply handbook 269. [447] Operational amplifiers. Torque Systems Inc., 225 Crescent St., Waltham, Mass. 02154, has available data sheets and application notes on the PA-100 series of high performance operational amplifiers. [448] Tachometers. Dynalco Corp., 4107 N.E. 6th Ave., Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 33308. Short-form data sheet Dynaform 1 describes the various electronic tachometer types and their main applications and characteristics. [449] Logic assemblies. Cambridge Thermionic Corp., 445 Concord Ave., Cambridge, Mass. 02138, offers a con· densed catalog describing new TTL and analog circuit assemblies that have been added to its inventory of logic cards. [450] Portable strip printer. Dataline Inc., 181 South ·Boro Line Rd., King of Prussia, Pa. 19406. Bulletin 100 describes the model 5064 portable strip printer, a digital impact unit that can be incorporated into data communications systems to provide hard-copy readout. [451] Data set. Tel-Tech Corp., 9170 Brookville Rd., Silver Spring, Md. 20910. Data set TT-201, a compact modem compati· ble with the 1Bell 201 and very low in price, is described in a four-page folder. [452] disk-type thermistors contains 34 fullpage graphs showing resistance-temperature curves and tabulated charts, enabling determination of the resistance value of any unit at specific temperatures. [455] Rotary pulse generators. Trump-Ross Industrial Controls Inc., 265 Boston Rd., N. Billerica, Mass. 01862. A sixpage shortform catalog describes TRUROta rotary pulse generators. [456] Connectors. Dale Electronics Inc., P.O. Box 609, Columbus, Neb. 68601, has published a 48-page catalog listing its full line of connectors. [457] Torque motor guide. Aeroflex Laboratories Inc., South Service Rd., Plainview, N.Y. 11803, has available a comprehensive guide to its line of brushless d-c torque motors, d-c moving coil torque motors, d-c tachometers, d-c torquer/ tachometers, and d-c torquer amplifiers. [458] Thick-film resistors. Cermetrics Inc., 113 E. 16th St., New York 10003. Bulletin CM351 provides specifications on a series of ultrahigh value thick-film resistors, ranging up to 1,000 megohms. [459] Lighted pushbutton switches. Arrow· Hart Inc., 103 Hawthorn St., Hartford, Conn. 06106, has prepared a 12-page catalog section describing the Adapt-a· Switch line of lighted pushbutton switches. f460] · Plastic thyristors. Transitron Electronic Corp., 168 Albion St., Wakefield, Mass. 01880, has available a 24-page reliability report on plastic encapsulated thy· ristors. [461] Epoxy molding compc)unds. Rogers Corp., Rogers, Conn. 06263, has published data sheets on mineral-filled, en· capsulation grade epoxy molding com· pounds RX2200 and RX2210. [462] Resistor networks. Vishay Resistor Products, 63 Lincoln Highway, Melvern, Pa. 19355. An application engineering bulletin describes 2- and 4-element resistor networks that can be used to extend the performance of amplifiers, voltage dividers, and R-2R ladder net· works. [453] Power converters. Arnold Magnetics Corp., 11264 Playa Court, Culver City, Calif. 90230, offers a four-page condensed catalog describing the featun~s. specifications, modifications, and a mounting dimensions for line of mini- ature and subminiature power conversion equipment. '[454] Thermistors. Keystone Carbon Co., St. Marys, Pa. 15857. A 56-page catalog on Tape heads. Nortronics Co., 8101 Tenth Ave. North, Minneapolis 55427. A 24· page catalog presents detailed specifying information about a comprehensive line of magnetic heads for audio, mastering, duplicating, instrumentation, and minidigital applications. [463] Precision potentiometer. Beckman In· struments Inc., 2500 Harbor Blvd., Fullerton, Calif. 92634. A two-page catalog sheet describes the series 7620 servo · mount precision ·potentiometer. {464] Ratio meter system. Weinschel Engineering, Gaithersburg, Md. 20760. An application note describes a ratio meter system for making accurate, broad· band, r-f swept-frequency microwave parameter measurements. [465] Electronics I February 16, 1970 Circle 199 on reader service card-+ The Material of Unlimited Uses ... SOLDERING "UNSOLDERABLES" . . . is but one of the thousands of uses for advanced low-meltingtemperature alloys such as Cerroseal®35. Cerroseal 35 melts between 238 ° and 260° F., and can be used with ordinary soldering techniques. When soldered with this versatile alloy, "toughies" such as glass-to-metal, ceramic-to-metal and metal-to-metal'seals stay tight even in a deep vacuum. Other Cerro® Alloys, including specials made to your individual specs, are perfect for joining ultra-delicate parts like integrated circuits which cannot be heat-sinked during soldering. Low-temperature soldering as cool as 117° F. can also be accomplished with certain Cerro Alloys. For detailed information contact Cerro Alloy Dept., Cerro Copper & Brass Company, Bellefonte, Pa. 16823 ... (814) 355-4712. In Europe, contact Mining & Chemical Products Ltd., Alperton, Wembley, Middlesex, England. New Literature Digital counter multipliers. High Frequency Engineering Co., 2626 Frontage Rd., Mountain View, Calif. 94040, offers a specification sheet describing a line of three solid state pre-scalers designed to extend the frequency capability of existing digital counters. [466] Pressure sensitive transistors. Stow Laboratories Inc., Hudson, Mass. 01749. The combination of physical sensing and transistor characteristics of the Pitran pressure sensitive transistor is described in an eight-page brochure. [467] . Vitreous enamel resistors. Sprague Elec· tric Co., 35 Marshall St., North Adams, Mass. 01247. Bulletins 7400C and 7410E contain updated technical infor· mation on Blue Jacket vitreous enamel resistors. [468] Wire strippers. Ideal Industries Inc., 5180 Becker Pl., Sycamore, .Ill. 60178. A full line of hand and bench mounted wire stri'ppers is illustrated and described in an eight-page brochure. [469] . Torque measurement. Waters Mfg. Inc., Wayland, Mass. 01778. Precision torque measuring instruments are illustrated and described in a 10-page brochure. [470]' Pulse modulators. Bertan Associates Inc., 15 Newtown Rd., Plainview, N.Y. 11803. High-power pulse modulators that are fully solid state and computercontrollable are described in technical bulletin 6901. [471] Voltage standard. Esterline Angus Divi· sion of Esterline Corp., Box 24000, Indianapolis 46224. A variable d·c voltage standard is described in a two-color catalog sheet. [472] Audio equalizers. Melcor Electronics Corp., 1750 New Highway, Farmingdale, N.Y. 11735, offers a six-page catalog covering a complete line of audio equalizers. [473] Polycrystalline materials. Aremco Prod· ucts Inc., P.O. 'Box 145, Briarcliff Manor, N.Y. 10510, has available product bulletin 537 describing high purity polycrystalline materials. [474] Instrumentation. Honeywell Test Instruments Division, P.O. Box 5227, Denver, Colo. 80217. Catalog D-2000 illustrates and describes a line of electronic test and measuring instruments. [475] Motors, gearmotors, converters. Carter Motor Co., 2711 W. George St., Chicago 60618. Bulletin 969 illustrates and describes a line of motors and gearmotors, and d·c to a-c conve·rters. [476] Communications equipment and systems. Racal Communications Inc., 8440 200 Circle 200 on reader service card EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES PERSONALIZED (not computerized) SERVICE O~E knowlodg!>ahln, C'thlcnl. SN'\·loe-moth·a1<'tl con sultant ts more -valuable to the Job--SO('k!ng electronic f'ng1nf'.er than a. comrmt<"r and 87 atftllatcd Bgf'nel~9. EIJI)('clally whrn bis srrvlce Is nation- wide a.nd employer ree pa.Id. You write. I'll rc~nd. Then you declde. JOSEPH P. CORCORAN Peroonnel Conoultanh 5058 Germantown Plko. Lafayette Hiii , Pa. 19444 215/825- 084~8..:======= .ADDBBSS BOZ NO. BBPLIBS TO: BotJ1No. Claaai(led .Adv. Dept. of tM· publ<cat{on. Send to ofJlo. neareat 11011. NBW YORK, N. Y. 10016: P. 0 . Bo· 11 OHIOA.GO, Ill. 60611: 641 N. Mkhlgan A.11e. SAN FB.ANOISCO, Cal. 9,111: JIS OaHfornla St. POSITION VACANT Wanted----Electrlcal or electronics engineer with five or more years experien·ce needed to teach in the area of elec~ronics technotogy. .A!pplicant must ·have B.S. degree (M.S. preferred). Salary commensurate wiith qualifications. Excellent future. Send .resume to: Dr. A . A. Paloumpis, Dean ·of Instruction, Illinois Central Ool,leg<!, P . O. Box 2400, East Peoria, Illinois 61611. EMPLOYMENT SERVICE Resume Gulde - Authentic writing Instructions. clear, examples: $2. Executive Resumes, Box 246EL, Montclair, N.J. 07042. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY Capital Contacts-Before you try Public or Pri-.nate Placements Ito Underwritel'IS. Inve·stment Banking House:s, write for !helpful information to Confidential Consultant 817 - 51st St., Brooklyn, N.Y. CLASSIFIED ADVERT.ISING f~~~~~l0~~o~r!~~E~ION USED OR SURPLUS EQUIPMENT LARGEST INVENTORY OF U.S. MILITARY RADARS IN THE WORLD TRACKING-SEARCH-AIRBORNE ( ~ ....·. WRIT~~°.;l~E~~~~~~~~LOG \ i1 INSTRUMENT CO. . . 45 W. 45th ST ., N.Y., N.Y . 10036 '--- 212-586-4691 CIRCLE 967 ON READER SERVICE CARD Sold I "Pleose discontinue our od in "Seorch· light" as we have sold the equipment through this advertising." Can "Searchlight" Serve You? I Electronics February 16, 1970 THE CHILLER Cold . Calculating. Mechanically refrigerated. Yet, at times, warm . .. even hot. Called by those who know .. .Tenney Jr. Inside 11/4 cu . ft. of emptiness waiting for you and yours. Get it. Sit it on your bench-top . Watch it pull down from ambient 75 °F to -120 °F in 55 minutes. Or, if heat is your hang-up, watch it zoom to + 350°F in 35 minutes. Either way with ±1/4 °f control and no RFI. Write or call us about Tenney Jr. today. We ' ll see that you get yours. T Jr: $1080 - Available immediately from stock. Also ask about the Tenney SST, only $890. 1090 Sprlngfleld Rd., Union, New Jersey 07083 · (201) 686-7870 Western Division: 15721 Texaco St., Paramount, Calif. 90723 eoe Circle 222 on reader service card SWITCH/INDICATORS Super-compact 5 & 15 amp models. Alternate or momentary action. Push-on , push-off power switch mounts in a 3/s" hole on centers as close as H " (5 amp model) and B" (15 amp). Minimum life: 100,000 cycles. Independent, isolated incandescent lamp (neon optional). Match other TEC-LITE indicators for panel design harmony. Switch contact rating: 5 or 15 amps at 115 VAC, 60 Hz or 28 voe resis- tive. Available in 14 lens colors. As low as $3.85 in quantities of 100 - 499. For more information on PBL-PBS switches or our complete line of display/control products and systems - write : TEC, Incorporated, 6700 So. Washington Avenue, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55343. (612) 941-1100. INCORPORATEO Circle 223 on reader service card The Changing Interface Medium and large scale integration are slated to have major impact on the electronics industry. The effects are already being felt - not only on systems and component design - but on fundamental, traditional relationships between equipment builders and component suppliers. Important trends that will affect your profession, your job, your company, are explored in LSI: THE CHANGING INTERFACE, a 100-page illustrated volume published by McGraw-Hill's Electronics/Management Center. In THE CHANGING INTERFACE, leading design engineers and managers, the men responsible for guiding their companies through the next generation of electronics, discuss the problems that LSl / MSI are stirring up - and offer their solutions. Here are some of the vital topics covered. Implications of LSI on the Electronics Market The Rationale for an In-House IC Capability The Component Maker's Responsibility vs. the System Builder's Responsibility Masks and Computer-Aided Design at the Interface The Testing Interface How IBM and Bell Laboratories Deal with the Interface Problem Controversies and Future Trends in LSI Copies of LSI: THE CHANGING INTERFACE are available now at $1 Oper copy. Fill in and return the coupon below. If you send a check now, we'll pay the cost of postage and handling. r--------------------------------------------------1 Electronics/ Management Center 330 West 42nd St. New York, N.Y. 10036 Attn . Mr. Wayne Cowart Please send copies of LSI : THE CHANGING INTERFACE at $10 per copy. Name·---~~----Title; _ _ _ _ _ __ Company _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Company Address_____________ City State_ _ _ _ __ O Check enclosed for O Bill me I O Bill Company, P.O. Number_ __ I I I I l--------------------------------------------------~I Circle 201 on reader service card 201 New Literature Second Ave., Silver Spring , Md. 20910. A short-form catalog provides specifica tions on a broad line of equipment such as receivers, panoramic adapters, frequency measuring systems, and manpack transceivers. [477] Digital computer. GRI Computer Corp., 76 Rowe St., Newton, Mass. 02166. A 12-page booklet provides complete information about the 909 digital computer, a direct function processor. [478] Operational amplifier. Analog Devices Inc., 221 Fifth St., Cambridge, Mass. 02142, has issued a fold -out data sheet giving description, specifications and application guidance for model 153 low drift, battery powered, differential operational amplifier. '[479] Coiled cords. Adirondack Wire & Cable Co., New Britain Ave., Farmington, Conn. 06032, has published an informative catalog giving specification data and prices for coiled cords in varying lengths. [480] Voice response. Voice Response Systems Inc., Six Westchester Plaza, Elmsford , N.Y. 10523. How to provide immediate dialog between man and computer with computer-generated real t ime voice response, is described in a four-page illustrated brochure. [481] Data sets. Rixon Electronics Inc., 2120 Industrial Parkway, Silver Spring, Md. 20904. Modem short form catalog No. 4 deals with data sets up to 9,600 bps over voice grade lines. [482] Electromechanical devices. Singer, Diehl division, Finderne Ave., Somerville, N.J. 08876. A 16-page catalog covers a broad range of precise electromechanical devices and equipment, and spans the product alphabet from a-c tachometers to vortex blowers. [483] Vacuum/coater systems. Norton Co., 160 Charlemont St., Newton, Mass. 02161. A 20-page illustrated brochure, written for those using vacuum deposition equipment, describes the N'RC31·17 vacuum/coater systems. [484] Digital signal processing. Computer Signal Processors Inc., 209 Middlesex Turnpike, Burlington, Mass. 01803, has available an eight-page brochure on the CSS-3 digital signal processing system. [485] Single cycle clutch. Automated Business Systems, 600 Washington Ave., Carlstadt, N.J. 07072, has available specification sheets on a single cycle clutch that simplifies paper tape/edge card punch and reader system interface. [486] Microwave products. American Electronic Laboratories Inc., P.O. Box 552, Lansdale, Pa. 19446. A catalog containing nearly 100 pages, color-coded for easy selection , provides detailed in· formation on a wide line of microwave products. [487] Semiconductors. Sprague Electric Co., 35 Marshall St., North Adams, Mass. 01247. Forty-page short form catalog WR-125A gives salient information on TTL and high-speed TTL IC's as well as compatible MSI IC arrays, linear IC's, thin-film hybrid circuits, transistors, transistor chips, and flatpack hermetic packages. [488] Thermometry. Doric Scientific Corp., 7969 Engineer Rd ., San Diego, Calif. 92111, offers a six-page report giving a comprehensive comparison of a popular system using a quartz thermometer with a system using platinum thermometers. [489] Laser data. Laser Diode Laboratories, 205 Forrest St., Metuchen, N.J. 08843. Gallium-arsenide laser diodes, diode 2 4 0 ·· Print your blessings. Count em. Code em. Time em. Add em. Cost em. Read em. Keep em. 202 Electronics I February 16, 1970 arrays, pulse generators, and d-c/d-c converters are detailed in a newly pu'blished data file. [490] Glass digital memories. Corning Glass Works, Raleigh, N.C. 27602. Application note No. 7 describes how low-cost, high -speed glass digital memories can be used economically in low-speed applications. [491] Digital multimeter. Dana Laboratories Inc., 2401 Campus Dr., Irvine, Calif_ 92664. Data sheet 958 describes the model 5700 digital voltmeter, a premium five-digit, with sixth-digit 10% overrange, instrument. [492] Test sockets- Robinson-Nugent Inc., 800 E. Eighth St., New Albany, Ind_ 47150. Catalog 0769 covers a line of test sockets for integrated circuits. [493] Modular power supplies. Analog Devices Inc., 221 Fifth St., Cambridge, Mass. 02142. A 12-page catalog presents specifications and applications on eight different modular d-c power and reference sources. [494] Control systems. Motorola Instrumentation and Control Inc., P.O. Box 5409, Phoenix, Ariz. 85010. Bulletin 203A de- scribes Veritrak electronic control instrumentation for industrial processes. [495] Mica paper capacitors. General Labora· tory Associates Inc., Norwich, N.Y. 13815, offers a brochure describing a line of custom, high temperature, mica paper capacitors. [496] Electrical impulse counters. KesslerEllis Products Co., 120 First Ave., Atlantic Highlands, N.J . 07716. Six-page catalog 1200 covers a complete line of electrical impulse counters, accessories, and drivers. [497] Regulated supplies. Quindar Electronics Inc., 60 Fadem Rd., Springfield, N.J. 07081. A four-page accessory specification sheet describes the company's selection of a-c/d-c and d-c/d-c regulated power supplies. [498] Resistive pastes. Electro-Science Laboratories Inc., 1133 Arch St., Philadelphia 19107, has issued a 16-page technical paper on thick-film resistor pastes for high performance use, and a four-page catalog on the series 3800 resistive pastes. [499] Power supply. California Electronic Mfg. Co., P.O. Box 555, Alamo, Calif. 94507. Data sheet 32 contains technical information on the model 222A dual ±15 v regulated power supply. [500] Reliability report. Unitrode Corp., 980 Pleasant St., Watertown, Mass 02172. Reliability report R-169 covers a line o'f fused-in-glass zener diodes, rectifiers and rectifier assemblies, thyristors, and microwave p-i-n diodes. [501] Rectangular connectors. Burndy Corp., Norwalk, Conn. 06852. Miniature rectangular connectors with crimp-removable contacts are featured in 24-page catalog MS-69. [502] Connectors. ITT Cannon Electric, Humboldt St., Los Angeles 90031, has available a catalog describing its line of Micro-D Mark II rugged and moisturesealed connectors. [503] Laser measurement guide. International Light Inc., Dexter Industrial Green, Newburyport, Mass. 01950. A brochure describes various aspects of laser power and energy measurement. [504] Neon lamps. Signalite Inc., Neptune, N.J. 07753. A 12-page technical brochure contains application ideas for neon glow lamps as circuit components and voltage regulators. [505] ' 3 .I A 2 I. 9 .7 F 3 8 It's hard to find an end to what our MULTl- you remote readouts of recording instruments. It PRINTERr"' can do. And no other does so much, prints on pressure-sensitive paper rolls or ticket so accurately and reliably. card forms-without smudges or ink splashes, For the record, a Multi-Printer gives you visual on as many as seven copies. and electrical readout of serial/parallel data In short, there's no typical application for our input from an electrical or electronic source. At Multi-Printer- just an uncommonly large number its heart is the decade, a 10 or 12-character of time and money saving uses. And since it's so magnetic printing device, complete with its own beautifully modular, we can build it with just the printed and electrical readout. And because our number of decades and symbol types you want. decades are made of quality glass fiber circuit For full details, write to Product Manager, ITT boards and solid steel frames, you can General Controls, 1838 Flower Street, depend on long-lasting and trouble- Glendale, Calif. 91201. International free performance. One Multi-Printer Telephone and Telegraph Corporation. can take up to 30 decades to spell out You can really count on our Multi-Printer. information with whatever symbols or characters you choose. It'll do your ticketing, billing, timing and production monitoring, or give ~" couNTERslTT ====-~- Electronics [ February 16, 1970 Circle 203 on reader service card 203 How to dodge 5 common design ruts with miniature reed relays DEEP RUTS: only 0.35" high, encapsulated, 1,2,4poles. Bulletin B/ 3124. ~ DAMAGING RUTS: sealed case protection at "open-type" cost. 9 internally shielded models. Bulletin B/ 3330. ~ WIRY RUTS: axial lead, molded types, f or point to point or P/ C wiring. 1-12 Form A contacts . Catalog C/ 3030. COSTLY RUTS: 9 low-cost open types, snap-on magnetic shields. Bulletin B/ 3113. NARROW RUTS: just .75 by .30 by .45" high, encapsulated, 1 Form A or 1 Form C contact. Bulletin B/ 3210. DETOUR ALL RUTS by letting Struthers-Dunn take your problem in tow. As one of the pioneers in reed relays, chances are we've already produced a special similar to your needs-in size, shielding, contact configuration, terminal arrangement, operating characteristics, and delivery. RUT-LEVELING DATA Check these numbers on Reader Service Card for any or all of the Bulletins. #320 Bulletin B/3124, Low-Profile types. #321 Bulletin B/ 3210, Subminiature types. #322 Bulletin B/3113, Open types. #323 Catalog C/ 3030, Axial lead types. #324 Bulletin B/ 3330, Plastic case types. STRUTHERS-DUNN, INC. PITMAN, NEW JERSEY 08071 Canada: Struthers- Dunn Relay Div. , Renfrew Electric Co., Ltd. 204 I Electronics February 16, 1970 Electronics advertisers February 16, 1970 Acopian Corp. 174 Mort Barish Associates Alco Electronics Products, Inc. 22, 197, 199 Marketronics Advertising Allen-Bradley Co. 25 Hoffman-York, Inc. Allied Van Lines, Inc. 169 Young & Rubicam, Inc. American Electronics, Inc. 206 Durel Advertising AMP, Inc. 18, 19 Aitkin-Kynett Co., Inc. o AMP Europe llE, 12E Allardyce, Palmer, Ltd. Andrew Corporation 68 Fensholt Adv., Inc. · A.P.I. Instruments 137 George Z. Griswold Advertising Applied Digital Data Systems, Inc. 64,65 Shaw Elliott, Inc. Astrodata, Inc. 53 Jansen Assoc., Inc. Astro Space Laboratories 198 Basinger and Sankey, Inc. · Augat, Inc. 133 Horton Church & Goff, Inc. · Beckman Instruments, Inc., Hellpot Div. 92 N.W. Ayer/Jorgensen/MacDonald, Inc. Bell Telephone Laboratories 51 N.W. Ayer & Sons, Inc. Bourns, Inc., Trimpot Div. 23 The Lester Co. Brand-Rex 140 Creamer, Trowbridge, Case & Basford, Inc Bulova Watch Co., Electronics Div. 52 Ca r oe Marketing, Inc. By-Buk Company 196 J. R. Bloome Co. · Captor Corp. 24 Weber, Geiger & Kalat, Inc. · Cerro Copper & Brass Co. 200 Sykes Adv., Inc. · Cinch Mfg. Co. 144 Stral Adv. Co., Inc. · Clifton Precision Products Co., Div. of Litton Industries 173 Ivey Adv., Inc. Colorado Video, Inc. 192 Wolff & Weir Computer Measurements Co., Div. of Newell Industries 135 Jones, Maher, Roberts, Inc. · o Cosmicar 16E o C.P. Clare International 9E o c.R.C. SE SPI · Curtis Instruments, Inc. 6 Knudsen-Moore, Inc. Data Control Systems 162 Technical, Industrial & Scientific Marketing, Inc. Dearborn Electronics, Inc., Sprague Electric Co. Div. 186 Harry P. Bridge Co. · Delevan Electronics Corp. 166 Stahlka, Faller & Klenk, Inc. Dlalight Corp. 178 Michel Cather, Inc. Dow Corning Corp. 134 Ketchum, Macleod and Grove, Inc. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Freon Div. 56 N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc. · Eagle Signal Div. of Gulf & Western Co. Feeley & Wheeler, Div. of Geyer, Oswald, Inc. Eastman Chemical Products, Inc. Fred W ittner Co. · Elco .Corp. Schaefer Adv., Inc. Electronic Arrays, Inc. Hal Lawrence, Inc. Electronics Network, The Ries Cappiello Colwell, Inc. Electro Products Laboratories, Inc., Transducer Div. Grant Wright & Baker, Inc. 155 193 17 89 86, 87 90 Electronics I February 16, 1970 E/ MC Electronics/Management Center 189, 201 Ries Cappiello Colwell, Inc. Erie Technological Products Co., Inc. 27 Walker, Schmidt & Mackall, Inc. Fabri-Tek Instruments, Inc. 161 Kerker Peterson, Inc. Fairchild-Dumont 151 Jo$ephson, Cuffari and Co. Fairchild Semiconductor, Inc. 28, 29, 80, 81, 82 Chiat Day, Inc. o Ferisol 17E Agence Domenach ·Fluke Mfg. Co., John 15 Bonfield Associates Forward Metro Denver 177 Broyles, Allebaugh & Davis, Inc. Gencom Division-Varian/Emf 160 A.O. Adams Adv., Inc. · General Electric Co., Capacitor and Battery Department 54, 55 Robert S. Cragin, Inc. General Electric Co., Semiconductor Products Div. 66, 67 Robert S. Cragin, Inc. o General Instrument Europe S.P.A. 18E Studio Cigiemme General Magnetics 8 McCarthy/ Scelba / DeBiasi Adv. Agcy., Inc. General Radio Co. 2nd Cover Horton, Church and Goff, Inc. · G-V Controls, Inc. M.S.D. Advertising Agency, Inc. · Hewlett Packard Colorado Springs Div. 78, 79 Tallant/ Yates Adv., Inc. · Hewlett Packard, Loveland Div. 30, 31. 179 Tallant/ Yates Adv., Inc. · Hewlett Packard, New Jersey Div. 164, 165 McCarthy Scelba and Di Biasi Adv. Agcy., Inc. · Hewlett ·Packard, Santa Clara Div. 1, 2 Lennen & Newell, Inc. · Hickok Electrical Instrument Co. 153, 187 Parsells Adv. Service Honeywell Computer Control Div. 32 Creamer, Trowbridge, Case & Basford, Inc. · Hughes Aircraft Co. 159,191, 197 Foote, Cone & Belding Hugle Industries, Inc. 171 Tom Jones Adv. & Packaging ITT General Controls MacManus, John & Adams, Inc. o l.E.R. PEMA 202, 203 22E Johnson Co., E.F. 188 Martin Williams Advertising Joslyn, Inc. 168 Chace Co. Adv., Inc. · Lambda Electronics Corp. 3rd Cover, 211, 212 Michel Cather, Inc. Litton Ind., Inc., Data Systems 198 o LTT 14E, 15E Publibel Macrodata, Inc. 91 Alden Adv. of Cal ifornia , Inc. Masinexport 207 Publicom Romanian International Publicity Agency Microdot, Inc. 185 Gumpertz, Bentley and Dolan Advertising · Microwave Cavity Laboratories Don Z. Advertising · MM Electronic Enclosures, Inc. Berin/ Pecor, Inc. Monroe Electronics, Inc. Ruda Adv. Assoc. Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc. Lane & Wampler Adv., Inc. o Multlcore Solders, Ltd. Jefferies Harper & Partners, Ltd. 75 198 196 60, 61 lOE · National Electronics, Inc., Sub. Varian Associates Connor-Sager Assoc., Inc. o National Semiconductor Corp. Hall Butler Blatherwick, Inc. Newark Electronics Corp. Stra I Adv. Co. 26 12, 13, 16E 190 ·Oak Mfg. Co., a Division of 0/E/N 207 Buchen Adv., Inc. Pacific Measurements, Inc. 184 Jack Herrick Adv., Inc. · Permag Corp. 195 Schneider, Allen, Walsh, Inc. Philco Ford Co., Microelectronics Div. 132 The Aitkin·Kynett Co., Inc. Phillps Electronics Instruments 107 Marsteller, Inc. o Philips N.V. Plt/Tml Division 2E Marsteller International S.A. Plrgo Electronics, Inc. 7 Herbert Lindauer Associates Pomona Electronics Co. 192 Buxton Adv. Agcy. Power Designs, Inc. 208 Samuel H. Goldstein Radiation, Inc. 47 W.M. Zemp and Assoc., Inc. Radio Corporation of America 4th Cover, 49, 76 77, 167 Al Paul Lefton Co. · RCL Electronics, Inc. 14 Morvay Adv. Agcy. Redcor Corp. 57 Management Communication Consultants, Inc. Robison Electronics 196 Rob's House of Marketing o Rohde & Schwarz 21E Sage Electronics Corp. 172 Mathison Adv., Inc. o Schlumberger Ltd., EMD 3E T.B. Browne, Ltd. o Schlumberger Ltd., SIS 5E T.B. Browne, Ltd. Signetlcs Corp., Sub. Corning Glass Works 131 Cunningham & Walsh, Inc. Singer Co., The Instrumentation Div. 108 Technical, Industrial and Scientific Marketing, Inc. o Sogle 6E Etudes et Creations Publicitalre o Solartron Electronics Group, Ltd. 4E T.B. Browne, Ltd. o S.P. Elettronlca 7E Studio Sergio Rosata Sperry Rand Corp., Sperry Microwave Electronics Div. 158 Neals & Hickok, Inc. Starmark Electronics, Inc. 194 Martin Fromm and Assoc., Inc. Struthers Dunn, Inc. 204 Harry P. Bridge Co. Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., Electronic Components Group 35 to 42 Doyle Dane Bernbach, Inc. Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., Parts Div. 85 Doyle Dane Bernbach, Inc. 205 NE EW Tec, Inc. Stevenson and Assoc., Inc. · Tektronix, Inc. Dawson, Inc. Tenney . Engineering, Inc. Keyes Martin & Co. Texas Instruments Incorporated, Components Group Albert Frank·Guenther Law, Inc. · Texscan Corp. MacGill/Ross, Inc. Tl Supply Company Albert Frank-Guenther Law, Inc. Transitron Electronic Corp. Larcom Randall Adv., Inc. TRW Semiconductors, Inc. Fuller & Smith & Ross, Inc. 58,201 125 201 20,21 16 10, 11 88 59 United Aircraft Electronic Components 180 Cunningham & Walsh, Inc. · Vactec, Inc. 176 Coleman and Associates · Victory Engineering Corp. 193 A.O. Adams Adv., Inc. Size 9 and 13 Permanent Magnet DC Motors at New, Low Prices Wavetek 156 Chapman Michetti Advertising Westinghouse Semiconductor Div. 182, 193 Ketchum, Macleod and Grove, Inc. White, S.S., Div., Penwalt Corp. 138 W.L. Towne Co., Inc. White Weld & Co. 195 Doremus & Company Winchester Electronics, Div. of Litton Industries 139 Wilson, Haight & Welch, Inc. Xerox Corporation 136 Hutchins Adv. Co., Inc. Now, automatic production equipment allows American Electronics, Inc. to reduce the prices of Size 9 and 13 permanent magnet de motors by 40%. And every AEI de motor still has precision ball bearings, a dynamically balanced armature, long lasting brushes and powerful Alnico V magnets. These motors are available with ratings from 0.8 ounce-inch and from 4,000 to 20,000 RPM. Accessories tailored to fit your application. Circle the Reader Service number now, and we'll send you our short form catalog and our Design and Applications booklet. Or call today for prices. Phone (714) 8713020. TWX 910-592-1256. AE.~ AMERICAN ELECTRONICS INC. 1600 East Valencia Drive Fullerton, California 92634 Classified & Employment Advertising F.J. Eberle, Manager 212-971-2557 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 200 Joseph P. Corcoran, Personnel Consultants 200 EQUIPMENT (Used or Surplus New) For Sale Radio Research Instrument Co. . . . . . . . . . 200 · For more Information on complete product line H· advertisement In th· latHt Elac· tronlca Buyer's Gulde a AdvertlHra In Elactronlca lntarnaUonal Electronics Buyers' Guide George F. Werner, Associate Publisher [212] 971-2310 Robert M. Denmead, Midwest Regional Manager [312] MO 4-5800 Cliff Montgomery, New York District Manager [212] 971·3793 Regina Hera, Directory Manager [212] 971·2544 Thomas M. Egan, Production Manager [212] 971-3140 Carol Gallagher, Assistant Production Manager [212] 971·2045 Circulation Department lsaaca Siegel, Manager [212] 971-6057 Research Department David Strassler, Manager [212] 971-6058 206 Circle 206 on reader service card Advertising Sales Staff Dan McMillan Ill [212] 971-3468 Associate Publisher Wallis Clarke [212] 971·2187 Advertising Sales Service Manager Tomlinson Howland [212] 971-6792 Promotion Manager Warren H. Gardner [212] 971-3139 Eastern Advertising Sales Manager Atlanta, Ga. 30309: Charleton H. Calhoun, Ill 1375 Peachtree St., N.E. [404] 892-2868 Boston, Mass. 02116: Wiiiiam S. Hodgkinson [M61c7G]racwo-H2i-ii11B6u0ilding, Copley Square Cleveland, Ohio 44113: William J. Boyle, 55 Public Square, [216] SU 1-7000 New York, N.Y. 100315 500 Fifth Avenue James R. Pierce [212] 971·3615 John A. Garland [212] 971·3617 Michael J. Stoller [212] 971-3616 Phlladelphia, Pa. 19103: Jeffrey M. Preston 6 Penn Canter Plaza, [215] LO 8-6161 Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222: Jeffrey M. Preston, 4 Gateway Center [412] 391·1314 Rochester, N.Y. 14534: Wiiiiam J. Boyle, 9 Greylock Ridge, Pittsford, N.Y. [716] 586·5040 Donald R. Furth [312) MO 4·5800 Midwest Advertising Sales Managet" Chicago, Ill. 60611: Kenneth E. Nicklas Ralph Hanning 645 North Michigan Avenue, [312] MO 4·5800 Dallas, Texas 75201: Richard P. Poole, 1800 Republic National Bank Tower, [214] RI 7-9721 Houston, Texas 7702: Richard P. Poole 2270 Humble Bldg. [713] CA 4-8381 Detroit, Michigan 48226: Ralph Hanning, 856 Penobscot Building [313] 962-1793 Minneapolis, Minn. 55402: 1104 Northstar Center [612] 332·7425 St. Louis, Mo. 63105: Kenneth E. Nicklas, The Clayton Tower, 7751 Carondelet Ave. [314] PA 5-7285 James T. Hauptll [415) DO 2-4600 Western Advertising Sales Manager Denver, Colo. 80202: David M. Watson, Richard W. Carpenter Tower Bldg., 1700 Broadway [303] 266-3863 Los Angeles, Calif. 90017: Ian C. Hill, Bradley K. Jones, 1125 W. 6th St., [213) HU 2-5450 Portland, Ore. 97204: James T. Hauptli, Don Farris, 218 Mohawk Building, 222 S.W. Morrison Street, Phone [503) 223-5118 San Francisco, Calif. 94111: James T. Hauptli, Don Farris, 255 California Street, [415] DO 2-4600 Pierre Braude Tel: 727 73 01: Paris International Director Paris: Denis Jacob 17 Rue-Georges Bizet, 75 Paris 16, France Tel 727 33 42, 727 33 60 United Kingdom and Scandinavia London: Oliver Ball, Tel: Hyde Park 1451 34 Dover Street, London Wl Miian: Robert Saide!, Roberto Laurerl Jr. 1 via Baracchlnl Phone 86-90-656 Brussels: Denis Jacob 27 Rue Ducale Tel: 136503 Frankfurt/Main: Hans Haller Elsa-Brandstroem Str. 2 Phone 72 01 81 Geneva: Pierre Braude 1 rue du Temple Phone: 31 95 60 Tokyo: Noboru Matsumoto, McGraw-Hill Publications Overseas Corporation, Kasumlgasekl Building 2·5, 3·chome, Kasumlgasekl, Chlyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan [581] 9811 Osaka: Aklhiko Kamesaka, McGraw-Hiii Publications Overseas CorporatlonJ Kondo Bldg., 163, Umegae-cho Klta-ku [3o2] 8771 Austrlalasla: Warren E. Ball, IPO Box 5106, Tokyo, Japan Business Department Stephen R. Weiss, Manager [212] 971·2044 Thomas M. Egan, Production Manager [212] 971-3140 Maury D'Gongora, Assistant Production Manager [212] 971-2045 Dorothy Carmesln, Contracts and Billings [212] 971-2908 Frances Vallone, Reader Service Manager [212] 971-2865 Electronics I February 16, 1790 ELECTRONIC CONTROL e SYSTEMS DATA LOGGERS (manufactured under HOKUSHIN License -JAPAN) TRANSISTORIZED ACCURACY RELIABILITY LITTLE POWER CONSUMPTION EASY OPERATION EASY MAINTENANCE DESIGNED FOR INTEGRATED AUTOMATION GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS -Unified signal 2 ... 10, 4 ... 20, 0 ... 5, (Input-Output) 0 ... 10, 0 ... 20 mA etc. -Load resistance 0 ... 3 Kohms f -Ambient temperature -10° ... +60°c (for field instruments) -10°c ... +45°c (for panel instruments) -Power supply 200 or 220 V (+10 ... -15%) (A.C.or60c/s) ELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEMS INCLUDE: -Temperature transmitters with -thermoresistance (-200 ... +500°C) -thermocouples (0 ... + 1600°C) -radiation pyrometer (+600 ... +2000°C) -Pressure transmitters with -bourdon tube (0 ... 350 kgf/cm2) -capsule (0 ... 1 kgf/cm2) -bellows (0 ... 1000 mm Hg) -Differential pressure transmitters with -bell (0 ... 100 mm H20) -bellows (0 ... 400 mm H20) -bellows (0 ... 35000 mm H20) -Area type flow transmitters: 0, 24 ... 54, 94 m3/h -Electromagnetic flow .transmitters: 0, 41 ... 1770 m3/h -Displacement type liquid level transmitters: 0 ... 2000 mm -pH transmitters: 0 ... 12 pH -Water quality psyhrometer, mol. ratio concentration transmitters -Miniature indicators -120 and 250 mm scale one and two point recorders -Multipoint (2, 3, 6, 12) recorders -Calculators and accessories: square root extractors, multipliers, dividers, adders· subtracters setters, program setter, integrators, signal limiters, manual control stations etc. -Controllers -(Pl·PID) with and without indicators -Multipoint on·off controllers -Relay amplifiers MASIN EXPORT Bucharest Matei Millo 7 Cables: MASEXPORT- Bucharest Telex: 216 Circle 243 on reader service card Now! One new exclusive switch replaces seven You can easily eliminate tedious design engineering problems-just use versatile Multidex®switches. They're available in thousands of variations ...are smaller than the switches they replace ... yet provide more contacts (up to 36) at no additional cost. Cris12 Detenting ... the patented Unidexr· detent offers uniform "feel" for long life in choices from 10° to 36° throw. Meets MIL-5-3786, SR32 requirements. ~erb Insulation ... molded diallyl phthalate meets MIL-M-14 requirements and guarantees electrical continuity between mounting and housing. Glass-alkyd insulation available on request. ~Qecial contacts and cli12s ... Oak-pioneered, double-wiping, self-cleaning contacts assure trouble-free operation. Special AF clips with large windows speed wiring. What's more, Multidex switches meet commercial and military environmental requirements. Special options available on request. For full details, write today for Bulletin SP-324. ...___L--_, OAK MANUFACTURING CO. A Division of OAK ELECTRO / NETICS CCiITTi Crystal Lake, llhnois 60014 - PHONE: 815-459-5000 TWX: 910-634-3353 Circle 207 on reader service card 207 ~Ed] PRECISION 1N MIN.IATURE REMOTE CONTROLLED HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SOURCE - DANGER t\ UPMD-530N $385.00 Negative output polarity UPMD-530P $4.20.00 Positive output polarity Output Remotely resistance programmed over a 200 to 3000 VDC range at lOma. No high voltage potentials at programming terminals (15V maJC) Stability: 0.01 % Ripple & Noise: lOmv p-p Reg1,1lation: 0.0025% +5mv T.C.: 50 ppm/°C Size: 6h x 41hw x 71hd Ideally suited for Photomultiplier, small CRT display, Electron Microscope, Mass Spectrometer, Electron Probe and Ion Probe Applications. WR ITE FOR DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS PD W .E A DES I G NS, 3391 MIRANDA AVE,· PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA 4115-321-8111 TWX: 910-373-12151 I 1700 SHAMES _ORIV 1518-333-8800 T 208 Circle 208 on reader service card fob westbury, n.y. Electronics I February 16, 1970 Here~ the first l·C regulated bench power supply tog1· veyou 0·10 volts at1amp for $75.00 Also available 0-20, 0-40, 0-120 vdc Regulation line 0.01 % + 1mv load 4 mv Ripple and noise 250 µ.v rms; 1 mv p-to-p All silicon DC power supply using integrated circuits to provide regulation system except for input and output capacitors, rectifiers and series regulation transistors Multi-position operation lies flat or stands erect AC input 105-132 vac 47-440 Hz (Current ratings based on 57-63 Hz.) Weight less than 5 lbs. Output 5-way binding posts Ambient operating temperature 0-50°C Temperature coefficient 0.015% + 300µ.v/°C Adjustable current limiting 0% to 110% of rating Storage temperature -40° C to +B5°C Convection cooled/ Die-cast aluminum construction No overshoot on turn-on, turn-off or power failure Controls coarse voltage adjust, fine voltage adjust, current adjust, ON / OFF switch, meter function switch. lr.dis:ators- power ON light and dual-function meter Overvoltage protection available as an option up to 70 vdc LC-OV-10 adj. volt range 3-24 vdc $20.00 LC-OV-11 adj. volt range 3-47 vdc $20.00 LC-OV-12 adj . volt range 3-70 vdc $25 .00 Guaranteed for 5 years material and labor LL series bench-type supply So/a " x 5 Yl" x 3%" Model ADJ. VOLT RANGE voe CURRENT RANGE ( I) Price <'> LL-901 0-10 0-1.0 amp $75 LL-902 0-20 0-0.65 amp 85 LL-903 0-40 0-0.35 amp 85 LL-905 0-120 0-65 ma 99 NOTES : (1) Consult factory for operation at 50 Hz or temperatures above 50°C. Ratings apply 0-50 °C. (2) All prices F.O.B. Melville, N. Y. Lambda Electronics Corp.,515 Broad Hollow Road, Melville, L. I., New York 11746 ·Tel. 516-694-4200. Electronics I February 16, 1970 Circle 211 on reader service card 211 Two instruments in one. High-precision differential voltmeter and high-precision power supply. With this plug-in { it becomes a high precision power differential voltmeter 1l With this plug-in · 1} 1 it becomes a metered high precision power supply JZ Features of the high-precision, power, differential voltmeter: Draw power as you measure voltage ··· The first and only differential voltmeter to furnish high stabi lity power output while being used as a voltmeter .. . no need for a separate power supply. Plus all power supply specifications. Features of the metered, high-precision power source: Regulation 0.0005 % plus 100 µ.V best of any high-stability power supply in this price range. Ripple 35 µ.v rms; l 00 µ.v p-to-p. + Accuracy 0.01% lmv. 2 Meters monitor voltage and current simultaneo usly and continuously. Illuminated digital readout Remotely programable l 000 ohms/volt nominal, or volt/volt Constant voltage/constant current Multi-current-rated for 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C Only 5"!1.a" high convenient half-rack size for rack or bench use. + Stability 0.001 % l 00 µ.v over 8 hour period. Convection-cooled no blowers, no external heat sinks. Auto series/auto parallel with Master-Slave tracking. AC input l 05- l 32VAC, 47-440 Hz (derate de output current l 0% at 50 Hz) 205-265vac " V" option at extra charge of l 0 % . Twice the power in a convenient lf2-rack package. All silicon semiconductors for maximum reliability. Completely protected short- circu it proof; continuously adjustable current limiting. Fungus-proofing option add suffix " R" to model number and add $20.00 to price. 212 Basic Non· Metered Model LS-511A LS-512A LS-513A LS-515A LS-516A VOLTAGE RANGE 0-10VDC 0-20VDC 0-40VDC 0-120VDC 0-250VDC MAX. AMPS AT AMBIENT ·Of C' > 3o· c 4o · c so · c so · c 2.BA 2.SA 2.1A 1.7A 1.BA 1.6A 1.3A 1.1A 1.0A 0.9A 0.75A 0.6A 0.33A 0.29A 0.25A 0.21A 0.1A 0.09A 0.0BA 0.07A Metered Accessory Oiff. VM Accessory Over Volt. Protect. Adj. V. Price 2 Moilel Price 2 Moilel Price 2 Moilel Range Price $375 LS-FM1 $55 LS-OM1 $85 LHOV-4 3-24 $35 375 LS-FM2 55 LS-OM2 85 LHOV-4 3-24 35 375 LS-FM3 375 LS-FMS 55 LS-OM3 55 LS-OMS 85 LHOV-5 3-47 35 85 380 LS-FM& 55 LS-OM& 85 NOTES : 1. Current rating applies over entire voltage range . Ratings based on 55-65 Hz operation. Derate current 10'/o fo r 50 Hz. 2. This price is for non-metered Precision Power Source . Add ition of Metered Accessory Plug-In (next two columns) is necessary to have Metered High Precis ion Power Supply. Addition of Differential Voltmeter Acces sory Plug-In to the bas ic model is necessary for the un it to function as a High Precision Differential Voltmeter. Lambda Electronics Corp. 515 Broad Hollow Road, Melville, L. I., New York 11746. Tel. 516-694-4200. Circle 212 on reader service card Electronics I February 16, 1970 To geta high-cun-ent power supply with 80% efficiency ...get Lambda's LB Series. Convection-cooled 7-inch panel Only 10 mv ripple, up to 300 volts; up to 300 amps. Up to 80 % efficiency Low ripple 10 mv rms max. Regulation + line .05% 6 mv. + load .01 % lOmv. AC input 208 ± 10% vac: 57-63 Hz, 3 phase 4 wire. All silicon semiconductors for maximum reliability Convection cooled no blowers, no external heat sinks Overvoltage protection standard on all models up to 70 vdc Remotely programable Remote sensing Transformer designed to MIL-T-27C Grade 6 Completely protected Short circu it proof. Continuously adjustable automatic current limiting. Constant voltage/constant current by automatic crossover Temperature coefficient + 0.03% 0.5 mv/ °C Series/parallel operation Fungus proofing option Add suffix "R" to model number and add $25.00 to price. Multi-current-rated ·- e . ' I.· LB Series, metered, full-rack Model LB-701-FM-OV LB-702 - F M - O V LB-703-FM - OV LB-704-FM-OV LB-705-FM LB -706-FM VOLTAGE RANGE 0-7. 5 0-15 0-36 0-60 0-125 0-30 0 CURRENT (AMPS) AT AMBIENT OF: CIJ 4o· c 5o· c so· c 11 ° c 300 270 235 200 180 170 160 150 80 75 70 65 50 47 44 40 25 22 19 16 10 9.5 9.0 8.0 Price C2) $1,450 1,450 1,200 1,300 1,100 1,250 NOTES: (1) Current rating applies over entire voltage range. (2) Prices include meters. LB Series models are not available without meters . Prices for all models up to and including 60 vdc include built-in overvoltage protection. Prices and specifications are subject to change without notice. (3) Chassis Slides : Add suffix (·CS) to model number and add $100 .00 to price. Lambda has over 10,000 power supply units on-the-shelf for 1-day delivery. Every one fully guaranteed for5years ... material and labor. ~· . k"m ·. · s~ ·, ::: !:-,- -; I , : ·_:;~ :~ t"~: ~: . -~ _ I : ~ . ELECTRONICS CORP. A <ecompony 515 BROAD HOLLOW ROAD, MELVILLE, l. I., NEW YORK 11746. TELEPHONE : 516-694-4200. TWX : 510-224-6484. CABLE : LAMBDATRON, MELVILLE, N. Y. Circle 901 on reader service card RCA 's ESP (Exceptional Switching Performance) type 2N5805 and its companion 2N5804 are veritable "switch hitters " through an unusual combination of capabilities: both transistor types have excellent current handling-at high voltage - in economic T0-3 packages. For example, the 2N5805 can switch 375 volts and 5 amperes in less than 2 µ.s. You 'll find that for efficient and economical power conversions, these two new triple-diffused n-p-n units will excel for use in military and industrial applications. Rounding out a transistor line that already makes RCA the industry leader in silicon power, these ESP devices-the 2N5804 (formerly TA7130) and 2N5805 (formerly TA7130A)- feature: D Current capability to 8 A D Controlled beta at 5 A D Vc,x-375 V (2N5805); 300 V (2N5804) D VcE0-300 V (2N5805); 225 V (2N5804) D Fall time-2 µ.s@ 5 A D Full safe area operating protection If your requirements are for a highvoltage transistor family that has more than ordinary power, try RCA's new 2N5804 and 2N5805. As switch hitters, they 're ideally suitable for such applica- tions as: switching inverters, switching regulators, converters, solenoid and re- lay drivers, modulators, deflection ampli- fiers, and motor controls. For more information on these and other RCA silicon power transistors, just contact your local RCA Representative or RCA Distributor. For technical infor- mation, write: RCA Electronic Compo- nents, Commercial Engineering, Section 1-N-2-16/ UT6, Harrison, N. J . 07029. In Europe: RCA International Marketing, S. A., 2-4 rue du Lievre, 1227 Geneva, Switzerland. non Circle 902 on reader service card